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text-book in civics, by Roscoe Lewis Ashley, $2.net.
A Middle English Reader, by Oliver Farrar Emerson.-
Foundation Lessons in English, by 0. I. Woodley and
George R. Carpenter, Book III., An Elementary Gram-
mar.-The Elements of Greek, by Francis Kingsley Ball,
Ph.D.-Ohio State Supplement to Tarr and McMurry's
School Geography, by Stella Wilson.-Pennsylvania and
New Jersey Supplement to Tarr and McMurry's School
Geography, by W. W. Rupert.-Teacher's Manual of
Method in Geography, by Charles A. McMurry, Ph.D.-
The Physical Geography of New York State, by Ralph S.
Tarr, B.S., illus.-The Elements of Physical Chemistry,
by Harry C. Jones, $4. net.-Physics, a text-book for
secondary schools, by Frederick Slate.-University Text.
Book of Botany, by Douglas Houghton Campbell, illus.-
First Lessons in Agriculture, by L. H. Bailey, illus.-The
Theory of Differential Equations, by A. R. Forsyth,
Sc.D., Part III., Linear Differential Equations.-Publlo
School Arithmetic for Grammar Grades, by J. A. McLel-
lan, A.M., and A. F. Ames, A.B., 60 cts. net.-Public
School Algebras, by orge Egbert Fisher, Ph.D., and
Isaac J. Schwatt, Ph.D., new editions, 9 vols.-Child
Life Readers, by Etta Austin Blaisdell and Mary Frances
Blaisdell, Fifth and Sixth Readers, each illus.-Macmil-
lan's Pocket Classics, new vols.: Selections from Bayard
Taylor, John Woolman's Journal, Selected Poems of
Bryant, Shakespeare's As You Like It, and Emerson's
Essays.-Macmillan's Latin Series, new vols.: Selections
from Ovid, edited by C. W. Bain; Cicero's Orations and
Letters, edited by R. A. Minckwitz and Mary E. Wilder.
-Macmillan German Classics, new vol.: Goethe's Poems,
edited by M. D. Learned.-Macmillan French Classics,
new vols.: Racine's Athalie, edited by F. C. De Sumi-
TL


1902.]
215
THE DIAL
chrast; La Chanson de Roland, trans. into modern
French, edited by J. Geddes, Jr., Ph.D.; Rabelais' Gar-
gantua, edited by Charles H. C. Wright; Bossuet's Or-
aison Funébre de Louis de Condé, and Sermon sur les
Devoirs des Rois, edited by F. C. De Sumichrast. (Mac-
millan Co.)
International Education Series, new vol.: Later Infancy of
the Child, by Gabriel Compayré, trans. by Mary E. WII-
son, $1.20 net.-Twentieth Century Text-Books, new vols.:
An Introduction to Physical Geography, by Grove K.
Gilbert and Albert Perry Brigham, A.M.-Animal Forms,
by David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., and Harold Heath, Ph.D.
-Key to the Flora of the Pacific Slope, by Prof. Willis
L. Jepson.-Key to the Flora of the Rocky Mountain Re-
gions, by Prof. Aven Nelson.-Commercial Law, by
Francis M. Burdick, LL.D.-History of Commerce and
Industries, by Worthington C. Ford.-An Arithmetic
for Grammar Grades, by J. W. A. Young, A.M.-A His-
tory of Modern Europe, by Merrick Whitcomb, Ph.D.-A
History of the Middle Ages, by Dana C. Munro, A.M.-A
Latin Grammar for Schools, by Andrew Fleming West. -
A First Latin Book, by Clifford H. Moore, Ph.D.-Latin
Prose Composition, by J. B. Browder, Ph.D.-Home Life
in Ancient Greece, by Charles Burton Gulick, Ph.D.-A
First Greek Book, by Thomas D. Goodell, Ph.D., and
Frederick S. Morrison.-A School Grammar of Attic
Greek, by Thomas Dwight Goodell, Ph.D.-A German
Grammar, by Marion D. Learned, Ph.D.-A First Book
in French, by Charles A. Downer, Ph.D.-A First Book
in Spanish, by William F. Giese, A.M.-Cæsar's Commen-
taries, edited by John H. Westcott, Ph.D.--Cornelius
Nepos, edited by George Davis Chase, Ph.D.-Homer's
Iliad, edited by Allen R. Benner, A.B.-Tennyson's The
Princess, edited by Franklin T. Baker, A.B.-Lessing's
Minna von Barnhelm, edited by Charles Bundy Wilson,
A.M.-Longer French Poems, edited by T. Atkinson Jenk-
ins, Ph.D.-Appletons' Home-Reading Books, new vol.:
The Story of the Amphibians and Reptiles, by James N.
Baskett and Raymond L. Ditmars. (D. Appleton & Co.)
An Italian-English Language Book and Reader, by Sarah
Wool Moore, illus.-Introduction to Plant Life, by Wil-
llam Chase Stevens, illus.-How to Read a Pebble, by
Fred L. Charles.-A Brief Course in Qualitative Chem-
ical Analysis, by John B. Garvin, B.D.-Elementary
Physiology for Grammar Schools, by B. P. Colton, illus.
-An Arithmetic for Second Year Classes, by Ellen M.
Reed.—The Complete Graded Arithmetic, by George E.
Atwood, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Grade Books.-
Home and School Classics, new vols.: True Tales of Birds
and Beasts, edited by David Starr Jordan; Typee, life in
the South Seas, by Herman Melville, edited by W. P.
Trent; Undine, by F. de la Motte Fouqué, with prefatory
note by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward; each illus.--
Arden Shakespeare Series, new vol.: Romeo and Juliet,
edited by Edward Mims.-German-English Conversation
Book, by Kruger and Smith.-German Composition, by
E. C. Wesselhoeft.-First Scientific French Reader, by
B. L. Bowen.-Introduction à la Longua Castellana, by
Marion and Garennes.-Fulda's Der Talisman, edited by
C. Prettyman, 35 cts.-Grillparzer's Der Traum ein Leben,
edited by Edward Meyer, 60 cts.-Lassar-Cohn's Die
Chemie in täglichen Leben, edited by N. C. Brooks.-
Schiller's Geschichte des 30 jährigen Krieges, edited by
C. W. Prettyman.-Wichert's Als Verlobte empfehlen
sich, edited by G. T. Flom, 25 cts.-Wilbrandt's Das
Urteil des Paris, edited by A. G. Wirt, 30 cts.-Renan's
Souvenirs d'enfance et de jeunesse, edited by Irving
Babbitt, 80 cts.-Ségur's Les Malheurs de Sophie, edited
by E. M. White.-Verne's Vingt Mille Lieues sous les
Mers, edited by C. Fontaine. (D. C. Heath & Co.)
Life and Health, a text-book on physiology and hygiene,
by Albert F. Blaisdell, M.D.--Handbook of Perspective,
by Otto Fuchs, illus.-Manual of Astronomy, by Charles
A. Young.-Nature Study and Life, by Clinton F. Hodge,
with introduction by G. Stanley Hall.-Elementary Physi-
cal Geography, by William M. Davis.-Introduction to
Physical Science, by A. P. Gage, revised edition.-
Mediæval and Modern History, by Philip Van Ness
Myers, revised edition, Part. I, The Middle Ages.-
Cicero's Orations and Letters, edited by J. B. Greenough
and George Lyman Kittredge.--The Advanced First
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for children, by Edward S. Holden, illus.--Trees in Prose
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Fickett, illus.--Selections from De Quincey, edited by
Milton Haight Turk, Ph.D.-Heine's Harzreise, with se-
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Outlines of Ethics, by John Dewey and J. M. Tufts.-A
Manual of Logic, by Herbert A. Aikens.--Standard Eng-
lish Prose, by Henry S. Pancoast.-Public Exposition and
Argumentation, by George P. Baker.-Specimens of Eng.
lish Verse, by R. M. Alden.-Variations in Animals and
Plants, by H. M. Vernon.---The Elements of Physics, by
Fernando Sanford.-An Introduction to the Calculus, by
W. H. Echols.-A First French Reader, by V. E. Fran-
çois and F. P. Giroud.-An Italian and English Diction-
ary, by Hjalmar Edgren, assisted by G. Bico and J. L.
Gerig.-A Spanish Grammar, by M. M. Ramsey.-Fulda's
Der Talisman, edited by Edward Meyer.-Fulda's Unter
Vier Augen and Bendix's Der Prozess, edited by William
A. Hervey.-Von Kleist's Michael Kohlhaas, edited by
Wm. Kurrehmyer.-Wiedermann's Biblische Geschichte,
edited by L. A. Rhodes. -Quatres Contes de Mérimée, ed-
ited by F. C. L. Van Steenderen. (Henry Holt & Co.)
Modern European History, 1789-1900, by Dr. George E. Fel.
lows.-An Elementary Chemistry, by John C. Hessler,
Ph.D., and Albert K. Smith, Pa.D.-Petronius' Cona
Trimalchionis, edited by Dr. William E. Waters, $1.-
Town Life in Ancient Italy, trans. by Dr. William E.
Waters, 40 cts.-Atlas of the Geography and History of
the Ancient World, edited by Dr. John K. Lord, 75 cts.-
Addison's Sir Roger de Coverley Papers, edited by Fred-
erick L. Bliss, 25 cts.-Carlyle's Essay on Burns, edited
by Cornelius B. Bradley, Ph.D., 25 cts.-Macaulay's Es-
says on Milton and Addison, edited by J. Griffith Ames,
25 cts.-Shakspere's Julius Caesar, edited by Raymond
M. Alden, Ph.D., 25 cts. (Benj. H. Sanborn & Co.)
Education and Life, by C. Hanford Henderson. (Houghton,
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Notes of Lessons on the Herbartian Method (Based on
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ing staff, $1.10.-Animal Activities, a first book in zoology,
by Nathaniel S. French, Ph. D., illus., $1.20. (Longmans,
Green, & Co.)
Lessons in English, based upon principles of literary ex-
pression, by W. H. Skinner and Calia M. Burgert, illus.-
Essentials of Arithmetic, by David M. Sensenig, M.S.,
and Robert F. Anderson, A.M.-An Intermediate Arith-
metic, by Ella M. Pierce.-Sketches of Great Painters,
for young people, by Vittoria Colonna Dallin, illus.-
Stories of Heroes Series, first vol.: Wandering Heroes,
by Lilian L. Price, illus.-Silver Series of Modern Lan-
guage Text Books, new vols.: Thiers's La Campagne de
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Bergeret, edited by F. H. Dike, $1.-Silver Series of
Classics, new vols.: Shelley's Adonais and Alastor, Words-
worth's Selected Ballads. (Silver, Burdett & Co.)
Petite Grammaire Française, by Paul Bercy and G. Cas-
tegnier.-Le Morceau de Pain et Autres Contes, by Fran-
çois Coppée, edited by G. Castegnier.-L' Idole, comedy
in one act, by Henri Michaud.-El Mollinerillo y Tres
Otros Cuentos, by Don Antonio de Trueba, arranged
and edited by R. D. de la Cortina, B.A.-Das Stiftungs-
fest, by Gustav Von Moser, edited by Hermann Schulze.
(Wm. R. Jenkins.)
The Hawthorne Classics, for supplementary reading, ed-
ited by Edward Everett Hale, Jr., first vols.: Greek
Myths in English Dress, Ballads and Ballad Poetry,
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American Essays, English Essays, American Stories,
English Stories, Shakespeare's Comedies; per vol., 40 cts.
(Globe School Book Co.)
Modern Rhetoric, a working text-book for secondary
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ing, a complete manual of instruction, by Frances A.
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Selt-Educator Series, new vol.: Sell-Educator in English
Composition, by G. H. Thornton, M.A., 75 cts. (T. Y.
Crowell & Co.)
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
Traveler Tales of the Pan-American Countries, by Heze-
kiah Butterworth, illus., $1.20 net.-Chatterbox for 1902,
illus., 90 cts. net.-Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales, illus. by
J. J. Mora, $1.50.-Voyage of the Charlemagne, by Wil-


216
[March 16,
THE DIAL
NOTES.
liam 0. Stoddard, illus., $1. net.-Under Scott in Mexico,
by Capt. Ralph Bonehill, illus., $1. net.-Play Away! a
story of the Boston Fire Department, by Willis Boyd
Allen, illus., 75 cts. net.-A new volume in the Stories
of American History Series, by James Otis, illus., 60 cts.
net.---Famous Children of Literature, edited by Frederic
Lawrence Knowles, new series, 75 cts. net.-Lucky Ned,
by Edward S. Ellis, $1. net.-Jimmy Crow, by Edith
Francis Foster, 60 cts. net.-Doctor Robin, by Harriet
A. Cheever, illus., 40 cts. net.-Young of Heart Series,
new vols.: Dickens's A Christmas Carol, Pierre Loti's
The Lives of Two Cats, George Sand's A Grandmother's
Story, Mrs. Ewing's Jackanapes, and Jean Ingelow's
Wonder-Box Tales; each illus., 50 cts. (Dana Estes &
Co.)
In the Days of Giants, by Abbie Farwell Brown, illus., $1.10
net. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
Lost on the Orinoco, or American Boys in Venezuela, by
Edward Stratemeyer, illus., $1. net.-King for a Sum-
mer, by Edgar Pickering, illus., $1. net. (Lee & Shep-
ard.)
Timothy and his Friends, by Mary E. Ireland, illus., $1.
-The Yellow Violin, by Mary A. Denison, illus., $1.-In
a Car of Gold, by P. L. Gray, illus., $1.-The Last
Cruise of the Electra, by Chas. Chipman, illus., $1.
(Saalfield Publishing Co.)
The Treasure Seekers, by E. Nesbit, new edition, illus.,
$1.50. (F. A. Stokes Co.)
The Lollipops, by Olive M. Long, illus., 50 cts. net.
(R. H. Russell.)
66
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Life at West Point, the making of the American army of-
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The Pageant and Ceremony of the Coronation of their
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colors, etc. (D. Appleton & Co.)
American Sea Fights, twelve facsimile reproductions of
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ispiece, 80 cts. net.-Guest Book, by Florence L. Sahler,
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Shakespeare's “Julius Cæsar," edited by Dr. Ray-
mond M. Alden, is a school text published by Messrs.
B. H. Sanborn & Co.
A third edition of “Pen and Ink,” by Mr. Brander
Matthews, is one of the recent publications of Messrs.
Charles Scribner's Sons,
Mr. William R. Jenkins publishes an edition of M.
Rostand's “Cyrano de Bergerac," edited for school use
by Mr. Reed Paige Clark.
· Pendennis,” in three volumes, is added to the
charming edition of Thackeray now in course of publi-
cation by Messrs. J. M. Dent & Co.
A new edition of Mr. Henry T. Finck's “ Romantic
Love and Personal Beauty" (now fifteen years old), in a
single volume, has just been issued by the Macmillan Co.
“ Hold Redmere,” by Messrs. Thomas Wood Ste-
vens and Alden Charles Noble, is a pretty little book
written in archaic style, and printed in black letters to
match, sent to us by the Alwil Shop, Ridgwood, N. J.
Mr. Irving Babbitt has edited for Messrs. D. C.
Heath & Co. the text of Renan's “ Souvenirs d'Enfance
et de Jeunesse," unfortunately in a form not absolutely
complete, although the omissions are not considerable.
A volume of “Lectures on the Theory of Econom-
ics," by Professor Frederick Charles Hicks, is published
by the University of Cincinnati Press. The author's
treatment of the subject is essentially orthodox, and
his references are to the best literature from Mill to
the present time.
Ten Brink's treatise on “The Language and Metre of
Chaucer,” i
," in the second edition revised by Herr Fried.
rich Kluge, is now translated by Mr. M. Bentinck
Smith, and published by the Macmillan Co. Teachers
of Middle English will appreciate the value of this new
piece of apparatus for their work.
The first volume of a “Cours Complète de Langue
Français," by Professor Maxime Ingres, is published
by the University of Chicago Press. With the excep-
tion of a somewhat unnecessarily polemical introduc-
tion, the work is entirely in French. We find no
statement of the number of volumes that are to follow.
Kant's “ Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics,"
edited in English by Dr. Paul Carus, is the latest addi-
tion to the series of Philosophical Classics ” published
by the Open Court Publishing Co. Besides the text of
this immensely important work we are given, in an ap-
pendix, a considerable amount of critical supplementary
matter from various sources.
The G. W. Dillingham Co. send us a volume con-
taining a complete reprint of «Josh Billings' Old
Farmers Allminax," of which the annual appearances,
during the decade of the seventies, afforded mild
amusement to persons having a primitive sense of hu-
It may yet raise a faint smile, but how hope-
lessly old-fashioned it all seems!
We welcome to the company of serious American
reviews “ The South Atlantic Quarterly," which comes
to us from Trinity College, Durham, N. C., and is
edited by Mr. John Spencer Bassett. It is a dignified
journal, of the type already represented in the South
by “ The Sewanee Review," and the contents of the
opening number are of such a character as to inspire
confidence in the future of the undertaking. This is
precisely the sort of periodical of which our country
mor.
..
—
--


1902.)
217
THE DIAL
uthors
gency
stands in the greatest need, and we hope that it will
ELEVENTR YEAR. Candid, suggestive
receive the cordial support which it deserves.
Criticism, literary and technical Re-
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A new edition of Professor Arber's - British Anthol-
REFERENCES:Noah Brooks, Mrs. Deland,
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ogies,” with portrait illustrations, is in course of pub-
Howells,
Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, Thomas Nelson
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Page, Mary E. Wilkins, and others.
Milton Anthology,” now at hand, gives us portraits of
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volume that has just come to our table. It offers a
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There are many thousands of Americans who will be
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[March 16,
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THE DIAL
A Semi Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
.
.
.
• 239
• 241
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
HISTORIES OF LITERATURE.
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must It is something of a paradox that, while lit-
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the erature itself is the most interesting product
current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or
of human effort, the histories of literature are
poslal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; among
the dullest books there are. Why, it
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
may reasonably be argued, should not the charm
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
of the subject lend itself in some measure to the
treatment, and why should not books about
No. 879. APRIL 1, 1902. Vol. XXXII. literature have in themselves a literary value?
Of course, our paradoxical proposition must
CONTENTS.
not be taken in too sweeping a sense.
When
a great writer undertakes to deal with literary
HISTORIES OF LITERATURE
231
history, the product will be literature as in-
ON THE LITERARY DECLINE OF HISTORY. evitably as if it were a novel or a poem. But
Frederic Austin Ogg .
233
writers who have the creative endowment are
COMMUNICATIONS
236
almost sure to exercise it upon the material
Phonetics and Spelling Reform. Wallace Rice.
shaped by imagination, leaving the material
Japanese Literary Taste. Ernest W. Clement.
of history proper to be the prey of the plodder
WILLIAM HAMILTON GIBSON. Edith Granger . 237
and the pedant. These worthy gentry (perhaps
LEADERS OF VICTORIAN LITERATURE. from the instinct of self-preservation) do their
Edward E. Hale Jr.
best to keep genius from poaching upon the
COLUMBUS AND THE TOSCANELLI LETTER. domain of history, and, since genius is more
J. G. Rosengarten
frequently shy than aggressive, it is easily
THE FIRST ENGLISH NOVELIST. Robert Herrick 243 frightened away.
Let a Froude or a Taine
BURTON'S “WANDERINGS IN THREE CONTI. encamp himself within the sacred precincts of
NENTS.” H. M. Stanley
244 historical scholarship, and straightway the
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne
245 combined forces of scientific method and dry-
Mrs. Wharton's The Valley of Decision.– Miss Lil as-dust investigation are arrayed against the
jencrantz' The Thrall of Leif the Lucky.- Miss
unwelcome intruder ; he is given the counsel
Johnston's Audrey.- Hotchkiss's The Strength of
the Weak.- French's The Colonials. - Sheehan's proverbially aimed at over-venturesome cob-
Luke Delmege.- Bagot's Casting of Nets.- Aïde's blers, and is reminded, with pedagogical sever-
The Snares of the World.- Locke's The Usurper.
– Hope's Tristram of Blent.- Marchmont's For
ity, of his notorious delinquencies.
Love or Crown.- Mason's Clementina.- Weyman's Thus it is that history falls almost wholly
Count Hannibal.- Crockett's The Firebrand.-
into the hands of writers who have the sober
Merriman's The Velvet Glove,
virtues of industry, and accuracy, and logical
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
248
analysis, while almost wholly lacking the bril-
Captain Mahan on the heroes of the British navy.-
Ruskin and the English Lake region.-Maryland as a
liant virtues of style and ideal outlook and
Proprietory Province.- A famous romance of his rich emotional appeal. Even the history of
tory.-Two of Plutarch's "Lives" in a new trans-
literature more frequently than not suffers this
lation.— The biography of a sturdy English Saint. —
A colossal history of English counties.- Tales of the fate, and is left to be recounted by writers who
Spanish Main.- New manual of international law.-
are incapable of making literature on their
Swigs life in town and country.
own account. It is, indeed, no easy task to
BRIEFER MENTION .
251
make literary history interesting. There are
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS
252 too many names to be mentioned, too many
(In continuation of the List contained in THE DIAL titles of books to be worked in, too many dry
for March 16.)
facts to be incorporated with the narrative.
NOTES
253
It takes resolution to leave out matters which,
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
254 in the close view, seem essential, and which
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
254 appear unimportant only when the point of
.
.
.
.
.
.
.


232
[April 1,
THE DIAL
observation is sufficiently removed to blot out already issued by the Messrs. Lippincott, for
all except the salient features of the man or it fills no less than eight hundred and thirty-
the period under discussion. Taine had the two double-columned pages. Dr. David Patrick
resolution to do this, and the power to make is the editor of this reissued and practically
literature out of the treatment of literary his remoulded work, and he has profited by the
tory ; Symonds had it, and a few others; Dr. collaboration of a number of the most eminent
Brandes has it in a remarkable degree; but English scholars.
most writers upon the subject are hopelessly The objects of the undertaking, as set forth
without it, and, if they seek to be literary at by the present editor, have been as follows.
all, take refuge in the graceful phrases and The work “is not, and is not meant to be, an
the vague philosophies of dilettantism.
anthology of the perfect models of our prose
There are two devices by which the history and verse, a chrestomathy of purple patches,
of literature may be made attractive to a wide a collection of elegant extracts. The acknowl-
circle of readers, even when undertaken by an edged gem should be there, if a man is mainly
uninspired critic. One of them is by the copious known by some one noble passage, one sonnet,
use of pictorial illustrations of the text. This one song, one aphorism or sententious saying ;
device has long found favor in dealing with but something there should be, as a rule, to
the history of Continental literatures, but has illu
illustrate his average achievement, the standard
been strangely ignored by English bookmakers. by which he may fairly be judged. Nor does
There are sumptuously illustrated histories of the work profess to be a marrow of our liter.
the literatures of Germany, Holland, Denmark, ature, or to give the spirit and quintessence of
Sweden, and Norway, and their example should the several authors; still less does it aim to
have received imitation long ago by some pub-render its readers independent of the authors
lisher in England or America. We under themselves or relieve them from the duty and
stand that such a work is at last to be brought pleasure of studying the original works. In
out in England, under the editorship of Mr. no case will one rise from articles of ours flat-
Gosse, and we shall await its appearance with tering himself that now he knows his author
much interest. The other device is that of and may consider that subject settled." With
frankly making the history a collection of rep these objects in view, the selection of passages
resentative extracts, with just enough of nar seems to us highly judicious, and we are glad
rative and critical discussion to provide a to note that, in addition to portrait illustrations,
connecting medium.
Such a history is sug-
a few facsimiles of famous manuscripts have
gestive of a plum-pudding, and consists mostly been inserted.
of plums, the matrix in which they are im In point of scholarship, the new « Chambers”
bedded having little distinctive taste of its own. leaves little to be desired. It has taken account
The most prosaic of writers, if only he have a of the latest work of English and American
pretty taste in reading, can make an attractive students ; it has multiplied the space formerly
book of this type, and such books are well devoted to Old and Middle English, and this
worth making, if for no other reason than that first volume alone gives treatment to over fifty
they stimulate their readers to further investi authors barely mentioned before, if at all. The
gation in the right direction.
signed special contributions are so important
We have been led to make the foregoing that they must be mentioned. The Rev. Stop-
remarks by the reappearance, in twentieth cen ford Brooke has written of Old English liter-
tury guise, of “Chambers’s Cyclopædia of En ature. Mr. Alfred W. Pollard has dealt with the
glish Literature.” The good old book which Middle Period, with Chaucer, Caxton, and the
has borne that name for sixty years has had a English Bible. Spenser and Shakespeare have
useful career.
It began to appear in 1842, fallen, respectively, into the hands of Mr. Ed-
was revised and brought down to date in 1858, mund Gosse and Mr. Sidney Lee. Mr. Andrew
was again revised and extended in 1876, and Lang has written of the Ballads, the late S. R.
still again in 1888. The present form is there Gardiner of the Civil War and the Common-
fore the fourth of its reincarnations, and is wealth, Mr. A. H. Bullen of the Restoration,
almost as unlike the first edition as the latest and Mr. Saintsbury of Dryden. The bulk of
form of “ Webster's Dictionary” is unlike the the work, of course, has been done by Mr.
earlier ones. There are to be three volumes Patrick's editorial staff, and a special tribute
in place of the traditional two, and huge vol. is paid to “ the accurate scholarship, the keen
umes they will be, if we may judge by the one I insight, the incisive style” of the late Francis


1902.)
233
THE DIAL
-
1
Hindes Groome, who had an important share The truth is that the spirit of modern historical
in the work.
writing is very different from that which animated
The first volume ends with the seventeenth
the historian of former ages. This change has re-
sulted from the rise of the so-called “scientific”
century. The two remaining centuries will fill
the other two volumes, and we learn with satis-
school of historical students and writers ; and for
the rise of this school the doctrine of evolution
faction that eminent living authors will be in.
cluded. Nor will America be neglected,
must be given the ultimate credit. Evolution is
for
essentially a method of thought and interpretation,
the worthies of our own literature will take
and as such has worked a reconstruction, not merely
their proper places in the chronological ar in biological science, but also in literature, philoso-
rangement, and will, generally speaking, be phy, theology, and history. In these latter fields
discussed by American critics. This is as it we are not always consciously aware that it is evo--
should be, and we may close this article by an
lution that controls. Bat we have breathed the
appropriate quotation from the general preface
evolution spirit until it has come to give color to all
to the work. “ As the English tradition has
our thought, and we find ourselves speaking con-
remained dominant in the Constitution of the
tinually in its terms, though we might well be at a
loss to tell where we learned them. The great con-
nation and the life of the people, our kindred
tribution of the doctrine of evolution in every sphere
both by lineage and language, so American
of knowledge which it has touched has been the
literature has remained an offshoot, a true
establishment of principles of relationship and con-
branch of English literature. In this work it tinuity. So that just as under its influence we no
has from the beginning been treated as an longer think of geological changes under the time-
integral and important part of the literature honored cataclysmic concept, according to which
of Great Britain. We do not look on Long each new epoch was supposed to be wholly unrelated
fellow or Poe as foreigners, or read the his to the one foregoing, so we no longer, at least when
tories of Prescott, Motley, and Parkman as if
at our best, think of historical "ages” as isolated
written by strangers.”
from one another and of human life thus broken
apart. And just as evolution has taught the geologist
that if he is really to know his subject he must use
materials — rocks and fossils and soils — at first
hand, and likewise the chemist his test-tubes and
ON THE LITERARY DECLINE OF
reagents, the botanist his plants, and the zoologist
HISTORY
his animals, so has it also taught the historian that
Not
many
months
ago the writer had occasion to if he would know the men of any age or country he
read a book-review, the chief burden of which was must not neglect to seek out and study diligently
a rather naïvely-expressed lament concerning the everything they have left behind them. He must
alleged decline of historical writing as literature in go back to the sources back to dusty manuscripts,
these latter days. The very interesting question, sculptured columns, long-buried coins and imple-
though hardly a new one, was raised as to why we ments. In other words, he must follow the evolu-
have no contemporary Herodotus, Tacitus, Gibbon, tionary method of science.
or Hallam, — why there is now no Macaulay to Hence comes the “scientific school” of historians,
write history in a manner so fascinating as to crowd most eminently represented, among English-speaking
the latest novel off my lady's table. A complete peoples at least, by Bishop Stubbs and Samuel
answer, even were it possible, would involve a mul. Rawson Gardiner. The writings of these men easily
titude of considerations, and would far transcend betray the fact that scholarship, and not literary art,
the limits of space at our present disposal; but it has been the primary consideration. Their lan-
may not be profitless to venture a few suggestions. guage is cold, careful, and concise, scrupulously
That there has been a decline in historical writ devoid of rhetorical devices, and hardly calculated
ing, as judged by the canons of great literature, to charm the general reader. And not only has
some might possibly deny, but the most of us would our best historical writing become less “ literary,”
readily concede. One has but to mention Herod but the so-called literary historians, especially Car-
otus, Thucydides, and Tacitus, among the ancients, lyle, Macaulay, and Gibbon, have been brought
Carlyle, Macaulay, Gibbon, and Green, in days into considerable discredit by the modern school.
nearer our own, to bring to mind some of the We may still read these authors, but we are assured
world's greatest masterpieces of prose writing. that the history which we get from them will be
With these, the works of history produced during very distorted and inadequate unless corrected by
the last quarter-century, while almost legion in an acquaintance with the works of those who have
number, are in but very few cases even comparable written less brilliantly but more truthfully.
as pieces of literary art. They may be, and without The former historian generally undertook to cover
doubt frequently are, better histories, but they are a larger field than the modern. A history was
certainly not so good literature.
deemed of small note unless it presented the im.


