cted with the attempt Chancellor without salary. Dr. James K. Hosmer,
to lead a military expedition through the pathless who served under him, in the introduction to this
forests lying between the Kennebec and Chaudiere
book, bears eloquent testimony to his great service
rivers in 1775 can scarcely be imagined at the and his gifted personality. The third distinguished
present day. It has been likened to Hannibal's
service, this time to the whole country, was the
crossing the Alps. Starting with only 1100 men,
organization of the Western Sanitary Commission,
Arnold lost fully 400 of these by death and deser through which four and a quarter millions of dollars
tion. The expedition was foredoomed to failure.
were expended for the relief of suffering among the
The author of the present narrative has seized upon wounded and helpless. The story of Dr. Eliot's
the most picturesque events of the journey, and has
life was well worth telling, and it is here told with
made a study of the exact route taken. Many of sympathy and skill.
his statements were questioned, it may be remem.
bered, by Prof. Justin H. Smith, who brought out England in
Specialized history is the order of
a book on the same topic last year. The death of
the day, either in point of subject
half century.
Mr. Codman, really before his work was complete
matter or of time. Mr. Herbert W.
for the first edition, threw the burden of a rejoinder Paul has specialized in the latter sense at least in
upon his friends. But the task could have been producing a “ History of Modern England” (Mac-
undertaken only by one who had made such an in millan) that begins with 1846 and is to extend, in
timate study of the geography of the route as had five volumes, to the end of the century. Moreover,
Mr. Codman and Professor Smith. Regardless of
a just criticism of the two volumes already issued
details of the itinerary, the story is one of devotion, must recognize that the author shows himself par-
daring, and endurance, which makes one feel the ticularly competent in one field only, the narration
possibilities of Arnold's career, if only his fidelity
of purely political events in parliament and in po-
had remained unimpaired.
litical campaigns. Other important topics, such as
religion, art, and literature are much emphasized
A distinguished
One whose faith in man has been by Mr. Paul in his introduction, but in the body of
Western educator shaken by too close contact with the the work these are treated hurriedly and without
and philanthropist. greed and worldliness of this com the personal interest manifested in political affairs.
mercial
age
will find an excellent tonic for his faith Apart from this defect, however, the work is of
in the volume entitled “William Greenleaf Eliot: real value as offering a convenient and readable
Minister, Educator, Philanthropist” (Houghton, account of modern England. The author, for some
Mifflin & Co.), by Mrs. Charlotte C. Eliot. This is reason, does not specify either his earlier produc-
a most inspiring record of a man of the highest tions or his present position, both of which should
spiritual and social ideals, who went in his early be of value in offering to the prospective American
manhood from the choicest environment of the purchaser some means of estimating the value of
East to become a home missionary in the frontier the work. Mr. Paul has been a member of Parlia-
town of St. Louis, remaining there until his death, ment, as a Liberal, has written a life of Gladstone,
fifty-three years later. Not only did he build up a and a volume on Matthew Arnold for the “ English
the last


1904.]
269
THE DIAL
Men of Letters " series, and is a leader writer on of mental well being, if we may believe Dr. Gould.
the London “Daily News." He is perhaps as well The effects would be manifest even in our litera-
qualified as anyone to write the only kind of his ture, which would become more cheerful and op-
tory of modern England possible at this early day, timistic. The earnest efforts of our oculist to hasten
for he knows his parliamentary history thoroughly this glad time are wholly praiseworthy; but the
and has an acute newspaper sense of the value of non-medical critic queries, with submission, whether
events as they appear to a contemporaneous pub- Dr. Gould may not possibly be showing us the de-
lic. His history is therefore a résumé of events as fects of his qualities. The zeal that tries to prove
they assumed importance in parliament and with too much weakens the cause. It is so easy to see
the public. The second volume concludes with the only what we are looking for if we do but set about
death, in 1865, of Palmerston, for whom the author it in tremendous earnest. To one wearing the
evinces more personal ill-will than for any other spectacles of impartiality and unprejudice the
English statesman in the period covered. In gen author's theory, sound though it may be, seems
eral Mr. Paul does not seem to permit bis political strained when he makes it account for the ailments
affiliations to bias his judgment, though Peel is of so many persons, now dead, whose recorded
distinctly a bero, and largely for his stand on the groans and sighs are not exactly the fullest and
question of free trade in corn. It will be interest most satisfactory data on which to base a diagnosis.
ing to note whether Mr. Paul will attempt in the
remaining volumes of his work to point a moral ap-
Professor William Mathews's lat-
plicable to the present interesting political situation A text-book
est volume, “Conquering Success"
in England, whether, in fact, his history is a genu-
of Success.
(Houghton), is in many respects a
ine historical undertaking, or a bit of political prop. repetition of his famous "Getting On in the World.”
aganda. There is nothing definitely indicative of
The veteran author has no new prescription for
the latter purpose in the volumes already published,
success, but insists, as be did thirty years ago, that
but there are statements and deductions possible of
it is to be won by industry, energy, patience, hon-
later development.
esty, and several other virtues.
He even repeats
More about A year ago Dr. George M. Gould of in part the words he used thirty years ago, though
Bye-strain Philadelphia issued a volume of he gives his chapters new headings. But the new
and its results.
“ Biographic Clinics” (Blakiston),
book is better than the old. The chapters are
in which he ascribed to eye-strain the bodily ills of shorter, - a reform which young readers especially
De Quincey, Carlyle, Darwin, Huxley, and Brown will appreciate, — and the whole expression is more
ing. This book, he now tells us, was inadequately
terse and pointed. The new subjects considered,
and even contemptuously noticed by medical jour pluck, cheerfulness, the evils of harry, spectral dis-
nals, and its author charged with hobby-riding.couragements, etc., — bave distinctly modern appli-
Lay periodicals showed themselves more sympa-
cation. And the examples which enforce the morals
thetic. But, on the whole, the world has not yet have grown in number and interest. They were
given the subject that serious attention which Dr.
indeed a cloud of witnesses in the old volume, but
Gould is convinced it demands. Therefore he has in the new they are as continuous as the stars that
brought out, through the same publishers, a second shine and twinkle in the Milky Way. No one, in
volume of these clinics, treating of “the origin of history or out, has ever failed or succeeded in any.
the ill health of George Eliot, George Henry Lewes, thing, that Mr. Mathews did not whip out his pen.
Wagner, Parkman, Jane Welsh Carlyle, Spencer, cil and make a note. Consequently, though the
Whittier, Margaret Fuller Ossoli, and Nietzsche." garment of his advice is commonplace and sober
Of all the members that minister to the belly, the enough, it is gayly embroidered with modern — and
eyes, as we here learn in a second and fuller lesson,
ancient — instances. It is no wonder such a book
are the most potent in their influence for ill if sub is popular. The young who have not yet succeeded
jected to abuse. Vomiting and sick-headache, such
like it because it marshals them the way that they
as poor Mrs. Carlyle suffered from, are often the are going. The old wbo have succeeded like it be-
result of eye-strain. Heart trouble, neuralgia, dys cause they can say “ That’s 80; that's what I did.”
pepsia, and many other ailments, are not seldom The old who have not succeeded perhaps like it best
attributable to the same cause. The eye, a verita of all, for
ble “evil eye,” is the source of countless woes.
"Success is counted sweetest
The author declares he has never seen a pair of
By those who ne'er succeed."
eyes free from optical defects. What, then, is to They can taste the sweets of success on the printed
be done about it? Greater care must be taken of page, if nowhere else. The question which remains
the eyes, and spectacles, adapted to the particular about the book in the end is, just what does Mr.
form of eye-ailment, must be worn, and must be Mathews mean by success? Does n't he, in spite of
changed with the changing of the eye. This, of a few protestations, attach rather too material a
course, presupposes the malady to be in some degree meaning to the term? Possibly so.
But possibly
pronounced. The proper care of the eyes would also his books are no less practical or popular on
asher in a new era, not only of physical, but also that account.


270
[April 16,
THE DIAL
the Painted Desert.
Mr. George Wharton James is well
Indian dwellers of known from his lectures and books
NOTES.
apon the Southwest, and for his book
The recollections of Mme. Sarah Bernhardt are an-
on Indian Basketry. Perhaps no one who writes
nounced for autumn publication by the Messrs. Ap-
knows the Grand Cañon of the Colorado better than
pleton. In the meantime portions of the work will ap-
he, and few have done as much to make the whole
pear in one of the magazines.
Southwestern desert known to the outside world. Mr. David Nutt is the publisher of “Gerald the
In “ The Indians of the Painted Desert Region ” | Welshman,” being a new and enlarged edition of Mr.
(Little, Brown & Co.) he describes and pictures the Henry Owen’s essay upon the life and writings of
human native population of the area. As is natural,
Giraldus Cambrensis.
he devotes the most of his space to the Hopi (Mobi)
“ The Merchant of Venice” has just been added by
of Arizona, and the Navajo. But his chapters on
the Messrs. Crowell to their “ First Folio" series of
the Wallapais and the Havasapais are even more
Shakespeare's plays, as edited by Misses Charlotte
Porter and Helen A. Clarke.
important, as there has been little written in regard
to these relatively inaccessible cañon-dwellers. Now,
The industrious reprinter bas at last got around to
Godwin's famous novel, “Caleb Williams," which now
when hundreds go annually to the Hopi snake-
comes to us from the Messrs. Scribner in their “Cax-
dance, and since Matthews has given us the results ton" thin-paper series of famous novels.
of a life-study of the Navajo, we have abundant
“ Sir Arthur Sullivan," by Mr. H. Saxe Wyndham,
information regarding these interesting peoples. But and “ Mozart,” by Prof. Ebenezer Prout, are new biog-
the Wallapais and Havasupais are in a different raphies in “ Bell's Miniature Series of Musicians," pub-
category. Mr. James is a real traveller and ex lished in this country by the Macmillan Co.
plorer, and an interesting writer. While his ego is To the “Grimm Library,” published by Mr. David
sometimes obtrusive, and he occasionally breaks Nutt, there has just been added the old Irish prose-epic
down in an attempt at “fine writing,” his material
called “The Cattle-Raid of Cualnge," now translated
is good. He knows the Indians, sympathizes with
for the first time by Mrs. L. Winifred Faraday.
and loves them although after a somewhat pat-
Pierce Egan's “ The Life of an Actor,” with the
ronizing fashion, - and gives us a true picture.
and gives us a true picture. original colored illustrations by Theodore Lane, is pub-
lished by the Messrs. Appleton in the series of reprints
The book is a good nature-book, with a great sub-
ject. A number of illustrations from photographs late.
which we have frequently had oceasion to mention of
adds to the interest of the volume.
Messrs. Rand, McNally & Co. announce for early
Scientific and popular lore concern-
publication a new novel by Mr. Philip Payne, author
Jewels and
of « The Mills of Man." The new story is a romance
ing “ Gems and Gem Minerals"
of American hotel life, entitled “ Duchess of Few
(Chicago : A. W. Mumford) is to
Clothes."
be found in a recent work by Dr. O. C. Farrington
Baedeker's “Northern Germany,” covering the ter-
of the Field Columbian Museum of Chicago. The
ritory as far as the Bavarian and Austrian frontiers,
work is very systematic, including in its scope all and his “Central Italy and Rome," each work in its
known gem minerals, not only those now used for fourteenth revised edition, are among the recent impor-
gems but also others which if better known might tations of Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons.
come into demand as jewels. The treatment is A new volume in Mr. John Lane's attractive and sub-
scientific in that the physical and chemical prop stantial “Crown Library” is the Memoirs of Mlle. des
erties of the minerals are given, and their mode
Echerolles, “ being side lights on the Reign of Terror,"
of geological occurrence and geographical distribu-
translated by Miss Marie Clothilde Balfour and sup-
tion is discussed; it is popular in that the methods
plied with an introduction by Mr. George K. Fortescue.
Mr. Thomas Whittaker sends us the twelfth edition
of mining, of grinding, cutting, and polishing gems
of Canon Gore's “ Lux Mundi," the volume of essays
are described, and the historical setting of the
by various hands that made so great a stir at the time
better-known gems and notable jewels is given. The
of its first appearance, and that still seems to bave
popular superstitions concerning gems among vari-
something of the vitality of the earlier and more famous
ous peoples of the occident and orient are given at Essays and Reviews."
length, and even birth stones are assigned accord Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. send us two German
ing to the lines of a well-known dealer in jewels. texts: “Das Habichtsfräulein,” by Rudolph Baum-
One chapter is devoted to the principles on which bach, edited by Dr. Wilhelm Bernbardt, and Goethe's
the valuation and price of gems are based, and an-
“ Hermann und Dorothea," edited by Dr. W. A. Adams.
other to imitation gems and methods of detecting
From the same publishers we have Feuillet's “Roman
them. The volume is abundantly illustrated with
d'un Jeune Homme Pauvre," edited by Professor
James D. Bruner.
maps of mining regions, photographs of famous
Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons have in press a timely
mines, diagrams of cut stones and crystals, and by
book entitled “Russia, her Strength and her Weak-
fifteen colored plates of marked excellence made
ness," by the well-known correspondent, Mr. Wolf von
by the colortype process. The applicability of this
Schierbrand. The author has travelled widely through
latter method of illustration to the portrayal of these Russia, and has supplemented his impressions by a
most difficult of all natural objects adequately to special study of Russian conditions and events extend-
picture is well demonstrated in these plates. ing over many years.
their sources.
66


1904 ]
271
THE DIAL
Still another commentary upon “In Memoriam " “Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University
This time the little book is the work of Dr. L. Ward, Press, Oxford.” Mr. Horace Hart, Director of the
and is published by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. This Press, is responsible for these rules, while the English
sort of thing seems to us of slight value. A few notes spellings adopted bave the additional authority of Drs.
may be useful, but paraphrase is futile, and Dr. Ward's J. A. H. Murray and Henry Bradley. No more accu-
work is mainly paraphrase.
rate or painstaking printing establishment exists today
An appropriate announcement in this centennial year than the Oxford concern, and (of course with due allow-
of Hawthorne's birth is that of an edition de luxe of ance for differences between English and American
“ The Scarlet Letter," to be published by Messrs. Dodd, standards) its rulings may safely be accepted by any
Mead & Co. There will be 125 copies only, printed printer or author.
on Japan paper, with illustrations in color by Messrs. Among other articles in the April number of “The
A. Romandi and C. Graham.
Hibbert Journal” Prof. Henry Jones writes on “The
“The Newcomes,” in three volumes, has just been Moral Aspect of the Fiscal Question," dealing with a
published by the Messrs. Scribner in their new “Ken side of the subject that has, perhaps, not received as
sington” edition of Thackeray. These beautifully much attention as it deserves. Sir Oliver Lodge con-
printed volumes are a delight to every bookish sense, tributes some “Suggestions towards the Re-interpreta-
and those already published are numerous enough to
tion of Christian Doctrine"; and Canon Hensley Hen-
make a stately array upon the shelf.
son writes on “ The Resurrection of Jesus Christ," and
Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co.'s new edition of the the Bishop of Ripon on “Gladstone as a Moral and
Lewis and Clark Journals in their “ Trail-Makers Religious Personality."
Series” will be followed shortly by “The Journey of Under the designation of “The Chiswick Quartos”
Coronado, 1540-42, from the City of Mexico to the the Scott-Thaw Co. will begin publication this spring
Buffalo Plains of Kansas and Nebraska," translated of a series of reprints in quarto form, choicely printed
from Castaneda's “ Relations” and other sources by at the Chiswick Press, London, in editions limited to
Mr. George Parker Winship.
350 copies each. Keats's poems, edited by Mr. George
Mr. J. S. Tunison has just published, through the
Sampson, and Herbert's “ The Temple” will be the
Robert Clarke Co., a study of “The Graal Problem first to appear. To their “Library of Noble Authors”
from Walter Map to Wagner.” This essay upon a
the same firm will shortly add a folio reprint of the
theme of perenially fascinating interest seeks to show
“Golden Ass” of Apuleius, in William Adlington's
that the Grail story, in its very origin, is a memorial of
translation.
one of the bitterest ecclesiastical struggles in history, Two volumes to be issued immediately by the Uni-
and also that it is reminiscent of actual rather than of versity of Chicago Press are “ An Introduction to the
mythical conditions.
Bible for Teachers of Children,” by Miss Georgia L.
The March issue of “The Burlington Magazine' Chamberlin, and “ A Political and Constitutional Study
contains the conclusion of Mr. Baillie-Grohman's arti-
of the Cumberland Road," by Mr. Jeremiah S. Young.
cle on “ Ancient Weapons of the Chase," and the be Early in May the Press will have ready Dr. George E.
ginning of an important series on the “Minor English Howard's important “History of Matrimonial Insti-
Furniture Makers of the Eighteenth Century.” Other tutions,” and in June will appear a volume of “Studies
articles deal with the Veitch collection of Chinese por in the Gospel according to Mark,” by Dr. Ernest De-
celain and embroidered bindings for Bibles. There are
Witt Burton.
several illustrations in photogravure and color.
The war in the East lends new interest and perti-
In addition to their extensive list of Spring books nence to Mrs. Hugh Fraser's charming "Letters from
already announced, Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Japan,” now published in a single volume containing the
will publish within the next month or two “ The Penob complete text and all the illustrations of the original
scot Man," a volume of short stories by Mrs. Fannie two-volume edition. The war is responsible also for
Hardy Eckstorm; “ The Ferns of New England," by the appearance of new editions of Mr. Wirt Gerrare's
Miss Helen Eastman; “ The Christian Philosophy of “Greater Russia" and Mr. Archibald R. Colquhoun's
Life," a collection of sermons by Dr. Samuel P. Leeds; “ The Mastery of the Pacific,” both of which, so far as
and a new edition of Celia Thaxter's “ An Island Gar we can judge, remain unchanged in form and contents.
den."
All three of these books bear the imprint of the Mac-
The success of their collotype reproduction of the
millan Co.
First Folio of Shakespeare bas encouraged the Oxford The American edition, limited to 100 copies, of the
University Press to undertake the same service for a reproduction of the celebrated “ Breviario Grimani"
book of even greater rarity — the First Folio of Chau has been secured by Mr. Martinus Nijhoff, New York,
cer's works, as edited by W. Thynne and printed in the and the work may be obtained in this country only
year 1532. The facsimile will be edited, with an In through him. The reproduction is probably one of
troduction, by the Rev. Prof. Skeat, and is limited to the most elaborate enterprises of the kind ever under-
1000 copies, of which only a small proportion is avail taken. There will be twelve parts in all, each contain-
able for America.
ing twenty-five plates in color and 110 in collotype,
“Of the Making of a Book” is the title of a little accompanied by the descriptive text of Dr. Sal. Mor-
brochure compiled by the literary department of Messrs. purgo. It is not likely that the work will be completed
D. Appleton & Co., and published by that firm. It is
inside of six or eight years.
planned to serve as an aid to authors, and its advice in Dr. Horace Howard Furness, Sr., is rapidly com-
regard to preparation of manuscript, proof-reading, etc., pleting the preparation of “Love's Labor Lost," which
cannot fail to prove of the greatest value. Somewhat is to be the next volume in his monumental “Vario-
similar in kind, though in this case intended primarily Shakespeare, of which the J. B. Lippincott Co.
for the printer rather than the author, is the booklet of are the publishers. This new volume comes from the
rum


