STATE SYLVANI, PENN COLLEGE TRE 1855 THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE LIBRARY 2308 THE DIAL A Semi-Montbly fournal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME XXXVI. JANUARY 1 to JUNE 16, 1904 CHICAGO THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1904 05 ปี 54 one 31 TEIN . 84 0 . . . . . "f INDEX TO VOLUME XXXVI. PAGE ANIMAL BOOK, AN AMERICAN Wallace Rice 360 ARMSTRONG AND THE HAMPTON SCHOOL Percy F. Bicknell 143 ARNOLD, EDWIN ... 227 ASTRONOMY, RECONSTRUCTIONS OF THE OLD Herbert A. Howe. 233 BEECHER. ABBOTT'S LIFE OF Mary Eleanor Barrows . 42 BISMARCK AND HIS EMPEROR . Lewis A. Rhodes 39 BYRON IN DEFINITIVE FORM . Melville B. Anderson 389 CHELSEA SAGE. NEW LETTERS OF THE Percy F. Bicknell 231 CHRISTIANITY VERSUS DOGMA . T. D. A. Cockerell 296 CLOTHES AND COSTUME IN AMERICA May Estelle Cook 46 COD-FISHERIES, A POLEMIC ON W. D. Foulke 37 COOKERY BOOKS. THE CHARM OF Waldo R. Browne DARWIN CRITICISMS OF T. D. A. Cockerell. 196 DRAMAS. Two POETIC William Morton Payne . 319 EARTH SOME NEW THEORIES OF THE H. Foster Bain 395 EDUCATION, RECENT BOOKS ON Henry Davidson Sheldon 263 EMPIRE, THE COURSE AND LAWS OF A. M. Wergeland . 13 Essays. COGENT ON VARIOUS THEMES . Frederic Austin Ogg. 323 EXPANSION. A CENTURY OF Frederic Austin Ogg . 47 FICTION, RECENT William Morton Payne 18, 118 366 FLOWER Books. An ERA OF Alice Morse Earle 355 GERMANY, MODERN. AN EPITOME OF James Taft Hatfield . 294 HISTORY OF OUR COUNTRY, A COMPOSITE F. H. Hodder 79 HOME. PROBLEMS OF THE Edith Granger 260 HUMOR. THE SAVING GRACE OF Percy F. Bicknell 107 ITALY, BOOKS ABOUT Anna Benneson McMahan . 298 JAPANESE, THE AT CLOSE RANGE William Elliot Griffis 327 JEFFERSON, A SOUTHERNER'S LIFE OF James Oscar Pierce 262 JOKAI MOR . 315 LIBRARIAN AS CRITIC. THE Lina Brown Reed 73 LIBRARIES. NET PRICES AND 71 LIBRARY MANAGEMENT AND METHODS, MODERN Aksel G. S. Josephson 82 LINCOLN, AN OLD-New BIOGRAPHY OF Charles H. Cooper 234 LITTLEGRANGE. THE LAIRD OF W. R. Browne . 393 LONDON ON LONDON T. D. A. Cockerell 11 MAJOR-GENERAL FROM ENSIGN TO Percy F. Bicknell 77 MAN AS THE CENTRE OF THE UNIVERSE Herbert A. Howe 148 MAN OF ACTION, AN AMERICAN W. H. Johnson 325 MASSACHUSETTS' WAR GOVERNOR Percy F. Bicknell 317 Moths, AMERICAN T. D. A. Cockerell 41 MUNCHHAUSEN, A SEVENTEENTH CENTURY John J. Halsey 44 MUSHROOM BOOK, AN AMERICAN Thomas H. Macbride 238 MUSIC AND MUSICIANS BOOKS ON Ingram A. Pyle 396 NAVIES, BRITISH AND AMERICAN Wallace Rice 292 NOVELS. NOTES ON NEW 22, 368 PATER, WALTER, IN PERSPECTIVE Mary Eleanor Barrows 140 PEPYS, A LATTER DAY . Josiah Renick Smith 152 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. BEGINNINGS OF SPANISH RULE IN THE Paul S. Reinsch 192 PAILOSOPHY AND LIFE A. K. Rogers 328 POETRY, RECENT AMERICAN William Morton Payne . 198 POETRY, THE REJECTION OF 353 PREACHER OF THE LARGER HOPE, A May Estelle Cook 297 QUEEN BESS, AN EPIC OF . Charles Leonard Moore 145 QUOTATION VERSUS ORIGINALITY Percy F. Bicknell 285 RAILWAY LITERATURE. SOME RECENT . John J. Halsey 391 REFORMATION, A COMPOSITE HISTORY OF THE E. D. Adams 390 . . . . . . . 296512 iv. INDEX. Mary Augusta Scott . H. W. Boynton M. F. Wallace Rice Wallace Rice . PAGE 86 228 15 190 111 255 150 9 288 . Ingram A. Pyle Percy F. Bicknell William Morton Payne . RENAISSANCE, AN ITALIAN LADY OF THE REVIEWER, THE R. L. S., FOR LOVERS OF ROOSEVELT, PRESIDENT, AS A HERO RUSSIA AS A MODEL SCHOOL BOARD, THE ELECTIVE SCULPTURE IN AMERICA SIXTIES THE, AS SEEN BY JUSTIN MCCARTHY SPENCER AUTOBIOGRAPHY, THE . SPENCER, HERBERT STATE UNIVERSITY, THE TARIFF CONTROVERSIES, AMERICAN THEATRE, THE, AND THE DRAMA TRAVEL. RECENT BOOKS OF TRAVEL, RECENT BOOKS OF TRUST, A PERVERTED UNITED STATES, Two FRENCH BOOKS ON THE UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT, A GREAT VOLTAIRE, THE LATEST PORTRAIT OF WESTERN EXPANSION, STEPS IN . WHISTLER, SOME IMPRESSIONS OF WILD. THE LOVE OF THE WISCONSIN JUBILEE, THE WORLD, ON THE ROOF OF THE . 0. L. Elliott Charles Leonard Moore H. E. Coblentz Charles Atwood Kofoid . 137 236 187 361 155 35 116 257 114 261 110 357 387 194 . . Othon Guerlac Percy F. Bicknell Josiah Renick Smith Edwin E. Sparks Edith Kellogg Dunton May Estelle Cook . . . • Ira M. Price . ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS, 1904 209 BOOKS FOR SUMMER READING, LIST OF ONE HUNDRED 376 BRIEFS ON NEW Books 24, 48, 90, 122, 158, 203, 239, 265, 301, 329, 373, 398 BRIEFER MENTION 27, 53, 94, 126, 162, 207, 242, 305, 333 NOTES 28, 54, 95, 127, 163, 208, 243, 270, 305, 334, 375, 403 TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 28, 96, 164, 244, 306, 377 Lists OF NEW Books 29, 56, 97, 128, 165, 217, 244, 272, 306, 335, 378, 405 . ... 364 III.. AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED PAGE PAGB Abbott, Lyman. Henry Ward Beecher. 42 Barrett, Joseph H. Abraham Lincoln and his Presi- Adams, Brooks. The New Empire... 13 dency 234 Adams, Mary M. The Song at Midnight. 202 Barry, William. The Dayspring... 366 Ainger, Alfred. Crabbe.. 21 Bateson, Mary. Mediaeval England. 331 Albanesi, E. Maria. Susannah and One Other 367 Boach, Joseph W. Sonnets of the Head and Heart 199 Alden, Raymond M. Consolatio.... 163 Belles Lettres Series... 242 Allen, Elizabeth P. Life and Letters of Margaret Benson, E. F. The Relentless City. 21 Preston 159 Berdan, John M. Poems of John Cleveland. 243 Anacreon's Odes, illus. by G. De Roussy. 95 Beveridge, Albert J. The Russian Advance. 111 André, Eugene. A Naturalist in the Guianas. Bibliographical Society of Chicago, Year Book for Andrews, E. Benjamin. The United States in Our 1902-3 28 Own Time.. 55 Bigelow, Poultney. German Struggle for Liberty, Apperson, G. L. Bygone London Life. 402 Vol. 26 Appletons' Series of Plain and Colored Books. Billa udeau, A. Recueil de Locutions Françaises.... 162 ...53, 128, 208, 270, 305 Bingham, Joel F. Gemme della Letteratura Italiana 27 Armes, W. D. Autobiography of Joseph Le Conte.. 125 Blair, Emma Helen, and Robertson, James Alexan- Armstrong, W. N. Around the World with a King.. 362 der. The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898. 192 Arnold, Matthew, Essays, popular edition... 306 Bloomingdale, Charles. The Failure. 372 Ashley, W. T. The Adjustment of Wages. 333 Boegli, Lena. Forward. 363 Ashmore, Otis. Manual of Pronunciation. 404 Böhm-Bowerk, Eugene. Recent Literature on In- Atkinson, George Francis. Mushrooms.. 238 terest 52 Augustine-Thierry, G. Plot of the Placards. 267 Bolen, George L. Getting a Living. 241 Austin, Oscar P. Steps in the Expansion of Our Booth, Charles. Life and Labor of the People of Territory 261 London, second series... 302 Avebury, Lord. Essays and Addresses. 330 Bottone, L. R. Radium and All About It, 403 *Bachelor, A.” Wanted-a Wife.. 24 Bourne, E. G. Fournier's Napoleon.. 95 Bailey, L. H. How to Make a Flower Garden. 356 Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. 335 Balcarres, Lord. Donatello... 301 Bradley, W. A. Contemporary Men of Letters series 208 Bancroft, Mrs. George. Letters from England. 301 Brady, Cyrus T. Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer.... 19 Bargy, Henry. La Religion dans la Societe aux Branch Historical Papers of Randolph-Macon Col- Etats-Unis 116 lege, No. 4. 403 Barr, Robert. Over the Border. 20 Brassington, V. Salt. Shakespeare's Home-Land... 49 Barr, Robert. The Woman Wins. 372 Brauer, Herman G. A. Philosophy of Renan....... 128 INDEX. v. P. 48 PAGE Bridges, Robert. The Roosevelt Book..... 376 Brigham, Albert Geographical Influence in American History 124 Bright, J. Franck. History of England, Period V. 334 Bristol, Augusta Cooper. A Spray of Cosmos. 202 Brochner, Jessie. Danish Life. 51 Brown, Caroline A. On the We-a Trail.. 23 Brown, James D. Manual of Library Economy. 82 Brown, William Garrott. The Foe of Compromise.. 323 Browne, James C., and Carlyle, Alexander. The Nemesis of Froude... 52 Brudno, Ezra S. 'The Fugitive.. 371 Brush, Christine C. The Colonel's Opera Cloak, illustrated edition 54 Buchner, Edward F. Educational Theory of Kant 265 Buell, A. C. Life of William Penn. 303 Bullock, Shan F. The Red Leaguers. 366 Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, illus. by Cruik- shank 94 Burghclere, Lady. George Villiers. 204 Burgin, G. B. The Shutters of Silence. 121 Burney, Fanny. Evelina, in the "Cranford Series" 162 Burpee, L. J. Canadian Bibliography for 1901. 95 Burrows Brothers Reprints... . 206, 403 Burt, Mary E. Poems That Every Child Should Know 334 Byles, C. E. Hawker's Cornish Ballads. 403 Cabell, Isa C. Thoughtless Thoughts of Carisabel.. 25 Caflin, Charles H. American Masters of Scuplture 151 Carleton, S. The Micmac. 372 Carlyle, Alexander. New Letters of Thomas Car- lyle 231 Carinan, Bliss. The Word at St. Kavin's. 376 Carman, Bliss. Songs of the Sea Children. 198 Carpenter, George R. John Greenleaf Whittier.... 203 Carpenter, G. R., and Brewster, W. '1. Modern English Prose 243 Cartwright, Julia. Isabella d'Este. 86 Castle, Agnes and Egerton. Incomparable Bellairs. 121 **Caxton" thin-paper reprints...... ...27, 127, 270, 376 Chamberlin, Thomas A., and Salisbury, Rollin D. Geology, Vol. I.... 395 Chesterton, G. K. G. F. Watts. 334 Chisholm, G. C., and Leete, C. H. Longmans' School Geography 127 Clemens, S. L. The Jumping Frog, new edition. ... 126 Clement, Ernest W. Handbook of Modern Japan... 25 Clowes, Wm. Laird. The Royal Navy, Vols. VI. and VII. 292 Codman, John. Arnold's Expedition to Quebec, third edition 268 Coleridge, Ernest H., and Prothero, Rowland E. Works of Byron 389 Collingwood, W. G. Ruskin Relics. 403 Collins, J. Churton. More's Utopia. 334 Colton, Arthur. Port Argent.. 369 Comstock, J. H. and Anna B. How to Know the Butterflies 374 Converse, Florence. Long Will. 119 Cooke, Marjorie B. Modern Monologues.. 53 Cooper, Harriet C. Life of James Oglethorpe. 402 Craig, W. J. Oxford Miniature Shakespeare. 94 Craigie, Mrs. The Vineyard.. 367 Crane, Stephen, and Barr, Robert. The O'Ruddy.. 121 Crawford, F. Marion. The Heart of Rome. 18 Crown Library .54, 270 Cunningham, D. D. Some Indian Friends and Ac- quaintances 358 Curtis, Edward. Months and Moods. 95 Curtis, W. A. Strange Adventures of Mr. Middleton 18 Curtis, W. E. To-day in Syria and Palestine... 157 Daskam, Josephine. Poems. 201 Davenport. Cyril. Mezzotints. 124 Dawson, Thomas C. South American Republics, Part I. 205 Deland, Margaret. Dr. Lavendar's People. De Vere, Mary Ainge. The Wind-Swept Wheat.. 202 Dewey, John. Studies in Logical Theory. 328 Dickson, Marguerite S. A Hundred Years of War- fare 305 Dix, Edwin Asa. Champlain. 126 Dobson, Austin. Fanny Burney. 207 Dodge, Charles W. General Zoology. 128 Douglas, Langton, and Strong, S. A. Crowe and Cavalcaselle's Painting in Italy. 207 Dudeney, Mrs. Henry. The Story of Susan. 366 Dunbar, Aldis. The Sons o' Cormac. 371 PAGZ Durham, Mary E. Through the Lands of the Serb 364 Dwight, Elizabeth A. Memorials of Mary Wilder White 333 Earle, Alice Morse. Two Centuries of Costume in America 46 Eddy, A. J. Recollections and Impressions of Whistler 110 Eggleston, G. C. The American Immortals, cheaper edition 334 Eliot, Charlotte C. William Greenleaf Eliot. 268 Elizabeth in Rügen, Adventures of. 304 Elliott, Maud H., and Hall, Florence H. Laura Bridgman Elson, Louis C. History of American Music. 396 Ely, R. T., and Wicker, G. R. Elementary Prin- ciples of Economics.. 404 Emerson's Works, "Centenary' edition. 243 Emmet, Thomas A. Ireland under English Rule. 123 Ewell, John L. The Story of Byfield.. 402 Eyot, Canning Story of the Lopez Family.. 333 Fairless, Michael. The Roadmender, new edition... 94 Famous Art Cities. .304, 375 Farrar, Reginald A. Life of F. W. Farrar. 297 Farrington, 0. C. Gems and Gem Minerals. 270 Fea, Allan. After Worcester Fight. 125 Field Columbian Museum Publications. 376 Fisher, Herbert A. L. Napoleonic Statesmanship in Germany 92 Fisk, May Isabel. Monologues. 53 Foote, Mary Hallock. A Touch of Sun. 22 Ford, Paul Leicester. Thomas Jefferson 266 Fountain, Paul. The Great North-West. 362 Francis, Mary C. Dalrymple.... 368 Fraser, Mrs. Hugh. Letters from Japan, new edi- tion 271 French, George. Printing in Relation to Graphic Art 206 Freshfield, Douglas W. Round Kangchenjunga. 361 Garland, Hamlin. Hesper.. 19 Garnett, Richard, and Gosse, Edmund. English Literature 158 Gase, F. E. A. Concise French-English Dictionary 403 Gibbs, Ralph Erwin. Songs of Content. 200 Gide, Charles. Political Economy, revised edition.. 162 Gilman, B. I. Italian Renaissance Sculpture. 243 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Home... 260 Gilman, D. C., and others. New International En- cyclopædia .53, 305 Gilman, N. P. Methods of Industrial Peace. 402 Glasgow, Ellen. The Deliverance. 118 Gohier, Urbain. Le peuple du XXe siècle.. Goodwin, Maud Wilder. Four Roads to Paradise.. 371 Goodwin, W. W. Demosthenes on the Crown, school edition 163 Gore, Canon. Lux Mundi, twelfth edition. 270 Gosse, Edmund. Jeremy Taylor.... 329 Gould, Elizabeth P. The Brownings and America.. 403 Gould, George M. Biographic Clinics, second series 269 Grahame, Kenneth. The Golden Age, illus. in pho- togravure by Maxfield Parrish.. 305 Gray, L. H., and Mumford, Ethel W. Love Songs of Kamal Ad-Din... 127 Griffin, A. P. C. List of Books on the Philippines.. 127 Gwynn, Stephen. John Maxwell's Marriage.. 366 Hadden, J. Cuthbert. Chopin. 398 Haggard, Andrew C. P. Sidelights on the Court of France 51 Haggard, H. Rider. Stella Fregelius.. 21 Hains, T. Jenkins. The Strife of the Sea. 24 Hale, Edward E., and others. New England History in Ballads 54 Hamilton, Angus. Korea.. 265 Ilammerton, J. A. Stevensoniana. 15 Hancock, H. Irving. Japanese Physical Training... 302 Hanus, Paul H. A Modern School. 265 Harcourt, A. F. P. Peril of the Sword. 373 Hardy, Thomas. The Dynasts, Part First. 319 Harland, Henry, My Friend Prospero... 120 Hart, Ilorace. Rules for Compositors and Readers 271 Ilart, Jeroine. Two Argonauts in Spain.. 363 Hartmann, Sadakichi. Japanese Art... 92 Harper, Robert F. Code of Hammurabi. 401 Haskins, Charles W. Business Education and Ac- countancy Hatfield, Henry R. Lectures on Commerce. 123 Hatfield, James Taft. From Broom to Heather. 156 11awes, Charles H. In the t'ttermost East. 364 ... 116 vi. INDEX. 99 19 PAGE Hawthorne, Hildegarde. A Country Interlude.... 369 Hawthorne's The Old Manse, Riverside limited edi- tion 207 Hearn, Lafcadio. Kwaidan.. 303 Hecker, Genevieve. Golf for Women. 374 Hedin, Sven. Central Asia and Tibet. 194 Henry, Arthur. The House in the Woods. 373 Ilensel, Paul. Sebastian Hensel. 294 Higgins, C. A., and Keeler, C. A. To California and Back 53 Hill, Constance. Juniper Hall. 301 Hill, Frederick Trevor. The Web. 19 Hitchcock, Ripley. The Louisiana Purchase. 262 Hocking, Joseph. A Flame of Fire... 23 Hoffman, Ralph. Guide to the Birds of New Eng- land 359 Holbein's Dance of Death, Scott-Thaw Co.'s edition 94 Holland, W. J. The Moth Book. 41 Hopkins, Herbert M. The Torch. 120 Hornaday, William T. American Natural History.. 360 Horsley, J. C. Recollections of a Royal Academi- cian 331 Hubert, Philip G. Liberty and a Living, new edi- tion 374 Hulbert, A. B. Historic Highways series . 160, 267 Humor, Prose, Book of American... 126 Huneker, James. Overtones... 397 Huni, Gaillard. Writings of Madison, Vol. IV... 205 Huntington, T. F. Elements of English Composition 163 Hutten, Baroness von. Violett. 368 Hyett, Francis A. Florence. 300 "1. In which Woman Tells the Truth about Herself." 371 Irwin, Wallace. Fairy Tales Up-to-Now. 334 Jack. R. Logan. Back Blocks of China. 363 Jacobs, W. W. Odd Craft. 23 James, George Wharton. Indians of the Painted Desert Region 270 James, Henry. The Ambassadors. Janvier, Thomas A. Dutch Founding of New York. 203 Jenks, Edward. Parliamentary England.. 242 Jessup, A., and Canby, H. S. Book of the Short Story 333 Johnson, Emory R. American Railway Transporta- tion 392 Johnson, T. C. Life and Letters of Robert Lewis Dabney 93 Johnson, Willis Fletcher. A Century of Expansion 47 Johnston, Mary. Sir Mortimer. 368 Johnston, R. M. Napoleon.. 332 Jones, D. R. State Aid to Secondary Schools. 243 Jordan, D. S. Call of the Twentieth Century 243 Jordan, D. S. Voice of the Scholar...... 243 "J. T": The House of Quiet.. 399 Kauffman, R. W., and Carpenter, E. C. The Chasm 22 Keller, Helen. Optimism.. 55 Keltie, J. Scott. Statesman's Year-Book, 1904. 404 Kennedy, Bart. A Tramp in Spain... 365 King, Irving. Psychology of Child Development. 264 Kingsley, Maurice. Works of Charles Kingsley. 53 Kirkpatrick, E. A. Fundamentals of Child Study.. 263 Klaczko, Julian. Rome and the Renaissance. 298 Kohl, Horst. Correspondence of Kaiser Wilhelm I. and Bismarck 39 Krausz, Sigmund. Towards the Rising Sun. 157 Kufferath, Maurice. Wagner's Parsifal, new edition 209 Laguérie, Villetard de. La Coreé, second edition.. 306 Laing, Gordon J. Masterpieces of Latin Literature 54 Laird & Lee's Guide to the St. Louis Fair.. 305 Lamb's Works, "Caxton" edition.. 27 Lang, Andrew. The Valet's Tragedy. 91 Larkin, E. L. Radiant Energy.. 50 Larned, J. N. School History of the U. S. 209 Lawton, W. C. Introduction to Classical Latin Lit- erature 242 Lee, Albert. The Baronet in Corduroy. 20 Legge, Helen E. Ancient Greek Sculptors. 93 Leonard, J. W. Who's Who in America, 1904. 53 Leupp, Francis E. The Man Roosevelt. 190 Léry-Bruhl, L. The Philosophy of Comte. 204 Levy, Florence N. American Art Annual, Vol. IV. 128 Lewis, Alfred Henry. The Boss... 22 Leyland, John. The Shakespeare Country. 49 Lighton, W. R. Uncle Mac's Nebrasky 370 Lincoln, Janies. Relishes of Rhyme. 199 Lincoln, Joseph C. Cap'n Eri. 369 Littlefield, Walter. Bismarck's Letiers to his Wife 93 PAGE London, Jack. People of the Abyss. 11 Long, John D. The New American Navy 294 Lora, A. P. Regency of Marie de Médicis. 162 Lounsbury, T. R. Standards of Pronunciation in English 400 Lucas, C. B. Letters of Walpole.. 376 Lucas, C. P. Geography of South and East Africa 163 Lucas, E. V. Works of Charles and Mary Lamb..27, 334 Luckey, G. W. A. Professional Training of Sec- ondary Teachers 208 Lydekker, R. Mostly Mammals. 240 Lynde, Francis. The Grafters. 367 McCarthy, Justin. Portraits of the Sixties. 9 McCarthy, Justin H. The Proud Prince. 23 McClellan, George B. Oligarchy of Venice. 330 McCutcheon, John T. Bird Center Cartoons. 404 MacDonald, William. Select Statutes. 126 Macdonald, William. Works of Lamb. 27 MacFall, Haldane. The Masterfolk. 21 McFarland, J. Horace. Getting Acquainted with the Trees 375 Machen, Minnie G. The Bible in Browning. 204 Mackay, Katherine. The Stone of Destiny. 569 Mackrell, Mrs. Perceval. Hymns of the Christian Centuries 243 Maclay, E. S. Captain Moses Brown. 401 McMaster, J. B. The Trail Makers. 208, 271 Macmillan, Hugh. Life-Work of G. F. Watts. 49 MeMurry, C. A. Pioneer History Stories. 376 Major, Charles. A Forest Hearth.. 23 Makin, Richard L. The Beaten Path. 20 Making of a Book, of the. 271 Mann, Horace. The World-Destroyer. 23 Manning, Marie. Judith of the Plains. 119 Mansford, Charles. Tennyson's In Memoriam. 127 Marchmont, Arthur W. When I Was Czar. Marden, C. Carroll. Poema de Fernan Gonçalez.... 209 Martin, Helen R. Tillie.. 373 Mathews, Frances A. A Little Tragedy at Tien- Tsin 372 Mathews, Frances Aymar. Pamela Congreve. 371 Mathews, F. Schuyler. Field Book of Wild Birds and their Music.. 358 Matuews, William. Conquering Success. 269 Matthay, Tobias. The Act of Touch. 398 Matthews, Brander. The Development of the Drama 48 Mangham, H. Neville. Book of Italian Travel. 300 Maxwell, Sir Herbert. The Creevey Papers. 152 Mead, W. E. The Squyr of Lowe Degre. 334 Mermaid Series, thin-paper reissue. .127, 305, 375 Merriman, Henry Seton. Tomaso's Fortune. 370 Metchnikoff, Elie. The Nature of Man.. 329 Meyer, B. 11. Railway Legislation in the United States 393 Michel, Emile. Rembrandt, third edition. 95 Mifflin, Lloyd. Castalian Days.. 199 Miller, Olive Thorne. With the Birds in Maine. 358 Mitchell, Wilmot B. Elijah Kellogg. 206 Molloy, Fitzgerald. The Sailor King. 26 Monroe, Harriet. The Passing Show. 201 Montague, F, C, Macaulay's Essays. 242 Montague, Gilbert H. Trusts of Today.. 401 Montgomery, D. H. Elementary American History. 375 Moody, William Vaughn. The Fire-Bringer... 321 Morey, W. C. Outlines of Greek History.. 127 Morgan, Thomas Hunt. Evolution and Adaptation. 196 Moore, F. Frankfort. Shipmates in Sunshine. 24 Morgan, George. The Issue... 370 Moriey, Margaret W. Little Mitchell. 339 Morris, Clara. Left In Charge. 372 Morris, William. Defence of Guenevere, cheap edi- tion 163 Morton, Frederick W. Marriage in Epigram. 55 Moss, Mary. A Sequence in Hearts. Munger, Theodore T. Essays for the Day. 400 Musiciau's Library, The.. 162 National Educational Association Proceedings and Addresses for 1903. 207 Newcomb, Simon. Reminiscences of an Astronomer Newmarch, Rosa. Henry J. Wood. 398 Newnes' Art Library.. 404 Nicholas, Francis C. Around the Caribbean. 157 Niles, Grace Greylock. Bog-Trotting for Orchids... 356 Nollen, John S. Chronology and Bibliography of Modern German Literature... 208 Norris, Frank. Responsibilities of the Novelist. 27 22 50 INDEX. vii. -1 PAOB Oberholtzer, Ellis P. Robert Morris.. 24 Ogden, G. W. Tennessee Todd..... 22 Olnhausen, Mary P. von. Adventures of an Army Nurse 90 Oman, Charles. The Peninsular War, Vol. II. 161 Opdycke, L. 0. Book of the Courtier, cheaper edi- tion 54 Orcutt, William Dana. Robert Cavelier. 367 O Shea, M. V. Education as Adjustment. 264 Oxenham, John. Barbe of Grand Bayou. Oxford Miniature editions of Keats and Shakes- peare 94 Painter, F. V. N. Elementary Guide to Literary Criticism 128 Palmer, Francis H. E. Austro-Hungarian Life. 126 Palmer, George H. The Nature of Goodness. 241 Parker, Frances. Marjie of the Lower Ranch. 23 Parrish, Randall. When Wilderness was King. 367 Partsen, Joseph. Central Europe. ... 26 Patrick, David. Chambers's Cyclopædia of English Literature 239 Paul, Herbert W. History of Modern England. 268 Paul, Herbert. Letters of Lord Acton. 400 Payne, Philip. The Mills of Man. 20 Payne, WN. Mr. Salt. 121 Peabody, Josephine Preston. The Singing Leaves.. 201 Pearson, Henry G. Life of John A. Andrew. 317 Peat, Anthony B. North. Gossip from Paris. 51 Pemberton, Max. Doctor Xavier.. 21 Pennell, Elizabeth Robins. My Cookery Books, 84 Peple, Edward. A Broken Rosary.. 373 Pertwee, Ernest. Reciter's Treasury of Verse. 334 Pettengill, Lilian. Toilers of the Home. 125 Phillips, David Graham. The Cost. 369 Phillpotts, Eden. The American Prisoner. 366 Pickering, Sidney. The Key of Paradise. 121 Pickering, William H. The Moon.. 233 Popular Editions of Recent Fiction, Little, Brown, & Co.'s ....... 361 Porter, Charlotte, and Clarke, Helen A. Shakes- peare's Works, “Pembroke" edition. 27 Porter, Charlotte, and Clarke, Helen A. Shakes- peare's Works, "First Folio" edition. .27, 270 Post, Louis F. Ethics of Democracy. 52 Tratt, Edwin A. American Railways. 392 Prideaux, Miss S. T. Bookbinders and their Craft.. 91 Quick, Herbert. Aladdin & Co,... 372 Quiller-Couch, A. T. Hetty Wesley. 21 Kalph, Julian. The Making of a Journalist. 161 Ramsey, George G. Annals of Tacitus. 334 Rideing. William H. How Tyson Came Home. 372 Richards, Harriet E., and Cummings, Emma Baby Pathfinder to the Birds.. 359 Richardson, E. C., and Morse, A. E. Writings on American History, 1902. 403 Riis, Jacob A. Theodore Roosevelt the Citizen. 190 Riley. F. L. Mississippi Historical Society Publica- tious, Vol. VII.... 127 Robertson, J. Logie. The Select Tennyson. 128 Roeder, Adolph. Symbol Psychology. 240 Rossetti, W. M. Rossetti Papers, 1862-70. Rhodes, Daniel P. Pleasure Book of Grindelwald.. 156 Rydberg, Victor. Singoalla, trans. by A. Josephsson 208 Sabatier. Auguste. Religions of Authority. 296 Sandys, J. E. IIistory of Classical Scholarship. Sanford, D, S. Fiske's Civil Government. 376 Santos-Dumont, A. My Air-Ships.. 304 Sargent, Charles Sprague. Trees and Shrubs, Part III. Sawyer, Josephine Caroline. All's Fair in Love. 369 Sawyer, W. C. Teutonic Legends.. 335 Scherer. James A. B. Japan To-day 327 Schiller, F. C. S. Humanism. 328 Scollard, Clinton, and Rice, Wallace. Ballads of Valor and Victory... 200 "Semi-Darwinian, A." Doubts about Darwinism.... 197 Semple, Ellen C. American History and its Geo- graphic Conditions 124 Severy, Melvin L. The Darrow Enigma. 371 Shackleton, Robert. The Great Adventurer. 368 Shafer, Mrs. Sara A. Day before Yesterday. 372 Shaler, X. S. Elizabeth of England. 143 Shaler, N. S. The ('itizen. 303 Shand, Alexander I. Old-Time Travel.. Sharp, Dallas Lore. Roof and Meadow. 30) Shaw, C. D. Stories of the Ancient Greeks. 163 Shaw, G. B. Quintessence of Ibsenism, new edition 334 PAGE "Sigma." Personalia... 239 Silberrad, Una L. Petronilla Herroven. 24 Skinner, Charles M. Little Gardens. 357 Smith, Austin. Omar Calendar for 1904. 28 Smith, D. Nichol. Eighteenth Century Essays on Shakespeare 266 Smith, F. Berkeley. Budapest, 156 Smith, Goldwin. The Founder of Christendom. 54 Snyder, Carl. New Conceptions in Science... 126 Soule, Héloise. Heartsease and Rue. 202 Spalding, John L. Glimpses of Truth.. 24 Spearman, Frank H. The Daughter of a Magnate.. 121 Spears, J. R. Captivity of Robert Eastburn. 403 Spencer, Herbert, Autobiography of.. 288 Spofford, Harriet Prescott. That Betty. 23 Sprague, William C. Napoleon Bonaparte. 127 Stanwood, Edward. American Tariff Controversies 236 Stedman, E. C. and T. L. Pocket Guide to Europe, 1904 375 Stephens, C. X. The Ark of 1803. 372 Stephens, W. P. American Yachting. 375 Stevenson, John. Pat McCarty, his Rhymes. 200 Stevenson, Mrs. From Saranac to the Marquesas.. 90 Stevenson, R. L. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, illus. by C. R. Macauley.. 54 Stevenson's Vailima Prayers, Scribner's edition. 303 Strachey, Lionel. Memoirs of Madame Le Brun... 94 Strong, Josiah. Social Progress, 1904. 334 Sturgis, Russell. How to Judge Architecture. 161 Sturgis, Russell. Lübke's History of Art... 404 Stutfield, Hugh E. M., and Collie, J. Norman. The Canadian Rockies 156 Sutcliffe, Halliwell. A Bachelor in Arcady. 371 Sutherland-Gower, Ronald. Records and Reminis- cences 124 Sutphen, van Tassel. The Gates of Chance. 371 Sverdrup, Otto. New Land... 365 Swenson, B. V., and Frankenfield, Budd. Direct Currents 164 Taft. Lorado, History of American Sculpture.... 150 Talbot, Edith Armstrong. Samuel Chapman Arm- strong 143 Tallentyre, S. G. Life of Voltaire. 114 Tarr, Ralph S. New Physical Geography 163 Tavera, T. H. Pardo de. Biblioteca Filipina. 305 Teller, W. P., and Brown, H. E. First Book in Business Methods 163 Temple School Shakespeare. 335 Temple Series of Bible Characters. .54, 127, 243 Thackeray's Works. “Kensington" edition. 94, 128, 271, 305, 403 Thaxter, Celia. An Island Garden, new edition.. 357 Thomas, Evelyn L. Early Story of Israel..... 3096 Thomas, Mrs. Theodore. Our Mountain Garden. 356 Thompson, IIelen B. Mental Traits of sex.. 207 Thomson, J. C. Tennyson's Suppressed Poems. 55 Thomson, J. J. Electricity and Matter.. 333 Thorndyke. Edward L. Educational Psychology 264 Thorpe, Francis Newton. William Pepper.. 237 Thruston, Lucy M. Where the Tide Comes In. 370 Thwaites, R. G. Hennepin's A New Discovery. 44 Thwaites, R. G. How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest 243 Thwaites, R. G. On the Storied Ohio.. 15.3 Thwaites, R. G. Rocky Mountain Exploration.... 261 Tobin, Agnes. Love's Crucifix. 162 Tokutomi, K. Nami-ko, trans. by E. F. Edgett and Sukae Shioya 373 Tolman, Albert H. Views about Hamlet. 398 Tolman, W. H., and Hemstreet, Charles. Better New York 404 Tourguénieff's Works, Scribner edition.. .127, 306, 373 Townsend, Meredith. Asia and Europe, second edi- tion 208 Trowbridge, John T., Poems of. 93 Tuckerman, Bayard. Life of General Schuyler... 162 Tunison, J. S. The Graal Problem. 271 unut Books, The. .27, 242 van Dyke, Henry. Poems of Tennyson. 26 Van Dyke, J. C. Renaissance Painting in Italy. 334 Veeder, Van Vechten. Legal Masterpieces.. 159 Verner, Samuel P. Pioneering in Central Africa... 363 Verse, Humorous, Book of American. 126 Vielé, Herman Knickerbocker. Random Verse. 199 Viereck, L. Zwei Jahrhunderte Deutschen l'nter- richts in den Vereinigten Staaten.. Villa, Guido. Contemporary Psychology. 2+1 G. 122 306 viii. INDEX. PAGE Villard, Henry, Memoirs of. 325 Wallace, Alfred R. Man's Place in the Universe... 148 Wallace, Malcolm W. The Berthe of Hercules. 209 Waller, A. R. Hobbes' Leviathan...... 335 Waller, Mrs. M. E. The Wood-carver of 'Lympus. . 372 Walpole, Sir Spencer. History of Twenty-five Years 399 Ward, A. W., and others. Cambridge Modern His- tory 79, 390 Ward, J. J. Minute Marvels of Nature. 374 Ward, L. Tennyson's In Memoriam.. 271 Ward, Wilfrid. Problems and Persons. 160 Waters, Campbell E. Ferns. 122 Watson, Thomas E. Life and Times of Jefferson, 262 Watterson, Henry. The Compromises of Life. 51 Weekes, Agnes Russell. Yarborough the Premier.. 367 Wells, Carolyn, and Taber, H. P. The Gordon Elopement 373 Wells, H. L. Tables for Chemical Calculations... 208 Weysse, Arthur W. Synoptic Text-book of Zoology. 304 Wharton, Edith. Sanctuary 118 Wheelock, Irene G. Birds of California. 158 Whibley, Charles. Thackeray.. 240 Whistler, J. McN. Gentle Art of Making Enemies, new edition 127 Whitney, Caspar, and others. Musk-Ox, Bison, Sheep, and Goat. 373 PAGE White, Stewart Edward. The Silent Places. 370 Whitson, John H. The Rainbow Chasers. 370 Who's Who (English) for 1904. 164 Wildman, Marian Warner. A Hill Prayer. 202 Williams, C. F. Abdy. Story of the Organ. 398 Williams, Francis H. At the Rise of the Curtain.. 90 Williams, Leonard. Land of the Dons.. 157 Williams, Leonard. Toledo and Madrid. 157 Williams. Margery. The Pride of Youth. 369 Wilson, Daniel M. Where American Independence Began, second edition..... 95 Windt, Harry de. From Paris to New York by Land 362 Wister, Owen. The Virginian, paper-covered edition 403 Wölffilin, Henrich. Art of the Italian Renaissance 299 Wolseley, Lord. Story of a Soldier's Life. 77 Nood, Charles W. Norwegian By-Ways. 156 Woodberry, George Edward. Poems. 198 Wright, C. H. C. Selections from Rabelais. 243 Wright, Mary Tappan. The Test. 370 Wright, Thomas. Life of Edward FitzGerald. 393 Wyon, Reginald. The Balkans from Within. 365 Yeats, W. B. Ideas of Good and Evil. 331 Yeats, W. B. The Hour Glass... 332 Yeats, W. B. Where There is nothing.. 332 1 MISCELLANEOUS 95 230 403 Appleton & Co., D., Reorganization of. 404 “Artist Engraver, The”. 55 “Book Monthly, The", 95 “Books and Book Plates" 54 Bryant's Index Expurgatorius. (Q. R. S.). 142 "Burlington Magazine, The”. ...55, 164, 271, 335, 403 Democracy, The Meaning of. (Duane Mowry). 317 Hartwig, Dr. Otto, Death of... 96 “Hibbert Journal, The" 271 Japanese Novelist, A Famous. (Ernest W. Clement) 8 Latimer, Elizabeth Wormeley. (Sara Andrew Sha- fer) 75 Methuen's Universal Library, Prospectus of... Philippine Islands, The, 1493-1898. (Emma Helen Blair and Jas. A. Robertson). "Printing Art, The" Rhodes Scholarships, Dr. Parkin and the. (Law- rence J. Burpee)... Scribner's Sons, Charles, Incorporation of. Shakespeare-Bacon, In Re. (Francis Bacon Verulam Smith) "Studio, The International" Totem Names. (A. Lang). 76 164 257 208 8 THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. PAGE 5 . No. 421. JANUARY 1, 1904. Vol. XXXVI. posing than that of Bacon, almost as imposing as that of Aristotle. CONTENTS. Writing in our last issue of the Herder HERBERT SPENCER centenary, we spoke of the ideas of the great German who died one hundred years before COMMUNICATIONS 8 Spencer as having “won such general accept- A Famous Japanese Novelist. Ernest W. Clement. Totem Names. A. Lang. ance, and became so incorporated into the very fibre of our minds, that they seem to us com- THE SIXTIES AS SEEN BY JUSTIN MCCARTHY. Percy F. Bicknell 9 monplaces of thought.” We no longer read LONDON ON LONDON. T. D. A. Cockerell the writings, because their contents have be- 11 come a part of our consciousness. Something THE COURSE AND LAWS OF EMPIRE. A. M. similar will be said of Spencer a hundred years Wergeland 13 from now; something not altogether dissimilar FOR LOVERS OF R. L. S. M. F. 15 may be said of him at the present time, for in RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . 18 our day the world of thought moves on apace, Crawford's The Heart of Rome. - Curtis's The and the assimilation of new ideas by tbe com. Strange Adventures of Mr. Middleton. - March- mont's When I Was Czar. - Brady's Sir Henry mon intelligence of the educated public is a Morgan, Buccaneer. – Garland's Hesper. - Hill's far more rapid process than it was in the age The Web. -- Makin's The Beaten Path. – Payne's of Herder. Even now people do not read The Mills of Man. - Barr's Over the Border. - Lee's The Baronet in Corduroy. - Quiller-Couch's Spencer in a measure proportional to his influ. Hetty Wesley. – Oxenham's Barbe of Grand ence upon them, and as the years go by, his Bayou. — Haggard's Stella Fregelius. — Pember- books will become less and less the resort of ton's Doctor Xavier. — MacFall's The Masterfolk. - Benson's The Relentless City. students, although the ministry of his thought will not be lessened in like degree. For it NOTES ON NEW NOVELS. 22 must be admitted that, although he made the BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 24 philosophy of style the subject of one of his Thoughts for the thoughtful. - A patriot and financier of the Revolution. Charming essays by minor studies, his own writings are not marked A Japanese thesaurus. — More of the by the sort of style that makes literature out German struggle for liberty. - English society and politics in the thirties. — A compendium on Central of prose composition, and have slight power to Europe. — Dr. van Dyke's selections from Tenny charm. They are imposing by their qualities son's poems. — Essays by Frank Norris. of closely-marshalled logic and massive force, BRIEFER MENTION. 27 but they are, for the most part, without the NOTES 28 power to attract. They attain at times, and particularly when the closing points of some TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 28 weighty argument are reached, a certain grave LIST OF NEW BOOKS 29 dignity that is both impressive and memorable, but their general tenor is uninspiring as to form. They are of a kind with the writings of HERBERT SPENCER. Aristotle rather than of Plato, of Kant rather Herbert Spencer died at his home in in than of Schopenhauer, of Locke rather than Brighton on the eighth of December, at the of Berkeley. age of eighty-three — Goethe's age and Ten The bracketing of Spencer's name with that nyson's, within a few months. He was prob- of Aristotle is justified by the striking similar- ably the greatest Englishman to outlive the ity that exists between the methods and achieve- century which he helped to make illustrious ; ments of the two men. Both ranged over a he was, indeed, one of the greatest of the considerable number of subjects, and sought to world's thinkers, holding for his province a take the whole, or nearly the whole, of knowl- larger area of human thought than any other edge for their province. Both made vast man of his time. His immense command of collections of facts in various fields of investi- facts, and his power to deal with them in the gation, and based their conclusions upon the philosophical spirit, made his figure more im most thoroughgoing processes of induction. a woman. . . 6 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL Both, having thus reached their conclusions in nature of the species — had gone on postu- legitimate ways, proceeded to use them for the lating the most surprising leaps in the develop- purposes of deductive application. Spencer ment of the physical globe, in the succession was clearly a philosopher in the Aristotelian of its plant and animal forms, and in the his- sense, but it is doubtful if we may call him a tory of the political and social institutions of philosopher in the sense of Berkeley and Kant mankind. Geological cataclysms, special crea- and Schopenhauer. Just twenty years ago, we tions, and inexplicable revolutions in human ventured to suggest in these pages the view thought and action had all been taken for that, despite the philosophical temper of his granted for lack of insight into the underlying thought, Spencer was not thecreator of a system forces of progress, and upon that superficial of philosophy in the commonly accepted mean and insecure basis a large part of the structure ing of that term, and to that view we must still of human speculation bad been reared. It is adhere. He attempted a far-reaching synthesis the imperishable glory of Spencer that he, first of knowledge, to be sure, but it stops just short of thinking men, scattered all these easy as- of what have always been held to be the essen sumptions to the winds by the power of syn- tial problems of philosophy, the examination thetic vision fortified by unassailable logic. of the grounds of knowledge, and the ultimate His was the mind that first formulated the reality which underlies this world of appear law of evolution, and asserted its equal validity ance. Spencer frankly eschewed the whole in the material, intellectual, and moral spheres. philosophical problem, in the stricter sense, This magnificeut conception took possession of by relegating these matters to the category of bis mind at an early age; he gave the rest of the unknowable at the very start, and refusing his life to its working out and its rigorous thereafter to concern himself with them. Those application to all the major problems of thought opening pages of the “ First Principles ” are (save only those metaphysical or transcen- so hopelessly inadequate to their theme, and dental problems which were deliberately ex- occupy a position so circumscribed by limita cluded from bis purview); and so thoroughly tions resulting from the author's lack of ac did he accomplish his purpose that the terms quaintance with philosophical thought and his of his thought are now the common possession unwillingness to march upon its central citadel, of all thinking men, and even the unthinking that they do not call for serious consideration. are so constrained by them that, if they read Having thus balked the whole question of Spencer at all, they are apt to wonder that so ultimate reality, having deliberately restricted much credit should be attached to him for himself to the world of appearances as such, having said things so obvious ; that he should, Spencer found himself on solid ground, and in the minds of any of the younger generation, set himself the gigantic task of reducing to lie under the reproach of a maker of platitudes, scientific order the phenomena of the physical is, to students who view the history of thought universe, of the animate denizens of our sphere, in its historical perspective, the highest of all and of man himself, in his threefold character possible tributes to his achievement. as a thinking, social, and moral being. This The extensions of science in our own day is the scheme of the “ Synthetic Philosophy' are so vast as to prevent any one man from first principles, biology, psychology, soci- occupying completely more than one narrowly ology, and ethics — ten volumes altogether, the ten volumes altogether, the restricted field of knowledge. Even half a cen- product of half a century of unremitting intel. | tury ago, scientific investigation had become lectual effort, accomplished in the face of des so broadened as to make Spencer's programme perate discouragements and seemingly insuper one seemingly impossible of execution by a able obstacles. A heroic task, done in the true single individual. And it is no doubt true heroic spirit, and signalizing by its successful that while he was working at the fundamental issue the triumph of an indomitable purpose problems of physics, and biology, and psychol- over physical frailty and public indifference. ogy, there were in each of these fields many The dictum that “pature makes no leaps' scholars of far minuter knowledge, and far had been floating about in the history of phi- wider acquaintance with details. Spencer made losophy for many centuries, but it was not no first-hand studies of the earth's crust, he until the middle of the century just past that made no naturalist's voyages round the world it was transformed into a working formula. in search of material, he organized no labora- For ages men had held it as a sort of pious tories of psychology. He dealt in the obser- opinion, and then — such being the illogical | vations of other men, and made few of his 1904.] 7 THE DIAL . own. But he had an incomparable power of the thoughts of men and the process of the suns. marshalling facts, and of perceiving the unity That is a point of view of which mankind has underlying phenomena that were diverse in assumed permanent occupation, and with the appearance, yet in his comprehensive survey assumption a great mass of pseudo-scientific clearly related. Even in the field of sociology, speculation has been swept forever into the the science in which his work was most nearly lumber-room of the past. of a pioneer character, and which he may fairly To have fixed this conception in the very be said to have created, he gathered his facts fabric of all rational thought is alone sufficient from the reports of travellers and the books of to mark the influence of Spencer as one of the historians, and classified them in his own study. most profound in the history of modern phi- In the domain of ethics alone he was practi- | losophy. It is a conception that will long con- cally on even terms with his fellow-workers, tinue to bear fruit, particularly in those fields for all the material necessary for a theory of of inquiry that are concerned with man as a morals are to be found in books, when the social and political' being, as a responsible teachings of the books are supplemented by the moral agent, and as a creature swayed by re- lessons of such ordinary experience as comes ligious emotion. It is in these fields that his to every one of us in the day's work. work will continue to have inspiration for the Was Spencer handicapped by this second twentieth century, and will help to mould the hand relation to most of the facts with which sociology, the ethics, and the religion of the he dealt? Were his perceptions of things coming generations. The conception of society blunted because they came to him through the as an organism, the evolutionary conception of medium of other minds? Did he suffer from conduct, which at last seems to point the way being too much of a thinker and too little of to a reconciliation between the hedonistic and an observer and experimentalist? These are idealistic views so long in conflict, the sublime questions that once seemed to have a certain conception of an infinite and eternal energy point, and are from time to time still raised. from which all things proceed, compared with It used to be asserted by those who would which the religious notions of the age of fable detract from his fame that the spokesmen of are seen in their true character as imaginings biology held him in great repute as a psychol- of the childhood of the race, — these are the ogist, and that the spokesmen of psychology ideas that the work of Spencer has implanted thought highly of him as a writer on biology, in the consciousness of men, and that his suc- but that both made reservations in the matter cessors — men of science, philosophical think- of his authority in their own respective sci ers, and even poets will eventually elaborate This sort of comment, which is no into systems and shapes of which only the longer heard as frequently as it once was, adumbrations are now perceived. And as this might easily be counterbalanced by an array evolution of thought goes on, illustrating anew of tributes, all the way from Darwin to Pro his own law of integration combined with dif- fessor Giddings, paid to Spencer by the most ferentiation, the far-reaching grasp of his con- distinguished men of science for his contribu structive intellect will become more and more tions to their own special fields of investiga-apparent. tion. But all such discussion seems rather If we were asked what particular aspect of futile, in view of the immense dignity which Spencer's social doctrine had the most impor- came to invest his closing years, and the almost tant bearing upon the present needs of civili- universal acclaim given to the totality of his zation we should point to that unremitting in- work as a thinker. Now that he is of those sistence upon individualism which characterized who “ sit with their peers above the talk,” we his work all the way from the “ Social Statics” may pay due reverence to his memory even if of 1850 to the “Facts and Comments" of over we allow that the very sciences to which he half a century later. His closing years were was devoted have advanced beyond the stage greatly disheartened by the ever-increasing ten- which is embodied in his books. Whatever dency of our modern societies to depart from the new facts that have been disclosed by the this saving doctrinė; and those who know even laboratories since the publication of the “ Bi in outline what the history of civilization has ology” and the “Psychology,” and whatever been, and how hard the struggle to free individ- new truths may be revealed by future investi ual initiative from the trammels of tradition gation, the comprehensive law which was and social pressure, may well share in the dis- formulated by Spencer will hold good alike of couragement of the philosopher. For it seems ences. 8 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL to many of us that civilization is recklessly In addition to his proficiency as a novelist, he was throwing away the most precious part of its also an adept in the composition of the seventeen- birthright, and that it is harking backward to syllable ode known as haikwai. On his death-bed he composed the following lines, to which we append com- the régime of status from which it emerged into ments by the editor of the “ Japan Mail”: vital activity only after ages of stagnation. The " Shinaba aki rising tide of socialism is interfering with con- Tsuyu no hinu ma 20 Omoshiroki." tract on every band, and the multiplication of “This verselet is an admirable example of Japanese im- governmental functions is everywhere encroach pressionist poetry. Freely rendered it reads, 'Let me die in autumn before the dew dries'; words which recall, though ing upon the rights of the individual citizen. they do not express, the familiar idea of the dew-drop evan- How clearly Spencer perceived these dangers, escence of life in Buddhist eyes, and of the shining of night- and how strenuously he sought to meet them, is pearls on the petals of the autumn flower, the morning glory, "The dew-drop slips into the silent sea. evidenced by the writings of his later years, Just before Ozaki's death, he urged a group of bis and particularly by the weighty warnings of his disciples “to coöperate loyally and strive to rise still essays on “ Man vs. the State.” This part of higher in their profession.' He also said: “ Had I his teaching is sadly discredited at the present seven lives to live, I would devote them all to litera- ture." ERNEST W. CLEMENT. time; some day it will be discovered that this. was the part best worth heeding. He prob- Tokyo, Japan, December 3, 1903. ably went too far in his protest against the TOTEM NAMES. supplanting of individual by social action, but (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) a tendency to err in that direction would be less Professor Starr asks, in a review of my “Social Ori- ominous to the interests of civilization than gins" (The Dial, November 1), “are • bide-scrapers' the opposite tendency which now offers such and dung-eaters' really totem-names, used and recog- nized by the [Sioux] totem-members themselves ? ” Of a menace to the future. « Back to Kant" course they are not totem-names; totem-names do exist has been of recent years a potent watchword among the Sioux, but are yielding place, as I remark, among philosophers; we look forward to the to local names, such as “ High Village." The derisive time when Back to Spencer" will be the cry sobriquets, " hide-scrapers" and so on, are no doubt among men concerned with social and political fessor Starr bas better opportunities than I of learning recognized” by the persons thus designated, but Pro- science, when statesmen and reformers, disillu whether they are “used” by them. Probably not: the sionized by many failures, will cease attempt- Eskimo (" eaters of raw meat”) speak of themselves ing to make men wise and upright by external as “Inpuit,” “the men.” The animal names of village pressure, and will realize that the best gov- designated, and I have heard a person gleefully pro- groups in Europe are also “recognized” by the people ernment is the one that confines itself to the claim himself a frog. But, in the case of genuine restraining of evil impulses and the creating of totem-names among savages, there is nothing neces- an environment of equal opportunity for free sarily derisive, there may even be compliment, in the individual action. When that time comes, the animal names, which, like death, “are not an evil, be- name of Herbert Spencer will be held in higher such circumstances, savages have become a proud of cause they are universal.” My argument is that, in honor than ever before. the title, as the Living Skeleton said ven they showed him.” There is nothing contrary to human nature in this opinion. Great parties, as Whig and Tory, have proudly adopted sobriquets of the meanest and most COMMUNICATIONS. derisive origin; whereas animal names, in savage so- ciety, contain nothing necessarily derisive, and are A FAMOUS JAPANESE NOVELIST. notoriously the most common of personal names of in- (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) dividuals. My lists of actual group-sobriquets, among Japan has recently lost one of its foremost literati in the Sioux, in Orkney, Seotland, France, England (I may the person of Mr. Ozaki, better known by his nom-de add Crete and Guernsey), are merely illustrative of the plume of “ Koyo Sanjin.” He shares with Professor tendency to give and use group sobriquets. In “the Tsubouchi the honor of having introduced the modern dark backward and abyss” of the savage past, — given style of novel-writing in Japan. The older novels were savage ideas of the supernatural superiority of animals written in ornate classical style, and were very difficult to man, — such names, though originally sobriquets, to understand. But the modern school of fiction-writers, might readily, in course of ages, be adopted by the following European models, make their characters speak groups to which they were applied. If this did occur, in common colloquial. the rise of totemistic myths and rites was inevitable. Koyo” died of cancer of the stomach at the early Professor Starr will note that the village sobriquets age of 37. He had spent three years in youth in the have a wider range than England, including, it seems Imperial University, but could not graduate, because, possible, ancient Palestine; and perhaps, when once “ his mind even then being filled with romantic ideas," attention is drawn to the subject, such sobriquets will he could not pass examinations in science! But it is be found to exist in Europe generally. The point has stated that “the unscientific answers that he did write not, to my knowledge, been examined. A. LANG. astonished the faculty by their literary skill!” Alleyne House, St. Andrews, Scotland, Dec. 11, 1903. 1904.] 9 THE DIAL into or out of a carriage, an omnibus, or a train, making The New Books. her way through a crowded room, or entering into the stalls of a theatre was a positive nuisance to all with whom she had to struggle for her passage.” THE SIXTIES AS SEEN BY JUSTIN Still stronger terms might have been used to MCCARTHY.* describe the influence of this monstrous fashion. It is no feeling of idle curiosity that in- Crossing the Channel, we find the church rev- spires our interest in the accounts of a past enues of France falling off alarmingly because time from one who has been acquainted with of the fewer chairs that could be let to hoop- some of its leading men. So says Mr. McCarthy skirted women, one such inflated worshipper in closing his volume entitled Portraits of the filling the space formerly occupied by three of Sixties,” in which he pictures with graphic pen her sex. As a result, the charge per chair bad many of the illustrious characters he had the to be raised. pleasure of knowing personally in that eventful The author's portraits of statesmen and ora- decade. The great names we associate with the tors are especially good. He has a keen relish England of 1860–70 would make a long cata for able public speaking and debating, and his logue. Two of the greatest of her novelists, judgment is so discriminating that he enables Dickens and Thackeray, died within that the reader to see how each one of a group of period; Carlyle and Tennyson were at their great orators is preëminent in his kind. For best; Swinburne was coming into notice ; Cobden and Bright his admiration is enthu- Dante Gabriel Rossetti's poetical career be- siastic. An interesting speculation is indulged gan; Gladstone and Disraeli, Cobden and in regarding the result that might have followed Bright were prominent in the political world; Cobden's acceptance of the place he rejected and Darwin, Tyndall, Huxley, and Spencer in Palmerston's cabinet about the time our civil commanded the attention of men of science. war broke out. With his thorough knowledge Events, too, of national and of international of America and Americans, with his ardent ad- importance helped to render that decade a vocacy of negro freedom, and with the Queen's memorable one and to make the portraits of its sympathies on the side of the North, would he chief men by so much the more worth pre have been able to make head against Palmer- serving ston's pro-Southern policy and thus have A matter which at first might seem of small averted the Alabama troubles ? Probably not, significance, but which is big with meaning to says our author; yet it is not unreasonable to him to whom nothing human is alien, is amus think it might bave been. been. The portrait pre- ingly touched upon by Mr. McCarthy in his sented of John Bright is most attractive. Mr. introductory chapter. McCarthy's admiration of him as an orator, as “ It is well for the early sixties that they had so a statesman, and as a man, is unreserved. He many splendid claims to historical recollection, but it held bim as superior in oratory to Gladstone- may be said of them that if they had bequeathed no an opinion that once made Bright himself other memory to a curious and contemplative posterity, the reign of crinoline would still have secured for them positively angry, so modest was the latter's an abiding-place in the records of human eccentricities. estimate of himself, and so hearty his admira- I may say without fear of contradiction, that no one tion for Gladstone. A short passage from the who was not living at the time can form any adequate book will place Bright before us in one pbase idea of the grotesque effect produced on the outer aspects of social life by this article of feminine costume. at least of his pleasing personality. It also ... A whole new school of satirical humor was devoted illustrates anew the old truth that humor is akin in vain to the ridicule of crinoline. The boys in the to love, that the genuine humorist is always a street sang comic songs to make fun of it, but no street person of kind heart and of large charity to- bellowings of contempt could incite the wearers of this ward his enemies. most inconvenient and hideous article of dress to con- demn themselves to clinging draperies. Crinoline, too, Bright was a master of genuine Saxon humor. Some created a new sort of calamity all its own. Every day's of his unprepared replies to the interruptions of political papers gave us fresh accounts of what were called crin- opponents in the House of Commons were marvellous oline accidents - cases, that is to say, in which a woman examples of this faculty, and are frequently quoted was seriously burned or burned to death because of some even now in speeches and in newspaper articles. But flame of fire or candle catching ber distended drapery there was nothing whatever of levity in Bright's humor, at some unexpected moment. . . A woman getting and his most effective satirical touches seemed as if they were intended rather to rouse into better judgment PORTRAITS OF THE Sixties. By Justin McCarthy. than to wound or offend the man at whom they were Illustrated. New York: Harper & Brothers. directed. I think the one defect which Bright could 66 . 10 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL not fully forgive in any man was want of sincerity. I and bewailed to himself the deplorable conditions of his have heard him again and again in private conversation closing days. The most studied dramatic effects of enter into the defence of some extreme political oppo voice and action could not have given to those passages nent on the ground that the opponent, however mistaken, of the lecture a more complete and absorbing command aggressive, and even unjust, was acting in accordance over the feelings of the listening crowd. Every one with his sincere convictions. I can remember many appeared to hold his breath in fear that even a sound instances in which Bright strongly objected to certain of admiration might disturb for an instant the calm criticisms appearing in the newspaper representing his flow of that thrilling discourse. I have heard own political creed, on the ground that they were not many great orators and lecturers in my time and in quite fair and would be likely to give pain." various countries, and I never made one of an audience An incidental mention of the tariff question which seemed to hang upon the words of the speaker more absolutely." leads the author to declare that, as no "subtlety of plausible argument will ever induce England rities has been of the widest. Artists, actors, Mr. McCarthy's acquaintance with celeb- to return to what used to be called the principle scholars, philanthropists, travellers — anyone of divine right in government," so there is “just as little reason to fear that of marked individuality is a congenial subject any such argument can prevail upon her to make at this for his pen. A striking contrast is that of Sir Richard Burton, as depicted before his mar- time of day a reactionary experiment in the riage, and the same man after woman's gentle way of protective tariffs.” Let us hope he may ipfluence had subdued and refined him. Here mot prove a false prophet. is Burton before he had bent his neck to the The author's acquaintance with Dickens, conjugal yoke : Thackeray, Carlyle, and numerous other men “He was quick in his movements, rapid in his talk, of letters, supplies him with a fund of enter never wanted for a word or an argument, was impatient taining reminiscence concerning books and of differing opinion, and seemingly could not help mak- writers. It was Dickens's amazing. versatility ing himself the dictator of any assembly in which he that most impressed him in contemplating the found himself a centre figure. His powers of descrip- tion were marvellous ; he could dash off picturesque man, and he sets before us this quality in a way phrases as easily as another man could utter common- that will impress even those that thought them places; could tell any number of good stories without selves already acquainted with the great nov ever seeming to repeat himself; could recite a poem or elist. Strikingly in contrast with Dickens's rattle off a song, could flash out jest after jest, some- times with bewildering meanings; he was always per- portrait is that of Thackeray, of whom also Mr. fectly good-humored, and he was always indomitably McCarthy was a cordial admirer. In present. dogmatic. If he thought you really worth arguing with ing the physical man Thackeray, the portrait on any question which especially concerned him, he painter has somewhat blurred his picture by would apply himself to the argument with as much representing him on one page as having eyes earnestness as if some great issue depended on it, and that“pever gave out the penetrating flash-lights imply that he was keeping up the discussion, not because with an air of sublime superiority which seemed to which Dickens could turn upon those around there could be any doubt as to the right side, but merely him," and on another as having eyes that out of a kindly resolve to enlighten your ignorance “ beamed with a penetrating light even through whether you would or not.” the spectacles.” The charm of Thackeray's The Burton of later days was “ kindly, consid- public readings, or lectures, is thus recalled : erate, patient of other men's opinions, ready to “ Thackeray had, indeed, none of the superbly dra put the best construction on other men's mo- matic style of delivery which made Dickens's readings tives, unwilling to wound"; and this change and speeches so impressive. His voice was clear and was wrought by “the sweet and gentle influ- penetrating and his articulation allowed no word to be ence of that woman whose very eyes told the lost upon his listeners, but he never seemed to be mak- ing any direct appeal to the emotion of the audience. love and devotion which she felt for him, and No accompaniment of gesture set off his quiet intona the tenderness with which she applied herself tion, and he seemed, indeed, to be talking rather at to bring out all that was best in him.” than to the crowd wbich hung upon his every word. Most excellent are the accounts of Thorold ... I observed on many occasions that the audience seemed to become possessed by common dread lest Rogers and Professor Goldwin Smith. Our anything, even an outburst of premature applause, civil war being mentioned in connection with should interrupt the discourse and cause a word to be the latter's hearty espousal of the cause of lost. I noticed this especially in some of the more negro freedom, Mr. McCarthy, who was him. pathetic passages, as, for instance, in the closing sen- tences of the lecture on George the Third — that mar- self emphatically on the side of the North in vellous description of the blind, deaf, and ivsane old the great dispute, refers to the division it king as he wandered through the halls of his palace caused among his countrymen. “The majority 1904.] 11 THE DIAL of that class which we describe as society," he LONDON ON LONDON.