234
(April 1,
THE DIAL
posing appearance of six, eight, or even a dozen, absolutely verified. The task of the historian, and
goodly volumes, and measured off its subject-matter the weight of responsibility that devolves upon him,
in terms of milleniums. To-day the spectacle of a has become such that, as Professor Woodrow Wilson
really great historical scholar sitting down to write facetiously remarks, it is a wonder that the histo-
the entire history of a great people or nation rians who take their business seriously can sleep at
much less of civilization in general — is virtually night. We now demand actually to see history in
unknown. Except in the case of historical smat the process of being written. We must have
terers who make up in verbosity what they lack in plainly indicated every step which the author has
scholarship, there are practically no more attempts taken in the accomplishment of his work. We are
at historical writing on so ambitious a scale. The no longer at all content to accept his conclusions
writing of history has come to involve such labor in without at least seeing his method of approach
research and such painstaking effort in verification, to them. The writing of history is thus coming to
that, if properly done, the limitations of life pre be more and more a matter of arranging foot-notes
clude the exploitation by any one student of more and cross-references.
than a contracted period in the life of a single Literature knows no such demand of verifica-
people; so that Freeman spends two decades upon tion, at least of this comparatively petty sort, and
the one subject of the Norman Conquest, Gardiner employs no such stiff and constraining devices.
labors half a life-time upon the Civil War and the The fundamental prerequisite of all genuine litera-
Commonwealth, covering fewer years in the history ture is that it be entirely loyal to the truth, — bat
of England than are consumed by the work in his truth in the universal, the general, not in the spe-
own life, Parkman gives his life to the study of the cific. Literature exhibits a luxurious carelessness
French settlements in America, Mr. Henry Adams of details which the historian can by no means
concentrates his masterly energies upon the admin. afford to indulge. Imagine the author of the
istrations of Jefferson and Madison, and Mr. James “Iliad” (be he one or many) citing authorities for
F. Rhodes will have to live many years yet in order his genealogies, his battle-scenes and army-rolls !
to complete his history of the United States from Or Shakespeare detailing in foot-notes the sources
the Compromise of 1850 to the first administration from which he drew the character of Shylock, the
of Grover Cleveland.
plot of Macbeth, or the story of Antony and Cleo-
This ideal of thoroughness permeates all our patra, and referring to parallel passages in Greene
historical work. Not only are the more renowned and Marlowe and Kyd! Or Wordsworth gravely
writers controlled by it, but the historical instruc appending to the “Intimations of Immortality" a
tion and investigation in our best colleges and treatise setting forth the most recent results of
universities testify to its force. The key.note of speculative thought on the probabilities of the
graduate instruction is concentration, the mastery
future life! Yet just such things such petty in-
in detail of a limited field, the adding of something, consequential things, the litterateur would say —
if possible, to the already existing knowledge on
the historian finds himself more and more under
the subject investigated. And the sort of work the necessity of doing.
which is required of candidates for the doctorate in All this results from the fact that while litera-
history is the sort of work which, with few excep ture is primarily a matter of feeling, history is pri-
tions, these men will continue to do throughout the marily a matter of knowledge. There is feeling in
remainder of their scholastic careers.
history and knowledge in literature, but the domi-
Now this sort of work, while a distinct gain for nant elements are the other way. Literature,
historical scholarship, is not conducive to the de- being of the heart as well as of the head, is to be
velopment of a fine literary style. The form of tested by canons of sentiment as well as of fact.
expression is made entirely subordinate to the sub. The question is not, is this statement literally true?
ject-matter. While no one would dispute that the or, is this name entirely authentic? or, is this
essential qualities of good prose
literature clear euphonious allusion restrained within the bounds
ness, precision, and force — are eminently desir of cold verity ? Such considerations are really of
able in historical as well as any other kind of slight moment. What matters vastly more is
composition, yet the conscientious historian is so whether the given production exhibits the larger
persistently on guard against sweeping generaliza and finer qualities of simplicity, beauty, and uni-
tions, unwarranted parallels, and other earmarks of versality of interest and appeal. But with history
“fine writing,” that he stands in immediate danger it is not so; neither indeed can it be. These ques-
of acting on the principle, if not openly admitting tions of exact authenticity and scrupulous fidelity
it, that dulness and roughness are virtues in his to fact, while sometimes very annoying when per-
writing, and all well-sounding phrases and nicely- sistently thrust at a piece of fine writing like
rounded periods are necessarily snares set by some Macaulay's third chapter, are perfectly legitimate ;
evil genius to compass his destruction.
and if they cannot be satisfactorily answered, the
History must be written to-day with the strictest value of the work is irretrievably diminished. Of
regard for truth, and truth in the minutest detail. course it is quite possible for all these demands to
A thing is to be valued in proportion as it can be be faultlessly complied with, and the production


1902.)
235
THE DIAL
still fall far short of being good history. It may by ties impossible to be broken. Both are concerned
be only a dull and unprofitable chronicle. It may primarily with the phenomena of human life, either
be wholly lacking in the virile qualities that are as it has been or as it might be. The mere con-
indispensable to the vivifying of historical truth. sideration that history deals with this subject on
History, to be worthy of the name, must not merely the fact side, and literature on the imaginative
be accurate in details, but must also be trustworthy side, is not sufficient to set up an impassable
in interpretation of those details. When the hig barrier between the two. Literature continues
torian has made sure of his facts his work has only to be the greatest of all sources of historical
been begun. The essential must be sifted from knowledge, and history the only adequate basis
the non-essential. Motives and influences must be for the understanding and appreciation of litera-
detected, weighed, and adjudged. Light must be ture. When the great fund of historical knowl.
sought from the sciences tributary to history-edge shall have been more fully brought to light,
archæology, philology, geography, and the like, there will be no inherent reason why historical
and, being found, must be judicially applied to the writing may not take on all the essential qualities
subject in hand. The history of a year or an of great prose literature; for it is to be believed
epoch, of a movement or an institution, must be that truth is indeed stranger than fiction, and that
given its proper setting in the Weltgeschichte. the illuminating recital of what men have been and
Failure in these larger requirements would sacrifice what they have done and what they have tried to
at the outset any claim which an historical produc-do can never be greatly surpassed for interest and
tion might have to scholarly recognition.
force by anything that it can enter into the imagi.
And besides all this, after the historian has fash. nation of man to conceive.
ioned his product with the extremost care and The portrayal of human life, which is the ulti-
deliberation, he may be sure that, however great its mate business of the historian, can never be made
merits, it will not long continue to maintain its a mere matter of black-and-white sketching. So
place in the favor either of scholars or of the world subtle is life in its ramifications, so intricate in its
at large. For, on the one hand, new discoveries, relationships, 80 variegated in its meanings and
new ideas, new interpretations, will inevitably dis- | influences, that nothing short of consummate liter.
credit more or less of what has been said; and, on ary skill can adequately present the shades and
the other, changed tastes and fluctuating interests colors of the picture. There is a dead mechanical
will demand a re-writing of the old material. Ex way of writing history, which as a temporary ex.
cept in cases where it has been the fortune of the pedient is all well enough, but there is also a
historian to become our only medium of knowledge living, artistic, forceful way, which must be taken
of an age or historical process, there is no such advantage of when the time becomes ripe for it.
thing as finality in the writing of history. In the Our need for literary art in the collection and
words of a recent writer on this subject, “ Each classification of materials is slight; but not so when
generation must write its own history of past events the materials thus gathered are to be given a sane,
in order to interpret them in terms corresponding comprehensive, and illuminating interpretation.
to its needs. New conditions give rise to new Some day there will set in a movement to coor-
problems, and these to new conceptions; and when dinate the results of our specialized effort, and then
we turn again to examine the past, we put to it may be expected to appear once more the literary
questions never before asked.”
historian. Scholarship will not be less valued, nor
Just now we are in the age of extreme particu truth less highly regarded; but the art of present-
larism in historical research and writing. In our ing truth will be given more attention. Noth.
study we are following the method of the anatomist ing short of a transcendent genius, however, can
rather than that of the artist. We are bent upon ever again fill the place of the genuine literary
details rather than upon the general effect - dis historian. From our conscientious devotion to
secting rather than studying in perspective. We truth in the minute we shall never wholly recover;
are curbing our ambitions and recognizing our and of all historical writing we shall continue to
limitations as never before. We are working under demand absolute accuracy of detail, a standard
the conviction that a life-time is none too long which was unknown to Herodotus, Livy, Carlyle,
& time to give to any one of hundreds of brief and Macaulay. Thus the necessities which the
periods or single phases of the historical field. literary historian of the future will have to meet
Historical truth is being accumulated and put in grow greater with every passing day.
imperishable form with unparalleled rapidity and
FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG.
discernment. We are too busy collecting the ma-
terials for the mosaic, to give much thought to the
The first issues of “ The Bibliographer," the new
mosaic itself. We are too busy and too “ scien-
tific” to give much thought to the literary quality lished by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co., are attractive in
magazine edited by Mr. Paul Leicester Ford and pub-
of the history that we write.
contents and make-up, and indicate that the publication
When all has been said, however, the fact re will at once take its place as a necessity to the progres-
mains that history and literature are bound together sive book-collector.
-


236
(April 1,
THE DIAL
are due to real differences between the language as
COMMUNICATIONS.
spoken in England and in the United States. This
may also be true of the sound in care and pare. Those
PHONETICS AND SPELLING REFORM.
of us who were taught to discriminate between the
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
sound heard in there and air and that in their and heir
Little attention has been given to the effect that a will learn with some curiosity that neither in England
study of the modern science of phonetics has had upon nor the United States is there dictionary authority for
the agitation for spelling reform, so called; yet, prop such discrimination, the British giving them all the
erly understood, almost the entire case of the reformers sound heard in the latter pair and the Americans that
seems to be put out of court by the results of the recent heard in the former. But the American Philological
labors of phoneticians like Mr. Henry Sweet and Mr. Association and the phoneticians of the “Oxford”
Alexander Melville Bell.
dictionary do not agree, it has been shown, about the
Striking at the very root of the matter is the dis sound of long o, of long i, and of the diphthong oi, and
closure that, the principal advocates of spelling reform are in disagreement regarding all long vowel sounds
being philologists, it is not they, but the phoneticians, followed by final r, — and there are numerous slighter
who are specialists in the premises sought to be occu divergences.
pied; and, not being specialists, the philologists who If an appeal be now taken to Messrs. Sweet and
are chiefly responsible for such contrivances as the Bell — with whom Dr. Skeat may be named — this con-
" scientific alphabet” of the American Philological As fusion will be found to be worse confounded. With them
sociation are, partially at least, outside of this particular the name sound of e is made up of the i in it and a con-
province of learning. Just what this signifies will be sonantal
y, and the long oo sound heard in food of the
taken up in more detail directly.
short oo sound in foot and a consonantal w. With them
The publication of the “Oxford " dictionary discloses the final r sound disappears except when carried as an
certain growing tendencies on the part of both American initial « to a succeeding word beginning with a vowel,
and British speech to vary from a common standard of though in every case modifying a preceding long vowel
English, Comparing the scientific alphabet "referred by what is called a “vocal murmur.” Though it is not
to above with the “Key to the Pronunciation " in Dr. expressly noted, the present tendency is to make im.
Murray's and Mr. Henry Bradley's great word-book, proper diphthongs of almost all the long vowel sounds
the differences are remarkable in several cases. The in English with the exception of the two sounds of a
alphabet gives the sound of a in care and lare as the heard in ah and awe, by the addition of either conso-
long sound of the a in fat and fan; the key gives the nantal w or y. Thus the name sounds of a, e, and in
vowel sound in there and pare as the long sound of the and of the diphthong oi end with y; and the name
vowel in yet and ten. The alphabet gives the name sounds of o and u, of the long oo, and of the diphthong
sound of i as compounded of the a in ask and the i in ou as in foul, with w. The “Century” dictionary does
it; the key, as made up of the obscure sound heard in not mark a y sound in mayor, seer, buyer, or boyar, nor
the last syllable of ever and nation and the i in sit. The a w sound in sower, wooer, bower, or ewer, though author.
alphabet gives hurt and burst as exemplifying the long izing the pronunciation of every one of these words as
sound of the u heard in hut and tub; this the key con a dissyllable. Yet it is present, and, it may be added,
cedes to the sound heard in curl and fur, but marks the the discriminating ear can also detect a y sound in fear
vowel in fir, fern, and earth as the long sound of the and fire, and a w sound in sore, poor, your, and flour.
obscure vowel in the last syllable of ever and nation. The differences are slight — and seem to be growing
The alphabet notes the o in note as the long sound of slighter — between the pronunciation of such words as
the o in obey; the key differentiates the o in hero from cere and seer, byre and buyer, sore and sower, flour and
the o sound heard in so and soul by affixing to the former flower, and your and ewer; in poetry all are used as
a vanish sound resembling that of the u in full. The monosyllables or dissyllables indifferently, unless, as in
alphabet gives the diphthong oi as composed of the o Tennyson's case, the speech has a flavor of North
sound heard in on and not and the i sound in it and in; British, where the final r sound is insisted upon.
the key compounds it of the o sound heard in the last All these failures of accordance between those who
syllable of achor or the first syllable of morality and have become specialists in phonetics, like the phone-
of the i in sit. There are other differences, due, how ticians, or dabblers in phonetics, like the philologists,
ever, for the most part to the fact that the key dis point out more clearly than mere words the important
criminates more largely than the alphabet: I have lim fact that English is a living language and that its sounds,
ited comparisons here to the cases in which the alphabet particularly its vowel sounds, are always in a state of
provides characters for markings identical with those transition. Those not definitively committed to some
of the key and arrives at a disagreement; though I form of "spelling reform" will probably agree that the
find I have omitted the long sound of the e in met and very fact that our spelling bears no real relation to our
fen in the alphabet as exemplified by the vowel in they spoken language has left our mother tongue the freer
and dey; while the key marks the sound in they as made to develop itself along the lines of least resistance, and
up of the vowel heard in the last syllable of the noun that any attempt to crystallize our speech in the written
survey and the i in it.
In all cases in which a final y language would have a disastrous effect upon the evo-
follows a long vowel sound, the key adds the obscure lution now going steadily on, --- vide the concluding
sound heard in the last syllable of ever to the initial chapter of Mr. Sweet's “ History of English Sounds”
character of the vowel, which the alphabet does for a discussion of existing tendencies toward further
not do.
and more radical changes.
It is evident that there are differences of a vital But these same changes have another significance in
character between the two schemes of pronunciation. | pointing out differences which already exist - as in the
In some cases, notably in that of the long i sound, these case of the name sound of i already referred to — be-


1902.]
237
THE DIAL
tween British speech and American speech. Any at-
tempt at spelling reform which does not recognize such
The New Books.
differences is essentially faulty, for it seems to be con-
ceded by all that there is no logical nor scientific abiding
place between spelling as we do now, and spelling as
WILLIAM HAMILTON GIBSON.*
we pronounce. If we retain our ancient and unscientific
orthography, there is certainly no danger of the great
In reading of the life of William Hamilton
branches of the English-speaking race becoming mutu-
Gibson, “ Artist, Naturalist, Author,” one is
ally unintelligible; whatever our divergences, even if irresistibly reminded of the well-loved lines from
they should reach forward to a time when a cultivated “ Thanatopsis":
Englishman and a cultivated American could not un-
“To him who in the love of nature holds
derstand one another's conversation, we should still be
Communion with her visible forms, she speaks
able to communicate in writing, after the manner of the
A various language.”
Chinese and Japanese. This fear of unintelligibility To few indeed has it been granted to interpret
becomes more and more remote, of course, with every
step in science and diplomacy which links the two na-
that language so variously. That deep, strong,
tions together.
persistent note that Thoreau sounded was fol-
There are no statistics that I have been able to dis lowed later in the century by Gibson, not be-
cover which show the proportion of written words in cause Thoreau was his master, but because for
English to words spoken. Even in a country like the
him too the call was imperative; and what he
United States, where so many men and women spend
much of their time in reading newspapers as well as
saw he told by voice and pen, pencil and brush,
magazines and books, it must still be evident that spoken until his originality, his versatility, his buoyant
words vastly outnumber written words or words read. life, brought him friends and followers every-
Ten minutes' conversation reported verbatim occupies where.
more than a newspaper column when reduced to print;
The book on Gibson by Mr. John Coleman
fifty newspaper columns contain as much reading matter
as the average novel. By as much as the spoken words
Adams is not a dry record of facts, but rather
exceed in number the words written and read, by so a eulogy,- a eulogy in a good cause, however,
much is the spoken language more important than the for one fancies that the book has been written
written, as a matter of axiom. The future expansion
not more to picture this most interesting life
of English, indeed, may be said to depend almost wholly
upon speech as against writing or reading. Anything
than to arouse fresh enthusiasm for those
which seeks to prevent the normal growth of the spoken
studies of which the author is himself an ex-
language, therefore, whether by crystallizing speech ponent. Gibson may have had faults, but Mr.
into phonetic signs like those recommended by spelling Adams does not mention them. Rather, he
« reformers or in some other manner, must operate
draws a loving and intensely enthusiastic pic-
against the best interests of the race, and in operating
against them against the best interests of our literature.
ture of the artist, naturalist, and writer, later
WALLACE RICE.
filling in the outlines by means of letters, the
Chicago, March 22, 1902.
reminiscences of friends, and various incidents.
We can read also the series of portraits, from
childhood to manhood, which show from first
JAPANESE LITERARY TASTE.
to last a countenance singularly open, with
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
The leading firm of booksellers in Japan recently
clear, bright eyes, slightly full, curved lips, the
asked a large number of eminent Japanese men of let-
entire face lit with intelligence and animation,
ters, of science, of business, etc., to name their favorite and wholly lovable.
European or American books. The seventy-three The first three chapters, comprising less than
answers received have been published in a local per a third of the book, are given to an outline of
iodical, and are interesting as displaying the literary
Gibson's life. We learn that he was born at
tastes of Japanese readers of foreign literature.
The most popular work is Darwin's "Origin of Spe- Sandy Hook, Newtown, Connecticut, October 5,
cies,” which received twenty-six votes ; next comes 1850. Mr. Adams has called his first chapter
Goethe's “Faust,” the “Encyclopædia Brittanica," and “A Fortunate Boyhood.” The title is justified,
Hugo's “Les Miserables," in the order named. Among
for Gibson had a mother who, besides being
English men of letters, Byron and Tennyson are the
most popular. The names of Stevenson, Hardy, Mere- intelligent and well-educated, was loving and
dith, “ Mark Twain,” and other recent writers are sympathetic, and helped him in his childish
rarely met with, while that of Kipling occurs not even nature studies, — even to the extent of giving
Among continental writers, Tolstoi, Schopen him a drawer in her linen-press for his worms !
bauer, Heine, and Zola are frequently mentioned ; and
We do not learn much of Gibson's father, who,
Nietsche's “ Zarathustra” is characterized more than
once as the greatest work in the last decade of the nine-
while still retaining his summer home at New-
teenth century.
ERNEST W. CLEMENT.
* WILLIAM HAMILTON GIBBON, Artist - Naturalist
Author. By John Coleman Adams. Illustrated. New York:
Tokyo, Japan, March 1, 1902.
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
once.


288
[April 1,
THE DIAL
town, made his later home in Brooklyn, where (1876), to the White Mountains (1880 and
Gibson had Henry Ward Beecher for pastor 1883), to the South (1886), and to Europe
and friend. But we can infer that the father (1888).
was a man of business, more occupied with his The year 1878, we are told, marks an epoch
office than with his children, since there is a not only in Gibson's life, but in American
scathing letter from Gibson's schoolmaster illustration. It was in that year that he fur-
suggesting that the father require one of the nished designs for an article by Mrs. Helen
clerks to write to his homesick boy once or S. Conant on “ Birds and Plumage,” in
twice a quarter. It was this schoolmaster, “Harper's Magazine.” These illustrations in.
Mr. Gunn, who presided over the other portion cluded a full-page picture
cluded a full.page picture of a peacock's feather,
of Gibson's “fortunate boyhood.” At the which was so striking that it attracted much
“ Gunnery,” in Washington, Connecticut, the attention from both laymon and artists.
boy spent several happy years, which always Although Gibson wrote in 1876 - The Com-
loomed large in his memory, and to these he plete American Trapper," a book for boys, his
attributed much of his success in later life. real literary work began in 1879 with the first
The account of these school-days is most inter of the articles that were afterwards collected
esting, including several delightful letters to as “ Pastoral Days." This article was an ac-
the boy's mother. We learn that while “ Willie" count, in writing and sketches, of a summer
was " a dear little fellow," bright and obedient, vacation at his old homes in Connecticut. He
it somewhat troubled Mr. Gunn that he had was now fairly launched in the career that be
not“ learned to be spontaneously industrious.” followed for the rest of his too short life, and,
Later, however, when attending the Polytech considering all the other work he kept going
nic, this trait of indolence disappeared ; and at the same time, his books followed one an-
thereafter, even to the end, he worked with other in quick succession. Highways and
consuming energy.
Byways," extended from a series of magazine
In 1868 Gibson's father died, apparently articles, appeared in 1882, and “ Happy Hunt-
leaving no fortune; and Gibson took up life- ing Grounds” in 1886. These were both re-
insurance as a means of support. This lasted cei
ceived with favor and even enthusiasm. Mean-
but a short time, however, for, seeing a draughts while, the author had been providing the
man drawing upon the block, Gibson decided illustrations for E. P. Roe's “Success with
that be could do it also ; and thereupon began Small Fruits” and “ Nature's Serial Story ";
the struggle that was to result in his unique “ In Berkshire with the Wild Flowers," by the
position as artist-naturalist. He had tried to Goodale sisters ; Drake's “ Heart of the White
draw, from his earliest childhood, but had been Mountains ”; “ The Master of the Gunnery,'
discouraged in it, as so many others have been. a memorial of his old teacher; “Sketches in
the South,” by Charles Dudley Warner and
kind. But his labor and perseverance, added Rebecca Harding Davis; and for many mis-
to his in born genius, overcame all difficulties, cellaneous articles.
and before long he made a modest beginning During these years, also, Gibson had been
by illustrating “The Chimney Corner” and enlarging his field by working in water-colors,
“ The Boys' and Girls' Weekly,” and a little which remained to the last a favorite medium
later he made botanical drawings for “ The with him, and had made some attempts in oils.
American Agriculturalist” and “ Appletons' He had long since made a name for himself,
Encyclopedia.” In 1872 came his first large and for everything that he did, writing, sketch-
commission, a set of twelve drawings on stone ing, or painting, there was a ready welcome.
for the Appletons' huge botanical charts. This He had opened many unseeing eyes, led thou-
work was done with remarkable rapidity, and sands into new paths, and in short performed
brought him nearly a thousand dollars; and the part of a new kind of missionary both in
from now on his path was clear.
this country and abroad. His remaining ten
About this time Gibson made his first orig. years saw the publication of five more books,—
inal composition, and soon thereafter received “Strolls by Starlight and Sunshine," "Sharp
a commission from the Appletons to make a Eyes” (his most popular work), “Our Edible
sketching tour into Rhode Island, to obtain Mushrooms and Toadstools,” « Eye Spy," and
illustrations for “ Picturesque America." He My Studio Neighbors "'; and he left a quantity
afterwards made other sketching trips : to of material, in notes and sketches, for an illus-
Washington, D. C. (1874), to Philadelphia trated botany and other works. During his
He had no training, no art-education of any the


