ething of surprise that of the acquisition, stating that it was a land of
A handbook of the reader learns the contents of
French history.
swamps' and forests, others replied, in facetious
Mr. Arthur Hagsall's volume on strain, that it was certainly productive — of docu-
“ The French People,” in the series of “Great ments. The latest contest with Spain in the same
Peoples” issued by Messrs. Appleton & Co. The part of the world seems to be followed by similar
book is really not a history of the French people as evidence of productiveness; and, because of the
such, but a history of France as viewed through its bitter discussions and dissensions in
army
and
navy
political events, and of the leadership of rulers and circles, it may be a long time before anyone can
statesmen who have too often been inclined to fol. tell in impartial and unprejudiced language the
low their own will without consulting that of the true story of the Spanish-American War. Certainly
people. Therefore, the one who seeks information Secretary Alger could not be expected to do this,
as to how the nation lived through adversities and and his book at once takes its place in the list of
bore itself in peace and struggle, its resources, its controversial writings. It is not really an attempt
prosperity, and its economic misery, seeks here in to give the history of an international contest, as
vain. Only occasionally is there a hint about what its title, " The Spanish-American War" (Harper),
the people really thought and felt. A history of would indicate ; but the purpose behind it was “to
the French people which should picture it to us as place on record some of the prominent facts con-
the English people has been pictured, is something nected with the organization, equipment, and move.
for which we may wait long. Meanwhile we are ments of the army, together with the administra-
to be content with this really attractive volume, tion of the War Department, with the hope that such
which, although repeating what has already been statement will serve a useful purpose as an example,
told so often, does it with a certain terseness of should another crisis of the same kind occur."
style and poignancy of phrase that make the old The war itself was marked by many surprises,
theme sound somewhat new. Mr. Hassall has where good fortune seemed to follow American
usually the knack of making the subject he treats movements at every turn.
The resources of the
yield fresh interest and instruction. In this case country were scarcely touched before the fighting
some of the freshness of interest is due to the was over; and so the strain of the conflict being
writer's very English attitude in judging French speedily ended, there was abundant opportunity for
political life of the past and present. The book discussion and fault-finding. There was no prepar-


282
[April 16,
THE DIAL
constructive artist.
ation for war, and that the results were so gener-
In a substantial volume of four hun-
ally favorable was no more surprising than was the
Shakespeare as a
dred and sixty pages entitled “ Shake
comparatively quick organization and equipment of
speare's Plots” (Patnam), Mr. Will-
an army of a quarter of a million men, when there iam H. Fleming discusses Shakespeare's constructive
was in the country not a bit of khaki cloth for skill as an artist. All but the two introductory
uniforms nor manufactory familiar with its produc-chapters are devoted to particular plays, — “Mac-
tion, and not duck cloth enough to make tents for beth,” “Merchant of Venice," "Julius Cæsar,"
the men. The chapters in Secretary Alger's book “ Twelfth Night,"
.” “Othello.” The story of each
which tell of campaigns in which he did not par play is given at length in a running interpretation
ticipate will not be regarded of so much importance with comment on the technique of the plot. On
as those which tell of the campaigns in the Quar the whole, Mr. Fleming has done a work well worth
termaster's department in which he was vitally doing, and has done it well; but he starts out with
interested. And in all likelihood the judgment of a false assumption rather mechanically conceived.
the future historian will be that difficulties were It does not follow that because “ the carve is the
met about as well as could have been expected line of beauty," "a drama is written, not in the
considering the generation of peace after the Civil form of a triangle, but in that of an arch.” A
War.
graphic representation of any drama, showing the
A doctor's
Without attempting to discuss “ the rise and fall, as in the semicircle he employs, would
words of quiddity of ens,” Dr. Norman Bridge deviate so much from the curve as to destroy wholly
wisdom.
attacks, with acumen and good sense, any feeling of conformity to the line of beauty."
some more or less abstruse questions in his little By the very nature of the effect it is to produce,
book, “ The Rewards of Taste” (Stone), which a drama must not be a series of gradual changes,
also treats of “Some Tangents of the Ego,” “The passing imperceptibly from one into the other.
Mind for a Remedy,” “The Etiology of Lying," Mr. Fleming's style is simple to baldness, and far
“Man as an Air-Eating Animal,” “ The Psychol too often admits such sentences as, “Still another
ogy of the Corset," “ The Physical Basis of Ex function which Viola fulfils is, she is Shakespeare's
pertness,” and “The Discordant Children.” The Type of the Normal.” The analyses of the plots
essay chosen for the title-rôle is not the best of the might very profitably have been brought within
series; it fails to strike the keynote of the volume. narrower limits, and the diffuseness of treatment is
The writer has the experienced physician's obser made the more obvious and irritating by such ex-
vant eye, and he knows how to present his observa- pressions as, " a technique that is simply perfect,”
tions in an attractive form. Indeed, he betrays " as fine work as Shakespeare ever did,” employed
something of that genius which consists in impart- without any attempt to indicate what makes the
ing fresh interest and wonder to the commonplace. technique perfect or the work fine. The exclama-
His discussion of abnormalities of temperament, tory method of imparting literary information is
and their proper treatment, is especially good. certainly no longer in vogue, and it never was es-
Among “tangents of the ego," self-conceit, in its pecially illuminating. It is but fair to add that the
varied forms, claims a foremost place. “Who ever volume contains a great deal of genuinely useful
knew a conceited man to be conscious of his con matter. It is the product of much careful, pains-
ceit!” exclaims the author, almost in despair of a taking work, and it is presented clearly and directly,
cure; and he elsewhere cites the bishop who pro if not attractively. The reader can hardly fail to
tested that he was not conceited, but simply con get from it a better notion of the organic unity of
scious of his own superiority. Truly, the reader a great drama, a surer insight into the literary
will say to himself, he who reduces all his egoistic architectonics of the world's greatest artist.
tangents to the normal curve is better than he that
taketh a city. To Dr. Bridge the mental state of
The rise in this country and in
a patient is vastly more significant than the physical. the Lamarckian France of a Neo-Lamarckian school
In his chapter on “The Mind for a Remedy,” he
Revival.
of organic evolutionists has awak-
takes an attitude toward the pseudo-scientific modes ened interest in the life and work of its founder.
of healing that is surprisingly tolerant in a doctor A man of genius who lived in advance of his age,
of “the old school.” He admits the efficacy, in unappreciated, neglected, and forgotten, comes to
certain cases, of "some novelty or humbug, or a his own after the lapse of a century. His views on
belief in the power of something beyond himself on evolution have now taken rank as recognized rivals
which the patient leans or believes he leans.” “The of the natural selection theory of Darwin, and not
Etiology of Lying" attracts by its very title. But only win much support in some quarters but stir
it makes perfect truthfulness appear so hopelessly
up opposition in others. Professor Alpheus S.
unattainable as almost to constitute a defense of Packard, in his volume on “ Lamarck, his Life
falsehood, despite the wise closing words of the and Work” (Longmans, Green, & Co.), has ren-
essay. “ Man as an Air-Eating Animal” arouses dered material aid to this discussion by his sympa-
curiosity — and satisfies it. In short, there is thetic treatment of the life of this naturalist, the
hardly a chapter that will not engage the interest able presentation of his scientific achievements, and
of even the most languid reader.
the detailed rendition of his views on questions
Lamarck and


1902.)
283
THE DIAL
of American
which have risen to prominence in the literature of
“The Mind of the Child” (Long-
recent years. The book is the outcome of a personal Rambling chapters mans) is the title of a volume by
investigation of Lamarck's surroundings, his family
Mr. Ennis Richmond which in real-
history, his life at Paris, and his connection with ity contains a rambling discourse, with a strong
the reorganization of the Jardin des Plantes and moralizing flavor, about the very many things one
the establishment of the great Paris Museum of is likely to say concerning children, if one sets out
Natural History after the French Revolution. to talk rather aimlessly yet coherently of these
Lamarck was eminent not only as a botanist but interesting bits of humanity. There is naturally
preëminently as a zoologist. He did some credit much to be said concerning the relation of parents
able work in geology, meteorology, and physical to children, and the responsibility of modern edu-
science, and became the father of invertebrate cational systems for children's failings. There is
paleontology. Professor Packard has traced in the usual note of warning that in our zeal for
his writings the steps in the growth of the theory child-study we may omit the best part of childhood.
which took final form in his Philosophie Zoolo But all this has been said before, to the weariness
gique. He also summarizes his views on the evolu of listeners at educational meetings ; and there is
tion of man, on morals, and on the relation of no need of reducing to cold, enduring print what
science and religion. The distinctions between may have properly served for the passing interest
Darwinism and Lamarckism, and the relations of of an active discussion. No amount of such writ-
the former to the modern school which claims kin- ing will have the slightest influence upon matters
ship, are clearly stated. A full bibliography of pertaining to the study of children. The most praise-
Lamarck's writings is appended.
worthy fact about the book is that the author does
not tell us that it was printed at the argent solici-
Two text-books
The teacher of literature in our
tation of friends ; for in most books of this type
schools has no longer cause to com-
literature.
that ominous sentence meets the eye on the first
plain of the lack of good text-books.
page.
Ten years ago, that lack constituted a real griev-
ance, but so many excellent manuals have appeared
during the past decade that the difficulty is now
BRIEFER MENTION.
simply one of selection. Mr. A. G. Newcomer's
A charming little book, just published by Messrs.
“American Literature” (Scott, Foresman & Co.) A. C. McClurg & Co. and printed at the Merrymount
is a recent addition to the list, and seems to us quite Press, is called “ Right Reading," and is further de-
as good as any of its competitors. It remains a scribed as containing “ words of good counsel on the
readable book, without sacrificing to diffuseness and choice and use of books selected from the writings of
the essay style the essential qualities of concise and ten famous authors.” The counsellors in the case are
accurate statement that must characterize a good Helps, Carlyle, Disraeli, Emerson, Schopenhauer, Rus-
working text. Its judgments are sober and well-
kin, J.C. Hare, Mr. John Morley, Lowell, and Mr. Fred-
considered, not diverging very far from what the
eric Harrison. Some of these chapters are familiar
writer calls “current estimates.” The appendix of
enough, but others are not known half as generally
as they should be. We are particularly glad to find
bibliographical notes and chronological tables is
the pungent passage from Schopenhauer's “Parerga
very useful, as is also the section of “Suggestions and Paralipomena," as translated by Mr. T. Bailey
for Reading and Study.” In the matter of illus Saunders.
trative extracts the author, while not eschewing Several excellent text-books for the study of civil
them altogether, is economical of his space, and government in the United States have been produced
finds room only for what is peculiarly typical or of late years, but all of them — with the exception of
suggestive. — Miss H. L. Mason's “ American Lit.
Professor Hinsdale's “ The American Government”.
erature: A Laboratory Method” (Philadelphia :
have been unsatisfactory for the simple reason that
The Author) is a text of wholly different type. It
they did not contain enough matter for the needs of the
is not a book to be read at all, but rather a set of
student. This complaint cannot be made of “The
Federal State” (Macmillan), by Mr. Roscoe Lewis
syllabi and exercises, based upon a working list of
Ashley, which is a volume of six hundred pages, discuss-
reference books. There are about twenty of these
ing every aspect of the subject that a teacher could
syllabi, each having a definite subject (such as wish, and is both attractive in presentation and logical
“Criticism of Society,” “Nature Studies," “ The in arrangement. Every educator knows the superior
International Novel," and the like). Each syllabus
value of a book in which the student may delve, over a
outlines a course of reading, and tests the thorough-
book which he is expected to learn outright, and Mr.
ness with which it has been pursued by an ingenious Ashley's manual has this good quality, besides illus-
series of suggestive and rather searching questions.
trating all the other good qualities of its competitors.
There is no doubt of the value of this method of
It seems to us to be exactly the book that has long
been needed, and we strongly recommend it for use in
study, although we believe it should always be
the higher grades of secondary school work.
coupled with the use of a consecutive historical
A memorial volume containing many tributes to the
text. When suitable library facilities are to be late Lewis G. Janes is published by the James H.
had, we can commend the present volume as an West Co. Books of this sort are apt to be somewhat
important adjunct in the work of teaching. perfunctory, but it is impossible to read the present


284
(April 16,
THE DIAL
And sites tone'sine kamination of the state Constitution
volume without being impressed by the heartfelt sin-
NOTES.
cerity of what is said, and by the almost complete
absence of the perfunctory element. The tributes “Westminster," by Mr. Reginald Airy, is a new vol-
are from many hands and hearts, from the associates ume in the series of “ Handbooks to the Great Public
of Dr. Janes in the work of the Brooklyn Ethical Schools,” published by the Macmillan Co.
Society, the Greenacre Summer School, the Anti “ Ioläus," an anthology of friendship compiled by
Imperialist League, and the other good causes which Mr. Edward Carpenter, is announced for publication
he did so much to further. His friends will prize the this month by Mr. Charles E. Goodspeed of Boston.
volume, and to those who did not know him it will be
“The Story of Pemaquid,” by Mr. James Otis, is
interesting in its revelation of the intellectual effort,
the second volume in the series of interesting little
noble character, and simple goodness of its subject. books called “ Pioneer Towns of America,” published
Volume IV. of the “ Publications of the Mississippi by Messrs Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
Historical Society," edited by Secretary Franklin L. The Bibliographical Society of Chicago will shortly
Riley, comes to us from Oxford, Miss. It is a stout
issue a reprint, limited to three hundred copies, of the
volume of five hundred pages, including much valuable celebrated paper by Augustus de Morgan “On the Dif-
matter. The Rev. Edward Everett Hale's documentary
ficulty of Correct Description of Books."
contribution on “ The Real Philip Nolan” is the
Mr. Bliss Perry's series of “Little Masterpieces"
feature of greatest general interest; but the student of
by Bacon, Swift, Milton, Goldsmith, Johnson, and
history will find his account in many other of the
Emerson, form a set of six inviting and companion-
papers offered, for example, in Mr. J. W. Garner's
able little books published in uniform dress by Messrs.
study of “ The First Struggle over Secession,” or Mr.
Doubleday, Page & Co.
A. H. Stone's examination of the state Constitution
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. have just published a
thin volume of “ Four-Place Logarithmic Tables,” pre-
volume has its literary interest, too, in the form of Prof.
Dabney Lipscomb’s study of the writings of T. A. S.
pared for use in the Yale entrance examinations. Mr.
Adams.
Percy F. Smith, of the Sheffield Scientific School, is
the compiler of this work.
An interesting book has been made out of the
“Saturday Review” of the New York “ Times by
“Roget's Thesaurus" is just fifty years old, but still
collecting the series of personal sketches of recent
proves useful. It is now sent us by Messrs. Thomas Y.
American writers that have been prepared for that
Crowell & Co., in an edition which is a new impression of
paper by various hands. Mr. Francis Whiting Halsey
the revised form given it in 1879 by Mr. John Lewis
has edited the volume, which is called “ Authors of
Roget, the son of the compiler.
Our Day in their Homes.” The number of authors
In the latest volume of the dainty « Vest Pocket
included is twenty-two, and the illustrations are either
Series,” published by Mr. Thomas B. Mosher, are
portraits or photographs of library interiors. This work
brought together three of Robert Louis Stevenson's
is published by Messrs. James Pott & Co. Mr. Halsey
best-known essays,
“ Æs Triplex," " Ordered Soutb,”
and “Walking Tours."
contributed to various periodicals, which he calls “Our
A “play-goer's edition” of “Soldiers of Fortune,"
Literary Deluge and Some of Its Deeper Waters," and by Mr. Richard Harding Davis, is published by Messrs.
which is published by Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co.
Charles Scribner's Sons. Photographs of characters
That veteran Grecian, Professor Alexander Kerr, of
and scenes in the dramatic presentation of the novel
the University of Wisconsin, has just published, through
constitute the distinctive feature of this edition.
Messrs. Ginn & Co., an edition of the “ Bacchæ" of Mr. J. Walker McSpadden has prepared for the
Euripides, text and translation. The Greek and the Messrs. Crowell a small volume of “Shaksperian Syn-
English face each other upon the pages, and the latter opses,” – the plays being outlined act by act, which
is given us in stately and harmonious verse that it is a we should fancy might be found quite useful, both as
distinct pleasure to read. Professor Kerr is also en.
a help for students and as a manual for hasty reference.
gaged upon a translation of Plato's “ Republic," in The American Book Co. send us the “ Outlines of
pamphlet parts, containing one book each. The notes Botany," by Mr. Robert Greenleaf Leavitt. This work,
are few but well selected, and take their place at the which is based upon Gray's “ Lessons,” is a laboratory
foot of the page. Two parts have thus far been issued and classroom manual, prepared for high school use at
by the publishers, Messrs. Charles H. Kerr & Co. It is the request of the Botanical Department of Harvard
a real boon to students to have the “ Republic" made University
accessible in English in this inexpensive form.
“Helpful Thoughts from the Meditations of Marcus
"Behind the Grill,” by Mr. Duncan Francis Young, Aurelius Antoninus,” selected by Mr. Walter Lee
is a little book published by the Abbey Press. It tells Brown, is a pretty pocket volume just published by
in the form of brief chapters, many of which are single
Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. “ Thoughts which have
anecdotes, of the tribulations of the cashier of a small helped me,” is the motto of the compiler and the basis
country bank. Written without any pretensions to lit upon which his selection has been made.
erary style, these reminiscences are pointed and inter We note with pleasure that works of recent litera-
esting, revealing as they do so much of the petty mean ture are being selected with increasing frequency for
ness in human nature, and recounting so many of the publication as annotated modern language texts. - Der
devices by which careless or dishonest persons contrive Talisman,” by Herr Ludwig Fulda, has attracted the
to make life a burden for the bank cashier. Readers pedagogical eye of Dr. C. W. Prettyman, and, in a
who do not know very much of the business of banking school edition published by Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co.,
will find this an instructive little book, as well as an is made accessible to many readers who would not be
amusing one.
likely otherwise to get possession of it. Another modern
has also made a volume, this time of bisho wa sitive an


1902.)
THE DIAL
285
rather than benefitted by the wide popularity of a single
song. He was so generally known as the author of
“ Ben Bolt" that in the public mind his name came to
be associated with that song alone, just as the name
of John Howard Payne is associated with “Home,
Sweet Home," regardless of “ Brutus” and all the
other “works.” Among the books of Dr. English, the
following list is fairly representative, although far
from complete. It comprises “ American Ballads," the
“ Boy's Book of Battle Lyrics," « Select Poems,"
« Fairy Stories and Wonder Tales," “ Jacob Schuyler's
Millions,” and “ Ambrose Fecit." There are also sev-
eral plays to the credit of this writer. Most of the
work here mentioned dates from his later years, but we
get some idea of his relations with an earlier period
when we remember that “ Ben Bolt was written in
1842, and that Poe, in “ The Literati,” paid him his
compliments. Dr. English's son-in-law, the Rev. Arthur
Howard Noll, will probably collect the literary remains
of this worthy man of letters.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 110 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
text, sent us by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co., is a thin
volume of Herr Gottfried Keller's “ Legenden,” edited
by Miss Margarete Müller and Miss Carla Wenckebach.
“Hasty Pudding Poems," compiled and edited by
Mr. Rodney Blake, is published by the New Amsterdam
Book Co. It is a collection of “impulsive and im-
promptu verses,” containing such things as poems on
panes, rhyming wills, old tavern signs, advertisements
in rhyme, death-bed verses, and other curious and in-
genious matters.
“A History of Ancient Greek Literature,” by Dr.
Harold N. Fowler, is one of the “ Twentieth Century
Text-Books” of the Messrs. Appleton. Primarily a
college manual of the subject, the work is yet one that
may be read with interest, and contains, as the author
observes, “ little or nothing which should not be familar
to every educated man and woman."
“ Eadie's Biblical Cyclopædia” (Lippincott) is an
old stand-by in the orthodox household, and its con-
tinued popularity is attested by the new edition now
published. A number of good scholars have taken
part in the revision, although the treatment of many
subjects is still far from modern and scientific. There
are nearly seven hundred pages, with many illustrations.
“ The Life of John Ruskin,” by Mr. W. G. Colling-
wood, as now published by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co., is primarily a condensation of the more extended
biography of 1893. But much of the text has been
rewritten, and many new details added, while the nar-
rative is now brought down to the end of Ruskin's life.
There are even a number of letters now printed for the
first time.
“The Umbrian Towns,” published by the A. Wessels
Co., is a volume in the series of historical guide-books
projected, and partly carried out, by the late Grant
Allen. The work is prepared by Messrs. J. W. and
A. M. Cruickshank, who have been faithful to Allen's
general plan, ignoring petty information, and placing
the emphasis upon matters of real historical and artistic
significance. These books supplement the orthodox
guides, but by no means take their place.
The second and concluding part of the New Vel-
ázquez Spanish-English Dictionary, as revised and
enlarged by Messrs. Edward Gray and Juan L. Iribas,
will be published at an early date by Messrs D. Apple-
ton & Co. The revision has been done with unusual
thoroughness, the entire text being recast, modified,
and modernized. Nearly eight thousand new titles and
several hundred new idioms are contained in the first
part alone. The “ New Velázquez" must undoubt-
edly take its place as the standard Spanish-English
dictionary.
A volume of “ Notes on Child Study,” by Dr. Ed-
ward Lee Thorndike, is published by Columbia Uni-
versity as a double number in its philosophical series.
The book is exactly what it pretends to be, a volume of
lecture-notes for use in pedagogical teaching, and it is
now printed that students in pedagogical courses may
use it as a sort of syllabus in their work. The volume
offers suggestions for practical exercises of many kinds,
and, in the hands of a teacher who knows how to use
such material, ought to prove an exceedingly useful
adjunct to his instruction.
Dr. Thomas Dunn English, who died on the first of
the month, had nearly completed his eighty-third year,
having been born in 1819. Although a fairly prolific
literary worker, his fame may be said to have suffered
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
A Grand Duchess : The Life of Anna Amalia, Duchess of
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, and the Classical Circle of Wei-
mar. By Frances Gerard. In 2 vols., illus. in photogravure,
etc., 8vo, gilt tops, unout. E. P. Dutton & Co. $7.50 net.
Plato. By David G. Ritchie, M.A. 12mo, pp. 228. “World's
Epoch-Makers." Charles Scribner's Song. $1.25.
Samuel de Champlain. By Henry Dwight Sedgwick, Jr.
With photogravure portrait, 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 126.
“Riverside Biographical Series." Houghton, Milin &
Co. 65 cts. net.
Lewis G. Janes, Philosopher, Patriot, Lover of Man. Illus.,
16mo, gilt top, pp. 215. Boston: James H. West Co. $1.
HISTORY.
Historical Essays. By Members of the Owens College,
Manchester; Published in Commemoration of Its Jubilee
(1851-1901). Edited by T. F. Tout, M.A., and James
Tait, M.A. Large 8vo, uncut, pp. 557. Longmans, Green,
& Co. $5.
A Short History of Germany. By Ernest F. Henderson.
In 2 vols., large 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. Macmillan Co.
$4. net.
Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society.
Edited by Franklin L. Riley. Vol. IV. Large 8vo, uncut,
pp. 506. Oxford, Miss.: Published by the Society.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Italian Renaissance in England: Studies. By Lewis
Einstein. With photogravure frontispiece, 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 420. Columbia University Studies in Com-
parative Literature.” Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
Our Literary Deluge, and Some of Its Deeper Waters. By
Francis Whiting Halsey. 12mo, uncut, pp. 255. Double-
day, Page & Co. $1.25 net.
Authors of Our Day in their Homes: Personal Descrip-
tions and Interviews. Edited, with additions, by Francis
Whiting Halsey. Illus. in photogravure, etc., 16mo, gilt
top, pp. 299. James Pott & Co. $1.25 net.
Parables of Life. By Hamilton Wright Mabie. Large 8vo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 103. New York: The Outlook Co.
$1. net.
One World at a Time: A Contribution to the Incentives
of Life. By Thomas R. Slicer. 8vo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 269. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
Complete Poetical Works of Bayard Taylor, “House-
hold” Edition. Illus., 12mo, pp. 361. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. $1.50.