* writes, “ took the side of the South, while the best intellects of England in politics, litera- In the summer of 1902, Mr. Jack London, ture, and science, and the whole mass of the of California, undertook to explore the recesses English working population adhered to and of the British metropolis. What he saw, heard, advocated the cause of the North.” Surely, he and did, he has set forth in a volume of over has here, in a moment of forgetfulness, given three hundred pages, with numerous illustra- the “ best intellects tions. more than due credit. The account he gives is a straight- Gladstone, Carlyle, Martineau, to name no forward one, and there is no reason why it others, were of Southern sympathies. The list should not be accepted at its face-value, - the could doubtless be considerably extended. broad facts, indeed, being already too familiar The author's love of music and the drama to those who have lived in London. prompts him to furnish many a pleasing por- I had just finished reading the book, and trait from the stage. In describing that excel. was feeling very kindly toward its enthusiastic lent comedian, Robert Keeley, he commends young author, when my eye fell on an adver. especially the thoroughly wholesome nature of tisement of it (“Science,” Nov. 13), which his fun, and humorously adds: “ The most soru- ran as follows: « Mr. Jack London's New Book. • As thrilling as pulous daughter might have safely taken her the best of his fiction.' ... An account of the labor mother to enjoy any of Keeley's performances, and life of the London slums of the conditions of and the good lady might have laughed her fill poverty, degradation, and suffering in the East End. over his looks and his utterances without any It tingles with all the vitality of his fiction, and is full dread of a censorious world." Here, as else- of such vivid realism as is only possible from a man who knows London as Mr. Jacob A. Riis knows New York." where, the writer's style is a delight to the reader, being easy, fluent, enlivened with hu. Putting aside the absurdity of comparing the mor and warmed with kindliness, happy in its author's knowledge of London with Mr. Riis's choice of the right word, and passing from topic of New York, we cannot feel otherwise than to topic in easy transition and sufficiently rapid indignant at the manifest suggestion that the succession. One more quotation must be made misery of the East End will afford such amuse- to show the author's command of descriptive ment to those in more fortunate circumstances epithet. Sir Richard Bethell, afterward Baron that its recital is equivalent to “ the best of his Westbury, made a name for himself in the fiction." Sixteen years ago, William Morris House of Commons as a master of corrosive fulminated against the well-to-do people who sarcasm. His peculiar style of parliamentary amused themselves by “sentimentalising the retort is thus described : sordid lives of the miserable peasants of Italy “ Betbell's way was to let his eyelids droop as if be and the starving proletarians of her towns, were affected by a sudden access of shyness, just as he now that all the picturesqueness has departed was about to pour out on some opponent in debate his from the poor devils of our own country-side, most vitriolic sarcasm, and to deliver this sarcasm in our own slums,” — but he did not know that tones of dulcet gentleness, as if he were paying a deli- even these last could be made a source of cate compliment by which he hoped to endear himself further to its recipient. He had a clear, impressive entertainment, given a clever showman. voice, and could speak powerfully whenever he thought I am willing to believe — indeed, I do be- fit, but he was sure to adopt the cadences of bewitching | lieve lieve that the advertisement cited does Mr. blandness whenever be seized on the chance of making London a great injustice. He can hardly be his opponent an object for the ridicale of the House. . . . When Bethell, with half-closed eyes, head mod- blamed for having produced a readable and estly bent, and mild and gentle tones, poured gently interesting book, nor can he be expected to out his phrases of vitriolic scorn, the listener felt that wish it other than a large circulation ; but if a new and cruel charm came in to make the contempt he is as sincere and as earnest a reformer as all the more withering to its object and more intensely we judge him to be, he will doubtless be disap- amusing to the audience." pointed as he comes to realize the true character The pictures that thus vividly appeal to of its reception. Yet in time he will find that his the eye of reason are reinforced with abundant seed has sprouted in unexpected places, and the portraits addressed to the eye of sense, the harvest will be tardily but surely gathered in. whole making as entertaining a volume as one It is neither possible por desirable, within need ask for on a winter's evening. * THE PEOPLE OF THE ABYSS. By Jack London. Illus- PERCY F. BICKNELL. trated. New York: The Macmillan Co. 12 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL warm. the limits of a review, to give any account of some, that the poor are so because of their Mr. London's experiences; but it is worth natural inferiority. It need not be doubted while to quote his comparison of the English that the two things often go together; but it with the Alaskan Indians, since he knows both has been well shown that the children of the at first-band, and the latter are recognized as poor, removed to better surroundings, will ex. among the least favored races of mankind. hibit undreamed of abilities. On page 309 of “ In Alaska, along the banks of the Yukon River, Mr. London's book is given proof of this; for it near its mouth, live the Innuit folk. They are a very appears that Dr. Barnardo has picked up from primitive people, manifesting but mere glimmering the streets of London and sent abroad 13.340 adumbrations of that tremendous artifice, Civilization. Their capital amounts possibly to $10 per head. They boys, most of them to Canada, and not one in hunt and fish for their food with bone-headed spears and fifty has failed. That is to say, that the very arrows. They never suffer from lack of shelter. Their breed and race which is complacently said to clothes, largely made from the skins of animals, are have dug its own grave in the East End of Lon- They always have fuel for their fires, likewise timber for their houses, which they build partly under- don is capable of great success, given reason- ground, and in which they lie snugly during the periods ably favorable circumstances. If it could be of intense cold. In the summer they live in tents, open shown that the Abyss only swallowed up the to every breeze, and cool. They are healthy (when they worthless, even then we should deserve the do not catch some disease of civilization, the author utmost condemnation for our inhumanity in might have said), and strong, and happy. Their one problem is food. They have their times of plenty and the manner of their destruction ; but when times of famine. In good times they feast; in bad times it appears that it is a great macbine for the they die of starvation. But starvation, as a chronic con cutting-off of the English in the fulness of their dition, present with a large number of them all the time, strength — this is “ race suicide” indeed ! is a thing unknown. Further, they have no debts. Mr. London does not despair of the English. “In the United Kingdom, on the rim of the Western Ocean, live the English folk. They are a consummately As an American, he knows the blood too well civilized people. Their capital amounts to at least to do that. But, says he, “ the political ma- $1500 per head. They gain their food, not by hunting chine known as the British Empire is running and fishing, but by toil at colossal artifices. For the down." Just what he understands by this most part, they suffer from lack of shelter. The greater number of them are vilely housed, do not have enough phrase is not wholly apparent. If he supposes fuel to keep them warm, and are insufficiently clothed. that the things he describes are the result of A constant number never bave any houses at all, and any purely “political” conditions, the fact of sleep shelterless under the stars. Many are to be found, similar things existing in every great civilized winter and summer, shivering on the streets in their rags. They have good times and bad. In good times most of country, not excepting the United States, them manage to get enough to eat, in bad times they die should convince him to the contrary. How- of starvation. They are dying now, they were dying ever, in many places throughout the book he yesterday and last year, they will die tomorrow and next speaks distinctly and emphatically of the social year, of starvation; for they, unlike the Innuit, suffer injustice which is the real cause of the evil, - from a chronic condition of starvation. There are 40,000,000 of the English folk, and 939 out of every and it is only fair to understand his use of the 1000 of them die in poverty, while a constant army of term political in this light, meaning, as the 8,000,000 struggles on the ragged edge of starvation. word properly means, the whole management Further, each babe that is born is born in debt to the of civilization. sum of $110. This is because of an artifice called the National Debt" (pp. 311-313). Whatever meaning the dreadful recital of This is strongly put, but perhaps the worst English conditions may have for England, it part of it all is left unmentioned. The Innuit bas precisely the same meaning for America. Our author's fair State of California has al- people are living, I suppose, nearly as well as their nature permits; but the English are ready its San Francisco, and with the increase of "prosperity” resulting from transpacific stunted and warped, so that what they become bears no resemblance to what they might have commerce the western shores may yet become been. Mr. London discusses the rapid dete- the scene of worse things than he has known. rioration of the breed in the midst of the city; people of the West, wiser in their generation, If it is to be otherwise, it must be because the so rapid that the urban population would set themselves to prevent it. And it may be disappear in a few generations, were it not that the resistance offered to the extension of replenished from the rural districts. He does not, perhaps, sufficiently distinguish between white slavery will bring about the freedom of the inferiority due to birth and that due to those already in bondage ; for thus does history environment. It is a comforting doctrine to T. D. A. COCKERELL. - repeat itself. 1904.] 13 THE DIAL mild praise; it has the character of true in. THE COURSE AND LAWS OF EMPIRE.* sight into the elemental causes of human It is difficult, at first glance, to say whether activity. For what can be truer in its simple Mr. Brooks Adams's book on “The New Em- potency than the potency than the statement at the beginning pire” is written by a journalist or by a serious of the book, often repeated but always equally thinker of the most progressed school of eco- impressive in its directness, that as self-pre- nomic theorists. At first, the easy, rushing servation is the predominant instinct in man, style, and the attempt to hammer into the 80 he must procure food by cunning or by reader's consciousness in short energetic phrases violence ; that demand for food leads to inter- the ideas which the writer looks upon as all course, to trade, to war; that intercourse of important, suggests newspaper writing of the whatever kind always follows the easiest path, superior type. Yet upon second thought we see where transportation is cheapest; in fine, that that this electric - up to date " mode of expres food and means of defense constitute man's sion covers a cosmic idea of vast magnitude and chief economic necessities upon which the de- scientific directness; and that this rapid sur velopment of power and civilization depends. vey, this literary railroading toward the goal, But with the possession of wealth comes also presents after all a stately array of facts for the the possibility of controlling the destiny of support of the truly Darwinian doctrine that other nations, of grasping the world's trade and “man's destiny must ultimately depend upon dictating to the customer. This possibility, his flexibility. The question is whether this however, is based on the power of organization, method is not too business-like to be altogether on centralized energy and prevention of waste. fair, too hasty to be safe. The vastness of the Hence the importance, for doing business on a problem Mr. Adams purposes to discuss in the large scale, of combinations of capital and en- "New Empire," and the apparent waywardness slavement of labor, such as the negotiatores of of the hypothesis which he offers as its solution, Rome and the trusts of to-day. Mr. Adams seem at first sight too disproportionate. The is modern enough to take into account this ele- problem set forth is the familiar puzzle, familiar ment of competition from the very start. Ac- from countless histories of civilization, why the cording to his idea, it was not merely present seat of the world's power and of empires has but omnipresent in the rise to preëminence of constantly moved from east to west, from south ancient Baktra and Samarkand no less than to north, until it has gone half-way around the to-day, and regulated the world's commerce in globe and has lately established itself in the a manner a thousand times more intricate than New World. the casual observer imagines. Not upon the In explanation of this, Mr. Adams offers sword, but in the last instance upon the power not merely the time-worn lullaby concerning to underbid chance competitors in the world's the mysterious successive calls of God to the market, rests the opportunity of a country to nations to bear the burden of wealth and civili- rise to a commanding position and exercise zation, or the newer and more substantiated control over other countries, even to the ex- one of the movement of trade, and accordingly tent of making them its dependencies. Hence, of power, from one commercial centre to an as the world is constituted, comes the rise of other, as the trade-routes change and competi- all world-empires, such as the Babylonian, the tors arise for the precious possession. Mr. Assyrian, Grecian, Roman, Great Britain, and Adams's special and pet theory goes further Greater Russia. This last New Empire of the than these, and declares such change in the United States is due to economic supremacy seat of empire to depend solely on nearness to rather than to political, to the presence of or possession of an abundant supply of food abundant supply, rapid and cheap exchange of and other necessaries, and also a sufficient commodities, and, last but not least, to a supply of the useful metals for defense or for highly centralized mode of production which medium of exchange. These means of wealth can serve all at the smallest expenditure. And exhausted, the centre of trade, of communica this is the reason that Mr. Adams thinks the tion and centralization, moves on to a more trusts an economic necessity, without which suitable location, lodges with another nation, America could not have secured her present settles within another sphere of labor. commercial supremacy. The function of gov- To say that this theory is ingenious is very ernment in this formation of imperial power is * THE NEW EMPIRE. By Brooks Adams. New York: to ease the process, not to retard nor for any dogmatic reason hinder it. Government is The Macmillan Co. 14 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL man. nothing but the tool to promote the welfare of only profitable thing for people to know. That the people; hence if it proves obstructive to this law is in itself an uncommonly hard and commercial enterprise and industrial expansion dreary thing, that it is constantly the same, and it may fatally injure the growth of power and hence wearisome in its monotony, makes no thus the material success of the nation, and difference. The profit of discovery is worth may itself perish in the struggle. Whether the effort, and Mr. Adams experiences genuine President Roosevelt would be sufficiently con- joy and pride from it. joy and pride from it. When this law is dis- vinced by this reasoning to abandon as futile covered, the next thing of importance is to his attempt at trust legislation, there is no way gather the facts which best illustrate the work- of telling; but Mr. Adams's “ warning voice" ing of the principle, to put them into their might well make him hesitate. proper relation and let them speak for them- Evidently Mr. Adams is altogether oblivious selves — Mr. Adams in this particular case of such antiquated religious survivals as the remaining passive. But this passivity which notion of right and wrong in the wholesale he claims seems to be only a pleasant make- destruction of small industries ; nor is the believe ; the very act of generalization which political shibboleth of individuals being free the author advocates as the correct method, and and equal of any account in his view of the employs all through, seems to us to be eminently onward march of economic conditions. He has his own active way of discovering the particular stated once before that he does not believe in principle he is after; whereas the theories pro- the influence of ideas upon the destiny of na mulgated seem decidedly the cause rather than tions. They obey far more an instinct, and the effect of the manner in which the facts have instead of being free agents are but subservient unfolded themselves to bis mind. atoms in the whirl of energy. Hence Mr. No one goes to the work of a generalization Adams wastes no time upon theological white of this kind without the idea he wishes corro- washing of the mighty or the cruel deeds of borated plainly in his mind. Hence the reader They were actuated by a force greater is almost of necessity forced to accuse the than their conscience or their civilization. author of artfully trying to pass off as inno- “Nature" is the all-encompassing power which cence what is only feigned indifference. Mr. stands behind and plays fast and loose with | Adams, indeed, in his preface and elsewhere, all man's petty rules, gives him his chance, makes a great point of the necessity of general- or withdraws it if he is not ready to seize it. ization as the only means by which logical Mr. Adams sees the evidence of Nature's in. connection can be found between isolated facts. tentions in the rise and fall of nations and of He makes a desperate and even angry attack empires. He appears to us a pantheist of the on research work as being futile because so school of Positivists, or should we simply call largely done for its own sake. We are nothing him a disciple of the doctrine of environment loth to see the importance of synthesis brought after the manner of Demoulins ? to the fore in public discussion, after such long But however bold in his assertions, and free and ardent harangues about the unrivalled ad. from the restrictions of moral and religious vantages of analysis. But it may be permitted precepts, there is no need of quarrelling with to say that of the two methods discussed by Mr. Adams because of his views. To have Mr. Adams generalization is certainly the one opinions, however startling, about life, or man, which least insures sound training or keen bis- or Nature, is an author's prerogative, and may torical judgment. Only the master of method, serve him as a recommendation rather than the ripened thinker, the thorough scholar, and otherwise. The thing one can quarrel with scarcely even they, can generalize without foist- Mr. Adams about is his method. The means ing upon the world some half-truth or making which he sets forth more or less emphatically, their readers victims of their personal bias. as preferable for acquiring the true under Of course Mr. Adams points to the necessity standing of history and accordingly of the of reasoning on a scientific basis, from cause to meaning of man's destiny, is frankly to aban-effect, along the lines of physical and biological don the bewildering and wasteful German mode truths already accepted. But the habit of apply. of ascertaining the truth by the study of detail, ing scientific rules to philosophic facts is still and instead to seek only for the large and plain so new, so little has been done to establish even lines of development. From these it is the stu- approximately the true connection between the dent's duty to discover and construe the uni- two, that almost any theory may be forwarded, versal law which governs life and which is the generalization reign supreme, and no criterion 1904.] 15 THE DIAL be found by which to test the soundness of the fitness really stands for in the subtle household conclusions arrived at. The data of history, of Nature still remains to be seen. especially of the far past, are too pliant a mate Mr. Adams's book is unquestionably a very rial not to fit almost any doctrine. The ques courageous and interesting attempt at solving tion is only how to pick one's examples and the problem of transmission of energy in the cover them with the necessary quantity of plau-world's development from one centre of activity sible commentary. The public is altogether to another. It is suggestive of much keen obser- too fond of generalizations that have the sem vation, incessant study, and logical combination blance of common-sense not to be indulged in of facts. It certainly presents a much more the amplest way on every platform and for thorough coöperation of philosophic and scien- every purpose. In fact, unless extreme care is tific method than commonly prevails. But it exercised we shall soon find ourselves in a maze nevertheless strongly suggests the same old of generalization from which only the axe of necessity of careful study of detail, in order patient research (not for its own sake) can that if generalization on a large scale is bence- deliver us. Hence at the present juncture forth to be the order in American liberal Mr. Adams's passionate demand for general education, the facts shall truly support the ization sounds somewhat preposterous. conclusion, and that synthesis in all its generous Although the author in his book really lives breadth shall be upheld in the basic particulars up to his idea, as far as his idiosyncracies per by a stout and reliable analysis. mit, and gives perhaps the soundest and best A. M. WERGELAND. balanced treatment of history on a large plan that his method warrants, yet his advice con- cerning future study of history must be taken FOR LOVERS OF R. L. S.* largely cum grano salis. However interesting and suggestive his own work, his method may There are certain of our literary passions easily lead to the blatant superficiality which is (to borrow Mr. Howells's phrase) that have in the horror of the conscientious student. Mr. their composition a curious admixture jeal- Adams himself perceives the danger to which ousy. The Borrovians, for example, remain his reasoning may expose both his book and the more than content that their author should be idea it represents, and he offers both, not as a without bonor in the form of popularizing ar. finished theory, but as a hypothesis for medi ticles in the literary journals; and lovers of the tation by the enlightened and thoughtful. But FitzGerald of the Letters do not welcome the a full-fledged suggestion, when eloquently put, uncountable pocket copies of the “Rubaiyát.” is often more influential in turning men's Mr.J. A. Hammerton, the compiler of “Steven. thoughts than the accepted theory which is soniana,” is not likely, however, to find himself already somewhat brittle and worn. offending any such sentiment, for the most The rather uncompromising Positivism of bookish among Stevenson's admirers have our author is perhaps best sbown in the state. never regretted bis appeal to the unliterary ment on page 196: "Nature abhors the weak." | reading public. Nor need the relevance of the To us it seems that Nature has good use for the book, which is announced as a “ miscellany of weak no less than for the strong, and in her anecdote and criticism, inscribed to the lovers minute economy wastes no material, not even of the man and admirers of the artist R. L. S. the apparently most contemptible. Indeed, we the world over," be questioned. That element are inclined to state, with a well-known econ. in the Scottish character which complements omist, that without the weak the strong would the traditional reserve was sufficiently strong not be; the strong rest on the support of the in Stevenson to absolve the editor of any such weak, both are necessary, hence Nature employs volume from the charge of impertinence. both. And pray what in the merciless order of We have cause for gratitude in the fact that “Nature” constitutes strength but a momentary Stevenson never approached dangerously near advantage? If the old scholastic subservience the line crossed by so many of his literary com- to certain pet phrases (of scientific color but patriots, from Carlyle and the Laird of Auch- speculative origin) could be eliminated from inleck to Mr. Crockett and Mr. Barrie. He was late pbilosophic literature, there would be more not merely a Scotchman, but, as Henry James soundness and fewer fads. The survival of the put it, a Scotchman of the world. But it re- fittest is a theorem almost done to death in all *STEVENSONIANA. Edited by J. A. Hammerton. Illus- popular speculation, but what this mysterious trated. New York: A. Wessels Co. 16 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL a mar- mains true that his personality was of London, and containing extracts from the ketable thing," to quote the phrase wrathfully testimonials given by Stevenson's friends in uttered by W. E. Henley in his memorable out- 1881, at the time of his application for the burst of two years ago; and no publication Edinburgh chair of history. Sir Leslie Ste- which recognizes that aspect of the Stevenson phen wrote: phen wrote: “I know of no writer of Mr. of literature and life is wholly without excuse Stevenson's standing of whose future career I for existence. entertain greater expectations ”; John Ad- The literary and critical merit of the com dington Symonds spoke of him as “ having pilation is decidedly uneven. It could hardly the temperament of an artist who cannot ac- be otherwise ; since, as we are informed, the quiesce in work that falls below bis own stand- editor searched for his material in the “ for ard"; Mr. Andrew Lang described him as “the gotten pages of English and American period. most ingenious and refined writer of his genera- icals” (and newspapers, it should be added), tion.” Mr. Robert Leighton's letter, quoted as well as in “ books by writers of eminence from “The Academy” of March 3, 1900, not entirely concerned with Stevenson.” To recalls the fact that for several years after this the devout Mussulman, no scrap of paper that incident of his candidature, the recognizable bears the sacred name of Allah is worthless. earnings of the most ingenious and refined It was possibly a modified form of this rever writer of his generation continued to be chiefly ential spirit which actuated Mr. Hammerton in limited to praise. Thirty shillings per column pursuing his researches ; for not a great part of twelve hundred words was the higher of the rescued “copy ” which makes up the terms" demanded four years later by the author first seven or eight chapters of the book has of " Treasure Island," when the serial publica- any value as a contribution to our knowledge tion of “ Kidnapped” was being arranged for. of Stevenson. A description, by Mr. Charles The El Dorado of the American magazine was Warren Stoddard, of Stevenson as he appeared as yet an undiscovered country, whose frontier during his California days is worth quoting for had not been reached by the Amateur Emigrant. the sake of comparison with a different esti A paragraph in Mr. Harold Vallings's mate lately expressed. “ Temple Bar "essay, describing Stevenson at “ A man of the frailest physique, though most unac Davos in 1881, shows him in a more familiar countably tenacious of life; a man whose pen was in light than that of a candidate for professorial defatigable, whose brain was never at rest; who, as far duties. as I am able to judge, looked upon everything from a I have a most vivid recollection of a first view of supremely intellectual point of view. fleshly to the verge of emaciation, . . . whose sympa- him homeward bound from one of these before-breakfast thies were literary and artistic; whose intimacies were [tobogganing] expeditions. He was dragging himself born and bred above the ears. wearily along, towing a toboggan at his heals, his par- row, huncbed-up figure cut clear against the surpassing In the recently published “Faith of Robert brilliance of the white Davosian world. With that Louis Stevenson we find Mr. John Kelman pathetic balf-broken figure making so dominant a note emphasizing the close relation between the flesh in one's recollections, one marvels indeed at the forti- and the spirit indicated in Stevenson's expres- tude that made possible his later achievements. Through the closing weeks of that winter season it was my hap, sion of his personality. “At all times he is a through sheer good luck, fostered in some measure by spirit very deeply embodied in flesb,” he says in a nascent enthusiasm for Art, to foregather pretty fre- a passage which “ The Athenæum,” in review quently with the courageous invalid, and only once do ing the book, praised for its penetration. “In I remember his uttering a despondent word. •I can't work,' he said to me one day. "Yet now that I've the flesh, as he depicts it, you constantly discern fallen sick, I've lost all my capacity for idleness.'" the spirit breaking througb ; in the spirit, you Most can raise the flower love of idleness to- seem still aware of the red tinge of flesh.” Pro- fessor Stoddard knew Stevenson personally, day, but twenty years ago the lament quoted Mr. Kelman knows him only through his above could have been uttered by no one but the author of the " Apology for Idlers.” works; and we have again the old contrast An Auckland, New Zealand, newspaper fur- between the “rosy-gilled athletico-æsthete” whom Mr. William Archer discovered in the nishes a report of an interview with Stevenson Stevenson of the essays, and the “rickety and on the subject of the best course of study for cloistered spectre, R. L. S.” young men with literary aspirations, in which he said : An interesting reminder of an amusingly “If a young man wishes to learn to write English, incongruous episode in Stevenson's career is he should read everything. I qualify that by excluding the article reprinted from the “ Daily News" the whole of the present century in a body. People 66 A man un- 1904.] 