1902.]
289
THE DIAL
last few years also he had a new interest, in ferring to the previous letters we find them
the form of popular lectures on botany, for dated successively 1863, 1864, 1864, 1865,
which he made curious charts and diagrams. while the two letters following the above state-
In 1896, after several months' failing health, ment are dated 1863.
There is no great pre-
he died at his old home in Washington, Con- tension to literary style, but we get that vivid
necticut.
impression that is given when an author's heart
Such, in brief, are the outlines of Gibson's is in his work. The book is attractively pro-
life,— an uneventful life in one sense, but in sented, and contains, besides the portraits al-
another crowded to overflowing; a life best ready mentioned, and views of Gibson's homes
shown in its results. His marvellous capacity and haunts and his grave, a considerable num-
for work was one of Gibson's most character ber of reproductions of his works.
istic traits, and in it lies the secret not only of
EDITH GRANGER.
his success, but of his early death. In Mr.
Adams's words, “The fierce fires of a relentless
industry had burned his forces to á cinder.”
It is chiefly as artist and author that Gibson LEADERS OF VICTORIAN LITERATURE.*
appears in the foregoing sketch, but these two. It requires courage and confidence in a critic
involved his other side. For in everything to sit down to-day and write about such old-
that he did, writing or picturing, he was inter fashioned matters as Thackeray's novels and
preting nature. Nature-lover he was always, George Eliot's, instead of dropping sparkling
from his earliest childhood ; and by faithful, utterances on such up-to-date and modern topics
loving observation and investigation he became as, for instance, “Recent Phases of Romantic
a naturalist as well. Nature in all her mani. Fiction"
Fiction" or " Exotic Tendencies in Present-
festations was a constant passion with him; day Dilettantism.” A bright screed prophe-
but it was through making known to multi- sying a Bulwer Revival or an eighteenth cen.
tudes the secrets of growing things that he will tury Renaissance might do, if one insisted on
be longest remembered.
dealing with old-time topics ; but an effort to
The second part of Mr. Adams's book deals arrive at a sound estimate of Carlyle or Mat-
with Gibson's work and his methods of working thew Arnold seems hardly in keeping with the
in his different mediums, and with “ the per present tendencies of current criticism, at least
sonal side.” The final chapter, together with an so far as it is observable in our critical jour-
account of his death and funeral services, con nalism. Mr. Brownell doubtless has the quali.
tains the reminiscences of friends and eulogistic ties mentioned above to some extent, for he
tributes. Emerson's words, “ Do that which is presents us with six essays on what might be
assigned to you, and you cannot hope or dare too called classic subjects; he gives us estimates
much,” might have been Gibson's motto. Brave, of Thackeray, Carlyle, George Eliot, Matthew
self-confident, but not overbearing, full of life Arnold, Ruskin, and Meredith, which have
and joy and wholesome fun, he carried out the little connection with an interest in Gorky,
promise of his bright and lovable boyhood, and Maeterlinck, Maurice Hewlett, and the Ro-
lives in the memory of all who knew him, not mance of American History.
only as genius, but as man.
This is much in Mr. Brownell's favor. His
Gibson might have found a biographer who work is not designed for the moment only; he
gave more attention to detail, if a formal biog- considers fundamental questions (we might
raphy were wanted, but he could not have almost say) in estimating literature; he sets
found a more enthusiastic one.
There are
himself at some of the great problems of liter-
many things an inquirer could ask and not find ature. He could hardly attempt anything more
answered in this book, but we learn all that is solid if he published an estimate of Macaulay
needful to enable us to account for the man in the Quarterly Review,” and perhaps would
and his work. The arrangement of the book not do so much even then.
gives rise to some repetition, and in one case Mr. Brownell, then, has set himself to a
the different accounts do not exactly agree: piece of work that was well worth while, an
i. e., the accounts of the inception of “Sharp attempt to form an estimate of the most con-
Eyes” as given on pages 72 and 173. There siderable prose writers of our literature, in the
are occasional slips of statement or arrange- period just before our own. This is the proper
ment, as on page 210, where Mr. Adams says,
VICTORIAN PROSE MASTERS. By W.C. Brownell. Now
“Near the close of the same year,” etc. Re York: Charles Scribner's Sons.


240
(April 1,
THE DIAL
;
occupation for a critic of the first order. Such the hall of fame, or better in our own front
a critic will consider the greatest names of all hall or the parlor. A small bust of Matthew
time, he will have his opinions also upon the Arnold will look well in the study; that life-
work of his own day; but he is most usefully size statue of Carlyle might be put in one of
employed when he deals with the generation the niches in the second story staircase ; that
which has just preceded him, when he tries to strange-looking picture of George Eliot will do
put general opinion, released from the prejudices for the spare room; and Meredith may as well
of the present, on the way to a judgment that be left where he is, for he may have to be
shall last. There is often a period of relaxa- brought out. Such approximately is Mr.
tion in our interest in the great figures of liter Brownell's disposition of these household
ature who have just passed away. They achieve favorites.
fame in life, let us say, they are an influence, What reasons does he consider in this mat-
perhaps, for the decade after their death. But ter? Well, he is not one of those critics who
then, before they take a definite place as clas merely give you their personal impressions on
sics, there comes a period in which people are reading “Vanity Fair” say, or “Sartor Resar-
not much interested in them. Sometimes this tus.” Nor is he a historical critic (or evolution.
period comes even before their death, as was ary) who shows you that they were all exactly
the case with Wordsworth, who in his later what they had to be and could by no means
years was by no means the figure in the minds avoid having been. Nor even is he one of the
of those who loved poetry that he became after. strictly objective kind who have such definite
ward. Sometimes it comes very soon after knowledge of what the works of genius should
death, as was the case with Dickens, who, be that they can tell you how near any par-
people think, is now ripe for a “revival." But ticular specimens come to perfection. Mr.
it generally comes some time.
Brownell is historical in so far as he considers
Mr. Brownell practically notes this fact in the man always with his books and generally
regard to some of those of whom he writes. rather than his books. He is objective, how-
Carlyle's own writings,” he says, “ fell speed- ever, in so far as he puts before us a net result
ily into a neglect,” etc.; “How long is it since
etc.; “ How long is it since of each career. But given the net result, the
George Eliot's name has been the subject of question is, what is there in it, whereby
even a literary allusion ?”; “ No writer, prob- Thackeray, Carlyle, and others should con-
ably, ever passed so quickly [as Matthew Ar tinue to have a claim, or rather hold, on the
nold) from unpopularity through fame to attention of the world ?
comparative neglect." Three of Ruskin's books Here, of course, a critic can hardly avoid
probably comprise all of his product that will being somewhat personal. Certain qualities
last through the epoch of indifference to much or virtues are of immense value to him, and he
that the present age has delighted in, which thinks an author worth while according as he
we can readily perceive to be upon us.” Thack-
.” Thack has or has not something of these virtues. His
eray, it is to be remarked, achieved a fame preference may be founded upon the most solid
which has steadily increased, George Meredith groundwork of reason, but it is very apt to
was received with a neglect which is but slowly have something of a more personal basis.
diminishing
The qualities of most importance to Mr.
What will a critic say of such writers, or Brownell are Temperament and Thought. Thus
rather of writers at such a centre of indiffer- he still retains a fondness for George Eliot,
ence ? He has a responsible position, for if he be because she can think, although temperament
really a critic of influence he will have no small rather than thought is really the thing in a
part in pronouncing the everlasting yea or the novelist; and Carlyle is noteworthy for him in
everlasting no (to parody an author in mind) spite of the fact that his boisterous thinking
which once really pronounced by posterity, is did not end in much of consequence, because
rarely reversed. It is for the critic to con he did have the chief thing about genius,
sider what true worth remains after the changes namely, personality, because no writer ever had
of a score or two score years; and in accord so much temperament. So he cannot bear
ance with his opinion to place upon a pedestal Ruskin because his didactic temperament was
in the hall of fame or to put on a high shelf tedious, yet such as it was, entirely predomi-
in the garret.
nated over his thought. And with Meredith, in
Ruskin must go up garret, there is no doubt spite of his intellectuality, Mr. Brownell cannot
of that; and Thackeray is to have a place in get over the fact that his temperament is really


1902.]
241
THE DIAL
>>
absence of temperament. As to Thackeray, of exactness. It cannot be denied that he uses
who holds first place in Mr. Brownell's mind, queer words : one would advise the average
his is one of the most marked personalities in reader to keep within reaching distance of a
letters, “ his personal force and charm take dictionary. But the slight crabbedness arising
him quite outside” the operation of the rule from this cause is probably compensated for
recommending a detached attitude. And Mat- by the fact that the queer words usually do
thew Arnold was essentially a critic, and a give some precise shade of meaning: poten-
critic of a special kind, namely, one who applied tialities, impressionistically, notablest, idiosyn-
ideas, a brain centre rather than a nerve centre. cratic, illogicality, dilutest, tropicality, insen-
It would be wrong to imply that Mr. Brownell sitiveness, — they do look rather out of the
considers his authors purely from the stand way in a list; but each in its own place they
point of thought and temperament. He does are seen to have a very specific meaning and
not; he has other matters in mind — art, in one which could not otherwise be so shortly
fluence, history, — but no other matters are so conveyed. So no one should be displeased by
important to him, and no others are so fre Mr. Brownell's style: with a little experience
quently applied in the way of a test. And I
one gets to like it.
suppose for this reason his judgments will not For it is a style of which even the drawbacks
appeal to all, for there may be some who do arise from their having some thought to them.
not care most for temperament or thought. And this we may say of Mr. Brownell's work
In my novel reading, though I am very fond as a whole, that it has its roots in hard thinking.
of Thackeray, I find that I remember Clara As the reader of his earlier books knows, you
Mowbray's meeting with Francis Tyrrel, and may disagree with particular views, you may
Henry Durie at table with his wife and his think he has not the right standpoint for the
elder brother, with a kind of thrill that I do best critical results, but you cannot criticise
not get in “ Pendennis
or
66 The Newcomes. him at all without thinking the matter over
I am told there is something of the sort in a pretty thoroughly yourself. Thus the work is
certain famous scene in “ Vanity Fair ”; it may stimulating, sometimes negatively, it is true,
be so, but not for me. For myself I value ro as well as often positively. And that is some-
rather a poor name for the thing thing well worth while. I rather suppose his
more than personality or temperament. When judgments are pretty sound, too, that his
we come to thought, in our critics, there I am authors will be found in the future much where
more happily with Mr. Brownell, although even he says they are. But that is a minor matter
here I observe (with approach to shame) that on the whole ; it would be a misfortune, in
my favorite critics are more apt to be men of fact, if he fixed them all definitely for ever,
a sense of beauty than of a sense of truth. for then just so much of the critic's occupation
But my own preferences aside, there is surely would be gone. EDWARD E. HALE, Jr.
ground for thinking that a very important
thing for a novelist is the power to create the
romantic, the tragic, the emotional in life, and
a very important thing for a critic to have a
COLUMBUS AND THE TOSCANELLI
sure perception of what is beautiful in nature
LETTER.*
and in art. Mr. Brownell does not entirely
Toscanelli's Letter of 1474 was first men-
neglect these matters, but they are evidently tioned by Las Casas in 1552, and next in 1571
second in his mind to the more important con-
in a life of Columbus printed in Venice and
siderations of temperament and thought. attributed to his son Ferdinand. It is there
I am tempted to add a word on Mr. Brown-spoken of as in Latin. In 1871 Harisse dis-
ell's style, not as a comment, or a caution
covered in Spain, in a volume that once be-
either, but as a comfort to one who might other. longed to Columbus, a Spanish version of the
wise begin upon the book without warning. letter, supposed to be in the handwriting of
In spite of one or two minor but real draw-
Columbus. In 1875 the entire text of Las
backs,* the superficially repellent character of
Casas was published for the first time. Hum-
Mr. Brownell’s mode of expression is, in the
boldt was perhaps the first to assert that Co-
author's mind at least, one of the necessities
* LA LETTRE ET LA CARTE DE TOSCANELLI sur la route
*I believe the placing of clauses gives rise now and then des Indes par l'Ouest addressées en 1474 au Portugais Fernam
to ambiguity and that the loose structure is in the long run Martius et transmises plus tard à Christophe Colomb. Par
fatiguing.
Henry Vignaud. Paris : Leroux, 1901.
mance


242
(April 1,
THE DIAL
lumbus really received a letter and chart or scientific basis for his voyages and explorations,
map from Toscanelli, that influenced the voy and found one only in later years.
To credit
ages of Columbus, and his opinion bas received him with a theory at the outset, instead of after
the support of Fiske and Markham. Only of his discovery, the pretended letter of Tosca-
late years has the careful investigation of nelli was invented and palmed off by Las Casas
scholars led to the view now so clearly demon and Fernand Columbus, so as to establish
strated by Vignaud and supported by those who Columbus's reputation for scientific knowledge,
agree with him in denying the authenticity of the and give him the credit of being the corre-
alleged letter of Toscanelli. Vignaud, even in spondent of Toscanelli, a famous authority on
differing from them, pays due tribute to the geography of his day. Columbus was charged
erudition of those who maintain the other view, with getting his information from an old pilot,
and especially of Harisse, its strongest advo a story that was denounced by Washington
cate.
Irving, the first and the fullest of the modern
In this exhaustive volume on the subject, just biographers of Columbus ; and by Harisse, the
published, Vignaud shows that there is no origi- first of Columbists” of our own day; and by
nal of the letter or of any of the pretended cor so many others that it is now wholly discredited.
respondence of Toscanelli and Columbus, and Yet Vignaud inclines to give it some weight,
that all knowledge of it depends on copies of based on the fact that it was a rumor current
a much later date. He points out that in no during the time in which Columbus lived among
one of the numerous works, letters, and lives his contemporaries.
of the contemporaries, associates, and friends Having shown that Columbus himself never
of Toscanelli, is there any mention of his theory knew of any letter from Toscanelli, Vigoaud
of a western world. Fernand Columbus first
Fernand Columbus first proves by an exhaustive demonstration that
spoke of it in a book printed in Florence in Bartholomew Columbus, the brother of the
1571, and it is again referred to in a popular great navigator, was the author of the forged
translation of the geography of the English- letter, and that it was used by Las Casas, per-
man Holywood, italianized under the name of haps with knowledge of its source, for as he
Sacrobosco, printed in 1572. Oddly enough had access to and made free use of the Colum-
the editor or translator errs as to the date bus family papers, he could not fail to know
of the return of Columbus, and puts it a year that Columbus himself never had any such
before his start; and he makes him write then letter from Toscanelli, and that it was produced
to Toscanelli, who died in 1482. However, in only to give it a place in Las Casas's book, as
later editions of 1573 and 1579 the whole an answer to charges against Columbus, which
matter was omitted. Columbus himself wrote lessened the value of the claims of his family
and spoke freely and frequently, yet he never on the Spanish government. The old nobles
referred to Toscanelli nor mentioned any cor- objected to and opposed the dignities attained
respondence with him nor acquaintance with or by the family of Columbus as a reward for his
knowledge of him or of his letters or writings. voyages and discoveries. Even more exhaust-
Vignaud shows that the Toscanelli letter had ive is Vignaud's demonstration of the falsity
neither scientific nor practical value, and could of Las Casas's statement that he had before
bave been of no use either to Columbus or to him as he wrote the chart or map sent by
the King of Portugal, who, like his father and Toscanelli to Columbus with the pretended
brothers, was a good geographer. It is based letter.
on the ancient geography of Ptolemy, yet the Vignaud shows a thorough knowledge of
first book on that subject was not printed the vexed questions of geography so often dis-
until 1472, a year after the date of the pre-
cussed by Markham and Winsor, and many
tended letter. Columbus did not need help others. His book is a scholarly and exhaustive
from that source, for he based his geographical piece of historical work, well supported by an
knowledge on Aristotle, and not on Ptolemy, appendix containing a reproduction of the
and even that was at second hand, for he alleged letter and other original contemporary
was no scholar. He left a well-thumbed copy, documents, and by a full, fair, and complete
full of his notes, of the “Imago Mundi” of analysis of the arguments and evidence for and
Cardinal d'Ailly, published about 1480, who against his own view. It takes its due place
copied from Roger Bacon's Opus majus of 1267. in the series of early voyages to which Harisse
Columbus also left an annotated copy of Marco has contributed his volumes on the Cabots and
Polo, one of his guides. Columbus had no real on Corte and Gaspard Real and on Columbus,


1902.]
243
THE DIAL
and Schaefer and Cordier and Hauser and covering a new reading public, and one that
Dorez their's on early voyages and geographical has continued to support enormously the novel,
discoveries. Vignaud shows a large knowledge — the middle class. Perhaps most important
of all the literature of his subject, and a power of all, Richardson first developed a field of lit-
of critical discrimination in using it so as to erary material (possibly following Marivaux)
get at the truth and of setting it forth clearly. that has yielded rich harvests to a long line of
He is quite free from that intemperate tone English novelists, — the field of feminine sen-
that marks others, notably Harisse, whose sibilities and sentiments. Lastly, Richardson
great attainments are marred by his persistent has influenced continental literature directly
assertions that anyone with an opinion that and indirectly more than any writer of his time.
does not agree with his own must necessarily But Richardson has a far greater claim to
be wrong and must be told so very harshly. his seat among the immortals than that of big-
J. G. ROSENGARTEN. torical significance : he created one work that
is of permanent importance, for which no al-
lowances have to be made. Mere length of
itself never killed any book, and the nine vol-
THE FIRST ENGLISH NOVELIST.* umes of “Clarissa Harlowe" still command
Samuel Richardson's novels are generally the reader, -nay, absorb him, if once he sub-
believed to belong to the class of books that mits himself wholly to their skilful pages. The
are talked about but never read. The exces-
very length of the piece is a part of its art, for
sive length, the epistolary form, the unsym-
this breadth of treatment permits the gradual
pathetic social background, and the mild development of character, the fine gradation
“tea-drinking” tone of his three works are
of values, the winding process of thorough
supposed to render them distasteful to readers analysis, which fix forever a picture of life.
who devour their so-called romances by the
Great novelists have always appreciated the
tens of thousands. It is also objected that necessity of length. The story of two or three
Richardson's chief theme is seduction,
hundred octavo pages is an invention of the
theme uncongenial to the manners and ideals
modern book-maker to meet a commercial
of our time. Nevertheless Richardson has im. opportunity. Moreover, in unity of plan, in
posed bimself upon English literature as a comprehensiveness of design, and in dramatic
“classic"; and there is reason to believe that his relationship of values, “Clarissa Harlowe" is
fame is likely to grow rather than wane, when one of the very few English novels that can
the reading public comes back, after its periodic pretend to perfection of form. Structurally
debauch of melodrama to a normal interest in it is, as Richardson says somewhere, “ dra-
the representation of human character. matic narrative.” Lovelace, the mind of the
There has never been any question of Rich piece, and Clarissa, the soul of the piece, are
ardson's position historically. He wrote the
two of the small group of fictitious characters
first novels of English life, as we understand that have a permanent type existence. Love-
the word novel - a fictitious picture of life
a fictitious picture of life lace is a superb creation. For wit, power, pure
that has some approach to probability. If we
intellectual brilliancy and mastery, he is the
except the gentle shadow of Sir Roger, and the ablest villain outside the drama in English
vigorous figure of Robinson Crusoe, the first literature. The mystery of his creation, if we
characters in English fiction — imaginatively consider Richardson's temperament and ex-
conceived, organically developed — are Pamela, perience in life, is far greater than that of
Clarissa, and Lovelace. In spite of Fielding's | Clarissa, or, if we consider Fielding, than that
keen satire, we must admit that Richardson of Tom Jones. Mr. Saintsbury's jeer at Rich-
presented the petty world of the middle of the ardson as “the old maid of genius” falls flat
eighteenth century more justly, more minutely, when we realize the full virility of Lovelace.
with a truer feeling for its manners and ideals, The style through which Lovelace reveals
than did the great master himself. And in the involutions and subtleties of his nature is
construction, in the sense of form, “Clarissa unique in its absolute adaptation and consist-
Harlowe ” is superior to “ Tom Jones.” More. ency. Beside the restless play of his brilliant
over, Richardson has the honor largely of dis. mind, the “ divine Clarissa” even is a more
ordinary conception. Yet the delicacy and
# THE NOVELS OF SAMUEL RICHARDSON. With Intro-
duction by Ethel M. M. McKenna. In twenty volumes, illus-
thoroughness of her portraiture have saved her
trated. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Co.
from the cold formality of her conception. In
а
:


244
(April 1,
THE DIAL
>
spite of Richardson, we feel that she loves Wilkins, as a collection of “ essays,” but would
Lovelace, “cruel as a panther” as he is, and more rightly be called sketches or memoranda
that in her steady refusal to consider the pos of Burton's principal travels in Asia, Africa,
sibility of reparation, and in her death, she is and America. This book includes brief ac-
the equal of Lovelace. In refusing to allot a counts of his wonderful Medinab-Mecca pil.
happy ending to Clarissa, Richardson tran grimage, of his Harat and Tanganika explora-
scended the limitations of his class and of his tions, of his Dahomé and Congo trips, of his
age. Thus the theme of the novel, to which travels in Brazil and the Western United
objection has been made, has been raised by States, and of his Palmyra journey. Burton
the force of Richardson's art above the vulgar always had an eye to scenery, and some of his
matter of seduction. It is rather the struggle descriptions are very vivid - notably this pic-
between exact purity of soul and the predatory ture of the Arabian desert :
habit of the male. He who sees in “Clarissa “The sky is terrible in its pitiless splendours and
Harlowe” a mere fencing match over the mar-
blinding beauty, while the simoon, or wind of the wild,
riage contract misses the tale altogether.
caresses the cheek with the flaming breath of a lion.
Richardson's morality is not our morality.
The filmy spray of sand and the upseething of the at-
mosphere, the heat-reek and the dancing of the air upon
“Pamela" will remain as a comic example of the baked surface of the bright yellow soil, blending
didactic ineptitude, and “Sir Charles Grandi with the dazzling hue above, invests the horizon with a
son as a pompous and tiresome lesson in broad band of deep dark green, and blurs the gaunt
manners. But in spite of his fatal desire to
figures of the camels, which, at a distance, appear
teach lessons of conduct, Richardson triumphed
strings of gigantic birds.”
in “Clarissa Harlowe" over the weight of his
Or take this picture of an extensive region in
moral intention, just as he triumphed over the
East Africa :
limitation of his literary form, and over the
“The black greasy ground, veiled with thick shrub-
conventions and sterility of his age.
bery, supports in the more open spaces screens of tiger
In spite and spear-grass twelve and thirteen feet high, with
of himself, as it were, he created some real every blade a finger's breadth; and the towering trees
people and surrendered himself to them with are often clothed with huge creepers, forming heavy
the complete insight and fidelity that is the
columns of densest verdure. The earth, ever rain-
mark of the artist. Richardson's world was
drenched, emits the odour of sulphuretted hydrogen,
and in some parts the traveller might fancy a corpse to
a petty world in many respects. We flatter
be hidden behind every bush. That no feature of
ourselves that we live more largely to-day. But miasma might be wanting to complete the picture, filthy
“Clarissa Harlowe "is another proof that, for heaps of the meanest hovels sheltered their miserable
the making of permanent art, the accident of
inhabitants, whose frames are lean with constant in-
material is comparatively unimportant.
toxication, and whose limbs are distorted with ulcerous
sores."
The present edition, in twenty handy and
well-printed volumes, is a reprint of the text
But on the whole the most interesting sketch
of Mangin's 1811 edition, with reproductions in this book is that of his journey to Salt Lake
of the original engravings. Miss McKenna's City in 1860. This is very readable and
brief introduction presents adequately the chief graphic, and, as the editor says, “ much better
biographical and critical facts.
than his bulky book on the same subject.”
He records three " novel sensations” that his
ROBERT HERRICK.
American trip gave him:
“ The first was, to feel that all men were your equal.
. . The second was to see one's quondam acquaint-
ance, the Kaffir or Negro, put by his grass kilt and
BURTON'S 66 WANDERINGS IN THREE
coat of grease, insert himself in broadcloth, part his
CONTINENTS."*
wool on one side, shave, and call himself, not Sambo,
but · Mr. Scott.' The third was to meet in the Rocky
Sir Richard Burton was perhaps the most Mountains with a refreshing specimen of that far-off
redoubtable explorer of modern times; and to
Old World.”
those who love adventure, his will always be Burton showed through all his life a savage
fascinating name. The posthumous volume by independence, which reflects itself in a strong,
him, entitled Wanderings in Three Con- terse, blunt literary style.
terse, blunt literary style. His multifarious
tinents,” is spoken of by the editor, Mr. W. H. works are, for the general reader, too diffuse,
WANDERINGS IN THREE CONTINENTS. By the late
and on the other hand this epitome is too con-
Captain Sir Richard F. Burton. Edited, with a Preface, by
densed; yet it is the best outline of his travels
W. H. Wilkins, M.A. Illustrated. New York: Dodd,
now available.
Mead & Co.
H. M. STANLEY.