272
[April 16,
THE DIAL
rum
HISTORY.
The History of Twenty-Five Years. By Sir Spencer
Walpole, K.C.B. In 2 vols., large 8vo, uncut. Long-
mans, Green, & Co. $10.
Writings on American History: An Attempt at an Ex-
haustive Bibliography of Books and Articles on United
States History Published during 1902, and Some Memo-
randa on Other Portions of America. By Ernest Cushing
Richardson and Anson Ely Morse. Large 8vo, pp. 294.
Princeton : Library Book Store.
The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898. Edited by Emma Helen
Blair and James Alexander Robertson; with historical
Introduction and additional Notes by Edward Gaylord
Bourne. Vol. XII., 1601-1604. Illus., large 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 329. Cleveland : Arthur H. Clark Co. $4. net.
hands of Dr. Furness, Sr., in accordance with the plan
for a division of work, announced a few months ago,
by which the editorship of the comedies in the “ Vario-
" edition will continue to be the work of the elder
Dr. Furness, while the other plays will be edited by
his son, Dr. Horace Howard Furness, Jr.
One of the most interesting announcements in con-
nection with the Lewis and Clark centenary is that of
Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co.'s reprint of the Journal
of Patrick Gass, one of the party composing the Lewis
and Clark expedition. This work originally appeared
in 1807, and ran through three editions, the third dated
1811, but no reprint has been made since the some-
what crude edition published at Dayton, Ohio, in 1847,
which has long been out of print. Messrs. McClurg's
edition will be in one volume, uniform with their re-
prints of the Lewis and Clark Journals and Hennepin's
Travels, and will be provided with a new Analytical
Index and an Introduction written by Dr. James K.
Hosmer. The volume will be illustrated with facsimi-
les of the six quaint pictures in the original edition, a
portrait of Gass, and a map of the Lewis and Clark
route. Messrs. McClurg & Co. will issue in the early
Fall, in uniform style, a reprint of Lahontan's Travels,
edited by Mr. Reuben G. Thwaites, and illustrated
with facsimiles of the original illustrations.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, containing 120 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Letters of Lord Acton to Mary Gladstone. Edited, with
an Introductory Memoir, by Herbert Paul. Illus. in pho-
togravure, large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 353. Macmillan
Co. $3. net.
Letters from England, 1846-1849. By Elizabeth Davis
Bancroft (Mrs. George Bancroft). Illus., 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 224. Charles Scribner's Song. $1.50 net.
Matthew Arnold, and his Relation to the Thought of our
Time: An Appreciation and a Criticism. By William
Harbutt Dawson. With portrait, 8vo, gilt top, pp. 450.
G. P. Putnam's Song. $1.75.
Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things. By
Lafcadio Hearn. With frontispiece, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 240.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
The Rise of English Culture. By Edwin Johnson, M.A.
With a brief account of the author and his writings.
Large 8vo, pp. 585. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $4. net.
The Views about Hamlet, and Other Essays. By Albert
H. Tolman. 12mo, pp. 403. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
$1.50 net.
Gods and Fighting Men: The Story of the Tuatha de
Danaan and of the Fianna of Ireland, arranged and put
into English by Lady Gregory ; with Preface by W. B.
Yeats. 8vo, gilt top, pp. 476. Charles Scribner's Song.
$2. net.
Life and Death, and Other Legends and Stories. By
Henryk Sienkiewicz; trans, from the Polish by Jeremiah
Curtin. Illus., 12mo, pp. 65. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.
A Rosary. By John Davidson. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 211.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
The Making of English. By Henry Bradley, Hon. M.A.
16mo, pp. 245. Macmillan Čo. $1. net.
The Cattle-Raid of Cualnge (Tain Bo Cuailnge): An Old
Irish Prose-Epic. Trans. for the first time by L. Winifred
Faraday, M. A. 12mo, uncut, pp. 141. “Grimm Library."
London: David Nutt.
Tales of Kankakee Land. By Charles H. Bartlett. Illus.,
12mo, uncut, pp. 232. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 det.
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
The Life of Edward FitzGerald. By Thomas Wright.
In 2 vols., illus., large 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Christopher Columbus: His Life, Work, and Remains,
as revealed by Original Records. By John Boyd Thacher.
Vol. III., completing the work; illus., 4to, gilt top, pp. 775.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. Per set of 3 vols., $27. net.
Robert Browning. By Edward Dowden, Litt.D. Illus.
in_photogravure, etc., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 404.
"Temple Biographies.” E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
William Hickling Prescott. By Rollo Ogden. With pho-
togravure portrait, 16mo, gilt top, pp. 239. American
Men of Letters.” Houghton, Mimin & Co. $1.10 net.
Recollections of a Royal Academician. By John Call-
cott Horsley, R.A.; edited by Mrs. Edmund Helps. Illus.
in photogravure, etc., 8vo, gilt top, pp. 367. E. P. Dutton
& Co. $3. net.
John Addington Symonds: A Biography compiled from
his Papers and Correspondence. By Horatio Brown.
Second edition; with photogravure frontispiece, 8vo, uncut,
pp. 495. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2. net.
Moses Brown, Captain U.S. N. By Edgar Stanton Maclay,
A.M. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 220. Baker &
Taylor Co. $1.25 net.
Newman. By William Barry. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 225.
“Literary Lives." Charles Scribner's Sons. $1. net.
Chopin. By J. Cuthbert Hadden. Illus. in photogravure,
etc., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 248. “The Master Musi-
cians.” E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25.
John Constable, M.A. By Lord Windsor. Illus, in photo-
gravure, etc., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 231. "Makers
of British Art." Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
Edward Lincoln Atkinson, 1865–1902. By Charles Lewis
Slattery. Illas., 12mo, pp. 195. Longmans, Green, & Co.
$1. net.
Gerald the Welsbman. By Henry Owen, D.C.L. New
and enlarged edition ; 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 206.
London: David Nutt.
Bell's Miniature Series of Musicians. First volg.: Mo-
zart, by Ebenezer Prout, B.A.; Arthur Sullivan, by
H. Saxe Wyndham, with a chapter by Ernest Ford. Each
illus., 24mo, gilt top. Macmillan Co. Per vol., 50 cts.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
Works of Lord Byron. Poetry, Vol. VII., edited by
Ernest Hartley Coleridge, M.A. Illus. in photogravure,
etc., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 458. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $2.
Mermaid Series of Plays by the Old Dramatists, thin
paper edition. New vols.: Webster and Tourneur, edited
by John Addington Symonds; John Dryden, edited by
George Saintsbury, 2 vols.; Thomas Middleton, edited
by Havelock Ellis, 2 vols.; John Ford, edited by Havelock
Ellis ; Philip Massinger, edited by Arthur Symons, 2
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a.
THE
DIAL
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
drapery that is next to nudity, it is evident
that the cobbler (to vary the metaphor) has
erred in choosing for his medium of expression
No. 429.
MAY 1, 1904. Vol. XXXVI.
literature instead of leather.
But the apt use
of another's words, the knowing just where to
CONTENTS.
go for the immortal phrasing of a turn of
thought, the graceful giving place to a supe-
QUOTATION VERSUS ORIGINALITY. Percy F.
rior where an attempt at originality would
Bicknell.
285
argue presumption as well as ignorance, and
THE SPENCER AUTOBIOGRAPHY. William Mor the skilful weaving of the borrowed material
ton Payne
288 into the fabric of one's discourse, — this it is
that marks the man of letters, the littérateur.
NAVIES, BRITISH AND AMERICAN. Wallace
Illustrations are hardly necessary; but let
Rice
292
us suppose, for example, the case of a writer
AN EPITOME OF MODERN GERMANY. James
wbo has the hardihood to offer the world an.
Taft Hatfield
. . 294
other essay on Milton. Let it be further
assumed that, departing somewhat from the
CHRISTIANITY VERSUS DOGMA. T. D. A. beaten track, he undertakes to expose, briefly
Cockerell
296
and pointedly, the weakness of Milton's “Doc-
trine and Discipline of Divorce.” He sees at
A PREACHER OF THE LARGER HOPE. May
a glance that its assailable side is its supreme
Estelle Cook
. 297
disregard of the wife's interests. Imagine,
BOOKS ABOUT ITALY. Anna Benneson McMahan 298 says our writer, the case of a man who has a
Klaczko's Rome and the Renaissance. - Wölfflin's weakness for a succession of wives — a private
The Art of the Italian Renaissance. - Hyett's
Henry the Eighth. He marries No. 1, and
Florence, her History and Art. — Maugham's The
after a while, on the plea that he finds her
Book of Italian Travel.
incompatible, he avails himself of Milton's
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
301 law and gives her a bill of divorcement. No. 2
A second Abigail Adams. — Fanny Burney and her succeeds to the vacant place, and is ere long
friends of Juniper Hall. — A sculptor of the Re treated in like manner; and so on, till the
naissance.- Life and labor of the people of London.
- The Japanese method of physical training. -
brutal rascal, undeniably exempt from all legal
The individual in his relations to society.-Japanese
censure, may be living in the centre of a per-
tales and studies.-William Penn and the founding fect solar system of discarded wives, all mov-
of Pennsylvania. - A new book from Elizabeth of ing in nearer or farther orbits around him,
the Garden. — An epitome of Zoology.- A navi-
according to the times, more recent or more
gator of the air.
remote, when they were thrown off, and each
BRIEFER MENTION ..
305
attended by her one or more satellites of little
darlings. Is that about as graphic and force-
NOTES
. 305
ful a presentation of his case as our essayist
could have made? If you say it is, you com-
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
. 306
mend his wisdom in adopting Professor Mas-
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
306 son's humorously effective image instead of


286
[May 1,
THE DIAL
employing a less striking illustration and a that little scene at Rawdon Crawley's club
feebler phraseology of his own — provided, of just after Rawdon had been appointed gov-
course, that he fails not to name his authority ernor of Coventry Island. “A virtuous woman
and to use the required quotation marks, which is a crown to her husband,” says Brown to
have here been purposely omitted. Not to Smith in enigmatical explanation of Lord
have cited the eminent Edinburgh scholar at Steyne's action in obtaining the appointment
this point would almost have argued ignorance for the husband of Becky Sharp. It is doubt-
of his work.
ful if Solomon's wisdom has ever been turned
A writer is characterized nearly as much by to a droller use. Another admirable but rather
his quotations as by his own composition. If wicked biblical quotation, suggested by the
he quotes learnedly, we know him to be a foregoing, is that recorded of young Calverley
scholar. If his quotations bite and sting, he who, having eluded the pursuit of a university
is a satirist. If he quotes indiscriminately and proctor and his myrmidons and reached sanc-
inaptly, that too is characteristic: it stamps tuary by a bold feat of climbing, called back
him as lacking in clean-cut, positive ideas of in triumph from within: “I have run through
his own. The bungler's borrowings always a troop, and by my God have I leaped over a
betray him. His foreign matter is rather sug-
wall.”
gestive of the crude lumps in a piece of Rox. The very familiarity of a quotation, as in the
bury pudding-stone than of the delicate veining instances just cited, is often its best feature.
in a slab of polished marble. But the man of A new and fitting application of the old is more
genius makes his own all that he takes from generally pleasing than the employment, how-
others. What would remain of me," asks ever skilful, of the far-fetched and unfamiliar.
Goethe, “ if this art of appropriation were We experience nearly as much joy in finding a
derogatory to genius? Every one of
Every one of my writ new place for an old saying as in the discovery
ings bas been furnished to me by a thousand of a new thought. Yet we demand that the cur-
different persons, a thousand things: wise and rent coin of wisdom shall receive constant addi-
foolish have brought me, without suspecting tions from the mint; and effectively to employ
it, the offering of their thoughts, faculties, and the unfamiliar in quotation, so that it shall
experience. My work is an aggregation of ever afterward be quoted, requires genius little
beings taken from the whole of nature; it inferior to that of original production. Many
bears the name of Goethe."
will read an author before one thinks of making
Man, it has been well said, is a quotation the happy quotation ; but as soon as this is done
from all his ancestors. Eliminate the quota. the passage or phrase is immortalized. The
tions and you reduce him to less than the good quoter shows that exquisite appreciation
shadow of a shade. But in the power of of literary charm which is so often affected, so
assimilating the appropriated matter, so far at seldom felt. He knows what it is both to exult
least as literature is ooncerned, there are many in the one best word and to find delight in the
degrees of difference. As the metaphor pleases daintily pliant sentence embellished with all
more than the labored simile, so the literary sorts of felicitous linking of figure to abstrac-
allusion, the veiled citation, the apt word or tion. He is quick to feel the glow and thrill
phrase, whether from a familiar source or imparted by the perfect utterance of a primary
from one half-forgotten, stimulate the flagging truth, the voicing of “what oft was thought but
interest more than paragraphs and pages of ne'er so well expressed.” Those who profess
direct quotation. The writings of beginners a hatred of “ mere literature," who think that a
and of the unscholarly are painfully bare of writer's style, like Thomson's Lavinia, “when
these literary trimmings. Subtle allusion and unadorned is adorned the most," will cry out
illuminative reference glare by their absence. that all this is mischievous moonshine, the
If attempt is made to relieve the bareness by quintessence of effeminate dilettanteism, and
an occasional bit of jewelry, the artifice is too subversive of all that is vigorous and virile in
obvious and so defeats its end. We seem to literary art. It may be made so, as every right
see the self-congratulatory smile with which principle is capable of abuse. The Corinthian
the writer contemplates his imported finery. column may display such elaborate ingenuity
It is not meant, of course, that the expert in of deeply-cut fluting and scroll-work and acan.
this art is necessarily in constant practice of thus leaves, in shaft and capital, as to make one
it. Thackeray rarely quotes; but when he fear for its strength. Montaigne was justified
does, it is admirably to the purpose. Recall I in big scorp for rhetoricians who “go a mile out