17 THE DIAL morial poems. will read all that is worth reading out of that for their James Whitcomb Riley, Mr. Austin Dobson, own fun. If they read the seventeenth century and the and Mr. Bliss Carman, who has two poems, eighteenth century; if they read Shakespeare and Sir Thomas Browne, and Jeremy Taylor, and Dryden's one the fine threnody “A Seamark.” Mr. Ed. prose, and Samuel Johnson, — and, I Addison, suppose, mund Gosse's beautiful dedication to his volume though I never read him myself, - and browse about “ In Russet and Silver," —' To Tusitala in in all the authors of those two centuries, they will get | Vailima,' – which called forth the last and the finest course of literature there is. Those are the the saddest letter Stevenson ever wrote, is two extremes. What we have tried to do in this cen- tury is to find a middle-road between the two extremes, printed at the beginning of the chapter on mostly and usually by being more slovenly. I have “ Island Days.” It is a pity, unhappily familiar only one feather in my cap, and that is, I am not a as we are with the reverse of the medal, that sloven." Henley's exquisite lyric “ To R. L. S.," with Among contemporary writers, Stevenson the unforgettable closing lines - found Sir Leslie Stephen and Mr. George “ And we lie in the peace of the Great Release, Saintsbury best worth recommending to the As once in the grsss together," colonial aspirants after a literary style. And should not have been included among the me- the comment upon Scott is characteristic. “I would have your students read Scott, — but I The editor's labors in gathering his material wish you could put down my expression when I say this; it would save a good deal of explanation. He for the chapters on “Stevenson the Man," was undoubtedly slovenly. He makes me long to box “ Stevenson the Artist,” and “R. L. S. and his ears God bless him! — but to a luminous and His Contemporaries,' were better rewarded striking degree he was free from the faults that a great than in the case of the biographical selections. many of us possess." Almost every contemporary writer of note, In the chapter headed “ Miscellanea” are professional critic or not, is represented in the quoted the dedications to the set of his works excerpts from critical articles. Mr. Henley's presented by Stevenson in 1888 to his physi. famous “ Pall Mall Gazette " essay is quoted cian in the Adirondacks, Dr. Trudeau. They at great length. The unsigned article from will probably be new to most readers. - Kid. “ Blackwood's" (pp. 252–3), - from the pen napped” bears the following inscription : of Professor Millar, if internal evidence based “ Here is the one sound page of all my writing, on resemblance to the Stevenson chapter in the The one I'm proud of, and that I delight in.' “Literary History of Scotland” has any value, Prince Otto” has this verse: - is the only other example of criticism not • This is my only love-tale, this Prince Otto, entirely sympathetic. Even those writers who Which some folks like to read, and others not to.” emphasize their recognition of Stevenson's “ Familiar Studies of Men and Books” is thus limitations, as do Sir Leslie Stephen and Mr. prefaced : David Christie Murray, do not maintain an “My other works are of a slighter kind; unqualifiedly judicial attitude. Add some of Here is the party to improve your Mind!” the novelist-critics, notably Mr. Quiller-Couch Best of all is the amiably ironical comment and Mr. Crockett — to whom many literary upon his “ Travels with a Donkey": sins should be forgiven for the sake of the “ It blew, it rained, it thawed, it snowed, it thundered, phrase « His heart remembers how in the Which was the Donkey? I bave often wondered.” dedication to the “Stickit Minister," — have An article in the same division, on the inter touched their highest point of sincerity of ex- esting Trevor-Haddon collection of “ Letters pression in the essays called forth by the death to an Artist” contains an error which the of the fellow-worker whom they loved. A editor was probably not in a position to detect. comparatively unfamiliar piece of serious crit- Instead of there being only five copies of the icism, represented by several extracts, is Miss book in existence, as stated in the review | Alice Brown's five though somewhat dithy- quoted, several hundred copies were printed rambic - Study of Robert Louis Stevenson, by the American publisher, and the regret that which was printed, for private circulation, in only a favored few will ever bave an oppor 1895. It concludes as follows: tunity to read the letters in their entirety” is « That Stevenson could hold up his head and troll consequently unwarranted. bis careless ditties to the sun, after that Miserere of More than a dozen poems to Stevenson are the soul, opens the mind like a flower to the possibilities grouped in a separate chapter. Among the of human regnancy. One man has looked hell in the face and stayed undaunted. One man has peered over poets represented are Mr. William Watson, the gulf where suns are swinging and unmade stars Mr. Richard Le Gallienne, Miss Guiney, Mr. light up the dusk, and yet retained the happy sanity 18 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL M. F. of our common life. He returned from his Tartarean romance; the hero is found in a man of resolution journey lifting to the unseen heaven the great, glad cry and intellectual power, by birth an aristocrat, but of ultimate obedience. Therefore will we not despair, by choice a republican, an engineer, and an arcbæ- nor wish one thorn the less bad sprung before his feet. We are the stronger for his pain; his long conflict ologist. So much for the personnel of the story. helps to make our calm. For very shame we dare not The substance is provided by the search for a treas- skulk nor loiter now; and whither Stevenson has gone, ure asserted by legend to be hidden beneath the there do we, in our poor halting fashion, seek the way." foundations of the Palazzo Conti, and by the danger offered to such a search by the “ lost water" which Few readers, even though they be Steven- sonians, will close this book without realizing archæologists have never been able satisfactorily to flows beneath many Roman buildings, and for which anew the truth of the old charge that Stevenson account. In the course of the story, the treasure has been overpraised. Some of his critics bave is discovered, and turns out to consist of two ancient loved him so well that they have judged him ill. statues of priceless value. When the discoverer Yet it is not inevitable that the personal affec takes the heroine to see what he has unearthed, the tion which Stevenson alone of the writers of our “ lost water” foods the passages through which day knew how to inspire should result in loss they have entered, and threatens both with death of critical balance. It is possible to feel all the from starvation. By working almost to the point charm of his marvellous style, so imitative and of exhaustion, the hero breaks open a way of escape, and both lives are saved. This problem solved, the yet so unique, and still be incredulous when social problem must next be grappled with, for the Dr. Watson says, “We judge that our master situation has been a horribly compromising one in the will go to the high table and sit down with eyes of the world, and the reputation of the heroine Virgil and Shakespeare and Goethe and is sure to be lost if the fact ever becomes known. Scott.” And in the picturesquely erratic wan There are other complications which we have not derer we may be content to recognize some space to consider, but will simply state that all thing less than a guide, and yet be blind to difficulties are in the end cleared away. It is even none of the beautiful spectacle of his life and more enjoined upon us to say that the story is sur- death. prisingly interesting — far more so than anything else that Mr. Crawford has done of late years, and this for the very reason that he has in a meas- ure left his well-beaten track, and centred his new novel about a situation which is both freshly- RECENT FICTION.* conceived and ingeniously contrived. Mr. Crawford's new novel, “ The Heart of “The New Arabian Nights" has evidently served Rome,” makes the usual presentation of those as a model for “The Strange Adventures of Mr. types of Roman society that have been so fre Middleton,” by Mr. Wardon Allan Curtis. Mr. quently limned by the author as to become very Middleton is a young clerk in a lawyer's office who familiar to 08. There is the wealthy Baron Vol. is found one rainy night on South Clark Street, terra, banker and politician, whose past is too shady Chicago, carrying back to the emporium of Mr. to bear investigation, and his wife, whose one desire Marks Cohen the dre88-suit which he has recently is to obtain admission into the charmed circle of the rented from that obliging Hebrew for the purpose aristocracy. Then there is the dowager Princess of taking part in a certain social function. Taking Conti, with all the faults and prejudices of the older refuge from the rain in a shop which he happens generation, and her daughter Sabina, in whose to be passing, he is invited within, and there makes sincerity and simple strength the younger genera the acquaintance of the hereditary emir of the tribe tion is most charmingly typified. This exquisite This exquisite of Al-Yam. This engaging Oriental has come to creature makes a highly engaging heroine for the America to mingle with the Feringhis in order to * THE HEART OF ROME. A Tale of the “Lost Water." By OVER THE BORDER. By Robert Barr. New York: Francis Marion Crawford. New York: The Macmillan Co. Frederick A. Stokes Co. THE STRANGE ADVENTURES OF MR. MIDDLETON. By THE BARONET IN CORDUROY. By Albert Lee. New Wardon Allan Curtis. Chicago: Herbert S. Stone & Co. York: D. Appleton & Co. WHEN I WAS CZAR. A Romance. By Arthur W. March HETTY WESLEY. By A. T. Quiller-Couch. New York: mont. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. The Macmillan Co. SIR HENRY MORGAN, BUCCANEER. A Romance of the BARBE OF GRAND BAYou. By John Oxenbam. New Spanish Main. By Cyrus Townsend Brady. New York: York: Dodd, Mead & Co. G. W. Dillingham Co. STELLA FREGELIUS. A Tale of Three Destinies. By HESPER. By Hamlin Garland. New York: Harper & Bros. H. Rider Haggard. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. THE WEB, By Frederick Trevor Hill, New York: DOCTOR XAVIER. By Max Pemberton, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. D. Appleton & Co. THE BEATEN PATH. By Richard Lawrence Makin. THE MASTERFOLK. By Haldane MacFall. New York: New York: The Macmillan Co. Harper & Brothers. The Mills Or Man. By Philip Payne. Chicago: Rand, THE RELENTLESS City. By E, F. Benson. New York: McNally & Co. Harper & Brothers. 1904.] 19 THE DIAL collect some new stories for the entertainment of deadening influences, until a happy chance sends his royal master, who had got tired of the old “tales her to the far West — to the mountains and the of genii and magicians, of enchantments and spells, mining-camp. The needs of a young brother, in devils, dragons, and rocs." He has learned many delicate health, bring about this change of scene, strange things daring his Western sojourn, and is and then begins for her a process of regeneration confident that the Arabian potentate will be much which is destined eventually to vitalize her interests impressed by their interest and novelty. But he and strengthen her character. At first she revolts thinks it wise to try them upon someone else as a against the bitter necessity of contact with the rude preliminary, and invites his new acquaintance to manners of the frontier, and of association with play the part of sympathetic listener. This is the people whose breezy energy and primitive good framework which serves to connect a most surprising temper are not sufficient to atone to her for their series of adventures, recounted from night to night | lack of what she has hitherto called cultivation. in the Clark Street shop. The stories show a fresh Meanwhile, the sickly younger brother a genuine ness of invention and a sense of humor much out of and lovable boy, albeit more slangy than was really the common, and we could wish that there were necessary to make him convincing — takes to the many more of them. In the end, the emir becomes new life like a duck to water, and the sister finds it enamoured of an American maiden whom he has impossible either to leave him or to take him home met at Green Lake, Wisconsin, and in consequence with her. The hero is introduced at an early stage renounces his country, his religion, and his leanings in the story, being presented as the foreman of a toward polygamy, joins the Presbyterian Church, ranch to begin with, and afterwards as an adventurer and becomes united to the object of bis affections. in the uncertain game of mining. He has upon him Through his generosity, young Mr. Middleton is the shadow of a mysterious past, and is equipped in enabled to marry a young woman of Englewood the present with most engaging qualities of courage, upon whom his heart has long been set, and all ends resolution, and downright manliness. As the story happily, save for the Arabian potentate who thus nears its climax, it becomes the record of a strike loses his chance of being regaled with the choice in in the mining-camps, and the author holds his scales ventions of our author. But this loss is our gain, and with judicial balance, recognizing the rights and the we cannot be expected to have more than a shadowy wrongs of both parties to the conflict. He also suc- sort of sympathy for this modern Shahriyar. ceeds in making the narrative one of breathless ex- “When I Was Czar,” by Mr. Arthur W. March citement, without resorting to sensational devices. mont, is a story and nothing else. It is, moreover, The romantic outcome is what the reader has a a highly sensational story, made up of nihilist plots, right to expect, and he closes the book with the sense and court intrigues, and ambushes, and murders. of having assisted in a dramatic spectacle, and at The hero is an American of magnificent “nerve," the same time of having witnessed a consistent de- and the heroine is a wronged Russian princess whose velopment of character in the case of the heroine, champion and deliverer he becomes. Mr. March at least, if not in that of the hero. We do not hes- mont has in this case indulged himself in a more itate to say that “ Hesper” represents the best work extravagant invention than heretofore, and has cast that Mr. Garland has done ; in it he has sloughed aside all pretence of tolerable diction. The book is off most of his earlier defects of thought and expres- one that has no conceivable relations with literature, sion; his asperities have become softened, and his yet we must admit that as a story its interest is rawness has undergone a transformation into some- fairly absorbing. thing very like urbanity. And all this evolution The history of “Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer" has been accomplished without any diminution of provides a stirring subject for the latest romance the earnestness and the energy which first directed from the Rev. Cyrus Townsend Brady's prolific pen. attention to him as a writer. It is a far cry from The story is concerned with the final phase of Mor “Main-Travelled Roads" to the present volume, it gan's life, when the death of Charles II. in 1685 seems almost too far to be accounted for by a mere loses him his governorship of Jamaica, and he goes matter of fifteen years. buccaneering again. The author has taken great “ The Web,” by Mr. Frederick Trevor Hill, is a liberties with history, which are perhaps justified by novel which takes us into the thick of American his romantic ends. He gives us, for once, a tale business life, the region in which unscrupulous cor- that has a Spanish gentleman for its hero, and the porate interests, legal chicanery, and corrupt poli- change from the long succession of Spanish villains tics are inextricably interwoven. Such is “the web” is both welcome and historically just. In the char which we are called upon to disentangle. A divorce acter of Morgan, we have a real pirate, a composite suit and a murder provide interests of a more pri- study from many documents, about whom there is vate nature. All this material is skilfully combined no glamour save that of resourcefulness and reck into a story that moves logically from point to point, less daring. and is told most successfully from the constructive Mr. Garland's “ Hesper” tells the story of a point of view. It is intensely real, if not exactly young woman, bred to the life of society in the inspiring, and the types of character presented are narrow and ignoble sense, and profoundly dissatis faithful studies from the life. Such fiction as this fied with it, yet seeing no way of escape from its is the inevitable product of such a civilization as 20 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL 80. of to we now boast; it certainly fulfils the purpose of ished English — but the author is capable at need holding the mirror up to nature as it is here and now, of a dignified and impressive form of speech, as in and exhibiting the form and pressure of the time in the following passage, which illustrates the reflec- which our lot is cast. tions of a cultivated woman spectator upon a scene In " The Beaten Path" by Mr. Richard Lawrence in the State Convention. The advocates of free Makin, a new writer whose further acquaintance we silver bave made a strong showing under the lead- shall hope to make, a path of invention is chosen ership of the Governor of Illinois, in whose figure which, if not already“beaten,” is by way of becoming one may easily recognize some, at least, of the char- The story is of labor, capital, and politics, of acteristics of the late Mr. Altgeld. “ Who were fraudulent company promotion on the one hand, nobler, those men of riches in the cities, with their and of the rising tide of socialism on the other. Yet loose morals, their cynical contempts, their concep- we fancy that the intention of the author in selecting tion of the world as an exchange to make profits in bis title was rather to emphasize those private rela and as a mart to buy sensual luxuries in, or those tions between men and women which served fiction country lawyers and unpolished yeomen, morally for a beaten path long before the political and social austere, who cherished in this corrupt day the eth- issues of the present day came into the foreground ical ideals of the high Anglo-Saxon race, and who of our life. Be this as it may, Mr. Makin has given were animated now by a vision of Justice enthroned u8 a novel of unusual strength and interest, informed and buman brotherhood become an institution ? by high ideals of public and private morality, yet Mrs. Corlis poignantly suspected in her soul that by no means taking the form of a sermon explicitly the dream of these men might be the authentic formulated. As a study of political corruption, the modern vision of the weal of Saint Augustine's scene of the novel is very fittingly placed in what is Civitas Dei, the City of God.” A few such gleams probably the most corrupt of the American Com- of idealism light up the pages of Mr. Payne's book monwealths. The Leverson Car Works, about which here and there, and give heart to the reader well- the story centres, are situated in one of the smaller nigh disheartened by an exhibition of greedy and cities of Pennsylvania, and the formation of the selfish motives that he must sadly recognize as only “ trust” of which they are the basis affords a con too truthful. venient opportunity for illuminating the methods of Mr. Barr's “Over the Border" is a straight- modern finance and politics alike. All this serious forward historical romance of the Long Parliament matter is skilfully interwoven with a skein of com and the Civil War. Strafford and Cromwell are the plex personal interests that excite the sympathies to leading figures, as far as the history is concerned, an unusual degree, and lead up to a climax whicb, if and the romance is supplied by a daughter of the a trifle melodramatic, supplies the arch with a most attainted Earl and a venturesome Scottish free effective keystone. There are half a dozen or more lance. The intrigues of Charles with his Scottish studies of character drawn with singular firmness allies are at the basis of the action, which relates of hand, and offering types of strongly contrasted mainly to a mission sent by the latter to the King interest. Altogether, the performance is an exceed at Oxford to obtain legal warrant for their partici- ingly creditable one, and we congratulate the author pation in his cause. Hero and heroine make the upon a highly successful first book. perilous journey in company, and the outcome is Another first book is “The Mills of Man,” by what the seasoned novel reader expects. Mr. Barr Mr. Philip Payne, a brother of Mr. Will Payne, does not slobber over his work, as is the wont of who already has several good books to his credit. many writers of this sort of fiction, but gives us a This work, like the one just mentioned, is steeped clean-cut and logically-developed narrative, which in actuality, and presents a picture of present-day economically adjusts the means to the ends, and politics which is almost brutal in its realism. It exhibits trained craftmanship at every point. combines a political struggle for the reëlection of a Mr. Albert Lee, in writing “ The Baronet in Republican Senator from Illinois, as well as for the Corduroy,” has deserted the romantic times of State ticket, with a corrupt scheme for obtaining Spanish rule in the Netherlands for the compara- franchise control over the public utilities of Chicago. tively prosaic life of England at the close of the All the principal types of politician are represented, seventeenth century. The Stuart plot to invade - the city boss, the free silver demagogue, the England provides a certain element of romance to foxy old-timer, and the wealthy aspirant for public the narrative, which is otherwise concerned with the honors. The reformer also appears, but only in debtor's prison, the gossip of the coffee-bouses, and unworthy caricature, and the mention of his activ. the follies of fashionable society. The baronet in ities always provokes a sneer and leaves a diga-corduroy is a reckless and dissipated noble who greeable impression. Mr. Payne's political figures wastes bis substance in gambling and debauchery, are not portraits of existing individuals, but com. yet contrives by superficial qualities of grace and posites in which we recognize now one, now another, heroism to win the love of a pure-souled country of the men who have recently played conspicuous maiden, the heiress to a large fortune. The mar- parts in the politics of Illinois and Chicago. A riage, the miseries that follow, and the subsequent great deal of the book is jargon — it could not deal release of the heroine from an abhorred union make truthfully with its subject were it written in pol- | up the substance of the story, which is of only 1904 ] 21 THE DIAL average quality, and in no way particularly note tragically taken from him. He broods over her worthy. death, and seeks by force of concentrated will to A novel that verges close upon history is pro summon ber spirit back into his existence. In otber vided by Mr. A. T. Quiller-Couch in his “Hetty words, he deliberately cultivates a morbid tendency, Wesley.” The heroine is the wayward sister of and the hallucination for which he yearns is finally John and Charles Wesley, and the story of ber life, vouchsafed him. Ideally, this means the accom- as told largely in the family letters, is profoundly plishment of his desire ; practically, it means that moving. As the story progresses, we become in- he becomes insane, and dies of an overwrought timately acquainted, not only with the unfortunate condition of cerebral excitement. The story is Hetty, but also with all the other members of the developed with considerable skill, but Mr. Haggard remarkable household to which she belonged until does not know how to join his visions with his facte. driven forth for her sin by a stern parent. The Realism and Spiritualism stand side by side through- author handles his theme with delicate sympathy, out the work but remain ever incongruous and dis- and is remarkably successful in imparting vitality united. Perhaps we can best express our meaning to his scenes and characters. in this criticism by saying that the author needs the “Barbe of Grand Bayon,” by Mr. John Oxenham, peculiar power displayed by Bulwer in “ Zanoni” is a story of the Breton coast. A young woman and “ A Strange Story,” and unfortunately does and her morose father live together in a lighthouse. not possess a wbit thereof. He attempts what is to The girl has grown up with no other human com a writer of his temperament and matter-of-fact papionship, and promptly falls in love with a youth imagination the impossible, and thus fails to produce whom one day she happens to rescue from the boil the desired effect. ing waters. Presently a rival appears, who con There is a strain of mysticism, mingled with much trives to put the favored lover out of the way by sensuous and dramatic material, in Mr. Max Pem- burling him into a cavern. Incidentally, the rival berton's “ Doctor Xavier.” In one aspect, the falls in bimself, breaks most of his bones, and dies writer seems to have emulated so cheap a model as a lingering death. His victim, on the other hand, Mr. Boothby's Doctor Nikola; in another, the pro- survives, lives for some weeks among the stalactites, totype of his fiction seems to have been the sort of eats rock-doves and their eggs, bas a desperate fight romance which we view in “The Prisoner of Zenda” with a devil fixb, and finally attracts the attention and its numerous literary progeny. The malign of his friends by contriving a sort of torch which purpose of Doctor Xavier is to gain control of a he thrusts through a cleft in his prison-walls. No petty Spanish principality on the Pyrennean border; sooner is be rescued than he is charged with the he seeks to accomplish this end through the medium murder of his rival, who, it will be remembered, of an innocent young woman upon whom he exerts bad disappeared on the same day with his victim. a semi-hypnotic influence, but who in the end escapes When finally acquitted through evidence unearthed from his toils and thwarts his villainy. The story by his friends, and by the aid of a brilliant Parisian cannot be taken seriously from any literary point advocate, he marries the girl, and the story ends. of view. It is a thrilling sort of tale, related with the author's “ The Masterfolk,” by Mr. Haldane MacFall, is keen sense of dramatic and picturesque effect, al a depiction of Bohemian life in London and Paris ready well-proved by his previous romances. The which seems at the start to have the makings of a devil-fish episode is a little too obviously imitated capital story. Until we get balf-way into the book, from Hugo, but what is the poor novelist to do if or thereabouts, there is variety of incident and ac- all the good situations are debarred him by the fact tion, and the unfolding of a pretty plot. Then the of their having been used before? author seems to lose his grip, the narrative becomes Mr. Rider Haggard has strayed far from the disjointed and chaotic, and we get callow philosophy wonted paths of his invention in the composition of in the place of dramatic vigor. Toward the end, we "Stella Fregelius.” Here we have no fantastic rec fairly lose our way in a morass of incoherent ravings, ord of adventures in strange lands, but a story of sim and the story vanishes clean out of sight. Mr. ple English life, made romance by investment with MacFall should beware of fine writing; be has in this an air of mysticism. The hero is a dreamer whose instance suffered ignominious defeat for attempting dreams receive practical embodiinent in an invention it. He should aleo cultivate compression, for he is called the aërophone, which is an application of garrulous beyond endurance. The title of the novel Marconi telegraphy to the telephone. Circumstances is a Nietzschian suggestion, we may add by way of a very natural and material sort lead him to of explanation. marry a practical, domestic, sweet-tempered English We thought that Mr. Benson had lived down the girl, a creature of flesh and blood as distinctly. as he memory of “ Dudo.” Certainly he has made a is a creature of the spirit. The heroine proper is a strenuous effort to do so, and he showed himself to maiden of Norse ancestry whose life be rescues from be made of sterner stuff when he chose the war of shipwreck (in a literal sense). She is a somewhat Greek independence for the subject of two excep- Uncanny person endowed with something in the tionally strong novels. But his latest novel, although nature of second sight. Becoming the real com far from being the mere froth of his first early panion of his life (although in all purity), she is indiscretion, shows him still beset by the temptation 22 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL to turn out sparkling epigrams, and to make the tically conceived and executed works of fiction among daily intercourse of average mortals an exchange of the number of similar books recently published. From labored repartee. It is called “ The Relentless a street boy the “Boss" becomes the arbiter of the City,” and the reason thereof is a mystery. A part destinies of the city of New York. Mr. Lewis points of the story is placed in New York, and that metrop- out, far too clearly to admit of misunderstanding, that it is only through intimate alliance with the so-called olis is pictured as an insatiate monster which makes “ best element" in the community that the boss is per- exhausting demands upon the vitality of its denizens. mitted to thrive as a licensed land-pirate. The moral If this be the explanation, the title is badly forced, element of the tale, above and beyond the sordidness of but we can suggest no other. Mr. Benson's mental the chief character and his associates in crime against attitude toward things American is curious. He the body politic, is to be found in the retribution which seems to have spent a few weeks among us, and to follows him through life, inflicted in the bosom of his have seen the sort of things that are usually seen by family as an indirect result of his iniquity, though never the properly accredited visiting Englishman. He consciously accepted by him as such. writes of society (in the vulgar sense) in New York Another political boss — in Philadelphia this time - and Newport, and depicts it as the pursuit of hollow figures in “The Chasm” (Appleton), a book written by Messrs. Reginald Wright Kauffman and Edward joys by persons of unbounded wealth. Of American Childs Carpenter. Here, again, one has to make allow- life, properly speaking, he seems to know absolutely ances, for the authors assume that a shrewd Irishman nothing. But in dealing with the phases he has seen is foolish enough to think that an education begun in (or perhaps only imagined), he exbibits a singular private American schools and rounded out at Oxford striving to be sympathetic, if patronizing, and then and by continental travel will fit his only son to take up undoes all his efforts by indulgence in a kind of his political power and carry it from municipal bossism caricature more grotesque than was ever imagined into international statesmanship. The failure of the by Dickens. His English types bear, of course, some experiment is as complete as it is inevitable; though resemblance to life, although even that is marred this is the engineering feat by which the chasm between the Irish boss and an American girl of mature age and by the sort of conventional literary glitter with which excellent position is finally bridged. There is much he feels bound to invest them. There is a good deal movement in the story. of writing in the book that is merely slovenly, and The passing of the Mississippi steamboat as the dic- there is no constructive art worth speaking of. We tator of transportation, and the coming into power of cannot congratulate Mr. Benson upon his latest the railway, form the theme of “ Tennessee Todd" performance. WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. (Barnes), wbich Mr. G. W. Ogden rightly describes in his sub-title as “A Novel of the Great River." The potentate of the steamboat trade and the coming rail- way magoate are partners. Fair warning is given of the passing of the power of the river boat when the NOTES ON NEW NOVELS. partnership is dissolved, but a losing fight is promptly begun and persisted in with all the eventual ferocity of “ The Ambassadors ” (Harper) is one of the longest, a fixed idea. The son of the railway man and the if not the very longest, novel Mr. Henry James has yet daughter of the steamboat man fall in love; and the written. It is in something of his earlier manner, young, uncontrolled, but essentially womanly young his earlier manner, that is, with all the keenness of person who gives title to the book adds her mite to the analysis his superior age and all the subtlety of treat other asperities of the situation to keep its course from ment his advancing art make possible. His style is running smooth. Mr. Ogden records a chapter in na- less involved here than in other comparatively recent tional development that is being rapidly forgotten, and writings of his, yet it is far too intricate to permit the does it acceptably and with forcefulness. conscientious reader any of the delights of skipping with While it is the catching of the masculine affections the possibility of understanding all that happens after “on the rebound” that gives its name to Miss Mary the break. The two most engaging characters in the Moss's “ A Sequence in Hearts” (Lippincott), and the book are those of an elderly man who regards himself story is mainly interesting as a study of psychology in as a failure because he is merely the editor of a very love among Philadelphians of the better class, there is minor magazine published through the money of an a real comprehension of the problems presented by elderly widow who is interested in him, and of a gentle- monopoly and labor that has more than ordinary perti- woman courier whom he meets in England while on his nence at this time, the scene of the conflicting interests way to France to extricate the son of the widow from being the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania. One of the an entanglement with an altogether enchanting French characters in the book — and the most engaging of its It will be seen that in such an argument masculine figures — is the owner of a mine, and he Mr. James bas abundant room for the display of his purposes settling his differences with his men without finest qualities, and “The Ambassadors” will no doubt interference from his fellow-operators. The book can rank with his more notable achievements. be read not only for the interest of its story, but also Once granting that no such character as Mr. Alfred for the actual information it contains, evidently based Henry Lewis has drawn for the title rôle in “ The Boss” as it is on first-band knowledge. (Barnes) could by any possibility talk or write in the Four short stories make up Mrs. Mary Hallock language assigned him-a shrewd mixture of the Tudor Foote's volume entitled “ A Touch of Sun, and Other translator and the western cowboy, — we must recog Stories" (Houghton), and all are done with that exact nize in the story an interesting and accurate study of a touch and cleverness which have so long been accredited modern human phenomenon, and one of the most artis to this acceptable writer. They are tales of life on the woman. 