1902.)
245
THE DIAL
one hand, and, on the other, in the patient endeavors
RECENT FICTION.*
of the economist and the jurist. It has not yet
The work which must occupy the first place in been translated into political terms, although such
the present review is “The Valley of Decision,” a translation is clearly impending, and although the
by Mrs. Edith Wharton. Mrs. Wharton's earlier principal character is a man in the vanguard of the
books have had the touch of distinction, and pre thought of the age. So much having been said for
pared us for something unusual when the time should the resemblance of the two works, there remains
come for her to put forth her whole power in a the task of emphasizing their contrast. The obvious
novel of large plan and comprehensive content. The difference, we should say, is that Mrs. Wharton's
qualities displayed by her short stories were such novel is over-intellectualized, and thus misses the
as to suggest the work of a master-hand, making us rich vitality of Stendhal's masterpiece. In Mrs.
think at one moment, which impressed by their Wharton's view, the idea, having more lasting sig.
analytical subtlety, of the work of Mr. Henry James, nificance than the act, is everywhere set in the
and at another, which impressed by their artistic foreground. Stendhal, for his part, had curious
finality, of the work of no less a man than Tour lapses from his professed liberalism, and was more
guénieff. Suggestions of this sort being now in bent upon depicting the glow and color, the in-
order, it may be said that the masterpiece of Stendhal trigues and the passions, of the period in question,
has been constantly in our mind while reading than concerned with the deeper currents of the in-
“ The Valley of Decision.” This comparison, how tellectual movement. He had, moreover, the ines-
ever, is subject to qualifications, and may serve as timable advantage of studying his material at first
a starting-point for what we wish to say concerning hand, whereas Mrs. Wharton has learned about it
Mrs. Wharton's work. By way of similarity, the from books, which inevitably means a less vivid
two books have in common the same scenes, the realization of its possibilities. To a reflective mind,
same society, and (within a generation) the same “ The Valley of Decision ” makes the stronger ap-
period. The Duchy of Pianura is not found upon peal of the two books, for it is the expression of a
any map, but it cannot be far removed from the consistent philosophy, and, if somewhat pale upon the
region to which “ La Chartreuse de Parme leads sonsuous side and somewhat weak upon the emotional
us a willing sojourner. Nor does the fact that we side, there is no doubt of its inspiration by a true
are dealing with the period leading up to, and con intellectual passion. The restraint which goes with
temporary with, the French Revolution, instead of all distinguished art is characteristic of this book
the post-Napoleonic period, make any very essential even in the most pronounced spiritual crises of the
difference. The liberal ferment is already at work ; action, and to a fine sense makes these scenes the
it has simply not reached a stage so far advanced. more effective. After all, it is a drama having the
It finds expression in the writings of Alfieri, on the
human soul for its theatre that we are invited to
view, rather than a drama of spectacular interest.
THE VALLEY OF DECISION. A Novel. By Edith
The central theme is that of a man of fine impulses,
Wharton. Two volumes. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons.
becoming, by the accidents of his own birth and of
THE THRALL OF LEIF THE LOCKY. A Story of Viking the death of those standing above him, the ruler of
Days. By Ottilie A. Liljencrantz. Chicago : A. C. McClurg a state. He is overweighted by his responsibilities,
& Co.
but honestly seeks the welfare of his people. Finally,
AUDREY. By Mary Johnston. Boston: Houghton, Miffin
& Co.
the ingratitude of the populace which he has sought
THE STRENGTH OF THE WEAK. A Romance. By
to benefit, whose passions are successfully worked
Chauncey C. Hotchkiss. New York: D. Appleton & Co. upon by the partisans of the old corrupt order, hurls
THE COLONIALS. By Allen French. New York: Double him from the seat of power, and leaves him in the
day, Page & Co.
end an outcast. This situation is by no means new
LUKE DELMEGE. By the Rev. P. A. Sheehan, New
in imaginative literature. Bulwer's “ Rienzi” dealt
York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
with it in a melodramatic sort of fashion, and in
CASTING OF NETs. By Richard Bagot. New York: John
Lane.
more modern literature it has received impressive
THE SNARES OF THE WORLD. By Hamilton Aïdé. New illustration in the “ Majesty” of the Dutch novelist,
York: E, P. Dutton & Co.
Herr Couperus, and in “The King,” a drama
THE USURPER. By William J. Locke. New York: John
which is one of the most extraordinary of the works
Lane.
of Herr Björnson. Mrs. Wharton has not been
TRISTRAM OF BLENT. By Anthony Hope. New York:
McClure, Phillips & Co.
insensible of the pathetic and tragic possibilities of
FOR LOVE OR CROWN. A Romance. By Arthur W.
the situation, and has developed them with rare
Marchmont. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.
and subtle art. The novel leaves little to be desired
CLEMENTINA. By A. E. W. Mason. New York: Fred in the delicacy of its individual characterizations, in
erick A. Stokes Co.
its exhibition of the inner life of the society which
Count HANNIBAL. A Romance of the Court of France.
it depicts, and in its deft use of the physical acces-
By Stanley J. Weyman. New York: Lougmans, Green, & Co.
New York:
sories of the narrative.
THE FIREBRAND. By S. R. Crockett.
The charm of its finished
McClure, Phillips & Co.
style is a source of constant delight to the reader,
THE VELVET GLOVE. By Henry Seton Merriman. New and makes acceptable the many pages of historical
York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
and philosophical analysis, which, strictly speaking,


246
(April 1,
THE DIAL
must be regarded as out of place in a work of The flood of Colonial novels is unabated, and it
fiction. We would not willingly spare the longest is impossible to find room for mention of more than
of these passages, although they very noticeably a few of the productions of this class. In addition
impede the progress of the action.
to “Audrey,"two other exceptionally good examples
The story of the first European discovery of the are found among those recently published. “The
New World, as preserved for us in the saga of Eric Strength of the Weak" is a romance of New France
the Red and the Flateyarbók, has been utilized by in the days just preceding the Seven Years' War
Miss Ottilie Liljencrantz for the framework of her the days of Bigot and Vaudreuil in Canada, the
story called “ The Thrall of Leif the Lucky.” She days when Braddock and William Johnson were
has been exceptionally ingenious in working into a making a stir in the South. The leading characters
consistent narrative every scrap of information to are a young seigneur of English origin, and an
be gleaned from the saga records, and in adding American maiden in distress. Both are persecuted
enough invention of her own to sustain the interest. by the French villain of the story, and succeed,
How Leif accepted Christianity from Olaf Trygvas after many adventures, in escaping into New York.
son at Nidaros, how he voyaged to Greenland and The adventures are of the familiar type, including
quarreled with his father on this score, how he was a hairsbreadth escape from a besieged house, a
fired by the tale of Bjarni's adventure of a few perilous river and lake voyage, and the danger of
years earlier, how he set sail for those strange lands pursuit by a wily and devilish Indian, the motive
that had been sighted but not explored, and how he of whose course is unapparent. There is no end of
built his booths in Vinland, wintered there, and sword-play, and the hero's part therein is both
returned the following spring laden with wine and valiant and magnanimous.
fars and timber, to be acclaimed as the greatest “The Colonials,” by Mr. Allen French, begins
man of his age all these things, and many more, in the Indian country of the West, where we make
are related in this fascinating volume. Lifelike the acquaintance of hero and heroine, in their nat-
figures are drawn from the merest hints in the Ice ural roles of rescuer and rescued. Then the scene
landic chronicle, and even the German Tyrker shifts to Boston, and we have an interesting de-
becomes a real personage, although we must regard velopment of plot, with the tea-party, the Port Bill,
as somewhat unhappy the attempt to differentiate Lexington, Bunker Hill, and the British evacuation
his race by filling his speech with Germanic inver for a historical background. Mr. French has done
sions. If this is intended for comic relief, it had well to interest us at all in matter so hackneyed,
better have been omitted. The book has the novelty but his story has abundant action, and the villain,
of colored illustrations, six in number, which add with the usual persistence of his kind, escapes his
materially to its attractiveness. The chapters are dues long enough to keep the plot alive through
appropriately headed with quotations from the five hundred pages. The historical part of the book
Hávamál.
is more minutely studied than is usually the case in
Miss Johnston's third novel of Colonial Virginia, romances of this sort, and might almost serve as a
“Audrey” by name, does not seem to us equal to text-book for those three years of the annals of
its predecessors. The vein shows signs of exhaustion, Massachusetts.
as is illustrated by a greater straining for effects, On two recent occasions, we have had the pleasure
and a more liberal allowance of “manners and of indicating the remarkable literary qualities of
customs.” The period is that of the early seven the work of Father Sheehan. In both prose and
teenth century, and among the historical characters verse he has given evidence of an unusual degree
we meet Colonel Byrd of Westover, whose literary of intellectual power and an unusual gift of style.
remains have been brought into the author's service. The life of the parish priest in Ireland has rarely
Audrey is a child rescued from the Indians by a been portrayed with the sympathy of “My New
young Virginian landed proprietor, and placed in Curate," and the spiritual life has rarely been ex-
the hands of a besotted minister. The rescuer goes pressed with the poetical beauty of “ Cithara Mea."
to England for ten years, and returns to find that A new book by Father Sheehan must, then, receive
the child has been an uncomplaining sufferer from some attention, and particularly a book which is
harsh treatment, and that she has grown to be a evidently the most pretentious performance of its
beautiful woman. How the hero struggles with his distinguished author. "Luke Delmege” is a novel
love for her, until in the end he throws pride to the of nearly six hundred pages. We say a novel, in
winds and makes Audrey his wife, is the essential default of a better term, for the life-history of a
matter of the novel. One of the most successful Catholic priest must get along without the elements
figures in the book is that of his bondman, an un of interest that chiefly appeal to the reader of novels.
reconciled Jacobite, who has vowed hatred to his Obviously, it cannot be a love-story, and must make
master, and who is won over to love him by his up for this deprivation by the exhibition of other
kindliness and grave courtesy. Miss Johnston has qualities sufficiently striking to justify its claim to
not forgotten how to purvey excitement for her existence. “Luke Delmege” has such qualities in
readers, and many are the daring adventures and abundance, and holds the attention of its readers
brave combats to be found in this, no less than in her by its intimate revelation of the spiritual and in-
other books.
tellectual life of its hero, and by its deep insight


1902.]
247
THE DIAL
into the Irish character, so lovable in certain aspects, work is quite out of keeping with the rest. There is
80 exasperating in others. Father Luke, who be neither genuine passion nor genuine characterization
gins his active life with the prestige of a first prize in this story, although both are doubtless attempted;
man of Maynooth, is himself too intellectualized to it is simply an agreeable and decorous tale of social
understand the character of his fellow-countrymen, life, revealing the polished man of the world rather
and it is only after a long and painful struggle that than the literary artist.
he comes to be a sbarer in their sympathies and “The Usurper," Mr. William J. Locke's latest
learns how to adapt himself to his environment. novel, is the story of an Englishman who, by a
This he has nearly succeeded in doing, when death strange caprice of fortune in Australia, becomes
ends his career, finding him still, in his own words, the owner of property upon which valuable mineral
“ a puzzled man." The extraordinary interest with deposits are discovered. He becomes a millionaire,
which this life-history is invested by Father Sheehan returns to England, and engages in vast schemes
must be accounted for by the fact that he brings to of philanthropy. After a while, there appears upon
its composition a mind richly stored with the results the scene a man whom the hero believes to be the
of modern culture, yet acutely sensitive to the rightful owner of all the property the man whom
spiritual, even when resting upon an irrational basis. he has long supposed to be dead. As a matter of
The work has just enough of mysticism to lift it fact, this unwelcome intruder is not the owner after
into a rarer atmosphere than that which men habit all, but this does not appear until the end. Mean.
ually breathe, and to bring into relief the symbolical while, the hero is face to face with the problem of
aspects of those religious practices and beliefs which, abandoning his helpful work, and giving up his
narrowly considered, are apt to seem trivial, me estate to a person of vicious life and worthless
chanical, or grossly materialistic.
character. He temporizes, determines to keep his
Another novel in which the Catholic religion, secret for a while, and go on with his enterprises.
rather than the individual actors, provides the A dramatic climax is reached in a parliamentary
chief element of interest is Mr. Richard Bagot's campaign, when the hero, a candidate for election,
“Casting of Nets." Here, however, we find little is charged in a public meeting of his constituents
or nothing of the spiritual element, but rather a with his seemingly fraudulent course. Believing
mesh of intrigue, hypocrisy, and underhanded deal. the charge to be just, he admits its truth, and is
ing which may represent the practice of base indi about to retire in face of the scandal, when the real
viduals in the Roman communion, but which we truth comes out, and his position becomes unim-
decline to accept as representative of the spirit of peachable. Those who know Mr. Locke's earlier
that organization. How proselytes are made by work will understand how effective a story must
the arts of unscrupulous zealots is the theme of have been made out of this material; they will also
Mr. Bagot's story, but his bias is too marked to be prepared for a slight overplus of sentimentality
make his story convincing. A young English and a tendency toward a subdued sort of melodra-
woman of Catholic family is married to a Protestant matic effect.
nobleman, and her mind is so worked upon by her Curiously enough, Mr. Anthony Hope's “Tris-
relatives and advisers that she becomes very un tram of Blent” has a plot that is identical, in the
happy at the thought of the religious differences essentials, with that of the novel just described.
existing between herself and her husband. In the Here also a man holds a large estate knowing that
struggle between her love and the conception of it is not rightfully his own; here also the rightful
duty that is in a measure thus forced upon her, she heir is the woman whom he loves, and with whom
suffers greatly, but her love triumphs in the end, his marriage, after many complications, provides a
and the falsity of what she had once thought to be satisfactory disentanglement of the coil into which
duty is made clear to her conscience. This conclu his fortunes have been twisted. In the case of Mr.
sion will be applauded by every right-minded reader, Hope's novel, the hero believes himself morally en-
and we fancy that a Catholic of Father Sheehan's titled to the estate, and is determined to conceal
type would be among those whose approval was the the secret as long as possible, and to fight for his
most earnest. The book has a certain neatness and position if the secret shall ever be revealed. All
decorum of expression, but is at the best a dull per these fine resolutions are, however, made futile by
formance. Any single chapter of "Luke Delmege”
the
appearance of the young woman on the scene,
outweighs the whole volume of “Casting of Nets.” and, in an impulsive moment, Tristram abandons
Mr. Hamilton Aidé is a pleasant novelist whose his position as resolutely as he has hitherto defended
work is absolutely superficial. “ The Snares of the it. At the very end, he turns out to be the rightful
World” is a story of modern English society, owner after all, but he is shrewd enough to win his
tricked out with most of the conventional trappings, suit before revealing a fact which might pitch the
and relieved only by one romantic episode which heroine's pride to the point of rejecting him forever.
takes the heroine into unknown Hungary as the The whole of which story, with the many complica-
guest of a territorial magnate. Mr. Aidé has tions and side-issues, is related with the most ad-
recently made a trip to Hungary, and the oppor mirable art; Mr. Hope's craftsmanship is almost
tunity to give an account of his observations is unerring in fitting means to ends, and his characters
too good to be missed, although this section of his are endowed with the very breath of life.


248
(April 1,
THE DIAL
-
8
Mr. Arthur W. Marchmont, the author of “ For is far above the author's usual level, and well de-
Love or Crown,” has written just the sort of story serving of attention. The scene is Spain in the
that we used to expect from Mr. Hope,— a story thirties, and the struggle between Carlists and
after the “Zenda” model,- dealing with imaginary Cristinos provides the theme. A fiery young Scotch
intrigues for the possession of an imaginary throne. adventurer and soldier of fortune is the hero, while
The heroine is a girl of English training, who is in the heroine is a courageous Spanish coquette who
reality — although she does not know it until she at last finds in him her master, and whose quick
is grown up
the legitimate successor to the rule and daring invention saves his life on more than
of a petty German state. Meanwhile, she has one occasion. An attempt to carry the Queen and
given her heart into the keeping of a fine young the child Princess away from La Granja, and to
Englishman, and persists in her allegiance after the place them in the custody of Holy Church, provides
discovery, although her obstinacy upsets various the central subject of the plot. The story is told
dynastic calculations. In the end, she acts in such with much animation and variety of picturesque
manner as to let it appear that her right of succes episode, and is unflagging in its interest. It is,
sion is based upon an error, and thus virtually ab moreover, the work of a close observer of Spanish
dicates her crown for the sake of her affection. The life and character, of one at home amid the customs,
story is among the better examples of the class to the scenery, and the history of the Peninsula.
which it belongs, is provided with much exciting Curiously enough, Mr. Henry Seton Merriman's
incident, and ends in a way which satisfies the ro new novel, “ The Velvet Glove,” is also a story of
mantic soul of its readers.
Carlist adventure, although in this case it is the
Mr. A. E. W. Mason's “ Clementina " is a sort movement of the seventies, not of the thirties, that
of continuation of the “ Parson Kelly” which he engages our attention. The Jesuit is Mr. Merri.
wrote in collaboration with Mr. Andrew Lang. It man's bête noire, and he paints a dark picture of
is a historical novel, with the Stuart pretender and Jesuitical intrigue in behalf of the reactionary cause.
the Polish princess for its leading characters, nom A young girl, left an orphan and heiress to an im-
inally speaking, and the ingenious Mr. Charles mense fortune, occupies the centre of interest in the
Wogan for its real hero. How this inventive Irish book, and we rejoice with the author when the hero
man plans the royal marriage, and causes it to be outwits the schemers who aim to secure this fortune
consummated after incredible difficulties, including for the Carlist treasury. This he accomplishes by
rescue of the Princess Clementina from her marrying the girl in secret, just as she is about to
Austrian prison, is related in a manner which, if be forced into the religious life. He is a very un-
not convincing, at least leaves nothing to be desired Spanish lover in his self-restraint and lack of ardor,
upon the romantic side.
and the girl has some difficulty in discovering that
The massacre of St. Bartholomew has been rather he really cares for her, and has not married her for
overworked of late by the romantic novelists, but the sake of her fortune. Like all of Mr. Merri-
Mr. Stanley Weyman has ventured to make use of man's stories, “ The Velvet Glove" abounds in vivid
it in “Count Hannibal,” his latest fiction. Instead, descriptions, dramatic effects, and sententious phi-
however, of saving it for the climax by his inven- losophizings. There is a neglect of finish in some
tion, he starts out with it, and his plot is mainly of the details that proves rather surprising, and a
developed out of the subsequent happenings. In number of the minor incidents are left without their
this development he has resorted to a curious device. proper logical development. But the core of the
We begin with the conventional Huguenot lovers and plot is sound, and the half-dozen leading characters
their Catholic persecutor, who seeks the hand of the have a distinct individuality.
maiden and the destruction of the man. Presently,
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
we notice that our sympathies are gradually be-
coming estranged from the lover and attached to
the persecutor. This process goes on by slow
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
stages until the former is revealed as but a poor
fellow after all, while the latter emerges clearly into
Captain Mahan
Many readers will find a delightful
view as the real hero. The heroine comes to take on the heroes of surprise in Captain Mahan's latest
the same view of the matter, after a long struggle
the British navy.
book, on “ Types of Naval Officers
with herself, and finally learns to love her whilom drawn from the History of the British Navy
enemy. This change of sentiment is most ingeniously (Little, Brown, & Co.). From its title, one might
managed, and successfully enlists our convictions. have expected to find the work rather technical in
The story offers excellent entertainment, besides character, and instructive rather than entertaining
conveying a modicum of historical instruction. to a layman. But it proves to be an interesting
Mr. S. R. Crockett has published so many hastily, and stirring book, full of the charm that is given
written and slovenly novels during the past few by heroic deeds described with clearness and spirit,
years that it is something of a surprise to note the and by noble characters portrayed with insight and
marked superiority of “The Firebrand,” his latest discrimination as well as professional pride. A
book. While not intending to praise this romance preliminary sketch gives an account of the condition
as in any senge a masterpiece, we will say that it of naval warfare at the beginning of the eighteenth


1902.)
249
THE DIAL
century, and a general account of its subsequent Associations of the English Lakes," as well as to
development during the century. By 1750 the Collingwood's “Life and Work of John Ruskin.”
spirit that had made the navy of England powerful The present volume will be of interest to all Ruskin
during the stirring times of revolution had burnt disciples; it treats of recent events, and is the ex-
itself out, and the material aims and sluggish peace pression of one who is a very genuine admirer of
of Walpole’s time were reflected in the sluggishnoss his subject, if somewhat over-emotional in his style.
and decay of the navy. A full account is given of Canon Rawnsley records Ruskin's various visits to
this inefficiency under Mathews and Byng, to show, the Lakes from his earliest childhood, showing the
as the author says, the zero of the scale from which impressions made on the growing boy by mountains,
the navy was raised by the great admirals of whom woods, and water, — impressions finally culminat-
the book treats to the glories of Nelson’s day. Not ing in an affection so strong that when, after a
only Mathews and Byng, but also the officers of the severe illness, he felt the need of a restful retreat he
later part of the century, show how habit and tra purchased Brantwood for his future home. His
dition carry the mass of men along, how little the love for this beautiful region, thus early formed,
activity of the average man is the result of indo never left him; and on every trip abroad in his
pendent thinking, how rare is the spark of intuition after-life his letters expressed his home-sickness and
that marks genius. Regulations laid down specific longing for the home of his heart, where he lived
methods of attack; these must be followed, modi. 80 long and where he finally died. The home-life
fying conditions were not recognized, and so fleets at Brantwood is described as being very simple,
were lost through what seems to a layman absolute but beautified by the love of friends; the cottage
stupidity in the form of inability to take advantage was always a peaceful haven for a much over-
of circumstances. All of these inefficient men worked and much suffering man. Canon Rawnsley
were brave; but their dulness, intensified by the gives a chapter to the Ruskin Exhibition which
stupidity of the iron-clad regulations inherited from took place at Coniston Institute in the summer of
an earlier day of different methods under which 1901, and describes many of the pictures (about
they worked, reduced the British navy to the piti two hundred in all), and some of the articles associ.
able helplessness marked by the disaster of the un ated with Ruskin that added interest to the exhibit.
fortunate Byng in 1756. The same regulations | The chapter entitled “ Ruskin and the Home Art
continued in force; but the man of brains and in Industries in the Lake District” describes the Kes-
sight, in the person of Hawke, could ignore this wick School of Industrial Art and the Ruskin Linen
“caricature of systematized tactics " when need Industry, their beginnings, development, and work.
came, and wrest victories out of hostile odds. Even These industries were inspired by Ruskin's teach-
after such lessons, contemporary judgment attributed ings, and were encouraged by his messages while
the failures to specific things, and not to the bad he lived ; they have accomplished much in the way
system and false tactical standards. Captain Mahan of beautiful and honest work, and have provided
says truly that no servitude is more helpless than happy employment for many humble folks, some
that of unintelligent submission to an idea formally of whom have developed unsuspected talent. Some
correct yet incomplete. After this portrayal of exist forty pages are given to showing how much Ruskin
ing conditions when the war of the Austrian Succes had in common with Wordsworth, in spite of his
sion broke out, Captain Mahan takes up the study occasional dissenting words. The book contains
of the six great naval officers whose achievements several illustrations from photographs, and is fur.
added so much to the glory of England during the nished with an index.
latter half of the eighteenth century. Their names
The rich materials of American co-
mean little to one who is not well read in naval Maryland as
history, but they are well worth knowing, and this
a Proprietary lonial life and history have afforded
Province.
book will do good service in bringing them before
many excellent subjects for special
the reading public in an attractive way. The six investigation by graduate students in our universi-
names are Hawke, who typifies the spirit of the
ties, and none better than that selected by Mr.
new methods ; Rodney, the form; Howe, the gen-
Newton D. Mereness, a fellow in Columbia, the
eral officer, as tactician; Jervis, the general officer,
results of whose labors appear in a dissertation on
as disciplinarian and strategist ; Saumarez, the fleet
“ Maryland as a Proprietary Province," now pub-
officer and division commander; and Pellew, the
lished by the Macmillan Co. The charter granted
to Lord Baltimore conferred upon him great pow-
frigate captain and partisan officer. Each of these
sturdy and efficient sailors and fighters is carefully
ers,- perhaps the greatest ever given by an English
portrayed, and his special influence upon the devel- king to a subject, - and at the same time it re-
opment of the British navy is traced.
stricted him by three brief clauses which forbade
the taking away “the right or interest of any per-
Ruskin and
In his book on “ Ruskin and the
son, or persons, of, or in member, life, freehold,
the English English Lakes” (Macmillan), the goods or chattels,” provided that the laws and or-
Lake region.
Rev. H. D. Rawnsley has furnished dinances should be reasonable and, so far as con-
a supplementary volume to his earlier worke, “ Life venient, like the laws and customs of England, and
and Nature at the English Lakes ” and “Literary declared that the people of Maryland should be


250
[April 1,
THE DIAL
romance
entitled to all the privileges and franchises and a happy adaptation of the two great translations
liberties which other English subjects enjoyed. This of Plutarch, - North's, and the one called Dryden's,
particular doctor's thesis shows how the people, with the necessary differences. « I have not
through their representatives, gradually encroached tried,” says Dr. Perrin in his preface, “to write a
upon the powers of the proprietary, until, when the learned book for the learned, but one which may
time came for transition from colony to common attract an ordinary English reader of culture and
wealth after the Declaration of Independence, the taste toward learning.” Yet there is food for the
people were practically supreme in every depart. learned, too, in the various apparatus with which the
ment of government. The volume contains a vast work of Plutarch is here surrounded. All that is
amount of material illustrating the political, eco known of the man himself, all that is known of the
nomic, religious, military, and social history of the men of whom he writes, and of their times, has been
province in colonial days; and because of the po- fully digested and set in order for the enlighten-
culiar nature of the feudal grants made to the pro ment of those who must always find the finest of
prietor, and the mixed population, religion being inspirations in the careers of such men as Themis-
considered, there is much interest in following out tocles and Aristides. It may be hoped that this
the various phases of Maryland's life. The accom book will serve as the introductory volume in a
panying bibliography indicates the richness of series which will include all of Plutarch's heroes
Maryland as a field for investigation, and suggests and fellow-countrymen.
gratification that the beginnings of our national life
are being so carefully studied by earnest workers. The biography
Along with the current of interest in
of a sturdy historical fiction, there seems to be an
In “The Diamond Necklace” (Lip-
English Saint.
A famous
allied interest in biography. Readers
pincott) Frantz Funck-Brentano, of an imaginative representation of by-gone times
of history. through his translator, Mr. H. Suth may reasonably wish later for a true portrayal of the
erland Edwards, gives us an account of the famous real life lived in those times, a portrayal that shall
episode of Marie Antoinette's downfall, in the clear have in some degree the like coloring of the strange,
light thrown upon it by recently.discovered docu the remote, and the romantic. Such a biography
ments. Regarding the affair as explicable only is that by Mr. C. L. Margon, entitled "Hugh,
when considered as the result of strange personali. Bishop of Lincoln, a Short Story of one of the
ties played on by one another, the author intro Makers of Mediæval England” (Longmans, Green,
duces in succession the various collaborators—Mme. & Co.). Devoted as he was to ecclesiasticism and
de la Motte the intriguer, Cardinal Rohan the dupe, veneration of relics, the good bishop, who was the
Cagliostro the riddle, and Queen Marie herself, terror of three terrible kings, Henry, Richard, and
who, without part or profit in the transaction, yet John, is interesting for the possession of that strange
had to suffer its worst consequences. Then follows thing in the medieval world, a sturdy common-
a vivid picture of the trial, as it went on in and out sense. This, joined with as sturdy a will, made
of court; and a statement of the verdict rendered | Hugh a man to accomplish things, a man to uphold
by court and populace. The very complicated in. right-living in a time when morality was lax. The
trigue is presented in a remarkably clear and inter feeling of the common people that disaster and
esting manner, the interpretation of the facts is death would at once overtake those whom he ex.
convincing, and the moot-point — the possibility
the possibility communicated, and the frequent fulfilment of the
that Rohan, man of the world as he was, should be fear, give striking illustration of the dominant per-
in some matters a credulous child — is very satis sonality of the man. The book is written in a
factorily accounted for. There is constant emphasis style that quaintly touches off the naïve simplicity
on the light which the affair throws on the mind of the hero, whether as architect developing the
and heart of pre-revolutionary France. Being thus early English style, or as ecclesiastical statesman
taken as typical, it assumes a wider interest and checking the too arrogant power of the crown.
justifies the extended treatment which at first Whether from modesty in thinking that the brief
thought seemed disproportionate to its importance. hundred and seventy pages of the volume did not
require it, or from a less commendable reason, the
Dr. Bernadotte Perrin, professor of
Two of Plutarch's
author erred in not providing an index.
Greek in Yale University, has ap-
new translation.
proached his task in translating and
Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. are the
A colossal
elucidating Plutarch's Themistocles and Aristides" history of American agents for “ The Victoria
(Scribner) with a mingled spirit of modern scholar-
English counties.
History of the Counties of England”
ship and veneration for the old biographer and - a publishing enterprise of great dignity and fairly
moralist which makes the volume doubly grateful. colossal scope. Each county is to have from two
The translation of the two “Lives" serves as a to eight volumes, making in all a series of one
basis for a preface, a series of four introductions, hundred and sixty. The subscription for this work
critical and historical, and voluminous notes, which is twelve dollars a volume, which amounts, with a
together form more than three-fourths of the book's discount of ten per cent, to $1728 for the entire
contents. Dr. Perrin’s rendering into English is work. In addition, there will be a supplementary
" Lives" in a