286
(April 16,
THE DIAL
The Æneid of Virgil, Books I.-VI. Trans. by Harlan
Hoge Ballard. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 280. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. $1.50 net.
Little Masterpieces. Edited by Bliss Perry. New vols.:
Emerson, Goldsmith, Johnson, Bacon, Milton, and Swift.
Each with photogravure portrait, 24mo, gilt top. Double-
day, Page & Co. Per vol., 50 cts.
Helpful Thoughts from the Meditations of Marcus Au-
relius. Selected by Walter Lee Brown. 16mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 127. A. C. McClurg & Co. 80 cts. net.
The Best of Balzac. Edited by Alexander Jessup. With
photogravure portrait, 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 315.
L. C. Page & Co. $1.25.
The Consolation of Philosophy. Trans. by W. V.
Cooper. With frontispiece, 24mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 175.
"Temple Classics." Macmillan Co. 50 ots.
BOOKS OF VERSE.
Cape Cod Ballads, and Other Verse. By Joe Lincoln ;
illus. by E. W. Kemble. 12mo, uncut, pp. 198. Trenton:
Albert Brandt. $1.25 net.
The Woman Who Went to Hell, and Other Ballads and
Lyrics. By Dora Sigerson (Mrs. Clement Shorter).
With frontispiece, 12mo, uncut, pp. 36. London: The
De La More Press.
Hasty Pudding Poems: A Collection of Impulsive and
Impromptu Verses. Compiled and edited by Rodney
Blake. 16mo, pp. 151. New Amsterdam Book Co. 75 cts.
The Orphean Tragedy. By Edward S. Creamer. 12mo,
pp. 153. Abbey Press. si.
The Madness of Philip, and Other Tales of Childhood.
By Josephine Dodge Daskam. Illus., 12mo, uncat,
pp. 223. McClure, Phillips & Co. $1.50.
Soldiers of Fortune. By Richard Harding Davis. “Play-
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THE DIAL
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No. 381.
MAY 1, 1902.
Vol. XXXII.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
THE RHODES BENEFACTION
. 303
AN EARLIER APOSTLE OF AMERICAN CUL-
TURE. William Cranston Lawton
. 306
A VIRGINIA GENTLEMAN OF TWO CENTURIES
AGO. Alice Morse Earle
308
.
.
.
THE JESUITS IN PARAGUAY. Arthur Howard
Noll
310
.
A CENTURY OF NEW ENGLAND ELOQUENCE.
Edith Kellogg Dunton
. 311
RECENT BOOKS ON THE TRUST PROBLEM.
Frank L. McVey.
313
Le Rossignol's Monopolies, Past and Present.- Dos
Passos' Commercial Trusts. — Clark's The Control
of Trusts.
RECENT POETRY. William Morton Payne . . 314
Hardy's Poems of the Past and the Present.— Hen-
ley's Hawthorn and Lavender. — Phillips's Ulysses.
-Symons's Poems. -“ Fiona Macleod's" From the
Hills of Dream. — Mrs. Meynell's Later Poems. –
Miss Hardy's Poems. — Miss Hibbard's California
Violets. — Sledd's The Watchers of the Hearth.-
Smith's The Soul-at-Arms. — Bridge's Bramble
Brae. — Cheney's Lyrics.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
. 321
An historian of British India. — Italian politics of
to-day.---Nature, art, literature, and other matters.-
A defender of the Jewish race. A history of little
Wales.- Mr. Jones's play of “The Liars.”—- Essays
upon Florentine and Italian history.- First of mod-
ern landscape artists. — The life of a holy man of
England,
THE RHODES BENEFACTION.
Not long ago, we were speaking of the
agencies at work in our modern world whereby
the cause of “ international amity” was being
advanced, and a year or so earlier, we made a
few remarks concerning the form of “prescient
philanthropy” which is wise enough to direct
its efforts toward the future rather than con-
fine them to the amelioration of present-day
conditions. Had the noble gift of Cecil Rhodes
to the English-speaking world then been fore-
seen or realized, it would have provided a
striking illustration for either of the two heads
of our discourse. No better idea for the fur-
thering of friendship between the nations could
well be conceived than this plan to bring to-
gether for educational purposes the picked
youth of the two hemispheres, and no form of
benefaction to the human race has ever exhib-
ited more of that foresight which is the better
part of all philanthropic endeavor.
Briefly stated, as we understand it, the
Rhodes bequest provides that about a hundred
young men from the United States, and per-
haps fifty more from the British colonies and
from Germany, shall each be given a three
years' scholarship at the University of Oxford,
and that others shall succeed them, upon like
conditions, in perpetuity. The stipend offered
is fifteen hundred dollars annually for each
scholar, a generous provision, and ample for
the purposes of a student at any of the Oxford
colleges to which men repair with the intention
of doing serious work. The delegation from
the United States is to be made up of two
students from each state and territory, thus
being representative of every part of the coun-
try. The conditions of the selection, more-
over, are of such a nature as to insure the
sending of a finely-equipped body of youths to
the ancient city on the Isis. Cecil Rhodes was
too much a man of the world to suppose that
attainments of the strictly academic sort are
all that are essential to the making of a man,
and his bequest wisely provides that not schol-
astic tests alone shall be applied in the selec-
tion of his beneficiaries, but that these shall
be supplemented by tests of character, and
BRIEFER MENTION
, 324
NOTES
. 324
.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
. 325
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
. 325


304
(May 1,
THE DIAL
even of physical endowment, to an extent that, tion of learning, and, on the other, of being
on the whole, subordinates the intellect to the unduly moved by an avalanche of certificates
sum total of the other qualities of manhood. attesting the worth of some person who com-
The written examination is well as far as it bines the instinct of the politician with that of
goes, but it should not be made a feticb, and the student. The executive head of a school.
the testimonial of character, if it comes from or college usually knows less about the indi-
an unimpeachable source, affords a better vidual student than the instructor who has
basis of choice.
daily relations with him, and a recommendation
This may be thought to be begging the from that source, not being made at first hand,
question, in view of the common and notorious is peculiarly liable to errors of judgment. In
abuse of testimonials, and the problem no doubt the case of the candidate in whose behalf many
presents grave difficulties on this account, but voices are raised, the quality of the suffrages
we shall not we willing to call them insurmount is vastly more important than the quantity,
able until the plan has been given a fair trial. and a keen insight into the motives which
When the central administrative machinery of actuate ordinary human nature will recognize
the trust shall have been set up, when all the the majority of such recommendations as ab-
necessary general officers and committees shall solutely worthless. The opinions of politicians,
have been appointed, and when it comes to journalists, clergymen, and “ leading citizens”
the actual selection of two Rhodes scholars generally, are subject to large discounts, and
from each of the states of this Union, — then, should, in many cases, count rather against
no doubt, the real crux of the problem will a candidate than in his favor. In short, the
present itself. By what means shall the two task of selection is one for which civil ser-
young men be chosen, say, in the State of Illi vice commissions and examining boards of
nois? How shall the claims of the competi- the ordinary type will not be likely to prove
tors be coördinated to insure that real merit, adequate; it is a problem which will demand
and not influence or favoritism, shall determine the devising of a more delicate form of ma-
the selection? That the competition will be chinery than has hitherto been applied to such
keen is quite certain ; these scholarships will purposes.
be the great prizes of the educational world, Educational opinion in this country has al-
partly because of the generous individual pro- ready received a certain amount of expression
vision made for them, and partly because of on the subject of the Rhodes bequest, although
the marked distinction which their award will there has not been time for a careful consid-
confer. When the intellectual tests have been eration of the conditions. The administrative
applied, and the applicants have been reduced difficulties of the project have been generally
to a manageable number, the final decision pointed out, but its larger aspects do not seem
will call for the most delicate weighing of to have received adequate recognition. Most
claims, and the most absolute impartiality. It of the men who have thus far been persuaded
cannot properly be made by perfunctory meth into print belong to the class of what may be
ods, it will have to be made by men who will called our educational moguls; in other words,
take the task seriously, who can bring to it the presidents of our larger universities have
unusual powers of judgment and discrimina- | been interviewed by an enterprising press, and
tion, who are not to be imposed upon by the have placed their more or less valuable views
various forms of pretence and humbug that upon record. But strictly speaking, this matter
will clamor for their hearing and seek to con is one that does not concern the American
trol their verdict.
university at all, except as it concerns the gen-
In this delicate matter of adjudication there eral interests of education. The Rhodes scholars
are two extremes, both of which must be care are not to be sent by the universities, but by
fully avoided. Too much weight must not be the high schools and academies. Hitherto, the
given to the opinion of any one person, nor
American student who has gone to a European
must too much weight be given to merely nu university has, almost without exception, gone
merical suffrages. Neither an arbitrary dictum there for advanced work, after having been
nor a meaningless plébiscite must be the con graduated from some college in this country.
trolling element in the decision. To put the But the intention of the Rhodes foundation is
matter less abstractly, there is the danger, on to offer an opportunity for undergraduate work
the one hand, of deferring too much to the to a lot of bright American boys from eighteen
opinion of the executive head of some institu to twenty years of age. In spite of the obvious


1902.]
306
THE DIAL
inference from the terms of the bequest, our part of those interested in American educa-
educational spokesmen have thus far very gen tion should be taken, and taken immediately,
erally taken for granted that the Rhodes scholars to prevent the acceptance of the Rhodes schol.
would be drawn from the ranks of our uni- arships.” The provincial spirit which asks
versity students. This unwarrantable assump what we have to do with abroad," and which
tion must be disposed of before it is possible to “ views with alarm” the possible contamina-
take an intelligent view of the subject. Cecil tion of our youth by the “ effete civilization”
Rhodes clearly intended that the young Ameri of Europe, is usually nothing more than amus-
cans sent to Oxford by his bequest should be ing, but when it goes to such lengths as this
of the same general age and class as the young it becomes vicious. That this rabid form of
Englishmen who go up to the university Anglophobia should be voiced by “ lewd fel-
from the great public schools. Now the ana lows of the baser sort " was inevitable, but that
logue of such a man in the United States it should come from the mouths of educated
is found, not in the student who has com men has surprised us not a little. As if the
pleted, or even begun, his college course, but sending of thirty or forty boys to England
in the student who has just completed the every year for their college education could
work of some good high school or preparatory possibly be a menace to American ideals! As
academy.
if English society had not also its lessons for
It would be premature to make specific sug our own national life! As if it were not the
gestions concerning the administration of this best thing in the world for a few of our young
great trust until its terms are more fully known men to learn by an intimate personal experi-
and more carefully studied. As far as its ence that Englishmen and Americans are essen.
American administration is concerned, it seems tially of the same race and have developed
that there must be a committee of some sort upon essentially similar lines ! It is a narrow
for the entire country, and probably a local prejudice indeed that would not welcome the
committee for each of the States and Terri. opportunity of keeping a thousand of our
tories. Assuming this to be the general plan, young men, let alone a hundred, at school in
we should say that one conclusion of much England, to the broadening of our outlook and
importance follows from the considerations ad- the strengthening of the tie that should ever
duced in the foregoing paragraph. This con bind us to the people who speak our parent
clusion is the simple one that college and
college and language, with all that this implies in the way
university interests should not have the pre- of common institutions and ideals. We wish
dominant voice in the administrative organiza- only that some American philanthropist might
tion. University officers should by no means feel his imagination fired by the magnificent
be ignored in the constitution of the commit- idea of Cecil Rhodes, and might provide the
tees, for the counsel of such men as Presidents means whereby a hundred picked English
Eliot, Gilman, and Jordan, Professors Norton, youths from Harrow and Eton and Rugby
Sumner, and Gildersleeve, is too valuable to should always be enrolled among the students
be missed; but the men who stand officially of Harvard University. We should then have
for the larger educational systems of States the conditions for an interchange of sympa-
and cities, together with the men who stand thy and mutual respect that could not fail to
for the secondary educational interest most be felt in both the great branches of our race.
directly affected by the Rhodes endow-
the Rhodes endow. But we may well be thankful for what is
ment, should prove the main reliance for its already assured in this direction, while hoping
efficient administration. This consideration for still further developments along the same
seems to us of vital importance, and may pro general line of reciprocal helpfulness. In,
perly be urged even at this early stage of the democracy is the hope of the world, and only
enterprise.
England and America thus far among the
There is a homely old saying about looking nations have approached an understanding of
a gift-horse in the mouth, and another less the whole meaning of democracy. In both
homely one about viewing with suspicion the countries the advance of democracy has had
gifts of the Greeks. Both have been illus- its setbacks, and tolerated many irrational
trated by the published comments on the accidents, but in both has substantial progress
Rhodes bequest already made on this side of been made toward what is in effect the same
the water. One such comment goes so far as goal. We are convinced that the Rhodes
to propose “that some concerted action on the foundation will contribute toward the realiza-


806
[May 1,
THE DIAL
more.
tion of this fact, although we shrewdly suspect he struggled, in vain, to have Harvard College re-
that the founder himself had quite other ideas
modelled on something like its present lines. Only
upon the subject, — that he has, in short,
his friend Everett, the brilliant young Greek
pro-
builded better than he knew, as is often the
fessor, shared Ticknor's German scholarship and
case with the masterful persons who set the progressive ideas; and he, after four years, was
sent to Congress. Ticknor only, as the first Smith
feet of men in new and untried paths.
professor of modern languages (1820-1835), had
a real departmental staff of instructors, - a native
German, an Italian, and a Frenchman. Of his
own nominal stipend of a thousand dollars a year,
AN EARLIER APOSTLE OF AMERICAN
he long drew only six hundred on account of the
CULTURE
extreme poverty of the college.
Mr. Ticknor's town house and library was for a
Our typical “ freshwater" college of to-day, with half-centary, even during his own long visits abroad,
its dozen fairly specialized scholarly instructors and the scholarly centre of Boston (from which city
a few thousand books, is modest enough, and yet Harvard has never been separable), perhaps also
it usually gives a most misleading and exaggerated its strongest literary bulwark. Among his friends
idea as to the same institution a century ago or and correspondents he counted the greatest foreign
In 1757, Jonathan Edwards hesitated to scholars, like Humboldt, and King John of Saxony,
become president of Princeton, feeling “hardly the learned student of Dante. Ticknor himself
competent to instruct the senior class in all studies." was not a source of direct inspiration as a great
Two professors and two tutors made a tolerable teacher, orator, or creative writer ; but all such
faculty then. Hebrew, Greek, and Latin mostly men valued his influence. He was a wide-ranging
patristic, logic, mathematics, these
were the
and accurate student, all his life. His “ History of
staples. Modern languages, science, history, have Spanish Literature" (1849) is still the exhaustive
since run the gauntlet into the curriculum, and En. and authoritative work on the subject, though any-
glish literature is just coming painfully to its proper thing but a readable or stimulating book for laymen.
heritage. But, worst of all, every American col. His life of Prescott gives us a pleasant acquaintance
lege in 1800 was but an ill-conducted school, where with the biographer as well, though both, of course,
boys must merely recite the lessons conned from maintain their punctilious dignity and Boston man-
text-books. The Harvard library seemed respect-
able to George Ticknor in boyhood, but when he That Ticknor's tendencies, save in pure scholar-
returned from Göttingen he found it was but “a ship and educational reform, were conservative,
closetful of books." Of the larger university ether aristocratic, exclusive, is not strange. He and his
he and Everett brought us the first whiff.
class were held closely bound by their material in.
Ticknor himself, son of a well-to-do ex-teacher terests and social creed. The fast-growing wealth
and tradesman of Boston, was admitted to Dart of Boston was heavily invested in the mills on the
mouth College at ten, after oral tests at home in Merrimac. The South, rather than the West, then
Cicero and New Testament Greek, Graduating at furnished the chief market. Even men who de-
sixteen, after bat two years actual residence, with plored the existence of slavery as nearly all men
a tincture of Horace and astronomy in his memory, then did — might cling to the Union, and to the
he acquired in the next three years, from an English- constitutional recognition of slaveholding as a bar-
born clergyman of Boston, some real acquaintance gain fairly entered into and irrevocable. So, when
with such recondite authors as Homer, Herodotus the most promising of young Boston aristocrats,
and Euripides, Livy, and Tacitus. Madame de like Phillips and Sumner, became Abolitionists, or
Staël's “Germany" told him of university life even Free Soil revolters from the dominant Whig
there. With much effort, he secured a German party, Ticknor's door was slammed in their faces,
dictionary from another state, borrowed a German and nearly all “ the four hundred,” of course, imi-
grammar written in French, and discovered in the tated the example. (Prescott is said to have been the
suborban village of Jamaica Plain an Alsatian who only exception.) When, from the time of Tiberius
could give him a very faulty pronunciation. Such Gracchus to Henry George, has vested wealth wel.
were the conditions at Harvard and in Boston, comed revolutionary doctrines, or petted their ex.
a decade after the deaths of Friedrich Von Schil. pounders ? Far more bitterly did the older “ortho-
ler and Christian Gottlob Heyne. Mastery of Hot dox” Unitarianism denounce the radical free
tentot with the clicks, or the native speech of religionist, Theodore Parker, as "an atheist in the
Samoa, could be more hopefully sought in Boston pulpit," a fit ally for incendiary traitors like Garri-
Professor Wendell is quite right in arguing
Ticknor sailed for Europe in April, 1815. Four that all this was not merely excusable or rational,
years later he returned, with the richest intellectual but really inevitable. Though “Humanity sweeps
results of study and travel and with a private onward,” the cautious conservative has his peculiar
library already large and costly. For many years virtues and uses.
ner8.
now.
son.
-


1902.]
807
THE DIAL
It is important to remember that Emerson, and labored to found the Free Public Library of Bos-
the younger creative writers generally, were openly ton, the oldest, and still the best, among such in.
following, though with feet lens heavily shod, in the stitutions in America. To that library he bequeathed
same paths with Garrison and Parker.
Channing his own collection of Spanish books, said to be still
himself did not live long enough to grow the hard the richest in the world, outside of Spain itself.
shell of real conservatism. On the other hand, Ticknor's name must be written, perhaps larger
such men as Felton, the great Greek professor, a than any other, among the creators of a wide and
life-long intimate friend of Sumner, denounced his deep literary culture, who are surely, in the long
radical politics far more hotly than Ticknor, and run, among the godfathers of later literature as
finally even broke off personal relations. Ticknor well. This truth is demonstrable in his case.
acted from calm life-long principle. That his own Emerson or Thoreau, though each owes much in
creed, political, social, and religious, was absolutely detail to older authors, could indeed be essentially
right, he knew as surely as Winthrop or Mather. himself in his sylvan home. But Longfellow's
His naïve letter on this subject is printed in Pierce's world-wide humanism and Prescott's fine literary
life of Sumner, Vol. III.
style were vitally indebted to George Ticknor, and
In truth, not merely the conservatism of property to the new culture which his name best represents.
generally, but the very spirit of scholarship itself, They breathed naturally, all their lives, the air of
is often at war with the creative imagination. The the “ alcoved tomb," as Dr. Holmes calls the
scholar lives, by his own choice, in the past; the library.
poet rather in his ideal even if unattainable Moreover, culture, being closer to the earth, has
future. So the scholar craves permanence, while a hardy local root which is denied to the imagina-
the freer vision of the dreamer bids him hope, if tive faculty. The splendid poetic outburst which
not fight, for radically better conditions of life. began with Emerson culminated in Lowell, — and,
These two powers are oftener not united, in large alas, is past. Our groat poets and romancers are
measure, in the same person. Encyclopædic learn. silent. The sweet minor singers of this our Lyr-
ing weighs down the winged soul too heavily. ical Intermezzo may be found in Indiana or Cali-
Books abused, says Emerson, are among the worst fornia quite as often as in New England. But for
of things. “ Meek young men in libraries” forget, historical composition in particular, there is still
he adds, that they to whom they make submission one centre only; and a short radius, sweeping from
were themselves but bolder and more self-centred the gilded dome of Boston's State House, through
youths. W. D. Whitney, or Justin Winsor, could Quincy, Jamaica Plain, and Cambridge, would in-
have made a crushing retort, by describing the clude nearly all the chief names of living or dead.
chronic inaccuracy of dreamers. Certainly Emer To Ticknor, and to Franklin before him, — that is,
son himself was quite unfit for sustained investi to the collectors of books and founders of libraries,
gation and scholarly accuracy, though he could - this sturdiest and most advanced phase of our
admire, in
tolerant moods, even the national scholarship is primarily due.
bookworm.
WILLIAM CRANSTON LAWTON.
Lowell, it is true, did combine tireless energy as
a reader, an omnivorous memory, and reflective
analytical criticism, with the poet's imagination. IT 18 difficult to realize that Francis Richard
Doubtless the critic profited by the partnership; Stockton, who died on the twentieth of April, had
but the poet often, even in old age, complains bit- completed his sixty-eighth year. Irrepressible youth-
terly that arduous study has dried up the creative fulness of spirit characterized bis last work the
His poetry might have been largely the pirate romance of “ Kate Bonnet” - even more dis-
gainer if he, like Longfellow, could have quietly tinctly than some of his earliest writings. After a
sought, and enjoyed all his life long, whatever sus-
high school education in Philadelphia, the city of his
tenance his imagination craved; or even had he
birth, Stockton served his apprenticeship to literature
been often secluded for years in villages or fields,
by working for the newspapers, and an editorial con-
nection with “Scribner's Monthly” and “St. Nicholas.”
with little comradeship save his own wide-ranging Among his books the following may be mentioned :
thoughts.
“ The Lady or the Tiger,” “The Late Mrs. Null,"
But poet and scholar, creator and preserver of « The Hundredth Man,"« Adventures of Captain Horn,"
our literary wealth, have need of each other; and “Mrs. Cliff's Yacht,” “The Girl at Cobhurst," “ Rud-
the truly civilized community itself needs alike the der Grange,” “The Casting Away of Mrs. Lecks and
poet and the scholar, the uplift toward better things
Mrs. Aleshine,” « The Dusantes," " Ardis Claverden,"
to strive for, the full consciousness of all the treas-
« The House of Martha,” « The Associate Hermits,"
ured experience and thought garnered from the
and “ A Bicycle of Cathay.” The list of his books is
centuries since Homer or the Vedic hymns.
a long one, and they have provided innocent enter-
tainment for a host of readers, both young and old.
Ticknor first made liberal scholarship possible in
He had a whimsicality of invention which was all his
an American college. In his later life he lent his
own, yet he had also a power of serious characteriza-
costly books, with the utmost generosity, to every tion which assures him a modest niche in our permanent
serious student. He, more than any other man, literature.
more
sources.


308
[May 1,
THE DIAL
Fifty Pounds, and a Tavern that cost Five Hundred."
The New Books.
“Nothing is dear here but Law, Physick, and Strong
Drink, which are all bad of their Kind.”
“The Leaves had a fresh agreeable smell, and Ladies
A VIRGINIA GENTLEMAN OF Two
would be apt to fancy a Tea made of them provided
CENTURIES AGO.*
they were told how far it came, and at the same time
The writings of Colonel William Byrd of
were oblig'd to buy it very Dear.”
“My Landlady received us with a grim Sort of wel.
Virginia, now published in a beautifully-
come which I did not expect, since I brought her Hus-
printed volume, consist of three long accounts band back in good Health, tho' perhaps that might be
or journals of life in the colony of Virginia in the Reason."
the early years of the eighteenth century. Of “ It had rained so little for many weeks that the
the three manuscripts, “The Progress to the
Naides had hardly Water enough left to wash their
Faces."
Mines” is the most interesting, “ A Journey
to Eden” the most descriptive, and “The
The writer gives a very spirited description
Dividing Line” the most valuable. In the
of the house of Colonel Spottswood, showing a
latter work, the nomenclatory line was the luxury hardly to be expected in such a remote
boundary between Virginia and North Caro- plantation in a new colony and new world.
lina ; and Colonel Byrd had the gratification of
“Mrs. Spotswood received her old Acquaintance with
knowing that his surveying work was accepted elegantly set off with Pier Glasses, the largest of which
many a gracious Smile. I was carry'd into a Room
by the Crown as final, — and it still remains
canie soon after to an odd Misfortune. Amongst the
80. He could state with equal satisfaction that favorite Animals that cheer'd this Lady's Solitude, a
the survey cost the Crown but one thousand Brace of Tame Deer ran familiarly about the House
pounds; to one who reads carefully the de-
and one of them came to stare at me as a Stranger.
scription of the manner in which the work was
But unluckily Spying his own Figure in the Glass, he
made a Spring over the Tea Table that stood under it,
done, this sum seems slight indeed.
and shatter'd the Glass to pieces ; and falling back
Byrd gives a truly dismal account of the upon the Tea Table made a terrible Fracas among the
famous Dismal Swamp; saying that "it con-
China. This Exploit was so sudden and accompany'd
tained no living creature; neither Bird nor
with such a Noise that it surpriz'd me and perfectly
frighten’d Mrs. Spotswood. But 'twas worth all the
Beast, Reptile nor Insect came in our view."
Damage to shew the Moderation and good Humour
The Swamp at that time could scarcely have with which she bore this Disaster. In the Evening the
differed much from the Swamp to-day; and
noble Colo. came home from his Mines, who saluted me
bears, deer, and wild-cats are now hunted very civilly, and Mrs. Spotswood's Sister, Miss Theky,
who had been to meet him en Cavalier, was so kind too
there; snakes abound, and there is also very
as to bid me welcome. We talkt over a Legend of
good fishing. The dark-colored water which he
Old Storys, supp'd about 9, and then prattled with the
so abhorred, and zealously tempered with rum Ladys till 'twas time for a Travellour to retire.”
before drinking, was stained with juniper-root; We may well reprint this posthumous testi-
and to-day it is held in such high esteem for its
mony to the amiability of a colonial dame who
healthfulness that folk send for it at great in such a wilderness could meet the destruction
distances for medicinal use.
of her beautiful pier glass and tea equipage
Throughout Colonel Byrd's writings are with “ moderation and good humour.”
many expressions verging on slang, and many
The best pages of these journals are those
words used in senses which had hitherto seemed
which tell of the Virginia colonel himself; he
to me distinctly modern. Thus: “ The In-
enters into very candid personal detail in a man-
habitants wanted elbow-room"; " New York
ner which at once reminds the reader of Pepys
was a Limb lopt off of Virginia”; “ To make
and his diary. Byrd had the same fresh-
a Slippery People as good as their Word”; springing and frank interest in “ the Fair Sex”
the use of the word “lugg,” meaning to carry;
and the constant use of the word (and doing diarist ; but he had also a devoted love for his
which was ever displayed by the great English
of the deed) to “tip,” meaning to give a petty wife and children. His pages have no gross-
sum for service rendered. The
The pages abound
ness save the inevitable free-and-easy speaking
with terse sentiments of a dry humor, such as
of the life and literature of his day, the free
these:
speaking of Franklin ; and indeed he equals
“They extended to Jamestown where like true En-
glishmen they built a Church that cost no more than
Franklin in his art of writing forceful, lucid,
and charming English. The settlers of Vir-
*THE WRITINGS OF “COLONEL WILLIAM BYRD of West-
over in Virginia Esqr." Edited by John Spencer Bassett.
ginia and New York, albeit they were men of
Illustrated. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
culture and parts, seldom kept diaries, nor did