1904.) 23 THE DIAL Pacific side of the Great Divide, and interpret the vari. white Americans, are also detailed, and one is permitted ance in character which gives California and its people to see that they are quite as human as their lighter so much of individuality among the states of the Union. skinned brethren. Especially well-drawn is the char- The first of them, the story that lends its name to the acter of the old French priest, while an Indian maiden volume, is admirably made up of a semi-tropical back preserves something of the Pocahontas tradition. The ground before which, in a semi-tropical atmosphere, is romantic atmosphere of the narrative is finely rendered, enacted a tale of love, with the young man a fine pro- and the book one of sustained strength. duct of all that is best in the ordered life of New En Coming down a long generation to a scene geograph- gland and the young woman all that is different on the ically proximate, Mr. Charles Major has written «A other edge of the continent. The second story, “ Pil Forest Hearth” (Macmillan) in the somewhat saccha- grims to Mecca,” presents a similar contrast between rine manner he has done so much to make his own. East and West; and the two others, while not variants His people live in Indiana in the third or fourth decade on the same theme, are filled with keen knowledge and of the last century, the real hero of the narrative being analysis of character. an excellent English gentleman, exiled by an unhappy From such work as this to Miss Frances Parker's love, who is the keeper of the general store in the little “ Marjie of the Lower Ranch” (C. M. Clark Co.) settlement. The pretty young girl who grows up under implies the passing from polite and clever comedy to his fostering protection, which shields ber against a melodrama, pure and simple. Marjie is a nice young mother with a hypertrophied sense of justice, is far girl who is manifestly out of place on a western ranch more sensible than her youthful lover, who allows him- among the mountains. Not far from her dwells an out self to be shot at twice from behind by his deadly rival law, who is still guardian for the grown son of a friend and mortal enemy. It is a book which will be read who has gone to his reward. There are ensuing mys for its profusion of sentiment, and admired by the teries, and the course of true love is sadly cluttered with judicious for its almost forgotten background of semi- many things. But it all comes right in the dénouement. rustic life long ago. The book is interesting, though sensational. The curious reversal of process which turns a dra- Mrs. Harriet Prescott Spofford's " That Betty" matic work into a romance or a romantic history, the (Revell) is a pretty little story of a humbly circum annals of literature pointing all in the other direction, stanced New England girl, written with a more direct is responsible for Mr. Justin Huntly McCarthy's “The appeal to other young girls than to the general public. Proud Prince" (Russell), a novel based on the play It has humor, pathos, self-sacrifice, and the eventual lately written for Mr. E. H. Sothern. The practice of reward in its pages, and is genre work of the better this phase of fictional art seems too slight to permit of sort, with a moral lesson not too obtrusively dragged results truly literary, and the story remains ess essentially into the main current of events. Such love as is shown dramatic. This latter effect is heightened by the use of here, like faith, will move mountains, and every diffi reproduced photographs of the characters in the drama culty of life, present, past, and to come, would disappear as illustrations for the book, thus emphasizing the dif- before it as the world's one alcahest. ferences between stage conventions and the art of the The ravings of insanity fill most of the pages of illustrator, just as the text serves to show the differ- Mr. Horace Mann's “ The World-Destroyer” (Lucas ences between the convention of the play and of the Lincoln Co.), its protagonist being a rich young man The product seems illegitimate in a real who has conceived himself to be the Emperor of the sense, much as if sculpture and painting had been com- World. In the course of his more public demonstra bined in a single work to produce a given effect, one tion of his qualifications for the office he is confined in deriving directly from the other. The play was inter- a mad-house, and there his book is supposed to be writ esting, the book is readable yet not artistic. ten. As the lucid intervals are in no way designated, The Rev. Joseph Hocking, like his brother the Rev. it is impossible for the reader to separate fact from Silas K. Hocking, has a mighty following in Great frenzy, and the book is none the less morbid because Britain as a writer of pious romance. His newest the young man is desperately in love. book, “ A Flame of Fire” (Revell), is a story simple The charm of such a community (of course with due enough in both conception and execution. Its action allowance for differences of time and country) as Gray takes place in the spacious times of Queen Elizabeth, depicted in his “Elegy” is in Mrs. Margaret Deland's just previous to the sailing of the Great Armada. “ Dr. Lavendar's People” (Harper), a book of char Tbree men set out from England to rescue from Span- acter sketches of real literary refinement. The kindly ish hands the kinswoman of one and the former love of old clergyman, rector of the most human of parishes, another of the trio. These doughty heretics defy and acts as the deus ex machinâ for all the adversities which put to scorn not only the dreaded Inquisition, untoward circumstance and mortal frailty can inflict ducted on this occasion by the Jesuits, — but Philip upon his parishioners,— boys and girls, men and women. himself. The corpus upon a wonder-working crucifix This interposition of the wise and kindly old man en performs a miracle to save the English party, and, of ables Mrs. Deland to spiritualize every one of the six course, it all comes right in the end. novelettes which make up the volume, and leaves it a The short stories that make up the contents of Mr. book to be admired on every account. W. W. Jacobs's “Odd Craft” (Scribner) are in some- The old Indiana road that ended at Fort Dearborn thing of the author's best manner, though less related gives title to “On the We-a Trail” (Macmillan), in to the sea and those who go down into it in ships than which Mrs. Caroline Atwater Brown tells the tale of any of his former writings. He deals with the lower whites and Indians during the second war of indepen classes with the same inimitable humor that has char- dence, and tells it with a knowledge of and sympathy acterized all of his work, his turn of thought and play for the aborigines which gives it a place by itself. Their of light fancy bringing a chuckle with almost every actual savagery is never minified; but its causes, so often paragraph. Mr. Jacobs delights in situations almost springing from rivalries among European nations and picaresque, and the ne'er-do-well with a genius for romance. con- 24 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL roguery plays no small part in the fourteen tales that BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. compose the present volume. The admirable illustra- tions of Mr. Will Owen are almost as mirth-provoking In his recent Huxley Memorial Lec- as the text. Thoughts for Miss Una L. Silberrad has a touch in fiction per- the thuughtful. ture, Professor Karl Pearson lays such stress on the importance of fectly secure, and her new and strangely-named novel, “ Petronilla Herroven” (Doubleday, Page & Co.), is heredity as to discourage belief in the influence of additional proof of the fact. Her present theme, as in environment and in the efficacy of individual exer- previous books, is unusual, and her characters original. tion toward self-improvement. Bishop Spalding, A young girl of uncertain parentage and humble cir in bis “Glimpses of Truth” (McClurg), preaches cumstances is insulted by a wealthy and influential man the contrary doctrine, holding that what man " has who later procures her dismissal by her putative father's produced within himself transcends, directs, and con- mother. Self-contained from childhood, Petronilla goes trols that which is born in him"; and consequently slowly on to her revenge until her utterly unscrupulous that “in law, in medicine, and in the ministry, the enemy decides upon her murder. Here a higher fate greatest students, not the greatest talents, reach the interposes, and with security comes love and abundant summit." compensations for earlier unhappiness. The book is In literature, he adds, education and vividly written, yet with restraint, and is fairly fasci- endless pains take the precedence of rude genius. nating in its developments. It leaves, moreover, a faith- This hopeful view, not only of the certainty of free- ful impression of English village life, touching with will, but of its infinite power of accomplishment, fidelity upon several social grades in humbler life. gives its helpful and inspiring character to the “ Wanted - A Wife, By A. Bachelor" (D. V. Wien whole book. Yet the author seems to contradict & Co.) is not exactly fiction, though the teller of the himself when, emphasizing the vanity of things story is something of a bero. His desire is for a life- earthly, be ваув, “ Mankind would be much what partner who shall be above everything else womanly. they are had their heroes never lived.” Surely, he In nominating his ideal he tramples on the toes of most of the modern prejudices in favor of sexual equality, cannot mean that the real heroes of progress and reform have left no mark on the race. and contrives to hit at both mankind and womankind, Although as they flourish to-day, with fine impartiality. • Men he returns again and again to the all-importance of who are considered intelligent have not a single original the inner life, of study and meditation, he counsels thought,” he remarks; “ their conversation reproduces us to refrain from analyzing our knowledge and with more or less exactness the contents of their news our faith. But be must admit that to a thoughtful papers, and one is startled to see how many people who man that is not knowledge which cannot stand the should know how to think for themselves have lost all test of analysis, and done but a reasoned faith can initiative in the working of their mental apparatus.” gain bis acceptance. Indeed, only seven pages fur- There are pages of this sort of thing; but the book is dull, and it will be finished with the conclusion that, ther on he writes: “They who think are the only after all, “ A. Bachelor" deserves as his reward that noblemen. They are the masters of all they know, English ideal: a stupid wife. have overcome wbat they understand.” This little A cruise in the Caribbean Sea is the motive of book, of about the size of the “ Imitatio Christi,” Mr. F. Frankfort Moore's “Shipmates in Sunshine" contains frequent reminders of Thomas à Kempis, (Appleton), which may be described as a book of who might well have written such a sentence as travel fictionized by the introduction of four or five this: "If thou art censured, examine thy conscience; little romances among the writer's fellow-passengers. if praised, believe it flattery"; or thir: “Thy vir. There is thus an opportunity to describe the various tues are all the more real the less thou thinkest of islands of the West Indies where landings were made, them; but thy vices thou canst not study too assidu- with their people and habits and manners as seen in ously.” Now and then occurs an aphorism sug. this casual way. The book must have been a pleasant one to write, and its equable tale of sunny days and gestive of Emerson. “Consistency is a virtue of balmy climes is certainly pleasant to read. the unprogressive,” recalls the “hobgoblin of little In · The Strife of the Sea" (Baker & Taylor Co.) minds." That our philosopher is no mere dreamer Mr. T. Jenkins Hains undertakes to do for the denizens is proved by his daily life, as well as by his valued of the sea and its shores what Mr. Ernest Thompson service on the late Anthracite Strike Commission; Seton has done for land animals and their human and his book is all the better for this. hunters and companions. He does it in practically the same manner, also, and seems to find it easy to assign A patriot and One of the most interesting and in- a fairly human psychology to pelicans, penguins, and financier of structive of the lives of our public the Revolution. albatrosses on one side, and to rorqnals, loggerhead men is that which has been newly told turtles, sharks, albicore, and the giant rays or devils by Dr. Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer in his volume en- fish on the other. Most of the stories deal with man- titled “Robert Morris, Patriot and Financier kind as well, but the essential thing is the sea bird, (Macmillan). The important part that Morris cetacean, or huge fish which be has described. As the inhabitants of the waters and their shores are predatory played in the desperate conditions of our Revolu- in the extreme, there is slaughter and to spare through- tionary struggle is not generally appreciated; to out the book, though lives are saved almost as often many his name is not even known. In several as they are lost. The book is striking, and in subject text-books the reviewer finds no mention of his matter — though not in treatment - is sufficiently orig name, and in others no mention is made of tbe inal. great part that he took in the emergencies of 1904.] 25 THE DIAL the war. But one biography of Morris has been more critical reading often reveals defects in style previously written, the small volume by Professor and a lack of finish, but there is not a chapter in Sumner, who could not obtain the privilege of using the collection which does not afford amusement and Morris's papers in the preparation of his book. pay for the reading. The point of view "the These papers have now been purchased by the unfashionable and passé opinion of a survivor of government, and Mr. Oberholtzer's book has been a past age,” — applied to most of the modern sub- written mainly from these and from other materials jects of the day, both fads and fancies, is a charm- found in Philadelphia. It is a thorough piece of It is a thorough piece of ing combination consistently carried out. work, and the story of Morris's life is told in an interesting way, though it is so full of dramatic It is refreshing among the multitude A Japanese contrast as well as of historical value that it could of books devoted to Japan, to open thesaurus. not be uninteresting in any hands. The publishers one that has some sense of perspect- have given the work a most appropriate and taste- ive. In most of them the geisha is apt to occupy a ful dress; in paper, binding, illustrations, and index, place out of all proportions to the body social or it is thoroughly satisfactory. The life of Robert politic. The author of " A Handbook of Modern Morris is typically American. A poor boy of ob- Japan” (McClurg), Mr. Ernest W. Clement, is by scure parentage, he showed himself apt in business, no means a novice, either in his knowledge of Japan and became a merchant prince; called to public or in the making of literature. At Mito in the island life he was ready to accept the greatest responsi- empire, one of the old seats of feudal glory, knightly bilities ; he was magnanimous and patriotic, giving culture, and native learning, a decade and a half himself and his wealth without stint to meet the ago he spent several years not only as American necessities of the government; the intimate friend teacher, but as an eager and patient investigator of of Washington, and entertaining with lavish hospi- Japanese history. He who knows well the transac- tality all the distinguished people of the day, he tions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (out of which finally lost all that he had through over-sanguine 80 many books on “the sunny isles” are made in speculation and the booming of land companies, and New York and London) knows also Mr. Clement's spent more than three years in a debtor's prison, scholarship and literary industry. This handbook from which he emerged a broken man of sixty-eight, Japan. Fifty years ago, such enterprise would have is a thesaurus of information concerning modern dependent on his family and friends. The rare ability and complete devotion that he gave to the cost Mr. Clement imprisonment. Now, however, financial needs of his country in her darkest days, the Japanese government vies with the foreigner in and his buoyant faith in her glorious future, entitle making public all things — except unbaked delica- him to a place among great Americans. cies of diplomacy and contemporaneous military information. So, out of his own treasures and the In an article in these columns, about superb annual Résumé Statistique of the Imperial Charming essays by a woman. two years ago, the question of "Wo Cabinet in Tokio, Mr. Clement has given us a double man and the Essay” was discussed, portion. We have here a feast served by a chef of with the practical conclusion that we have no women long experience; everything has been proved by essayiste. Some of the arguments then used were tasting, and all the ingredients and flavors known that the essays of women, while often clever, are before being spread on the banquet table. The gen- too frequently overweighted by voluminous read eral excellence of the book extends to the proof- ing; that they are too labored and profound, or too reading, and to the index also. Clear and abandant Alippant and diffuse ; that they lack personality and illustrations reinforce the text, and the bibliogra- distinction of style, and are also lacking in humor phies at the end of the various chapters are the and impartiality for women are apt to be self selection of a scholar at home among the very mixed conscious, and are by nature partisan. It is pleasant crowd of books that represent and, for the most part, to find an absence of many of the above-mentioned misrepresent Japan. In Mr. Clement's bibliogra- faults, and the presence of qualities most to be phies, books of this latter class are conspicuous by desired in the light essay, in Mrs. Isa Carrington their absence. It would be difficult to name an Cabell's volume entitled “The Thoughtless Thoughts important theme left unnoticed in this handy volume. of Carisabel” (Holt). Over a range of subjects as History, industry, modern politics, manners and wide as from “ The New Man” to “How Belinda customs, the new woman, literature, language, Had the Grippe,” this woman essayist is always wsthetics, religions, Christian missions, good-natured and always herself. There is no un discussed in a most pleasant and readable manner. due self-consciousness or weak sentimentality even The appendix is full of interesting items, — as for when she writes of such subjects as love and mar instance, we are told that in the Peking campaign, riage; and there is considerable humor and in the Japanese, as compared with French, German, sight into human character when the subjects are Russian, and American soldiers, had the fewest sick “Servants,” “Dinner Parties,” and “Conversa and disabled by disease. This is the book for the tion.” In short, it is the sort of book which on its hour when Russia looms and Korea shrivels, or for arrival in the house finds its fresh-cut leaves turned the year and decade when — the map of Eastern by each member of the household. A second or Asia may be arranged. - all are 26 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL In the third volume of his “History mers of his life unaccounted for. A fire, even the More of the German struggle of the German Struggle for Liberty” burning of old letters, is a “holocaust.” A false for liberty. (Harper), Mr. Poultney Bigelow con assertion of Byron's is stigmatized as “mendacious tinues his story from 1815 to 1848. As in the untruthfulness." No example of veracious untruth- preceding volumes, the method is biographical, and fulness is given. Disraeli is “a mighty important the author's journalistic training enables him to personage." We are told that Mary Shelley gave present, in his separate chapters, vivid pictures of birth to " a delicate girl baby who survived about individual characters or of single incidents. But ten days, much to its parents' grief.” More regard the absence of any series of striking events, such as for the little points of accuracy and the careful marked the Napoleonic wars, deprives the work of choice of words, even at the cost of a diminished that chronological sequence that is essential in output of his attractive volumes, is respectfully historical narrative. Mr. Bigelow recognizes this urged upon this popular writer. defect in his work, but urges, in his preface, that any other method would have been “dull beyond The second volume of “ Appletons' comparison.” This statement is at least debat A compendium on World Series" maintains the prom- Central Europe. able; and certainly the selection of characters and ise made in the volume on « Britain grouping of events might have been such that the and the British Seas" some months ago. To Dr. whole would not have made the impression of a Joseph Partsch, Professor of Geography in the hopeless jumble. As it is, the reader requires a University of Breslau, was assigned the labor of clear outline of the salient facts in German history treating Central Europe. He prepared his work in order to understand, in many cases, what the in German, in which language it is yet to appear in author is driving at. A more objective treatment his native country. To adapt it to the needs of the would also have been an improvement. We have, series of essays descriptive of the great natural for example, a series of chapters on Jahn. A regions of the world, appearing under the editor- single one might have told better overy fact given, ship of Mr. H. J. Mackinder, M.A., the Oxford and have shown better the influence of the patriot's Geographer, it required not only translation for the life, had the atmosphere of personal impression not benefit of English-speaking readers, but some cur- been attempted. Carlyle could flash the person tailment as well. The work of author, translators, ality of Frederick the Great upon us in a series of editor, and cartographers has been so admirably vivid sketches, or Freytag could group the history done that we have a volume replete with informa- of a period about a single figure. Mr. Bigelow tion, not only geographical, but ethnographical, lacks the genius of the former and the systematic historical, political, and economic, regarding the method of the latter. Entertaining and pleasant most important and one of the most populous re- his book doubtless is, but it neither adds to our gions in the world, including Germany, Austria- available knowledge of the subject nor is a work Hungary, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and that can, without reservation, be recommended to the Balkan-Danubian states. This region is of the general reader. perennial interest because of its position and world- relation, and has been the scene of events unparal- English society Mr. Fitzgerald Molloy's latest work, and politics in “ The Sailor King, William IV., bis leled in importance in the world's history. The the thirties. Court and his Subjects” (Dodd), appearance of the present work is especially timely because of the ethnic conditions which are an im- contains comparatively little about William himself, and still less about his nautical proclivities. But portant element in the ever-recurring “ Eastern this is well; for who could endure the infliction of question.” two octavo volumes on the sayings and doings of Dr. van Dyke's There are few persons to whom we “Silly Billy”? We have, instead, an abundant selections from should be willing to entrust the edit- flow of entertaining but not always edifying chron Tennyson's poems. ing of Tennyson's poems, but Dr. icle and gossip concerning the noted people of the Henry van Dyke may surely be reckoned among time. That Charles Greville's Journal is one of the competent few. His choice from “The Poems the author's chief sources of information, will suffi of Tennyson,” comprised in a neatly-bound volume ciently indicate the character of the narrative. of moderate size (Ginn), is the first representative Byron's and Shelley's and the Honorable Mrs. selection ever published, all previous abridgements Norton's domestic tragedies are again rehearsed having been confined to some special form of verse. at length; Disraeli's early eccentricities and un The poems are arranged and classified 80 as to show blushing audacities add something of piquancy to the growth of the poet's art from simple melody to a twice-told tale; and the whole is generously em the higher forms of poetical expression. The one bellished with portraits and dignified with wide hundred and thirty-six selections are chosen from all margins and clear type. The author's way of ex the fields of Tennyson's poetry except the dramas, pressing himself sometimes provokes a smile. The which for obvious reasons could not well be repre- ages of his characters are reckoned by summers. sented. The shorter pieces are given in their en- Browning is spoken of as being in 1836 a "youth tirety, and the text is that of Tennyson's latest of barely twenty summers," which leaves four sum revision. The introduction furnishes a scholarly 1904.] 27 THE DIAL guide to the perasal of the poems. It outlines books, constitute the material with which Mr. Ainger Tennyson's life, discusses his place in the literature has worked. Good taste and scholarship characterize of the nineteenth century, his use of the sources the work throughout. The right of Crabbe to a place from which he drew his material, his revision of his in this series was hardly to be disputed, and, so much work, and the qualities of his poetry; besides fully being allowed, he could not have hoped for a more judicious biographer. explaining Dr. van Dyke's system of classification “Gemme della Letteratura Italiana" is a handsome as followed in this volume. The illustrations include thousand -page volume published by Mr. Henry Frowde two portraits of Tennyson and two views of his in connection with Signor Barbèra of Florence. The work homes. The frontispiece is from Partridge's head is edited by Professor Joel Foote Bingham, whose por- of the poet in marble, which is owned by Dr. van trait appears as a frontispiece. This extensive anthol- Dyke. Paper and print are of excellent quality, and ogy is provided with biographies, critical notes, and the binding is simple and dignified. The volume other apparatus, including a series of appendices, deal- will be a good one for introductory study or for ing with the Italian Academies, and giving synopses of familiar reading of Tennyson. the most important works in Italian literature. The work covers the entire period of Italian literary history, from A fresh reading of the essays of the the origins down to the writers of the present day, and Essays by constitutes a small library in itself. There is not an Frank Norris. late Frank Norris, collected under the title of “The Responsibilities of English word in the volume from the first page to the last. the Novelist, and Other Literary Essays” (Double- In this age of reprints, Charles Lamb has not had his day, Page & Co.), leaves one with a sense of their due share of attention until recently. The neglect is virility and sincerity, combined with a certain rough now more than atoned for by the nearly simultaneous ness and crudeness characteristic of them through appearance of three editions of his works. The first of out. Such expressions as the “ razor contingent,” these editions, of which four stout volumes are at hand, for men, and the “G. A. N.” for the “Great Amer has been prepared under the supervision of Mr. E. V. ican Novelist,” with a frequent use of trite slang Lucas, and gives us “The Works Charles and Mary phrases, offend the taste in a serious discussion of Lamb.” The American publishers are the Messrs. literary subjects. It is reasonable and fair, how. Putnam. The apparatus of notes is very extensive. There are to be seven volumes of the works, besides ever, to presume that had Mr. Norris lived to revise two of biography. The edition published by Messrs. these writings he might have given them the polish E. P. Dutton & Co., in connection with Messrs. Dent wbich they lack in their present form. They are re of London, extends to twelve volumes, and is edited full of wholesome truths and ideals for the young by Mr. William Macdonald. The pictorial feature of aspirant in literature, and their appeal for something this edition is one of its most marked characteristics. more racial and more vigorous than has yet been There are also abundant notes. These two editions produced in American literature is sounded with may be regarded in a sense as rivals; the third one be- Mr. Norris's usual courage and hopefulness. fore us, published by the Messrs. Scribner, is a mere reprint in a single volume, which is of pocket size, although the use of thin paper extends its dimensions to over eight hundred pages. It would be difficult to praise too highly the work BRIEFER MENTION. done by Misses Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke in their new editions of Shakespeare, published by « The Unit Books" of Mr. Howard Wilford Bell, Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. The “Camberwell” which we mentioned a year or more ago in connection Browning of these industrious literary workers has with the English inception of the enterprise, have now already left us deeply in their debt, and the obligation been transplanted to American soil, and the first issues of is more than doubled by the work of Shakespearian the series are at band. These books give us carefully editing upon which they are now engaged. There are edited reprints, with notes, of books that are both two editions, the “ First Folio" and the “ Pembroke." famous and interesting, published with the authority The former we have mentioned on a previous occasion, of the owners (if there are any), and sold at the low rate and need at present do no more than repeat the state- of one cent for twenty-five pages. The two volumes ment that it gives us a play to a volume, and supplies now before us are Hawthorne's “ The Marble Faun," with each play an amount of critical and “variorum” at twenty-one cents, and a volume of Lincoln's letters material which is ample for all the ordinary needs of and addresses. For thirty or fifty cents additional, the the student. The text is absolutely that of 1623 in books may be had in cloth or leather covers. This every respect. This edition is coming out slowly, and seems to us a very commendable undertaking, and “ The Comedie of Errors," just issued, is the third vol- we wish it success. One hundred titles are already ume thus far published. Meanwhile, the “ Pembroke" announced, and suggestions for additional volumes are edition comes to us complete in twelve volumes. Here invited. also we have the text of 1623, together with a simplified Canon Ainger's volume on Crabbe, in the series of critical apparatus which will quite satisfy the general English Men of Letters ” (Macmillan) is a piece of reader. Each play has an introduction and a running graceful and accomplished literary biography, dealing glossary, and each volume has a portrait in photogra- with its subject in a spirit of full sympathy, yet “Pericles," of course, is reprinted from the first making no extravagant claims. Crabbe's memoir by quarto of 1609. The twelfth volume of the set con- his son, some notes by FitzGerald, a few letters, and tains the poems and sonnets, together with a brief the poet's own manuscript sermons and commonplace biography of the poet. vure. 28 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL NOTES. lation of this offer directly to the heads of colleges and schools must of necessity be gradual, the Massachusetts auxiliary takes pleasure in announcing to teachers and others interested in the subject that copies of the above pamphlets together with other of its publications may be obtained free on application to the Assistant Secretary, Miss Marian C. Nichols, 55 Mount Vernon Street, Boston, Mass. Early in the present year Messrs. Frederick Warne & Co. of New York will publish " From Paris to New York by Land," written by Mr. Harry De Windt, F.R.G.S., author of “ The New Siberia,” etc., and who is now lecturing in this country. “ The Omar Calendar" for 1904 is an attractive pro- duction issued by Messrs. Fox, Duffield & Co. It is printed on uncalendared Japan paper, and each of its twelve sheets bears one of the Rubaiyat, set in a deco- rative border designed by Mr. Austin Smith. The year-book for 1902–3 of the Bibliographical Society of Chicago has just appeared, and contains several interesting studies, the most important of which is “Some Bibliographical Notes on Italian Communal History," contributed by Mr. A. M. Wolfson. A “ Text-Book Bulletin for Schools and Colleges” just issued by Messrs. Ginn & Co., has an unusual fea- ture in the shape of a very interesting leading article on “Some Landmarks in the History of Latin Grammar,” illustrated with many facsimiles, contributed by Pro- fessor George Lyman Kittredge. “ The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes” and “ The Refugees ” have just been added to the new library edition of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's novels, published by the Messrs. Appleton. To the similar series of the writings of “ Anthony Hope” two volumes have also been added, one containing “Rupert of Hentzau," the other containing “The Dolly Dialogues" and “Comedies of Courtship.” Both these editions are sold in sets, by subscription. Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. announce that they have just completed arrangements for the publication in England of Miss Liljencrantz's popular romances “ The Thrall of Leif the Lucky” and “The Ward of King Canute." The English editions are to contain the color pictures which have proved so strong a factor in the success of the books. It may be noted in this connection that the Kinneys, whose pictures for these stories first attracted public attention to their capabili- ties as book illustrators, have just closed a contract for a series of paintings to be used in a story which Messrs. McClurg will issue in the Spring. A volume interesting to the bibliophile on several accounts is “ The History of Oliver and Arthur," lately added to the Riverside Press special editions by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The work was originally written in French in 1511, and was translated into Ger- man in 1521. It is from the German edition that the present English version, by Mr. William Leighton and Miss Eliza Barrett, has been made. In printing the volume the publishers have endeavored to preserve something of the mediæval flavor of the work. It is printed on hand-made paper, in “ black letter" type with rubricated initials, and set in a double-columned page. Some forty engravings, redrawn from the old wood cuts which appeared in the original, serve as illustrations. The Massachusetts Civil Service Reform Auxiliary offers, free of all expense, pamphlets on civil service re- form to all high schools, normal schools, and colleges willing to make these pamphlets the subject of a lesson in their civics course. The titles of the pamphlets are «The Merit System — The Spoils System,” by Mr. Edward Cary, and “ The Merit System of Municipali- ties,” by Mr. Clinton Rogers Woodruff. As the circu- TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. January, 1904. Advertising, Psychology of. Walter D. Scott. Atlantic. Americans, Some 19th Century. M. A. DeW. Howe. Atlantic. America's Unconquered Monntain. F. A. Cook. Harper. Arbitration, Two Treaties of. Thomas Barclay. No. Amer. Art, An American Palace of. Sylvester Baxter. Century. Brangwyn, Frank. M. H. Spielmann. Scribner. Bridgman, Laura. William James. Atlantic. Caribbean Domination. Frederic C. Penfield. No. American. Chess Tournaments, International. Emil Kemeny. Forum. City Underground, A Busy. W. R. Stewart. World's Work. Colombia. Thomas S. Alexander. World's Work. Colonial History, A Neglected Chapter of Our. Harper. Derelict-Hunters, The Hedry H. Lewis. Harper. Dog, Oar Friend, the. Maurice Maeterlinck. Century. English, Is it Becoming Corrupt? T.R. Lounsbury. Harper. Eskimo Seal Hunters. F. Swindlehurst. World's Work. Fair, Main Plan of the. E. H. Brush. World's Work. French Politics, Storm-Centre of. O. Guerlac. Century. Gladstone, Morley's. Goldwin Smith. North American. Gladstone, Morley's Life of. Rollo Ogden. Atlantic. Government, Scientific Work of the. S. P. Langley. Scribner. House to Live in, The Best. Joy W. Dow. World's Work. Immigration Restriction. H. C. Lodge, F. P. Sargent Century. Invention, The Home of. Arthur Goodrich. World's Work. Jewish Question, The Arnold White. North American. Journalism, School of. Horace White. North American. Labor Met by its Own Methods. World's Work. Lhasa, Latest News from. Rev. E. Kawaguchi. Century. Negroes, Lynching of. Thomas N. Page. No. American. New Year, The: Prosperity or Depression ? Rev. of Reviews. Panama and Colombia. John M. Williams. World's Work. Parsifal, Lawrence Gilman, North American. Poetry of America. Churton Collins. North American. Politician in Life and Fiction. F. C. Williams. World's Work. Post-Office Department, Argus of the. Review of Reviews. President's Message and the Isthmian Canal. No. American, Public, Catering for the. Bliss Perry. Atlantic. Public Schools about New York. Adele Shaw. World's Work. Radioactive Elements, Disintegration of the. Harper. Radium. Ernest Merritt. Century. Radium and Radioactivity. Mme. S. Curie. Century. Root, Elihu. Walter Wellman. Review of Reviews. Root's Services in the War Department. North American. Russo-Japanese Imbroglio, The Forum. Sarpi, Fra Paolo. A. D. White. Atlantic. Scab, The Jack London. Atlantic. Sex Superiority, Woman's Angumption of. No. American. Shakespeare's King Richard III. Ernest Rhys. Harper. Singapore. Elizabeth W. H. Wright, Atlantic, Sky, Blue Color of the. T. J. J. See. Atlantic. Slave-Market at Marrakesh. S. L. Bensusan. Harper. Southwestern Oil Industry, Status of. Review of Reviews. Spencer, Herbert. F.J. E. Woodbridge. Rev. of Reviews. Spencer, Herbert. George Iles. World's Work. Spencer, Herbert. William H. Hudson. North American. Street Railway Legislation in Illinois. E B. Smith. Atlantic. Texas Cattle Fever. C.S. Potts. Review of Reviews. Theatre of the People, The. A. Schiuz. Lippincott. Transcendental Period, The. T. W. Higginson. Atlantic. Valley of Wonders, A New. F. S. Dellenbaugh. Scribner. Walnut, English, in Southern California. Review of Reviews. War of 1812, The. A. T. Mahan. Scribner. THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. PAGE • No. 422. JANUARY 16, 1904. Vol. XXXVI. cational or other purposes. Whether the in- tention of Cecil Rhodes in founding his Oxford CONTENTS. scholarships was wisely conceived is not now the question; the intention itself was distinctly A PERVERTED TRUST. 35 formulated, and his trustees have distinctly lent A POLEMIC ON COD-FISHERIES. W. D. Foulke 37 themselves to its perversion. While the terms of the will under which the BISMARCK AND HIS EMPEROR. Lewis A. Rbodes scholarships are instituted do not state Rhoades. 39 in absolutely explicit words that the benefici- AMERICAN MOTHS. T. D. A. Cockerell 41 aries shall be boys just entering college, it is ABBOTT'S LIFE OF BEECHER. Mary Eleanor impossible to read the document attentively Barrows. 42 without perceiving that such was the wish of A SEVENTEENTH CENTURY MUNCHHAUSEN. the testator. The colonial schools wbich are John J. Halsey 44 expressly named as having the right to send scholars are preparatory schools in the strict CLOTHES AND COSTUME IN AMERICA. May Estelle Cook 46 sense, and the entire tenor of the will makes it evident that the writer had schoolboys in A CENTURY OF EXPANSION. Frederic Austin mind rather than university students midway Ogg 47 in their career. In proof of this assertion we BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 48 need do no more than quote the following Freeing the imprisoned mind. —The history of dra words: “I direct that in the election of a stu- matic art. — The Shakespeare country described and illustrated. — The life-work of G. F. Watts, dent to a scholarship regard shall be had to R.A. - Flashes from Echo Mountain. - The Rem- · his exbibition during school days of iniscences of an Astronomer. — Lectures and ad moral force of character and of instincts to lead dresses of a journalist. — The home-life of the and to take an interest in his schoolmates.” Danes. - Paris and France in the sixties. — Side- The sort of Oxford student whom Cecil Rhodes lights on the Court of France. — The Carlyle- Froude case closed. -- Vigorous essays on vital had in mind was clearly the English public topics. -- Recent theories about Interest. — The school boy of seventeen or eighteen and not trip to California. the student having several years of college life BRIEFER MENTION . behind him, the impressionable youth and not the man of mature ideals. NOTES 54 As a preliminary to their administration of LIST OF NEW BOOKS 56 the Rhodes foundation, tbe trustees of the will appointed Dr. Parkin, the president of a Cana- dian college, to make a careful study of edu- A PERVERTED TRUST. cational conditions in the colonies and in We quote the following words from a recent America, and report a detailed plan of pro- number of “The Educational Review": cedure. This report was duly made, and as a " Complaint is heard in England from South African consequence thereof, the trustees have published educators that whatever may be the merits of the scheme a “memorandum" for American educators, set- adopted for the award of Rhodes scholarships, that ting forth the details of the plan which they scheme is in flat contradiction to the founder's will and have adopted. The essential feature of this expressed intention. It is claimed that Mr. Rhodes had “ memorandum is found in the following no wish to establish post-graduate courses at Oxford, but rather to bring students from other English-speaking sections : countries under the influence of the Oxford undergradu- « It has been decided that all scholars shall have ate system.” reached at least the end of their Sophomore or second We believe the stricture to be entirely just, sity or college of the United States. year work at some recognized degree-granting univer- and the case affords a fresh illustration of a “Scholars must be unmarried, must be citizens of tendency that is frequently met with among the United States, and must be between nineteen and men who are charged with the responsibility twenty-five years of age.” of administrating trust funds devised for edu Under these conditions it is fair to assume 53 . 36 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL ence. that the successful candidates will be university there is not the slightest doubt that each of graduates, or men not far from graduation, and the United States could provide annually one that their average age will be nearer the maxi. or more students fully equipped to pass "re- mum than the minimum limit here fixed. Thus sponsions,” students quite the equal of the the purpose of the testator will be completely average product of an English public school. thwarted, and his estate be put to a use abso- This objection disposed of, we fail to see any lutely unwarranted by the terms of his will. other that might reasonably be urged in de- It is not difficult to understand how this fence of the plan now formulated. If that plan result has been brought to pass. Dr. Parkin, be persisted in, the wishes of the testator will himself a college president, travelled through be thwarted in their most vital aspect. the United States consulting college presidents The plan as now made public throws the right and left, and got from them the advice whole weight of administration into the hands that was to be expected. Obviously, this was of our universities. Each State has a com- too good a thing to be given up; here was an mittee for the selection of candidates, and in educational prize of an unprecedented value, each case the chairman of that committee is and no mere scruples based upon the wishes of the president of some university. The ma- the testator could weigh for much in compari- chinery is now complete, and within a few son with the importance of annexing such an weeks the process of selecting Rhodes scholars opportunity to the sphere of university influ between nineteen and twenty-five years of With practical unanimity these coun age” will be in active operation. We take no sellors declared that it would never do to bestow particular pleasure in recalling the fact that the Rhodes scholarship upon boys just out of this perversion of the trust was foreseen by us, school, that the benefits of the foundation would and the danger clearly pointed out, when we be far better appreciated by men of university commented upon “ The Rhodes Benefaction "a training. Incidentally, the importance of every year ago last May. We spoke then of the like- higher institution in the country would be en lihood that the methods decided upon would hanced by its being able to hold out to its be determined by our “educational moguls," students the prospect of a possible Rhodes ap and our argument had for its most important pointment. It is not the point to insist that conclusion “the simple one that college and these considerations are reasonable ; it may be university interests should not have the pre- that they are. The point is that they set at dominant voice in the administrative organiza- naught the intentions of the founder, and use tion,” but that “the men who stand officially his bequest for a purpose totally different from for the larger educational systems of States that designated in his will. and cities, together with the men who stand The real reason for the decision to send for the secondary educational interest most university students, and even university gradu- directly affected by the Rhodes endowment, ates, to Oxford as the beneficiaries of the Rhodes should prove the main reliance for its efficient fund has been made sufficiently evident by the administration." foregoing statements. The ostensible reason That view of the matter has been, as we will doubtless be found in the plea that our feared it would be, completely ignored by those American public school and academy graduates who are responsible for the administration of are not as well prepared for university work as the fund, and we have no idea that they will are the boys sent from Eton and Harrow. now reconsider their decision. But we have felt This is undoubtedly true, for the reason that it our duty to make the present protest, and its our schools do not restrict their work almost seriousness will be better understood after the exclusively, as the English schools do, to pre-lapse of another two years, when a hundred paration in mathematics and the classics. The Rhodes scholars from this country will be average American school graduate would find living in Oxford, scattered among the many the “responsions” test, with its requirements colleges, it is true, yet forming a class by of prose composition and advanced reading, themselves, several years older than their En. beyon his powers. But the force of the ob glish undergraduate associates, pursuing more jection vanishes clean out of sight when we advanced studies, and missing almost com- consider that the question is not of sending pletely the community of fellowship and the students to Oxford in large numbers, but of sympathy of social interest that it was the man- finding one picked student every year or two ifest desire of Cecil Rhodes to create and to in each State who is equal to the test. Now I stimulate. 1904.] 37 THE DIAL upon bus; which, besides, was only organized by the Genoese navi- A POLEMIC ON COD-FISHERIES. gator, upon the information given by other Basques, whom the wind had driven upon the Antilles about the year 1480." The cod-fishery is the principal business of the little Basque islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon; And here M. Bellet tells of a Basque pilot, who, and since the French government offers a bounty after twenty-nine days of storm, found an island all the product of the fishery which is sold out without a name, which it is believed must have been of France, the fishermen of these islands have an San Domingo! Out of his crew of seventeen men, advantage over the Newfoundland fishermen which only five got back to Terceira (one of the Azores) ; gives rise to many disputes and animosities. I was but one of these was the pilot, who took up his repeatedly told at St. Pierre that the people who lodging in the house of Columbus, who was then lived on the adjacent coasts of Newfoundland were making navigation charts, and it was upon this pirates; that they would not aid the French fisher pilot's story that Columbus formed the design of men, even in distress ; and that whenever a fishing discovering America! This anecdote (related by vessel was wrecked on their shores, everything was one M. Fournier, “whose learning is beyond ques- stolen. The cry of “Perfide Albion” finds its echoes tion") must greatly weaken the aureole of glory and among the fogs of the Newfoundland banks; and of genius of the Genoese sailor, “which an unreason- there are controversial writings, elaborate and pas- able enthusiasm ... had consecrated as the great discoverer of continents, since Columbus did not sionate, over the wrongs committed in these distant waters by the Saxon upon the Gaul. himself discover the route of the Antilles, but merely I have before me a large octavo volume, with followed a track which had been pointed out to him.” It would seem that a series of monuments tables, maps, and illustrations, setting forth the grievances of the French fishermen. It is entitled, to the Basque fishermen is now in order. “ The French at Newfoundland, and on the Shores But the great object of the book is to justify the of North America. The Great Cod Fishery of New- exclusive rights of France to what is known as the foundland, since the Discovery of the New World by French Shore of Newfoundland, comprising the The Western and part of the Northeastern coast. the Basques in the 14th Century. By Adolf Bellet."* Although written as late as 1902, it sounds like a author, after claiming for his country in the past a controversial writing of the Middle Ages. It opens vast colony, extending from Baffin's Bay to the with a stately exordium celebrating the glories Gulf of Mexico, of which the French were unjustly of the fishing industry ever since the creation of man. despoiled by England, declares that in the treaty of Utrecht in 1713 the fishermen caused to be in- The first chapter is therefore entitled “ As Old as the World.” Then the author descends from gen- serted a clause protecting their rights on this French shore. Article 13 declares that Newfoundland and eralities to specialties; from the world at large to France; from fishing as a whole to cod-fishing in the adjacent islands should belong absolutely to particular; and he declares that Great Britain; that France should not establish any "If France is not the first country in the world where cod- habitation therein except scaffolds and cabins neces- fishing has been raised to the state of a national industry, she sary for drying fish; nor should the French land is at any rate in the first rank of maritime nations which are upon the island at any other time than was proper devoted to it, and notwithstanding all her political storms, for fishing, nor on any part of the island except notwithstanding the dark days of mourning through which she has passed, the disasters she has undergone, and which, from Cape Bona Vista up to the northern end and on repeated occasions have ruined from turret to foundation thence along the west coast to Pointe Riche. This stone' both her national marine and the immense colonial treaty receives from M. Bellet the very liberal empires she has founded, this industry, still flourishing after struction that it was equivalent to a division of the more than five centuries, has been perpetuated across the island between the two nations! ages, and yet remains as active as on the day of its birth. It is precisely this extraordinary vitality, which nothing has Gradually, we are told, the wicked aggressions of yet been able to reach, that exasperates and enrages our the English deprived the French of their just rights. foreign competitors, and especially the English.” The English colonists became accustomed to the This patriotic Frenchman next throws a new occupation of fishing, which they had at first dis- flood of light upon the question of the discovery of dained; but when, fifty years afterwards, the treaty America. It seems that the reputations of Colum of Paris took away Canada from France, the rights bus and Leif Ericsson are undeserved, since the of the French fishermen to the French shore were real discoverers of America were the Basques ! confirmed, and as a base of operations England ceded M. Bellet tells us that while the expedition by the to France the two little islands of St. Pierre and Northman was soon forgotten, it was not the same Miquelon. Again, by the treaty of Versailles, after with the French Basques. He says: the American Revolution, these unconscionable and “It is to this first landing of the whale fishermen of Cape astute Englishmen, "in spite of the successes obtained Breton, on the shores of Newfoundland, that we should trace by our fleets during the war, found the means of the true discovery of the new world, and the establishment despoiling us of part of the coast which belonged to of the first route really commercial between Europe and America! Unfortunately it is impossible to give a fixed date us for sixty-six years, under the pretext of rectifi- to this historical event. What we can affirm is, that it pre cation of boundaries, or rather exchange of coast, and ceded by a century and a half the first expedition of Colum took away from us the richest parts of the French Published in Paris by A. Challamel, 1902. shore, the most accessible for our fishermen, and con- 38 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL replaced them by a more distant shore with fewer shore except for military defence or public admini- fish on the west coast. All the advantage was in stration. favor of England.” But an act additional to this One would think that it would be self-evident that treaty provided that the king of England would the conditions prescribed by this convention could take positive measures to prevent his subjects from not continue indefinitely. According to these terms, troubling by their competition the French fishermen the English cannot use the shores of their own island, during the temporary exercise of their right on the however valuable these may be; nor can the French coasts of Newfoundland, and would withdraw any use them, except temporarily, during the fishing settlements established there. T} ' French were to season and for fishing purposes alone. To tie up erect nothing but their scaffoldir, s, limiting them natural resources in this way, permanently and use- sostes to repairing the other buildings they had lessly, is clearly impossible; yet it is the purpose of constructed, and not wintering here; and the En the treatise of M. Bellet to insist that this shall be glish were not to molest thei nor disturb their done. Naturally, the Newfoundlanders will establish scaffoldings during their absen, e. settlements, construct railways, and build cities, The controversy between the two nations, as set wherever the needs of the country require it, no forth by M. Bellet, also involves the important matter what the treaties may be; and it would be question of the definition of the lobster and the the part of wisdom to make some exchange of terri- crab. It will be remembered that in an early En tory by which the land could all be used. But this glish dictionary the crab was defined to be a small is precisely what M. Bellet insists shall not be done. red fish which walks backward; whereupon a critic After a panegyric upon the activity which reigns remarked that the definition was perfect, except upon the little desert islands of Miquelon and St. that the crab was not red, was not a fish, and did Pierre, the two points which France has been able to not walk backward. The people of Newfoundland wrest from “ Britannic rapacity,” he insists that no now deny to the French the right to take lobsters part of the French shore shall ever be surrendered. on the French shore, on the ground that the lobster “We have seen the French Basques discovering the New is not a fish. This, M. Bellet denounces as a great World more than a hundred years before Columbus, and wrong, for the reason that the lobster was a fish when establishing fishing stations, the first foothold of Europeans on the American Continent. While we claim for our people the treaty was made! He says: “The lobster, like the honor of being pioneers of the first trans-atlantic route, the crab, was regarded as a true fish, and naturalists we are happy to be able to cast upon others, less scrupulous currently classified it in the category of shell-fish; of the choice of means, the horror of the almost complete and the expression to fish for lobster,' which was destruction of the race of aborigines, whose honor, sweetness then the only one used, has been continued every- and generosity are recognized by impartial judges! . . . It is not for vain glory that we would maintain ourselves upon where throughout the fishing world." the French shore, nor is it to injure the interests of the New- In accordance with the declaration of 1783, says foundlanders, nor to draw from them a petty revenge for all M. Bellet, England prohibited the colonization of the chicaneries of which they have been guilty for more than two centuries. We rise above all these little meannesses, the French shore of Newfoundland. Roads could and the only motive which moves us in the affair is the not be made, nor houses constructed, nor lands en defense of the higher interests of the French codfishing in- closed, within a zone of six miles from the coast; but dustry. The French shore of Newfoundland is the stumbling- in 1810 the Home Government began to act differ- block of our American fisheries, the foundation and the sine ently, and the English colonists have succeeded in qua non on which rests the future of our codfishing industry. We offer here only two arguments in support of this thesis ; establishing settlements upon several points of this but they are decisive and irrefutable. The first relates to shore, so that there are now more than 15,000 in the cod itself; the second rests upon the question of bait, habitants there. The French neglected to expel without which the fishery would become impossible. On the these English settlers, and naturally they grew in point of the cod, we have said that this fish, without being migratory, is essentially a traveller. He has during these number and in boldness. last years almost completely disappeared from the French In 1854 England gave an autonomous govern shore; and it is precisely this disappearance which has led ment to Newfoundland, “which now thinks that it to our progressive abandonment of the place where our fisher- has become a veritable power, and is unwilling to men formerly went to seek hin. Who, then, can assure us bear the servitude which rests as a burden upon its that, by a contrary phenomenon, he will not come to abandon the banks where we are now actively exercising our industry, national patrimony for the profit of Frenchmen." to return again to the shores which have been conceded to us?” In 1857 a convention was signed at London which M. Bellet becomes equally irresistible in his logic gave to the French the exclusive right of using the when he approaches the question of bait. The French shore for fishing purposes during the fishing Government of Newfoundland passed an act forbid- season, from April to October of each year, and ding Newfoundlanders to sell bait to the French- provided that the French subjects should have the For the time, this act has not caused much right to buy bait upon the south shore of Newfound- mischief, since the French have been able to catch land (part of the English shore), on the same footing other kinds of bait on the banks, far out from land; as English subjects. It was further provided that but this other bait is becoming more scarce, and the coast reserved for the exclusive right of the perhaps they may have to return to the French French should extend from a third to a half a mile shore. inland, and that no English enclosure and construc- “It is therefore absolutely necessary to keep the whole tion should be made or maintained on the French of that shore. If the Newfoundlanders want to exploit the men. 1904.] 39 THE DIAL 1 . mines there, or build railroads, a commission might be chosen to select for them, for a just compensation, certain points, The New Books. but to abandon our rights upon the shore, even in part, we must never think of it! Better deliver to them our entire national fleet, for we could rebuild it; but if we abandon BISMARCK AND HIS EMPEROR.