1904.]
287
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us.
of their way to run after a fine word.” Fine recall the lament in the “Curiosities of Liter-
writing for its own sake no sensible person will ature," that “the greater part of our writers
seek to defend. But those who, in contempt have become so original that no one cares to
of rhetorical embellishment, aim at unadorned imitate them.” The author further notes with
literalness of presentation too often fail to put approval the continued vogue of Plutarch,
forth an idea worth contemplating, a thought Seneca, and the elder Pliny, all of whom in
worth the thinking ; striving to be plain, they their literary work drew on the riches of their,
cease to be impressive, and thus defeat their libraries ; while Epicurus, who boasted of bav..
own purpose.
ing written three hundred books without bor-
This unwillingness to make oneself avowedly rowing, has perished.
a debtor to earlier writers is entertained only Apart from the literary charm of apt quota-
by those whose acquaintance with literature is tion, apart from the fact that when once a,
so restricted that they fail to perceive how few thought has been perfectly expressed our alle-
of their own ideas have not already been admir- giance to the best will tolerate nothing inferior,
ably minted by other minds. They are blissfully and we demand that this recognized best form,
unconscious of the impossibility of breaking which haunts our own minds, shall be at least
entirely away from what has been said and suggested if not reproduced in detail by the
thought before them. They should ponder author we are reading, - apart from all this,
the words of the elder Disraeli : “ Whatever is
“ Whatever is there are certain uses of quotation which sel-
felicitously expressed risks being worse ex dom fail to please and of which a brief mention
pressed. It is a wretched taste to be gratified will here suffice. The timely recital of the
with mediocrity when the excellent lies before ipsissima verba of an eager antagonist, when
They need to bear in mind Sir Joshua this can be done in such wise as to refute him
Reynolds's warning to the students of the Royal out of his own mouth, always wins applause.
Academy. What he has to say about origi- So also we relish the unexpected and adroit
nality in painting applies equally well to the use of a writer's or speaker's words to enforce
other arts, and to literature not least of all. an argument quite different from that which
“ Invention is little more than a new combination of the originally strengthened. The skilful in-
those images which have been previously gathered and terweaving of a prose quotation in the lines of
deposited in the memory — nothing can come of noth-
one's verse, so as to make the borrowed phrase
ing; he who has laid up no materials can produce no
combinations. Those who attempt production without
or sentence fall into metre and rhyme with the
such previous knowledge are always anticipated, and rest, is another amusing device; while the em-
differ only in eccentricities. The more extensive, there-ployment of a line of poetry to lend dignity
fore, your acquaintance is with the works of those who and elevation to one's prose, is an expedient of
have excelled, the more extensive will be your powers
of invention; and, what may appear still more a para-
every-day adoption. Finally, the desire to give
dox, the more original will be your conception."
utterance to sentiments that we secretly cherish,
“ Let the sticklers for originality," writes an
but sbrink from heartily and openly avowing,
affords still another use for quotation. Behind
anonymous commentator on this lecture, " the
the friendly shelter of inverted commas, we in-
devotees of the new in
any
of its
preposterous
shapes, ponder these often-quoted words; and dulge in satire with Pope and in cynicism with
La Rochefoucauld. Somewhat akin to this
let us that have free souls and unwrung withers
hold firmly by that allusive and quoting babit practice is the putting into the mouth of an
to which is due so much of excellence in the imaginary character such products of one's wit
verse of Virgil, Milton, and Tennyson, in the impressive, or less the expression of his own
or fancy as an author wishes to make more
prose of Addison, Burton, and Montaigne."
The natural relation between a quotable style in the first person.
mind, than he imagines they would be if uttered
and a fondness for quoting has often been noted.
Here seems to apply the Golden Rule: quote broader application, we would say in conclu-
Understanding the word “classical” in its
others if you would have others quote you. sion, as Johnson said to Wilkes when the latter
Emerson, Thoreau, Lowell, all of them utterers
of ". stamped sentences,” are generous quoters. expressed his opinion that the habit of quoting
was a mark of pedantry,— “No, sir, it is a
Their neighbor and contemporary, Hawthorne,
very rarely quotes and is still more rarely | Classical quotation is the parole of literary men
good thing; there is a community of mind in it.
quoted. His pages, free from borrowed gems
all over the world.”
and offering none to the would-be borrower,
PERCY F. BICKNELL.


288
[May 1,
THE DIAL
conscious, the frankness with which the book is written
The New Books.
may add to whatever value it bas; but while I am alive
it would, I think, be out of taste to address the public
as though it consisted of personal friends.”
THE SPENCER AUTOBIOGRAPHY.*
These words indicate what is perhaps the most
After several delays and postponements, the characteristic feature of the book. Frankness
autobiography of Herbert Spencer has at last is in it everywhere apparent, carried some-
made its appearance, and the reader's appetite, times almost to the point of naïveté ; the wish
already whetted by the fragments that the pub of the writer to be absolutely honest, both
lishers have previously allowed to escape from with others and with himself, is noticeable
confinement, is free to indulge itself to the full. throughout, and in this respect the autobiog-
The work is in two volumes, aggregating nearly raphy is more striking than that of Mill, with
thirteen bundred pages, provided with portraits which we naturally compare it, although it has
of the author and of several of his relatives, to-
not the literary grace of that intensely inter-
gether with other illustrations explanatory of esting record.
certain mechanical inventions of his devising. After devoting something like seventy pages
The main body of the work was put into type to his extraction and immediate antecedents,
about fifteen years ago, and of the plates then the author turns to the story of his own early
made a few impressions were taken which “a
years. His childish associations were nearly
select few" of the author's friends were per all of a most serious nature; on the intellec-
mitted to read. A few years later a supple- tual side, they were largely determined by the
mentary chapter was prepared, bringing the nar.
fact that he was descended from a family de-
rative down to 1894. At this date, the author
voted to the profession of teaching, on the
penned a brief preface, of which the following religious side, they might be described as the
is the opening paragraph:
product of Methodist influences mitigated by
« It has seemed to me that a natural history of my Quakerism. We find the boy Herbert much
self would be a useful accompaniment to the books
given to dreams and castle-building, deeply
which it has been the chief occupation of my life to
write. In the following chapters I have attempted
affected by the beauty of nature, with a pro-
to give such a natural history. That I have fully
nounced bent for scientific studies, and an
succeeded is not to be supposed; but perhaps I have suc- equally pronounced aversion to linguistic pur-
ceeded partially. At any rate, one significant truth has
been made clear – that in the genesis of a system of
suits. It is a not insignificant fact that the
thought the emotional nature is a large factor: perhaps
first book read by him of his own accord was
as large a factor as the intellectual nature.”
“Sandford and Merton," which he perused at
With these words we are introduced to a hu-
the age of seven. Of his childish tendency to
man document of extraordinary interest, the
castle-building he says:
intimate record of a great thinker's life. The
“ In early days the habit was such that on going to
bed, it was a source of satisfaction to me to think I
book is the most important of the present year,
should be able to lie for a length of time and dwell on
one of the most important of many years. the fancies which at the time occupied me, and fre-
It was in 1886 that failing health turned quently next morning, on awaking, I was vexed with
Spencer's activities from the more formal work myself because bad gone to sleep before I bad rev-
elled in my imaginations as much as I had intended.
of his life to the less exacting task of autobi-
Often these dreams, becoming literally day-dreams,
ography. He had already set down some mem-
quite filled my consciousness when walking."
oranda for such a purpose, and “ gradually if it is something of a surprise to us to learn
fell into the habit of passing a little time daily of the traits of character already mentioned,
in putting these into shape.” He began with
it is still more startling to be told how the
an account of his early life and education, boy of thirteen rebelled against the restraints
then passed to the record of his later years, of school and the irksomeness of the Latin
and afterwards filled in the gap that had been
grammar to the point of running away and
left between. The reasons why he thought it
tramping more than a hundred miles homeward
best to make the publication of the work post-
with two shillings in his pocket at the start.
humous are thus stated :
This is quite another Herbert Spencer from
• As the work advanced I became conscious that a
constitutional lack of reticence is displayed throughout
the one we have hitherto known, and makes
it, to an extent which renders present publication un-
us hesitate about accepting the poet's claim
desirable. In years to come, when I shall be no longer
that the cbild is father of the man.
AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY. By Herbert Spencer. In two vol-
We recognize more clearly the Spencer of
umes. Illustrated. New York: D. Appleton & Co. our preconception in a remark made concern.


1904 ]
289
THE DIAL
;
ing the first months, spent in London, of his biography has been covered when we reach the
engineering career. It is the boy of eighteen end of these years of varied occupations and
who, during this six months' sojourn in the uncertain aims. Summing them all up, the
capital, “never went to a place of amusement, author finds little to regret in their seeming
nor ever read a novel or other work of light dissipation of energy. They brought him much
literature,” but instead spent his evenings knowledge of nature and of men, they strength.
drawing, calling upon friends, and rambling ened his “ faculty of seizing cardinal truths
about the streets. These engineering years
These engineering years rather than of accumulating detailed informa-
must be passed over briefly. They are more tion." There had been nothing that was aca-
interesting for their extraneous memories and demic in the discipline of these years (" I
reflections than for their professional achieve never passed an examination ; nor could I have
ments. Thus, we note with interest that the passed any such examinations as are commonly
reading of Lyell's “ Geology,” at twenty, only prescribed”), but their discipline had been
strengthened his opposition to the doctrine of the less effective. They had given clear
fixed types for which Lyell then argued, but evidence of both his strength and his limita-
which that geologist was afterwards to be so ef tions. The latter appear plainly enough in
fective in overthrowing. We are also interested what be says of such matters as music, poetry,
to note the restlessness of mind which succes. and philosophy. Although music served him
sively attracted Spencer's attention to subjects as a recreation during much of his life, he
so diverse as phrenology, phonography, and found his ideal of dramatic musical composi-
politics — the latter of these preoccupations tion in Meyerbeer; he listened with slight pleas-
leading to a series of newspaper letters on ure to “ Don Giovanni” and was for the first
“ The Proper Sphere of Government,” a col- time completely satisfied when he heard “ Les
lection of opinions in which his philosophy Huguenots.” In poetry, Shelley first attracted
of “Social Statics” was gradually taking him, and for a time held him strongly, but in
shape. Significant of much in Spencer's later later life bad no power to charm. Wordsworth
development is his reported observation of seemed to him not wine but beer,” and Dante
“how needful analytical intelligence is in "a gorgeous dress ill made up.
dress ill made up.” What he:
cases where a question of right and wrong is thought of Homer is thus expressed :
raised out of the daily routine.” It is indeed
“My feeling was well shown when, some twenty
true, as he goes on to say, that “the moral years ago, I took up a translation of the Iliad' for the
sentiments, however strong they may be, and purpose of studying the superstitions of the early
however rightly they may guide in the ordinary
Greeks, and, after reading some six books, felt what a
task it would be to go on — felt that I would rather
relations of life, need enlightenment where the
give a large sum than read to the end.”
problems are complex.” Of much curious
If he felt thus toward the great poet, he would
interest is also the following passage from a
letter of 1843 :
naturally have small sympathy for the lesser
ones, and concerning them he expresses him-
“I feel more and more determined to write a poem
in a few years hence, and am gradually working out
self in vigorous language.
the plot in my mind and putting down memoranda of “ As for the versifiers and the minor poets, they do
thought and sentiment. The title I intend to be . The little more than help to drown good literature in a
Angel of Truth.' Inclosed I send you a few lines by flood of bad. Tbere is something utterly wearisome
way of specimen of a first attempt. They are supposed in this continually working-up afresh the old materials
to be part of tbe winding-up of a meditation upon the into slightly different forms — talking continually of
state of the world during the Dark Ages."
skies and stars, of seas and streams, of trees and flow-
Still another literary project was “ The Rebel,”
ers, sunset and sunrise, the blowing of breezes and the
singing of birds, etc., now describing these familiar
a drama “exhibiting the failure and disap- things themselves, and now using them in metaphors
pointment of a high-minded hero, consequent that are worn thread bare. The poetry commonly pro-
on the weakness and baseness of those with duced does not bubble up as a spring but is simply
whom he acted.”
pumped up; and pumped-up poetry is not worth reading."
The tentative period of Spencer's life was The conelusion of all this is that “no one
ended when, in 1848, he went to London to should write verse if he can help it”.
join forces with “ The Economist.” From this cellent counsel of admonition. « Let him sup-
time on, he was to devote himself to literary press it if possible; but if it bursts forth in
work in one form or another, and to develop spite of him it may be of value.”
the system of thought with which his name will Spencer's limitations upon the side of æs-
forever be associated. One-third of the auto thetic appreciation are so evident throughout
an ex-


290
[May 1,
THE DIAL
up
his writings as to need no argument. Although significance in the light which it throws upon
be often wrote in dogmatic manner upon such his mental processes. George Eliot once ex-
subjects as poetry and music and literary style, pressed to him her surprise that there should
what he said about them served to make pain. be no lines of thought on his forehead. The
fully apparent the fact that it would have been following bit of dialogue ensued :
better for his reputation had he left them un. I suppose it is because I am never puzzled.'
touched. Much the same thing must be said 0! that's the most arrogant thing I ever heard
of his excursions into the field of philosophy,
uttered.'
• Not at all, when you know what I mean.'”
although this will be taken as a hard saying
by those who are accustomed to think of him
And then Spencer proceeds to explain what he
as one of the greatest of philosophers. But
means :
the contention may safely be rested upon these
“It has never been my way to set before myself a
problem and puzzle out an answer. The conclusions at
words spoken of a really great philosopher :
which I have from time to time arrived, have not been
“I found in Mr. Wilson's house a copy of a transla arrived at as solutions of questions raised: but have been
tion of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason,' at that time, arrived at unawares - each as the ultimate outcome of
I believe, recently published. This I commenced read a body of thoughts which slowly grew from a germ.
ing, but did not go far. The doctrine that Time and Some direct observation, or some fact met with in read-
Space are nothing but' subjective forms, —pertain ex ing, would dwell with me: apparently because I had a
clusively to consciousness and have nothing beyond con sense of its significance. It was not that there arose
sciousness answering to them, -- I rejected at once and a distinct consciousness of its general meaning; but
absolutely ; and having done so, went no further. rather that there was a kind of instinctive interest in
There was, in the first place, the utter incredibility of those facts which have general meanings. ... And
the proposition itself; and then, in the second place, thus, little by little, in unobtrusive ways, without con-
there was the want of confidence in the reasonings of scious intention or appreciable effort, there would grow
anyone who could accept a proposition so incredible. up a coherent and organized theory. Habitually the
Whenever, in later years, I have taken Kant's
process was one of slow, unforced development, often
Critique of Pure Reason,' I have similarly stopped extending over years; and it was, I believe, because the
:short after rejeeting its primary proposition.”
thinking done went on in this gradual, almost spontane-
This, it will be observed, is not the report of a
ous way, without strain, that there was an absence of
those lines of thought which Miss Evans remarked -
yonthful prejudice, but the statement of a ma-
an absence almost as complete thirty years later,
tured and lifelong opinion — if “ opinion " we notwithstanding the amount of thinking done in the
may style this deliberate unwillingness to grap- interval.”
ple with the thought of the most profound This is an extraordinarily illuminating state-
thinker of the modern world. We make these ment, and helps us to understand the organic
remarks, with their accompanying extract, in solidity of the synthetic philosophy, as well as
the interests of exact definition, and not with the fact that its author contrived for over half
the intention of minimizing Spencer's splendid a century to do battle with ill health, and resist
achievement in his own sphere of scientific co-collapse, while at the same time pursuing his
ordination.
intellectual purposes
with moderate but aston-
When the “Social Statics” was produced at ishingly persistent activity.
the age of thirty, Spencer's Lehrjahre were
Before closing this review, we will take occa-
over, and his Wanderjahre as well, except as sion to reproduce, without any special attempt
his physical needs impelled him to seek rest at orderly sequence, a few of the more striking
and recreation in travel. He was no longer and characteristic passages of the autobiog-
driven from pillar to post as the consequence raphy. All students of the history of education
of his engineering and other occupations, and are familiar with Spencer's singularly biassed
had definitely settled down to the life of the view of the relative value of the several educa-
student, the collector of facts, and the synthetic tional disciplines, as well as with the mischief
thinker. From this time on, the record of his that his opinion has wrought in educational
life is essentially an account of the circum. practice. How utterly blind and deaf he was
stances under which his successive works were to the appeal of humanistic culture may be
produced, and an exposition of the manner in shown by quoting these words on the study of
which his fundamental ideas were shaped. the ancient classics :
Space does not permit of our following this “To think that after these thousands of years of
exposition step by step, although a review of civilization, the prevailing belief should still be that
broader scope would find therein one of the
while knowledge of his owo nature, bodily and mental,
and of the world physical and social in wbich he has to
most interesting of tasks. In place of such
live, is of no moment to a man, it is of great moment
detailed analysis, we quote a passage of great that he should master the languages of two extinct