1902.]
809
THE DIAL
they write ample or many letters. New En as Mark Catesby and Sir Hans Sloane, and his
gland Puritans delighted in committing their library gives evidence of his love and study of
sentiments to paper, especially the depths of medicine and medicinal plants. He had an
their religious life, hence we have many records entire book-case of medical and pathological
to con to learn of early days in New England ; works,– pharmacopeias, dispensatories, herb-
but Virginia life in contemporary years would als, and botanies, and two hundred or more books
have little original personal record were it not for on special diseases or special treatments of di-
these truly valuable manuscripts of William sease. He was therefore far better equipped,
Byrd, which Professor Moses Coit Tyler has and probably far more experienced, than the
termed “one of the most delightful literary leg. regular practitioners of medicine in the Vir-
acies which that age has handed down to us. ginian colony.
The carefully worded epitaph engraved upon Of what he called “ French Books of En.
Byrd's tomb presents the best epitome of his tertainment,” Colonel Byrd had a charming
life. From it we learn of the ample fortune he collection, – one that would to-day be deemed
inherited from a father of the same name, who well-chosen and ample. Books of travel, his-
was a prosperous trader, planter, and politician, tory, and romance were plentiful upon his
and founder of that noble estate, Westover-on- shelves, together with many volumes of divin-
the-James; we hear of his education in En ity (as became a Christian gentleman of the
gland, and his intimacy there with folk of Church of England), and a wonderfully good
knowledge, wit, high birth, and public station. collection of “Classicks.” There were, in all,
We learn of his further education in the Low over four thousand volumes, - the best edi.
Countries and France; and then of his career tions in the best bindings; and kept in twenty-
of success in his dative land, where he became three handsome book-cases of carved walnut.
Receiver - General, was for thirty-seven years These books were sold in 1777.
a member of the Council, and finally became The estate of twenty-six thousand acres
its President. He was a man of pleasure, as which William Byrd inherited from his father
his writings plainly show; and though the epi- did not long satisfy a man in whose veins
taph pronounces him a "splendid Economist,” burned the land-fever common to all Virginia
the records of his life scarcely prove this, - colonists. He hungered for the vast tracts of
at least in any sense of the word "economy
river land which he saw during his survey of
which we now recognize. His intimacy with the Dividing Line in 1728, and he soon ac-
the Earl of Orrery, and his election to the quired twenty thousand acres of the “ Land of
Royal Society, kept him in touch with many Eden" described in his second monograph.
things of scholarly interest in England. He Mile after mile was added, till at his death he
married two wives, whom he dearly loved, and owned over one hundred and seventy thousand
had several children; one • Beautiful acres of the best land in Virginia. He planned
Evelyn Byrd,” whose name has of late ap to establish colonies on these extensive pos-
peared in more than one historical tale, sessions, — one a colony of thrifty Swiss set-
notably in Miss Johnston's “Audrey."
tlers; but this scheme was never accomplished.
The pages of William Byrd's Journals show The impression made upon us of the author
a distinct scholarliness, — and especially a of these journals is that of an intelligent gen-
familiarity with the natural history of all lands. tleman and a kindly friend. A sensible, man,
They evince, too, a capacity for intelligent too, he must have been, never running to
comparison, and for drawing of useful and in. extremes, nor credulously accepting every-
teresting deductions from what he saw. His thing told him; a pleasant companion of
observations are stated without pedantry, in a varying good temper and cheerfulness, under
simple mode of assertion which is not only privations and annoyances which must have
pleasing but convincing. Byrd was a skilled been hard for one of his temperament and
botanist, with a great love of flowers and trees; breeding to bear. This tribute of appreciation
he made constant study of the curative quali we give to the journal-keeper; though the jour-
ties of the wild plants he found, eagerly in nal itself rather than its writer is of consider-
quiring of the Indians, and experimenting on ation to us to-day. But we can never, even
his patient friends, both savage and civilized. after two centuries, wholly disassociate an au-
Like many of his neighbors in Virginia, he thor from his work.
thus acquired considerable skill in medicine. In outward form this reprint of Colonel
He corresponded with such famous botanists Byrd's writings is a truly elegant volume, of
was
un


810
[May 1,
THE DIAL
suitable size and perfect paper and typography; that province was ill-regulated, and the charac-
and it is edited in the most satisfying manner. ter of the Spanish settlers far from admirable.
The introductory sketch of the Byrd family, Included within the Province was a region of
and the ample yet concise notes, are precisely indefinite extent, lying on both sides of the
what the student (and the careless reader as Tropic of Capricorn, and bearing then, as it
well) can appreciate. It is not to be doubted does still, the name of El Gran Chaco. The
that the editor, Mr. John Spencer Bassett, Indians of the Chaco region were not like the
found his task a pleasant one, for he has im. Incas of Peru, but were of the nomadic Pam-
pressed his enthusiasm and thoroughness upon pas tribes, the Guaranis being the most im-
his readers.
portant.
A reviewer must hesitate at too lavish praise When, early in the seventeenth century,
of a book, especially if the author be living, Acquaviva, General of the Society of Jesuits,
lest it seem fulsome; but the interest in this determined upon a remodeling of the system
volume as literature, and its value as history, previously employed by his Order for the civ.
are too absolute to admit of besitation ; it ilization and evangelization of the Indians, he
affords to critic and to reader that unusual selected Paraguay as a suitable ground for the
treat a book without a fault; and it is pos trial of his chief experiment. Possibly the
sessed of every positive virtue possible to a principal point in its favor was the paucity of
work of its pature.
Spanish population, which in every other part
ALICE MORSE EARLE.
of the New World had run counter to the
plans of the missionaries. Leaving only so
many missionaries in other parts of the conti-
nent as were absolutely necessary, the mem-
THE JESUITS IN PARAGUAY*
bers of his Order gathered the Indians from
Of the countries which, in the sixteenth El Gran Chaco into towns or communal vil.
century, came into the possession of Spain | lages, called Reductions (Reducciones), and
through Papal Bulls, through the Treaty of taught them the simple arts of civilization
Tordesillas, through discoveries, exploration,
and some of the rites and duties of the Christ-
occupancy or settlement, the vast region sur ian religion.
rounding the Rio de la Plata and its tributaries Within thirty years this system embraced
in South America was placed in a somewhat twenty Reductions, averaging a thousand fam-
different category from all the others. The ilies each. Later, there were forty-seven Reduc.
geological formation of this region was imme- tions, in which 300,000 Indian families were
diately seen to give no promise of rich gold being trained to habits of industry and good
mines as a reward for hardships most certainly order; and the number was even far greater
to be endured by those who would take pos-
when, in 1767, the Jesuit system was replaced
session thereof; and after the search was by another under which the missions rapidly
abandoned for a waterway by which direct
declined, the villages were abandoned, the
communication might be obtained with the west ch
churches (some of them no mean specimens of
coast of the continent, the Spaniards — being architecture, we are assured) were left to de-
not yet ready to appreciate the advantages the cay, and the Indians went back to the wild life
country offered for cattle and horse-raising -- from which the Jesuits had with great diffi-
passed it by. There was nothing to attract culty previously won them.
adventurers save the facilities the country In the century and a half of the Jesuit
offered for those engaged in the nefarious pur- occupancy of this over-looked corner of the
suit of slave-catching. Consequently towns world, there was accumulated a wealth of his-
were few and unimportant.
torical material to which scant justice has
That part of the country which bore the hitherto been done. The Jesuit Reductions,
name of Paraguay was, early in the seven as an experiment in social economics, bave not
teenth century, an out-lying province of the received the attention they deserve. The few
Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru; and communica writers upon economic subjects who have re-
tion with Spain was about as easy as with the ferred to them at all, have presented such
capital of the Viceroyalty. The government of incomplete and contradictory views of the Jes-
uits' system as to destroy their value as illus-
A VANISHED ARCADIA. Being Some Account of the
Jesuits in Paraguay, 1607-1767. By R. B. Cunninghame
trations. The annals of that period are filled
Graham. With map. New York: The Macmillan Co. with heroic names, and episodes of thrilling


1902.)
311
THE DIAL
interest, which it would be the glory of the The value of the book as a guide to the flora
historian to rescue from oblivion.
and fauna of the region of which he treats
Mr. R. B. Cunninghame Graham, whose in would have been enhanced if he had given some
terests in Paraguay a quarter of a century ago of the English equivalents of the Paraguayan
appear to bave been generally other than liter names he uses so glibly. It seems strange that,
ary, claims no skill as a historiographer, yet in spite of all his careful research, he should
evinces some very important qualities of the be unable to explain that the name Mamelucos
historian, in his work entitled “ A Vanished was given to the half-breed desperadoes of
Arcadia.” He has an appreciation of the value Brazil because of their resemblance to the
of historical material; he is a close observer, Egyptian Mamelukes; and he might have told
and he has a keen sense of humor. His style us that the term “ Reduction” was applied to
is at times epigrammatic, he is inclined to in. the Jesuit missions, because the Indians were
dulge himself in sarcasm, and he finds in re therein reduced to order and civilization, a
cent events in Africa analogies for events picturesque choice of a word for such a use
which his researches in Paraguayan affairs among a people whose minds were much ab-
reveal. With sympathies for the Jesuits and sorbed by the process of reduction by which
their work awakened by viewing, in the course the precious metal was obtained from the ore.
of his journeys in Paraguay, the ruins of the
ARTHUR HOWARD NOLL.
Reductions, he has pursued a thorough investi-
gation of the history of the missions in the
works of Spanish and French historians, an-
nalists, and archivists. He finds a justification
A CENTURY OF NEW ENGLAND
for the title he has chosen for his narrative of
ELOQUENCE.*
the Jesuit missions, in the happy Arcadian life
Ever since its foundation in 1805, “ for
which the Reductions inspired during their in.
tervals of immunity from the incursions of
friendship, charity, and mutual assistance,” the
slave-hunters, rival religious orders, or jealous first of its kind in America - has been ac-
New England Society of New York City - the
government officials. At such times the happy customed to celebrate Forefathers' Day, gen-
neophytes were marshalled to their daily tasks
erally with a banquet followed by toasts and
by merry peals upon church-bells, and went to
the fields in procession to the sound of music
the singing or recitation of original verses.
and headed by holy images. At mid-day they
Until 1857 the dinner was preceded by a public
oration delivered by a distinguished member
sang hymns, and enjoyed dinner and a siesta
of the Society or an honored guest; and it is
before resuming their work; and at sun-down
these speeches, together with one or two written
they returned to their abodes in the village in
since for special occasions, that Mr. Cephas
procession, singing 'as they had gone forth in
Brainerd, a valued member of the Society, and
the morning. In their leisure hours they were
regaled with church ceremonies, and an abun-
his daughter have collected and edited. The
result is two volumes of undoubted interest
dance of music, dancing, and merry-making.
and significance. Together they contain,
It is upon the vanishing of this well-depicted
Arcadia that the author lays the greatest stress.
besides a picturesque account of the founding
of the Society and an introductory sketch of
Not only does he narrate the circumstances at-
tending the expulsion of the Jesuits from Par-
each speaker, some twenty-five addresses by
twenty-four gifted orators. The one name that
aguay in 1767, but he fully discusses, with no
little show of indignation, the injustice of the
appears twice is fitly that of Daniel Webster.
Issued primarily for the Society, a century of
treatment accorded to them.
The book is a valuable contribution to his-
whose yearly deliberations they record, these
volumes address themselves to all who look
torical literature, and every reader must be
back with pride to a Puritan ancestry, to those
grateful to the author for having rescued from
oblivion the thrilling episodes he relates. It
who love the resounding eloquence struck by
is not without its faults, however. Its index
a skilful hand from a great theme, and, further,
could have been more helpful if it had included
to those who, believing that civic virtues and
national ideals and responsibilities are as real
more than a list of the capitalized proper names
found upon each page, or even if it had in-
in *The New EnaLAND SOCIETY ORATIONS. Collected and
cluded all of those. A few errors of dates are
edited by Cephas Brainerd and Eveline Warner Brainerd.
In two volumes. New York: Published for the Society by
excusable after the author's apology therefor. The Century Co.


312
(May 1,
THE DIAL
Bon.
as individual ones, are sensible that it is after exiles, who had a chance to see a republican
all only history with her suggestive questions government in actual operation. A few speak.
and comparisons that can make men wise." ers choose to consider the idiosyncrasies of the
The Puritans, of course, as main theme or Puritans, - men as unique in their faults as
point of departure, are the subject of every in their virtues, — and to show the fallacies in
speech ; and however well the reader may know the popular conception of the Pilgrims as sour-
his history of New England's colonization he faced, iron-handed, hard-hearted bigots, whom
can hardly fail to get here some new side light happily their descendants have ceased to re-
upon that heroic period of the nation's story. semble. All seem to be agreed that New En-
Among the earlier speakers, the first two of gland is still, in some measure at least, repre-
whom entitle their addresses sermons, the sentative of the Puritan spirit; and all unite
emphasis is upon the religious aspect of the in praising the part she has played in the
Puritan movement, with the moral for the making of the nation. But enough of gener-
present generation sometimes unpleasantly ob alities. It is the specific in these speeches that
trusive. In the later addresses the dispassion attracts ; the detail that supports each familiar
ate historical tone prevails, and they are cor generalization that is of value. And for that
respondingly more urbane, if no less pointed, the reader must go beyond a brief review to
as to present-day issues. For example, Dr. the book itself.
Gardiner Spring's famous “ Tribute to New There is necessarily some repetition of
England" — the sermon for 1820 and the first thought in so long a series on a single theme,
that was preserved - deals with the divine lead-
deals with the divine lead- but one can easily see why the Society wished
ing behind the Puritan settlement and with the to publish all, if any, of the available addresses.
beneficent effect of that settlement on literature, Besides, there is not one that does not make
on religious liberty and on the influence and its individual contribution to the whole, that
extension of religion, in America. A sbarp does not reach towards the high standard set
distinction is drawn between religious liberty by such men as Webster, Storrs, and Evarts,
and religious license, which, according to this Holmes, Hopkins, Curtis, Choate, and Emer-
Calvinistic divine, was being advocated by the Most of the orations have not been pub-
Unitarians, who are represented as veritable lished before except in rare pamphlets ; and
wolves in the fold of truth. This was one of merely as examples of forensic literature they
several addresses to evoke warm discussion, are well worthy of the honor now paid them
and the caustic reply drawn up by the outraged by the Society that called them forth.
Unitarian minority is printed after the sermon. Yet it is not as eloquent tributes to a van-
In sharp contrast is such an address as that of ished past that these orations are most vitally
Dr. Storrs for 1857, which is direct, specific, interesting, but rather as comments on their
and cogently pointed in its suggestions for a own time, as records of national progress
reversion to Puritan principles, but which is through the century just ended, and as pro
not barbed, and that in spite of the great con- phecies, warning yet hopeful, of the nation's
troversy looming ahead.
future. Slavery, the great problem of the
The uniqueness of the Pilgrim fathers is period, is touched upon by almost every speaker.
perhaps the dominant historical note of the At first it is handled with truly Puritanical
series. Never came settlers to any land against sternness, then more guardedly, with a gentle-
such overwhelming odds or with such strange ness born of greater knowledge of the magni-
motives. Never was a colonial government so tude of the issue and the delicate position of
nobly planned. And as their reasons for coming the contestants, but with no less depth of feel.
to America were strange, so were the results ing. This apparent growth of tolerance since
they sought to achieve in their colony altogether 1820 and 1822, when the Unitarian contro-
foreign, in their strong accent upon spiritual- versy was raging bitterly, or even since 1842,
ity, to anything hitherto attempted. Other when the dread of Catholic supremacy ex-
speakers prefer to go back of 1620 in order to pressed itself in unmeasured terms, can scarcely
trace the complicated course of events that be understood as a chance result due to the
differentiated the English reformation from individual temperaments of the various speak-
the European and led to the ostracism of these ers. It rather represents a general change of
Protestants of the Protestants from their En attitude, a recognition of the modern tenet that
glish homes. Still others call attention to the the foe's conviction may be as sincere and his
influence upon the movement of the Geneva motives as worthy as one's own, and that in
in!!!


1902.]
813
THE DIAL
any case nothing is to be gained by ungraciously writers contributes a different definition. In
insisting that he is altogether in the wrong. “ Monopolies, Past and Present " we are told
But to plume ourselves on the possession of that “a monopoly is the control of the supply
this one virtue of tolerance in somewhat greater
or the demand of an economic good, by one per-
measure than our forefathers is to take but one, son or a combination of persons, to such an ex-
and that the smallest, view of a great theme. tent that that person or combination of persons
Not the little we might teach them, but the is able to control the price of the economic
much that we should learn from them, and good.” To this definition Mr. Dos Passos ob-
often have not, is the significant phase of the jects vigorously, declaring that a monopoly is
subject. And this is the unifying thread that “an exclusive privilege, resting in the hands of
runs through all these sermons and addresses one person or corporation, to the exclusion of
and makes them of lasting value and real im- everybody else, and to comprehend a monopoly
port for us, Puritans by descent it may be, but you must realize that there can exist no mo-
certainly heirs of the great heritage of the nopoly, unless it is exclusive”; which, if ac-
Puritans.
EDITH KELLOGG DUNTON.
cepted, virtually excludes all monopoly dis-
cussion from the field of inquiry. We are still
to look at the definition of the third writer,
who puts it clearly and strongly, that “to dom-
RECENT BOOKS ON THE TRUST PROBLEM.*
inate weak rivals and to prevent strong ones
from appearing, is to perform the act and to
A prominent Washington official well-known
take on the character of a monopoly.” That
in statistical circles recently remarked, in a
this is after all the fighting interpretation of the
conversation, that “the people do not care a
term, rather than the control of prices alone,
rap about trusts.”
Opposed to this rather
effete summary of a great question are the nu-
is borne out by the recent events in the cele-
brated Northern Pacific merger.
merous editorials, magazine articles, and books
Three methods of solving the monopoly
on the subject now coming from the public question and all that it involves are found in
press. The three volumes reviewed in the
pres-
the laissez faire doctrine, socialism, and state
ent article reflect the seriousness of the prob- regulation. Each has its advocates, the second
lem and by no means bear out the indifference lacking an exponent, however, in the trio of
of the Washington official.
Fundamentally, the problem is the old one
books under review. The “ let alone " policy
is vigorously maintained by the author of
of monopoly, — and a very sharp distinction
“Commercial Trusts," who says, “I claim that
must be made between capital centralization
the natural laws of trade form a sufficient bar-
and monopoly, so often confused in the pres-
ent controversy. The first book, Le Rossig monopolies.” Since exclusive possession is the
rier to prevent or break up most commercial
nol's “Monopolies, Past and Present,” both by essential element, no monopolies exist from his
title and contents gives evidence of careful point of view. It is just here that Professor
thought on these essential points in the prob, Clark parts company, if he may be said to
lem. The author of “Commercial Trusts,”
have kept company at all, with the orator be-
however, takes it for granted that the attack
fore the Industrial Commission. There is, on
on capital is due to centralization when in
the contrary, always existent either actual or
reality it is a question, as already pointed out,
of monopoly. It is, however, to Clark's "The potential competition in every case of monopoly
which cannot long continue without the aid of
Control of Trusts” that we must look for a
the state. Certain it is that we cannot rely
definite programme in dealing with the ques-
upon the unaided forces of trade laws to pre-
tions involved in the trust.
vent the abuses of monopoly. The laissez faire
About the word “monopoly," then, clusters
doctrine must give way to modern experience.
much of the discussion. To it each of the three
In just so far as we confuse centralization
*MONOPOLIES, PAST AND PRESENT. An Introductory and monopoly will our drift be toward social-
Sketch. By James Edward Le Rossignol, Ph.D. New York:
ism; if the darkness of the present hides the
T. Y. Crowell & Co.
COMMERCIAL Trusts. The Growth and Rights of Aggre-
benefits of private property and individual ini-
gated Capital. By John R. Dos Passos. New York: G. P. tiative, the more we shall look for state owner-
Putnam's Sons.
THE CONTROL OF TRUSTS.
An Argument in Favor of ship as the only solution. Both the author of
Curbing the Power of Monopoly by a Natural Method. By
“ Monopolies, Past and Present,” who clearly
John Bates Clark. New York: The Macmillan Co.
shows that we are dealing with a very old


314
[May 1,
THE DIAL
First we
problem in a new form, and the author of great danger is that a corporation exacting a
“The Control of Trusts” have brighter things monopoly price at home may treat its export
than a régime of state socialism in store for us. business as a secondary matter. To avoid this,
They regard state control as the means of monopoly power must be broken before a tariff
retaining the good in the modern system and war begins.
eliminating the evils.
The number of steps necessary to such a
The thesis of Mr. Le Rossignol's book may procedure are not numerous, though difficult :
be stated in the author's own words.
First, protection of the investor ; second, fair
“ The world moves in advancing cycles.
treatment of the independent producers by the
have the monopolistic spirit of the Middle Ages. Then railroads. This latter step will require pooling
we have the competitive spirit of the industrial revo-
and government control. From Professor
lution. Again we pass into a period of monopoly and
restriction of competition. In the first period we find
Clark's point of view the key to the solution
public control and regulation of industry. In the lies in the fact that the independent producer
second period we have the system of industrial liberty, is a natural protector of all the other threatened
May it not be that we are returning to a system of interests. To withdraw the tariff is to destroy
public control like and yet unlike that of ancient and him, to maintain the tariff for the time regula-
medieval times? The doctrine of the Canonists re-
vive in the teachings of the modern Socialists. The
ting railroad discriminations is to give him a
ideals resume their sway over the human mind, new in chance to exist. Certainly Professor Clark's
form but old in spirit. As ever, they demand recogni- book has great value in the warning clearly
tion, they call for realization."
pointed out against a wrong beginning.
It is is certainly pleasant to think that ideals
All three of the writers believe in the trust
are to predominate over commercialism. Just
as a form of organization. The question is,
how this is to come about our author does not
Can it not be deprived of its dangerous ele-
say, but in an able manner he points out the ments and made a source of advancement to
history, experience, dangers, and advantages of
the community? Professor Clark believes that
various forms of monopoly, ending his volume this can be done.
FRANK L. McVEY.
with the admonition that “there is no need for
extreme haste."
A more positive programme is outlined in
Professor Clark's little book, whose thesis is
put in this way:
RECENT POETRY.*
“ Monopoly power that is increasiug and restrictions When Mr. Thomas Hardy, a year or two ago,
that are diminishing in force point to a time when
published a small volume of poems, no little surprise
something will have to be done in defence of property
was felt that he should have concealed so long and
rights, if not personal liberty. The measures that it is
80 successfully the undeniable talent which was then
possible to take are not many, but we shall soon see
what they are, and try to make a selection from among
revealed. For the volume had an arresting quality
them. Even now we can discern the principle which
that few collections of poems po88e88, and an in-
must dominate a sound policy in dealing with trusts. cisive way of laying bare the very heart of life that
That principle is, first of all, to keep competition alive.” suggested the craft of the great masters. On the
But how is this result to be accomplished ?
* POEMS OF THE PAST AND THE PRESENT. By Thomas
Certainly not by the repeal of the tariff, Hardy. New York: Harper & Brothers.
advocated so noisily by the press of the day.
HAWTHORN AND LAVENDER, with Other Verseg. By
William Ernest Henley. 'New York: Harper & Brothers.
The problem is by no means so easy as that. ULYSSES. A Drama in a Prologue and Three Acts. By
In
many instances the tariff sustains not only Stephen Phillips. New York: The Macmillan Co.
POEMS. By Arthur Symong. In two volumes. New York:
the trust but the industry itself. In such cases
John Lane.
competition, the fundamental principle of the FROM THE HILLS OF DREAM. Threnodies, Songs, and
thesis, is destroyed. In fact, so far as the in Other Poems. By Fiona Macleod. Portland : Thomas B.
Mosher.
dependent producer is sustained by the tariff,
LATER POEMs. By Alice Meynell. New York: John Lane.
it would be unwise to hastily remove it.
POEMs. By Irene Hardy. San Francisco : D. P. Elder &
This view, then, maintains that tariff revis-
Morgan Shepard.
CALIFORNIA VIOLETS. A Book of Verse. By Grace Hib-
ion is an end to be secured, not a means of bard. San Francisco: A. M. Robertson.
solving the trust problem. When once the THE WATCHERS OF THE HEARTH. By Benjamin Sledd.
monopolistic element is taken out of the trust
Boston: The Gorham Press.
THE SOUL-AT-ARMS, and Other Poems. By James Robin-
it will be possible to do something with the son Smith. Cambridgeport: Hazlitt & Seaward.
tariff, otherwise an attack on the tariff throws BRAMBLE BRAE. By Robert Bridges (“ Droch”). New
York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
the trust and the independent producers into
LYRICS. By John Vance Cheney. Boston: C. C. Birchard
the same rank under the fortunes of war. The & Co.
:
-


1902.]
315
THE DIAL
1
other hand, it was clearly the work of a man who Mars and Eros are now no more, and with them
cared little for technique, who was willing to ride the other gods have taken flight. One thinks of
roughshod over most of the canons of verse-rhetoric, Schiller's plaint upon the same theme, but one
and to whom the best will in the world could not misses the invincible optimism of Schiller, who
attribute the gift of the singing voice. The recent could find new consolations in the newly awakened
appearance of Mr. Hardy's second and larger vol hopes of mankind, and in the revolutionary gospel
ume, entitled “Poems of the Past and the Present,” of human brotherhood. Mr. Hardy's vision is too
justifies, with some slight modifications, these con keen and his logic too relentless to permit him to
clusions based upon the earlier collection, and at resort to such anodynes. The bright new day that
the same time deepens our respect for the intellect seemed to be dawning for mankind at the opening
which is here at work. For it is as an intellectual of the nineteenth century was overbung with dark.
force that this volume must be measured, if any ness at the close of that century. How it seemed
thing like justice is to be done it. Every one of to Mr. Hardy just as the century was going out may
these poems has something to say, and usually it is be gathered from this “ Christmas Ghost Story”
something so well worth saying that defects in the of 1899:
manner of the expression may fairly be overlooked. “ South of the Line, inland from far Durban,
Mr. Hardy has an abundance of ideas; many of A mouldering soldier lies - your countryman.
them are poetical ideas in the strictest sense, and
Awry and doubled up are his gray bones,
And on the breeze his puzzled phantom moans
all of them are ideas of the sort that come only to
Nightly to clear Canopus : 'I would know
the man who has meditated deeply upon the most By whom and when the All-Earth-gladdening Law
serious problems of human existence. An illustra-
Of Peace, brought in by that Man Crucified,
tion may be introduced at this point of the discus-
Was ruled to be inept, and set aside ?
And what of logic or of truth appears
sion. From the Psalmist to the philosopher of
In tacking “Anno Domini" to the years ?
Königsberg, the insignificance of earth and all the
Near twenty-hundred liveried thus have hiod,
works of man when contrasted with the vastness of But tarries yet the Cause for which He died.'"
the creation has been a theme to provoke perplexed Mr. Hardy comes very near to being a pessimist.
questionings and inspire an awful solemnity of This word is so often misapplied to impatient
soul. It is so big a theme that the small poet who idealists of the Ibsen type, for example, who in.
ventures upon it is bound to be luckless, for the
dignantly scourge the profaners of the Temple for
best he can offer will be but a weak solution of the
its more speedy cleansing that we hesitate to use
idea. Yet Mr. Hardy can take so old an idea as it, but of Mr. Hardy it must be said that he discerns
this, and give it a restatement that is deeply im.
but slight hope for the future of the race. He
pressive. The sonnet written “At a Lunar Eclipse
comes no nearer to such a vision of promise than
will, we believe, bear out this assertion.
in the doubtful prophecy of these lines :
Thy Shadow, Earth, from Pole to Central Sea,
* When shall the saner softer polities
Now steals along upon the Moon's meek shine
Whereof we dream have play in each proud land,
In even monochrome and curving line
And patriotism, grown Godlike, scorn to stand
Of imperturbable serenity.
Bondslave to realms, but circle earth and seas ?"
“How shall I link such sun-cast symmetry
With the torn troubled form I know as thine,
Even the qualified hopefulness of this suggestion
That profile, placid as a brow divine,
is rarely met with. The spirit of the poet's own
With continents of moil and misery ?
relentless motto,
“And can immense Mortality but throw
“Let there be truth at last,
Even if despair,"
So small a shade, and Heaven's high human scheme
Be hemmed within the coasts yon arc implies ?
urges his thought implacably to the absolute pos-
"Is such the stellar gange of earthly show,
simism of such a poem as “ His Immortality," or
Nation at war with nation, Brains that teem,
of such a stanza as this concluding one of “De
Heroes, and women fairer than the skies?"
Profundis":
Mr. Hardy is much preoccupied with the vanishing
“Black is night's cope ;
faiths of the past, and looks back with a certain
But death will not appal
wistfulness to the time when men could find conso-
One who, past doubtings all,
Waits in unhope."
lation in what the clear intelligence of to-day must
look upon as myth and baseless legend.
Meanwhile, allowing the question of the future to
“In days when men had joy of war,
be just barely debatable, the present is clearly out
A God of Battles sped each mortal jar;
of joint. The group of war-poems, one of which
The peoples pledged him heart and hand,
has just been quoted, makes the poet's opinion clear
From Israel's land to isles afar.",
enough, and it is still further enforced by a revery
" I said to Love,
at Lausanne, in which the spirit of the historian to
It is not now as in old days
whom the place is consecrated puts these questions :
When men adored thee and thy ways
All else above;
"How fares the Truth now!? - Ill ?
Named thee the Boy, the Bright, the One
– Do pens but slily further her advance?
Who spread a heaven beneath the sun,"
May one not speed her but in phrase askance ?
I said to Love."
Do scribes aver the Comic to be Reverend stillſ?
19