* Newfoundland, we cannot find the sailors to equip the ships that assure our national defense. It is by the great fishery Since the death of Prince Bismarck, a large that we planted ourselves first in the New World of North amount of biographical material and several America; and it is for the purpose of defending this industry that we must remain there at whatever cost. The superior formal biographies have appeared. The result interest of our country demands it." is that to-day he world at large knows, or may Such is the French side of this interesting con know, the Iron Chancellor more fully, and may troversy, a controversy which does not seem any understand betier the definite trend of his whole where near a settlement. policy, than w. possible during his life-time It would look as though French seamanship were for any except che few who were favored with in pretty bad straits, if the maintenance of the Newfoundland codfishing is necessary to its preser- his personal friendship and intimate confidence. His letters to bis wife revealed a side of his vation. Germany, with natural facilities infinitely more limited than France, has been able without nature of which the public had little idea; ten- any such aids to establish a merchant marine as derness and sentiment are not qualities that had well as a navy which is respected everywhere. If been generally attributed to him. In similar there be any difficulty with the French upon the fashion, though not in so great a degree, the sea, it proceeds more from the peculiar Gallic tem- recently published volumes of Correspondence perament than from the lack of facilities for mari- between William I. and Bismarck not only time activity. Most Frenchmen are not fond of throw new light upon the Emperor's policy, the water; and they are too much enamored of the but bring out most clearly the characters of delights of their own beautiful France to be willing both men, and especially that of Bismarck as to abandon them for the trackless paths of “the the German citizen and Prussian subject. The unharvested sea.” I had a striking illustration of the incompetency volumes also contain much material of value to of French seamanship upon my return from St. the close student of the Bismarck period, and Pierre to Cape Breton. The captain of the “ Pro even serve to confirm or to modify views that Patria," on my outward voyage, was a man of con are already coming to be accepted as historical. siderable experience, who had commanded the vessel To the ordinary reader, however, it is the for- for a number of years. But he was dismissed sum mer aspect of the work that will be the more marily on landing at St. Pierre, not because of any interesting ; and from that point of view it is complaint against him personally, but because he worth while devoting a little space to its exam. was related by marriage to certain persons who were ination. obnoxious to the new proprietor of the vessel. In One of the most striking characteristics of his place there was appointed the captain of one of the fishing-craft coming to St. Pierre, a man who the letters is the tone of sincere personal friend. was not only without knowledge of the course of the ship and warm affection that runs through the vessel (which is intricate and difficult), but who had notes not purely official. “Your faithfully never been in command of a steam vessel before. devoted Wilhelm,” “ Your affectionate King, Luckily, however, on my return voyage the old cap and, added in the Emperor's own band, “Your tain was on board the steamer as a passenger on his faithfully devoted friend Wilhelm," are exam- way to France. It was a beautiful moonlight night ples of the royal signature. The Chancellor, when we steamed out of the harbor, an impossible for whom etiquette dictated simply “v. Bis- night, one would think, for a commanding officer to lose his vessel. Yet on the following morning the marck” as the proper form, frequently ex- captain called his predecessor up on the bridge, and, presses in the body of his communication the pointing to a coast ahead, asked him what land that most cordial sentiments. One rather long pag- was. He was told that it was Ingonish and North sage deserves to be cited. In acknowledging Cape. In a single night he had gone more than a gift from his sovereign, on the occasion of his twenty miles out of his course! A few hours later, silver wedding, Bismarck wrote: while I was at breakfast, there was a tremendous “Your Majesty justly emphasizes happiness in the crash. I asked the cabin-boy what was the matter, home as being among the chief blessings for which I and he answered, “Oh, it's nothing but the wharf!” have to thank God; but part of the happiness in my and going on deck I found that we had dexterously house, for my wife as well as myself, comes from the taken off a corner of the pier at North Sidney. consciousness of your Majesty's satisfaction, and the French seamanship will hardly become an object * CORRESPONDENCE OF RAIDER WILHELM I. AND Bis- of admiration so long as such things occur. MARCK. Edited by Horst Kohl. Translated from the German by J. A. Ford. In two volumes. Illustrated. New York: W. D. FOULKE. Frederick A. Stokes Co. 40 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL step ? O exceedingly gracious and kindly words of appreciation “We celebrate to-day the first anniversary of the which your Majesty's letter contains are more beneficial glorious conclusion of peace, which was attained by to afflicted nerves than is all medical assistance. In bravery and sacrifices of all kinds, but through your looking back over my life, I have such inexhaustible circumspection and energy led to results which had cause to thank God for His unmerited mercy, that I never been dreamed of!" often fear everything will not go so well with me until the end. I recognize it as an especially happy dispen- | Again, in a letter of congratulation, he wrote, sation that God has called me on earth to the service in July of the same year: of a master whom I serve joyfully and with love, as the “My prayers of thanksgiving ... include thanks innate fidelity of the subject never has to fear, under to God for having placed you at my side at a decisive your Majesty's leadership, coming into conflict with a moment, and thus opened up a career for my Govern- warm feeling for the honour and the welfare of the ment far exceeding thought and comprehension." Fatherland." In connection with Bismarck's distinguished This note of cordial personal attachment is services in founding the Empire, it is interest- sounded again and again by the Emperor, not ing to note his loyalty to Prussia. In 1859 only in connection with gifts and honors con he wrote from St. Petersburg to Baron von ferred upon his his eminent servant, but even more Schleinitz, the Minister of State: strikingly in his emphatic protests against even “I should like to see the word "German' written entertaining the idea of Bismarck's retirement. instead of Prussian' on our banner only when we are Thus, in February, 1869, Wilhelm wrote: bound more closely and more expediently to the rest of “How can you' possibly imagine that I could even our countrymen than we are at present; it loses its think of acceding to your idea ? It is my greatest hap- charm when it is used too much in its Bundestag nexus." piness to live with you and to thoroughly agree with you. How can you be so hypochondriac as to allow Nearly twenty years later, in acknowledging one single difference [i. e., regarding a gift to the city a fresh decoration conferred upon him, he of Frankfurt] to mislead you into taking the extreme wrote: Your name stands higher in Prussian bis- “ I have prayed to God more fervently than ever for tory than that of any otber Prussian statesman. And the health which I need, in order to evince to your I am to let that man go? Never. Quiet and prayer will adjust everything. Your most faithful friend." Majesty by deeds, as long as I live, my heartfelt grati- tude, and my fidelity as a born vassal of the Branden- The words in italics are twice underscored, in burg ruling house." the last instance three times in the original. One passage of peculiar interest, as an ex- A few days later, in connection with the same pression of Bismarck's ideal of a career, is matter, the Emperor wrote: found in a letter acknowledging the Emperor's “I understand all that [i. e., Bismarck's morbid state Christmas gift of a copy of Rauch’s monu- and exbaustion] perfectly well, for I feel the same; but ment to Frederick the Great. He says: can or may I, for that reason, think of laying down my office? Just as it is impossible for me to do that, so “I have always regretted that it was not permitted it is impossible for you! You do not belong only to to me, according to the wishes of my parents, to mani- yourself; your existence is too closely bound up with fest at the front rather than behind the writing-desk the history of Prussia, of Germany, and of Europe, for my attachment for the Royal House and my enthusiasm you to withdraw from a scene of action which for the greatness and glory of the Fatherland. Even have you helped to create." to-day, after your Majesty has raised me to the highest honours which a statesman can attain, I cannot quite After making some suggestions to lighten the suppress the regret that I have not won similiar pro- minister's burdens, be adds : motion as a soldier. I should perhaps have been “ Above all, never doubt my unaltered confidence useless as a general, but if I had followed my own and my unquenchable gratitude !!” inclination I would rather have won battles for your As is well known, there is some doubt just Majesty ... than diplomatic campaigns.” when and where the idea of turning the Ger. So far, no mention has been made of the man Confederation into an empire originated. second, and in some respects more important, The question is too complicated for a discus- volume of the correspondence, — the letters sion in this place, but it is worth while citing other than those from and to Emperor Will- one or two statements by Wilhelm I. bearing iam I. This volume includes some two bun- upon it. On the occasion of the meeting of the dred letters, of which about forty are from first German Reichstag at Berlin, March 21, Bismarck, the others being addressed to him by 1871, his Majesty wrote to Bismarck : various statesmen and royal persons. Space “ It is to your counsel, your circumspection, your forbids any detailed examination of these, but unwearying activity, that Prussia and Germany owe one specially significant letter of 1859, showing the world-historical occurrence which is embodied in Bismarck's far-sighted policy, deserves to be my capital to-day." cited. He writes : A year later, upon the anniversary of peace, “My eight years' experience at Frankfurt has con- he wrote: vinced me that the Bund institutions are shackles on 1904 ] 41 THE DIAL Prussia, galling in times of peace, and absolutely dan excellence of these agencies, however, made it gerous to her existence at critical periods. . Per- possible to progress satisfactorily; and it is haps I go too far when I suggest that we should eagerly seize lawful opportunity to assume the rôle of the every even open to question whether such means, in offended party, and out of this to attain the revision of the hands of an interested student, were not our mutual relations which Prussia needs in order that after all superior to class-instruction. I believe she may live permanently in satisfactory relations with a strong argument could be presented for the the smaller German states. . . . In my eyes, our rela- abandonment of formal instruction in science tionship with the Bund is an infirmity of Prussia's which, sooner or later, we shall have to heal ferro et igni if we as a means of education, except in relation to do not take a favorable opportunity to combat it in certain manifest utilities and technical trades, time.” and the substitution of something more like the The letters given to the public in these two apparently hap-hazard method of the English volumes were selected by Prince Bismarck amateur. himself, and were found after his death, ar In the United States, the amateur ento- ranged in portfolios. The translation, made by mologist has not been so favorably situated, Mr. J. A. Ford, is in every way satisfactory, and his tribe bas not increased as fast as we and particularly so when one considers the diffi. could wish. The excellent publications of the culties of German epistolary style. As in the Division of Entomology of the Department of German edition, some facsimile reproductions Agriculture have been very helpful, and there have been included — fewer in the English, have appeared several general handbooks, and however, than in the German. All in all, the some works on special groups. Nevertheless, work is one of more than passing interest and even among the butterflies and moths it has value. It will be indispensable in any library been very difficult for collectors to accurately that deals, except in the most general way, with determine their own captures, and they have recent German history. depended upon the assistance of specialists LEWIS A. RHOADES. whenever it could be obtained. This condition of comparative ignorance and dependence has not been favorable to the development of orig. inality, and many who might no doubt have AMERICAN MOTHS.* done good work have been checked at the out- In former times books with good colored set by the obstacles to be overcome. The illustrations of butterflies and moths were so publication, a few years ago, of Dr. Holland's expensive as to be quite beyond the means of “ Butterfly Book” marked a long step towards ordinary individuals. Chromolithography, in remedying these conditions. The new “three- the hands of experts, reached a high degree of color” photographic process was here put to a excellence, and some very good works were fair test, and the results were remarkably sat- published at fairly reasonable prices during the isfactory. For the first time, all except the latter part of the nineteenth century. Indeed, smaller and more obscure butterflies of the the demand for such publications in England United States were well figured in colors; and and Germany led to the appearance of an aston the book, containing also good descriptions and ishing number of illustrated guides to various much other matter, was sold at a price which branches of entomology, which rendered the made it accessible everywhere. Now we have work of the amateur collector in those coun before us a similar but somewhat larger book tries comparatively easy. While it is true that on the American moths, by the same author. these books appeared in response to a demand, As there are over six thousand moths known in they also served to create a further one, and this country, it was found impossible to figure so the amateur study of natural phenomena be- them all, and for that matter very many of came increasingly more prevalent and, I believe, them are too small to be treated successfully more scientific. If I may judge from my own by the means employed. It was also found experience as a boy in England, the value of necessary to omit the descriptions, leaving the such literature to the cause of science can hardly student to determine bis specimens from the be overestimated. In the old-fashioned schools pictures, aided by such information regarding of that country, science was practically ignored, particular features, distribution and habits as and the student was obliged to resort to books could be furnished within a small space. Not- and the public museums for information. The withstanding these unavoidable deficiencies, THE Moth Book. By W. J. Holland. Illustrated. there are pictures of one-fourth of the known New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. species, including nearly all of the larger and 42 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL of the more conspicuous ones, and there is quite suffi. guished success in his interpretation was there- cient to give the student an excellent prelim. fore to be expected. inary grasp of the subject. While the 6 Moth As a chief means of understanding the per- Book” is thus less complete than that on but- sonality of Beecher, his conception of Christian terflies, as compared with what was previously truth and his two motives “ love for God” and available it marks a considerably greater ad “ desire for God's love” are explained and em- vance, and from an amateur's point of view it phasized until the reader perceives in them the puts the whole subject on an entirely new foot- key to Beecher's nature, to his intense activity ing. If it is necessary to replace it in a few and power of relaxation, to his courage and years by something better, that will be the best caution, his outspokenness and reserve, his self- proof of its success. confidence and self-depreciation, and also to his Although the author took great pains to have continually present and potent qualities, “the the identifications of his moths correct, there are spontaneity of his humor, his love of beauty, the several errors, which have been pointed out by strength of his conscience, his chivalry toward Dr. Dyar of the National Museum. In a future women and children, and his transparent sin- edition, these will of course be corrected, and cerity.” To this portrayal, Dr. Abbott's own one may perhaps be permitted to suggest that reminiscences lend life and value. For exam- something more might be added concerning the ple, he thus describes a scene when, at his characters which distinguish the various genera. instigation, Beecher was endeavoring to revise It would also, I think, be an excellent plan to the proof of a sermon : take a few more pages and give a full account “He cut out here; interpolated there; again and (including all stages of development, distribu- again threw down the proof in impatience; again and tion, variation, natural enemies, etc.) of some again I took it up and insisted on his continuing the one species, as a model for the student. One with a vicious stab, and throwing both upon the table task. At last, sticking the pencil through the proof is a little afraid that there will be a tendency before him, he said, ' Abbott, the thing I wanted to say to merely match specimens with pictures, and I didn't say; and the thing I didn't want to say I did forget that there is anything more to be done. say; and I don't know how to preach anyhow."" Although this notice has been written with Illustrations of Beecher's humor are numerous. reference to the utility of the “ Moth Book” Dr. Abbott says: to begineers and amateurs, it is proper to add “ After I took the editorship of The Christian that there is no specialist who will not find it Union' I urged him to give his views on public ques- of the utmost value. T. D. A. COCKERELL. tions through its columns. •As it is now,' I said, any interviewer who comes to you gets a column from you; and the public is as apt to get your views in any other paper as in your own.' Yes,' he said, I am like the town pump: anyone who will come and work the bandle can carry off a pailful of water. On one occasion I argued for Calvinism, that it had produced splendid ABBOTT'S LIFE OF BEECHER.* characters in Scotland and in New England. Yes,' In writing the biography of his distinguished destroys many mediocre men. he replied, Calvinism makes a few good men and It is like a churn: it friend and predecessor in Plymouth pulpit, Dr. makes good butter, but it throws away a lot of butter- Abbott aims, as his introduction states, to milk." interpret Beecher's life and character. The Beecher herein interpreted is not purpose permits the writer to omit facts con simply a remarkable personality, but a writer, cerning ancestry and family life, obtainable preacher, and orator; and here too we catch elsewhere, and to utilize fully his intimate Dr. Abbott's enthusiasm, as he illustrates knowledge and sympathetic insight. These and analyzes Beecher's power in the pulpit of result from personal experience; for, as Dr. Plymouth Church and in England. The chap- Abbott tells us, his life and theology were so ter called “The Yale Lectures on Preaching revolutionized by Beecher in 1857 that he is an excellent piece of criticism. We like abandoned law for the ministry; afterwards also his characterization of Beecher as com- he helped Beecher prepare a special edition pared with Webster, Phillips, Sumner, Gough, of sermons; and still later, the two were Gladstone, and other contemporary orators. for five years co-editors of “The Christian Dr. Abbott points out Mr. Beecher's superi- Union.” That Dr. Abbott should attain distin. ority to George William Curtis “ in inflaming, • HENRY WARD BEECHER. By Lyman Abbott. Boston: convincing, coercing power," though lacking Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Curtis's "grace and perfect art"; his method 1904.] 43 THE DIAL of reaching “ the conscience through ideality,' relation,” for “their own health, as indirectly as contrasted with Finney's coercion through the best policy for the freedmen, as peculiarly “ logic aflame”; his spontaneity, and his use of needful for the safety of our Goveroment. illustrations from life, as opposed to Dr. Storrs's Moreover, a life-long individualist and student more artificial rhetoric and illustrations from of economics, he consistently believed in Free books ; and the description of Phillips Brooks Trade, for which Mr. Cleveland stood; and as "a greater preacher" and of Beecher as a the fact that he spent years in studying Evolu- greater orator.” Throughout the book the tion accounts for the new emphasis in his later exposition of Beecher's oratory is such that we preaching. The insignificance of the theo- are left with Dr. Abbott's impression: logical adjustments that he found necessary, “If the test of the oration is its perfection, whether of and his courage in advocating new truths years structure or of expression, other orators have surpassed before their common acceptance, awaken his Mr. Beecher; if the test of oratory is the power of the biographer's admiration. speaker to impart to his audience his life, to impress on them his conviction, animate them with his purpose, Dr. Abbott gives much information con- and direct their action to the accomplishment of his cerning American religious and political life end, then Mr. Beecher was the greatest orator I bave during the last century. In Chapter I. we ever heard; and, in my judgment, whether measured by the immediate or the permanent effects of his ad- read that the legacy left by eighteenth-century dresses, takes his place in the rank of the great orators Puritan theology was of the world.” “ A fear of God; a reverence for his law; a strenuous We are particularly grateful for the repre- though narrow and conventional conscience; but also a sentation we here find of Beecher's scholarship religion divorced from ethics; a Church silent in the and statesmanship, which the more brilliant presence of intemperance and slavery; without mis- sionary zeal or missionary organization; threatened by qualities of his orations have obscured. In the intellectual revolt which eventually carried from Beecher's speeches in England, Dr. Abbott it some of its wisest and noblest men; and surrounded discovers "great accuracy of historical infor- by a community lapsing into indifference and neglect or combining in open and cynical infidelity.” mation,” . “ detailed acquaintance with the economic and industrial aspects of the slavery Equally valuable is the account of the theology question,” “clear apprehension of constitu which regarded religion as a “form of life,' tional issues involved," and unanswerable and which, under the leadership of Horace logic. That Beecher had a statesman's clear. Bushnell “the apostle of faith,” Charles G. ness of insight and practical grasp of difficult Finney “the apostle of hope," and Henry situations, is continually made evident. Though Ward Beecher "the apostle of love," succeeded aflame with anti-slavery fire, he was not an in replacing Puritan rationalism. Chapter III. abolitionist, and foresaw the possible final gives a picture of Cincinnati and Indianapolis overthrow of slavery by limiting its territory. in the thirties and forties, and a suggestive Though a man who never lowered his ideals, contrast between the methods then in vogue his common-sense led him to insist upon prac of fitting men for life and those used to-day. ticable methods. For example, though believ The chapter called “Parenthetical” contains ing in universal suffrage, he advocated that, a comprehensive and clearly defined exposition in the case of the negroes, suffrage for a time of the complications of the anti-slavery issue, be restricted by educational and property and a description of the three parties that in qualifications. He has been represented as 1847 clashed in the North. In Chapter IV. inconsistent, not only by people who have are found a statement of the principles of over-emphasized seeming discrepancies in his Congregationalism, a comparison of Congre- statements, and by those to whom the merri- gational and quartette singing, and a division ment and reverence for which he was distin. of churches into two classes the one empha- guished seemed incompatible, but by those who sizing worship, the other preaching; the one misunderstood his shifting political affiliations building a cathedral, the other a “meeting- and later theological views. Some of these house.” For classification, Dr. Abbott has a inconsistencies are explained by this concep veritable genius, separating prayers into three tion of him as scholar and statesman. He groups, and lives of Christ into eight. always believed principles more binding than Doubtless the introduction of so much that party, and his statesmanship led him to side is but indirectly ancillary to the writer's main with Andrew Johnson and the Democratic purpose greatly enriches the book. And such leaders in desiring the speedy “ restoration of is Dr. Abbott's ability to summarize and sub. all the States late in rebellion to their Federal ordinate that this seemingly extraneous mat- 44 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL ter in no way impairs its structural unity. personal welfare of the American Indian than Thus our attention throughout centres on upon the exploitation of the undeveloped re- Mr. Beecher, “ a man of great spiritual and sources of his broad lands, they looked at first intellectual genius, whose faults were super- with cold indifference on the noble services ficial, whose virtues were profound, whose rendered to humanity by the Jesuit fathers. influence will outlive his fame, and who has But their indifference changed to a more pos- probably done more to change directly the itive disfavor when the plans for exploitation religious life, and indirectly the theological on the one hand and for salvation on the other thought in America, than any preacher since clashed over an “Indian policy” in regard to Jonathan Edwards." “ fire water" and other doubtful blessings of MARY ELEANOR BARROW8. civilization. Consequently when La Salle's little band went out into the wilderness in 1678 they took with them as spiritual advisers and mis- sionaries four members of that more tractable A SEVENTEENTH CENTURY religious brotherhood, the Recollet Order of MUNCHHAUSEN.* Franciscans. One of the most interesting discussions in That one of this group who has become well literary history has grown from the attempt to known through his narrative of the expedition fix the responsibility for certain statements in was Father Louis Hennepin. Born about 1640, Father Hennepin's later publications concern in the province of Hainault in the Spanish ing the original exploration of the lower Mis- Netherlands, he entered the Recollet order sissippi by members of the La Salle expedition. while still a lad. But his spirit and his aspira- In 1673 Joliet and Father Marquette descended tions were hardly those of a friar and recluse. the Mississippi, by the gateway of the Wiscon- He says: sin, as far south as the mouth of the Arkansas, “I was passionately in love with hearing the rela- returning by way of the Illinois river and Lake tions that masters of ships gave of their voyages. I Michigan to Green Bay. Although these ex- used oft-times to skulk behind the doors of victualling- plorers did not reach the mouth of the Mis- houses to hear the seamen give an account of their adventures. This occupation was so agreeable and sissippi, they had gone far enough to determine far enough to determine engaging that I have spent whole days and nights at that it had its outlet not in the “ South Sea" it without eating; for hereby I always came to under- but in the Gulf of Mexico. The chevalier stand some new thing, concerning the customs and ways La Salle, who for some years, from his deri- of living in remote places, and concerning the pleasant- ness, fertility, and riches of the countries where these sively named outpost of La Chine on the St. men had been.” Lawrence, had been seeking a way overland to China, caught a new inspiration from the After serving for a time as an army chaplain in the wars with France, his desires were grati- new discovery, and turned his purposes from the West to the South. No longer a trade fied in 1675, when the superior of his order route to the further East but a French empire commanded him to sail with four others to the in the nearer Southwest, became the goal of help of Frontenac in Canada. Going out on his ambitions. the same ship with La Salle he did not again That great pro-consul, Count Frontenac, come in touch with him until in 1678, when, whose name shines in the temple of fame along- again at the order of his superior in Paris, side that of his less fortunate successor who he joined La Salle for his great journey to perished on the heights of Abraham, was ruling the unexplored West. Two years were spent in the French colony on the St. Lawrence. as chaplain at the outpost of Fort Frontenac on Lake Ontario, where, he says, "I His vision was one with that of La Salle. Both gave saw a great opportunity for French ascendancy, encreas'd the ambition I had to pursue my myself much to the reading of voyages, and political and commercial, in the still unoccupied valley of the Mississippi, where prompt meas- design of making this discovery." Another ures would plant a greater France and at the year was spent in convent at Quebec, “ in order same time place an eternal barrier in the face to prepare and sanctifie myself for commencing of English aggression. Less intent upon the our discovery." In September, 1678, the party was made up, with La Salle at its head, * HENNEPIN'S A NEW DISCOVERY OF A VAST COUNTRY ably seconded by Henri de Tonty, Hennepin, IN AMERICA. Reprinted from the second London edition Ribourde, and Membié, who were to carry the of 1698. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites. In two volumes. Illustrated. Chicago: A. C. MoClurg & Co. gospel to the western Indians. 1904.] 