1902)
251
THE DIAL
volume for each county, published at thirty-five | esting to the general reader, by reason of the easy
dollars, containing the pedigrees of the present diction employed, and we expect to see it take rank
county families, and illustrating the arms of the as a popular treatise on the general subject. A
families which are mentioned in the Visitations. A voluminous appendix presents the United States
specimen volume of the work is now before us Military and Naval Codes of War, the Oxford and
being the first of the six treating of the County of Brussels Codes of Land Warfare, and other like
Norfolk — and bears out all that is claimed by the documents, germane to the text.
publishers. It is an account of the natural history
and archæology of Norfolk, and the chapters are
That pleasant little series, “Our
Swiss life in
the work of eminent specialists. The illustrations
European Neighbours” (Putnam),
town and country.
are numerous, including half a dozen maps and a
is enriched by Mr. Alfred T. Story's
number of full-page plates. Among the matters to account of “Swiss Life in Town and Country.”
be dealt with in later volumes are the many phases
Like its forerunners, this new volnme succeeds in
of historical development, heraldry and pedigrees, giving an adequate conception of the manner in
architecture, education, agriculture, and sport. which the inhabitants of Switzerland, whatever their
Among the departmental editors we note the names faith or speech, do their duties in this world, and
of Professor W. Boyd Dawkins, Mr. G. Lawrence takes its readers into places remote from the
Gomme, Mr. R. L. Poole, and Mr. J. H. Round. tourist's tread and away from the familiar paths
Mr. H. Arthur Doubleday is the general editor of of history. There is no phase of the lives of these
the work.
sturdy republicans, whether social or political,
which Mr. Story does not touch upon, and an
It was a happy chance which led
Tales of the
abundance of illustrations drawn from unbackneyed
Mr. Mowbray Morris to writing his
Spanish Main.
subjects add to the value of the book.
The most
“Tales of the Spanish Main” (Mac-noteworthy aspect of the work will be found in the
millan). Between the covers of a single book he
spirit of freedom which vivifies it, the author enter-
has brought together nearly all the incidents which
ing fully into the heroism of the daily existence of
made Spanish America and the water routes thereto
these humble people who govern themselves so ad-
the most interesting part of the world for nearly mirably in spite of threatening nature and of
two centuries. The voyage of Columbus, with which neighboring nations committed to monarchical
the volume opens, is well told; but its interest, and
policies.
that of the discovery of the Pacific which succeeds
it, is soon dimmed by the exploits of that gallant
band of South Britons, — Drake, Raleigh, Gren-
ville, and others. The immortal story of “The
BRIEFER MENTION.
Revenge" is told anew, and will be welcome, for
The “Historic Waterways” of Mr. Reuben Gold
all the brilliancy of the writers who have told it
before. More than a third of the book is occupied
Thwaites, published in 1890, was a charming account
of a series of canoeing trips down three rivers of Wis-
with the deeds of the bucanneers, ending with consin and Illinois. The work of a pleasing writer,
Morgan, the greatest of them all. A final chapter who was at the same time a specialist in the history of
might have been added, dealing with the exploits the Northwest, it appealed to the student no less than
of William Walker in Nicaragua, — that curious to the casual reader in search of ideas for a summer
survival of seventeenth century methods in the
outing, and enjoyed a deserved success. The work has
nineteenth century; but Morgan is a fitting char-
now been reissued by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co.,
acter to bring the volume to a climax. These are
and is called “Down Historic Waterways," a slight
brave stories of brave days, and bravely told.
change of title for which there is no evident reason,
and which librarians will not applaud. Eight photo-
The increasing interest felt by Amer-
graphic plates of typical scenery along the rivers des-
New manual of
cribed are now added to the work, notably increasing
icans in the questions growing out of
international law.
its attractiveness.
our new international relations is
doubtless the occasion for the recent issue of a
is not, perhaps, to know much of what Shakespeare has
manual on the subject, written by Messrs. George
to tell us, and yet for various reasons there are doubt-
G. Wilson, Ph.D., and George F. Tucker, Ph.D., less many who will be glad to know so much without
and published by Messrs. Silver, Burdett & Co. knowing more. For them "Shakespeare in Tale and
The authors present their work as a “brief intro Verse" (Macmillan), by Mrs. Lois G. Hufford, will
duction ” to the subject; but it is of sufficient ful prove attractive. The book makes no pretense of schol-
ness to justify us in calling it a manual. While the arship, but gives evidence, none the less, of a nicely sure
authors do not attempt any new analysis of their
understanding of the plays. The stories are told in
subject, its various phases are presented so fully plays; so that the young reader will have the difficul-
prose, liberally supplemented by quotations from the
and so clearly as to make this one of the most useful
ties cleared away and will at the same time feed on
manuals now in print. The work seems to be
many of the nobler lines of the poet. The volume
offered by the compilers primarily for the use of contains fifteen of the plays, a fairly adequate number
students. We regard it as no less useful and inter for young readers.
is it Altereliyi to know the story of a play of Shakespeare's


252
(April 1,
THE DIAL
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS.
The following announcements of Spring publications
were received too late for inclusion in the regular
classified list contained in our last issue.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY Press.
The Lay of Havelok the Dane, edited by W. W. Skeat,
D.C.L. - Works of John Lyly, edited by R. Warwick
Bond, M. A., 3 vols. Elizabethan Critical Essays
(1570–1603), edited by G. Gregory Smith, M.A. The
Troubadours of Dante, by H. J. Chaytor, M.A. - Plays
and Poems of Robert Greene, edited by J. Churton Col-
lins, Vol. I.- Complete Works of John Gower, edited by
G. C. Macaulay, M. A., Vol. IV., Latin Works, etc.
Summary Catalogue of Bodleian MSS., by F. Madan,
M. A., Vols. V. and VI.- British Colonies and Protec-
torates, by the late Sir Henry Jenkyns, K. C. B.- Asser's
Life of Alfred, together with the Annals of Saint Neot,
edited by W. H. Stevenson, M.A. – Life and Times of
King Alfred the Great, by C. Plummer, M.A. - Dialogus
de Scaccario, edited by C. G. Crump, B.A., A. Hughes,
M.A., and C. Johnson, M.A.- The Policraticus of John
of Salisbury, edited by C. C. J. Webb, M.A.- Life and
Correspondence of Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex,
by R. B. Merriman, B. Litt.- Memoirs of Bishop Bur-
nett, edited by Miss H. C. Foxcroft. - A History of the
Peninsular War, by C. W. C. Oman, M.A., Vol. 1.- His-
tory of Agriculture and Prices, by J. E. Thorold Rogers,
M.A., Vol. VI1.- The Landnáma-bóc, edited by G. Vig-
fússon, M.A., and F. York Powell, M.A., 2 vols.- An
Antiquarian Companion to English History, edited by
F. P. Barnard, M.A.- Historical Atlas of Modern Europe,
from the decline of the Roman Empire, edited by R. L.
Poole, M.A., Parts XXIX. and XXX., completing the
work. - Oxford Musical Series, new vols.: The Seventeenth
Century, by Sir C. Hubert H. Parry, M.A.; The Age of
Bach and Handel, by J. A. Fuller Maitland, M.A.-
Novum Testamentum Domini Nostri Iesu Christi Lative,
Part II. - Coptic Version of the New Testament, in the
Northern Dialect, Vols. III. and IV., completing the
work.- Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Book of Kings,
by C. F. Burney, M.A.- Texts from Mt. Athos, by K.
Lake, M.A.- Samaritan Liturgies, edited by A. Cowley,
M.A. - Eusebius' Praeparatio Evangelica, edited and
trans. by E. H. Gifford, D.D., 4 vols.- Eusebii Chronico-
rum Liber, edited by J. K. Fotheringham, M.A.- Latin
Versions of the Canons of the Greek Councils of the Fourth
and Fifth Centuries, by C. H. Turner, M.A., Part Il.-
Sancti Irenaei Nouum Testamentum, edited by W. San-
day, D.D.- The Part of Rheims in the Making of the
English Bible, by J. G. Carleton, B.D.-Old Testament
Lessons, by Rev. U. Z. Rule, 4 vols.- A Hebrew and
English Lexicon of the Old Testament, based on the Lexi-
con of Gesenius, as trans. by E. Robinson, Part XI.- A
Compendious Syriac Dictionary, by Mrs. Margoliouth,
Part IV., completing the work. - The Politics of Aristotle,
edited by W. L. Newman, M.A., Vols. III. and IV., com-
pleting the work.- An Elementary Greek Gramrdar, by
J. Barrow Allen, M.A.- Oxford Classical Texts, new
vols.: Homeri Ilias, by D. B. Monro and T. W. Allen;
Platonis Respnblica, by J. Burnet; Ciceronis Epistolae,
Vol. III., by L. C. Purser; Martialis Epigrammata, by
W. M. Lindsay.-Schimper's Geography of Plants, author-
ized translation by Percy Groom, M.A., and W. R. Fisher,
B.A.
LOTHROP PUBLISHING COMPANY.
The Spenders, by Harry Leon Wilson, illus., $1.50.- Doro-
thy South, a love story of Virginia just before the war,
by George Cary Eggleston, illus., $1.50.- The Gate of the
Kiss, by John W. Harding, illus., $1.50.—Mr. Whitman,
a story of the brigands, by Mrs. Elisabeth Pullen, $1.50.-
Margaret Bowlby, a love story, by Edgar L. Vincent,
$1.50.- Jezebel, a romance of the days when Ahab was
King of Israel, by Lafayette McLaws, illus., $1.50.-
Judith's Garden, by Mrs. Mary E. Stone Bassett, illus, in
colors, $1.50.– Chanticleer, by Violette Hall, illus. in
colors, $1.50.- Eagle Blood, by James Creelman, illus.,
$1.50.- The Millionairess, by Julian Ralph, illus., $1.50.-
John Mead, a Civil War story, by Rupert Hughes, illus.,
$1.50.- Here's Cheer, or The Little Problems of Life, by
Max O’Rell, $1.25 net.- Unto the End, by Mrs. GR.
Alden ("Pansy"), $1.50.- The Bale Marked Circle X, a
blockade running adventure, by George Cary Eggleston,
illus., $1.20 net.— The Errand Boy of Andrew Jackson, a
war story of 1814, by W. O. Stoddard, illus., $1. net.-
Five Little Peppers Abroad, by Margaret Sidney, illus.,
$1.10 net.— The Little Citizen, by Mary Waller, illus., $1.
net. — The Treasure of Shag Rock, by Robert Lloyd,
illus., $1. net.
FLEMING H. REVELL Co.
Primitive Semitic Religion To-day, a record of researches,
discoveries, and studies in Syria, Palestine, and the Sinai-
tic Peninsula, by Samuel Ives Curtiss, D.D., illus., $2.
net.- Outline of a History of Protestant Missions, from the
Reformation to the present time, by Gustav Warneck,
authorized translation, edited by George Robson, D.D.,
$2. net. - Gipsy Smith, his work and life, by himself, with
introduction by Dr. Alexander McLaren, illus., $1.50 net.
- A Short History of the Christian Church, by Prof.J. W.
Moncrief, $1.50 net.- Musings by Camp-Fire and Way-
side, by W. C. Gray, illus., $1.50 net.- Mosaics from
India, talks about India, its peoples, religions, and customs,
by Margaret B. Deming, illas., $1.25 net.- Village Work
in India, by Norman Russell, illus., $1.25 net.- The Cross
of Christ in Bulo-Land, a record of missionary effort in the
Philippines, by John Marvin Dean, illus., $1. net.-Out-
line Studies in the Acts and Epistles, by Prof. W. G.
Moorehead, D.D., $1.20 net.- The Integrity of Scripture,
plain reasons for rejecting the critical hypothesis, by Rev.
John Smith, D.D., $1.25 net. Communion with God,
prayer, public and private, by Rev. M. P. Talling, Ph.D.,
$1.25 net. - The Rise of a Soul, a stimulant to personal
progress and development, by Rev. James I. Vance, $1.25
net.— The Blind Spot, by Rev. W. L. Watkinson, $1.25
net.– The Message of To-morrow, by John Lloyd Lee,
$1.20 net.- Preachings in the New Age, an art and an in-
carnation, by A. J. Lyman, D.D., $1.25 net.— Thoughts
for the Sundays of the Year, by Bishop Handley C. G.
Moule, $1. net.- Problems of the Town Church, a discus-
sion of needs and methods, by George A. Miller, $1. net.
-Old Glory and the Gospel in the Philippines, by Alice
Byram Condict, M.D., illus., 75 cts. net. - Evolution and
Man, here and hereafter, by John Wesley Conley, D.D.,
75 cts. net. - Daniel in the Critics' Den, by Sir Robert
Anderson, K.C.B., new edition, $1.25 net.- Eighty Good
Times Out of Doors, by Lilian M. Heath, illus., 75 cts. net.
- The Principles of Jesus, in some applications to present
life, by Robert E. Speer, 80 cts. net. - Theologia, or The
Doctrine of God, by Pres. R. F. Weidner, D.D., 75 cts.
net.- Heavenly Harmonies for Earthly Living, by Mal-
colm J. McLeod, 50 cts. net.- A Mighty Means of Useful-
ness, by Rev. James G. K. McClure, D.D., 30 cts. net.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PREss.
Unpublished Letters of Wilhelm Müller, edited by P. S. Allen
and J. T. Hatfield.- University of Chicago Decennial
Publications, new vol.: Lectures on Commerce and Ad-
ministration.- Epideictic Literature, by T. C. Burgess.-
Contributions to Education Series, new vols.: Psychologº
ical Aspects of the School Curriculum, by John Dewey;
Types of Modern Educational Theory, by Ella Flagg
Young ; each 25 cts. net. (University of Chicago Press.)
NEW AMSTERDAM Book Co.
T. Racksole and Daughter, or The Result of an American
Millionaire Ordering Steak and a Bottle of Bass at the
Grand Babylon Hotel, by Arnold Bennett, with frontis-
piece, $1.50:- Miser Hoadley's Secret, a detective story,
by A. W. Marchmont, illus,. $1.25.- Captain Fanny, by
W. Clark Russell, illus., $1.25. — Prisoners of the Sea,
a romance of the time of Louis XIV., by Florence M.
Kingsley, illus., $1.25.- The Mahoney Million, a story of
New York, by Charles Townsend, illus., $1.25.- Com-
monwealth Library, first volg.: Literature and Dogma, by
Matthew Arnold ; Lewis and Clark's Journals, 3 vols.,
Sir Alexander Mackenzie's Voyages to the Arctic Ocean,
2 vols.; History of the Five Indian Nations of Canada, by
Hon. Cadwallader Colden, 2 vols.; Life and Voyages of
Americus Vespucius, by C. Edwards Lester; History of
William Penn, by W. Hepworth Dixon ; Romance of Nat-
ural History, by P. H. Gosse ; Sir Walter Raleigh, by
A. W. Stebbing, M.A.; Short Studies on Great Subjects,
by J. A. Fronde; The Wild Northland, by Gen. Sir Wm.
Francis Butler, K.C.B.; Essays of Montaigne, revised and
edited by J. Hain Friswell ; each illus., per vol., $1. net.
- Dainty Dishes for Slender Incomes, new edition, 50 cts.
- Little French Dinners, by Evelyn de Rivaz, new edition,
50 cts.- Grandmother's Cook Book, by A. P. H., illus.,
50 cts.-Shakespeare for the Unsophisticated, brought up-
to-date and illus. by A. P. Howard, 50 cts.


1902.]
253
THE DIAL
much interest is manifested in academic and artistic
NOTES.
circles. It is not unlikely that, in addition to the per-
Bacon's essay “Of Gardens” is published by Mr.
formances at the University, a presentation in San
John Lane in a pretty pocket volume, with an intro-
Francisco will be called for. In scenic arrangements
duction by Mrs. Caldwell Crofton.
the conditions of the ancient theatre will be reproduced
Stories of Country Life," by Miss Sarah Powers
as nearly as may be, and the choral odes will be sung
to Mendelssobn's music.
Bradish, is a volume of “Eclectic School Readings,"
published by the American Book Co.
The “ Standard Socialist Series " is a collection of
“ The Book of the Apple,” by Mr. H. H. Thomas, is
small books published by Messrs. Charles H. Kerr &
pablished in the useful series of “ Handbooks of Prac-
Co. Three volumes now before us comprise: “ The
tical Gardening,” by Mr. John Lane.
American Farmer," by Mr. A. M. Simons; “Collectivism
“ Lectura y Conversación," being “a new and pro-
and Industrial Evolution,” by M. Emile Vandervelde,
translated by Mr. C. H. Kerr; and “ Karl Marx,” being
gressive Spanish method,” by Messrs. T. Silva and A.
Fourcaut, is published by the American Book Co.
biographical memoirs by Herr Wilhelm Liebknecht,
translated by Mr. E. Untermann.
“Northern Europe ” and “The Wide World” are
A second series of Mr. Austin Dobson's - Miscel-
two small books in the “ Youth’s Companion " series of
school readers for very young children, published by
lanies " is published by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co.
Messrs. Ginn & Co.
The subjects are mainly from that eighteenth century in
which Mr. Dobson lives in the spirit, and comprise
“Good Cheer” is the subject of the latest addition
eight essays and introductions." To these are ap-
to the popular little “ Nuggets" series, compiled by pended nearly a hundred pages of verse, mostly of the
Miss Jeanne G. Pennington and published by Messrs.
occasional or votive sort, so that the volume really gives
Fords, Howard, & Hulbert.
us a new collection of Mr. Dobson's ever-welcome and
The “ Virginia” edition of the complete works of
ever-graceful poems.
Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Prof. James A. Harrison
Attention is again called by the American Historical
of the University of Virginia, will be published shortly
Association to the Justin Winsor prize of one hundred
by Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co.
dollars, offered annually for a monograph in the field of
Shakespeare's “Twelfth Night,” and “A Dog of
American history. There are practically no limitations
Flanders” and “The Nürnberg Stove" by "Ouida,”
set upon the choice of subject. About one hundred
are the two latest issues in the “Riverside Literature
pages of print are required, and the treatment must be
Series,” published by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
strictly critical and scientific. Professor Charles M.
“ Town Life in Ancient Italy," a small book just pub Andrews, Bryn Mawr, Pa., is the proper person to ad-
lished by Messrs. B. H. Sanborn & Co., is a translation, dress for information.
made by Mr. William E. Waters, of Professor Fried Mr. James Fullarton Muirhead's “ America: The
länder's “ Städtewesen in Italien im Erster Jahrhan-
Land of Contrasts,” is republished by Mr. John Lane
dert,” first published more than twenty years ago. in a second edition, less expensive than was the original
“ Barry Lyndon," in a single volume, is added to the Mr. Muirhead, it will be remembered, is the
delightful Dent-Macmillan edition of Thackeray's prose writer of the Baedeker guides to Great Britain and the
works, now in course of publication. Mr. Walter Jer-
United States, and is thus an expert observer of Amer-
rold supplies a bibliographical note to the volume, and ican life. The book is a valuable commentary upon
there are ten of Mr. C. E. Brock's characteristic draw-
our civilization, kindly in tone, yet not afraid of being
ings.
critical when criticism is called for.
The American Book Co. are the publishers of a school Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole, Boston, will shortly issue
edition of Cæsar's “Commentaries on the Gallic War" for private subscribers a series of diminutive volumes
which leaves nothing to be desired in the way of help to be called “The Breviary Treasures,” comprising
ful illustration and apparatus. It is the joint work of many rare gems of literature. There will be ten vol.
Professors Albert Harkness and Charles H. Forbes. A umes in all, printed on Dutch handmade paper by the
series of colored plates contributes greatly to the value Riverside Press, and illustrated and decorated under
of this text.
the personal direction of Mr. Howard Pyle. The edi-
“ The Question of the Pacific,” published by Mr. tion will be strictly limited to the number of subscrip-
George F. Lasher, Philadelphia, is an English transla tions for the complete set received by Mr. Dole up to
tion of a work by Dr. Victor M. Maurtua, dealing with the 15th of this month.
the complicated relations and controversies between Among recent revivals of popular old works of fic-
Chile and Peru. The English version is the work of tion, we note with pleasure a new edition of the histor-
Señor F. A. Pezet, secretary of the Peruvian Legation ical romances of William Harrison Ainsworth. Al.
in Washington.
though Ainsworth was not one of the masters of this
“ A Political Primer of New York City and State,” form of composition, he knew how to construct an ex-
by Miss Adele M. Fielde, is a publication of the New cellent story, and was not undeserving of his vogue.
York League for Political Education. This little book This new “Windsor” edition bears the imprint of the
is designed for the information of voters and the mak Messrs. Gibbings, and is sold in this country by the J. B.
ing of intelligent citizens, and offers an example of Lippincott Co. The volumes are prettily printed and
practical educational activity that other cities would do illustrated, and will number twenty in all. We now
well to imitate.
have on our table two volumes of Windsor Castle,” two
The "Antigone ” of Sophocles is soon to be presented of “The Tower of London," and one of “St. James's."
in the original Greek at the Leland Stanford Junior Doctoral theses get printed in various ways. Some-
University, and, as the presentation of a Greek tragedy times they are books like others, sometimes they are
bas never before been undertaken on the Pacific Coast, publications of the learned societies, sometimes they
one.