316
(May 1,
THE DIAL
79
66
66
"Still rule those minds on earth
“Near and afar in the leafage,
At whom sage Milton's wormwood words were hurled :
That last glad call to the nest!
" Truth like a
stard comes into the world
And the thought of you hangs and triumphs
Never without ill-fame to him who gives her birth”?'"
With Hesper low in the west !
In all the rhetorical armory of Mr. Hardy irony is
Till the song and the light and the colour,
The passion of earth and sky,
the weapon most frequently and effectively used.
Are blent in a rapture of boding
In this volume examples are not far to seek, and
Of the death we should one day dio."
they vary from what is unrelieved tragedy to what
These two songs represent perhaps the extremes of
is merely pathos tinged with melancholy. Our ex-
the collection called “ Hawthorn and Lavender,'
ample shall be of the less poignant sort, taken from
which is a real addition to the English lyric treas-
the poem on the Pyramid of Cestius.
ury. The “ London Types” that follow are more
“Who, then, was Cestius,
like the racy earlier work of Mr. Henley. In the
And what is he to me ? —
form of the Shakespearian sonnet they depict such
Amid thick thoughts and memories multitudinous
One thought alone brings he.
figures as the bus driver, the hawker, and the sand-
wich man.
The barmaid is thus described :
I can recall no word
Of anything he did;
“Her head 's a work of art, and, if her eyes
For me he is a man who died and was interred
Be tired and ignorant, she has a waist ;
To leave a pyramid.
Cheaply the Mode she shadows; and she tries
From pendy novels to amend her taste;
" Whose purpose was exprest.
And, having mopped the zinc for certain years,
Not with its first design,
And faced the gas, she fades and disappears."
Nor till, far down in time, beside it found their rest
Finally, Mr. Henley's volume gives us a group of
Two countrymen of mine."
Epicedia,” which includes bis magnificent tribute
Taken as a whole, this volume of Mr. Hardy's “Reginæ Dilectissimæ Victoriæ,” than which no
poems makes an important contribution to our liter nobler song was evoked by the death of the Queen.
ature. This is due to its thought rather than to its
“Think, when she passed,
expression, to its weight rather than to its grace, Think what a pageant of immortal acts,
for the author is weighty even when he essays
the Done in the unapproachable face
triolet and the villanelle. The dates attached to
Of time by the high, transcending human mind,
Shone and acclaimed
some of these poems indicate that the author has
And triumphed in her advent! Think of the ghosts,
been writing verse for many years past, and that Think of the mighty ghosts : soldiers and priests,
his new departure is in their publication, not in Artists and captains of discovery,
their composition.
God's chosen, His adventurers up the heights
Of thought and deed - how many of them that led
Mr. Henley is unmistakably endowed with the
The forlorn hopes of the World ! -
lyric gift, although he takes delight in ragged and
Her peers and servants, made the air
Of her death-chamber glorious! Think how they thronged
robustious measures. His songs are more suggestive About her bed, and with what pride
of the blare of trumpets than of the tinkling of They took this sister-ghost
lutes, yet they are nevertheless songs. Fancies
Tenderly into the night!"
are not for this singer, who is content with nothing From this high level of superb imaginative atter-
less than a revelation of the very core of passion, ance the whole long poem does not for a moment
as, for example, in this striking set of couplets : decline. Here is the voice of a laureate by divine
“Love, which is Lust, is the Lamp in the Tomb.
right, needing no official distinction for its recog-
Love, which is Lust, is the Call from the Gloom. nition. As Browning said, Why crown whom
“Love, which is Lust, is the Main of Desire.
Zeus bath crowned in soul before ?” Among these
Love, which is Lust, is the Centric Fire.
commemorative pieces, the sonnet dedicated to the
“So man and woman will keep their trust,
memory of Thomas Edward Brown, is so truthful
Till the very Springs of the Sea run dust.
a portrait as well as so beautiful a poem that it
“Yes, each with the other will lose and win,
must be reproduced.
Till the very Sides of the Grave fall in.
“He looked half-parson and half-skipper: a quaint,
“For the strife of Love's the abysmal strife,
Beautiful blend, with blue eyes good to see,
And the word of Love is the Word of Life.
And old-world whiskers. You found him cynic, saint,
Salt, humourist, Christian, poet; with a free,
* And they that go with the Word unsaid,
Far-glancing, luminous utterance; and a heart
Though they seem of the living, are damned and dead." Large as ST. FRANCIS's: withal a brain
Stored with experience, letters, fancy, art,
There is nothing of sentimental pallor in such verse
And scored with runes of human joy and pain.
as this, but rich color as of wine, and heat as of the Till six-and-sixty years he used his gift,
orb of day. It is not often that Mr. Henley works His gift unparalleled, of laughter and tears,
in tints as neutral as those of the following lovely
And left the world a high-piled, golden drift
Of verse: to grow more golden with the years,
lines.
Till the Great Silence fallen upon his ways
“The downs, like uplands in Eden,
Break into Song, and he that had Love have Praise."
Gleam in an afterglow
Like a rose-world ruining earthwards
The volume that offers all these things, and many
Mystical, wistful, slow !
more of equal beauty, is a gift indeed.


1902.]
317
THE DIAL
99
To bend the bow of Ulysses, to take up once For the earthly voice that breaks at earthly ills,
more the most pathetic and human of Greek tales,
The mortal hands that make and smooth the bed.
I am an-hungered for that human breast,
to restore the figure that Homer clothed with
That bosom a gweet hive of memories -
thought and wisdom, that Dante and Tennyson in-
There, there to lay my head before I die,
vested with new attributes of spiritual mystery
There, there to be, there only, there at last !”
this has been the latest task of Mr. Stephen Phillips, The second act is the descent into hell, and the
and it falls fairly within the reach of his powers. third the return to Ithaca. This last act has all the
Not an original poet, he has shown himself to be an
familiar incidents of the swineherd, the nurse who
imitative poet of remarkable parts, and particularly, recognizes her master by the boar's scar, the insolent
both in his “Herod ” and his “Paolo and Fran-
mockery of the old man by the suitors, the sign of
cesca,” he has exhibited the capacity for reviving Athena, and the palace become a slaughter-house.
and fashioning in modern guise the old-world This part of the story tells itself, and commands, as
story about which the emotion of centuries has it has done for three thousand years, the rapt at-
gradually collected. For a poet of his talent the
tention and the responsive tears of those to whom
selection of a subject is half the battle, and he has it is told. When the eyes grow dim as one pathetic
been as happy in his selection of the Ithacan wan incident after another is unfolded, it is to Homer
derer as he was in his selection of the lovers of that their tribute is paid rather than to Mr. Phillips,
Rimini. «Ulysses" is a drama in a prologue and yet we would not be grudging of our admiration
three acts. It is not Homer alone that the drama for the skill with which the English poet has made
recalls, for Mr. Phillips is eclectic in his method,
use of the material thus brought to his hand. He
and no little of bis inspiration in the present case has made a poem that may be read (except for the
has come from Germanic sources. The prologue prologue) with unalloyed satisfaction, and he has
is an echo of the “ Prolog im Himmel ” of “Faust,” at the same time written a play that deserves to
and in the first act — the parting from Calypso — hold the stage, not merely as a dramatic curiosity,
there is not a little of the feeling of Tannbågser in
but as a permanent addition to the serious repertory
the Venusberg. The prologue is a distinctly un of a regenerated English drama.
fortunate invention or imitation. The deep irony
Six collections of verse in thirteen years is the
of Goethe's pantheon is missing, and we have instead
record of Mr. Arthur Symons. The sixth collection,
such lumbering humor as the defence of Zeus, when
twitted with his own escapades for the purposes of
entitled “The Loom of Dreams," added to a re-
issue of all that the author cares to preserve out of
arousing his sympathies in behalf of the hero held
captive in Ogygia.
the other five, is given us in the two volumes of
“Poems ” now published. The occasion is conse-
• 'Tis time that earthly women had their share
quently fitting to say a few words concerning the
In this large bosom's universal care,
That Danaë, Leda, Leto, all had place
entire poetical product of this talented writer, rather
In my most broad beneficent embrace :
than merely to give an example of his latest work.
True that we gods who on Olympus dwell
Mr. Symons is clearly a poet who will have to be
With mortal passion sympathize too well.”
reckoned with in future estimates of the recent
We are glad to get past this luckless attempt at the period, by virtue of the exquisite delicacy and sen-
serio-comic, and into the entirely serious tale of the sibility of a portion of his work, rather than by
hero. What is probably the finest passage of the
virtue of any special message or inspiration that
poem is the outburst of Ulysses when he declares may be gathered from his work as a whole. Con-
himself to Calypso.
sidered as a whole, indeed, that work is so alien to
“Then have the truth ; I speak as a man speaks ;
English ideals of beauty and of conduct that it must
Pour out my heart like treasure at your feet.
be regarded as a "sport" rather than as a natural
This odorous amorous isle of violets,
blossoming of English speech. Its frank sensuality
That leans all leaves into the glassy deep,
and its morbid eroticism are characteristics reflected
With brooding music over noontide moss,
And low dirge of the lily-swinging bee,
from the French décadents - from Baudelaire and
Then stars like opening eyes on closing flowers, –
Verlaine — rather than illustrations of the noble
Palls on my heart. Ah, God! that I might see spiritual tradition of Shelley and Wordsworth and
Gaunt Ithaca stand up out of the surge,
Tennyson. Mr. Symons remains in successive vol.
Yon lashed and streaming rocks, and sobbing crags,
The screaming gull and the wild-flying cloud :-
umes, and with consistent purpose, what Rossetti
To see far off the smoke of my own hearth,
and Browning and Mr. Swinburne were at moments
To smell far out the glebe of my own farms,
only, the poet of the flesh. We forgive this trait
To spring alive upon her precipices,
in Rossetti on the score of his Italian blood and his
And hurl the singing spear into the air;
To scoop the mountain torrent in my hand,
marvellous artistry; we forgive it in Browning
And plunge into the midnight of her pines ;
because it was coupled with robust intellectual vigor;
To look into the eyes of her who bore me,
we forgive it in Mr. Swinburne because it was only
And clasp his knees who 'gat me in his joy,
a passing phase - a boyish fling-redeemed a bun-
Prove if my son be like my dream of him.
We two have played and tossed each other words ;
dred times over by the exaltation of the spirit which
Goddess and mortal we have met and kissed.
is Mr. Swinburne's most marked quality. But the
Now am I mad for silence and for tears,
Puritan in us can hardly forgive a man who year


318
(May 1,
THE DIAL
sea,
more,
after year plays upon the strings of sense, and runs The voice of my heart in my side or the voice of the sea,
the whole gamut of carnal passion until, satiety O water, crying for rest, is it I, is it I ?
All night long the water is crying to me.
being achieved, he can find no nobler refuge than
a nauseating mixture of faint sensuality and relig “ Unresting water, there shall never be rest
ious mysticism. As long as he can hold to it, the
Till the last moon droop and the last tide fail,
And the fire of the end begin to burn in the west;
motto of his song seems to be that of these lines
And the heart shall be weary and wonder and cry like the
from “ Liber Amoris ” — lines that derive directly
from Baudelaire :
All life long crying without avail,
“What's virtue, Bianca ? Have we not
As the water all night long is crying to me."
Agreed the word should be forgot,
This seems to us one of the most beautiful things
That ours be every dear device
in English song; its tender pathos is fairly matched
And all the subtleties of vice,
And, in diverse imaginings,
by the subtle music of the verse, and the result is
The savour of forbidden things,"
quite beyond criticism. A very slender sheaf of
Our quotation must close abruptly with the comma,
such verse as this would outweigh all the contents
because what follows is unfit for decent print. But
of these two substantial volumes.
even this sort of thing is better than the mawkish In the metrical freedom as well as in the natural
religiosity of the mood that succeeds.
imagery of the later work of Mr. Symong the at-
“O Most High! I will pray, look down through the seven
tentive ear may catch echoes, not alone of Verlaine
Passionate veils of heaven,
and his fellows, but also of the neo-Celtic movement
Out of eternal peace, where the world's desire
in English poetry. Let us set by the side of the
Enfolds thee in veils of fire;
Holy of Holies, the immaculate Lamb,
poem last quoted this stanza by another writer:
Behold me, the thing I am!
“O sands of my heart, what wind moans low along thy
I, the redeemed of thy blood, the bought with a price,
shadowy shore ?
The reward of thy sacrifice,
Is that the deep sea-heart I hear with the dying sob at its
I, who walk with thy saints in a robe of white,
core ?
And who worship thee day and night,
Each dim lost wave that lapses is like a closing door:
Behold me, the thing I am, and do thou beat back
'Tis closing doors they hear at last who soon shall hear no
These feet that burn on my track.”
Who soon shall hear no more."
The feet are those of the dogs of sensual desire,
but there is no real repentance in the prayer, only
The two poems might have been written by the
a subtler form of the self-indulgence that has
same hand, yet the one just illustrated is the work,
brought this pitiful soul to so pitiful a pass. The
not of Mr. Arthur Symons, but of Miss “ Fiona
unwholesome character of these poems by Mr.
Macleod.” We take it from a recent selection of
Symons has to be emphasized because their verbal her songs, containing pieces both old and new, and
magic is potent to charm even when they glorify
entitled “From the Hills of Dream." Having
what is most base in human nature. How pare
made the one extract for the purpose of indicating
and true a poet Mr. Symons can be at his best a parallelism of sentiment and artistic method, we
we will make one more for the sake of its own
may be illustrated by these lovely verses written
at Montserrat :
sheer loveliness.
"Peace waits among the hills ;
“Dim face of Beauty haunting all the world,
I have drunk peace,
Fair face of Beauty all too fair to see,
Here, where the blue air fills
Where the lost stars adown the heavens are hurled,
The great cup of the hills,
There, there alone for thee
And fills with peace.
May white peace be.
“Between the earth and sky,
“ For here where all the dreams of men are whirled
I have seen the earth
Like sere torn leaves of autumn to and fro,
Like a dark cloud go by,
There is no place for thee in all the world,
And fade out of the sky;
Who driftest as a star,
There was no more earth.
Beyond, afar.
“Here, where the Holy Graal
“ Beauty, sad face of Beauty, Mystery, Wonder,
Brought secret light
What are these dreams to foolish babbling men —
Once, from beyond the veil,
Who cry with little noises 'neath the thunders
I, seeing no Holy Graal,
Of ages ground to sand,
See divine light.
To a little sand."
Light fills the hills with God,
Simplicity of diction, subtlety of thought, and
Wind with his breath,
And here, in his abode,
absolute sincerity are the qualities which give dis-
Light, wind, and air praise God,
tinction to the poetry of Mrs. Alice Meynell. She
And this poor breath."
publishes little because she is too severe a censor
One more lyric, representing the author's latest
of her own work to allow it to stream forth unre-
work, must be quoted. It is called “The Crying strained. Her own artistic conscience must be sat-
of Water."
isfied, and then the reader may say what he will.
“O water, voice of my heart, crying in the sand,
Her Later Poems" constitute a volume even more
All night long crying with a mournful cry,
slender than the earlier “ Poems” that won the
As I lie and listen, and cannot understand
applause of such critics as Ruskin, Rossetti, and
66
-


1902.)
819
THE DIAL
Patmore. They include nothing quite equal to
“ Renouncement" and one or two other pieces of
the earlier collection, but it is also true that they
contain nothing that we would willingly spare.
We quote “A Dead Harvest," one of the most ex.
quisite of them all.
“Along the graceless grass of town
They rake the rows of red and brown,
Dead leaves, unlike the rows of hay,
Delicate, neither gold nor grey,
Raked long ago and far away.
“A narrow silence in the park ;
Between the lights a narrow dark.
One street rolls on the north, and one,
Muffled, upon the south doth run.
Amid the mist the work is done.
“A futile crop; for it the fire
Smoulders, and, for a stack, a pyre.
So go the town's lives on the breeze,
Even as the sheddings of the trees;
Bosom nor barn is filled with these.”
There are less than a score of pieces altogether, but
they are of precious metal, almost without alloy.
Mrs. Meynell has spent the past winter in Cali-
fornia, and has doubtless learned, among other
things surprising to an Englishwoman, that the
Pacific Coast has a stimulating intellectual atmos-
phere as well as a tonic physical climate. The
number of far Western books that compel attention
is rapidly increasing from year to year, and pres-
ages a possible future in which the region which the
late Charles Dudley Warner called “our Italy”
may charm us by art as it now charms us by nature.
The volume of “Poems" by Miss Irenè Hardy has
much of the characteristic Western breeziness and
originality so attractive to the jaded senges of the
older civilizations, yet it offers work which is by no
means lawless in form, and which maintains the
tradition of good English verse. We might em-
phasize its local coloring by a series of extracts,
bat prefer, on the whole, to find our illustrative
example in a piece which savors of no time or
place. It is a sonnet on the sonnet, which is a
peculiarly difficult thing to write well enough to
arouse more than a languid interest. Miss Hardy
has done this difficult thing, as these lines attest:
“The sonnet is the violet of song,
A flower that springs responsive to the rain
Of tears, or to the heart when under strain
Of joy so deep that silence would do wrong
To life and love; then lyric phrases throng
The thought, intoning, rise and fall, – again,
Again, — like evening bells in low refrain,
As if the words the passion would prolong.
O thou that seekest to make this little flower
Bloom in thy garden-plot of poesy,
Behold how dear it was to laureate Kings
And plant thou, too, in sacred earth and bower;
And men shall love thee in the years to be
As one who loved and cherished loveliest things.”
The “Ode for Forefathers' Day” which closes
Miss Hardy's volume is peculiarly interesting as
the tribute of a Western writer to the idealism
upon which our nation was founded. It is also a
noble poem, from which we gladly quote.
As Homer saw the Prospect Wide, nor know
The bounds by Nature set, nor dreamed nor thought to
dream
How great man's mind should one day make it seem,
The Pilgrim Heroes, from their mount of vision, drew,
With eye of faith a far perspective, true
To God-given promise, yet to them too dim
For all surmise, except obedience to Him.
In a land they did not know, transplanted side by side,
Their love and hope and faith, these three, till now abide."
Another book of verse from the same far Western
country is called “California Violets," and is the
work of Miss Grace Hibbard. The title is aptly
chosen, for modesty and dewy freshness are proper
words to describe these unpretending lyrics. "A
White Chrysanthemum ” is a typical example.
“Last night beside my hearthstone
She sat in snowy dress;
The firelight touched her golden hair
With many a fond caress.
“She wore white autumn flowers,
Like frozen stars they seemed;
One flower she left, else I should think
Of angels I had dreamed."
Some verses on “The Man without the Hoo" are
worth mentioning.
"No flights of fancy are his,
No flutterings up to the stars ;
No beating of feeble hands
Upon Fate's unyielding bars.
“Sing not of chains unto him,
To the man who holds the hoe,
For mighty's his brawny arm,
And powerful to o'erthrow.
“But pity, your pity, I crave,
For the man without the hoo.
Slender fingers, blue-veined brow,
Oh, many such one you know."
“ The Arcadian Library” is a new series of
small volumes of verse, and “The Watchers of the
Hearth,” by Mr. Benjamin Sledd, is the first volume.
Mr. Sledd's verses are of the gentle contemplative
sort, marked by an instinctive refinement, breath-
ing a tempered melancholy and a delicate pathos.
“The Wraith of Roanoke” is a good example.
“Like a mist of the sea at morn it comes,
Gliding among the fisher-homes, –
The vision of a woman fair;
And every eye bebolds her there
Above the topmost dune,
With fluttering robe and streaming hair,
Seaward gazing in dumb despair,
Like one who begs of the waves a boon.
"Lone ghost, of the daring few who came
And, passing, left but a tree-carved name
And the mystery of Croatan :
And out of our country's dawning years
I hear the weeping of woman's tears:
With a woman's eyes I dimly scan
Day after day the far blue verge,
And pray of the loud unpitying surge,
And every wind of heaven, to urge
The sails that alone can succor her fate, -
The wigwam dark and the såvage mate,
The love more cruel than cruelest hate,
Still burns on her cheek that fierce hot breath, -
And the shame too bitter to hide in death."
The following exquisite descriptive bit must be
added before taking leave of Mr. Sledd :


320
(May 1,
THE DIAL
“Over the summer lands,
The blossoming clouds float by, —
Pure lilies flung from angel hands
On the broad blue deep of the sky;
Or caught on the mountain strands
In restless heaps they lie."
“The Soul-at-Arms and Other Poems," by Mr.
James Robinson Smith, is a volume not unlike the
preceding one in sentiment and refinement, although
perhaps dealing with a more abstract order of
ideas. But, however philosophical the burden of
these verses, there is nearly always something to
bring them into direct touch with concrete human
life. This touch is more evident than usual in the
following sonnet, with its impressive ethical lesson :
“The streets were angry on that starless night
With people hungry for their daily bread.
I stood confounded, till, above my head,
A pale-lit window drew me to its height.
A man was bending near a candle-light,
And when I asked him what he did, he said,
'Beside my wish for eating and my bed,
I make me learn a little English right.'
The crowd stood cursing its inhuman fate,
Or sat contented in its misery,
While he, as poor as they and starving, late
And early steers his chosen destiny.
We are what we set out for, and the great
And blest of old are with us as we try.'
The sonnet and the quatrain are Mr. Smith's favor.
ite forms, and the latter deserves illustration no less
than the former.
" His better words are lonely as his ways,
Though human friendship is his great desire.
He dreams of olive peace through precious days,
But finds contentment in conguming fire."
Mr. Robert Bridges is known to a wide circle of
readers as the pungent commentator upon books
and manners who enlivens the pages of “Life.”
That he can turn a neat bit of verse is also fairly
well known, although the extent of his versifying,
as revealed by his newly-published “Bramble
Brae," may prove to some a surprise. He courts
the occasional, personal, or bookish muse, for the
most part, although he sometimes resorts to the
more general inspirations of natural beauty and
the tender sentiment of the common human rela-
tions. His highest strain is reached in such a poem
as "A Toast to Our Native Land.”
“Huge yet alert, irascible yet strong,
We make our fitful way 'mid right and wrong.
One time we pour out millions to be free,
Then rashly sweep an empire from the sea !
One time we strike the shackles from the slaves,
And then, quiescent, we are ruled by knaves.
Often we rudely break restraining bars,
And confidently reach out toward the stars.
“Yet under all these flows a hidden stream
Sprung from the Rock of Freedom, the great dream
Of Washington and Franklin, men of old
Who knew that freedom is not bought with gold.
This is the Land we love, our heritage,
Strange mixture of the gross and fine, yet sage
And full of promise - destined to be great.
Drink to our Native Land! God Bless the State !"
We have often thought (and said) that some of the
best of literary criticism is written in verse, and cer-
tain of the pieces by Mr. Bridges “Written in Books"
would serve well to illustrate the proposition.
“Here is a forest tangle –
Rank weeds, luxuriant ferns, and giant trees,
All in a hoarse-voiced wrangle,
With creaking branches swaying in the breeze.
But if you care to listen,
Above the noise you'll hear the piping of a bird,
Gay feathers in the tree-tops glisten,
And over all the sweetest music ever heard."
One does not have to think long before realizing
that this is a description of Mr. George Meredith's
poetry. We will leave our readers to guess which
particular sensational novelist of the day is de-
scribed in the following couplet:
"He sits in a sea-green grotto with a bucket of lurid paint,
And draws the Thing as it isn't for the God of Things as
they ain't!"
Mr. John Vance Cheney has a subtle lyrical
gift, although we have sometimes thought that he
exercised it too frequently or on too slight occa-
sion. We do not have this thought in turning over
the volume which he quite simply calls “ Lyrics,"
for this volume is a selection from the best material
of its predecessors, supplemented by a few poems
now published for the first time. Being a selection
only from a much larger mass of material, this vol-
ume has a high average quality, and should notably
enhance Mr. Cheney's reputation. The nature-
lyric is the species of composition which he most
affects, and here is one of half a hundred examples.
“Mute the forny woodland ways,
Hushed the merry meadow-lays;
Stillness all and heavy haze
Of the charmed August days.
In the hollow, on the steep,
Dwells a silence long and deep;
Not the smallest whisper, now,
Of the secrets of the bough;
In his glory hid, alone,
Sits the hill god on his throne."
“ No great thing," the reader may say, and the reply
must be, “ Certainly not”— yet there is an elusive
music in the lines that makes them seem very
charming. With what gravity and justice of view
Mr. Cheney can handle a more serious theme may
be
well illustrated by his lines on the death of the Queen.
“Answer the cabin and the hunting-shed
The voice of mourning in the royal halls;
The shadow crawls upon the crowned head,
From out her palsied hand the sceptre falls.
So. Wrap her in the banner from her walls;
The word of sorrow, why should it be said ?
Hark! up and down the earth gray honor calls,
And the long glories gather round her bed.
Through all the years her people have been fed,
Yea, the wild ox has fatted in her stalls;
To islands of the sea her lines have spread,
Proud sons of song have sung her madrigals.
Come, robe her not in white, and stand and weep;
Wrap round the banner-fold, and let her sleep."
It is interesting to place this tribute to the august
shade of Victoria beside the tribute, more impas-
sioned, but not more sincere, quoted from one of the
Queen's own subjects in an earlier section of this
review.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.