1904.)
291
THE DIAL
peoples and become familiar with their legends, battles, life, as in his earlier life, his nervous system had been
and superstitions, as well as the achievements, mostly overtaxed, for he had frequent twitchings of some
sanguinary, of their mon, and the crimes of their gods ! facial muscles. Another trait of expression I can
Two local groups of facts and fictions, filling a rela recall — there was a certain babitual setting of the
tively minute space in the genesis of a World which is lips, implying, as it seemed to me, a conscious self-
itself but an infinitesimal part of the Universe, 80 occupy restraint. Too stern a discipline in his boy hood, and
students that they leave the World and the Universe perbaps too serious a view of things in his later years,
unstudied ! Had Greece and Rome nover existed, put, I think, an undue check on the display of pleasur-
human life, and the right conduct of it, would have able feelings. I do not remember his laugh; and my
been in their essentials exactly what they now are: impression is that though he appreciated good things he
survival or death, health or disease, prosperity or ad did not laugh heartily."
versity, happiness or misery, would have been just in
We refrain somewhat reluctantly from giving
the same ways determined by the adjustment or non-
adjustment of actions to requirements.”
other illustrations of this sort of portraiture,
“ Had Greece and Rome never existed, human which, if not always just, is at least clear-cut
life, and the right conduct of it (we add the
and impressive.
italics], would have been in their essentials
One more extract, taken from the chapter
exactly what they now are”— in the presence
of “Reflections” appended to the second vol-
of so amazing an expression of Philistinism
ume, must end these illustrative quotations.
As the expression of Spencer's ripest views
as this, we can only gasp for breath, and mar-
vel at the warped view which it indicates, at
upon the fundamental question of religious
its reckless disregard of one of the elementary
beliefs and practices, the following passages
truths of history.
are perhaps the most deeply interesting to be
Among Spencer's many characterizations of
found anywhere in the work. After speak-
his famous contemporaries, those of Ruskin, ing of the way in which “ real creeds contin-
Carlyle, and Mill are particularly interesting ually diverge from nominal creeds, and adapt
When be read “ Modern Painters," he was
themselves to new social and individual re-
delighted to find a critic of art who was dar- quirements, and how “in modern preaching
ing enough to speak unfavorably of Raphael,
theological dogmas are dropping into the back-
but when he opened “The Stones of Venice,"
ground and ethical doctrines coming into the
his delight was transformed into something
foreground,” he goes on to say:
quite different.
“ Thus I have come more and more to look calmly
on forms of religious belief to which I had, in earlier
“My faith in Mr. Ruskin's judgment was at once
days, a pronounced aversion. Holding that they are
destroyed; and thereafter I paid no further attention to
in the main naturally adapted to their respective peo-
his writings than was implied by reading portions quoted
ples and times, it now seems to me well that they
in reviews or elsewhere. These, joined with current
should severally live and work as long as the conditions
statements about his sayings and doings, sufficiently
permit, and, further, that sudden changes of religious
justified the opinion I had formed. Doubtless he has
institutions, or of political institutions, are certain to be
a fine style, writes passages of great eloquence, and
followed by reactions. If it be asked why, thinking
here and there expresses truths; but that one who has
thus, I have persevered in setting forth views at vari-
written and uttered such multitudinous absurdities
ance with current creeds, my reply is the one elsewhere
should bave acquired so great an influence is to me
made:- It is for each to utter that which he sincerely
both surprising and disheartening."
believes to be true, and, adding his unit of influence to
The following remarks about Carlyle are also all other units, leave the results to work themselves
of much interest :
out. . . . Thus religious creeds, which in one way or
“ He has, strange to say, been classed as a philos-
another occupy the sphere that rational interpretation
opher! Considering that he either could not or would
seeks to occupy and fails, and fails the more it seeks, I
not think coherently - never set out from premises and
have come to regard with a sympathy based on com-
reasoned his way to conclusions, but habitually dealt in
munity of need: feeling that dissent from them results
intuitions and dogmatic assertions, he lacked the trait
from inability to accept the solutions offered, joined
with the wish that solutions could be found.”
which, perhaps more than any other, distinguishes the
philosopher properly so called. He lacked also a fur To some such mellowed view as this every
ther trait. Instead of thinking calmly, as the pbilos serious thinker must come, after he has passed
opher above all others does, he thought in a passion.
It would take much seeking to find one whose intellect
through the period of indignant revolt against
was perturbed by emotion in the same degree.”
the absurdities of tradition, and upon this com-
Of Mill, from whom he experienced many acts
mon ground the defenders of the old and the
of kindness, and with whose ideas he was for, apostles of the new gospels may find room for
the most part in sympathy, he gives us this
mutual sympathies and a concerted endeavor to
pen-portrait :
reach the larger truth.
« In manner he was quiet and unassuming. His face
We have passed over many matters without
gave constant evidence of the extent to which in later a word of mention. We should like particu-


292
[May 1,
THE DIAL
larly to speak at length of Spencer's travels original history was so careful a presentation
Italy, Egypt, America, — and of his effort of the war in its various aspects that there was
to set right the distorted view of our public nothing to be added, and no change in the point
concerning the attitude of Englishmen during of view to be made other than that necessitated
and after our Civil War. We should like by addressing a British as well as an American
also to speak of his friendships, of his delight audience, and this more by way of introducing
in social intercourse, and of bis recreations. | little amenities than in any other manner. The
We should like to illustrate the essential good two salient points that constitute Mr. Roose-
humor which he preserved through his years of velt's claim to originality dominate both his-
trial and hardship, and the animation given to tories, - one being that the American frigates
bis pages by the personal anecdote and the ex were larger, heavier, and better ships than those
cellent jesting which he recalls here and there. they met and conquered; the other, that British
The lasting impressions which the autobiog- self-confidence and ensuing lack of guppery-
raphy leaves upon our mind is that, besides practice contributed largely to the British
being the record of a life that was heroic in defeat. But this chapter is open to one objec-
the finest sense, it is also a very human production that would not lie against the author's
tion, and one of the most absolutely honest book above-named.
book above-named. Though not so long, and
books ever written. It is as honest as the occupied largely with sketches of conflicts rather
• Diary” of Pepys and the “ Confessions” of than detailed accounts of them, and though Mr.
Rousseau, and bas the advantage over those Roosevelt himself complains that his space is
works of portraying a nature to which base- limited, the work is repetitious to a degree
ness and pettiness were unknown, a character almost vexatious. It could have been com-
founded upon altruistic feeling and devotion to pressed into two-thirds of its present limits
goodness and truth.
without loss, or -- another way of saying the
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. same thing -- it could have had balf again as
many facts within the same space. One reads,
for example, four variants on the same theme,
as follows:
NAVIES, BRITISH AND AMERICAN.*
During twenty years
in hundreds of single-
With the sixth and seventh volumes of his ship fights, in which the forces engaged on each side
definitive work on “The Royal Navy,” bringing triumphs had been broken by less than half-a-dozen de-
were fairly equal, the monotonous record of Britain's
the story down to the death of Queen Victoria,
Sir Wm. Laird Clowes completes his history, eat British captains, in single-ship contests, bad not
the amount of material having made it neces been accustomed to weigh too nicely the odds against
sary to add another volume to the original plan. them; and in the twenty years during which they had
Interest for Americans will largely centre in
overcome the navies of every maritime power in Europe
the chapter on
“ The War with the United they had repeatedly conquered in single fight when the
odds against them had been far heavier” (page 37).
States, 1812–1815,” since this chapter was
“During the preceding twenty years, the traditions
contributed by Mr. Theodore Roosevelt, having of the British Navy had taught him [Captain Garden,
been written in 1897, while he was one of the of the Macedonian] that it was possible to win against
police commissioners of New York City. It is
such odds. This had been proved scores of times in
with this chapter that the sixth volume opens,
single fight” (page 47).
so that it takes precedence chronologically as
“ Time and again, moreover, the British had won
against odds as great, or greater, in single fight "
well as in point of interest.
(page 61).
Those familiar with Mr. Roosevelt's account “ The countrymen of each combatant tried, on the
of “The Naval War of 1812," written fifteen one side, to enhance the glory of the victory by mini-
years before, will look for some more mature
mising this difference in force, and, on the other, to
statements and added facts. Mr. Clowes, in his
explain away the defeat by exaggerating it” (page 27).
“ The victors, the greater to enhance their glory,
preface, speaks of the newer work as attacking sought to minimise the difference of force in their
“the subject from the more purely critical favour ; the vanquished, to extenuate their de-
side.” But the actuality seems to be that the feats, attributed them entirely to the difference in force,
and enormously exaggerated this" (page 59).
*THE ROYAL Navy. A History from the Earliest Times
to the Present. By Wm. Laird Clowes, assisted by many In general, it is to be said of this, as of sev-
others. Volumes VI. and VII. Illustrated. Boston: Little,
eral other chapters in the two volumes under
Brown, & Co.
THE NEW AMERICAN NAVY. By John D. Long. In two
consideration, that in the desire to be accurate
volumes. Illustrated. New York: The Outlook Co. the author has sacrificed interest, seldom vivi.


1904.)
293
THE DIAL
a
fying bis accounts by the legitimate use of The seventh volume is differentiated from
imagination.
its predecessors by the appearance of the “Sir”
The second chapter, the forty-second of the
before Mr. Clowes's name, in sign of the knight-
work, is by Sir Clements R. Markham, G.C.B., hood conferred upon him in 1902 as a recogni-
President of the Royal Geographical Society, tion of the value of the present work. This is
and is concerned with peace rather than war,
the most readable of all the volumes, by reason
dealing with the voyages and discoveries from of its contemporaneousness, and is noteworthy
1803 to 1815; while the forty-fifth chapter in this country as showing the incidents in
carries the same tale on to the year
1856. The which men of the British and American Davies
intervening chapters are by Mr. Clowes, one fought side by side, as in the battle of the Peiho
dealing with the civil and the other with the Forts in November, 1859, when Commodore
military history of the Royal Navy from 1816 Tattnall gave utterance to the remark, daily
to 1856, as in the volumes immediately pre gaining in significance, “ Blood is thicker than
vious. The greatest destruction of human life water"; the landing of American sailors and
was during the bombardment of the city of marines after the bombardment of Alexandria
Acre by the British, Austrians, and Turks, in in July, 1882, and the march to Peking during
November, 1840, which is thus described : the Boxer outbreak. The panic that seized the
“The Allies had midshipmen at their mast-heads to
British in the first-named incident, as recorded
direct and correct the aim, and, whenever the smoke by Mr. Maclay, is not mentioned by Sir Will-
grew too thick, desisted for a short time. Yet the bom iam Clowes in the narrative; and several omis-
bardment went on with very little relaxation for nearly sions of the sort do not enter into his consider-
three hours. A most frightful explosion then flung half
the town into the air, and shook every ship to her keel,
ation, as is usual in history.
the concussion knocking down the seamen at their guns
The volume is divided into three chapters,
half a mile away. The grand magazine had blown up, two by Sir William on the civil and military
killing, it is believed, upwards of 1200 people, and ab- history of the Royal Navy respectively, and
solutely wrecking a space of about 60,000 square yards.
one on voyages and discoveries since 1857, by
This awful catastrophe sounded the fate of the town.”
Sir Clements R. Markham. The civil history,
Wars almost forgotten fill the pages, and since it includes all that has made war-sbips
place is found for the exploits of Cochrane and modern in the way of heavy guns, rapid-fire
Brook, reminders of two most romantic lives. guns, and the armor to withstand them, is
Arctic explorations cut no small figure; while most informing in spite of its necessary tech-
the civil history concerns itself with the intro- nicalities. Nothing is said concerning the ves-
duction of steam, proving anew the conservat sels like the “ Alabama," built in England for
ism of constituted authorities when confronted the Confederate States; nor is the debt to
with radical changes in method. The most Ericsson and other American inventors of the
Civil War period acknowledged. The chap-
Crimea; and the statement recently made, that ter on voyages and discoveries does not con.
Japan finds a precedent for attacking the Rus- tain any accounts of the laying of the Atlantic
sian squadron at Port Arthur before the dec cable, as might be supposed, but it appears
laration of war in the course of Russia toward briefly in the military history, and the Ameri-
Turkey at the outbreak of the Crimean war in can initiative there is not mentioned. The
1853, is effectually disproved. The Sultan part of Great Britain in deposing William
made his formal declaration on October 4 of Walker, "last of the filibusters,” is set forth;
that year; the battle of Sinope, in which Rus- and there was in general, at this time, an in-
sia completely destroyed the squadron of Osman terference in the affairs of the Spanish-
Pasha, was not fought until November 30, and American republics that would hardly be
then Osman fired the first gun in response to tolerated to-day.
the Russian demand for his surrender. It is Many entertaining anecdotes of older days
true that England, France, Prussia, and Austria diversify the pages of the work, but the deep-
were restraining the Turks from attacking, and est impression conveyed is that of the police
had lost them a material advantage on land ; service performed by the British navy through-
but Russia was in no way restrained, and was out the world for the benefit of civilization
clearly within the limits of international law and commerce. There is no dearth of criti-
in preventing Osman from supplying the Turk cism anywhere in the book, from Mr. Roose-
ish troops in Asia Minor, as he had intended velt's strictures on Jefferson and Madison,
doing.
and occasional dabs at the Federalists of their
important of the wars treated is that of the ci


294
[May 1,
THE DIAL
proved.
day as well, to comments on the failure of praise and lack of discriminating criticism,
British Daval authorities to awaken to modern the book is not a valuable one; nor does its
needs interspersed through Sir William author's official access to papers not at the com-
Clowes's narrative.
mand of the public seem to have been of much
service to him. The generally received opinion
All this forms a marked contrast to the that Mr. Roosevelt, while assistant secretary
work on “The New American Navy,” by Mr. of the navy under Mr. Long, was responsible
John D. Long, formerly secretary of our navy,
for the shipment to Admiral Dewey of the
who has nothing but praise for all that has munitions of war which made the victory at
been done by Americans in the way of build Manila possible, is rather elaborately dis-
ing war-ships, and of their conduct during the
Take it all in all, “ The New Amer-
recent war with Spain. Two officers of our ican Navy” is a book that could only be written
navy, and two only, fall under Mr. Long's by an American who believes that his country-
displeasure ; and the value of the criticism in men can do no wrong unless they chance to
these cases may be best judged if we state at disagree with him personally.
once that these officers are the victors of the
WALLACE RICE.
battles of Manila Bay and of Santiago de Cuba.
Rear-Admiral (then Commodore) Schley, for
the way in which the “ Brooklyn " was man-
aged, and Admiral Dewey for approving of
AN EPITOME OF MODERN GERMANY.
his management, fall under the displeasure of With the death of Herman Grimm there
the former head of the naval department. The passed from his enviable place in the life of
effect is perhaps not what was intended. Berlin a man, who, as Professor Francke had
The late Rear-Admiral Sampson upon more well observed, was “the most eminent advo
than one occasion was compelled to disobey the cate of æsthetic culture, the principal, if not
orders of the Board of Strategy during the sole, upholder of the classic tradition of Wei-
war with Spain; but there is nothing but mar and Jena.” In the 419 compact pages
praise for that body, and its mistakes are not
of the autobiography of Sebastian Hensel,
even hinted at. The late Rear-Admiral Samp the only child of Fanny Mendelssohn, we bave,
son is believed on good authority to have been as its title indicates, “an epitome of Germany's
more instrumental than any single officer in
years of schooling,” the period in which a nation
our navy in preventing the introduction of
ceased to be chiefly the land of poets and
smokeless powder before the war. But this philosophers, in order to become an aggressive
striking lack of modern equipment on the part leader in commerce, manufactures, military
of Mr. Long and his subordinates is not ex.
affairs, and wealth — passing from “ the glory
plained, except in so far as he says that that was Greece" to the grandeur that was
experiments had been in progress for some Rome.”
time previous to the war with smokeless pow Hensel was born into the celebrated Men.
der. But the only statement made regarding delssohn family, that line distinguished by
the failure of our ships to be provided with it Lessing's friend, the philosopher Moses Men-
is contained in a single sentence, “Smokeless delssohn, by that broad-minded financier and
powder was introduced into the American navy
generous citizen, Abraham Mendelssohn-
during the war with Spain.”
Bartholdy, and chiefly by those heaven-gifted
There is a somewhat disingenuous excuse children of the latter, Fanny and Felix, not
given, in another place, to the effect that there to mention other relatives, connections, and
was not enough smokeless powder in the coun-
associates which made the palatial home in the
try to equip all the guns of all the ships, there Leipzigerstrasse the attractive place of resort
fore it was thought best to equip only a few for all manner of conspicuous talents in the
ships. As a matter of fact, the only war-ships days of the capital's greatest intellectual and
of the United States that were equipped with
æsthetic brilliancy- the centre of a culture
smokeless powder during the hostilities of which was as strong and sane and full-orbed
1898 were those bought from Great Britain,
as it was high and delicate and refined.
-smokeless powder and all, — the navy depart-
* SEBASTIAN HENSEL. Ein Lebensbild aus Deutschlands
ment under Secretary Long fitting out none
Lehrjahren. Mit einem Vorwort von Prof. Paul Hensel.
of them. As a result of this indiscriminate Berlin: B. Behr's Verlag.