254
(April 1,
THE DIAL
are individualistic nondescripts as far as their form of
issue is concerned. Just now we have in our hands a
thesis which comes from the Government Printing Office,
and is extracted from a report of the Bureau of Amer-
ican Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. Its
subject is “ The Wild Rice Gatherers of the Upper
Lakes,” and it is submitted by Dr. Albert Ernest
Jenks to the University of Wisconsin. With its gen-
erous size of page and its numerous photographic plates,
it presents a rather imposing appearance, and should
make other candidates for the doctorate emulous of
this substantial form of publication.
Police Power. W. A. Purrington, North American.
Railroad Men, Social Clubs for. World's Work.
Red Man's Present Needs. Hamlin Garland. No. Amer.
Revolutionary Diplomacy. Henrietta D. Skinner. Harper.
Russian Schools and Holy Synod. P. Kropotkin. No. Amer.
Sand, George. Henry James. North American.
Scholars, Some Noteworthy, Daniel C. Gilman. Scribner.
Shipyard, American, Expansion of the World's Work.
Skye, The Mists o'. Arthur Colton. Harper.
South Africa and Europe. Jean de Block. No. American,
Tolstoy. H. D. Sedgwick, Jr. World's Work.
University, Our State. “An Athenian." Atlantic.
Village and Town, Beautifying of. S. Baxter. Century.
Washington Society. A. Maurice Low. Harper.
Women at German Universities. Martha K. Gonthe. Forum.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
April, 1902.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 133 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since the issue for March 1.]
Abyssinia, New Trails in. Hugues Le Roux. Century.
Alexander II., An Acquaintance with Century.
Allegra. Agnes Repplier. Atlantic.
American Peril, A German View of the North American.
Anglo-Japanese Alliance, The A. Maurice Low. Forum.
Animals and Plants, Relations of. N. S. Shaler. Harper.
Appomattox, Personal Recollections of. John Gibbon. Cent.
Army, Promotion in the. John H. Parker. Forum.
Army, The New United States. 0. G. Villard. Atlantic.
Austen, Jane. Ferris Greenslet. Allantic.
Austria-Hungary, Public Debt of. M. Dub. No. American.
Boer in Battle, The. Edward B. Rose. Forum.
Bottles, A Chronicle of. Emma Carleton. Century.
Buddha, Recent Discoveries. T. W. Rhys Davids. Century.
Cartography, Recreations in. Bertelle M. Lyttle. Harper.
Chemistry, Synthetic, 50 Years of. Carl Snyder. Harper.
China and Europe. Julian Ralph. World's Work.
Chinese Newspaper in America. M. Pixley. World's Work.
Churchill, Lord Randolph. Sir Richard Temple. N. Amer.
Cuba, Reflections on State of. James Bryce. No. American.
Cuba, United States in. C. G. Phelps. World's Work.
Constitution, Proposed Amendments to. H. L. West. Forum.
Country, The. E. S. Martin. Harper.
Curriculum, Reconstruction of the. G. T. Ladd. Forum.
Desert, Transformation of the R. T. Hill. World's Work.
Destiny, Unmanifested. Eugene R. White. Harper.
Dickens in his Books. Percy Fitzgerald. Harper.
Education, Higher, Trend of, W. R. Harper. No. Amer.
Education, Our Chaotic. Paul H. Hanus. Forum.
Ellsworth, Oliver, and Federation. F. G. Cook. Atlantic.
England, Is it Being Americanized ? H. W. Horwill. Forum.
Forester, Day's Work of a. P. G. Huston. Atlantic.
Game, Large, Preservation of. E, V. Wilcox. Forum.
Gloucester Fishermen, The. J. B. Connolly. Scribner.
Grazing Lands, Shall We Lease Our? J. P. Irish. Forum.
Henry, Prince, Visit of. Paul S. Reinsoh. Forum.
Interstate Commerce Act Amendment. Forum.
Iowa, Political Lead of. R. L. Hartt. World's Work.
Lee at Appomattoz. E. P. Alexander, Century.
Lee's Army, Last Days of. Charles Marshall. Century.
Lee's Surrender, Notes on. Wesley Merritt. Century.
Lightning Flash, Revelations of a. World's Work.
Literary Values. John Burroughs. Century.
Lord, Does Man Love a? Mark Twain. North American.
Malay States, Example of. Sydney Brooks. Forum.
Menelik, Personal Impressions of. 0. T. Crosby. Century.
Nebuchadnezzar, Palace of. Morris Jastrow, Jr. Harper.
Northern Securities Co and Anti-Trust Law. No. Amer.
Omaha, the Prairie City. W. R. Lighton. Atlantic. .
Pan-American Congress, Results of. World's Work.
Pan-American Diplomacy. John W. Foster. Atlantic.
Paris to New York by Land. H. de Windt. Harper.
Pattern-Making. S. T. Prideaux. Scribner,
Pennamite Wars, The Alfred Mathews. Scribner.
Philippines, Seamy Side in the H. C. Rowland. Century.
Plains, Across the. Noah Brooks. Century.
Play and Gallery. Elizabeth McCracken. Atlantic,
GENERAL LITERATURE.
More Letters of Edward FitzGerald. Edited by William
Aldis Wright. 12mo, uncut, pp. 295. Macmillan Co.
$1.50.
Studies of the Greek Poets. By John Addington Sy.
monds. Third edition ; in 2 vols., 8vo, uncut. Macmillan
Co. $6.
Selected Essays and Papers of Richard Copley Christie,
M.A. Edited, with a Memoir, by William A. Shaw, Litt.D.
Illus. in photogravure, eto., 8vo, uncut, pp. 393. Long-
mans, Green, & Co. $5.
Miscellanies. By Austin Dobson. Second series; with fron-
tispiece, 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 277. Dodd, Mead & Co.
$1. net.
A Long Duel: A Serious Comedy in Four Acts. By Mrs.
W. K. Clifford. 12mo, uncut, pp. 151. John Lane.
$1.25 net.
Editorial Echoes. By William Morton Payne. 16mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 309. A. C. McClarg & Co. $1. net.
Little Leaders. By William Morton Payne. 16mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 278. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1. net.
Forces in Fiction, and Other Essays. By Richard Burton.
12mo, gilt top, pp. 177. Bowen-Merrill Co. $1. net.
Nature and Human Nature. By Ellen Russell Emerson.
12mo, gilt top, pp. 403. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25 net.
The Rewards of Taste, and Other Essays. By Norman
Bridge, M.D. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 270. H. S. Stone
& Co. $1.50.
A Book of Secrets. With Studies in the Art of Self-
Control. By Horatio W. Dresser. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 138.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1. net.
Right Reading: Words of Good Condsel on the Choice and
Use of Books, Selected from the Writings of Ton Famous
Authors. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 97. A. C. McClurg
& Co. 80 cts. net.
Good Cheer Nuggets, from Maeterlinck, Le Conte, Hugo,
Dresser. Compiled by Jeanne G. Pennington. With
portrait, 32mo, gilt top, pp. 112. Fords, Howard, & Hul-
bert. 45 cts.
Hearth and Home Essays. By Esther J. Ruskay. 12mo,
pp. 96. Jewish Publication Society.
HISTORY.
The American Fur Trade of the Far West: A History of
the Pioneer Trading Posts and Early Fur Companies of
the Missouri Valley and the Rocky Mountains and of the
Overland Commerce with Santa Fe. By Hiram Martin
Chittenden. In 3 vols., illus., large 8vo, uncut. New
York: Francis P. Harper. $10. net.
Studies in Irish History and Biography, mainly of the
Eighteenth Century. By C. Litton Falkiner. Large 8vo,
uncut, pp. 362. Longmans, Green, & Co. $5.
The Sectional Struggle: An Account of the Troubles be-
tween the North and the South, from Earliest Times to
the Close of the Civil War. By Cicero W. Harris. First
Period : The Early Tariffs and Nullification, Ending with
the Compromise of 1833. Large 8vo, pp. 343. J. B. Lip-
pincott Co. $2.50 net.


1902.)
255
THE DIAL
The Nameless Hero, and Other Poems. By James Blythe
Anderson. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 73. A. Wessels Co.
$1. net.
Visions of Life. By Martha Shepard Lippincott. With
frontispiece, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 398. Abbey Press.
$1.25.
Songs Not Set to Music. By Kate Mills Fargo. 12mo,
pp. 201. Abbey Press. $1.
Reconstruction and the Constitution, 1866–1876. By
John W. Burgess, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 342. · American
History Series." Charles Scribner's Sons. $1. net.
The Hand of God in American History: A Study of
National Politics. By Robert Ellis Thompson, S.T.D.
12mo, pp. 235. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1. net.
Town Life in Ancient Italy: A Translation of Prof. Lud.
wig Friedländer's “Städtewesen in Italien im Ersten
Jahrhundert.” By William E. Waters. 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 62. Benj. H. Sanborn & Co. 75 cts.
The Story of Pemaquid. By James Otis. 12mo, pp. 181.
" Pioneer Towns of America." T. Y. Crowell & Co.
50 cts.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
The Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry
Smith, Baronet of Aliwal on the Sutlej, G.C.B. Edited,
with the addition of some supplementary chapters, by
G. C. Moore Smith, M.A. In 2 vols., illus. in photogra-
vure, etc., large 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. E. P. Dutton &
Co. $8. net.
Napoleon: A Sketch of his Life. Character, Struggles, and
Achievements. By Thomas E. Watson. Illus. in photogra-
vure, etc., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 719. Macmillan Co.
$2.25 net.
Immanuel Kant: His Life and Doctrine. By Friedrich
Paulsen ; trans. from the revised German edition by J. E.
Creighton and Albert Lefevre. With frontispiece, 8vo,
pp. 419. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net.
The Life of John Ruskin. By W. G. Collingwood. Revised
edition ; with photogravure portrait, 8vo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 427. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2. net.
Edward Plantagenet (Edward I.), the English Justinian;
or, The Making of the Common Law. By Edward Jenks,
M.A. Illus., 12mo, pp. 360. Heroes of the Nations.'
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net.
Stephen Arnold Douglas. By William Garrott Brown.
With photogravure portrait, 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 141.
"Riverside Biographical Series." "Houghton, Mifflin &
Co. 65 cts. net.
Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs. By William Liebknecht;
trans. by E. Untermann. With portrait, 18mo, pp. 181.
Charles H. Kerr & Co. 50 cts.
66
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
Novels of William Harrison Ainsworth, "Windsor"
Edition. In 20 volumes. First titles: Windsor Castle
(2 vols.), The Tower of London (2 vols.), Saint James's
(1 vol.). Each with photogravure frontispiece, 16mo,
gilt top, uncut. J. B. Lippincott Co. Per vol., $1.
The Divine omedy of Dante Alighieri. Trans. by
Charles Eliot Norton. Revised edition ; in 3 vols., 12mo,
gilt tops. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $4.50.
Democracy: An Address Delivered in the Town Hall,
Birmingham. By James Russell Lowell, 16mo, unout,
pp. 75. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2. net.
Barry Lyndon. By W. M. Thackeray ; edited by Walter
Jerrold; illus. by Charles E. Brock. i2mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 397. Macmillan Co. $1.
of Gardens. By Francis Bacon; with Introduction by
Helen Milman, and frontispiece by E. H. New. 24mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 29. John Lane. 75 cts, net.
The Plays of Oliver Goldsmith. With photogravure
frontispiece, 24mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 266. Temple
Classics.” Macmillan Co. 50 ots.
The Holy War Made by Shaddai upon Diabolus. By John
Bunyan. With photogravure portrait, 24mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 339. " Temple Classics." Macmillan Co. 50 cts.
Æs Triplex, and Other Essays. By Robert Louis Stevenson.
32mo, uncut, pp. 78. Thomas B. Mosher. 25 cts. net.
FICTION.
The Valley of Decision. By Edith Wharton. In 2 vols.,
12mo, gilt tops, uncut. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.
The Thrall of Leif the Lucky: A Story of Viking Days.
By Ottilie A. Liljencrantz ; illus. in colors by Troy and
Margaret W. Kinney. 8vo, unout, pp. 354. A. C. McClurg
& Co. $1.50.
Kate Bonnet: The Romance of a Pirate's Daughter. By
Frank R. Stockton. Illus., 12mo, pp. 420. D. Appleton
& Co. $1.50.
The Leopard's Spots: A Romance of the White Man's
Burden, 1863–1900. By Thomas Dixon, Jr. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 465. Doubledáy, Page & Co. $1.50.
The Crimson Wing. By H. C. Chatfield-Taylor. 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 356. H. S. Stone & Co. $1.50.
The Story of Eden. By Dolfe Wyllarde. 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 428. John Lane. $1.50.
Naughty Nan. By John Luther Long. With frontispiece
in colors, 12mo, uncut, pp. 418. Century Co. $1.50.
Mlle. Fouchette. By Charles Theodore Murray. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 398. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.50.
The Silent Pioneer. By Lucy Cleaver McElroy. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 391. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.50.
Spindle and Plough. By Mrs. Henry Dudeney. 12mo,
pp. 342. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50,
The Winding Road. By Elizabeth Godfrey. 12mo, pp. 359.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.50.
The Siege of Lady Resolute. By Harris Dickson. 12mo,
pp. 379. Harper & Brothers. $1.50.
Melomaniacs. By James Huneker. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 350. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Frédérique. By Marcel Prévost; trans. by Ellen Marriage.
12mo, pp. 396. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.50.
The Point of Honour: Being Some Adventures of Certain
Gentlemen of the Pistol, including those of the Notorious
Sir Phelim Burke. By H. A. Hinkson. 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 315. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.50.
The Assassins: A Romance of the Crusades. By Nevill
Myers Meakin. 12mo, pp. 426. Henry Holt & Co. $1.50.
Graystone. By William Jasper Nicolls. With photogra-
vure frontispiece, 12mo, gilt top, unout, pp. 338. J. B.
Lippincott Co. $1.50.
Charlotte. By L. B. Walford. 12mo, pp. 386. Longmans,
Green, & Co. $1.50.
The Magic Wheel. By John Strange Winter. 12mo,
pp. 386. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
Aliens. By Mary Tappan Wright. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 424. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Flower and Thorn. By Beatrice Whitby. 12mo, pp. 313.
Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50.
The Strollers. By Frederic S. Isham. Illus., 12mo, pp. 499.
Bowen-Merrill Co. $1.50.
The Decoy. By Francis Dana. 12mo, gilt top, -uncut,
pp. 314. John Lane. $1.50.
Beyond the Great South Wall: The Secret of the Ant-
arctic. By Frank Savile. Illus., 12mo, pp. 322. New
Amsterdam Book Co. $1.50.
Lepidus the Centurion: A Roman of To-day. By Edwin
Lester Arnold. With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 305. T. Y.
Crowell & Co. $1.50.
Wallannab: A Colonial Romance. By Will Lofton Hargrave.
Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 429. Richmond : B. F. Johnson
Pub'g Co. $1.50.
Policeman Flynn. By Elliott Flower. Illus., 12mo, unout,
pp. 294. Century Co. $1.50.
Patricia of the Hills. By Charles Kennett Burrow. 12mo,
pp. 330. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.20 net.
The Fighting Bishop. By Herbert M. Hopkins. 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 380. Bowen-Merrill Co. $1.50.
Alabama Sketches. By Samuel Minturn Peck. 16mo,
pp. 299. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.
Love in Its Tenderness: Idylls of Enochdhu. By J. R.
Aitken. 12mo, pp. 317. D. Appleton & Co. Paper, 50c.
BOOKS OF VERSE.
Bramble Brae. By Robert Bridges ("Droch"). 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 99. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
A Masque of Shadows. By Arthur E. J. Legge. 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 123. London: David Nutt.
Songs of Childhood. By Walter Ramal. With photogra-
vure frontispiece, 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 106. Long-
mans, Green, & Co. $1.20 net.
Lyrics. By John Vance Cheney. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 172. Boston: C. C. Birchard & Co. $1.25.
Poems. By Joel Swartz, D.D. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 237.
H. T. Coates & Co.


256
(April 1,
THE DIAL
Josephine Grabame, and Other Stories. By Jeannette
Wheeler. 12mo, pp. 330. Abbey Press. $1.50.
The King of Andorra. By Henry E. Harris. 12mo, gilt
top, pp. 288. Abbey Press. $1.25.
The Improprieties of Noah, and Other Stories. By H. V.
Smedberg. 16mo, pp. 101. Abbey Press. 50 cts.
According to Season: Talks about the Flowers in the
Order of their Appearance in the Woods and Fields. By
Frances Theodora Parsons. New and enlarged edition;
with 32 plates in colors by Elsie Louise Shaw. 12mo,
pp. 197. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.75 net.
The Book of the Apple. By H. H. Thomas. Illus., 12mo,
uncut, pp. 112. Handbooks of Practical Gardening."
Joho Lane. $1. net.
Bobtail Dixie. By Abbie N. Smith. Illus., 12mo, pp. 153.
Abbey Press. $1.
Golden Fluff. By Mrs. James Edwin Morris. With frontis-
piece, 12mo, pp. 152. Abbey Press. 50 cts.
Ten Common Trees. By Susan Stokes. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 108. American Book Co. 40 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Two Winters in Norway: An Account of Two Holidays
Spent on Snowshoes, and in Sleigh-Driving, and including
an Expedition to the Lapps. By A. Edmund Spender, B.A.
Illus., large 8vo, uncut, pp. 270. Longmans, Green, & Co.
$4.
The Scenery of England, and the Causes to which It Is
Due. By the Right Hon. Lord Avebury. Illus., 8vo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 534. Macmillan Co. $2.50 net.
Ocean to Ocean: An Account, Personal and Historical, of
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1902.)
257
THE DIAL
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258
(April 1,
THE DIAL
A Summer Trip not
Surpassed on the Continent.
What may be seen
from car windows adds much to the
pleasure of a trip to California over the
Santa Fe.
There are quaint Pueblo Indian villages
several centuries old;
The ruins of prehistoric races ;
Going to
California
on the
Santa Fe
The trip to Salt Lake City, or to the Pacific coast
via that point over the Denver & Rio Grande and
the Rio Grande Western is the most beautiful in
America. No European trip of equal length can
compare with it in grandeur of scenery or wealth
of novel interest. Then Salt Lake City itself is
a most quaint and picturesque place and well
worth the journey. Its Mormon temple, taber-
nacle, tithing office and church institutions; its
hot sulphur springs within the city limits; its
delightful temperature, sunny climate and its
Great Salt Lake – deader and denser than the
Dead Sea in Palestine are but a few features
of Salt Lake City's countless attractions. There
are parks, drives, canons and beautiful outlying
mountain and lake resorts. Imagine, if you can,
a bath in salt water a mile above sea level and
in water in which the human body cannot sink.
Inquire of your nearest ticket agent for low
tourist rates to Salt Lake City, or write for
information and copy of “Salt Lake City, the
City of the Saints,” to S. K. Hooper, general
passenger agent, Denver, Colo.
Towering mountains — Pike's Peak, Spanish
Peaks, and San Francisco Mountains ;
Acres of petrified forests ;
And, greatest wonder of all, Grand Canyon
of Arizona, now reached by rail.
The California Limited, daily, Chicago to
San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego.
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Illustrated books, 10 cents.
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of THE FUNCTION OF THE NEGRO
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage
COLLEGE.
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must There is at the present time so widespread a
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or
discouragement of the higher education of
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and colored youth, that it might seem absurd to
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
discuss the contents of a curriculum the wis-
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
dom of whose very existence is seriously called
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. in queston. One is reminded of Stanley's men
in the forests of Africa, who, when threatened
No. 380. APRIL 16, 1902. Vol. XXXII. with starvation, amused themselves by com.
posing fancy bills-of-fare containing choice Eu-
CONTENTS.
ropean viands.
In proposing a scheme of education for the
THE FUNCTION OF THE NEGRO COLLEGE.
Negro, we should mainly consider (1) the edu-
Kelly Miller
. 267
cational constants which admit of no variation
on account of ethnic peculiarities, and (2) the
THE LOST TEACHER. Lizette Woodworth Reese . 270 aptitude and social situation of the class pre-
scribed for. The ground-work of education
THE HERO OF ALIWAL. Percy Favor Bicknell 271
cannot be modified to meet the variant de-
STUDENT, COLLEGE, AND CHARACTER. Joseph mands of race or color, previous conditions or
Jastrow
. 273 present needs. The general processes of dis-
Sheldon's Student Life and Customs. — Briggs's cipline and culture must form a fixed and un-
School, College, and Character. - Canfield's The
alterable part of any adequate educational pro-
College Student and his Problems. - Oppenheim's
gramme. On the other hand, there is quite a
Mental Growth and Control. – Henderson's Educa-
tion and the Larger Life.
wide latitude of accommodation for special
needs and social circumstances in what might
EDUCATION AND POLITICS. William R. Harper 275 be called the practical aspect of education.
There has recently sprung up a class of edu-
STUDIES OF ROMAN INSTITUTIONS. W. H.
Johnson
cational philosophers who would restrict the
term “practical education ” to those forms of
SIDE-LIGHTS ON ART-HISTORY. Anna Benneson knowledge or formulas of information which
McMahan
can be converted into cash equivalent on de-
Strutt's Fra Filippo Lippi. — Bell's Rembrandt. -
mand. The truth is, that all knowledge which
Miss Cruttwell's Mantegna. – Perkins's Giotto.
Miss Wherry's Stories of the Tuscan Artists. —
enables the recipient to do with added effi-
Godkin's The Monastery of San Marco. - Hoppin's
ciency the work which falls to his lot in this
Great Epochs in Art History. – Mrs. Bell's The world, whether that work be tilling the soil or
Saints in Christian Art. — Freeman's Italian Sculp-
plying a bandicraft, healing the sick or enlight-
ture of the Renaissance.
ening the ignorant, uplifting the lowly or ad-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
280
ministering spiritual solace, is “practical ” in
An amusing text-book on English literature. – A the highest and best significance of that term.
brief sketch of Longfellow and his work. – A hand-
In an ideal system of education, no two per-
book of French history. - Secretary Alger's Own sons would receive identical treatment. There
Story. - A doctor's words of wisdom. — Shakes-
is always a wide margin of individual aptitude
peare as a constructive artist. - Lamarck and the
Lamarckian Revival.-Two text-books of American
or predilection. It is no disparagement of any
literature. -- Rambling chapters about children,
class to say that its needs differ from those of
another class. The curricula of our Negro
BRIEFER MENTION.
283
colleges were taken bodily from the best New
England schools of thirty years ago ; and in
NOTES
284
view of the fact that these prototypes have been
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
285 radically modified by the urgency of present
. 276
· 277


268
(April 16,
THE DIAL
day demands, it ought not to be surprising if one must have a knowledge of its underlying
they prove for the Negro to be a slight mis-fit. principles as well as a practical facility of
The trend of educational tendency is more and manipulation. It is conceivable that a sea
more toward the practical things of the pres captain might be able to determine the bear.
ent. The introduction of the elective system ings of his ship, without understanding the
has been influenced mainly by this motive. mathematical mysteries of astronomy and
The wisely directed youth pursues his academic geodesy; but he would make a very poor
course with direct reference to the end in view, teacher of the principles of navigation. The
as steadily as the hunter keeps his sight level attempt to apply formulas without basal knowl.
on his game. Traditional branches of study edge leads to the embarrassment of the ship's
have lost much of their talismanic value. The captain who was also ambitious to play the
so-called higher education is no longer con rôle of physician. He carried on his voyage
fined to the classic tongues of two famous far a medical chest filled with drugs to be admin-
off peoples. The pedagogical watch-word is istered by number according to well-known
method rather than subject matter. The higher symptomatic indications. The complaint of
method of inquiry and investigation can be ap a sailor called clearly for No. 15; but that
plied to the growing roots of living plants as drug being exhausted, the good captain ad-
well as to the dry stems of a dead language. ministered a compound of Nos. 7 and 8, with
The problems growing out of the population of the result that the patient died.
Alabama or Florida are as intricate in their re It is especially dangerous to equip members
lation and as far-reaching in their consequence,
of a backward race with the forms and ter-
and, withal, as important a subject for study, minology of a
minology of a higher civilization, and send
as any ever involved in the European penin them forth as guides and philosophers of the
sulas.
masses. There is a lack of that steadiness
Courses of study intended for colored stu and poise which come from heredity and the
dents should be interpretable in terms of their sobering influence of rational environment.
needs and obvious mission. The chief function The result is apt to be sham shallowness and
of the educated Negro is to disseminate knowl showy pretence. The blind led by the blind
edge, in simplified form, among the masses of are, to say the least, as fortunate as the
his race. Productive scholarship will hardly blind led by the bigoted. The writer has seen
fall to his lot for many generations to come.
a circular issued by a young man, scarcely
This is not said in disparagement of his ability, thirty years of age, the sum total of whose
but because of his limited range of opportu knowledge would be scarcely equal to that of
nity, and his proscriptive circumstances. Schol a Yale sophomore, who advertises himself as
arship thrives by social stimulus, leisure, Rev. - A.M., B.D., Ph.D., D.D. It is
cultivated contact, or affiliation with great in more than likely that the majority of the con-
stitutions. None of these conditions applies gregation of this over-bedecked preacher can
to the Negro at the present time.
No one can
neither read nor write. What these humble
doubt that there are individual members of the people need is sound knowledge and simple
colored race who take rank with the best Aryan
youth according to any approved test of capa The social separation of the races in Amer-
city. But when the two take their respective ica renders it imperative that the professional
places in society, they go up and down on the classes among the Negroes should be recruited
scale of opportunity, as two figures of equal from their own ranks.
from their own ranks. Under ordinary cir-
intrinsic value gain or lose in power by their cumstances, professional places are filled by
local setting on different sides of the separatrix the most favored members of the most favored
in the decimal notation. The educated Negro class in the community. In a Latin or Cath-
youth, then, is not to explore, but to interpret olic country, where the fiction of “ social equal-
and apply. He must partake of the mysteries ity” does not exist, there is felt no necessity
of knowledge, and show them unto the masses for Negro priest, teacher, or physician, to ad-
in such simple forms as they can understand minister to his own race. But in America
and utilize. But if this is to be the chief mis. this is conceded to be a social necessity. Such
sion of the educated Negro, why waste time being the case, the Negro leader, to use a
and money in initiating him in “ the traditional familiar term, requires all the professional
culture of the Aryan race"? It is well known equipment of his white confrere, and a special
that in order to interpret a formula to others, I knowledge of the needs and circumstances of
sense.