1902.)
321
THE DIAL
British India,
to have merited an accurate historical biography,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
one that would have presented both sides of con-
The death, on February 6, 1900, of troverted questions. Nevertheless, the volume as it
An historian of Sir William Wilson Hunter, deprived stands is wholly readable; and the author has at least
England of one of those builders of done well in leaving much of his narrative to per-
colonial empire to whose energies the nation owes
sonal letters. These couched in Hunter's own attrac-
much of her present greatness. Hunter's life, as tive style are charming and valuable. (Longmans.)
portrayed by Mr. F. H. Skrine, exhibits a man
of superior ability, with high purposes not unmixed
A prophecy of the future of Italy
with great personal ambition, gifted as a writer
Italian politios based upon the introductory chapters
of to-day.
and rarely qualified as an organizer. His career
of “ Italy. To-Day” (Scribner), the
may be divided logically into three distinct epochs. joint production of Mr. Bolton King and Mr.
Born in 1840, in Scotland, equipped with a satis Thomas Okey, would be a very gloomy one.
It
factory education, he had to carve out his own would, indeed, be difficult to draw a more sombre
fortune, and with characteristic energy he sought picture than that presented of the disordered na-
and won in open competition a modest place in tional finances, the industrial distress, the weakness
the civil service of India. From 1862 to 1887 and irresolution of government, and in particular
he remained with the Indian government, advanc of the all pervading corruption in political circles.
ing step by step from a minor position to that of New York under Tweed was pure in comparison
chief of the department of statistics and publication. with the Italian government in its unblushing sale
His genius lay in the direction of literary presen of important contracts and privileges. The utter
tation, and to his pen, more than to that of any lack of any principle of public honesty in govern.
other, Englishmen are indebted for a knowledge ment necessarily implies a national blindness to the
and appreciation of the vital conditions of Indian enormity of the offense. In Italy, in truth, the
government. His monumental work, “ The Impe student of history may easily discover in the cor-
rial Gazeteer of India,” furnished a fund of infor ruption of to-day the elements that once constituted
mation unsurpassed in its time as an example of the essentials of social and political conditions in
useful statistical compilation. This was, however, many of the petty states in former centuries.
but one of his many activities; for not only was he United Italy is a modern product. The absorption
an efficient worker in ordinary departmental admin of many governments in one, the assertion of mod-
istration, but he was constantly occupied in histor ern doctrines of political right, the adoption of the
ical studies of Indian states and peoples, in the pub- outward forms of a progressive state, are not the
lication of books resulting from these studies, in the sole nor even the principal factors of strength and
weekly production of leading articles for at least permanence. Italy is just realizing that formal
two papers in India, and in correspondence with unity in government is but the first step toward
London journals. His articles for the press are perfected nationality. Yet it is at least an evidence
numberless, while of printed works some twenty of progress that this fact is now fully grasped by
complete volumes of descriptive writing and thirty- the leaders in all domains of intellectual activity ;
eight volumes of statistics testify to the intensive and in this the authors find the greatest hope for
energy of the man. In 1883 Hunter returned to the future. In their view, the vital necessity of
England, and immediately became an authority at the moment is not so much the enactment of rem.
home
upon Indian questions, filling the position of edial social legislation as the adoption by political
an expert in this field for “ The Times." Besides parties of some definite ideals. The monarchy,
many biographies and histories written or edited deprived of the popularity which was its strength
in this last period, he had entered upon
the
prepa in the first years of union, is no longer a force bind-
ration of a history of British India, of which the ing Italy together. Parliamentary government,
first volume was printed two years ago, and he was reinforced and purified by guiding principles, may
at work upon the second at the time of his death. still furnish the tie, but at present the Socialists
Judging from the first volume, it is not too much are the only purists. Old ideals no longer exist,
to say that had he been permitted to complete the and, in the dearth of spiritual or uplifting causes,
“ British India ” he would have ranked as one of politics and corruption have become synonymous.
the great historians of modern times, not perhaps National leaders are without honor and professedly
in the way of detailed scientific examination, but in without hope ; they must give place to newer men
the power to grasp great cauşes and great move of higher purpose. The signs are not wanting that
ments, and in the ability to portray them in attrac such a change is imminent. In spite, therefore, of
tive form. Mr. Skrine’s biography of Hunter is the candid and instructive exposition and analysis
not impartial, and it is not scientific. The author of the evils existent in the outward manifestations
was in a certain way a protégé of Hunter's, and is of Italian life, as they shape themselves in politics
not free to adopt a critical attitude. Hunter, like and in social movements, the thesis is maintained
other strong men, made many enemies and aroused with vigor “ that underneath the slough of misgov.
much criticism ; yet this does not appear in the ernment and corruption and political apathy there
present volume.
He was of sufficient importance is a rejuvenated nation, instinct with the qualities


822
[May 1,
THE DIAL
was
that make a great people.” Where so much evil reply to Mark Twain's magazine article, which
exists, the struggle for betterment must needs be presented the Jew as “charged with a patriotic
severe, and it may be violent; but the future, it is disinclination to stand by the flag as a soldier,”.
asserted, is distinctly hopeful. In interest, clear and as " by his make and his ways, substantially
ness of treatment, and thoroughness of examination, a foreigner wherever he may be.” Mr. Clemens's
the book is a valuable contribution to the study of subsequent apology was but partial, in saying as
Italian politics.
he did that when publishing his article he “
Nature, art,
A desire to cover too large a field is
ignorant, like the rest of the Christian world, that
literature, and apparent in Mrs. Ellen Russell Em.
the Jew had a record as a soldier.” Mr. Peters's
other matters. erson's “ Nature and Human Na rapid summary of the patriotic record made by the
ture” (Houghton). Literature, language, and art,
Jews in the American Civil War merely states facts
including music, also come in for discussion. In which were well known to those engaged in that war,
her treatment of art, and symbolism in art, the
and Mr. Clemens's confession of ignorance should
author shows herself most at home, despite an occa-
not have attempted to screen itself behind what
sional fanciful idea or far-fetched analogy. Her
he imagined to be “the rest of the Christian world.”
interpretation of the Laocoon as suggesting, in the
Bat Mr. Peters shows, further, an equally credit-
serpents’ undulating folds, “the gliding stanchless
able record of Hebrew patriotism, military, civil,
waves of the sea, against whose onward movement. political, and financial, in the earlier wars of the
there is no barrier,” is new to us. Were Poseidon
American republic, and also in the history of sev-
the offended divinity in the case, this reading of
eral of the leading states of Continental Europe.
the symbol would be more plausible. But the temp-
So far from being singled out for reproach in any
tation to subtilize on art, as Lessing says in his
respect, the Jew is entitled to especial credit for
“Laokoon,” sometimes leads one into whimsical not suffering his patriotism to be in any degree
theories. As an interpreter of nature, Mrs. Emer-
weakened by the cosmopolitan character which the
son is helpful. Passing to letters, she asserts that
accidents of history have imposed upon his race.
when a poet willingly becomes a translator of an-
His universal patriotism, local wherever the Jew
other's verse, he thereby stands confessed as a
himself becomes locally domiciled, entitles him to
minor poet. Hence she refuses to recognize Long.
the high encomium of a true “citizen of the world";
fellow and Bryant as great poets. Leaving Pope
and this characteristic has been well illustrated
out of the account, does she forget that Goethe and
in Mr. Peters’s monograph. In his zeal for his
Schiller and Browning also tried their hand at chosen clients, our author goes further, and in a
translating ? Or would she deny greatness to them
concluding chapter expounds generally the indebt-
as well? Evidently not; for she afterwards speaks
edness of the world to the Jewish race.
In one
of Browning in the same breath with Shakespeare,
chapter, occupying nine pages, personal examples
ascribing to both the balance of heart and brain' of their preěminence in poetry and the drama, in
that marks the true poet. The writer's thought, it
music, art, and science, in law, history, and criti-
must be said in conclusion, suffers for lack of terse-
cism, are furnished in profusion. “No man,” he
ness and incisiveness in its presentation.
We
says, “ needs to apologize for belonging to a race
choose, almost at random, a sentence that cries out
which has produced such poets.” And on the sub-
for the pruning-knife, — “Interpretation of the ject of the Hebrews as money-makers, his statistics
sublimity of an uplift of rock, forest, and tableland
show that they are, in the great mass, people in poor
is product of a vision dependent on the soul's sight,
and humble circumstances, and that the great capi-
and sublimity is not more intrinsic to mountainous
talists among them are but few. America, whose
scenery than is color to a garden of flowers." The fair and impartial treatment of her Hebrew citizens
Gallicism in the following is so harsh, and so un-
has done much to atone for the slights put upon
necessary, as to merit censure,— “Scientific discov. this proscribed race before the advent of the Great
ery, indeed, has laid its axe to the root of many
Republic, now adds generosity to her justice in the
errors, and among which the error of self-impor-
publication of this brief but earnest tribute to their
tance is not the least conspicuous.” May linguistic great ability and patriotism.
discovery soon lay its axe to the root of this error
The little mountainous country of
of speech! A number of new or little-used words, A history of
Wales has had a history full of
as "sculptuary” (i. q. sculpture), “ bolide," "land-
tragedy, war, and romance. It has
scapist,” are encountered in Mrs. Emerson's pleas-
been involved in the political ambitions of several
ant pages.
races, and of many kings. It conquered, and was
The title “ The Jew as a Patriot” conquered repeatedly, until it was finally swallowed
A defender of
(Baker & Taylor Co.) fitly describes
the Jewish race.
up politically by the crown of England. Mr. Owen
the little book which the Rev. Mr. M. Edwards of Oxford makes the first attempt to
Peters, a Baptist clergyman of New York, has present in a single volume, in the Story of the
packed full of statistics illustrating the leadership Nations" series (Patnam), a continuous history of
of men of Hebrew birth or lineage in the world's Wales from ancient times down to the present day.
enterprises. His object is to furnish a thesis in A Welshman himself, he was able to make use of
little Wales.
99


1902.)
323
THE DIAL
Florentine and
" The Liars."
the original documents for some of the more dis the dramatic work of a generation ago, and brings
pated portions of this long stretch of history. The to the American a sharper realization of the un-
first half of his book sketches the rise and fall of fortunate condition of dramatic affairs in his own
the princely caste in a very condensed form. In country.
fact, this part of the volume suffers from too great
Essays upon
Professor Pasquale Villari's “Two
condensation. The reader labors continually under
First Centuries of Florentine His-
the disadvantage of not knowing enough of the Italian history.
tory" (Scribner) has become so well
great facts of the period which the writer too often
known since the appearance of the two volume
takes for granted as familiar to him. The second edition in 1895, that an extended review of the
part of the volume, sketching the rise of a self work in its new single-volume form is not necessary.
educated and self-governing peasantry, does not The present issue of the book hardly attains to the
present the same difficulty for the reader. It dignity of a second edition. The chronicle of the
rounds up the history in a more completed form, pseudo Brunetto Latini has been omitted; other-
and gives a more definite idea of the sequence of wise there is no change in the text. Page for
events and their relations the one to the other.
page, word for word, the matter is the same, even as
Principal Rhys of Oxford has given us our best simple a slip as that on page 158, where the name
history of the period of the formation of the Welsh of Frederick I. has crept into the text, obviously in
people, and Mr. Seebohm has expounded in detail the place of Henry VI., is retained. So also the
their early social history. Consequently Mr. Ed many offenses of the translator against ordinary
wards has passed lightly over these two themes. English usage,— conspicuously on the title-page,-
With the almost necessary condensation of the have been left untouched. It may be well to repeat,
volume, it nevertheless gives us the best single- however, this much of what has been said before.
volume history of one of the hardiest and most The book is not a history of Florence, as the title
substantial little peoples of the Old World. might lead one to suppose. It is rather a collection
Mr. Jones's
Mr. Henry Arthur Jones's now com-
of brilliant and valuable essays upon Florentine
play of
edy of “The Liars” (Macmillan)
and Italian institutions that have appeared before
will add its mite to the discussion
in various Italian journals, — the dates of publica-
tion ranging over a period of nearly thirty years.
of that perpetually unsettled problem in casuistry,
The author, however, has never taken the trouble
whether or not falsehood is ever justifiable. Here
to rewrite these articles in the light of the sub-
a woman, eager for attention and praise, is wedded
sequent work of such investigators as Capponi,
to a man miserly in his affections. A mighty
traveller, who has won the plaudits of all Britain Hartwig, Scheffer Birchorst, and others. Other
than an occasional foot-note, no use has been made
by his conduct during a ticklish time in Africa,
of this new material.
returns to civilization and falls desperately in love
with the half-neglected wife. She plays with fire
Fifth among the numbers of the
long enough to be found in his company at a river-
First of modern
“Artist's Library" (Longmans), ed-
landscape artists.
side inn, about to dine with him. The discoverer,
ited by Mr. Laurence Binyon, is
her brother-in-law, telegraphs the husband. Friends Mr. C. J. Holmes's volume on Constable. As in
of hers arriving just after, the wife returns home, the preceding volumes, a pleasantly written biog-
and one of the friends, the peacemaker of the raphy of the painter, drawn in this case from the
book, dines with the lover instead. Then every inclusive work of Leslie, precedes an extended crit-
one unites to lie the wife out of her scrape,-some ical survey of his work. It is unfortunate that Mr.
of them men of the utmost probity, who still find Holmes should be obliged — compelled is perhaps
it impossible to disclose facts which may have so the better word — to defend his painter from the
tragic an ending for so comic an episode. The attacks
upon
his art and method which Ruskin's
plot is ingenious, the conversation is brilliant with enthusiasm for Turner caused him to make; but it
out being surcharged with impossible epigram, the is a pious duty, and is well performed. The de-
final curtain is well contrived, and the play is suffi- light with which Constable's work was received in
ciently analytical and involved to make an intellec France long before he had been accorded the praise
tual appeal. Its popularity is sufficiently attested his genius deserved in his own England might have
by the fact that it held the boards of the Criterion warned Mr. Holmes against making too much of
Theatre in London for a year or more in 1897–8, the state of painting in Great Britain at the time,
Mr. Charles Wyndham appearing as the “ * peace-
and the cautious reader will receive his dicta on
maker” of the cast. Still, the work is not in Mr. the superiority of British art with some allowances
Jones's best manner. It lacks those flashes of sat for patriotic fervor. But he is right in calling
ire which so brilliantly exposed the weaknesses of Constable the first of the moderns in landscape,
the British middle classes, concerning itself only and doubly right in bringing forward proofs of his
with the follies of the aristocracy. It points no real veneration and regard for his predecessors,
moral higher than the inexpediency of being caught, however much he departed from them. The book
or the expediency of treating one's wife with due concludes with twenty-four reproductions, in half-
consideration. But it is still a great advance on tone, of Constable's most characteristic work.


324
(May 1,
THE DIAL
NOTES.
The life of “ Monsieur Vincent," by
The life of
a holy man
Mr. James Adderley, following the
of England.
life of St. Francis by the same
author in the “ Lives of Holy Men” series (Long-
mans), has less of vital interest than the earlier
volume. A life given up in great measure to
purely administrative details, however fruitful of
good and however significant in the development
of civilization, does not easily lend itself to the
purposes of the story-teller. In the opening chap-
ter, Mr. Adderley says: “We admire the capacity
and wonder at the genius of men who are able to
conceive and carry out just one piece of work in a
lifetime; John Howard, the reformer of prisons ;
John Wesley, the popularizer of the Gospel; Lord
Shaftesbury, the friend of the over-worked women
and children; Dr. Pusey, the reviver of the belief
in Church and Sacraments. What are we to think
of a single man who combined the work of all
these and more besides ?” What St. Vincent ac-
complished in these various directions is told
simply, with some little incidental comparison of
his methods with the methods of social and relig.
ious reformers of our time, and not always to the
credit of the latter. If Mr. Adderley errs as a
biographer, it is in his uncritical attitude toward
his hero, an attitude perhaps made necessary by the
narrow limits imposed upon him in compressing 80
much into 80 small a book.
Henry Esmond,” in two volumes, has just been
added to the Dent-Macmillan edition of Thackeray.
« The Self-Educator in English Composition,” by
Mr. G. H. Thornton, is published by Messrs. Thomas Y.
Crowell & Co.
Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. have in press for im-
mediate publication the authorized edition of Count
Tolstoi's new book, “ What Is Religion ?"
Mr. W.R. Jenkins sends us, in the series of “Contes
Choisis," a volume by M. François Coppée, entitled
“Le Morceau de Pain et Autres Contes," edited by Mr.
G. Castegnier.
Mr. Harlan Hoge Ballard is the latest of our Vir-
gilian translators, and his version of the first half of
the “ Æneid,” in English hexameters, is now published
by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Mr. M. Oppenheim's new edition of “ The Spanish
Conquest in America" by Sir Arthur Helps, has
reached the second of its four projected volumes. The
work is published by Mr. John Lane.
“ The Letters of Hugh, Earl Percy, from Boston
and New York, 1774–1776,” edited and annotated
by Mr. Charles Knowles Bolton, will be issued this
month in a limited edition by Mr. Charles E. Good-
speed, Boston.
Mr. William S. Lord of Evanston, Illinois, has in
press for early issue a volume of poems by Mr. John
McGovern, a selection of “Love Story Masterpieces"
chosen by Mr. Ralph A. Lyon, and a book of “Line of
Type Lyrics" by Mr. Bert Leston Taylor.
A new edition, revised and supplemented by much
new matter, of “The Book Lover," by Mr. James
Baldwin, is published in charming form by Messrs.
A. C. McClurg & Co., attesting the continued and
deserved popularity of that helpful little work.
A second series of “ Pen Pictures from Ruskin,"
selected and arranged by Miss Caroline A. Wurtzburg,
is added to the charming little “ Pensées Series,” pub-
lished in this country by Messrs. Longmans, Green, &
Co. “ Places, nature studies, and things in general,"
are dealt with in the present selection.
Three new “ Temple Classics " (the first to reach
our table for some time) have just been sent us by the
Macmillan Co. They include a new translation, made
by Mr. W. V. Cooper, of Boethius's “ The Consolation
of Philosophy "; Bunyan's “ The Holy War," edited by
Mr. W. H. D. Rouse ; and the Plays of Goldsmith,
annotated by Mr. Austin Dobson.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The new edition of “Studies of the Greek Poets,” by
John Addington Symonds, is reprinted unchanged, and
means nothing more than that the earlier impression
had become exhausted. We are glad that the demand
for this sterling work requires a new edition every few
years, for it is the best book of its kind in the language,
and has done incalculable service to students of litera-
ture in revealing to them the ethical and æsthetic aspects
of Greek poetry. It does not say the final word of
scholarship upon the subject, but it does have the rare
power of arousing interest and enthusiasm. There are
two volumes, imported by the Messrs. Macmillan.
Three new Baedekers have just been imported by
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. The “Egypt" is a
remodeled edition, bringing into a single volume the
greater part of the matter which has hitherto filled the
two devoted to “Upper Egypt” and “ Lower Egypt.”
The text has been curtailed about one-third, and
brought down to date. Khartoum again takes its
place among the towns to be visited, and may be
reached by a train de luxe on the Soudan Military Rail-
way. The “Great Britain " is the fifth edition of the
work first published about twelve years ago, and has
been revised by Mr. J. F. Muirhead, the original author.
A separate “Scotland” is promised at no distant date.
The “Southern Germany," comprising Würtenberg and
Bavaria, is now separated from its former association
with Austria, and becomes itself a volume of respect-
able dimensions. These manuals need no recommenda-
tion. They are, as they always have been, quite hors
concours, incomparably the best ever prepared for the
convenience of the traveller.
the am Foarchew volumes die hele Temple Bible” are sent
us by the J. B. Lippincott Co. They are as follows :
“ Isaiah," edited by the late A. B. Davidson ; “ Ezra,
Nehemiah, and Esther," edited by Dr. J. Wilson
Harper ; “ The Johannine Books,” edited by the Rev.
Canon Benham ; and “ Hebrews, Peter, James, and
Jude," edited by Dr. J. He
An excellent text-book of “Modern Chemistry with
Its Practical Applications," by Mr. Fredus N. Peters, is
published by Messrs. Maynard, Merrill & Co. It is a
handsomely-printed book, with its contents well-
arranged, and, while essentially descriptive in its method,
pays due attention to the laboratory aspect of the
science. A novel feature, which we note with interest,
is a glossary of alchemistic terms for the use of students
who venture upon a course of reading in the history of
chemistry. We should hardly have known where to
-


1902.]
825
THE DIAL
look, for example, if we had wanted to know what
draco mitigatus was, or pulvis angelicus. Here we may
learn that they were, respectively, mercurous chloride
and antimony oxychloride.
The eightieth birthday of our “grand old man of
American letters, the Rev. Edward Everett Hale, has
been signalized by the Outlook Co. by their publi-
cation of a “birthday edition” of “ The Man without
a Country.” Thick paper and generous margins make
å volume of reasonable dimensions, which has a full-
length portrait of the venerable author of this famous
tale.
Messrs. Tennant & Ward, New York, publish an ex-
quisite edition of “The Lady Poverty,” translated and
edited by Mr. Montgomery Carmichael. This thir-
teenth century allegory, called the “Sacrum Commer-
cium," tells of St. Francis and how he wooed his
chosen bride. It is the work of a Franciscan monk,
possibly Giovanni da Parma, although the present
editor rejects that ascription. This is the first English
translation of the book.
The “thin paper edition" of reprints, published by
Mr. George Newnes, and imported into America by
the Messrs. Scribner, is extended by five new volumos,
three of which are a set of Shakespeare according to
the traditional threefold classification. The fourth is
“The Poems and Songs of Robert Burns," and the fifth
is Motteux's translation of “ Don Quixote.” The vol-
umes are easily pocketable, although they average not
far from a thousand pages each.
Five volumes of modern language texts come to
us from the American Book Co., as follows : “ Das
Spielmannskind” and “ Der Stumme Ratsherr," by
W. A. Riehl, edited by Mr. George M. Priest ; “ Der
Prozess” and “ Einer Muss Heirater," by R. Benedix,
edited by Mr. M. B. Lambert ; “ Der Bibliothekar,"
by Gustav von Moser, edited by Mr. William A.
Cooper ; an abridgment of Daudet’s “ Tartarin de Tar-
ascon," edited by Mr. C. Fontaine ; and a volume of
selected stories from Daudet, edited by Mr. T. Atkinson
Jenkins.
The second volume of the “ Florilegium Latinum,"
edited by Mr. Francis St. John Thackeray and Mr.
Edward Daniel Stone, and published by Mr. John
Lane, is devoted to the Victorian poets. The Latin
translations are set opposite the English originals, and
are the work of upwards of forty scholars, among
whom the editors of the volume occupy a conspicuous
place. Tennyson has been the chief victim of these
classical assaults, with Arnold for a good second. The
translations include numerous examples of American
poets, including Longfellow, Bryant, Emerson, Whit-
tier, Lowell, Holmes, Sill, Saxe, Mr. Bret Harte, and
Mr. John Hay.
Art, Amateur, in Early New England. Grace Peck. Harper.
Art College, Proposed American, in Rome. North American.
Art Schools, French Industrial. J. Schoenhof. Forum.
Autograph Collector, Meditations of. A. H. Joline. Harper.
Banking Methods, New. W. J. Boies. World's Work.
Black, Wm., Visit of to America. Sir W. Reid. Harper.
British Purchases of War Supplies in the U.S. No. American.
Chivalry, The Modern. John Corbin. Atlantic.
Churches, Are they Declining. Chas. Graves. World's Work.
Civic Improvement. Sylvester Baxter. Century.
Collegiate Conditions in the U.S. C. F. Thwing. Forum.
Commercial Education, Higher. J. L. Laughlin. Atlantic.
Commonwealths, Old, Rebuilding of. W. H. Page. Atlantic.
Democracy, Hidden Weakness in. Vida Scudder. Atlantic.
Disarmament Trust, The. Rollo Ogden. Atlantic.
Eden, Past and Present. C. C. Abbott. Lippincott.
Exporting Wheat, Fallacy of. C.C. Bovey. Rev. of Reviews.
Fish-Destroyers, Marine. W. C. McIntosh. Harper.
Fishes, Food for. Frank H. Sweet. Lippincott.
Fiske, John. T. S. Perry. Atlantic.
Forestry, American: A New Career. J. R. Smith. Forum.
French Academy, The. 0. G. Guerlac. Lippincott.
Funston, A Defence of. Mark Twain. North American.
Garden, Old, Story of an. Jane W. Guthrie. Harper.
Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. J. F. Rhodos. Atlantic.
Georgia's Educational Center. Leonora Ellis. Rev. of Reviews.
German Chancellors, Four, Conversations with. Century.
Germany, Our Future Relations with. World's Work.
Hedin, Sven, in Central Asia. J. Scott Keltie. Harper.
Infinitely Small, Study of the. John Trowbridge. Atlantic.
Industrialism and Literature. C. A. Smith. World's Work.
Industrial Position, Our. Henry Gannett. Forum.
Isthmian Canal Routes, Choice of. J.T. Morgan. No. Amer.
Italy of Virgil and Horace. Elizabeth Pennell. Harper.
Italy, Taxation and Business in. Wolcott Calkins. Forum.
Jackson, Stonewall, Recollections of. Lippincott.
Japan's Financial System. M. Matsukata. North American.
Jordan, President, of Stanford. F. B. Millard. World's Work.
Longevity in our Time. Roger S. Tracy. Century.
Milk Supply, Pure, Problem of. H. D. Chapin. Forum.
Moon, Is it a Dead Planet? W. H. Pickering. Century,
Muskallonge, Fight with a. J. R. Rathom. Scribner.
Navy, Our New. G. W. Melville. Review of Reviews.
Negro and Higher Learning. W. S. Scarborough. Forum.
North Sea Smack, On a. J. B. Connolly. Scribner,
Pension Systems, Comparative. Frederick Fenning. Forum.
Player, Recollections of a. J. H. Stoddart. Century.
Professorial Office, Degradation of. G. T. Ladd. Forum.
Prohibition Movement in Canada. J. P. Gerrie. Rev. of Revs.
Prussia, Polish Problem in. W. von Schierbrand. Forum.
Queen of Roumania, Summer Life of. Century.
Rhodes, Cecil John. W. T. Stead. Review of Reviews.
Rhododendron Culture in Am. Frances Duncan. Atlantic.
Road, Charm of the. James H. Hyde. Harper.
Russia, Impressions of. Henry Cabot Lodge. Scribner.
Salt Sea in the Desert, A Dry. World's Work.
Social Secretary, The. Maud Nathan. World's Work.
Southwest, The Great. Ray S. Baker. Century.
Spain, Sitaation in Sydney Brooks. North American.
Stanford University. Will Irwin. World's Work.
Swinburne, Mr. Edmund Gosse. Century.
Tisza, Kálmán, Builder of Modern Hungary. Rev. of Reviews.
Title Registration, to Real Property. W. C. Maing. Forum.
Trout Fishing in Faroe Islands. Elizabeth Taylor. Atlantic.
United States, Opportunity of. A. Carnegie. No. American.
Untidiness, Our Public. A. D. F. Hamlin. Forum.
Vision, The Act of. Raymond Dodge. Harper.
Voice, Appearance of the. E. W. Scripture. Century.
Wage-Earning School Children in England. T. Burke. Forum.
War-Ship, American, A Charmed. J. R. Spears. Harper.
Washington Society. Henry Loomis Nelson. Century.
Whitney, William C. W.J. K. Kenny. World's Work.
Whittier's, A Noteworthy Letter of. W.L. Phelps. Century.
Wild Life Photography. Bernard Meiklejohn. World's Work.
Woman and her Sphere. Duchess of Sutherland. No. Amer.
Working Man, Way of the. Cy Warman, North American.
.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
May, 1902.
Academic Life, Pleasant Incidents of. D. C. Gilman, Scribner
Alps, Over the, in a Diligence. E. R. Pennell. Lippincott.
America as a Peacemaker. Frederic Emory. World's Work.
American Invasion, Beyond the World's Work.
America's Recent Military Lessons. W. H. Carter. No. Am.
Anarchy, Treatment of. W. M. Salter. Allantic.
Anglo-Japanese Alliance. J. P. Dolliver. North American.
Argentina, Public Debt of. A. B. Martinez. No. American.
Arid Southwest, Reclaiming the. R. M. Barker. Forum.