1904.)
295
THE DIAL
Fanny Mendelssohn married the painter, ground of high culture. In tendency it is
Professor Wilhelm Hensel. Sebastian, their democratic and political, given to comment
only child, developed in an atmosphere which upon the larger bistory of the times, delight-
well-nigh predestinated him to the purely æs fully familiar, stocked with a fund of good
thetic life, and his own mental gifts were by stories, and, above all, up-to-date. If, at
no means discreditable to the circle to which times, it may jar romantic souls by its tone of
he belonged. As a matter of fact his days superiority toward the alluring world of dreams,
were spent in large practical concerns: the its insistence upon reality and its impatience
management of an extensive landed property of mummery make it good reading for our
in eastern Prussia, the office of secretary of a day. However practical its author may be
great building association which lent its share in business, he inherits a full stock of the in.
in creating the splendors of “new Berlin," flexible Prussian sense of honor, which stands
and, particularly, in the very successful direc out in refreshing contrast to the “ graft” of
tion of the luxurious Kaiserhof, the first cos Vienna, with which the author was forced to
mopolitan hotel in the German capital. Those come in contact in his business ventures. In-
who have enjoyed the grateful comforts of the cidentally, the most refreshing thing in the
Café Bauer, at the intersection of Berlin's book is the account of stubborn opposition on
chief promenades, will be interested to learn the part of the Berlin authorities to giving a
here that it was Hensel who first caused this “ concession ” to a great corporation which
institution to migrate from Vienna.
might lead to a monopoly of the food-supply
Apart from any final tendencies in this book, of the capital. Hensel satirizes their provin-
it is a keen delight to come into closest asso cialism, but there is nothing finer than the
ciation with so uniformly gifted and animated watch-dog pertinacity with which they stood
a group as that in which Hensel always moved.
on guard to prevent any exploiting of the
He surely was baptized with a liberal handful
common peoples' necessities of life. After
of the water of the Spree, for he was clever an unusually wide outlook upon the greater
from the cradle - a Berliner Kind through world the author comes to the final conclusion:
and through. To such a person a sprightly “The life of a land-holder whose activities are
style comes as naturally as breathing to other carried on upon a large scale still seems to me
people: stabbing wit, mordant satire, corrosive the most enviable which can be imagined, ex-
sarcasm, jeux d'esprit, crisp daring phrases cept, perhaps, that of a gifted artist.”
which verge upon slang, but fly straight to the The book is so full of interest that it is use-
mark, a continuous crackle of sparkling ori- less to attempt to pick out particular features ;
ginality — sometimes more stout than delicate it is printed on good paper and in clear, honest
these features are alive in every page of the Roman letters, though with a culpable array
book. There were always excellent women in of minor errors. Despite the fact that many
this society, as the world has already come to of the most significant figures of the nine-
know in Hensel's splendid “Life of the Men teenth century appear at close range, there is
delssohn Family,” which, now in its eleventh unfortunately (as too often is the case with
edition, has become a classic. Like Hensel's German books) no index.
autobiography, it was at first intended merely Hensel's autobiography would more than
as a family. book for the children and imme- justify a first-rate English translation. In our
diate connections. Both books have passed “new education ” we have many conditions
on from private uses to become the common which could gain light from these ample ex-
property of cultured humanity everywhere. periences. Although some of us are still old-
The present work is, in fact, a continuation fashioned enough to hold, first of all, to
of the “Life,” which came to an abrupt end Romantic values, to
with the death of Fanny Mendelssohn (Hen-
“ The light tbat never was on sea or land,
sel) in 1847. Besides opening a fuller view The consecration and the poet's dream
of admirable people we had come to know in
as the supreme Guide of Life, we can all be
the “Life," it carries the history further, es-
profited by this intimate story of a high-
pecially in the new letters of Rebecca Men.
minded man who was most successful in deal-
delssohn (wife of the great mathematician
Dirichlet), addressed to her nephew. The book ing with the modern world of affairs.
is a modern criticism of life against a back-
JAMĖS TAFT HATFIELD.


296
[May 1,
THE DIAL
would wish to see an index supplied, and it
CARISTIANITY VERSUS DOGMA.*
would be better to print the notes, which now
The late Auguste Sabatier, having pub constitute an appendix, as footnotes to the
lished in 1897 bis “ Outlines of a Philosophy pages where they belong.
of Religion based upon Philosophy and His.
Putting aside such minor criticisms as we
tory," planned as a sequel a work devoted to the
have offered, we have nothing but praise for
history of the Roman Catholic and Protestant the book. The present reviewer is not one of
dogmas, in which an attempt would be made to
those who can pretend to estimate the accuracy
distinguish the genuine elements of the Chris-
of the historical data given, but it may be said
tian faith, and separate them from the errors
that not only was M. Sabatier a student of the
which had accumulated under the guise of first rank, but his conclusions, as regards their
Christianity. This work was completed in main and essential outlines, do not differ from
the rough at the end of 1900; and Madame
those already reached by others who had used
Sabatier in a prefatory note thus describes the
rational historical methods. It is not probable
author's feeling regarding it :
that the author wished the work to be regarded
“On December 2, 1900, my husband joyfully called as a contribution to historical research, so
me to bim, saying, 'I have put the last period to my
much as an interpretation of the known facts
book.' And while I was congratulating him, he added:
• Now I shall let it rest during our journey to Egypt of history, in the light of our knowledge of
and Palestine. It will take me three months to revise the human mind. It is precisely by this ap-
it on our return, but I shall not modify its form, for I plication of psychology to history that the
have said that which I desire to say. If accident be-
latter is transformed from a dry record of real
falls me during the journey remember this: my book
must come out whatever happens. There it lies,' he
or supposed events to a living reality, vitally
continued, turning to his desk; “you will give it to
connected with the life we live to-day.
Ménégoz and Roberty, who will both willingly revise The discussion of the conflict between
it; but it must appear!' He repeated the words with
Christianity and Dogma may be approached
emphasis, separating each syllable to show that this was
his well-considered determination."
in two different ways. To admit that there is
a conflict is to condemn the latter, since the
Although M. Sabatier had long been out of
health, and evidently was aware of his slender validity of the dogmas discussed depends upon
hold on life, he did not cease to press forward,
their assumed Christian authority. M. Saba-
tier says in his preface: “ Two systems of theol-
and when urged to rest would say, “I have
work planned out for two hundred years." He
ogy still confront one another: the theology
died in the midst of his labors, as a warrior
of authority and the theology of experience,"
and it is evident from the first which he re-
in battle, and did not even make that journey gards as truly Christian. The work is that
to Palestine which he had looked forward to as
of a man who has found in the religion of
the crown of his toil.
Christ that which directly appeals to the
Under these circumstances, those who had
to see the book through the press naturally from external authority is not only no support,
human mind, — to which the support derived
hesitated to make alterations ; “with pious re-
but a hindrance. Dogma is thus condemned
spect they have hardly touched the form of
this work, preferring to leave some repetitions discussion, that in which the actual historical
a priori, as it were, and the second method of
rather than risk weakening the thought, and
facts are considered, seems in a measure un-
not daring to undertake the work of condensa-
necessary.
tion which its author would have performed.”
It thus results that the book is unnecessarily
If Christ was in no sense the founder of a
long for the matter it contains, and many of
new body of dogma, what did he do? M. Saba-
tier does not leave us in doubt.
the statements in it are repeated in different
places in a manner rather discouraging to the
"The essential characteristic of the gospel of Christ,
reader. While it was entirely right to publish and moral development of humanity, is that it has made
that by which it marks a new epoch in the religious
it so, it is probable that a condensed edition, things that were formerly essential and of principal im-
prepared by one of the author's disciples at portance — priesthood, rite, exterior law – to be acces-
the University of Paris, would find an appre-
sories; and on the other hand has raised those which
ciative public. In such a new edition, one
were formerly derived and subordinate — heart piety
and relations with God — to be things of final and cap-
* RELIGIONS OF AUTHORITY AND THE RELIGION OF THE ital importance, the very essence of religion. Thus the
SPIRIT. By Auguste Sabatier; translated by Louise Seymour religious world has been reversed; all its relations have
Houghton. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co.
been inverted because its centre of gravity has been dis-


1904.]
297
THE DIAL
placed. Never in all human history was there a more antism stood for freedom long.denied. The
radical revolution and change ” (p. 296).
sinister band, however, had not lost its cunning,
Jesus promised his disciples the help and guidance
of the spirit of God, in all circumstances, for all their
and protestantism itself became bound by the
needs, and in all that they should have to do or to suffer, dogma of the infallibility of the Biblical text
but in no sense to contribute a new scriptural code to a dogma more absurd and less easy to
which Christians would thenceforth be forever enslaved. defend than that of papal supremacy. In mod.
How, then, came it to pass that the Church learned to
distrust the Master's promise, and hastens to build up
ern times this also has been undermined, and
again that which be destroyed – the absolute authority
M. Sabatier sees the dawn of a new era in
of the so-called divine letter?” (p. 299).
which Christ shall come to bis own.
May it
The explanation is this: when new thoughts, indeed be so, but it will not be without a strug-
laws, or customs appear to conquer the world, gle, nor will Christianity ever maintain itself
they do but engraft themselves on those which as a passive thing. Custom may pass into
previously existed. New blood introduced into habit, instincts may be formed, but the life of
a race may profoundly modify it, but it does the Spirit is always life, the golden rim on
not summarily banish that which is old. The the edge of consciousness, the point of contact
time of Christ was a time of religious unrest, with the beyond. Herein, indeed, lies the
and as to-day, people were seeking something assurance of the reality and permanence of
to replace the faith which was rapidly failing our being.
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
them. The Christian gospel, a veritable spir-
itual communion, exalted the subjective side
of human personality, and made the value of
external things seem as nothing to the worth
A PREACHER OF THE LARGER HOPE.*
of the human soul. Not all were citizens of
It is wholly fitting that a year of reverential
Rome, but all who chose might be children of silence should have followed the death of a
God, -nay, all were so, if they would but
man like Dean Farrar, and that the first voice
acknowledge it. It is not difficult to see how
to break the silence with the story of his life
this doctrine, based on the most essential char-
should be that of his son. Mr. Reginald
acters of the human mind, interpreted far and
Farrar's task has not grown less difficult, how-
wide by so great a master of thought and ever, with the lapse of months, for delay has
language as Paul, should have gained accept whetted expectation. Now that the authorita-
ance. The phenomenon was, after all, none tive life is published, many of us will doubtless
other than a part of that struggle for freedom feel that we had come to expect too much of it.
which has convulsed peoples from the earliest That it should take rank in the first class of
dawn of history, and will do so yet again. biographies was scarcely reasonable to hope,
Thus understood, it takes its place as one of since it was written by a man who makes no
the upward steps of mankind, a real advance claim to literary genius, and whose very near-
of incalculable importance, but not unchecked
ness to his subject precludes the rendering of
by that sinister band which always bars the
ultimate judgments. Moreover he himself has
way.
As a matter of fact, the old paganism, cherished no ambitious designs, but has “ aimed
supposed to be destroyed, was bound to have
at producing rather a memoir of such length
its revenge, and it took it in full measure. as should be within the compass of the general
Christianity, so-called, became an officially reader than a complete and exhaustive bio-
governed institution; the spirit was denied to graphy.” That his work is ideal so far as it
those who were not in authority; God was ne
goes, no one will hesitate to admit. But there
more approachable than some haughty em-
may perbaps remain even among “general
peror. Not only was the purpose of Christ
readers”
some who will be unwilling to forego
defeated, but the very name of the Master was
their larger expectations for the author's mod.
applied to that which he had set aside.
est purpose, and who will feel that in this case,
the gospel of Christ therefore a dead letter?
in wbich material was so abundant and so in.
By no means. It held its own in the recesses
teresting, two volumes would have been better
of the people's hearts, like a defeated but not
than one.
conquered people in the fastnesses of their
In order to correct the necessary limitations
mountains. Every now and then it surged for-
of one person's view, Mr. Farrar bas“ adopted
ward, often to be condemned as heresy. Even-
* THE LIFE OF FREDERICK WILLIAM FARRAR. By his
tually it gained a remarkable success in the
Son, Regioald A. Farrar. Illustrated. New York: Thomas
reformation initiated by Luther, and protest Y. Crowell & Co.
Was


298
[May 1,
THE DIAL
the method of inviting friends and colleagues paint the portrait of my father as he lived, not
who were associated with his father at different ignoring the fact that his work was often the
periods of his life to contribute reminiscences subject of criticism, but writing throughout, as
of those periods.” Instead of leading to the a son must needs write of such a father, in a
maddening confusion in which this method spirit of loving reverence.”
often results, the multiple-narrative is so skil. Many apparent omissions in the book are
fully managed as to add a wealth of vivid per due to the author's unwillingness to trespass
sonal interest to the story. No one could have on ground that his father had covered in his
told the history of Frederick Farrar's days at own writings. The chapter which one natur-
King's College so delightfully as his fellow. ally expects to find on Dean Farrar's friends,
student Edwin Arnold, who naïvely confesses for instance,
for instance, - a chapter which would have
that Farrar usually took first prize and Arnold been of especial interest to Americans, since
“proxime accessit,” except that sometimes the great churchman bad many warm personal
when the contests were theological the order friends in this country, — is lacking, because it
was reversed !. Of the young master's early would have repeated much of what is contained
struggles at Marlborough, when the college in “Men I Have Known.” : Wisely enough,
was new and “ all things lay in doubt,” one of however, a condensed statement of his religious
his pupils writes :
belief is quoted from “ Eternal Hope,” so that
• F. W. F. came to Marlborough like an apparition exact knowledge of his right to the title
a flame of fire — kindling enthusiasm for all that was “preacher of the larger hope" may be in pos-
noble and chivalrous. No one ever was so young as he session of all readers of his biography.
was in those days, and I suppose he was then twenty-
One feels in closing the volume that the
three or twenty-four; but the marvel was, how he knew
such a lot and associated himself with us little fellows, as
letters quoted in it though too many for artistic
if we could minister to his happiness. . . . He played foot effect, are of great significance nevertheless as
ball (Rugby) like a madman, running amuck with his showing how generously the world responds to
eyes shut, and got awfully mauled, laetissima pulvere a life like Dean Farrar's. The picture left
farra, as some fellows said, much to his delight."
on one's mind, though so variously composed,
Another pupil tells how, in his fifteen busy is clear and satisfying, and does justice, we
years of teaching at Harrow, “his exuberance
are glad to feel, to a man who, besides being
of rhetoric, though in latter years it offended a great teacher, writer, and preacher, was one
adult audiences, awed and fascinated boys, and of “the saints elect, whom all hearts confess."
his solemn yet glowing appeals for righteous-
MAY ESTELLE COOK.
ness and purity and moral courage left perma-
nent dints on our hearts, and — what is less
usual — on our lives." Friends, assistants,
and various members of his family tell the more
BOOKS ABOUT ITALY.*
familiar story of his life as Canon of West-
Whoever adds another book to the already long
minster and Dean of Canterbury, celebrating list of works on Italy or Italian Art - perennially
with loving particularity the countless activities fascinating themes — should have good reason to
and deeds of friendliness which made him one offer for doing so.
Either he should have some
of the most influential men of the century. new material, or some new way of looking at the
Glimpses of his childhood, of his boyish days old. Two books on the Italian Renaissance, one a
of privation and rigorous discipline at King translation from the French, the other from the
William's College, Isle of Man, -- where the German, justify their introduction to English read-
absence of cheap literature saved him “from
ers by reason of their respective individualities in
becoming the debauchee of shoddy fiction” and point of view. Dealing with almost precisely the
gave him time to develop his literary bent by *ROME AND THE RENAISSANCE. The Pontificate of
Julius II. From the French of Julian Klaczko. Translated
committing to memory long passages of the
by John Dennie. Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam's
English poets, — and of his undergraduate life
at Oxford, are quoted from his own stories THE ART OF THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE. A Handbook
for Students and Travellers. From the German of Heinrich
of “ Eric,” “St. Winifred's,” and “Julian
Wölfflin. With Prefatory Note by Sir Walter Armstrong.
Home," which are to some extent autobiograph. Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
ical. Whenever the author himself becomes FLORENCE, her History and Art to the Fall of the Re-
the narrator, he is straightforward and effec-
public. By Francis A. Hyett, B.A. Illustrated. New York:
E. P. Dutton & Co.
tive, fulfilling the ideal which he sets himself
THE BOOK OF ITALIAN TRAVEL (1580–1900). By B,
when he says: “I have tried impartially to Neville Maugham. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
Sons.
-