1902.)
269
THE DIAL
his race in addition. The teacher of the things. The Negro has never engaged in pur-
Negro child, the preacher of a Negro congre suits that demanded nice adaptation of means
gation, or the physician to Negro patients, to ends. His methods, therefore, are awkward
certainly require as much professional knowl. and clumsy. The Negro workman is regarded
edge and skill as those who administer to the as simply “ a hand,” — neither the intellect nor
corresponding needs of the white race. Nor
Nor the sensibilities nor the will being demanded
are the requirements of the situation one whit in the accomplishment of his crude task.
diminished because the bestower is of the same Hence, a form of training which requires the
race as the recipient.
coöperation of bodily and mental faculties be-
Those who argue that the money and effort comes a prime prerequisite. The value of
already bestowed upon the higher education of
the higher education of such training, it will be conceived, is wholly
the Negro have been wasted, not only shut indifferent to the special vocation which the
their eyes to the value of demonstrated results, student may follow in after life. For science,
but show a shallow knowledge of sociological method, and skill are equally demanded in all
exactions.
callings if one would gain efficiency and suc-
For professional needs alone, the situation cess. Herein consists the strong argument
calls for at least one well-educated person in for industrial education. But the laboratory
every two hundred of the Negro population. method, which has been introduced in almost
There is no provision whereby these persons every department of science, has robbed so-
can be qualified for their function except called industrial training of much of its exclu-
through the much-abused Negro college. The sive educational value. Work in wood and
mere rudiments of knowledge and practical iron and in the mechanical trades furnishes by
handicraft, as useful as these are in their place no means the only facility of dealing with con-
and for their purpose, cannot qualify the re crete problems, or of applying thought to
cipient for the higher function, which is of things. A course in chemistry requires as
equal, or rather of superior, importance.
much deftness as a course in carpentry.
In
The curriculum of the Negro college should botany, zoöolgy, and physics, the student works
embrace those subjects which lead (1) to dis out results according to formulated plan as
cipline, (2) to culture, and (3) to a knowl surely as does the mechanic in a machine-shop.
edge of the facts and factors of racial life. The Negro college, then, needs to lay added
The two main points of variance from the stress upon the scientific side of the work.
ordinary curriculum should be the inclusion of This is the weak spot in most of such institu-
racial knowledge and the practical exclusion tions.
of speculative branches. One need not be a Rational enjoyment through moderation is
disciple of Auguste Comte, with a one-sided perhaps as good a definition as can be given
leaning to things positive, to appreciate the of “culture.” The Negro race is characterized
fact that such subtle subjects, for lack of defi- by boisterousness of manners and extravagant
nite setting and statement, are apt to bewilder forms of taste. As if to correct such deficien.
and confuse rather than to simplify and eluci- cies, their higher education hitherto has been
date. They lead too far away from the lowly largely concerned with Greek and Latin liter-
life of the masses, in terms of which all useful ature, the norms of modern culture. The ad.
knowledge must be interpretable. Negro vanced Negro student became acquainted with
youth need training in exactitude of thought. Homer and Virgil before he had read Shakes-
No one wbo is acquainted with the race can peare and Milton. It is just here that our edu-
fail to be impressed with its loose and slovenly cational critics are apt to become excited. The
modes of reasoning. The fanciful and flighty, spectacle of a Negro wearing eye-glasses, and
the ornate and extravagant, are given prefer- declaiming in classic phases about “The walls
ence over the straightforward and direct. of lofty Rome” and “ The wrath of Achilles,”
This erratic tendency can be corrected, to a
upsets their critical balance and composure.
great extent, by the rigid discipline of the ele We have so often listened to the grotesque
mentary mathematics, which demand a simple, incongruity of a Greek chorus and a greasy
straightforward, candid, unwavering method cabin, and the relative value of a piano and a
of procedure in order to reach the required patch of potatoes, that if we did not join in the
result. What has been said about habits of smile in order to encourage the humor, we
thought will apply also to plans and methods should do so out of sheer weariness.
of work, - or, better still, to ways of handling And yet we dare affirm that the study of


270
[April 16,
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Latin and Greek has had a wholesome influ. they must deal. Atlanta University, through
ence in starting lofty ideals and stimulating its chair of sociology and the publications pro-
noble aspiration among the Negro peoples. Of ceeding from its annual conferences, is meeting
course, Negro schools must share in the gen this requirement in a commendable measure.
eral relative decline of classic studies. But it Aside from this, and some simple sociological
would be a sad day for the race if its youth work recently inaugurated at Howard Uni.
were shut out from the treasury of cultural versity, there seem to be no other Negro col.
wealth contained in the storehouse of classical leges working along these lines. The motto
literature.
inscribed over the entrance to the temple at
While the Negro college has many features Delphi conveys a special meaning to the Negro
in common with the academic world in general, student of the present day—“Know Thyself.”
its chief distinctive function is to direct and The true principle of education would carry
dominate the higher life of the race. The Negro the pupil outside of himself and the narrow
is in a peculiar sense dependent upon the school circle of selfish interests to the contemplation
for the higher forms and nobler modes of life. of questions of universal import and world.
The school is, or has been, well-nigh the only wide consequence ; on the other hand, he should
diffusive source of light. The curriculum, not be allowed to roam so far a-field that he
therefore, should be concerned largely with the cannot be instantly recalled, if need be, to the .
conditions of that life whose destiny it is its things that appertain to his own environment.
chief function to influence. These colleges The curricula of Negro colleges should pre-
should be centres of social knowledge, where serve a just balance between these principles.
men of consecration and of sound discernment
KELLY MILLER.
should speak the word needful with such sim Howard University, Washington, D. C.
plicity and sense that the people would hear
them gladly. This would be in no sense a
derogation of academic dignity; for knowledge
which ultimates in social service reaches its
THE LOST TEACHER.
highest effective level.
Are we 80 method-mad that we are beginning to
Sociology is fast becoming a staple part of
a staple part of leave out the personal equation in our educational
our college curricula. The Negro problem just problem? Or is there really no place in our hard
now is of supreme sociological importance. Dr.
and elaborate system for aught except machinery?
Alderman, in a recent number of “The Out-
Where are our great teachers? Where can we
look,” has set forth with much point and pith mosphere, which those of us who have reached ma-
find the light, the force, the blood, the spirit, the at-
the value of this branch of study to the white
ture years remember 80 well from our early school
youth of the South. What was there said con-
experiences? This was the true individualism in ed.
cerning the importance of this subject to South ucation, — not the kind that you may dig up out of
ern white youth applies also, or rather all the the desert of a text-book, or from the cant phrase,
more, to Negro youth. Of course we cannot fol. growing more inconsequent at every repetition, that
low Dr. Alderman when he says that the edu-
you hear tossed from the lips of one educator to
cation of one white man is worth more to the
another.
You cannot
Negro race than the education of ten blacks, - | These were the makers of men.
any more than we should agree with the asser-
go anywhere in English history without meeting
them. They show against the horizon figures as
tion that the feeding and clothing of one white
clear-cut as poet, or statesman, or fighting man.
man is of more importance to the Negro than You turn over the old pages and come across the
like benefits bestowed upon a dozen members of old Homeric pictures that put heart into us all:
his own race. To put the proposition in a con Bede, and Wycliffe, and Ascham, and many an-
crete form, it devolves upon Dr. Alderman to other both wise and gentle; Thomas Arnold, stand-
point out any particular white man whose ing in the dusk of Rugby chapel, a throng of young
scholastic training would be worth more to faces upturned toward him; Edward Benson, bid-
the Negro race than that of R. R. Wright or
ding farewell to his soldiers' sons in the gloom of
W. E. B. DuBois.
a rainy autumn afternoon; Dr. Coit, churchman,
scholar, gentleman; Dr. McCosh, that large-fibred,
Every Negro who assumes leadership has to
fiery soul, the glory and the crown of Princeton.
deal with vital sociological questions. Those
The slovenly and indefinite cannot compags sac-
who must direct others along lines of civic duty cess, and therefore it is certain that these men did
and social righteousness should have some not approach their teaching in a haphazard fashion;
formal training as to the factors with which yet, whatever method or system they employed was


1902.)
271
THE DIAL
---
-
subservient to their own personality, and behind
each method glowed the august and militant soul
The Nebo Books.
of the master. Their deepest interests were not
with things but with humanity.
Such a man, teaching history, shall deliver an
THE HERO OF ALIWAL.
apostolic message to his pupils. The story of a race
shall be to them a large rendering of the story of
In the Book of Snobs," at the close of the
life; and literature, with its subtleties and poetries chapter on Military Snobs, occur these words :
of an ampler speech, and with its clarity of vision,
- Let those civilians who sneer at the acquire-
shall be a re-telling of the narrative. And each daily ments of the Army read Sir Harry Smith's
task shall prove itself to be made of the same stuff account of the Battle of Aliwal. A noble
out of which are woven the divine toils of heaven.
deed was never told in nobler language.
We follow men, not things.. Life is first of all a
The men who perform these deeds with such
question of teachers. It deals elementally, not with
brilliant valour, and describe them with such
a series of mental processes by which certain data
modest mapliness such are not Snobs. Their
are stored in the mind, but with the great fact of
character, with those myriad delicate yet virile sub-
country admires them, their Sovereign re-
stances that reach out and grasp the immortal man.
wards them, and Punch, the universal railer,
Vital contact with life, with the world, in other takes off his hat and says, Heaven save
words, with those teeming forces that tend to cre them!”
ate a robust man or woman, is the chief necessity The relief of Ladysmith, two years or more
of maturing youth. Set such a robust personality ago, made the world familiar with the name at
before it, and it will recognize a leader, a warm, least of Lady Juana Smith, and with that of
strong presence, to which it may bring its aspira-
her husband, Sir Harry Smith, whose name
tions and inspirations, and to which, in other and
harder years, it shall be indebted for a regenerating African town of Harrismith. Henry George
and fame are also commemorated in the South
influence.
Are text-books, and summer courses, and peda-
Wakelyn Smith — we spare the reader a
gogical pamphlets and methods, to be pushed to the string of details and squeeze a life of seventy-
front, and the teacher to the rear? Are our schools, three years into a single sentence.
was born
public and private, our conventions both state and in 1787 (incorrectly given in the biographical
national, to discuss papers on spelling, and papers dictionaries as 1788), early entered the army,
on geography, and papers on mathematics, with served in South America, Spain, the United
theory upon theory concerning the whole curric- States, at Waterloo, in Jamaica, Ireland, South
ulum of study, and be void of one sound, whole-
Africa, India, and closed his active career as
some, downright word in regard to what is above
and beyond all these?
governor of Cape Colony, dying in 1860, eight
Drill, routine, mental adroitness, photographic years after his return to England.
attention to detail, are serviceable things in their
The Autobiography, just published in two
way, and he who fails to recognize their value takes large volumes, comes down only to 1846, but
but a parochial view of education ; yet none of these is supplemented by letters and diaries, and by
strikes at the heart of the matter. It is personality the narrative of the editor, Sir Harry's grand-
that does this ; for that only can guide, lead, and nephew. The old soldier tells his story with
control. A machine, expert though it be, has the much of the dash and fire that marked his
defects of machinery. Through some cog, or crank, onslaughts on an enemy's position. There are
or wheel within a wheel, through the little more or
no flowers of rhetoric, and yet one suspects it
the little less in its multitudinous wires and coils,
it may prove both inexorable and ineffectual in á is not always a plain, unvarnished tale he sets
moment of direst need. But character remains.
before the reader. The editor says, however,
The beginning and the end of education is the
that it was the writer's purpose to supply ma-
teacher.
LIZETTE WOODWORTH REESE.
terial for some novelist — probably Charles
Lever - to work up in the form of romance.
A nibble here and there at Sir Harry's not
Messrs. DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & Co. are about to pub over-bashful account of his exploits will give
lish, in two volumes, the lectures of Sidney Lanier on
us a mental picture of the man. Speaking of
“Shakspere and his Forerunners.” It is a little sur-
prising to learn that Lanier left the manuscript of
his Peninsular campaign of 1810, when he was
these studies in a shape sufficiently finished for publi-
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR
cation, and we look forward with no slight interest to HARRY SMITH, Baronet of Aliwal on the Sutlej, G.C.B.
the appearance of a work which cannot fail to prove Edited, with the Addition of some Supplementary Chapters,
stimulating and suggestive, although now possibly a by G. C. Moore Smith, M.A. In two volumes, illustrated.
little old-fashioned in its scholarship.
New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.


272
[April 16,
THE DIAL
he says :
66
to the enemy.
serving as lieutenant under General Craufurd, Harry Smith's famous ride, on the outbreak
of the Kaffir war of 1835, from Cape Town to
• Many are the hairbreadth escapes my Hussars and Graham's Town,– 700 miles in six days, over
I had, for we were very daring; we were never two a rough and roadless country,- is still remem-
nights in the same place. One night at Villa de Ciervo,
bered. Eleven years later his brilliant charge
where we were watching a ford over the Agueda, two
of my vedettes (two Poles elegantly mounted) deserted against the Sikhs, at the battle of Aliwal,
The old sergeant, a noble soldier, came brought him his baronetcy and the grand cross
to me in great distress. O mein Gott, upstand and of the Bath, and led to his appointment as
jump up your horse; she will surely be here directly !
governor of Cape Colony. His removal thence
I was half asleep, with my horse's reins in my hand,
and roared out, • Who the devil is she ?' *The Fran by Lord Grey for alleged inefficiency in sup-
zosen, mein Herr.
Two d-d schelms have deserted.' pressing Kaffir hostilities was attended with
At daylight we saw fifty French dragoons wend circumstances most trying to a man of spirit;
ing their way on the opposite bank to the ford. I
but he met the bitterness of recall with a
immediately got hold of the padre and alcalde (priest magnanimity worthy of all praise. His old
and magistrate), and made them collect a hundred vil.
lagers and make them shoulder the long sticks with
master in war, the Duke of Wellington,
which they drive their bullock-carts and ploughs, which openly defended him in the House of Lords,
of course at a distance would resom ble bayonets. These and the people stood by him. Returning to
villagers I stationed in two parties behind two hills, so
London, he met the colonial secretary with
that the bayonets' alone could be seen by the enemy.
a fine resolve not to pose as a man with a
... The enemy were deceived and rapidly retired,
and I saved the village from an unmerciful ransacking, grievance.
to the joy of all the poor people.”
In our estimate of his character as revealed
In an assault on Ciudad Rodrigo, young in his Autobiography, we can well believe,
Smith, who was of dark complexion and slight with his kinsman and editor, that his faults
build, was mistaken for a Frenchman by a were those of a generous nature unwilling to
fellow-goldier, a “big, thundering grenadier," suspect evil in others. His impetuosity, his
who seized him by the throat like a kitten and warmth of language under provocation, his
would have ended his career then and there disregard of the value of money, and his touch
had not poor Harry found breath enough to of bravado, only endear him the more to the
gasp out a vigorous Anglo-Saxon oath, which reader. His horror of the cruelties of war
saved his life. A bit of romance relieves the finds frequent expression.
" Civilized man,
horrors of the slaughter at Badajos. A young
66 when let loose and the bonds of
girl of noble blood, Juana Maria de los Dolores morality relaxed, is a far greater beast than
de Leon, fled with an elder sister to the En. the savage, more refined in his cruelty, more
glish camp, seeking refuge from the lawless fiend-like in every act”; and again, almost in
soldiery. Young Smith was fired with love at Sherman's well-known words, “The seat of
the sight of beauty in distress ; he took the war is hell upon earth.” But there is some-
girl under his protection, won her heart, and thing smile-provoking in the following refer-
ere long married her. The union was crowned ence to British losses at Aliwal : “ Human life
with bappiness, though unblessed with off once extinct is in this world gone, and how
spring. In recalling this first meeting with the gratifying it is under Divine Providence to
lovely Juana, her soldier-husband waxes dithy- | feel that not a soldier under my
command was
rambic, and his passion runs away with his syn wantonly, unnecessarily, or unscientifically
tax to the infinite credit of his honest heart. sacrificed to his country!”
Of the taking of Washington by the British, Walter Bagehot's complaint that so few
in 1814, we read :
good books are written because “ an author's
“Suffice it to say we licked the Yankees and took all life is a vacuum,” finds no support in Sir
their guns, with a loss of upwards of 300 men Harry Smith's stirring chronicle. A mass of
and we entered Washington for the barbarous purpose
military detail, often tiresome to a civilian, it
of destroying the city. Admiral Cockburn would have
burnt the whole, but Ross would only consent to the
certainly contains, but of padding and book-
burping of the public buildings. I had no objection to
making no remotest reminder. The parts re-
burn arsenals, dockyards, frigates building, stores, bar- lating to South Africa are perhaps most per-
racks, etc., but we were horrified at the order to burn
tinent to the times, and will call forth reflections
the elegant Houses of Parliament and the President's
concerning British colonial policy, from which
house. I shall never forget the destructive maj-
esty of the flames as the torches were applied to beds,
we here refrain.
curtains, etc. Our sailors were artists at the work."
PERCY FAVOR BICKNELL.
he says,
II.


1902.)
273
THE DIAL
these various contributions, in spite of their
STUDENT, COLLEGE, AND CHARACTER.*
differences of motive and design, reflect a
The college student is a perennially inter-
common interest in the trends of present-day
esting individual. His microcosm, in which
education, and so meet on common ground.
he disports himself according to time-honored They have at all events a sufficient community
traditions and privileges, offers an entertaining of content and import to warrant a composite
spectacle alike from the auditorium and from
notice.
the stage. There is a recognizable sameness
The most objective of the volumes is that of
about it all, as there is about many of the
Professor Sheldon, whose work forms one of
things of life that grow out of the inherent the well known series of books on educational
human traits pertaining to any of the seven
topics edited by Mr. W. T. Harris. Here the
ages of man. College generations pass rather
student is presented and described as to genus
quickly, and the alumnus of a dozen years'
and species and habitat and manner of life.
standing, on revisiting his alma mater, feels From his appearance in the universities of
that the student of to-day is of a generation
mediæval Europe, through the further differ-
that knew pot Joseph and is equally innocent entiation of those institutions in fulfilment of
of many other of the things that for him re-
various national characters and fortunes, to his
main the permanent possession of his college transplantation on American soil, first as de-
life. If the alumnus becomes a professor, or
pendent on home traditions, and then as a
for
any other reason remains in touch with the member of more independent foundations, the
evolving conditions of college affairs, he ob-
origin of the American college student is
tains a wider and more intimate view of things,
traced and the varieties of his likeness and
and sees useful growth with gains and losses,
unlikeness to his European cousins set forth.
wider opportunities, and possibly less enthu-
In the main, the American student is the hero
siasm or stimulus in their pursuit. For the pro-
of the play, and remains on the stage through
fessional student of students, and for the en-
all but the earlier chapters. All of his char-
couragingly large portion of the public that
acteristic institutions are described,-his class
takes a real and helpful interest in the problems
system, his debating societies, his fraternities,
which professional educators have to meet, as
his athletics, his social, literary, religious, and
well as for the student himself, it is natural and other organizations. He is, indeed, a member
proper that a literature should be offered set of a complicated body politic, and has his trials
ting forth the wisdom of experience, the advo-
and tribulations, his conflicts with authority,
cacy of reform, the goal of endeavor, the de-
and his occasions for the display of valor and
sirability of newer and truer ideals.
proficiency. Strange to say, coëducation is
In the group of volumes that form a chance
almost entirely ignored. This kind of infor-
acquaintance upon the reviewer's table we find
mation in regard to the college student has not
the genial and realistic reflections of the Dean
been conveniently available before, and it
of Harvard, the somewhat paternal counsel of
is fortunate that it has now been made so.
a former college president, the professional
Yet the story is by no means a mere narra-
contribution of a student of education, the
tive. It contains instructive incidents, some
practical conclusions of a physician who is at
amusing, others rather discouraging, yet in
once guide, philosopher, and friend, and the
the main helpful and significant. The stu-
thoughtful appeal of one who combines with
dent cannot be successfully dealt with with-
technical training in science the zeal of a social
out understanding his nature; and a knowledge
reformer and the inspirational forcefulness of
of what he has been in former days and
a high-minded idealist. It may well be that
what his interests are to-day is indispens-
able to a right direction of his wholesome
* STUDENT LIFE AND CUSTOMS. By Henry D. Sheldon. impulses and the successful encounter with
(International Education Series.) New York: D. Appleton
& Co.
his more alarming frailties. Mr. Sheldon's
SCHOOL, COLLEGE, AND CHARACTER. By Le Baron Rug-
judicial review of the facts of the case may
sell Briggs. Boston: Houghton, Miffin & Co.
prevent theorizing on false basis, and may
THE COLLEGE STUDENT AND HIS PROBLEMS. By James prove serviceable to the student of educational
Hulme Canfield. New York: The Macmillan Co.
tendencies.
MENTAL GROWTH AND CONTROL. By Nathan Oppenheim.
New York: The Macmillan Co.
Dean Briggs has collected a few of the at-
EDUCATION AND THE LARGER LIFE. By C. Hanford
tractive essays which he has lately contributed
Henderson. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
to the pages of the “ Atlantic Monthly” and


274
(April 16,
THE DIAL
to other periodicals in a volume well entitled, by this type of advice and exbortation. Many
“ School, College, and Character.” The tone young men and young women will resent this
of the volume is as thoroughly sound as it is form of counsel, as assuming on their part an
agreeable and sincere. The author takes us ignorance and immaturity which may occur,
into his confidence and reveals the sidelights but is hardly typical ; others will resent the
of a Dean's professional experiences. He mod persistency of the guidance which is offered,
estly tells us that his book is “not a full or and turn, as they would in life, to some more
chestra, but a harp with two strings, which the attractive form of encouragement that leads
harper twangs as long as the audience will put and does not drive. Mr. Canfield's book im-
up with him." Yet he produces far more presses one as the work of a capable student
pleasing effects with simple means than the who has set himself a task for which his temper-
more ambitious but less skilful performer on a ament is not suited. One is tempted to recall
more complicated instrument. The tunes that the comment of a rustic sage upon the address
he plays have some life to them, and, it is hoped, of a successful politician. He admitted the
will not pass in at one ear and out at the other. excellence of the address, and that the man
Educators are apt to make too much of the was a good speaker; yet he added that a bet-
technique of their profession, with a conse ter speaker would have given that speech differ-
quent wearying shop.talk when they come ently, and a really great speaker would not
together. It is the vitalizing touch of a man have made the speech at all.
who observes with keen vision and a deeply Dr. Oppenheim's book is the second volume
human interest that sparkles in Mr. Briggs's of the same series, and has a similar purpose.
pages. “ Fathers, Mothers, and Freshmen The author is favorably known for his contri-
will be equally benefitted by reading the whole butions to the psychology and physiology of
volume and not alone the essay devoted to childhood, and has been particularly fortunate
them more particularly. College Honor” in the composition and the leading motifs of
offers a fertile theme, and its irrational vaga. what he has chosen to say. He seems to come
ries are well portrayed. The whole volume easily and naturally by the gift of pertinent
suggests the growing attention which is being counsel, and rarely commits the fault of over-
given to the moral purpose of education, and doing good advice. His self-restraint and
therein lies the specific value of what Dean reserve in keeping a tempting subject from
Briggs has to say.
overflowing its natural boundaries adds to the
Mr. Canfield, now Librarian of Columbia judicious poise of his several chapters. Dr.
University, writes the first volume of a “ Per Oppenheim gives his readers some sufficiently
sonal Problem Series ” which the publishers definite and equally elastic principles for the
introduce with the purpose of doing for pres. guidance of the intellectual life, and the vic-
ent-day needs what the unreadable books of tory over self without which true success is
counsel of many decades ago presumably ac conspicuously defective. He preaches well
complished for their own more serious and less and to the point, and is likely to hold his
distracted generation. This is a most delicate hearers. He has no system to defend, no me-
task. That young people need both advice chanical routine that leads to success, but well-
and influence no one will deny; and he who expressed principles based on well-established
finds within himself the call to that function foundations. If one reflects upon the vast
enlists his energies in a righteous cause. Yet amount of foolish schemes for securing the
there is a large amount of ineffective preach- good things of life that are scattered broad-
ing done, and publishers do not clamor for cast over this supposedly enlightened land, and
sermons wherewith to add attraction to their compares the total mass of these with the small
“ announcements.” There is doubtless a con output of wholesome and rational attempts to
siderable body of young men and women who formulate, for those who need it and can profit
might profit by the things that Mr. Canfield by it, some of the essential rules for setting the
has set down for their benefit; and if they compass of life and keeping the craft in sea-
chance to read his pages, which is about as worthy condition, one is naturally disposed to
likely as that the persons who need the sermon exaggerate the value of a book like this. It is
will be part of the congregation, his efforts a readable, capable, and timely essay, with a
will not be in vain. And yet, without dispar- theme vital to all who are not too old or too
aging unduly a worthy effort, it must be con depraved to improve.
fessed that no great expectations can be aroused Mr. Henderson's book is more profound,


1902.)
275
THE DIAL
more thoughtful, and more ambitious than any
of the others. It is likewise more difficult to
EDUCATION AND POLITICS.*
reproduce in spirit or content. Its main value It must be confessed that the title of Presi.
lies in its sincere and inspiring idealism. How- dent Hadley's collection of essays is a most
ever closely we may sympathize or however appropriate one. It would be difficult to find
widely differ from the views which the author a title which would more satisfactorily char-
sets forth, the sympathy with his zeal, his acterize the volume, made up as it is of dis-
unusual insight, his enthusiasm for an ideal cussions relating to economics, politics, ethics,
democracy of opportunity, and with his able political education, higher education, and
expression of his ideals, will always remain to school education. These essays furnish many
right-minded readers. It is in many ways a examples of Mr. Hadley's ability to present
notable book. Mr. Henderson protests against strong thought in a clear and forcible manner.
many of the things that we do in the name of The first paper, on “The Demands of the
education, and bemoans the neglect of many of Twentieth Century,” furnishes the means for
the things that we leave undone. His stock-
His stock comparing the opportunity which lies before
taking of the valuable possessions of human the American citizen of to-day with that which
ity, and in particular of the American people, confronted the Puritans. The point of com-
is not likely to encourage the advocates of a parison is an apt one. Shall the next gener-
triumphant spread-eagle democracy. Many of ation do its work in the spirit of the adven.
the most serious efforts of mankind are to Mr. turer, or in the spirit of the Paritan? Perhaps
Henderson appalling and systematic wastes of no one else has shown more clearly the situa-
time. He does not enthuse over the ability to tion as it exists to-day in reference to the
shout the price of pork from Chicago to New standards of political morality, as compared
York, or the making of ten bad pieces of fur with those of personal morality and commer-
niture in Grand Rapids in the same time that cial morality. The low standards of political
it took to make one good piece a hundred years morality are represented as due to defect in
ago. We fail to measure aright the good public judgment rather than to weakness in
things of life because we fail to apply the individual character. In other words, we are
right standards. Human power, human hap- ignorant of the particular virtues, the exer-
piness may or may not be advanced by what cise of which will secure the proper develop-
we are pleased to speak of as improvements. ment of organized society. The time should
And the application of all this to the problems come, and doubtless will come, when a country
of education is quite direct; for the purpose like ours will attain that conception of public
of education, when interpreted by these prin attitude which is inspired by a sense of moral
ciples, is nothing less than the guidance of life obligation rather than one bound by legality
in all its aspects, the establishment of the social alone.
purpose of humanity. It would, however, be a Mr. Hadley's discussion of the power of
pity to mar the profit or the enjoyment of this public sentiment is particularly discriminating.
volume to the prospective reader by attempt. It is not necessarily true that there is a public
ing to reproduce its message. Mr. Henderson sentiment in favor of a particular thing be-
writes as one with a vital message, and with cause a large number, even a majority of the
the power to plead his cause powerfully, sin people, are ready to vote for it. Opinions
cerely, effectively. It is a good thing, — it
good thing, — it which a man maintains at the cost of another
is often an epoch-making thing, — for a na do not count largely in forming the general
tion or an individual to revise its creed of ex sentiment of the community, or in producing
perience, to shake or strengthen its traditional an effective public movement. They repre-
convictions. It is no small service to be able sent selfishness rather than public spirit. The
to effect this or to set the ferment in motion.
true public spirit is one which will subordi-
For many minds this is just what Mr. Hender-
nate personal convenience to collective honor.”
son's volume may accomplish. We are all more We must agree with Mr. Hadley in his
or less in the woods, and fail to see the forest suggestion that there should be a more fully
for the trees. A helpful shout from a kindly developed course of political education in our
fellow-traveller may restore confidence in the schools and colleges. Political education, as
way we have chosen, or lead us to consider
*THE EDUCATION OF THE AMERICAN CITIZEN. By
change of route before it is too late.
Arthur Twining Hadley. New York: Charles Scribner's
JOSEPH JASTROW.
Sons.