826
(May 1,
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 110 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Memoirs of François René, Vicomte de Chateaubriand,
Sometime Ambassador to England. Being a translation
by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos of the Mémoires d'Outre-
Tombe. In 6 vols. Vols. I. and II., illus. in photogravure,
etc., large 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Old Diaries (1881-1901). By Lord Ronald Sutherland
Gower. Illus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 419. Charles Scribner's Sons. $4.50 net.
Ellen Terry and her Sisters. By T. Edgar Pemberton.
Illus., 8vo, gilt top, pp. 314. Dodd, Mead & Co. $3,50 net.
Thomas Henry Huxley. By Edward Clodd. 12mo, uncut,
pp. 252. “Modern English Writers.” Dodd, Mead & Co.
$1. net.
HISTORY.
The Old Royal Palace of Whitehall. By Edgar Shop-
pard, D.D. Illus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 415. Longmans, Green, & Co. $7.50.
History of Scotland. By P. Hume Brown, M.A. Vol. II.,
From the Accession of Mary Stewart to the Revolution of
1689. With maps, 12mo, uncut, pp. 464. Cambridge
Historical Series." Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
Companion to English History (Middle Ages). Edited
by Francis Pierrepont Barnard, M.A. lllus., 8vo, pp. 372.
Oxford University Press. $2.90 net.
A History of Slavery in Virginia. By James Curtis Bal-
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328
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
so great that his pen assured him an income
for as long as he should be able to use it; he
No. 382. MAY 16, 1902. Vol. XXXII. was, moreover, one of the few American writers
of his time who were as popular in England as
CONTENTS.
at home. He even had a following upon the
Continent, especially in Germany, and his
BRET HARTE
337 stories had been translated into many languages.
PAUL LEICESTER FORD
339 So he removed from Glasgow to London, made
THE DETACHED METHOD IN LITERATURE.
himself a home in the capital city of our race,
Mary B. Swinney
339 and enjoyed life for something over twenty
A WORTHY DISCIPLE OF ÆSCULAPIUS.
years longer. When he died, on the fifth of
Percy F. Bicknell
340
this month, he was in his sixty-third year.
Bret Harte's reputation as a writer was fully
LINCOLN'S PLAN OF RECONSTRUCTION.
John J. Halsey
342
made when he went abroad in the seventies,
and it was curiously like the more recent repu-
AN AMERICAN TRANSLATION OF DANTE.
Melville B. Anderson
tation of Mr. Rudyard Kipling. In other
. 345
words, it was based upon a mastery of the short
AN EXPLANATION OF ROBESPIERRE. E. D.
Adams
story, upon a gift of vivid realism in the por-
346
trayal of striking types of character found far
AMERICA IN THE FAR EAST. B. J. Ramage 348
from the conventional environment of old so-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
. 350
cieties, and upon a knack of easy rhyming of
Completion of a great cyclopedia. — Theories of the
a sort now humorous, now pathetic, which occa-
notation of English verse. — Short lives of two
leading Americans. Medieval ivory carvings.
sionally stirred the deeper emotions. The
Biblical and Semitic studies from Yale. - Interest things which he could do he had already done,
ing musical essays.— “Old Put” as a man of energy. and done inimitably, when he became a volun-
- Men and events in 18th-century Ireland. — The
love-letters of Napoleon.
tary exile. Since then, he has perhaps doubled
the volume of his work, but he has added to
BRIEFER MENTION
353
it no new note, and has remained content to
NOTES
353
ring the changes upon the old themes and
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
354 situations.
It is perhaps the best of all legitimate trib-
utes to his great talent, amounting almost to
BRET HARTE.
genius, to say that his later stories retain much
It was nearly a quarter of a century ago of the freshness of the earlier ones. The vein
that Bret Harte, then close upon forty years of Californian romance which he worked so
of
age, received an appointment in the consular successfully in the seventies, continued in the
service of the United States, and went abroad nineties and beyond to yield ore of rich quality.
to live. He probably had little thought at the He repeats himself many times, to be sure, but
time that his self-expatriation would be pro his repetitions are something more than replicas
longed for twenty-four years, and that he would of achieved masterpieces; they are rather anal-
die in a foreign country. His first public ser. ogous to the variations upon a single theme to
vice was at Crefeld, but after two years he was which the great composers have devoted their
.


338
[May 16,
THE DIAL
upon record.
best abilities. In the cases of the musician dition that remains absolutely unique. The
and the story-writer alike, the power to charın author's own words must here be quoted to
continuously is the real test, and we do not help our understanding of the phase of Amer-
know why the variations of the artist in words ican civilization that he has placed permanently
should be treated with a scorn that we would
not think of bestowing upon the variations of “He must beg the reader to bear in mind that this
the artist in tones.
emigration was either across a continent almost unex-
Francis Bret Harte was born in Albany in plored, or by the way of a long and dangerous voyage
1839. His father died when the boy was fifteen
around Cape Horn, and that the promised land itself
presented the singular spectacle of a patriarchal Latin
years old, and the family then migrated to race who had been left to themselves, forgotten by the
California. The boy's early experience in world, for nearly three hundred years. The faith,
cluded gold-digging, type-setting, and school courage, vigor, youth, and capacity for adventure neces-
teaching. When a compositor at Eureka he
sary to this emigration produced a body of men as
tried his hand at writing, and the ability thus
strongly distinctive as the companions of Jason. Unlike
most pioneers, the niajority were men of profession and
displayed earned him an editorial position on education ; all were young, and all bad staked their
his newspaper.
But his zeal outran his dis future in the enterprise. Critics who have taken large
cretion, and the office was nearly wrecked in and exhaustive views of mankind and society from club
windows in Pall Mall or the Fifth Avenue can only
consequence of the young editor's denunciation
accept for granted the turbulent Chivalry that thronged
of an outrageous Indian massacre in which the
the streets of San Francisco in the gala days of her
leading citizens of the town had taken part. youth, and must read the blazon of their deeds like
He then started “The Californian" on his the doubtful quarterings of the shield of Amadis de
own account, but the paper had only a brief Gaul.”
existence, and is chiefly remembered because The total literary output of this brilliant and
the “ Condensed Novels ” first appeared in its accomplished writer includes, besides the sub-
columns. In 1868 « The Overland Monthly” stantial collection of his poems, upwards of
was established, and Harte was appointed its forty volumes of fiction. Perhaps one-fourth
editor. His opportunity was now at hand, and of these volumes are single novels; the others
he knew how to make use of it. The story of are collections of short stories. Bret Harte
his sudden leap into national fame with “ The was less successful when working upon a large
Luck of Roaring Camp” is familiar, and scale than when he confined himself to a few
need not be here repeated. The reception pages. The constructive art, which was almost
given it in California was decidedly unfavor. faultless in his briefer efforts, seemed to fail
able, and many were the denunciations of him when he attempted the form of lengthy
the author that appeared in the press. But narrative, and the most extensive of all his
the East was yet to be heard from ; and when fictions, the story of “Gabriel Conroy,” is
its voice was heard, the local verdict was ab among the weakest. Of his longer stories,
solutely reversed, for the story was received 6. The Crusade of the Excelsior” is probably
“ with an enthusiasm that half frightened the the best. It is as the master of the short story
author,” and even “ The Atlantic Monthly” that he will mainly live in the history of our
wrote soliciting a contribution of similar literature, and he is bound to occupy a high
sort.
position. His stories are very uneven in their
Two or three years later, Bret Harte left excellence, as could hardly fail to be the case
California for the East, and established him when it is considered that they must number
self as a journalist and man of letters in con in the neighborhood of two hundred ; but the
nection with the Atlantic "and the New York best of them, the best fifty of them, let us say,
Evening Post.” This is the story of his life constitute a body of work that must be ranked
up to the time of his consular appointment, and above nearly everything else of its class in our
is all that need be here recounted.
fortunate happening for American literature work of Poe and Hawthorne. And we are
that he should have passed the receptive years inclined to think that, taking the word novelist
of his life upon the Pacific Coast. Our na in its broadest sense, and reviewing our Ameri-
tional history has offered few such opportu can novelists of the past third of a century,
nities for a genial observer, and Bret Harte there is not one among them all who has made
was the man for the occasion. The exodus of a more valuable and lasting contribution to
1849 was one of the most picturesque things our literature than that which we owe to Bret
in our annals, and resulted in a social con Harte.
It was a literature, excepting only as hors concours the


1902.]
339
THE DIAL
Johnson made his way to London. The great
PAUL LEICESTER FORD.
Doctor would, indeed, have resented any intimation
The shocking tragedy which ended the life of that he was trying to get away from the moral and
Paul Leicester Ford on the eighth of this month intellectual atmosphere in which he was reared.
dealt a serious blow to both American literature and His opinion upon “apostasy,” as he would have
American historical scholarship. Born in 1865, he termed it, from one's education, was very decided.
had lived among books all his life, and had done As the Seward letters report, he professed that
an amount of literary work that was prodigious for “ if he had been educated in the Roman Catholic
one so young. On the historical side, his work faith, he would have questioned his right to quit
comprises editions of the works of Thomas Jeffer the religion of his fathers.” Stubbornly as he was
son and John Dickinson, a valuable critical work bent upon adhering to the tenets he was born to,
upon “The New England Primer," biographies of Dr. Johnson must have suffered intensification or
Washington and Franklin, and many lesser labors enlargement of ideas by his migration from Lich-
in the field of our Colonial and Revolutionary his- field; and upon the impressionable and vivid
tory. To the larger public, he is best known as mind of Shakespeare the London journey doubtless
the author of “The Honorable Peter Stirling" and wrought more deeply still. It brought to the
“Janice Meredith," besides two or three novels of dramatist that quickening of observation and
lighter character. The first of these novels, which memory which is so much more to the dramatic
is one of the strongest works of recent American than to the philosophic observer of life. The
fiction, had a curious history. It came unheralded, details of his Stratford impressions must have
and attracted little attention. But as time went started out in his mind, sensitivized by exile, fresh
on, its readers told their friends about it, and the and full of color as they rarely appear to the
demand steadily increased until it became one of familiar eye. Follies, customs, speech, naked
the best-selling books upon the market, and con human nature, unreflectingly absorbed long before,
tinued to be largely purchased for several years. came out with the enchanting picturesqueness dis-
In other words, it showed that a good book may
tance lends.
6 Justice Shallow” moved across his
achieve popular success in strictly legitimate ways, fellow-townsman's field of vision, in all the pomp
and its history stands in striking contrast to the and circumstance of his official position, and withal
history of the average popular novel of the day. without the over-emphasis which irritated daily
The art of the advertiser brought immediate suc companionship would have given. All the tender.
cess to “ Janice Meredith,” which was rather a ness of years of separation softened the medium
pity, because a prejudice was thus created against through which the observer in city pent surveyed
the book in the minds of discriminating observers, the fair rural Warwick of his boyhood.
and its popularity was made to appear more arti Jane Austen is the only notable instance I can
ficial than deserved. As a matter of fact, it was now recall of a dramatic portrayer of contemporary
good enough to win its way without being “boomed” English manners who gives the effect of perspective
or “ boosted,” and stands out among the best recent in her picture, subdues the whole to artistic propor-
romances of its class. It has the uncommon merit tions, without effecting this objective treatment by
of being based upon a genuinely scholarly know bodily removal from the scenes she depicts. The
ledge of its period, without suffering from the obtru quiet humdrum society in which she lived was
sion of learning, or having its romantic and senti irradiated for her by the lambent light of an inex-
mental interest in any way impaired.
tinguishable humor. The fine delicate touch is
that of serene detachment, not too complete and
removed for understanding.
THE DETACHED METHOD IN
For satirists, such unexaggerated views are not
essential. One can attack abuses from which one
LITERATURE.
suffers acute and present misery, the more fitly and
Perhaps the great French critics are the com definitely for the pain. The caricature derives its
pletest modern examples of personal detachment ingenious power to torment from the isolation of
from literary work; but English and American certain qualities, the bias of the treatment. But
students of life have conspicuously tried to escape the gentle, mellow outline of nature, the nothing
their native bias. To be able to externalize one's too much, the modelling of a figure without the
environment, to get an outside view of one's dog distortion of dislike or the harshness of incomplete
mas, is deemed so necessary that the first step upon comprehension, is not to be done in the heat of
discovering an artistic faculty is to move to a controversy. The exquisite grace of a day that is
metropolis and view past experiences and present dead may be deplored, but it is the better artistic-
emotions from that vantage-ground.
ally since it cannot come back in its crude emphatic
Only recently has this been done with conscious salience.
eye upon the perspective. The blind impulse to Situations may press too close for the play of
get into a larger stream of life used to be the wit or fancy, but individuality presses closer still,
motive; or the need of a recognition not to be and getting away from that is a far more subtle
found in provincial society, as when Dr. Samuel matter.
A mind uncolored by habit, preposses-


840
[May 16,
THE DIAL
sion, or feeling, would be a difficult achievement.
Burns's “gee oursel as ithers see 08" seems to
The New Books.
offer a rough-and-ready substitute for the absolute
insight. There is the danger, however, of only A WORTHY DISCIPLE OF ÆSCULAPIUS.*
exchanging one narrow circle for another. Some
“ithers” bring to bear upon one's shrinking
Earnest, purposeful, strenuously industrious
idiosyncrasies the unsympathetic glare of opposite
such was the life of the late Sir James Paget,
tastes and virtue. What benefit accrues to a Poe and we close the book that pictures so faith-
from seeing himself as a Griswold sees him? fully his long and useful career, with a feeling
Would Hawthorne have gained by accepting the of gladness that such a man has lived.
village valuation of himself — that village from Ever since the appearance of the “ Religio
whose opinions he had to shut himself off, to gain Medici" a peculiar interest has attached to the
self-confidence enough to carry on his work? self-revelations of a physician. Perhaps it is
Seeing life steadily and seeing it whole comes
the old conflict between religion and science
not from reading it through other people's eyes.
that is at the bottom of this interest. 6. Three
We all know what befell “tender personed Lamia
in Keats's poem, when the cold skeptical eye of physicians, two atheists," was a saying common
reason penetrated her warm love-trance. One's
in Browne's day, and is still not without a
neighbors usually bring, beside this perceant skep measure of truth. But in Paget the highest
ticism, an active disapproval and non-comprehension scientific attainments were united with the
of one's aim. “Know thyself” was the Delphic loftiest spiritual faith and the most constant
oracle, — but no method was suggested. The true devotion to the claims of religion. That in
Pythic calm would surely not be reached by him physic did not crowd out metaphysic may
adopting the strabismus of others in addition to
be seen in brief passage from one of his rou-
one's own.
tine lectures on the functions of the brain.
Nobody would have been worse confounded 1 10 Other portions of the human mind are the reason,
than Burns if the giftie had granted his petition,
and the conscience . . . by which there is established
and the sensitive perception of others' disap-
between man and the brutes a great difference, not in
proval had suddenly been thrust upon him. The
degree alone, but in kind. The spirit differs from all
virility that bubbled up so easefully in his song the faculties in its independence of our organization:
would have been ill exchanged for the tact that for it is exercised best in complete abstraction from all
holds its finger upon the popular pulse. Well for that is sensible; it is wholly independent of the organi-
us that Robert Burns's nature had its roots too far zation of the brain; wholly independent also of the
back in the ploughing, love-making, peasant days
education of the understanding."
of Ayr, to be transplanted into the conventional and Even an outline of Paget's life of ceaseless
artificial methods of the letters of his day. If, as activity and well-earned honors would more
Sudermann maintains in his novel “ Es War," than fill our available space. He was born at
repentance is an emasculating exercise, destructive
Yarmouth in 1814, being one of seventeen
of the peace it seeks, surely the effort to view
ourselves as others do, — and that is generally he had to contend with a lack of means that
children, nine of whom reached maturity, and
satirically, sometimes despondently, - cannot pro-
duce peace of mind. The dramatist may find it finally amounted to poverty; but the young
profitable; but the lyrical poet, or the man of
man welcomed each obstacle as an incentive to
action, leans for strength upon his subjective renewed effort and an earnest of ultimate suc-
energy, and that is as liable to collapse from the cess. His fine scorn, in later life, of the eight-
intrusion of alien forces as was Lamia's palpi- | hour movement is reminiscent of his own
tating loveliness. Fortunately, the subjective type fourteen and sixteen hours of daily toil. With
is usually impervious to the opinions of others. If
two of his brothers, the young practitioner
Napoleon had been as acutely sensitive to public seeking a practice assumed the debts of his
approval as Josephine was, he would have made
bankrupt father, and was not content until, at
but a poor figure in the world. Detachment,
the end of twenty years,
he had hunted
then, however desirable for critics and dramatists,
and
up
seems to be in its infancy as a lay endowment, paid in full, principal and interest, the last of
because of its difficulty of attainment. Whims and
the claims against the elder Paget. Cherishing
prejudices and personal bias serve their end in a family pride like that of Thomas Martineau's
urging us toward definite goals, and give color children, he could not bear to leave the reproach
to the material upon which the student of life
* MEMOIRS AND LETTERS OF SIR JAMES PAGET. Edited
works. Even if this were not so, these distinctive
by Stephen Paget, one of his Sons. Illustrated. New York:
traits are not to be escaped by every mind, Longmans, Green, & Co.
“nearer are they than breathing, closer than SELECTED ESSAYS AND ADDRESSES BY SIR JAMES
hands and feet."
PAGET. Edited by Stephen Paget, F.R.S.C. New York:
MARY B. SWINNEY, Longmans, Green, & Co.


1902.]
341
THE DIAL
name,
of insolvency against his honored father's doctors, whom it would be difficult to exclude,
though few decent Englishmen would like to
Some of the achievements of James Paget's be associated with them.” Such disparaging
student days at St. Bartholomew's Hospital remarks from one so kindly and charitable and
are notable. In four or five days he read up so careful in weighing bis words, are the more
medical jurisprudence, and, at the competitive noteworthy as the utterances of a man who was
examination, bore off the highest honors in this loaded with honors by American scientific so-
as well as in his other studies. He enjoyed cieties and who came to have a wide circle of
almost a monopoly in his ability to read Ger warm friends in this country.
man with ease, and found himself in the curious
Apropos of his friendships, a few of the good
position of tutor to his instructors when medical things in which the book abounds must find a
intelligence from Germany was called for. place here. At the dinner following Paget's
Other languages he quickly acquired for pur-delivery of the Hunterian oration before the
poses of his profession. A noteworthy per- College of Surgeons in 1877, Mr. Gladstone,
formance of his still earlier years illustrates his
a close friend of his, proposed the orator's
bent for natural science. While yet under
While yet under health in a little speech in which he divided
twenty, he prepared an exhaustive flora - 1185
mankind into two classes, — the happy minor-
plants — of his native Yarmouth, publishing ity who had heard the address, and the to-be-
it with an elder brother's equally careful study pitied majority who by their fault or misfortune
of the fauna, and accompanying it with obser- had not. There is only one way,” said Paget
vations on the distribution and modification of
in responding to the toast, “ in which it may
species that read like prolegomena to the be possible to surpass Mr. Gladstone as an
Origin of Species,” which was still a quarter orator, and that way I will proceed to put in
of a century in the future. A valuable contribu- practice. You all know that though speech may
tion to medical science was his discovery, by the be silvern, silence is golden. You shall have
aid of a borrowed microscope, of the trichina the gold.”
the gold." Not a few eminent authors and
spiralis, which Professor Virchow has since scientists were Sir James's friends and admir-
made the subject of more extended study. He
ers. We see bim sitting with Romanes on one
found time and means to vary the monotony side and Browning on the other, laughing with
of his 'prentice days by a three-months visit to hearty zest at the latter's story of his faithless
Paris hospitals and lecture-rooms. Writing Italian maid-servant who pilfered his tea and
home, he speaks with extreme disgust of the then, conscience-stricken, stole his candles to
raffianly appearance of the unwashed and un-
burn before a little shrine in expiation of the
shaven medical students, with their ragged theft. His admiration for George Eliot and
coats and wooden shoes. He regrets to see his enjoyment of her novels is in somewhat
even some of his own countrymen lapsing into significant contrast with his difficulty in get-
a like uncouthness; “ however,” he adds, “I ting through
ting through “ Marcella” one stormy day in
hope a great deal of the worst is to be set
the country.
With Lowell he was
down to the Americans, of whom a great many friendliest of terms.
friendliest of terms. “They were made for
are, I know, studying here.” We hope he was each other,” says Paget's son. In their hearty
mistaken. Surely Dr. Holmes, who studied liking for the English climate the two were
in Paris a few years earlier, gives no such im. certainly at one. As after-dinner speakers
pression in his account of Louis's “ faithful they enjoyed a nearly equal repute. The late
band of almost worshipping students,” and in Mr. Justice Denman said, “I once heard, at
his picture of the knot of Bostonians and Phila-
dinner of the Royal Society, the late Lord
delphians that used to breakfast at the Café Coleridge, Mr. Lowell, then American Ambas-
Procope, where Jouffroy and other famous or sador, Sir James Paget, and Mr. Huxley, all
soon-to-be-famous men also took their morning speak on the same evening; and the general
coffee. Another fling at Americans — and opinion put Lowell first and Paget next.” A
this time at American women - is found in a short letter from Lowell to Paget, not included
letter to Sir Joseph Hooker on the proposed in Mr. Norton's collection, is so characteristic
admission of women-doctors to the International
in its happy phrasing, and so illustrative of the
Medical Congress held in London in 1881. esteem entertained for Sir James by all who
“I am influenced towards a negative posture knew him, as to warrant insertion here.
in this case,” he says, “ by what I have heard
“If anything could add to the pleasure of dining
of some of the American and Zurich women. with you, it would be that of meeting Lord Acton. He
on the


342
[May 16,
THE DIAL
is one of the few men I have ever met, the inside of States, so called, are in the Union or out of it. ..
whose head more than keeps the promise of the out As appears to me, that question has not been, nor yet
and in his case that is saying a great deal. I well is, a practically material one, and that any discussion
remember in what terms he spoke of you; and shall of it while it thus remains practically immaterial could
not say whether I agreed with him or not, because my have no effect other than the mischievous one of divid-
opinion could add no weight to his. You see I am ing our friends.
As yet, whatever it may hereafter
wandering from the point (like every after-dinner become, that question is bad as the basis of a contro-
speaker but you) — but it is only because I would fain versy, and good for nothing at all - a mere pernicious
put off saying that I am unfortunate enough to be abstraction. We all agree that the seceded States, so
engaged for Thursday. I can only say I wish I called, are out of their proper practical relation with
weren't !”
the Union, and that the sole object of the Government,
Our editor has some pleasant things to
civil and military, in regard to those States, is to again
record of Lowell, and collects a number of his
get them into that proper practical relation. I believe
that it is not only possible, but, in fact, easier, to do
wise and witty sayings that have never before this without deciding or even considering whether these
been in print.
States have ever been out of the Union than with it.
A baronetcy was conferred upon Paget in Finding themselves safely at home, it would be utterly
1871, when he had been already thirteen
immaterial whether they had ever been abroad. Let
us join in doing the acts necessary to restoring the
years, in his professional capacity, a member
proper practical relations between these States and the
of the queen's household. He died in 1899.
Union, and each forever after innocently indulge his
His fame as a physician rests chiefly on his own opinion whether in doing the acts he brought the
work in surgical pathology, wherein he serves
States from without into the Union, or only gave them
as one of the links connecting the old Hun-
proper assistance, they never having been out of it.”
terian surgery with that of the last quarter-
Here, in a few sentences, is Mr. Lincoln's
century. His son Stephen has admirably edited plan for Reconstruction ; and it may be called
and supplemented his autobiography and let the paternal plan. Not explicitly, but tacitly
ters, adding Millais' portrait of Sir James and and practically, it is based upon the theory for
other portraits and illustrations.
which the war had been undertaken by the
Scant space remains in which to notice the North — that the Union is perpetual, and that
“ Essays and Addresses.” Though almost
a State
may
not secede. At the same time, it
wholly on medical subjects, many of them met the protest of such practical minds as that
hold the lay reader a willing captive by their
of Thaddeus Stevens—that a State can secede,
clear and engaging style. Such are, for ex-
and that in fact eleven did so act — by the con-
ample, the chapters on “Stammering with
cession that “the seceded States, so called, are
Other Organs than Those of Speech,” “What
out of their proper and practical relation with
Becomes of Medical Students," " Theology and the Union.” The eminently practical mind of
Science,” “ Nervous Mimicry,” and “Errors the great President recognized what so many
of
in the Chronometry of Life.”
his contemporaries failed to grasp: that polit-
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
ical theories and the actual events of life do
not always coincide. Thomas Williams, of
Pennsylvania, well expressed the truth in his
remarks in the House, April 29, 1864, when
LINCOLN'S PLAN OF RECONSTRUCTION.*
he said that in the minds of the framers of
A whole generation of men has passed from
the Constitution the theory of an indissoluble
the stage of human affairs since the legal but that the Union could be ruptured by vio-
Union referred to the right, to its organic law;
adjustment of conflicting purposes for the
reconstruction of State governments in the
lence. Mr. Stevens himself, four days later,
rebellious South ; yet for thirty years such has put it concisely when he said: “What are we
been the conflict of opinion and the resulting making war upon them for? For seceding ;
current of events that one may say to day with
for going out of the Union against law. The
a large measure of truth that the work of
law forbids a man to rob or murder, and yet
Reconstruction is still incomplete.
robbing and murder exist de facto, but not de
Three days before his death Mr. Lincoln jure.”
said :
The problem of Reconstruction was there.
“I have been shown a letter ... in which the writer
fore not an easy one; it was exceedingly diffi.
expresses regret that my mind has not seemed to be cult to make a harmony of theory and fact.
definitely fixed on the question whether the seceded On the one hand were the Constitution and
*LINCOLN'S PLAN OF RECONSTRUCTION. By Charles H.
the perpetual pact; on the other were the
McCarthy. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co.
violated law and the offenders. Men like