1904.]
299
THE DIAL
same period -- the early years of the sixteenth Another highly picturesque chapter is the one
century-in treatment and purpose they are yet so called “A Family Sanctuary (1505-1508)," namely,
entirely different that there is room for both. The the Church of Santa Maria del Popolo. Not only
distinguishing characteristic of the French work is do we learn how it came to be the favorite and
its picturesqueness. The familiar facts are grouped domestic sanctuary of the Rovere family, but also
round some central point, — as a picture, a church, how it marks a memorable date and an important
a phrase from some old document, — in a way to phase in the history of sepulchral monuments in
create a vivid impression which will not soon escape general. “The medieval conception of a bier and
the
memory, the whole effect being like a series of the dead figure lying upon it, - a severe and
elear-cut silhouettes. Under the title “Rome and stately theme which had so long inspired the Pisani,
the Renaissance," the author sets his boundaries of the Cosmati, the admirable Tuscan sculptors of the
place to one city alone, his boundaries of time to Quattrocento, — was now embodied for the last
the pontificate of Jalius II. (1503-1513). A study time in this church by Andrea Sansovino, and with
of the Renaissance apart from the city of Florence excess of emphasis in the tombs of Sforza and of
might seem at first thought like the play of Hamlet Girolamo Basso.” The translation of this work has
without the character; but considering the embar been done admirably by John Dennie, and fifty-two
rassment of riches here, elimination becomes a wise full-page illustrations have been well chosen to en-
policy. Michelangelo busy in the Sistine Chapel, force the argument of the text.
Raphael in the Vatican Stanze, Bramante in the The German work, “ The Art of the Italian
Vatican Belvedere and at the new St. Peters, the Renaissance,” is by Professor Heinrich Wö'filin of
belligerent but art-loving old man in the pontifical Berlin University. He considers the word Renais-
chair planning and directing all, - these are figures sance as covering the first twenty-five years of the
large enough and absorbing enough to warrant our sixteenth century, and says that in all the history of
ignoring for the time being some no less great or Italian art there is no more obscure period than this
even greater work elsewhere. The writer who can which we call its golden age. The task which he
sopplement wise powers of elimination by equally sets himself is the forever tempting but forever im-
wise powers of classification travels on the right possible one of seeking the sources of artistic crea-
road and attains success in the presentation of his tion, of revealing the inner sanctuary of the artistic
theme, - 28 in the present case. A good illas-mind in the act of composition. In a prefatory
tration of the author's method may be gained from note, Sir Walter Armstrong, Director of the Na-
his opening chapter, in which we are introduced to tional Gallery at Dublin, says: “Anyone reading
the future Pope Julius II. The chapter is called Herr Wolfiin carefully may fairly assume that he
“Melozzo's Fresco," — meaning the large picture is following the workings of Raphael's mind as
called “Sixtus IV., Founder of the Vatican Li. he built up things like the Disputa, the School of
brary,” familiar to all who have visited the Picture Athens and the Madonna di San Sisto.”
Gallery of the Vatican and to many others through the learned German, or anyone, could ever do any.
photographs. Probably we have thought of it less thing like this, that would indeed be something to
in its historical significance than as a monumental win eternal fame and gratitude! But perhaps he is
work of Umbrian art. Our author
вауы
of it: as successful as the nature of the case allows; and
"This fresco by Melozzo da Forli is a great page of history, in chapters on Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo,
as well as a great page of painting. It helps us marvellously Raphael, Fra Bartolommeo, and Andrea del Sarto,
to understand those Popes of the Renaissance, with all their
qualities and their faults, their political rather than religious
their technical methods of producing desired effects
turn of mind, their humanist predilections, their passion for
are discussed with no small amount of discrimina-
building and beautifying the city of Rome, their nepotism. tion and insight. These chapters occupy
about two-
In the haughty old man seated there, nothing recalls the thirds of the volume; but they are, after all, less
Francesco della Rovere of earlier days, the humble monk
of the Order of the Minor Brethren, born of obscure parentage
valuable than the remaining third devoted to “ The
in Ligurian Savona. Ho sits like a king, in a splendid hall,
New Feeling,” “The New Beauty,” and “The New
surrounded by high dignitaries of Church and State, all very Pictorial Form.” The generalizations on these sub-
young, - all, furthermore, his nearest kinsmon. His profile jects are enforced by parallel illustrations showing
is singularly clearout, and singularly hard, also, as is not un-
the variance of treatment of the same theme as
suited to the all too clearly proven accomplice of the Pazzi."
presented by the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries
Each one of the six characters four of them
“ nephews" ”-is in turn made the subject of an his-
respectively. The New Feeling in art was nothing
torical sketch, ending with Giuliano della Rovere, dignity. Men developed a feeling for the impor-
less than a new conception of human greatness and
now thirty-one years of age, and for the last six
tant, the solemn, the grandiose, in comparison with
years Cardinal of San Pietro in Vincoli.
which the fifteenth century must have appeared
“It is upon this figure that Melozzo has concentrated all
awkward and timid. There was also a tendency to
the vigor of his brush, with a presentiment, it would seem,
of the great place that history was to give to his subject.
weaken the expression of emotion. For example, -
What energy in the face, already so deeply marked by am “In the Scene of the Annunciation, Mary no longer
bition! What fire in the glance! And, withal, a certain the girl gazing in joyful alarm at the unexpected visitor, as
veiled sadness, and that unsatisfied look which comes to the Filippo, Baldovinetti, or Lorenzo di Credi painted her, por
elect of desting when their star too long delays its coming." the modest maiden casting her eyes down like a candidate for
If only


300
[May 1,
THE DIAL
confirmation; but, absolutely composed, with a royal bearing, History and Art.” The confusing conditions be-
she roceives the angel like a fashionable lady who is not to tween Blacks and Whites, the ups and downs of
be taken by surprise. . . . Art is no longer middle class,
the Guelphs and Ghibellines, the peculiar powers
but aristocratic. Only important events were considered
worthy of notice. In the stories of the Quattrocentists there
of the Trade Guilds, the prerogatives of the un-
are a number of homely, idyllic touches, which have little to titled Medici, seem to have a new import when we
do with the real theme, but delight the modern spectator see how closely allied these political experiments
with their simplicity. ... The interest of the later historical
were with a great literature and a many-sided art.
picture was concentrated entirely on the actual event. This
entailed a rigorous condensation of the diffuse elements hith-
The period of the Republic (1200-1530) coincides
erto introduced in Lives of the Virgin and kindred subjects. very nearly with the period of greatest artistic
: . Reality was the first thought of the fifteenth century, development, and the book concerns itself mainly
whether the result was or was not beautiful. The sixteenth
century banished the stereotyped forms whenever they were
with the story of these three centuries. The diffi.
unlovely. The Magdalen is the frail beauty and not the ema-
culties of epitomizing two such stupendous themes
ciated penitent, and the Baptist takes on the strong virile must have been great, but they have been overcome
beauty of a man who has grown ap in wind and weather,
triumphantly. The space given to Art and Litera-
without a trace of privation or asceticism. The youthful St.
ture is about a fourth of the nearly six hundred
John again, is depicted as the model of a perfectly beautiful
boy, and in this form became a favorite figure of the epoch."
pages; their consideration is confessedly paren-
Ideals of beauty themselves underwent a change.
thetical, and dependent upon the generally accepted
authorities, such as Raskin, Symonds, C. Č. Perkins,
“The taste of the early Renaissance inclined to undevel-
oped forms, and slim, agile figures. The angular grace and
Crowe and Cavalcaselle, Morelli, Berenson, and
the salient outlines of youth had a greater charm than the others. Indeed, if there is any fault to be found
rounded abundance of womanhood or the ripe strength of with this book it is that the foot-notes are almost
manhood. The girl-angels of Botticelli and Filippino, with
their sharp joints and lean arms, represent the ideal of youth: quite evident that the author is fully competent for
irritating in their abundance, especially when it is
ful beauty. The sixteenth century had a different standard.
Its gallery of beauty contains none but mature types,
independent investigation and vigorous statement
e.g., the Donna Velata, the Dorothea at Berlin, the Forna when he attempts it. The following, concerning
rina of the Tribuna, the magnificent female figure by Andrea
Architecture, will serve as an example:
del Sarto at Madrid, etc. Taste reverted to the fully devel.
oped woman."
“In Florence, Renaissance Architecture was born, and in
Florence the disease which put an end to its existence was
Under the title “ The New Pictorial Form” the
contracted. Brunelleschi was its parent, and Michelangelo
author attempts to grasp and expound the various (more than any single man) was its destroyer. ... In the
components which make up the idea of a rich and
San Lorenzo Sacristy and the Laurentian Library he sowed
the seeds which blossomed into the barocco."
mature style, — repose, space, mass, size, simplifica-
tion, lucidity, enrichment, unity, and inevitability. Also this, after tracing the downfall of Renaissance
An undertaking of such difficulty on the part of the
Art in painting :
writer naturally is not entirely easy on the part of
“These painters, by a study of antique forms, merely
caught a trick of expression, and their works have only the
the reader. Yet it is service for gratitude, since it
same kind of merit that is to be found in a good parody. Of
is one so seldom rendered. It goes beyond where this trick they were inordinately proud and made a great
most histories of art end. In the author's own parade. The pedantry of Art in its Post-Raphaelite days had
words, near the conclusion,-
more to do with its overthrow than its secularization, and for
this neither Paganism nor Naturalism can be held responsible.
“There is a conception of the history of Art which sees in
Nevertheless, pedantry was but a secondary cause. The pri-
Art merely a 'translation of life'into pictorial language, and
mary cause of the decadence of Renaissance Art in Italy was
tries to make every style comprehensible as an expression of
that Christianity and Paganism had both become shams."
the prevalent spirit of the time. Would anyone deny that
this is a profitable way of looking at the question ? Yet it
About the time that the great artistic work of
only leads to a certain fixed point, one might almost say only Italy was practically completed, travellers from the
as far as the point where art begins. Anyone who restricts north of Europe began to visit the country and to
himself to the subject-matter in works of art will be satisfied
with it; but as soon as he wishes to estimate things by artistic
record their impressions. But Englishmen, even
standards, he is compelled to deal with formal elements which
the most cultured, lacked the ability to discuss art
are in themselves inexpressive, and belong to a development at all at the time Vasari's “ Lives were written,
of a purely optical kind."
and even much later. The northern sight-seers
It is a pity that 80 suggestive a book should not were at first instructed by the inhabitants; but they
have had a more careful proofreading of the text, soon began to compare, to classify. We travel
and that the hundred illustrations, well-chosen in now with their accumulated experience; but many
themselves, are so badly executed that they do appreciations wbich are easy to us now are the
painfully scant justice to the great originals. results of years of inquiry. It is worth while,
A single-volume History of Florence in En. therefore, to trace the growth of this mathetic
glish, combining in one narrative both her political evolution. In a work called “ The Book of Italian
and her artistic evolution, is something which has Travel” we bave a symposium of traveller's re-
long been desired. Each story has been told sepa ports expressing their delight when fresh from
rately very often and with much elaboration. But
one of the unique experiences of life. Poets and
there has been no English work showing them as dramatists from the time of Chaucer had used
parts of one whole, until the publication of Mr. Italian books as a mine of romantic material, but
Francis A. Hyett's work entitled “ Florence, her this was a different matter, and the real succession


1904.]
301
THE DIAL
of literary travellers began with Coryatt, whose
Fanny Burney
In one of the beautiful valleys of
“Crudities” was the result of a journey to Venice and her friends Surrey, England, stands an interest-
in 1608. From that time on, selected descrip- of Juniper Hall. ing old house whose name, Juniper
tions and appreciations embracing such names Hall, furnishes the title for Miss Constance Hill's ac-
as Montaigne, Evelyn, Addison, Goethe, Shelley, count of the group of French refugees that gathered
Dickens, Taine, Symonds, and many others, show within its walls after the fall of Louis XVI., and of
how each and all have felt toward this “ woman. their relations with Fanny Burney and her friends.
country," and how their common thought has been One of this group was Alexander d'Arblay, to whom
the one so quaintly expressed by James Howell Miss Burney was afterwards married. This mar-
(1641): “She bath been always accounted the riage and its early fortunes gradually become the
Nurse of Policy, Learning, Musique, Architecture, principal theme of the book, which includes sev.
and Limning, with other perfections which she dis eral unpublished letters written by the author of
penseth to the rest of Europe."
“Evelina," by her father, and by Edmund Burke.
ANNA BENNESON MCMAHAN. At Juniper Hall lived for a time M. de Narbonne,
Rome, April, 1904.
who as minister of Louis XVI. bad urged the war
against Austria in the hope that the King would
gain popularity and strength enough as leader in
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
a national struggle to overawe and punish the
Jacobing. Another member of the group was the
Madame Waddington is not the
A second
young Mathieu de Montmorency, whose generous
only diplomat’s wife who can write
Abigail Adams.
illusions must have paled a little since the day in
good letters from abroad. Another
the Constituent Assembly when he had argued that
countrywoman of ours sent home, at an earlier
date, almost as interesting sketches of persons and
in drawing up a declaration of rights the French
enjoyed an advantage over the Americans, for they
things in Europe. We refer to Mrs. George Ban-
“could more boldly invoke reason and allow it to
croft's “ Letters from England” (Scribner) during speak a language more unalloyed.”. Among the
her husband's ministry there (1846-49). She saw
visitors at the house were Mme. de Staël and
everything with American eyes, commenting and
Talleyrand, and also the Duke de la Rochefoucauld-
contrasting, always with generous appreciation and
Liancourt, who shortly afterwards travelled exten.
with a laudable desire to profit by her splendid sively in America and filled eight stately volumes
social opportunities, but still retaining the old long with his observations.
with his observations. At a little cottage near by
ing for home ways and home people. In this
lived Mme. de Broglie, the daughter-in-law of old
respect she reminds one of her famous predecessor
Marshall de Broglie, the commander of the army
at the same court, the first American minister's
around Versailles and Paris just before the July
wife, Abigail Adams, — true-hearted New-England uprising. It is the interchange of politenesses be-
women both. We have, in these letters to Mrs.
tween these persons and their Eoglish friends that
Bancroft's sons and other near relatives, the ex.
Miss Hill pleasantly describes, with little effort to
pected references to people of note whom she met;
draw in clear outline any personage save perbaps
and it is to be regretted that these references are
Fanny Burney herself. The story gains its main
not oftener expanded into pen-portraits, or even into interest from the fame of the cbaracters, but also to
some sort of flasb-light characterization. But a din.
some degree from its glimpses of English country
ner at Macready’s does give us a glimpse of Carlyle, life in the eighteenth century. The references to
" who talked all dinner-time in his broad Scotch, in
the Revolution in the earlier pages belong to the
the most inimitable way. He is full of wit, and polite English legend of what the French did. The
happened to get upon James I., upon which topic publisher, Mr. John Lane, has given the volume a
he was superb.” Emerson joins pleasantly, for a handsome setting, and the pages are enriched with
few pages, in this endless round of dining and
several excellent portraits in photogravure and nu-
breakfasting and other social functions. It was
merous pen-drawings.
Mrs. Bancroft who introduced him to the circle at
Rogers's breakfast-table. A whole evening at Rydal
Since no critical work attempting
Mount with Mr. and Mrs. Wordsworth contributes,
A sculptor of
“ to determine the position and cbar-
to our disappointment, not one word about host or
acter of Donatello's art in relation
hostess. But the letter was penned in haste, as to that of his contemporaries and successors” bas
indeed all those in the book seem to have been, to heretofore appeared in English, the new book by
judge by the frequent omissions of words, which Lord Balcarros, with fifty-eight illustrations, (im-
have in most cases been supplied in brackets, and ported by Charles Scribner's Sons), will be wel-
also by the occasional blanks left for illegible comed by those interested in Renaissance sculpture.
scrawls. Oar compensation for faults of omission Except for a few introductory and concluding par-
and of commission must be in the assurance that agraphs, Lord Balcarres presents Donatello's person-
the writer had no thought of future publication. ality only as it is revealed in his works; and these
Twenty-two portraits and views of “Bracebridge are for the most part criticised singly and in chro-
Hall” and Holland House accompany the text. nological order. As Donatello has been called “the
the Renaissance.