45 THE DIAL The winter rendezvous was above the falls of achievements they narrated appear to have Niagara, where a vessel of forty-five tons called been known only to a few persons. Here was the “Griffon" was built. On the seventh of a literary opportunity that appealed to the August, 1679, the expedition sailed for Lake mercurial mind of Hennepin. In 1697 he Michigan on this ship — the first keeled boat the first keeled boat published at Utrecht his “Nouvelle Découverte that ever navigated the great lakes. The win d'uị très grand Pays, situé dans l'Amériqùe." ter of 1679–80 was spent on the Illinois River, In this volume he boldly appropriates Membre’s where Fort Creveccur was built near Lake narrative and La Salle's glory, and incorporates Peoria. At the beginning of March the party the voyage to the mouth of the Mississippi into separated. La Salle with four companions re his trip of 1680 as a preliminary to the voyage turned to Frontenac for supplies, Tonty and on the upper river. This claim was in the fifteen Frenchmen remained to hold the out face of the statement in his earlier book that post on the Illinois, and Father Hennepin, in “the tribes that took us prisoners gave us no company with Michael Accau and Antoine time to navigate this river both river both up and down." Augel, started on the now famous canoe voy. His party left the Illinois in a canoe about the age to explore the Illinois to its junction with twelfth of March, and were captured near the Mississippi and to further ascend the latter Lake Pepin on the eleventh of April. Yet the river as far as feasible. Although Hennepin latter book claims for this month a canoe voy- always poses as the leader of this expedition, | age of 3300 miles, two-thirds of the distance Accau, who knew the Indian languages, was against the current of the Father of Waters! the official leader. But the man of the pen, All the authorities, with one exception, from as usual, has triumphed over him of the sword, Jared Sparks to Mr. Thwaites, have duly char- and the fame of this daring adventure will acterized the mendacity of Hennepin, who if always be Hennepin's. Captured by a party of an honest man might have achieved a worthy Sioux near Lake Pepin, the little band of white fame with one immortal voyage and one praise- men made an involuntary acquaintance with the worthy book. The exception is John Gilmary higher reaches of the Mississippi as far as the Shea. In his “ Discovery and Exploration of Falls of St. Anthony. Here they were rescued the Mississippi,” published in 1852, Mr. Shea by a party of five coureurs de bois led by joins in the general condemnation of Hennepin's that great adventurer and explorer, Daniel monumental “steal," but in his “ Hennepin's Greysolon du Lhut. This masterful man, who Description of Louisiana,” published in 1880, could go with safety almost alone among he puts forward the ingenious theory that dians hostile to the white man, was welcomed Hennepin was the guileless victim of a sup- with as much joy by the Sioux as by the pris posititious editor whom Broedelet, the Utrecht oners, and in his keeping the whole party of publisher, employed to refashion Hennepin's whites came out, by the Wisconsin and Win. genuine narrative. A detailed investigation of nebago route, to spend the winter of 1680–81 the whole matter leads one to follow Mr. at Mackinac. Thwaites when he says: “A careful compari- In the summer of 1681 Hennepin was once son between Louisiane and its successors leads more at Quebec, and in the fall he sailed for us irresistibly to the conclusion that, as Shea France and his career as an explorer ended. originally held, the blame must rest upon the At the beginning of 1683 he published at Paris shoulders of Hennepin quite as much as upon a work entitled “Description de la Louisiane,” those of his publishers. and its narrative of the events of the spring This imposture, the “Nouvelle Découverte,” and summer of 1680 are fully authenticated published in 1697, while containing Henne- in the independent narratives of La Salle and pin's true voyage, and much other matter du Lhut. But while Hennepin at St. Germain true and false, omits the valuable accounts of in 1682 was writing his book, La Salle, who the Indian life and manners contained in the had returned to the Illinois country in 1681, “Louisiane.” However, it went through many was making his wonderful voyage down the ditions speedily, and was translated into nu- Mississippi to the sea, and Father Membré merous languages. In 1698 a third work of was of his party. In 1690 was published his, the “ Nouveau Voyage d'un Pais plus Le Clercq's “ Etablissement de la Foi,” which grand que l'Europe,” was published at Utrecht. contained Membré's narrative of that expedi This is a patchwork of Indian customs from tion. But Le Clercq's book was almost imme the “ Louisiane" and travels by La Salle diately suppressed, and its contents and the and others from Le Clercq. The same year 46 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL was published at London an English transla- conceits, the “witless bravery” of hoop skirts, tion of Hennepin's works entitled “A New and the immodest scantiness of Empire fash- Discovery of a Vast Country in America." | ions, ions, — all are here, described in Mrs. Earle's This consists practically of the “ Nouvelle piquant style, and made real by a wealth of Découverte” and the “Nouveau Voyage,” with illustrations which form a treasure-house in some added material cribbed from earlier trav- | themselves. The author's love of the glint and ellers. It is this English translation or version rustle of brocade and the soft witchery of gauze that Mr. Thwaites has undertaken to edit, so and lace is testified on every page; and who- that with Shea's reprint of 1880 we may have ever does not feel a responding love in his own a complete set of the voyages by Hennepin. soul is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils. The work, as we expect from this editor, has Let not the eternal masculine scoff. He will been splendidly done. An introduction deals love to read of his past glories, or he is not of with the career and literary duplicity of the the same race as the Boston groom of whom it author, and Mr. Victor Hugo Paltsits of the is recorded that “ his dress was so much more Lenox Library furnishes the first aecurate striking than the bride's that she had a hearty bibliography of Hennepin. Excellent copies fit of crying over it.” of the original maps and engravings are in Historically, of course, the book is of great cluded. The publishers have given this accu value, especially the chapters on the Evolution rate reproduction a worthy setting in paper, of Coats and Waistcoats, and of Pantaloons print, and binding to delight a book lover. and Pantalets. Shorn of the embroidery of Besides the regular edition, in two volumes, quaint terms and clever phrases, some of the there are 150 numbered copies beautifully interesting general facts which are developed printed on handmade paper. are these : that as a class Americans from JOHN J. HALSEY. 1650 to 1850 dressed more expensively and fashionably than Englishmen; that men were not less gorgeously clad than women, nor less anxious to be in the high kick of fashion "; CLOTHES AND COSTUME IN AMERICA.* that “the most devoted follower of fashion in The unbeliever who has read all the books the present day gives no more heed to dress that have been written on colonial times, would and the modes than did the early American have said that there was not enough material Colonists"; and that even the Puritan who left for another. But he would have under-dressed in “sad color" was not necessarily rated both the potency of Mrs. Alice Morse sombre in attire, since “sad color” included Earle's divining-rod, and the richness of trea purple and green, and many a Puritan wore sure which lurks in the subject of clothes. a red waistcoat. That potency and richness are proved by two It is dangerous to quote, for there is no place ample and sumptuous volumes recently pro to stop. But one cannot resist repeating the duced by Mrs. Earle under the title “Two mere words in this list of colors : Centuries of Costume in America." “ Billymot, phillymurt, or philomot (feuille-mort), Being content, for the most part, to leave murry, gridolin (gris-de-lin or flax blossom), puce the deeper and vaguer phases of her subject to color, Kendal green, Lincoln green, barry, milly, stam- mel red, zaffer-blue." Carlyle, who as a mere man and philosopher cannot enter with joy into the details of actual This is irresistible, too, though the tribute is dress, and having moreover disposed of the to an Englishman : more scientific side in “ Customs and Fashions “ The guards of lace a finger broad laid on over the in Old New England,” Mrs. Earle is free in the seams of the gown are described by Pepys in bis day. He had some of these guards of gold lace taken from present work to revel in all the gorgeousness the seams of one of his wife's old gowns to overlay the of historic finery. And what an array she seams of one of his own cassocks and rig it up for wear, gives! From the beautiful Van Dyck costumes, just as he took his wife's old muff, like a thrifty husband, and the plain dress of the Quakers and early and bought her a new muff, like a kind one. . . . Really Puritans, through the ugly ornateness of Res. a seventeenth century husband was not so bad.” toration times, to the prettiness of Watteau's Here is a description of the ornaments of headdresses which shows what extravagancies Two CENTURIES OF COSTUME IN AMERICA. By Alice Morse Earle. In two volumes. Illustrated. New York: our ancestors were capable of : The Macmillan Co. “It would be idle to enumerate the various designs 1904.] 47 THE DIAL which were borne on the heads of women at about the great story. The history of American expan- time of the American Revolution. There were 'gar sion is recognized to be not all“ pride and den'styles with flowers; kitchen-garden' modes with sunshine." “The nation," we read, " has not vegetables fastened to the side curls and heaped on top; • rural' styles bad windmills, which turned in the wind, always acted wisely and well. There are things a sportsman and deer, a shepherd and sheep. The to condemn as well as to commend. Acts are peal of bells' was a headful of ringing bells; the not always necessarily right just because our "treasurer'showed the hair dangling with coins. The .naval battle 'displayed a French ship of war in full country performs them.” This is sound doc- sail, in spun glass." trine, and while it does not represent any new Mrs. Earle dedicates her book very aptly revelation, it cannot be preached with too and deservedly to Mr. George P. Brett, Presi great frequency. It is gratifying to encounter dent of the Macmillan Company. Happy a writer who proclaims the truth so straight- indeed is the author who can apply to her pub- forwardly. lisher the words which poor George Wither, Mr. Johnson writes thus from such a whole- after many vexations at the hands of the some point of view, and draws the bold outlines of his subject in such a convincing manner, “ cotrary” sort, gave as his “ definitio of an honest stationer” one that o exercizeth his that one cannot but regret the more deeply mystery with more respect to the glory of God his occasional superficiality and carelessness in and the publike than to his owne Commodity," handling details. handling details. It would be an easy matter and for whom “ the whole Company of Sta. to make up a long list of more or less serious tioners ought to pray." errors into which he has fallen. For instance, MAY ESTELLE COOK. it was in 1716, not 1718, that Lieutenant- Governor Spotswood and his fifty “Knights of the Golden Horseshoe” crossed the Blue Ridge. And why spell it “Spottswood ” ? The worthy gentleman himself did not do so. A CENTURY OF EXPANSION.* Pittsburg is spoken of as existing in 1754, In his account of “A Century of Expansion” although " the Forks" did not bear that name Mr. Johnson has sought to do more than write until nearly a decade later. The story of a a mere sketch of territorial acquisitions by the Jesuit college at Kaskaskia in the first quarter United States. In the first place, bis concep of the eighteenth century, as ridiculous as it is tion of his subject is such that he finds it oft-repeated, is scrupulously preserved. The necessary to devote a third of his book to a extent of westward migration prior to the description of conditions and events prior to Revolution is considerably exaggerated. The the first accession of territory under the Con fact of George Rogers Clark's conquest of the stitution. The forces which rendered American Northwest in 1778–79 played no part in the expansion “not only possible but inevitable" peace negotiations at Paris in 1782, though are declared to have “preceded the formation the contrary is here strongly implied. Western or even the conception of the Republic ” — in state-making during the Revolution is very in- fact to have been “anticipated in the very adequately treated. It is certainly quite un- circumstances of the Columbian discovery." necessary to explain Clark's acquiescence in More striking than this is the scope which Genet's intrigues for the alienation of the Mr. Johnson attaches to the term "expansion.” West from the United States on the theory “ The history of American expansion,” he says, that he was “partially insane”; else such in- is something far more than a record of geo- sanity must have been frightfully common graphical extension, or even of wars and treaties. about 1793-94. The utterly unanticipated It involves the history, in large measure, of character of the purchase of Louisiana is ob- constitutional development and interpretation, scured by an exaggerated statement of an of domestic institutions, of foreign relations, alleged American determination about 1800-2 and of our whole national life.” This, of to oust Spain and France completely from the course, makes of expansion an exceedingly vast Mississippi Valley. Throughout the discus- subject. The author disclaims any intention sion of the Louisiana annexation there is, if to do more than present, in a spirit of candor not too much praise for Hamilton's enthusiastic and impartiality, the salient features of the defiance of European powers, at least a very • A CENTURY OF EXPANSION. By Willis Fletcher stinted recognition of the fact that, after all, Johnson. New York: The Macmillan Co. events proved Jefferson's policy of “palliation 48 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL in I - is and endurance" unquestionably the wisest that BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. could have been pursued under existing con- ditions. The treaty by which Florida was That mind is something more than Precing the purchased from Spain was signed in 1819, imprisoned mind. & product of material evolution has not 1818. It is mere waste of space to set never been more convincingly brought down the Louisiana Purchase as in any degree of Laura Bridgman and Helen Keller. How the home to the thoughtful observer than by the lives a basis of American claim to Oregon. The latter was led out of darkness into light has recently Marcus Whitman legend still lives, though in been told us. To this account is now added an a rather emasculated condition, in this book. equally interesting and instructive narrative, illus- Though the author does not go so far as to trated by copious extracts from her journal and attribute to Whitman any actual influence in letters, of Laura Bridgman's remarkable history. "saving Oregon," yet he represents Whitman's In some respects, this is the more noteworthy vol- famous trip to the East in the winter of ume of the two; for here was the earliest case of 1842–43 as made for that purpose absolutely. its kind successfully treated, and we are made to In view of Professor Bourne's convincing and tentative efforts of teacher and pupil to break follow, almost with bated breath, the first groping argument that Whitman's mission was entirely through the thick wall of darkness which the skep- for religious, not political, purposes, there can tical public believed to be impenetrable. The book no longer be excuse for such blunt adherence - its title in full is “ Laura Bridgman, Dr. Howe's to the old view, with not the slightest mention Famous Pupil, and What he Taught her" of the new written by two of the philanthropist's daughters, The most satisfactory portions of the book Mrs. Maud Howe Elliott and Mrs. Florence Howe are the chapters on the Mexican and Oregon Hall, is illustrated (sparingly) by a son-in-law, Mr. acquisitions, “Our Arctic Province - Alaska,' John Elliott, and is published in attractive form by “ Mid-Sea Possessions,” and “The Spanish Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co. It is a filial tribute Islands." There are perhaps no better brief, to Dr. Howe, as well as an account of his remark- non-technical treatises on these topics in print. derful unfolding of the afflicted girl's mind is the able pupil. More impressive even than the won- Despite the avowed popular character of the free and natural development of her fine moral book, it is a matter for regret that there are sense, — until sectarian influences, despite Dr. no citations of sources and authorities. The Howe's watchful care, were brought to bear on her author clearly believes the expansion which during a vacation at her home in New Hampshire. has thus far marked the career of the United The worst effects of these largely wore off with States to have been quite inevitable. To him time; but one perceives here a sad interruption to the annexation of the Philippines did not mark the spontaneous and harmonious growth of her any new departure in American policy — did religious nature. The student of language will find in this volume much that is both amusing and in- not even make America for the first time a “ world power.” The thesis is ardently main- structive, as well as pathetic, in poor Laura's heroic struggle to express herself in writing. tained, and with a good deal of success, that “ from the very beginning America has been Professor Brander Matthews has col- The history of a world power and a participant in world poli- lected into a volume, which is pub- tics." The only region, however, in which lished by the Messrs. Scribner, a further territorial acquisition may be expected Drama,” which he has given during the past two course of ten lectures on “ The Development of the is the West Indies. Finally the author, after or three years before various audiences in England his survey of the whole field, arrives at the and the United States. It is not a very stout book, following concisely stated conclusion : but it sketches the history of dramatic art in its Expansion has never been and never should be an great epochs both ancient and modern, and tells a end in itself, but merely a means of working out our story that has not heretofore been told, as far as we highest national destiny. It has in the past proved such are aware, within the limits of a single volume. a means, absolutely essential and inestimably profitable. Other and more extensive histories of dramatic It would hereafter be deplorable, and deserving of strongest condemnation, for America to sieze upon any literature there are, no doubt, but as Mr. Matthews additional territory, great or small, through mere lust points out, they are “unduly distended” by bio- of land. It would be equally deplorable and worthy of graphical and controversial matter, and fail to give condemnation for America to decline the acquisition, adequate attention to the shaping influences of cir- whether by peaceful purchase or by forcible conquest, cumstances and intellectual environment upon the of any territory the control of which by us was dictated development of dramatic art. Summarized, this by humanity or honor, or the possession of which was interesting volume gives us a preliminary chapter essential to our own safety, peace, and prosperity." upon “ The Art of the Dramatist,” two chapters on FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG. the Greek and Roman drama, one on the drama dramatic art. 1904.] 49 THE DIAL of the Middle Ages, three upon the blossoming ofvironment, and so can get a background with which the art in Spain, England, and France, respectively, to surround, though not after modern methods to one each upon the stage of the eighteenth and the “explain,” his very lonely personality. The illus- nineteenth century, and a final forecast of “The trations of this volume consist of over a hundred Future of the Drama.” Throughout, the material remarkably clear and beautiful half-tone plates, is judiciously selected, and the treatment is fresh made from photographs. These picture all the and suggestive. The author is mainly concerned interesting landmarks of Stratford and Shottery, with the technical aspects of dramatic art, and and give glimpses of the neighboring villages, of brings to bear upon his treatment an extensive Warwick, Kenilworth, and Stoneleigh Abbey.—Less knowledge of stagecraft, based upon a thorough popular in method and much wider in scope than historical study of the theatre, ancient and modern. the foregoing is the work entitled “Shakespeare's Those who think primarily of the drama as a spe Home-Land” (Dent-Datton). Its author, Mr. W. cies of literature will wince more than once at the Salt Brassington, is ' an enthusiastic antiquarian, author's remarks about the great poets, but the who cares little for mere landscape, but revels in criticisms which he makes of their work, although tradition, legend, and genealogical lore. He at- sometimes startling, may fairly be allowed if we tempts, however, to record accurately and paing- remember that an exposition of dramatic technique takingly his impressions of the country around rather than of literary expression is the main pur. Stratford ; and in this part of his work he is greatly pose which he has in view. By way of illustration aided by the dainty little pen-and-ink sketches which of both the author's style and the comprehensive are thickly scattered through his pages. But he is ness of his survey, we will close this notice of an most interesting, because most interested, when he extremely interesting book with a passage from the is delving deep into the perplexing question of closing chapter. Shakespeare's ancestry or his possible connection “Thus it is that Ibsen stretches baok across the centuries with the Gunpowder Plot, collecting all the local to clasp hands with Sophocles; and a comparison of the sus traditions of the poet, giving an exhaustive account taining skeleton of the story in Oedipus the King 'with that of the relics and portraits of him, and finally rang- in 'Ghosts' will bring out the fundamental likeness of the Scandinavian dramatist to the Greek, - at least in so far as ing far afield to gather all the historic and legendary the building of their plots is concerned. Inspired in the one associations of places within easy distance of Strat- case by the idea of fate and in the other by the doctrine of ford, whether or not they have any connection with heredity, each of them worked out a theme of overwhelming Shakespeare. To the stay-at-home reader, a perasal import and of weighty simplicity. Each of them in his drama dealt not so much with action in the present before the eyes of the book may prove burdensome because of the of the spectator, as with the appalling and inexorable con wealth of material included ; bat the pilgrim to the sequences of action in the past before the play began. In region around Stratford will find it a valuable both dramas these deeds done long ago are not set forth in a brief exposition more or less ingeniously included in the ear- companion for a leisurely jaunt through Warwick. lier scenes: they are slowly revealed one by one in the course shire and parts of the neighboring counties. of the play, and each at the moment when the revelation is most harrowing." “ Watts was born with a delicate con- The life-work of The truth of this comparison is upassailable, how G. F. Watls, R.A. stitution, and all his life has been far ever it may be scoffed at by the classicist, who is from robust; indeed, often weak and scandalized at the very idea of naming the two sickly. . . . It has often been noticed that strong poets in the same breath. men have one weak point, and their general con- stitution is not stronger than that one point.” The Shakespeare Two interesting and somewhat sim- When Mr. Hugh Macmillan wrote these words in country described ilar contributions to Shakespeariana comment upon bis friend George Frederick Watts, and illustrated have recently made an almost sim he little imagined that the work of revising the ultaneous appearance. “ The Shakespeare Coun. proofs of the book would devolve upon the subject try" first issued in the “Country Life Library of his study. As the title, “ The Life Work of and now reprinted and imported by Messrs. Charles George Frederick Watts," suggests, Mr. Macmillan Scribner's Sons — is notable chiefly for its pic has devoted himself to the explanation of Mr. tures ; though the text, by Mr. John Leyland, is Watts's pictures and methods of work rather than far from being without intrinsic value. Mr. Ley- to what might be called a biography in the strict land is wise enough not to attempt to theorize about sense of the word. At the same time the several the incidents of Shakespeare's life; instead, he extracts from letters, and the scraps of conversa- expends his efforts upon a reconstruction of Eliza- tion, 80 skilfully used, tell of the close relation bethan Warwickshire, where without doubt - if between writer and subject. Of Mr. Watts’s por- we except the Baconian theory Shakespeare traits, which were his first serious works in art, spent much of his life. He puts a fresh and really Mr. Macmillan says: “They do not depict the impressive emphasis on the fact that, while we know expression which happens at the moment to come not what manner of man Shakespeare was, nor how into the face, but the inner mystery of the person- he brewed his magic potion out of hillside beauty, ality; not the accidencies of life, but the essentials. churchyard horror, and village revel, we can know We have had no such perception of character- with very accurate approximation his physical en no such power to paint the mind as well as the body 50 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL The Reminiscences Echo Mountain. in portraiture, since Vandyke painted Charles I., bows humbly before the parallax of Alpha Centauri, Henrietta Maria, Strafford, Laud, or the Countess when he becomes aware that it is “that number of Carlyle.” From portrait-painting the artist whose value cannot be compared to anything in the passed to the broader field of imagination, to repre possession of man. .” But the reader must go to the senting the Greek myths and Hebrew stories in book itself to enjoy to the full the freshness and pictures; and then to what he considered his par unconventionality of the author. After reading ticular sphere — Allegory. The didactic purpose the last twenty-five pages, in which are described of these pictures greatly impressed Mr. Macmillan; the beautiful location of the Lowe Observatory and the explanations of the allegories, the fitting and the wonderful appearance of the starry vault out of Mr. Watts's suggestions by the author, pro above it, one may be pardoned for taking the next vide many points of interest. Yet we sometimes train to Southern California, in acceptance of Mr. wish Mr. Macmillan had not admired his subject Larkin's invitation found on p. 317, which runs as quite so ardently. Not that the subject is unde follows: "So, to geologists, biologists, entomologists, serving of his praise, but the frequent reiteration botanists, mineralogists, microscopists, meteorolo. of the artist's peculiar fitness for every department gists, naturalists, lovers of nature in her most splen- of his art is likely to pall upon us. The book is did forms and modes, students of the sea, growers filled with many poetic and literary reminiscences, of fruit, engineers, electricians, railroad builders, oftentimes merely quotations, but more frequently mountain climbers, explorers, spectroscopists, pho- inwrought in the anthor's sentences. The accurate tographers, artists, and astronomers, it is said, come and comprehensive index renders the book valuable to this wondrous place Echo Mountain.” as a work of reference, not alone to Mr. Watts's work, but to contemporary art as well. • The autobiographical record of the formative influences in a notable life of an Astronomer. Near the summit of Echo Mountain, is always instructive; and such a Flashes from overlooking the beautiful city of record gains in interest when it is made to include, Pasadena, in the fertile San Gabriel besides an account of the author's own work, nu- Valley of California, is situated the Lowe Obser merous anecdotes and pen-sketches of great men vatory, the director of which, Mr. E. L. Larkin, with whom it was his good fortune to be asso- entranced by the beauties of the scenes around him ciated. The earlier chapters of Professor New- and by those of the overhanging vault of heaven, comb's “Reminiscences” (Houghton) deal with the has written a little book in which he portrays the boyish yearnings of the author for something more glories which flash from sun and star, and indicates than a mere living, and with his successful efforts the results which astronomers have won with the to escape from the “world of cold and darkness" spectroscope and photographic plate. The title of into the regions of “sweetness and light.” Pro- the book, "Radiant Energy” (Los Angeles : Baum fessor Newcomb writes of his early life in Nova gardt Publishing Co.), is doubly happy; for it sug Scotia, of his attempts to teach school in Maryland, gests not only the flashings of power from distant and of the years he spent in fitting himself for worlds, but also the exuberant spirit of the author. his great work in astronomy, with simple candor For him, “The Galactic hosts are splashed and and directness. More interesting still are the strewn in spray, in spirals, and are tumbled in con chapters dealing with the life-work of the author, fusion on a carpet of jet-black velvet, or cosmical connecting him with the great movements of astro- hail of pearls and diamonds on blackened wastes of nomical thought and scientific progress during the space, or piled in heaps, raked into windrows and past forty or fifty years. One great value of the rolled into banks and bulwarks, all flashing and book lies in its collection of sketches of scientific blazing with supernal colors.” To him, spectrum The author writes of personal contact with analysis is the “chief study that ever actuated the such men as Leverrier and Adams, the twin dis- human brain"; and of the dark lines in the solar coverers of Neptune, of Airy the Astronomer Royal, spectrum, he says, “ Their discovery and translation of Hansen, Holden, Barnard, Tyndall, Henry, Hill, is the chief event that has occurred on the earth Lord Kelvin, Struve, and many others. Some of within the period of written history.” Of the men the author's feats of observation read like the detec- who make astrophysical investigations, we are told tive stories of Conan Doyle. His method of clear- that “no labor ever performed by the human frame ing Father Hell of suspected forgery was worthy is more arduous and exacting than that hourly of the celebrated Sherlock Holmes bimself. He is engaged in by a working astrophysicist. A trained never wearisome, - and whether he tells us of his astronomer is a machine of precision, with every life in Paris at the time of the capitulation to the phase of bodily life, every faculty of mind, every Prussians, or of the humorous antics of a Washing- thing in his being, an abject slave to indomitable ton newsboy during our Civil War, his words are will.” Even the apparently insignificant decimal full of that human sympathy which is a character- .00002010899 may produce in us a feeling of awe, istic of the man. The book is readable throughout; when we are informed that it has “tremendous indeed, it is preëminently one of those of which analytical power, and there is no escape from its it can truthfully be said that “there is not a dull clutch for any mass, if it is moving.” The reader men. page in it." 1904.] 51 THE DIAL in the sixties. To those who demand of a book Lectures and try” with a thoroughness and sympathy that leave addresses of that it shall be something more than nothing to be desired. It may be that the town-life a journalist. mere literature, “ The Compromises as exhibited in Copenhagen, the capital, is more of Life” (Foz, Duffield & Co.), by the editor of the fully treated than the country; but the reader would Louisville“ Courier-Journal,” will give satisfaction. be captious indeed who would find this a fault in Written by a man of wide experience outside his the book. The half-tone illustrations, sixteen in chosen field of journalism, this collection of public number (three of them from paintings by Danish addresses is a pleasing change from the lucubrations artists), prove that Denmark and Danish life are of the closet philosopher. Mr. Watterson is honest, by no means deficient in the picturesque element. outspoken, abundantly endowed with what is known as borse sense, always sanely optimistic, and never- Mr. Anthony B. North Peat, an En- Paris and France failing in wit and humor. In his own way, and glishman in the service of the French choosing his own illustrations, he preaches the gos- government, took op newspaper cor- pel that the life is more than meat, and the body respondence in addition to his regular duties as than raiment. T'hat a public speaker should never attaché, and during the years 1864–69 furnished contradict himself, is too much to expect; and countless columns of French gossip to the “Morn- 80 we find Mr. Watterson not entirely free from ing Star” and the “ Yorkshire Post.” About one- an Emersonian disregard of consistency. In the twelfth of this barvest of an observant eye and title-chapter of his book he deprecates the horrors a listening ear has been called out by Mr. A. R. of armed conflict, and declares, “I would compro- Waller for republication in a stout octavo entitled mise war,” adding that the occasions on which it is • Gossip from Paris during the Second Empire necessary are “most exceptional." Yet in a speech (Appleton). The correspondent shows himself a. delivered only two years after the utterance of these