1902.]
348
THE DIAL
Lincoln and Stevens, who agreed thoroughly istrative efforts to restore to the Union Ten-
as to the theory of the Union, fixed their nessee, Lousiana, and Arkansas, and the for-
attention, after the event of secession, poles mation of the new State of West Virginia.
apart. Lincoln's mind was on the indissoluble Through all these tentative efforts, whether in
Union ; Stevens saw before all else the violat- what was contemptuously called the “ ten per
ors of the law. Lincoln's desire to restore the cent” policy in the three Southwestern States,
status quo dwarfed all questions of method ; or in the recognition in the “Old Dominion”
to Stevens the status quo was worth restoring of a minority vote setting free the western por-
only on certain conditions and with certain tion of the State, Mr. Lincoln was clear in his
guarantees for the future. The one thought
The one thought own mind. What he said in the case of Virginia
upon the returned and restored prodigal; the applies to all:
other elaborated pains and penalties. If Mr. “ The consent of the Legislature of Virginia is con-
Lincoln's was the paternal plan, that of Mr. stitutionally necessary to the bill for the admission of
Stevens was the penitentiary one.
West Virginia becoming a law. A body claiming to be
such a legislature has given its consent. We cannot
Mr. Lincoln died on the eve of the Recon-
well deny it is such unless we do so upon the outside
struction period, and his successor was soon at knowledge that the body was chosen at elections in
war with the leaders of Congressional opinion. which a majority of the qualified voters of Virginia
It has always been an open question to thought-
did not participate. But it is a universal practice in
ful men, how far the great leader, if he had
the popular elections in all these States to give no legal
consideration whatever to those who do not choose to
lived, would have determined the facts of
vote, as against the effect of the votes of those who do
Reconstruction. The issue that was made, choose to vote. Hence it is not the qualified voters,
early in 1864 in the first session of the Thirty- but the qualified voters who choose to vote, that consti-
eighth Congress, when Henry Winter Davis tute the political power of the State. Much less than
to non-voters should any consideration be given to
and Senator Wade brought in a bill which
those who did not vote in this case, because it is also
ignored the administration's policy of restora matter of outside knowledge that they are not merely
tion in Louisiana, foreboded a conflict; and neglectful of their rights under and duty to this govern-
although it was for the time averted, the desire ment, but were also engaged in open rebellion against
to punish the rebellious South, and to make
it. . . . Can this Government stand if it indulges con-
stitutional constructions by which men in open rebellion
sure of the abolition of slavery, was too strong against it are to be accounted, man for man, the equals'
to be permanently set aside. Yet one may of those who maintain their loyalty to it ?”.
reasonably cherish the belief that, had the
The sixth chapter, a most instructive one,
leader lived who far more than any other man “ Theories and Plans of Reconstruction,” pre-
concerned with the rebellion commanded the
sents the President's plan, Sumner's theory
confidence of his fellow-countrymen, some of of “State suicide," the “conquered territory
the harsher features of Reconstruction as car-
theory of Stevens, and the view persistently
ried out would have been avoided. Whilst it
held by many Northern Democrats that only
is true that the opposition to Mr. Lincoln was
the final event of the war could determine
based only partly on his plan, and was directed whether the rebellious States were in or out of
also at his independence in the initiation of a
the Union. The President's plan assumed not
policy, we can agree with the latest biographer only that the Union was indestructible, but
of Thaddeus Stevens, Congressman McCall, that also that individuals rather than States were
if Lincoln had lived “ his fine political sagacity in rebellion, and that individuals rather than
and his popularity with the people might not States were to be brought to terms. Mr.
have been strong enough to carry through his Sumner's theory held that the act of the de
plan of Reconstruction, but we can at least feel facto rulers of a State is the act of that State,
sure that his moderation would have averted
and that secession involved “a practical abdi-
any serious rupture; that he would not have
cation by the State of all rights under the
been dragged to the bar of the Senate in Constitution ... and the State being, accord-
impeachment proceedings, and that Congress, ing to the language of the law, felo de - se,
under the lead of Stevens, would not have
ceases to exist.'
wielded the supreme power.”
Mr. Stevens's theory was too much that of
Mr. Charles H. McCarthy has very happily
a legalist, in some of its features, to be satis-
gathered into his volume on “ Lincoln's Plan factory to a lover of the Constitution in its
of Reconstruction " the lines of policy that lie spirit as well as its letter.
about the purpose of President Lincoln. In
“Who pleads the Constitution against our proposed
the first four chapters he discusses the admin action ? Who says the Constitution must come in, in


344
(May 16,
THE DIAL
:
bar of our action. ... The Constitution! Our Con for the first time becomes something more than
stitution, which you repudiate and trample under foot,
a narrator, and enters into a critical examina-
forbids it! Sir, it is an absurdity. There must be a
tion as to the modes of initiating Reconstruc-
party in court to plead it, and that party, to be entitled
to plead it in court, must first acknowledge its suprem-
tion, the character of the reconstructed govern-
acy, or he has no business to be in court at all. ... ments, and the limitations of the Presidential
Those who bring in this plea here, in bar of our action, plan. He finds four modes of instituting the
are the advocates of rebels; they are speaking for them
renewed governments: by a movement originat-
and not for us — - who are the plaintiffs in this trans-
action."
ing with the loyal people, as in West Virginia;
by Presidential initiative, as in Tennessee,
The plaintiffs ! Never once did the mind of
Arkansas, and Louisiana ; by the expiring
this acute lawyer rise above that narrow con-
power of the Confederacy's local governors,
ception of the constitutional defence of the
as in Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas; and
Union. To Mr. Lincoln, the cause of the Union
by Congressional authority, as finally in all
was that of a sovereign government and a sov-
the eleven States except West Virginia and
ereign people, and not of a mere plaintiff at
Tennessee. All of these methods are charac-
the bar.
The seventh chapter of Mr. McCarthy's
terized as irregular, but the last is approved as
work deals with “The Rise of the Congressional
least open to objection. The author's closing
remarks
may
well be quoted :
Plan,” and gives in detail the discussions in
“ However crude we may now consider Mr. Lin-
both houses, during the first half of 1864, of
coln's system, it should not be forgotten that with him
the bill introduced by Henry Winter Davis
the paramount consideration was the overtbrow of the
and Senator Wade. This bill, which was Confederacy. With that purpose all his measures bar-
vetoed by President Lincoln, repudiated the
monized, and it is scarcely critical to examine them
President's “ten per cent” States and their
from any other point of view. How far necessity,
which had originally suggested, would subsequently
reconstructed governments, and claimed the
bave modified his plan, it is now impossible to state.
right for Congress“ to reorganize governments Without detracting a particle from his well-won fame
in those States, to impose such conditions as it it may be admitted that his method, which could not
thinks necessary to secure the permanence of
bave foreseen the rapid succession of changes following
republican government, to refuse to recognize problem with which Congress was compelled to deal in
his death, was but indifferently adapted to solve the
any governments there which do not prohibit 1867; but the measure of permanent success which
slavery forever.” Mr. Lincoln thought that attended the deliberate legislation of that body by no
slavery could be abolished only by an amend means justified the conclusion that some other system
ment to the Constitution, and said :
would have proved a total failure. With all its imma-
turity, the plan of the President was not without its
“ This bill and the position of these gentlemen seem advantages. It aimed to restore, with as little innova-
to me, in asserting that the insurrectionary States are tion as possible, the Union of the Fathers; with some
no longer in the Union, to make the fatal admission that
exceptions the natural leaders of Southern society were
States, whenever they please, may of their own motion
to participate in the work of reorganization; and the
dissolve their connection with the Union. Now, we
author of this simple plan approached his difficult task
cannot survive that admission, I am convinced."
in a generous and enlightened spirit.”
In the Congress that met in December, The substance of Mr. McCarthy's book is
1864, an attempt was made to revive the better than his method. There is at times a
Davis - Wade bill, with the modification of lack of continuity, and a returning upon itself
recognizing the “ten per cent ” States already of the narrative which makes it difficult to see
organized by the administration. This meas the relation of events. Especially in the case
ure was unsuccessful; and equally so was an of the States restored by the President, is it
attempt by the friends of the administration difficult to get the calendar of the story. The
to have the State of Louisiana recognized inde narrative in Arkansas proceeds to May, 1861;
pendently of a general Reconstruction measure. then falls back, without notice, to February;
There was a drawn battle, at the close of which then goes on in May. Mr. Pierpont is elected
the President's death changed the whole situa Governor of Virginia for a term beginning
tion. This conflict of forces within the triumph- January 1, 1864, and immediately in his mes-
ant Republican party is fully presented in the sage makes a recommendation which is acted
eighth, ninth, and tenth chapters; while the on by the Legislature December 21, 1863.
final chapter notes the “ Culmination of the On page 47 Thomas J. Durant is made the
Presidential Plan ” in the application of it by leader of the anti-slavery faction in Louisiana;
his successor, and to final discomfiture at the on page 53 he is called the spokesman of the
hands of Congress. In this chapter the author conservative element whose interests opposed


1902.]
345
THE DIAL
any disturbance of existing conditions.” On sion, to make such an appeal, it is like salt that
page 203 there is an unprofitable attempt to has lost its savor. From a prose translation of
prove that Mr. Sumner was in the wrong in a poem less is expected : it serves its humble
considering that James the Second demitted purpose if it afford an accurate and spirited
the English crown by abdication. On page rendering of so much of the meaning of the
434 we are told that “when the last of the original as may still persist after the disinte-
Federal soldiers had set their faces toward the gration of the poem as a work of art. This
sea, the city of Atlanta was little more than a residue chances to be, in the case of the Divine
mass of smoking ruins.” In his “ Memoirs,'
In his “ Memoirs,” Comedy, of weight and value ; moreover, the
General Sherman says that the fire which difficulties in the way of the modern reader
Colonel Roe, by his orders, had set to the rail who would feel the full glory and divineness of
road shops, through an explosion also reached the poem are so great that a faithful transla-
the block of stores near the depot, and the tion is not to be despised. Even the Italians
heart of the city was in flames, but the fire have their prose version, printed face to face
did not reach the parts of Atlanta where the with the original, nor do they shame to con-
courthouse was, or the great mass of dwelling sult it. Similar apparatus is provided by the
houses." The annexed correspondence shows editors of the well-known “ Temple Classics,”
that the intention was merely to destroy that who give us the fine prose translations of the
portion of the city which was a fortified place Inferno by Dr. Carlyle, of the Purgatorio by
and an arsenal of supplies. Old residents tell Mr. Okey, of the Paradiso by Mr. Wicksteed,
the same story to those who visit Atlanta to-day. in compact and attractive form face to face
The author has esteemed too lightly his func with the original text. The object of this edi.
tion as critic. One feels that the opposing tion is plainly to facilitate the study of the
plans represented by Lincoln, by Henry Win original. In a note appended to his translation
ter Davis, and by Stevens, are not sufficiently Mr. Okey remarks with truth and point: “Of
characterized ; and he gets a less clear view of the supreme poets none loses so much by trans-
their constitutional relationships from this work lation as Dante ; none so quickly repays a study
devoted to a single topic than from such a of the original text. Many passages indeed
treatise as McCall's Life of Stevens, to which are clearer in Italian than in English.” This
Reconstruction is only a part of the story. should not be forgotten when Mr. Schuyler's
JOHN J. HALSEY. fling at Longfellow is recalled.
The three translations issued in the Tem-
ple Classics” have high and various merits ;
still, the very fact that they are by different
AN AMERICAN TRANSLATION OF DANTE.*
men deprives them of that uniformity of tex.
The late Eugene Schuyler rather wickedly ture and tone that marks the work of Dante.
remarked concerning Longfellow's translation
It is pleasant to know that there is a complete
of Dante: “You cannot possibly understand
translation by an honored American scholar
it unless you have read the original.” This
the merits of which are incontestible, perhaps
jibe is somewhat less injurious than it sounds,
incomparable. When Professor Charles Eliot
for it is in a measure true of all verse transla- Norton first published his prose translation of
tions of Dante, among which Longfellow's is Dante in 1891, its excellence was widely rec-
not the least intelligible. What makes verse
ognized, — so widely that a dozen reprints of
translations, with a few shining exceptions, so
at least one part of it were called for within a
disappointing is the fact that their form natur-
decade. Last autumn Professor Norton com-
ally arouses an expectation which is sadly dis- pleted a thorough-going revision of his great
appointed. Except as a vehicle for poetry, what work, which now comes to us in its definitive
excuse for being has verse? The function of
form from the Riverside Press. A critical
a verse translation should be to give some im. comparison of this with the earlier version is
pression of the artistic form of the original, necessary in order to enable one to realize the
some touch of its animating principle, to maké significance of the author's quiet statement
a similar appeal to the sense of beauty. If a
that he has “given, perhaps, as much time to
metrical version fails to give such an impres- the revision as to the original making of the
translation.” Indeed, the alterations, both in
THE DIVINE COMEDY OF DANTE ALIGHIERI, Trans-
lated by Charles Eliot Norton. Revised edition. In three
sense and syntax, are so many and often so
volumes: Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
radical, that the revision is essentially a new


346
(May 16,
THE DIAL
66
version. The changes fall into two classes : comparison of this translation with Carlyle's
those whose purpose was to make the style of the Inferno or with Mr. Wicksteed's of the
more flowing and the diction more idiomatic; Paradiso tends to deepen one's admiration of
and those by which the author seeks to render Mr. Norton's work. The American translation
Dante's thought with increased precision and is somewhat severer in style than the others,
deeper fidelity. It is safe to assert that the frequently exhibiting a distinct preference for
translator has taken cognizance of the textual significant Latinisms in Dante's diction for
corrections and the happier interpretations of which the English translators prefer the more
recent decades, and that nothing is here set vivid purely English synonyms. Not that
down at random. Inasmuch, however, as the Mr. Norton's translation is unduly Latinized ;
former version was also deeply considered, it on the contrary, it is extremely idiomatic, and
remains true that the changes in the sense are more so in the present than in the former ver-
often of a kind to invite the famous verdict of sion. Mr. Norton further shows the purity of
Sir Roger De Coverley. They represent the his taste in eschewing archaisms, except per-
deliberate interpretations of Professor Norton haps when the language of Dante is distinctly
to-day as opposed to the interpretations of the scriptural; and in the avoidance of metrical
same authority a dozen years ago. It is but
It is but effects. In Mr. Wicksteed's charming and
natural that there should be instances in the spirited version of the Paradiso the light-winged
case of which some will prefer the earlier read prose is continually hovering on the verge
of
ing. The very first sentence of the poem af. verse — sometimes sliding into it. It may be
fords a case in point. The earlier version was : questioned whether there is not some element
Midway upon the road of our life I found myself
of the meretricious in such a confusion of the
within a dark wood, for the right way had been two harmonies of prose and of verse. The
missed.”
superiority of Mr. Norton's taste is decisively
The following is the revised version, with the revealed in the uniformity of tone which is
changes made noticeable by italics :
preserved throughout: the tone and the har.
“Midway upon the journey of our life I found myself
mony of noble modern prose. It is unfortunate
in a dark wood, where the right way was lost.”
that there is no space here for examples which
Far the most important of the above altera would give point to these observations. The
tions is the change of for to where. The change reviewer can only record his own conclusion
represents a fundamentally different conception that no other version of the whole poem known
of Dante's moral and theological attitude. to him, and no other combination of versions
Formerly the translator made Dante say that of the three several parts, can be said to equal
a man deviates from the straight and narrow Mr. Norton's in the application of the higher
way because of an inward declension, a spiritual qualities of taste and style to the faithful ren-
blindness, which is symbolized by the slumber dition of Dante's thought in prose.
In its
that possessed him when he “ abandoned the union of the prime qualities of fidelity and
true way.” Now, on the other hand, the trans. idiomatic felicity, this masterly translation is
lator makes Dante imply that a man goes astray probably unrivalled. No doubt it will have a
morally by reason of mere outward temptations
permanent place as an English classic.
and obstacles. Perhaps he is right about
MELVILLE B. ANDERSON.
Dante's attitude; Scartazzini does not think
80; others do not think so; and, however it
may be, the change seems to involve some sacri.
fice of spiritual significance, of universal truth. AN EXPLANATION OF ROBESPIERRE.*
Whatever one may think of this or that In the examination of a biographical work
change in the reading, everyone must admire on so important a historical character as Robes-
the literary skill displayed in the changes in pierre, three questions at once present them-
diction and word-order. Professor Norton's selves : Have new sources or material been
diction bears witness to a taste more nearly discovered ?
discovered ? Have the old and well-known
faultless than is exhibited by other translators sources been correctly used ? Is there merit
of Dante. The notes, which in the former shown in analysis and in literary presentation ?
version were too scanty, have been increased In the present volume the first of these may
in number many-fold, and now give a succinct be dismissed at once, for Mr. Belloc prefaces
explanation, whenever the explanation is known,
* ROBESPIERRE. A Study. By Hilaire Belloc, B.A. With
of every obscure passage or allusion. Detailed portrait. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.


1902.)
347
THE DIAL
his work with a disclaimer. It is his belief Along the same lines is the author's assump-
that there is greater need of intelligent study tion of Robespierre's unimportance in the sum-
of materials already within reach than of search mer of 1789, because “ for months the half
for altogether new light. In recognition of official Moniteur does not mention his name."
this need he has undertaken the present study. This mistake has become almost a classic. The
The result of his labor is a volume that bears Moniteur in fact did not begin publication until
on its every page evidence of that conscientious November of 1789, and it was not until years
care and analysis which were, in the writer's had elapsed that the earlier numbers, dating
mind, the first essentials.
from May, were published in order to make
Now when a man of Mr. Belloc's known the file complete for so interesting a period of
ability and honesty of purpose essays such an history. Necessarily, citations from the Moni-
important examination as this one, and when teur for this period have no true historical
its perusal shows such extreme care, there is va
value. In minor matters there are occasional
surely reason for the prediction that, in so far errors in the statement of events of importance.
as the facts of history are concerned, a just The Berlin treaty of February, 1792, between
discrimination in the use of materials may be Austria and Prussia, was certainly not due
expected. It is only in part, however, that primarily to the intrigues of Catherine II. of
such a prediction is verified. It would perhaps Russia, but was rather the completion of a
be hypercritical to attack the author's old-time diplomatic reversal begun in the Vienna Con-
presentation of the Revolution as a sudden vention of the previous year, by which Leo-
emergence and as a series of cataclysms,— as pold II. gained a friend in the king of Prussia.
when, writing of the results of the National Both Van Sybel and Sorel have proved this
Assembly, it is stated that " it was in the na. beyond question. Nor is that view correct
ture of this crisis that the immediate past fell which shows the Girondists in July of 1792 as
out of sight altogether. There stood between imbued with a great idea, " the vision of a free
'89 and '90 the strange barrier between sleep world.” The famous decree offering aid to
and waking." Such misstatements may be “nations in bondage” was not passed until
pardoned in the exigencies of dramatic analysis. November of that year, and then only by acci-
But it is otherwise when materials are avowedly dent, and with no conception of its real import.
accepted as authoritative which lack the first When, however, we turn to the question
requisites of true sources. Mr. Belloc's ac. of analysis and literary presentation, Mr.
count of Robespierre's youth and early man-
Belloc's work at once takes rank with the
hood is founded upon the memoirs of Charlotte best historical essays. Granting him his
Robespierre. He not only accepts them as premises, his characterizations of Robespierre
genuine, but, basing an analysis of character and of contemporary events are altogether
upon the sister's description, he makes that logical, and are presented in a style that
analysis the centre and crux of the later de. forces an absorbed attention. Robespierre, as
velopment of his hero. The trustworthiness the author sees him, belonged to that class of
of these memoirs is then a question of prime country lawyers who, imbued with the spirit
importance, yet they have usually been regarded of anti-revolutionary philosophy, systematized
as a forgery. The author asserts their authen that philosophy into a code of principles, and,
ticity, and has made a clever argument in sup with a hard logic, judged all men and events
port of his contention. Yet, admitting this by its formulas.
argument to be convincing and final, the mem “ He took the first postulates of the Contrat Social'
oirs do not constitute a reliable source. It is
for granted. • He deduced from them, and still
at least clear that they were written years after
deduced, with a fatal accuracy of process, with a fatal
ignorance of things, and with no appreciation of the
the events they purport to narrate, that they increasing chances of error, until his deductions had
were amplified by Laperronaye in such a man departed prodigiously from their starting point, and
per as to render it impossible to distinguish began to prove themselves in every practical applica-
between original and alterations, and that, at
tion absurd.”
the best, they constitute a solitary, isolated
Thus the atmosphere in which Robespierre
statement of facts unsupported by other wit-
lived was one of political dogmatism. He was
To accept such material as a final
one of those fanatics who
source is to discredit that modern school of
“ Attach themselves to some principle which is either
scientific history to which Mr. Belloc's country evident, and armed with this truth which few care (and
highly probable, or generally acceptable, or even self-
men have contributed so largely.
sometimes none are able) to deny, they proceed to a
nesses.


348
[May 16,
THE DIAL
thousand applications of their role which they lay leadership in Paris, while his occasional resist-
down as an iron standard, crushing the multiple irregu-
ance to that system is explained as the result
larities of living things. Of these it has been well said
of a desire to exhibit his authority. Finally
that they go to the devil by logic.”
Imbued with these circumscribed ideals,
he was tempted, — tempted by the vision of
Robespierre entered the National Assembly despotic authority, only transparently masked
of 1789. He was “unreasonable logic incar. | by a pretense of moderating the Terror ; and
he knew his temptation, yet yielded. Such an
nate,” yet his reputation grew steadily by his
pertinacity in criticism of existing forms, and analysis denies to Robespierre the excuse of
his insistent postulation of new principles of self-deception : an extreme view, yet one ably
argued. It seems reasonable also to the reader,
government. At the same time he took no
and thus is evidence of the skill with which
part in the immediate quarrels of the Assem-
the author has combined his materials. It can-
bly, nor in its practical labors. He “lived
in ideas rather than in their application,” and
not be accepted as conclusive, simply because
was in truth incapable of sharing in the popu-
no dictum on Robespierre is conclusive. As
Mr. Belloc himself states, “in every attempt
lar excitement and enthusiasm of 1789. This
aloofness of temperament, combined with a
to explain the man, one must omit the back-
recognized sincerity, both constantly displayed other man of the revolutionary era, contempo-
ground.” In a greater degree than with any
in the Assembly and at the Jacobin Club,
served in time to give him a far-reaching
rary events fail to illuminate his character. The
influence. In popular estimation he personi- study of Robespierre is the study of “a mind
fied those principles which the radical revolu-
isolated and feeding inwardly upon itself.”
tionists were struggling to realize. But with
In his preface Mr. Belloc writes :
the events of the 10th of August, the people,
Nothing would be easier than to make a drama of
the life of Robespierre, were one content to neglect the
whose rights Robespierre had been preaching, exactitude of historical record. On the other hand,
actually acquired power, and a change of rôle nothing would be easier . than to write down a
was imperative. Obliged to abandon obstruct voluminous chronicle in which the self contradictions
ive criticism, his true forte, he entered upon
should be stated, but not explained, and in which all
the sequence of the great story and all its poignancy
a period of constructive activity, in which he should be neglected."
forfeited both the source of his popularity and
Having denied himself the “ easier task," Mr.
his political independence. Though not the
Belloc undertook to steer the much more diffi-
coward he has frequently been pictured, he
cult middle course, and explain the man.
то
was never a leader in action, nor strong in
do this successfully and present to the public
times of crisis. He unconsciously undermined
a study which altogether escapes the imputation
his own influence by yielding principles to
of the dry-as-dust accounts on the one hand,
political necessity or to personal ambition.
In the trial of the King, his logic became
and also of the luridly painted theatrical effects
on the other, has been Mr. Belloc's work. And
sophistry; in the attack upon the Girondists it is no small praise to say that his explanation
he exhibited none but the politician's tactics.
of Robespierre, while not forfeiting its claim
Yet with the overthrow of the Girondists the
to an honorable place among historical studies,
time finally arrived when Robespierre's ideals
has also much of the charm and style and
were to be put in execution, when his essays
finish which should win recognition for it in a
were to become codes.
wider field.
E. D. ADAMS.
This interpretation of Robespierre by Mr.
Belloc, as just summarized, does not differ
greatly from that commonly given. It is with
AMERICA IN THE FAR EAST.*
the period following Robespierre's entrance
into the Committee of Public Safety that the Passing over the matter of racial bias, and
biography diverges from the beaten track. He of the insuperable British belief in the right
joined the Committee, says Mr. Belloc, not of Anglo-Saxon nations to subjugate and domi-
reluctantly, but of set purpose. He passed
nate weaker peoples, it may be said that few
from the realm of abstract theory to that of students of contemporary diplomacy are better
practical politics. More and more he sacrificed qualified to speak of the events that are so
principles to the gratification of personal am rapidly transforming the Orient and opening
bition, and he knew himself to have deserted for us a new chapter in the history of the
his ideals. Opposed in theory to the system of
*THE MASTERY OF THE PACIFIC. By Archibald "R.
the Terror, he get submitted to it to retain his Colquhoun. New York: The Macmillan Company.