302
[May 1,
THE DIAL
master of those who know," it is to be expected that gests the trend of modern industry, whose char-
this latest tribute to him should proceed from one acteristics in general, as Mr. Booth Bay8,
do not
of the knowing. The pages teem with references differ greatly from those prevailing in London.
to works of all schools and lands, and the writer has He employs a double method of inquiry: he at-
seen the original of nearly every existing piece of tempts to ascertain, first, how people live; and,
sculpture, architecture, and painting that he men second, how they work. After a general survey of
tions. Yet, in spite of his evident erudition, he as the situation, he divides the whole population of
signs little space to debated questions of date and London according to its occupations, and applies
authenticity, and seems constantly aware that both the statistics already given to each industrial sec-
his subject and his readers are human. Thus he is tion. His classification is elaborate, — dealing first
in harmony with the spirit of Donatello, who cared with the age, sex, and social conditions of the peo-
primarily not for abstractions, but for life as he saw ple engaged in a group of trades, and then in more
it in roguish children, in calm and majestic citizens detail with those in each separate trade. After
of middle age, and in gnarled and bald old men, four volumes of statistics, Mr. Booth makes a
In his discussion of Donatello's sense of dista ace, number of comparisons between the various trade
Lord Balcarres compares his work with that of sections, as to apparent poverty, earnings, social
classic sculptors, and calls our attention to the mean conditions, etc., and then draws some conclusions
ingless summit of the Trajan column, to the lack of on the subjects of employment, trade-unionism,
variation in the reliefs of different altitudes upon wages, and industrial remedies. He recognizes,
Roman arches, and to the Parthenon Frieze, which, as the characteristics of modern industry, “ The
when in position, “was only visible at a most acute speculative forestalling of wants, a great com-
angle and in a most unfavorable light,” so that the plexity of operation, and increased responsibility
“skill of Phidias was never fully revealed until its of management.” In his chapter on trade-unions,
home had been changed from Athens to Blooms he does not attempt definitely to fix the relations
bury.” The protruding forehead of Zeus and the between capital and labor, but says: “There is
deep-set eyes of the Vatican Medusa are merely neither fixity nor finality in industrial relationships,
“accidents or else coincidences.” We are told, too, and there are no sharply dividing lines.”_His
that “Donatello was certainly no realist in the sense conclusions are interesting and suggestive. “There
that an ideal was excluded, nor could he have been is no single panacea,” he says, “no philosopher's
led by realism into servile imitation or the multipli- stone by which economists or statesmen can touch
cation of realities"; that he “took the lead among the surging life of London, even with the glint of
those who founded their art upon the observation an age of gold. It is indeed not this or that par-
of nature.” However, his "love of nature was lim ticular remedy that is the most essential need, but
ited to the human aspect," so that he “could only rather a vital movement; not laws or regulations,
make cut flowers and withered fruit." His drapery, but the creation of a quiet determination on the
hands, grouping, technique, relation to Gothic art, part of men and women, rich and poor alike, to do
and sense of light and shade and of proportion, are their individual sbare."
all treated in detail. It seems perhaps irrelevant
to notice typographical mistakes, to wish that the The Japanese
As we are slowly and somewhat un-
book were divided into chapters, or to wonder why physical training. that the Japanese have a civilization
method of willingly coming into consciousness
we are nowhere given Donatello's full name. Our
writer uses few superlatives, yet as we read his fully comparable with our own, notably in that
descriptions of statues, busts, medallions, singing- final boast of Christendom, the art of making war,
galleries, doors, fonts, tombs, and pulpits, we catch
we are coming more and more to study Japanese
something of bis enthusiasm. Donatello was mas-
methods, in the belief that possibly there is more
ter of low relief; his Martelli shield presents the
to be learned from them than we have to teach
most satisfactory of griffins, his Gattamelata is one
their inventors. This is illustrated by two books
of the world's two greatest equestrian statues, and
written by Mr. H. Irving Hancock, “Japanese Phys-
his St. George is too perfect to challenge competi- ical Training” and “ Physical Training for Women
tion. Surely it is well that we have so careful and by Japanese Methods” (Patnam). In both the old
comprehensive a presentation of this versatile, fas- jiu-jitsu exercises of the samurai, the fendal re-
cinating, and robust sculptor.
tainers of the ancien régime, are set forth with
just enough explicitness of detail to awaken curi-
Life and labor The second series of " The Life and osity and stimulate the inventive American mind
of the people Labor of the People of London ” to experimentation. The two books are differen-
of London.
(Macmillan), written by Mr. Charles tiated by prescribing a specific series of gymnastic
Booth with the assistance of several of his 2880 and calisthenic exercises for women, looking toward
ciates, deals with the large subject of Industry. complete bodily development, while those for men
As the work comprises five volumes of three hun are suggestive rather than descriptive. Jiu-jutsu
dred pages each, and the style is yet concise, it is a complete regimen for obtaining and maintain-
provides its readers with a very extensive view of ing health and strength. A dietary of the simplest
London's industrial conditions. Further, it sug sort is prescribed, which includes the daily absorp-


1904.]
303
THE DIAL
and studies.
-
in his relations
tion of a gallon of water - a procedure in complete est. The questions are hardly more than formulated
opposition to all conceptions of Western trainers. here; but they are so stated, with all the arguments
With no apparatus except a strong bamboo wand, pro and con regarding them, that the reader who
which is used only in a limited number of cases, the approaches them with a receptive spirit leaves them
subject is then developed symmetrically with a view better prepared to form judgments concerning them,
to injuring others without being injured himself, to recognize their proportional values and their re-
there being no restriction in the means to be em lations to one another, and to enter, properly qual-
ployed to either end. Hair may be pulled, bones ified, upon the special study that appeals to him.
broken, and spines put out of commission with a Professor Shaler's writings have that rare quality
celerity and freedom that indicates one reason why that not only brings applause, but influences to ac-
the Japanese are so uniformly polite to one another tion; and the young man whose citizenship is not
- it would hardly be profitable to be rude to a per yet old enough to be commonplace must be phleg-
80n who is able to dislocate one's neck without matic indeed who is not led by them to rebel actively
warning It is to be said that Mr. Hancock does against some of the ills that mar our system of life,
not prescribe all the methods by which death can education, and politics.
be inflicted in this glorification of the “rough-and-
tumble fight" of Christian lands, holding a certain
In a dainty little volume called
Japanese tales
reserve that is rather stimulating to the imagina-
“ Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of
tion, and forcing a reconsideration of the restric-
Strange Things" (Houghton, Mifflin
tions Christians place apon hand-to-hand conflicts
& Co.), Mr. Lafcadio Hearn presents some mat-
restrictions, be it noted, as unknown to the ath-
ters of real interest, and others of little moment,
letes of classical times as to the samurai.
but all told in his exquisite English, and embel-
lished with two graceful drawings by a Japanese
There never was a time when 80
The individual
artist. “Weird Tales” appears to be the meaning
much was written about the various
of the book's main title, and they are mostly from
to society.
problems that concern the life of the
old Japanese sources, retold apparently, without a
individual, the history of the race, the relationship too literal adherence to the original, but with
between man and his fellows, and between man and enough native words retained to color the narra-
the state. Yet perhaps there never was a time when tive, and sometimes to puzzle the reader. Some of
it was 80 hard for a person of limited time to ac the stories have, for the thoughtful, a deeper mean-
quire, through reading, a general knowledge of these ing, as the tale “Of a Mirror and a Bell” and
questions. The trouble lies in the over-specialization “ The Dream of Akinosuke.” Others, as “ Mu-
of subject: the biological aspect is treated, not in
jina,”
.” “ A Dead Secret,” and “Osbidori,” are too
one book, but in a great series of books; the his- slight and pointless to make a very perceptible im-
torical aspect in another series, the political in a
pression. The last three chapters, “Insect Stud-
third, the educational in a fourth, and so on through ies,” treat of butterflies, mosquitoes, and ants, and
a long list, until it is almost impossible for a begin- | introduce matter that is in the sharpest contrast,
ner to make more than a chance choice of aspects.
not to say discord, with that which precedes. From
It is safe to say that, with the probable exception Japanese folklore to Spencerian philosophy is a
of Mr. C. Hanford Henderson's “ Education and the
bold leap. One suspects that the author has raked
Larger Life,” which treats the philosophical rather his desk-drawer nearly clean to furnish forth this
than the practical side, there has been no attempt slender booklet, which, be it further noted, in-
at a correlation of all the great questions, before the dulges in a prodigal display of unprinted paper.
publication of Prof. Nathaniel S. Shaler's study of A genial word from the author in closing: referring
the individual and the government entitled “The to Dr. Howard's method of exterminating mosqui-
Citizen ” (A. S. Barnes & Co.). The book is, in a toes, and to the swarms of these insects generated
way, a sequel to the author's work on “ The Indi in Buddhist cemeteries, where each grave is kept
vidual,” which, by its simplicity, its convincing logic, religiously supplied with a vessel of water to quench
and its sane philosophy of life, won its way to a the departed one's thirst, Mr. Hearn speaks a word
remarkable popularity a few years ago. The pres for the mosquitoes (supposed to be reincarnations
ent work has all the qualities that recommended of human souls) and for himself, when he says, “I
the previous one, and adds that of definiteness in
want to have my chance of being reborn in some
the treatment of questions that apply directly to the bamboo cup, or mizutamé, whence I might issue
daily life of every American citizen. In a space of softly, singing my thin and pungent song, to bite
only three hundred pages it is of course impossible
some people I know.”
to discuss fully a series of questions that includes the
origin of mankind, the beginnings of government,
6 William Penn, in every aspect of
William Penn,
the share of the average man in the state, party and the founding character and in every relation of
allegiance, origin and distribution of wealth, educa- of Pennsylvania. life, was a good man.
It is, we
tion, public health, universal suffrage, the negro think, equally apparent that he was a great man.
question, imperialism, the American spirit, and a Sometimes he was a great statesman; at other
dozen other topics of no less importance and inter times he was a great Quaker; but he never was


304
[May 1,
THE DIAL
both at the same time.” Such are the conclusions dulness makes them all too easy marks for Eliza-
of Mr. A. C. Buell, in his “Life of William Penn" betli's gentle ridicule. As to the adventures, they
(Appleton). The volume differs from the usual are ingenious and amusing but overdrawn, in.
biography of an American colonist in taking into clined to farce, while the garden scenes were pure
consideration the contemporary events in England. comedy. So we hope that next summer there may
In this aspect the work is very praiseworthy, and be no drought in the garden, — for it was drought
might well be imitated by other biographies. The that drove Elizabeth to seek the fresh fields and
lives of Penn have heretofore been either Quaker cooling waters of Rügen.
or anti-Quaker. This author, perhaps unintention-
ally, is unlikely to please those who eulogize the
Students of zoology in American
An epitome
Friends. He considers the Quakers in England as
colleges and universities have been
of Zoology.
6. a harmless people who did not disturb the peace
largely dependent upon English edi.
and committed no crime,” being victims to British
tions of German texts, or upon more or less ency-
ecclesiastical tyranny; but he does not conceal his clopædic treatises of foreign origin intended for
contempt for the Quakers in America, for their those who plan to become specialists in the science.
non-resistance inconsistencies, their prejudices, and An epitomized treatment of the subject, suitable
their illiberal policies. He deplores the loss of the for those who dip into the science as a means of
Swedes to Delaware, harried out of the land by general culture, and at the same time serviceable as
the restrictive laws of the Quaker Assembly of
an introduction to more extensive later study,
Pennsylvania. The volume is more than a sketch has long been a desideratum. Professor Weysse's
of William Penn, - it is an outline of the found-
“Synoptic Text-book of Zoology” (Macmillan)
ing of Pennsylvania, bringing the narrative down bids fair to meet this need. The work forms a
to the loss of the Penn estates in the Revolution, substantial volume of about 500 pages, and is abun-
fifty-eight years after Penn's death. The style is dantly illustrated with many classic cuts from
somewhat amatearish, frequently descending to pre-
former treatises and a considerable number of new
tended wit, beneath the dignity of historical com figures from drawings and photographs. The birds
position. Many exclamation points are necessary
and mammals are much more acceptably pictured
to express the author's indignation or sarcasm.
than is usual in text-books, thanks to some excel.
Notwithstanding these idiosyncrasies, it is the most lent photographs of the admirable groups in the
readable sketch of Penn that has recently appeared. simplicity and clearness, and the choice of subject-
American Museum. The text is noteworthy for its
Admirers of Elizabeth of the Ger-
matter has been made with care. Considerable
from Elizabeth man garden will agree that she made
attention has been paid to the introduction of illus-
of the Garden.
a grave mistake when she went to
trative data which bear on general biological prob-
Rügen. She should have stayed at home; the gar lems or are of economic or sanitary importance.
den was too charming a background to be lightly The book is also free from the more technical
abandoned, and the Man of Wrath, the flowers,
terminology which only the specialist needs. The
the books, the babies, and the unwelcome guests arrangement of the subject matter is excellent.
were better subjects for meditation than any she
After laying down a few general principles, the
was likely to find on her travels. But having read various animal types are dealt with in detail, and
of the delights of Rügen she set her heart upon the theoretical phases and general problems are
seeing them, and decided incidentally to provide a
discussed in the closing section. The book forms
guide-book to Germany's largest island for the use a clearly presented, well balanced, comprehensive,
of such English and American visitors as might be and accurate epitome of zoology.
tempted thither in her wake. With this end in
view she has included a map in her latest book,
“ The most remarkable of all the
“ The Adventures of Elizabeth in Rügen" (Macmil-
A navigator sensations of aërial navigation
of the air.
lan), has named the chapters geographically, and
is the utterly now sensation of move-
sandwiched occasional bits of useful information ment in an extra dimension," observes M, A.
about roads, inns, and bath-houses into the more per Santos Dumont in his entertaining and most in-
sonal narrative. But it would seem that Elizabeth structive book, “My Air-Ships” (Century Co.).
was not born to be useful. In any case she quickly As the first human being since Icarus who has felt
drops the role of guide, and explains how she was that sensation he is entitled to be heard at length.
driven to give up ber happy holiday in order to act “With respect of combinations of vertical and
as peace-maker between a fantastic, free-thinking horizontal movements, man is absolutely without
young cousin and her elderly and very conservative experience,” he goes on to say ; " therefore, as all
husband, - a part which she plays without the least our sensations of movement are practically in two
success but very entertainingly. Neither of her ben dimensions, it is the extraordinary novelty of aërial
eficiaries is very interesting; the Harvey-Brownes, navigation, that it affords us experiences — not in
who also attach themselves to her ungracious per the fourth dimension, it is true — but in what is
son, are conventional English folk, and the other practically an extra dimension, the third.” This
“bath-guests” stodgy bourgeoise whose insufferable is perhaps the most remarkable statement in a
A new book