276
(April 16,
THE DIAL
he suggests, is not simply a study of facts about Archæology and Antiquities,” and thus under
civil government, nor is it a training in those greater obligation to be complete.
scientific principles which regulate the activity Professor Abbott makes a somewhat un-
of governments. “It is not so much a devel.
“It is not so much a devel. usual division of his work, treating each of the
opment of certain kinds of knowledge as a three periods, — monarchical, republican, and
development of certain essential qualities of imperial,
imperial, — first from the historical and then
character and habits of action.” The charac from the descriptive point of view. This di-
terization of subjects for such a course of study vision is intentionally carried to such a point
is one which we must unquestionably accept that the teacher may use either the historical
It is subjects of an unprofessional character, or the descriptive sections separately if it be
things that are permanent and affairs that thought desirable. Of course it is impossible
are large, which should serve as the basis of to make an absolutely exact division on such
study, while a large part of the political edu basis, but the end in mind has been ade-
cation comes from the association of students. quately secured. For the student who really
Mr. Hadley puts forward a strong word wishes to go into the subject deeply, Professor
against that tendency in modern education Abbott has done an admirable service in his
which seeks to introduce specialism and pro constant marginal references to sources, his
fessional studies at too early a date. He con. select bibliographies for the various chapters,
tends that higher education makes people bet and at the close of many chapters his analyzed
ter workers, better members of a body politic, lists of passages in various ancient authors re-
and better men morally and spiritually; and ferring to the subjects
ferring to the subjects treated in these chap-
in his discussion of this subject he shows clearly ters. The selections from the sources to which
the difference between college training and reference is made for Chapter V., for instance,
technical training.
cover fifty-six different subjects, and embrace
In conclusion, it may be said that a distinct fifty passages in Livy, twenty-four in Polybius,
service has been rendered general education by nine in Cicero, six in Eutropius, three each in
the publication of these papers, inasmuch as Plutarcb, Appian, and Gellius, one in Tacitus,
they represent a thoroughly sound educational one in Macrobius, and one inscription. Refer-
point of view, at the same time a point of view ences to the best modern critics of the sources
from which, in many quarters, there has been are also given in many cases. Of course all this
great divergence in the last few years.
is not much to the average student, but the
WILLIAM R. HARPER. growing tendency to keep in mind the best
rather than the average, in such matters, can-
not be too highly commended.
Mr. Greenidge's book is not so well ar-
STUDIES OF ROMAN INSTITUTIONS. *
ranged nor so clearly written as that of Pro-
The two books before us “Roman Public fessor Abbott. It of course gives information
Life” by Professor Greenidge of Oxford, and on many points not taken up at all by the other,
“Roman Political Institutions” by Professor as has already been indicated.
be
ques-
Abbott of the University of Chicago - are
tioned whether a “ handbook” should concern
alike in their limitation to public institutions, itself so extensively as this does with what may,
and in the chronological boundaries set by might, must, could, would, or should have been,
their respective authors, each beginning with or not have been. These doubtful forms of
the earliest period and extending to the age of statement strike the eye so constantly that one
Diocletian. In purpose and method of treat feels for the moment almost like wondering
ment there is considerable difference. Profes whether anything at all really was, or was not,
sor Abbott's work is intended as an introduc in the affairs of ancient Rome. Certainly one
tory text-book, for pupils planning a more cannot lay the book down with the impression
extended course in Roman Institutions; the that the student of history as yet faces any
volume of Mr. Greenidge is one of Macmil- great dearth of unsolved problems as subjects
lan's well-known series of “ Handbooks of for theses and dissertations.
These long-
standing uncertainties, however, are not hope-
* ROMAN PUBLIC LIFE. By A. J. H. Greenidge, M.A.,
Lecturer in Ancient History at Brasenose College, Oxford.
less. Researches in the Greek papyri, for in-
New York: The Macmillan Co.
stance, have very recently thrown light upon
A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF ROMAN POLITICAL IN-
STITUTIONS. By Frank Frost Abbott, Professor of Latin in
points in Roman law which were heretofore in
the University of Chicago. Boston: Ginn & Co.
question.
It may
-


1902.)
277
THE DIAL
The two writers are agreed in attributing the position to see most of what was best in Italy.
breakdown of the republican constitution to the Moreover, as a practicing architect and a prolific
weight of “empire.” “The general machinery painter he had the technical knowledge which en-
of government had broken down,” says Profes.
abled him to judge of what he saw, and he know
sor Abbott, “under the strain put upon it by
how to write about it in prose so charming that
all possible deductions to his discredit being granted
the policy of imperialism.” Mr. Greenidge, Vasari's “ Lives" will always rank among the
after calling attention to the inconsistent and
classics of the art student. But it was his disad.
unsystematic nature of the earlier constitution,
vantage to have lived in an age which had little bis-
adds:
toric sense, and which also preceded the invention
“But as the knots which the jurists could not untie
of the camera. In our time, history has developed
were cut by the sword, and the constitution reverted to
into a science based on researches among archives,
a type far simpler even than that of its origin, we must
the evidence of documents, the sifting and com-
assume a weakness in the mixed system, which might
not have rendered it inadequate as the government of
paring of testimony, and on explorations of various
a city state, or even of Italy, but certainly rendered it
kinds. It may take several generations still to ex-
incapable of imperial rule. The test was a severe one,
purgate Vasari's narratives of their contradictions,
and the constitution which could not answer the strain misapprehensions, and guess-work; in the mean-
need not be wbolly condemned. For empire is a mere time, photography comes to the aid of the pen to
excrescence on the life of a state, a test neither of its furnish accurate and delightful reproductions, in
goodness nor of its vitality.”
black-and-white, of the great masterpieces in color
There are many other details of these books or form. Thus, with new materials coming to hand
which might be noticed, but we shall close with and fresh means of illustration, the history of Ital-
a single one, and that is the imperfection of the
ian art, though often told, may be regarded as still
indices, - not serious, perhaps, as indices go,
in the making, and there is justification for the
but it is certainly time that indices should go
many new books which seek to throw side-lights
upon it, either as a whole or in parts.
a different gait.
W. H. JOHNSON.
Of such books, one of the most interesting is Mr.
Edward C. Strutt’s volume devoted to Fra Filippo
Lippi, in which he attempts a refutal of the “legend-
ary prejudices banded down to us by twelve gener-
SIDE-LIGHTS ON ART HISTORY.* ations of superficial or biassed critics ” — preju-
Beginning with Vasari and Billi, who wrote the
dices voiced epigrammatically in Browning's
lives of their contemporaries and immediate pre-
dramatic monologue by the friar himself:
“Zooks, sir, flesh and blood,
decessors, and coming down through the long list
That's all I'm made of!"
which includes Morelli, Kugler, Mrs. Jameson,
While admitting many of the Carmelite's frailties,
Richter, Lubke, and many others, the history of
Mr. Strutt finds them only superficial compared
Italian art would seem to have been written so
with the depth and tenacity of his artistic nature.
many times and from so many points of view as to
make further words superfluous. But such a con-
He finds him more, infinitely more, than mere
“flesh and blood," attaining at times a degree of
clusion leaves out of account several things avail-
able to the modern writer, things which Vasari
perfection absolutely incompatible with his sup-
and even later authors knew not of. Vasari, indeed, posed baseness of soul, and to a grandeur of con-
ception and a technical skill which reveal him as
had the enormous advantage of writing of the life
that he himself lived, of the men that he knew,
the connecting link between Masaccio and Raphael,
and, indeed, the truest herald of the Renaissance.
the works that he had seen, and also of being in
Both as man and artist, Fra Lippi gains much at
*FRA FILIPPO LIPPI. By Edward C. Strutt. Illustrated. the hands of his new biographer. It is shown that
New York: The Macmillan Co.
he was almost certainly a personal pupil of Masac-
GREAT MASTERS IN PAINTING AND SCULPTURE. Edited
cio's, and not simply a student of his works in the
by G. C. Williamson, Litt.D. New volumes : Rembrandt,
by Malcolm Bell; Mantegna, by Maud Cruttwell; Giotto, by
Brancacci Chapel, as implied by Vasari; that he
F. Mason Perkins. Each illustrated. New York: The Mac-
“threw off the clerical habit,” but left the
millan Co.
cloister of the Carmine with the prior's consent
STORIES OF THE TUSCAN ARTISTS. By Albinia Wherry.
and permission, continuing to wear the habit of the
Illustrated. London: J. M. Dent & Co. New York: E. P.
Dutton & Co.
order all his life, and remaining in cordial relations
THE MONASTERY OF SAN MARCO. By G. S. Godkin. of friendship with his former brethren; that his
Illustrated. London: J. M. Dent & Co. New York: E. P. motives for leaving were not only the hopes of ac-
Dutton & Co.
quiring wealth and greatness by the practice of his
GREAT EPOCHS IN ART HISTORY. By James M. Hoppin.
art, but also to support his poverty-stricken rela-
Illustrated. Boston: Houghton, Miffin & Co.
THE SAINTS IN CHRISTIAN ART. By Mrs. Arthur Bell.
tives, who otherwise must have starved.
Illustrated. New York: The Macmillan Co.
Naturally, it was not long before the “ glad
ITALIAN SCULPTURE OF THE RENAISSANCE. By L. J. monk” came under the spell of the great move-
Freeman, M.A. Illustrated. New York: The Macmillan Co. ment of his age - the Renaissance, — which was
of
never
..
:


278
(April 16,
THE DIAL
in turn strongly influenced by him. The decisive compared with the contemporary school at Florence.
turning point in his life, however, was when he left Very iconoclastic indeed is Mr. F. Mason Per.
Florence for Prato. Here for thirteen years he kins in his volume on Giotto. He places Giotto’s
worked, completing that series of frescoes in the birth some ten years earlier than Vasari's date,
Duomo which constitutes not only the greatest and makes him the son of a well-to-do landed pro-
achievement of his own career, but the most re prietor instead of a poverty-stricken day-laborer;
markable artistic event since the completion of ignores the story of Cimabue's accidental discovery
Masaccio's frescoes of the Brancacci Chapel in of the lad ; sees evidence that so far as he may
Florence.
have had any real teaching beyond that of Nature
It must not be inferred that Mr. Strutt's biog herself, it came through the works of Giovanni
raphy is of the “whitewash " order now too prev Pisano ; maintains that we may to a certain extent
alent. He grants that there were germs of sensu trace for ourselves the stages of his extraordinary
ality and human passion in the young monk's breast, development as an artist through the frescoes and
which, in the corrupt atmosphere of the Medicean paintings still remaining to us, ruined and repainted
court, blossomed forth and flourished until the as in the majority of cases they are. But even
poisonous weed almost stifled the beautiful flower more revolutionary than the chapters relating to
of his better nature. But throughout all he finds Giotto himself are the two introductory chapters
a gradual and uninterrupted evolution of the artist dealing with his forerunners and the influences
toward a perfection which made him a powerful and which prepared the way for bim. We have been
abiding influence in the art of the Quattrocento. accustomed to hear the now famous pulpit of the
The Prato frescoes furnished suggestions for Bot Baptistery at Pisa — the earliest known work of
ticelli's dancing nymphs and swaying angels; the Niccolo Pisano — cited almost invariably as the
tondo Madonna, now in the Pitti Palace, intro first important product of what has been termed
duced a new interpretation of the old theme, which the “Modern Age" of Italian art. Mr. Perkins
later reached its highest manifestation in Raphael's regards Niccolo far more as one gifted with un-
Madonna of the Chair ; the background of the same usual powers of appreciative selection than as a
picture was the direct precursor of figures in the really extraordinary innovator. That mysterious
historical paintings of Ghirlandajo and Raphael. personage, Cimabue, to whom the entire credit of
the sudden revival of the pictorial arts in Tuscany
Three highly interesting personalities -- Rem. has been long given, loses several of his laurels;
brandt, Mantegna, Giotto — form the subjects of in fact, he may be considered as a type represen-
the latest three volumes of the series of “Great tative of that artistic progress and advance which
Masters in Painting and Sculpture.” Presenting we know to have taken place in Florentine art dur-
respectively the greatest painter of the Dutch ing the latter part of the thirteenth century, rather
school, the chief of the Paduan, and the most epoch than as any strictly defined personality.
making of the Florentine, they are an interesting As a whole, this twentieth volume of the “Great
group.
Masters” series is truly a model for a work of this
The Rembrandt volume is a condensation by class,- a combination of a biographical sketch and
Mr. Malcolm Bell of his own earlier work; and critical guide-book based on independent and schol-
the task he has set himself is very like the one arly investigation.
undertaken by Mr. Strutt for Lippi,- to give a
truer and more kindly picture of one who has been Of quite a different type from the foregoing
misjudged sorely. But it is less entertaining as well books is the volume of - Stories of the Tuscan
as less convincing in style. The matter is divided Artists,” since it is not a critical work, and makes
into three parts
- Rembrandt the Man, Rembrandt no pretension to original research. It is, however,
the Painter, and Rembrandt the Etcher. The a pleasant gathering together — chiefly for the sake
illustrations are numerous, and the genealogical and of young people or of beginners in art-study - of
chronological tables as complete as is possible with tales relating either to the artists or to the subjects
our uncertain knowledge.
of their works. The illustrations (fifty-three in
The biographer of Mantegna, Miss Maude Crutt- number), on which so much of the value of a work
well, has few accepted notions to dislodge, and no of this kind depends, are particularly well-chosen
follies and frailties to condone. Mantegna was and admirably reproduced in photogravure and half-
one who took life seriously, ardently, with no tone; moreover, the writer has a vivid and pic-
doubts of its worth nor of the value of his ow turesque style, which holds the attention and makes
labors therein. Straining every nerve toward the the volume extremely readable. But it is not pos-
new ideals of life and thought which were to bring sible to rate highly a book so full of errors of the
a fresh youth back to the world, he was among most patent and inexcusable nature. In art mat-
those who give significance to Morelli's term for ters these are legion, and may easily mislead the
this period — “the epoch of character.” Some amateur ; but even a child in the infant class of a
interesting pages of the opening chapter are devoted Sunday school will know better than to accept the
to a description of the Paduan school founded by statement on page 119, “ Trajan, who was emperor
Squarcione -- archeological rather than artistic, as of Rome at the time of the birth of Christ," etc.


1902.]
279
THE DIAL
» and
These “Stories” begin with the sculptors of the bling the development of new forms in nature, but
school of Pisa and conclude with Botticelli as the the centres of art were changing continually. In
most representative artist of the classical revival. general, this essay will be found a safe guide; but
Being so good for their purpose in many ways, it is it was not the “Divided Annunciation " that in-
a pity that a little kindly oversight should not have spired Browning's poem of “Fra Lippo Lippi ” (as
made this book a great deal better.
stated on page 67), but “ The Coronation of the
Closely connected with the art-life of Italy is the Virgin.” Moreover, to call this volume " Some
monastery of San Marco. Not only two great Great Epochs in Art History ” would be surely a
artists - Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolommeo -- in more appropriate title than its present one. The
succession dwelt within its cloisters, but nearly all reader's sense of order is offended to find this first
of the Quattrocento artists fell more or less under essay followed by one on Scopas, who lived four
the influence of its great preacher, Savonarola. hundred years before Christ; and close upon its
Naturally, the larger part of Mr. G. S. Godkin's heels come “ French Gothic Architecture
attractive book on "The Monastery of San Marco” “English Pre-Raphaelites.” Excellent as each of
is concerned with the brilliant but tragic story of these is in itself, they are too unrelated in time and
Savonarola; but the illustrations are half-tones character to admit a grouping under a title which
from Fra Angelico's frescoes, and some of the most implies some continuity, or at least some trans-
interesting pages are in the concluding chapter, cendent importance such as they hardly possess in
“After Savonarola." No traveller can be 80 art-history
phlegmatic as to stand within the walls of San Inseparably connected with the study and enjoy-
Marco without a swelling heart; it is alive with ment of art is a knowledge of symbolism. To trace
innumerable memories, its cloisters and cells and the original significance of the symbols now inter
library are eloquent of its glorious past. The late woven with each Saint represented in art, to go
repentant Florentines have built within its walls a back to the primal cause of the choice of some spe-
tomb to the prophet whom their fathers stoned; cial patron by this or that section of the community,
and in the Piazza Signoria, where “the martyr's is to gain fresh light both on the meaning of any
soul went out in fire," was uncovered in May last artist's work and also on the equally interesting evo-
a large bronze disc with a medallion bust of the lution of popular belief. Good work has already
great Frate, and an inscription recording the man been done by such students as Helmsdoerfer, Von
ner of his death “ by an iniquitous sentence.” The Radowitz, Parker, and Mrs. Jameson ; but in the
whole story is so well told in this book, that it will field of symbolism, as elsewhere, there has been
sérve as the next best thing to an actual visit to the need for the modern process of scientific sifting.
spot whither the thoughtful tourist is almost certain This has now been done most engagingly by Mrs.
to turn his first steps after arrival in Florence. Arthur Bell, in her book of “Lives and Legends of
Only one section of Professor James M. Hop the Evangelists, Apostles, and Other Early Saints."
pin's book on “Great Epochs in Art History” is Here we have embodied recent discoveries, new
devoted to Italian art, but it is the first and much facts of undoubted authenticity in the received
the longest one (a hundred and twenty-five pages), biographies of many Saints ; and even the compara-
and is called “Italian Religious Painting." Start tively uncertain field of legend is not without some
ing at the very beginning of painting, as found in illumination on several persistent yet hitherto inex-
the sacred places and houses of the first Christians plicable traditions. Both the text and the illustra-
of ancient Rome, the essay gives principal place to tions serve to mark the different stages of art de-
Giotto, Signorelli, the Sienese school, Benozzo, velopment, the religious life of the various periods
Gozzoli, Perugino, and Raphael. The story ends at which they were produced. Consequently, typi-
where Michael Angelo's work begins, although his cal works are presented from masters as diverse as
name is introduced as “the last and greatest," and Fra Angelico, Luini, Sodoma, Memlinc, Madox
his “ Creation of Man" in the Sistine Chapel is Brown, and Holman Hunt.
called “a sublimer reach of the imagination than Without disparagement to the foregoing books,
all that had gone before which was called art." it
may
still be said that the most important of all
“And yet,” adds the author, “the older Italian on our list is the last. New histories of art are less
artists of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, in needed than books to tell us the reasons why we
their simple nature and childlike faith, dwelt nearer enjoy, or should enjoy, works of art when we see
the springs of divine inspiration in religious paint them. This is what Professor L. J. Freeman's
ing than Michael Angelo, and better exemplified work on “ Italian Sculpture of the Renaissance
the profound words of Protagoras, "The true test undertakes to do. Although the subject is treated
of Art is its seeming absence.'” An interesting chronologically, beginning with the Pisani and end-
feature of this little sketch is the place given to the ing with Michael Angelo, it is addressed chiefly to
small towns as art-centres. Assisi, Orvieto, San the æsthetic sense. The author acknowledges that
Gemignano, Prato, Pistoja, and Arezzo are shown to the scientist may classify Greek marbles as dispas-
have had quite as much as Florence to do with the sionately as he would beetles, and gain in both in-
development of Tuscan art; the evolution pro stances the same intellectual pleasure. But this is
ceeded from mind to mind in unseen coils resem the secondary value of art, the primary value being


280
(April 16,
THE DIAL
to use the data of observation imaginatively, to find
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
in it the same suggestions for fancy that one finds
in music, in natural objects, in the spoken word.
An amusing
“ An Introduction to English Liter-
These primary values vary in type continually, text-book on ature," by Mr. Maurice Francis
from the symbols of the mediæval carvers to the
English literature.
Egan, is published by Messrs. Mar-
highly expressive sculpture of the sixteenth century. lier & Co., evidently for the use of parochial schools.
But the author's fullest strength is shown in his It is curious that a man of the author's parts should
most difficult task — the analysis of reasons for have been willing to present so distorted a view of
our satisfaction or dissatisfaction in the works of the history of our literature, or to have made his
Michael Angelo. Speaking of that great but early theological bias so very evident. His idea seems
work, the “ David,” he says:
to have been that every Catholic writer, no matter
“The real reason, I think, for the lapses of enjoyment how insignificant, must be exalted. This leads to
which are sure to occur during one's contemplation of the such results as four pages about Southwell in a
David is found in the fact that the young sculptor has chosen,
as an older sculptor would not have chosen, to represent the
chapter which can spare but a single page for Mar.
most awkward state in the development of the human body,
lowe, to a whole chapter of twenty pages devoted
and every defect of development is emphasized by colossal to Pope, while Milton has to be contented with five,
size. So that, although the thing is so well done that it com to the setting of Moore “in the first rank of lyrical
municates the sensations of physical energy directly and with
a rush, it is not, after all, a form that can steadily invigorate,
poets,” and to other like vagaries. But the real
for it is the arrest in stone of a transition in growth."
quality of this astonishing manual must be set forth
Between the completion of the “ David ” and the
by actual quotations. It is a little startling to be
beginning of the plans for the tombs of the Medici
told that Milton “advocated polygamy," and that
in San Lorenzo, which are the exponents of Michael
“Keats does not inspire or ennoble.”
When we
read that “Shelley is enthusiastically admired by
Angelo's second manner in sculpture, sixteen years
had elapsed,— years of disappointment, disillusion,
all who love poetry for the qualities that make it
and, most insupportable of all, diversion of artistic
80 entirely different from prose,” we are much im-
pressed by the profundity of the thought. It is
energy into expression by means of painting. The
kind of enjoyment gained from the artist in the
also interesting to learn of Shelley that he was
work of these later years is not the kind given by
born a poet of a very high order; he made himself
a bad man."
sculpture ordinarily; and the observer who stands
There is a finality about this pro-
before the nudes of Michael Angelo neither as an
nouncement that leaves nothing further to be said.
artist nor as an anatomist is in a position analogous
The late Aubrey de Vere, we are told, wrote “the
most mighty drama since Shakespeare or Dryden."
to one who listens to a play in a fo gn language.
The author's psychological explanation of the state
We have the greatest respect for Mr. De Vere's
of mind they induce is interesting, but we have
memory, as we trust our readers have also, but it
may be well to jog the memory by saying that
space for only a brief quotation.
“ Alexander the Great” is the name of this "mighty
“The temperament feels what it brings the power to feel.
Whatever the environment has been, if one is akin to Michael
drama.” Of Mr. Swinburne we read that “one of
Angelo in temperament, he will feel before these figures the the saddest things in modern literature is the sight
exaltation and incorporation of forces whose workings he has of this poet with a divine gift dissolving his pearls
felt or is destined to feel, and he therefore obtains a great in acid for swine to drink.” One inimitable para-
æsthetic pleasure. As it happens, the generations since
Michael Angelo have shared in that temperament so gener-
graph must be quoted in full.
ally that he has expressed them to themselves, and in so doing “Matthew Arnold's poems have great merit, but he was
afforded to the modern consciousness the relief of defining
first of all a prose writer. His Thyrsis' has been much
itself in art.
praised. He lacked Faith, and consequently Hope. The
“Yet as any mode of artistic expression, however deep and same may be said of Arthur Hugh Clough. Clough, knowing
wide it be, will always be inadequate to human experience, no Christ, is painfully gloomy. His ‘Long Vacation Exer-
there will always be a minority who feel its scope, but whom cise' is an interesting exercise in hexameters; he had great
it does not express. Therefore there are temperaments who talent."
feel Michael Angelo's powerful communication of vitality, We can recommend this book for amusement, if
but cannot so enjoyably translate it into intimate emotion."
not exactly for instruction.
A work so individual and important as this can.
not be represented justly by quotations; but after
The volume on Longfellow in the
A brief sketch
reading it one feels that the following words of the
of Longfellow "Beacon Biographies" (Small, May-
Introduction are hardly extravagant:
nard & Co.) is the rk of Professor
"Unless the architect who studies Brunelleschi's dome George Rice Carpenter. It was not to be expected,
feels the unique beauty of its wonderful curve, unless the of course, that Professor Carpenter would say much
archæologist who dates a Greek vase is in some degree that was new on the subject, especially within the
teased out of thought by its loveliness of form, unless the
limits of a hundred and fifty pages. The book is
poet, to whom Botticelli's Spring is a Lucretian allegory of
the seasons, sees and feels the pattern of line intertwining notable, however, — like some others in the series,
with line, he is as blind to primary values as were the Roman as being the work not of a contemporary nor of
peasants who made a quarry of the Forum, and burned an-
a too ardent worshipper, but of a critic who could
tique marbles to procure the lime for their wretched huts."
handle his subject quite objectively. His aim bas
ANNA BENNESON MCMAHAN. been to present the main facts of Longfellow's life
and his work.


1902.]
281
THE DIAL
" with such comments as 'are now appropriate – the com seems to have been written with the main idea of
ments natural to men who have been born since Longfellow's demonstrating that France has never known how
best work was done, and who, though they honour him not
to inaugurate local or parliamentary government or
less than did his contemporaries, must of necessity judge
him, and the little world in which he moved, from a different
foster popular freedom, but has been rescued from
point of view."
recurring anarchy only by a strong and generally
The picture of the poet's life in Brunswick and arbitrary government. “The temper of the French
Cambridge, though necessarily but an outline, is people as seen in its government” might well have
sympathetic and, we believe, true. In his criticism been the title of the book. And Mr. Hassall must
of Longfellow's writings Professor Carpenter agrees
be said to have been right in his estimate. But
in the main with his leading predecessors. He points with all her fondness for a strong, even a military,
out that we have outgrown the didacticism which government, France has nevertheless, even in her
the readers of sixty years ago found so inspiring ; periods of absolute rule, given suggestions of
but dwells on the high distinction achieved by Long- freedom of a far subtler kind : the freedom of
fellow in securing a permanent hold upon “the literary discussion, of artistic perfection, of philo-
heart and intelligence of the people at large, of sophic inquiry, of amiable intercourse and good
nineteen-twentieths of the race.” He pays some at-
manners, — freedom depending upon maturity of
tention to the foreign sources from which the poet mind and vivacity of temperament, such as Europe
drew his models and sometimes his ways of think-
nowhere else evolved in so typical a fashion. The
ing — a subject which has never yet received ade author has given some instances of this, but by no
quate treatment. Altogether the author has suc means enough of them. It is not quite fair to
ceeded remarkably well in preserving a good pro-
make political forms alone the basis from which to
portion and in producing an interesting narrative. judge a nation's strength or influence. We think,
For the frontispiece a reproduction of Samuel Law however, that with the scope of inquiry which the
rence's crayon portrait of 1854 has been wisely author has set himself, the book will be found well
chosen : the one which best, to quote Mr. Winter,
worth reading, and may easily replace others on
"preserves that alert, inspired expression which our shelves in which the same things are said less
came into his face when he was affected by any aptly.
strong emotion.” It is significant that this portrait
So much controversy followed the
was made in the year in which Longfellow freed Secretary Alger's purchase of Florida and its occupa-
himself from the drudgery of college teaching and
Own Story.
began to realize his dream of a life devoted wholly because of discussion of General Jackson's bold
tion by the United States, largely
to letters.
actions, that when some questioned the worth
It is with som