1902.]
349
THE DIAL
world than Mr. Archibald R. Colquhoun, author he is disposed to believe that the impending
of “The Mastery of the Pacific.” Long a conflict, though perhaps a bloodless one, is to
resident and traveller in foreign lands, he has be shifted to an ocean sphere. Hence the
enjoyed rare opportunities for observing the Mastery of the Pacific is to be decided by the
peoples of the Far East and noting such social Great Sea Powers.
and political institutions as are calculated to, American readers will naturally turn with
throw light on their racial traits as well as on keenest interest to those pages of Mr. Colqu-
their capacity for self-government. Former houn's work which set forth our own interests
deputy commissioner of Burma and admin in the Pacific. Thoroughly familiar with the
istrator of Mashonaland, he was for several political situation both in this country and in
years a special correspondent of the London the Philippines, he balances the varying forces
“ Times” in the Orient,
in the Orient, —- positions that gave that are thrusting us further and further into
him access to sources of information seldom the vortex of international passions, and draws
exploited by Europeans. Notwithstanding the conclusions that ought to receive the careful
fact that he has already published some of attention of our statesmen as well as of all
these impressions in former volumes which citizens who can rise above party and creed.
have not only aroused wide interest but won To many readers Mr. Colquhoun's remarks
for him special recognition from the Royal concerning the religion of the Filipino will
Geographical Society, the present book is in come in the nature of a revelation. “His
every sense a new and original production. Christianity,” the author declares, “is a thing
Its dominant idea appears to be that the Pacific about which his best friends disagree. Some
is to become the highway for the commerce of say
it is deep and sincere, others that it is a
the world, and hence the arena for the inter mere matter of outward show and superstition.
national rivalries of the dawning century. Mr. One of themselves makes the distinction that
Colquhoun's style is at once clear and graphic, it is not so much religious as fanatical.” While
while his description of Asiatic conditions and convinced that we are only on the threshold, so
possibilities is both thorough and comprehen- to speak, of the difficulties that await us in the
sive. The numerous sketches and photographs, Far East, Mr. Colquhoun thinks that, in spite
which add so much to the interest and value of of many mistakes, we have already accom-
the book, were made by Mrs. Colquhoun, the plished a great deal. And, like most other
constant companion of her husband throughout Englishmen who so complacently view our un-
his journeys. There are also several good joyous outing in the Pacific, he extols the sa-
maps and a copious index.
lubrity of the atmosphere, the picturesqueness
The introductory pages of the volume are of the scenery, and counsels us to keep up our
devoted to the history of the Pacific and of the present diet and exercise. Should we cease
various races that have made their homes along finding game in the Philippines, there is always
its coasts and in its countless islands; while the prospect of a bearhunt in India. He de.
succeeding chapters give a more or less com plores the employment of colored troops in
prehensive account of the three chief colonial subjugating the native population, urges the
interests in the Orient, — namely, those of the
namely, those of the adoption of an efficient plan of civil service,
United States, Great Britain, and Holland, and expresses the hope that our government
and of the empire of Japan, with its colony of will not be hostile either to the institutions of
Formosa. Then follows a glance at the interests the islanders or to the capital of Europeanş.
of other Powers in Asiatic waters, the first Mr. Colquhoun observes that what is now
place being assigned to Germany and France, wanted is, “not further statements as to the
not only on account of their insular possessions, actual number of pagans in certain districts,
but also by reason of their even more extensive or the percentage of immorality among the
interests on the mainland. Finally comes a Friars, but experience and judgment in dealing
rough survey of the possessions of China and with matters as they stand at present. All the
Russia ; and the book concludes with a brief information which can be had by cross-examin-
presentation of Mr. Colquhoun's views regarding untruthful witnesses has been already col-
ing the probable trend of future events in the lected, and the bones of the discussion are
Far East. Convinced that the struggle for picked bare.” In other words, America must
supremacy must inevitably be settled by force, make up her mind as to her future relations to
and therefore fought out by Russia and Japan the Archipelago and then “put her faith in the
because of their proximity to bases of supplies, men who have already devoted so much of their


350
[May 16,
THE DIAL
time to the problem." To send another com odical publications. In it are found only those
mission would, in his opinion, merely result in species known to be actually in cultivation in this
increasing the number of smatterers. Judge country at the time of publication. The second
Taft he regards as being thoroughly capable feature is that the species are compared and con-
trasted as well as described. No cyclopedia has
of facing the situation, provided he is supported
at home. Mr. Colquhoun believes that our
such keys to enable the reader to name the species
he has in hand. A third feature is that the leading
ideal policy in the Philippines would have been
articles are all signed. One can tell the source of
a temporary military occupation followed by a
information ; and while the great number of con-
gradually-developed civil administration ; but tributors, reaching more than 450, has resulted in
since, out of deference to public opinion in the a somewhat heterogeneous work, there is a person-
United States, a system of quasi-independence ality in the articles, representing as they do a wide
has been inaugurated, he throws out the char range of experience and attainment, that is far more
acteristic suggestion that our government ought
satisfactory than the cut-and-trimmed style of the
to “ interfere as little as possible with the cus-
ordinary cyclopedia. The fourth feature of the
toms, prejudices, and religion of the Filipinos,
book is that it is primarily a cyclopedia of horti-
culture rather than of gardening; and one more
and to keep a tight hold.”
worthy of mention is that plants are presented as
Of the various rival powers in the Far East,
living and growing things that are still undergoing
the United States, according to Mr. Colquhoun, evolution. This has introduced the historical method
will be the dominant factor in the Mastery of of treatment; and although the subject is a vast
the Pacific; and this opinion is based in large one for detailed presentation, the intelligent reader
measure on our vast resources and fast-increas feels the drift of an evolutionary motive. Aside
ing population. But he points out very forcibly, f from these general features, an entirely new set of
in his concluding paragraphs, that in thus em-
excellent horticultural pictures, the biographies of
barking on this new phase of her career our
persons who have had an important influence upon
American horticulture, the geographical and his-
country must be prepared to make certain sac-
torical subjects, the special attention given to trop-
rifices as well as to remodel not a few of her
ical and sub-tropical plants, the unusual number of
time-honored institutions. In other words,
citations to literature, are all worthy of commen-
“ there can be no rest, no pause, in the march
dation. Some of the interesting statistics of the
of a great empire; it must advance or decay, work may be mentioned. There are 4357 entries
– history has made that plain.”
or articles, including cross-references; the number
B. J. RAMAGE. of genera described is 2225; the number of species
fully described is 8793, of which 2419 are native
to North America north of Mexico. Writing on
the cyclopedia was begun in January, 1899, a year
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
having then been spent in making indexes and col.
lecting data. The proof of the letter Z was received
The completion of Mr. L. H. Bailey's
December 31, 1901. In dismissing the work, the
Completion of a
great "Cyclopedia of American Hor-
great cyclopedia.
editor, in a very characteristic vein, writes as fol-
ticulture” (Macmillan) deserves
lows: “ Hundreds of books had become familiar
special notice. At first the work was planned to
friends. We would never see them all together
be a three-volume cyclopedia, but before the first
again. Like a child, the cyclopedia had grown.
volume was half written it was found that four vol-
Like the mature youth, it had left us. It was no
umes would be necessary. As Professor Bailey
longer ours."
says, “ the article Asparagus is the first that began
to feel the fuller and larger treatment." The editor
Theories of
Mr. J. P. Dabney is the latest of
expresses the hope that this cyclopedia will never
theorists regarding the notation of
be revised, since its purpose is to make a record of
English verse.
English verse, and, like his prede-
North American horticulture as it exists at the cessors, he believes he has solved the multiform
opening of the twentieth century. It is expected problem it presents in “The Musical Basis of
that subsequent progress will be recorded in a series Verse, a Scientific Study of the Principles of Poetic
of supplements, with cumulative index, the manu. Composition" (Longmans). All English poetry,
script for the first two of which is already prepared. the book observes, follows in detail the laws of
This work has already been somewhat fully re musical composition, and may be noted musically
viewed in THE DIAL, but its important features as in either two-four or three-four time. Being purely
a whole, that serve to distinguish it from other a question of stressed syllables regularly recurring,
works of the same class, may be re-stated briefly : with either one or two unstressed syllables inter-
It represents a living horticulture, rather than a vening, the division can be made with exactitude,
compilation of species that chance to have been de. all of the measures variously known as iambic,
scribed or pictured in other cyclopedias or in peri. I trochaic, or spondaic falling into the two-four bar,
the notation of


1902.)
351
THE DIAL
and those either dactylic, amphibrachic, or ana goal of his ambition ; and when he died, at forty-
pæstic into the three-four. The author further eight, he had been pushed to one side by his less
reduces all forms of English metre to three classes brilliant but far greater rival. The volume will
or manners : (1), “Strict," in which all the lines appeal most to those who are already familiar with
begin uniformly with the anacrusis, which will the history of Douglas's time. The other volume
include iambs, anapæsts, and amphibrachs; (2), is a life of Samuel de Champlain, by Mr. Henry D.
those “ with direct attack,” without the anacrusis, Sedgwick, Jr. Here, too, one purpose dominated
comprising dactyls and trochees; and (3), "Free," the life of the subject, so that, although the life's
in which the poet uses lines with or without the activity extended over nearly half a century, it can
anacrusis. As in the case of his predecessors in be adequately presented in a small compass. The
this field, Mr. Dabney finds it necessary to accuse author has shown his hero as a statesman and a
poets of eminence of lack of ear for writing verses prudent leader of men, as well as a daring explorer.
which do not fall within his scheme, Words His final word is this : “Champlain was very noble
worth and Emerson among others. The question in pablic and private life, simple, just, honorable,
of extra syllables is met by putting in extra notes— and kind, with a tenderness toward the weak, and
not grace notes, either as in the case of Milton's a steadfast, patient loyalty in trouble, that with his
“Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait,' insuppressive mettle' make him one of the worth-
where the first bar has four notes and the second iest, if not the worthiest, man in the early history
three. It is Sidney Lanier's method carried to its of North America."
'logical conclusion ; but it does not bring conviction
in its train. There is a law, exceedingly complex
The second volume in the series of
Mediceval
in its statement, which governs English heroic
“Handbooks of Great Craftsmen
ivory carvings.
verse. It implies not merely stresses in due place,
(Macmillan) is curiously misnamed
but stresses out of place, the use of long syllables to “ The Ivory Workers of the Middle Ages," and is
produce such effects, the various placings of the certainly misplaced in a series of books having to
cæsura, and the use of rhetorical pauses for this do with the great craftsmen. The human interest
purpose. It also implies elisions, the uses of phrases is conspicuously lacking. The author, Mr. A. M.
as long words, and all the delicate shades of stress Cust, manages to avoid giving any information
which long words and phrases so used necessitate.
whatever regarding ivory workers. Tuotilo, the
Its infinite varieties cannot be stated in terms of monk of St. Gall, and a reputed hero of the craft
the metronome, as Mr. Dabney insists ; and he (circa 900 A.D.), is mentioned only for the pur-
leaves the problem quite as complicated as he finds pose of denying that he was an eminent craftsman
it. To the classicist, indeed, his book will seem
in ivory. If it be true, as other monographs upon
like the reduction of Lanier's work to an absurdity.
ivory carving state, that Albrecht Dürer, Michel
Angelo, Benvenuto Cellini, and many other artists
The two latest issues of that excel. and many European princes of the Middle Ages,
Short lives of two
lent group of brief lives of men who
leading Americans.
followed the “beautiful craft," and furnished
have played a large part in Amerspecimens of their workmanship in ivory to enrich
ican history, called the “Riverside Biographical the museums of the art capitals of Europe, no men.
Series (Houghton), are of value and interest, tion thereof is made in this book. Some informa-
since they are not only good pieces of work, but
tion it gives regarding the art of ivory carving in
treat of men whose lives are among ordinary its relation to sculpture, and it seeks to show the
readers largely a matter of tradition. Mr. William
continuity of this art from the time of the Cave
Garrott Brown has given the life-story of Stephen Dwellers down through the various periods into
Arnold Douglas with a completeness that seems which the history of art is divided, and that it
remarkable until one remembers 'the meteoric
prospered at times when the sculptor's art declined
brevity of that astonishing career and the over and when monumental sculpture was almost com.
shadowing importance of the one great question that pletely suspended. All this is interesting; but the
roused the passion and filled the attention of the photographic reproductions by which the book is
country during the decade before the Civil War.
illustrated do not exhibit the anonymous mediæval
Few parallels can be found to the astonishing rise
carvers as accurate interpreters of the human form,
to prominence of this man whose body was so small nor their skill as superior to that of the modern
but whose ambition was so colossal. There was
ivory workers. Nor are the pictures calculated to
no situation that he did not dominate at once, inspire the readers of the book with a very deep
whether in frontier Illinois or at the capital of the interest in the art of ivory carving.
nation, until he found himself confronted by the
aroused moral sense of the North. Then his essen-
A recent volume of the “ Yale Bi.
tial weakness was manifested. Wholly unlike Lin-
centennial Publications" (Scribner)
colo, bis beaten rival all through life up to this
from Yale.
is taken up with a collection of “Bib.
time, he lacked in moral sensibility. He could not lical and Semitic Studies” prepared by seven
measure this new force, because he could not members of the biblical and Semitic faculty of Yale
understand it. So he failed of the presidency, the University. The essays deal with a wide range of
Biblical and
Semitic studies


352
[May 16,
THE DIAL
on
Men and events
topics, touching the Old and New Testaments, Rab-
No man better deserves a place
binical lore, and Semitic history. They are up-to-
" Old Put” as a
among "American Men of Energy
man of energy.
date discussions, and reflect the spirit of investiga-
tban does General Israel Putnam, &
tion that properly has its abode in such an institu life of whom by William Farrand Livingston has
tion as Yale. The first article, by Professor E. been added by the Messrs. Putnam to the brief
L. Curtis, is a study of the tribes of Israel, in the series of biographies bearing that name.
The en-
light of the latest hypotheses put forth by a num. ergy of “Old Put” needed not to be brought to
ber of Old Testament scholars, especially in Europe. mind, for too many legends concerning the old hero
The impression produced on the reader by a careful are still afloat. But the volume is needed to cor-
perusal of this article is that we are in danger of rect what may be a current misapprehension, too
falling into a habit of employing fanciful and arbi likely to arise in such cases, that there was not
trary methods in the interpretation of ancient ori. bebind the marvellous energy and daring the more
ental literature. There is no limit to the possibilities solid qualities of ability and character. While the
of such imaginary explanations as he gives of the facts given are out of historical perspective, as in
personages of the Old Testament. The growth of most biographies, and General Putnam's part is
Israelitish law is the theme of the second article. made almost the central one in the war, after all
As in much of the current discussions of that sub allowances are made one cannot but conclude that
ject, the authors, Professors Kent and Sanders, he was really an able general and a broad-minded
present an argument for the chief growth of the statesman in his political views. That Washington
law late in Hebrew history — in post-exilic times. made him his right-hand man during the early
To a layman in the subject, their method of pre- years of the Revolution, would almost settle the
sentation is orderly, consecutive, logical, but rather matter. The earlier part of the story, recounting
too much wedded to a theory that underlies the the services of the hero as scout and officer in the
whole scheme to carry conviction. Professor F. French and Indian War, is a constant succession of
C. Porter contributes the third article “ Yetser venturesome and almost foolhardy deeds ; but the
Hara," “the evil inclination," or "imagination" in reader feels throughout that there are shrewdness
the Old Testament, rabbinical literature, etc. This and good sense behind the daring exploits.
is a valuable addition to our knowledge of this
important Hebrew term. “ The Significance of the
“The Irish question,” as Lord Rose-
Resurrection,” by Professor Moulton, “Stephen's
in 18th-century bery once happily remarked, “has
Ireland.
Speech,” by Professor Bacon, and The Moham-
never passed into history because it
medan Conquest of Egypt and North Africa (643. has never passed out of politics.” Mr. C. Litton
705 A. D.),” by Professor Torrey, are the con Falkiner quotes this observation in the preface to
cluding scholarly contributions to this valuable
his “Studies in Irish History and Biography ”
bicentennial volume of Yale University.
(Longmans), and adds that he cannot hope to
escape criticism from the point of view of Irish
A few appreciative sketches on mu politics. His chapters are devoted mainly to
Interesting
sical subjects, written by Mr. Filson
musical essays.
eighteenth-century characters, and he has aimed to
Young, have been published under exhaust all available sources of information. Most
the title of “Mastersingers” (imported by Charles of these studies have already seen the light in the
Scribner's Sons). While there has been no effort “ Edinburgh,” the “Quarterly," and other reviews
to deliver a critical judgment upon the music and and magazines, and one is expanded from a short
musicians written about, the author has penned a article contributed to the “ Dictionary of National
truthful record of the effect that certain works,
Biography.” Grattan, Clare, Castlereagh, Plunket,
differing widely one from the other, produce on a Thomas Steele, Sir Boyle Roche, and the Earl-
single mind. In three successive chapters we are Bishop of Derry claim each a chapter, while the
given a critical analysis of “Bach's Organ Fugues,' last third of the volume is devoted to an account
“Mozart's Requiem," and "Tschaikowsky's Sixth of the French invasion of Ireland. The reputed
Symphony.” To those who are familiar with these father of the Irish bull is, of course, the most
works, and yet have but a slight knowledge of the diverting character in the book, and one regrets
meaning of all the leading motives that are inter-
that more space could not have been allowed him.
woven into textures of inexpressible beauty, the Scholarly treatment and fairness of tone make this
author's treatment of the subjects has a pictorial collection of Irish studies by an Irishman a work
suggestiveness that enables one to dispense with a
of more than passing interest.
thorough understanding of the actual music. Stu-
dents of music will appreciate the manner in which
“ Napoleon's Letters to Josephine,
certain musical ideas have been revealed, — for the
The love-letters
1796-1813” (Dutton), translated
of Napoleon.
fruitless search after a single pregnant and striking
and edited by Mr. H. F. Hall, serve,
musical idea in a forest of contrapuntal solfeggios with the aid of copious notes, wide margins, and
and roulades is certainly not a pleasurable exercise thick paper, to make up a presentable volume. The
of mental ingenuity. Another interesting chapter letters for the period of the first Italian campaign
in the book is devoted to Charles Villiers Stanford. depict the impassioned lover, and are of interest


1902.)
358
THE DIAL
Another penny
in illustrating Napoleon's romantic temperament in
NOTES.
early manbood. Those of 1806-7, at the time of
the war with Prussia and Russia, indicate a thought “ Samuel I. II.," edited by Mr. James Sime, and
ful interest in keeping Josephine informed of the “ Deuteronomy,” edited by Mr. G. Wilkins, are two
progress of the campaign, but are brief and bur volumes of the “ Temple Bible," published by the J. B.
ried. In all save the first period, any one of these Lippincott Co.
80-called letters might easily be reproduced upon a
“ Julius Cæsar," with an introduction and notes by
Mr. Michael Macmillan, is the latest volume of the
modern postal card, and few have any inherent
library edition of Shakespeare now in course of publi-
personal interest. They are largely mere abbrevi-
cation by the Bowen-Merrill Co.
ated records of events, accompanying a perennial
Two volumes of “Guy Fawkes,” two of “Old St.
injunction to Josephine to be "contented and
Paul's,” and one of “Star Chamber," are additions to
happy.” Mr. Hall has fulfilled the duties of an the new “Windsor" edition of W. H. Ainsworth's nov-
editor very acceptably, placing before each letter a els, published by the J. B. Lippincott Co.
statement of the leading contemporary events, while “ Four American Explorers," by Miss Nellie F. Kings-
his arrangement is logical, and his translation ley, is a new volume in a series of educational reading-
happy. This presentation enhances such interest books published by the Werner School Book Co. Lewis,
as the letters may possess.
Clark, Frémont, and Kane are the four men whose ex-
ploits are chronicled in simple and interesting language.
“ The International Student's Atlas,” prepared under
the direction of Mr. J. G. Bartholomew, is imported
BRIEFER MENTION.
by the Messrs. Scribner. It includes nearly a hundred
pages of plates, and a comprehensive general index. It
The first four issues of “The Unit Library” have may be recommended as a strictly modern work at a
reached our table. This library is to consist of reprints
moderate price.
of standard literature, published at a low price, which
A translation of Alexander Glovatski's novel of an-
is reckoned npon the basis of fd. for every "unit" of cient Egypt, “ The Pharaoh and the Priest,” has been
twenty-five
pages.
is added for a papor
made by Mr. Jeremiah Curtin, and will be issued at an
cover, and something more for cloth and leather bind early date by Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co. The same
ings. The books now published are The Vicar firm will also publish next month a new novel by Miss
of Wakefield" (9 units), “ A Sentimental Journey Mary Devereux, entitled “Lafitte of Louisiana."
(6 units), “The Origin of Species ” (20 units), and Mr. Clarence S. Darrow's collection of pleasant lit-
Emerson's “ English Traits” (8 units). The editions erary papers, “A Persian Pearl, and Other Essays,”
are unabridged. This enterprise bids fair to do for first published in 1899, now reappears in a new edition
English readers what has been done so successfully bearing the imprint of Mr. C. L. Ricketts, Chicago. In
in the case of German reade by the “ Universal mechanical form the volume is a great improvement
Bibliothek ” of Phillip Reclam, from which the idea over the original Roycroft edition, and is altogether a
bas evidently been borrowed.
good example of artistic but inexpensive bookmaking.
We have received from the Atlanta University Press Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines " is one of the
an interesting discussion of “The Negro Common frothiest of Mr. Clyde Fitch’s frothy dramatio efforts.
School,” being a report of a social study made under Its present publication in book form, with illustrations
the direction of the University, and now edited by Dr. (including a portrait of Miss Ethel Barrymore), will
W. E. Burghardt Du Bois. These studies of the doubtless be welcome to those who have seen the play
negro problem which are being made with so much and wish for a permanent souvenir of their hour of
intelligence by Atlanta University are of great socio amusement. The book comes from Messrs. Doubleday,
logical and educational value, and deserve to be widely Page & Co.
examined. Perhaps the most striking showing made “Grieb's German Dictionary” has long been a stan-
by the present pamphlet is that for the last thirty dard work, and we welcome the publication of the new
years the negroes of the former slave states have paid edition (the tenth), re-arranged, revised, and enlarged
for their own schools (contrary to the usual idea), and under the editorship of Dr. Arnold Schröer of Freiburg
that the negroes of the whole country have contributed i. B. The English-German section is the only one now
during the past generation no less than forty millions published, and makes a volume of 1358 pages. The
of dollars for the education of their children.
Oxford University Press (Mr. Henry Frowde) supplies
An extra number of the “ Johns Hopkins University the English and American market with this work.
Studies in Historical and Political Science” is made up The University of Chicago Press send us an acting
of tributes to the late Herbert B. Adams. The chief edition of Ben Jonson's - The Case is Altered," which
contributions are by Messrs. J. M. Vincent, Richard T. is to be produced by students of the University on the
Ely, Daniel C. Gilman, and Burr J. Ramage. The seventeenth of this month. As the first production in
greater part of the volume is devoted to a bibliography Chicago of an Elizabethan play under Elizabethan con-
of the work done by men connected with the depart ditions, the occasion promises to be of much interest.
ment of History, Politics, and Economics during its At the same time, we receive from Messrs. Paul Elder
first quarter-century. The showing made is truly im & Morgan Shepard, San Francisco, a translation of the
posing, and helps us to understand what the Johns “ Antigone” of Sophocles, prepared in connection with
Hopkins influence has done for American scholarship. the recent performance of the play (in Greek) under
It has been a fertilizing and fructifying influence the Stanford auspices. This translation follows Pro-
throughout the whole country, and has amply justified fessor Jebb's text in most matters, and is the work of
the far-sighted wisdom of its late President.
Professors H. R. Fairclough and A. T. Murray.


354
[May 16,
THE
DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 78 titles, includes books
received by The DIAL since its last issue.]
Selections from the World's Greatest Short Stories,
Illustrative of the History of Short Story Writing. With
critical and historical comments by Sherwin Cody. 16mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 412. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1. net.
Temple Bible. Now volumes: First and Second Books of
Samuel, edited by James Sime, M.A.; Fifth Book of
Moses Called Deuteronomy, edited by G. Wilkins, M.A.
Each with photogravure frontispiece, 24mo, gilt top. J. B.
Lippincott Co. Per vol., leather, 60 cts. net.
Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. Edited by Michael Mac-
millan. 8vo, uncut, pp. 179. Bowen-Merrill Co. $1.25.
The Case Is Altered: A Comedy. By Ben Jonson. 12mo,
unout, pp. 89. University of Chicago Press. Paper.
The Antigone of Sophocles. Trans. by H. R. Fairclough
and A. T. Murray. 12mo, pp. 63. San Francisco: Paul
Elder and Morgan Shepard. Paper, 35 cts. net.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Autobiography of Sir Walter Besant. With a Prefatory
Note by S. Squire Sprigge. With portrait, 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 292. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.40 net.
William Black, Novelist: A Biography. By Wemyss Reid.
With portrait, 8vo, gilt top, unout, pp. 353. Harper &
Brothors. $2.25 net.
The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateau-
briand, sometime Ambassador to England. Trans. by
Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. Vols. III. and IV. Illus.,
large 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. G. P. Patnam's Sons.
Little Memoirs of the Nineteenth century. By George
Paston. With photogravure portraits, 8vo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 376. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3. net.
General Forrest. By Capt. J. Harvey Mathes. Illus.,
12mo, gilt top, unout, pp. 395. “Great Commanders."
D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
The Vicar of Morwenstow: A Life of Robert Stephen
Hawker, M.A. By S. Baring-Gould, M.A. Eighth edi-
tion ; with portrait, 12mo, pp. 312. Thomas Whittaker.
$1.25.
The True Aaron Burr: A Biographical Sketch. By Charles
Burr Todd. Illas., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 77. A. S. Barnes
& Co. 50 ots. net.
HISTORY.
History of Wachovia in North Carolina: The Unitas
Fratrum or Moravian Church in North Carolina during a
Century and a Half, 1752–1902. By John Henry Clowell,
Ph.D. Ilus., large 8vo, pp. 365. Doubleday, Page & Co.
83, net.
The History of the Louisiana Purchase. By James K.
Hosmer, Ph.D. Illus., 12mo, pp. 230. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.20 net.
Wben Old New York Was Young. By Charles Hem-
street. Illus., 8vo, unout, pp. 354. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.50 net.
Cromwell's Army: A History of the English Soldier during
the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth, and the Protectorato.
By C. H. Firth, M.A. 12mo, pp. 444. James Pott & Co.
Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society.