1904.]
305
THE DIAL
book that is assuredly the work of a remarkable
NOTES.
personality. There is no doubt that this young
Brazilian has really and practically solved the Some forty heretofore unpublished letters written
problem of a dirigible machine which shall carry by Herbert Spencer to various American friends have
him at will through the air. This marvellous feat
been secured by “ The Independent," and will appear
has been accomplished by the expenditure of much
in early issues of that journal.
money, and more patience, ingenuity, and caution
The Messrs. Scribner send us “ Henry Esmond,” in
than are apparent on the surface, but which the
two volumes, as the latest addition to their “ Kensing-
author sets forth in his narrative with more than
ton” Thackeray. The books are as good to handle and
look at as they are to read.
Anglo-Saxon candor. At the present moment
M. Santos-Dumont has a “stable” of four or five
The new edition of “Bryan's Dictionary of Painters
and Engravers,” published by the Macmillan Co., has
air-ships, all sufficiently practicable as to have the reached its third volume, which takes us through M in
official cognizance of the French military, and he the alphabetical order of topics.
is quite without a rival. He does not believe in
An anthology of selectio from the minor poets of
aëro-planes or other devices that follow the model the Caroline Period has been made by Prof. George
of bats and birds, pointing out that locomotives do Saintsbury, and will be published by the Oxford Claren-
not progress like animals, nor steamships like fish. don Press in two octavo volumes.
The book is illustrated with reproduced photographs Pompeii,” by Herr Richard Engelmann, translated
of the inventor and his various mechanisms. by Mr. Talfourd Ely, is published by the Messrs. Scrib-
ner as the first number of a series of books devoted to
the description of “Famous Art Cities.”
« Life and Death, and Other Legends and Stories,”
BRIEFER MENTION.
by Mr. Henryk Sienkiewicz, is a small volume of brief
sketches translated by Mr. Jeremiah Curtin, and just
Mr. Kenneth Grahame's classic of childhood, “ The published by Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co.
Golden Age," appeared some three or four years ago Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons publish together in a
in a holiday edition, with illustrations by Mr. Maxfield single volume the two works, hitherto separate, of Mr.
Parrish. A happier combination of author and illus Charles S. Newball on “ The Trees of Northeastern
trator could hardly have been hit upon, but it was quite America” and “The Shrubs of Northeastern America.”
evident that the half-tone process employed in repro-
Among recent importations of the A. Wessels Co. is
ducing the pictures did scant justice to the beauty of
a “ Brief History of Old English Porcelain and Its
Mr. Parrish's originals. We are glad to note that the
Manufactories,” by Mr. M. L. Solon, illustrated with
publisher (John Lane) has now brought out a new colored and tinted collotypes, and issued in a limited
edition of the book, with the illustrations reproduced in
edition.
photogravure. The result is a great improvement in
Robert Louis Stevenson's well-known“ Vailima Pray-
every way over the original edition, the volume being
ers” have been issued by Messrs. Charles Scribner's
hardly less charming from the artistic than the literary
standpoint.
Sons in an exquisite little volume, printed at the Mer-
The volumes of the “ Mermaid Series ” of English by Mrs. Stevenson.
rymount Press, and provided with a brief Introduction
dramatists, in their neat new issue, are coming to us
“ A Hundred Years of Warfare, 1689–1789," by
thick and fast. The latest publications are Webster
and Tourneur in one volume, edited by J. A. Symonds;
Mrs. Marguerite Stockman Dickson, is a reading-book
in American history for school children, abundantly
Middleton, in two volumes, edited by Mr. Swinburne;
Massinger, in two volumes, edited by Mr. Arthur
illustrated, and provided with many helpful aids for
Symons; Ford, edited by Mr. Havelock Ellis; Hey. Macmillan Co.
both teachers and pupils. It is a publication of the
wood, edited by Mr. A. Wilson Verity; and Dryden, in
First in the field with a handbook to the St. Louis
two volumes, edited by Mr. George Saintsbury. The
Dryden is a new work, having never before been in-
Exposition are Messrs. Laird & Lee, whose “Guide
cluded in the series. These books are imported by the
and Time-saver " to the Fair has just been issued in a
Messrs. Scribner.
small pocket volume. In addition to descriptive mat-
It is with much satisfaction that we record the pub-
ter regarding the Exposition and the city, there are
lication, by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co., of Volumes
pages for daily memoranda, maps, etc.
XV. to XVII. of their “New International Encyclo-
The latest in the important series of special bibliog-
pædia.” These volumes complete a work of which we
raphies which the Library of Congress is engaged in
” of about three
have frequently had occasion to speak in terms of publishing is a “ Biblioteca Filipina
praise, and we only now add that such use as we have
thousand entries, compiled by Señor T. H. Pardo de
thus far made of it for purposes of reference has more
Tavera of Manila. Introduction and notes are all in
than borne out our first favorable impressions. There
Spanish, which of course is familiar to all who would
is certainly no better work of the kind for general and
find the work of any use.
popular reference now upon the market, and it has the The latest volumes in the Messrs. Appletons' series
additional advantage over all its competitors of being of illustrated reprints are “Mr. Sponge's Sporting
the most strictly up-to-date. It is equally satisfactory Tour,” with Leech's wood-cuts and colored plates, and
from the three standpoints of conciseness, readability, a reproduction of Major's classic edition of “The Com-
and attractiveness of dress and illustration. It comes plete Angler.” The latter volume will be a boon for
near to being an ideal work for the family and the the many who can never hope to possess the original
school.
issue of this beautiful edition.


306
[May 1,
THE DIAL
M. M. Hachette & Cie send us a second edition of M. Garden, The American. George W. Cable. Scribner.
Villetard de Laguérie's illustrated work on “La Coree, Gayety of Life, The. Agnes Repplier. Harper.
Indépendante, Russe, ou Japonaise," a timely publica History by Camera. George F. Parker. Century.
tion in view of the interest which the world is now tak,
House of Commons, Life in the. Henry Norman. Century.
ing in the affairs of the hermit nation.
Indians, Last Race Rally of. C. M. Harvey. World's Work.
Japan, Fifty Years of. Adachi Kinnosuke. Rev. of Reviews.
Matthew Arnold's “ Friendship's Garland,” “ Mixed
Japanese Flower Painting. Charles Holme. Studio.
Essays,” and “ Last Essays" are republished by the Journalism, College of. Joseph Pulitzer, North American.
Macmillan Co. in a popular edition at a reduced price. Korea, the Bone of Contention. H. B. Hulbert. Century.
We do not quite see why just these three volumes Korea, Unhappy. Arthur Judson Brown. Century.
should have been selected for such a republication.
Labor Unions, -Can They Be Destroyed ? World's Work.
“ The Early Story of Israel," by Miss Evelyn L.
“Labrador, the," The Fleet on. Norman Duncan. Harper.
Thomas, is a book for children published by Messrs.
Literary Criticism, Popular. H. W. Horwill, Forum.
London as a Music Centre. North American.
Longmans, Green, & Co. Illustrations from famous
Mississippi Valley, Diplomatic Contest for. F.J.Turner. Atl.
paintings add greatly to the attractiveness of this book,
Moscow, Some Loading Painters of. Studio.
which appears in a series of “Simple Guides to Chris Neutrality, Our System of. John B. Moore. Harper.
tian Knowledge."
Peace, An Augury of. Wayne MacVeagh, No. American.
“ Şmoke,” in one volume, and “ Virgin Soil," in two,
Pension Roll, Qur. R. L. O'Brien. World's Work.
have just been added by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons
Philippine Judiciary, New. L. R. Wilfley. No. American.
Political Parties, Stability of our. World's Work.
to their beautiful subscription edition of Tourguénieff.
There are the usual frontispiece illustrations, and the
Porto Rico, Americanization of. J.B.Osborne. World's Work.
Prejudices, Our. S. MOC. Crothers. Atlantic.
introductory remarks by Miss Hapgood. Nine volumes Roll, Alfred Philippe, French Pastellist. Studio.
of this edition are now at hand.
Ruskin, New Letters of. C. E. Norton. Atlantic.
Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. have just published Russia in the Far East. Count Cassini. North American.
Part III. of Mr. Charles Sprague Sargent's supple-
Russo-Japanese War Field, Climatic Features of. Rev of Revs.
mentary work on “ Trees and Shrubs," illustrative of St. Louis Fair, The. W. F. Saunders. Review of Reviews.
the less known ligneous plants. Twenty-five species
Santo Domingo, Our Problem in. World's Work.
are described and illustrated, eight of them belong. Sculpture Society, A National. W. 0. Partridge. Forum.
School Gardens, New Ideas in. Annie Beard. World Today
ing to the genus Cratægus alone. Other genera are Shakespeare's Hamlet. Theodore Watts-Danton. Harper.
Evonymus, Acer, Lonicera, and Ligustrum, which are Sky, Aesthetics of the. Richard Le Gallienne. Harper.
represented by from two to four species each.
Sorollo, Joaquin, and Spanish Painting of Today. Studio.
Messrs. Ernest Speight and Reginald Horace Wal Soul, Immortality of the. Goldwin Smith. No. American.
pole, of Teignmouth, Devonshire, England, have issued Spencer, Herbert, Reminiscences of. Grant Allen, Forum.
an alluring prospectus of a new series of choice re-
Spiders, Aeronautic. H. C. McCook. Harper.
Tibet, England and Russia in. 0. J. Crosby. No. American.
prints for collectors and book-lovers, to be known as
Togo, Vice-Admiral. Hirata Tatsuo. Review of Reviews.
“ The Saracen's Head Library." The first section of
Torpedoes in War. Hiram Maxim. Review of Reviews.
this enterprise will consist of reproductions of old Tugboats and their Work, Albert B. Paine. Scribner.
works of travel, exploration, and adventure. Each University, From Country School to. World's Work.
book is to be issued in an edition limited to 300 copies, Verona. Arthur Symons. Harper.
finely printed on handmade paper.
Washington, City of. Eltweed Pomeroy. World Today.
Whence and Whither ? C. W. Saleeby. Harper.
Woman's Club, Work of the. Martha White. Atlantic.
Woman in Industry. Flora McD. Thompson. No. American.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
Yellowstone National Park. Arnold Hague. Scribner.
May, 1904.
Acton, Lord, Letters of. James Bryce. North American.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
Advertising, Humors of. Rollin L. Hartt. Atlantic.
Air-Ships, A Builder of Successful. World's Work.
[The following list, containing 132 titles, includes books
American Literature,-Why is it Bourgeois ? No. American. received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
Art, Ethical, and F. Cayley Robinson. C. L. Hind. Studio.
Art Exhibition at St. Louis. H. C. Ives. Rev. of Reviews.
BIOGRAPHY.
Automobile, From Coast to Coast in an. World's Work. An Autobiography. By Herbert Spencer. In 2_vols.,
Book, The Primitive. Henry S. Williams. Harper.
illus. in photogravure, etc., 8vo, gilt tops, unout. D. Ap-
British Poets of Today. Eugene Parsons. World Today. pleton & Co. $5.50 net.
Business, Professional Training for. World's Work.
The Life of John A. Andrew, Governor of Massachu-
Chicago's Significant Election. V. S. Yarros. Rev. of Revs.
setts, 1861-1865. By Henry Greenleaf Pearson. In 2 vols.,
Chinese Question in South Africa. D. Skelton. World Today.
illus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut.
Houghton, Miffin & Co. $5. net.
Cotton, - Making it Pay. U. B. Phillips. World's Work.
Charles II. By Osmund Airy, M.A. New edition; with
Cotton-Growing Association, Work of British. No. American.
photogravure portrait, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 416. Longmans,
Customs, Hide-and-Seek with the. 0. K. Davis. Century. Green, & Co. $2.25 net.
Daguerreotype, Lost Art of the. A. Bogardus. Century. The American Immortals: The Record of Men Who by
Daguerreotype, The Charming. Pauline King. Century. their Achievements Have Created the American Repub-
Educational Supervision, Need of New Basis in. Forum.
lic and Whose Names are Inscribed in the Hall of Fame.
Elgood, George S., Water-Color Drawings of. Studio.
By George Cary Eggleston. With photogravure portraits,
Employer's Fight against Organized Labor. World Today,
large 8vo, uncut, pp. 432. G. P. Putnam's Song. $3 50.
England, "Passive Resistance" in. World Today.
William Butler Yeats, and the Irish Literary Revival. By
Ferns and their Habits. C. E. Waters. World Today.
Horatio Sheafe Krans. With portrait, 16mo, gilt top, un-
cut, pp. 196. "
Fisher, Alexander, and his Work. T. M. Wood. Studio.
Contemporary Men of Letters." McClure,
Phillips & Co. 75 cts. Det.
Fishing with a Worm. Bliss Perry. Atlantic.
Mendelssohn. By Vernon Blackburn. Illus., 24mo, gilt
Flower Gardens, Children's. J. M. Bowles. World's Work.
top, pp. 54. • Bell's Miniature Series of Musicians."
France, The Year in. Alvan F. Sanborn. Atlantic.
Macmillan Co. 50 cts.


THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER.
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JOKAI MOR.
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries No Hungarian writer has achieved a more
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world-wide fame than the novelist who died
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indeed, contemporary Hungarian literature
on application. All communications should be addressed to
means the books of Maurus Jokai and noth.
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. ing else. This is due, of course, to the fact
that his work takes chiefly the form of fiction,
and that our modern habit of novel-reading
makes us turn to all the corners of the civil.
No. 430.
MAY 16, 1904. Vol. XXXVI.
ized world for the gratification of our appetite
for fiction. Although only a comparatively
CONTENTS.
small fraction of Jokai's fiction has been made
accessible to English readers, the number of
JOKAI MOR .
315
translated volumes is still considerable, and
they have sufficed to make the name of their
COMMUNICATION .
317
author widely familiar to English readers.
The Meaning of Democracy. Duane Moury.
It is unfortunate that no systematic effort has
MASSACHUSETTS' WAR GOVERNOR.
Percy
thus far been made to give us the best of Jokai
F. Bicknell .
317
in some uniform shape and in accurate versions.
The translations we have are the work of many
TWO POETIC DRAMAS. William Morton Payne · 319 | hands, and in the majority of cases have been
taken from the German rather than from the
COGENT ESSAYS ON VARIOUS THEMES.
Frederic Austin Ogg.
original — a process of transmutation which
323
no work of literature can bear without losing
AN AMERICAN MAN OF ACTION. W. H. much of its distinctive character. The trans-
Johnson
325 lations, moreover, have too frequently been
mutilated in deference to narrow standards
THE JAPANESE AT CLOSE RANGE. William
of taste or to the demands of commercially-
Elliot Griffis
. 327
minded publishers. Hence it cannot be said
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE. A. K. Rogers . 328
that Jokai has been given an adequate op-
Dewey's Studies in Logical Theory. --Schiller's portunity to impress himself upon our public.
Humanism. -- Metchnikoff's The Nature of Man. Nevertheless, as already remarked, enough has
been done to enable us to form some sort of
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
329
an estimate of his quality, and the showing is
“The Shakespeare of English Prose.” — Venice in
fairly dazzling in point of energy and inven-
the days of its commercial aristocracy. — A new
volume by Sir John Lubbock.
- Memories, per-
tion, and in point of the portrayal of a people
sonal and artistic. — A popular account of Norman-
whose racial instincts are alien to those of the
English national life. -- Essays and plays by an rest of the European world. In point of style
Irish mystic. — A book about business education
and the higher artistry of composition in gen-
and accountancy. — A brief biography of Napoleon.
- Old-time European travels. A New England
eral, it must be confessed that the English
woman of a century ago.
translations afford only negative evidence that
such characteristics are to be found in his
BRIEFER MENTION
333 writing. But then, Dumas had no style worth
mentioning, yet we accept him as one of the
NOTES
334
greater French novelists by virtue of very much
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
335 the same sort of gifts as are so profusely ex.
.
.
.
.
.


316
[May 16,
THE DIAL
bibited by the famous Hungarian who has just situations of a kind that could not be found
died. In fact, it must be admitted that the anywhere else in contemporary Europe. But
latter derived no small share of his inspira- his work can never come as close to our sym-
tion from the example of the man who made pathies as can the work of almost any German,
spectacular romance out of so many episodes or Scandinavian, or French, or Italian writer
in French history, and who was contented to of our time, for the reason of its racial and
produce his effects without any great degree intellectual remoteness from our life.
of sublety,
The element of autobiography is found in a
The first English translation of Jokai of number of Jokai's novels, and is most evident
which we find any record is “ The New Land- in “Eyes Like the Sea,” already mentioned in
lord,” which appeared nearly forty years ago. this connection. This book, which was pub-
Since then, perhaps a score of his novels have lished in 1890, and crowned by the Hungarian
been given to the English-speaking public. Academy as the best novel of the year, is
Among them we may mention "Timar's Two mainly the story of the author's experiences
Worlds," "Pretty Michal,” “Black Diamonds," in the Revolution of 1848. It tells us of his
a story of the coal mines, “ The Green Book,' association with Petöfi in the leadership of
a romance of Russian revolution in 1825, “The that uprising, of his escape from capture, his
Nameless Castle,” with a Napoleonic theme, period of hiding from his pursuers, and his
“A Hungarian Nabob,” picturing Hungarian love for Rosa Laborfalvy, the talented young
life nearly a hundred years ago, “The Poor
"The Poor actress who married him after saving his life
Plutocrats," "Debts of Honor," "The Baron's at this year of peril. This was in 1849, and
Sons,” dealing with the Revolution of 1848, it is interesting to note that exactly fifty years
“Dr. Dumany's Wife," dealing with the later, another actress of tender years became
Franco-Prussian War, “Midst the Wild Car- his second wife, an occurrence which caused
pathians,” “ In Love with the Czarina,” “The much excited comment among his friends, who
Lion of Janina,” a Balkan tale, “ The Day of did not relish the notion of marriage between
Wrath," and " Eyes Like the Sea," which is a chit of a girl and the venerable representa-
a curious mixture of invention and autobiog. tive of modern Hungarian letters.
raphy.
Jokai Mor was an immensely prolific writer,
As a writer of fiction, Jakai was a roman beginning with a play at the age of seventeen,
ticist at heart, although he turned more and and keeping pen in hand for over sixty years.
more to realism as the years went on. As may The novels alone fill hundreds of volumes, and
be seen from the list of titles given above, his besides the novels there are numerous plays,
range was wide, and he devoted himself with
a history of Hungary, and a huge mass of
equal facility to historical and social themes. journalistic and periodical production. He was
He was fond of making a display of special and connected editorially with one periodical or
even technical knowledge, and he flung facts another nearly all his life, the last of the series
about in a reckless fashion suggestive of the being “The Nation,” which he began to edit
custom of Victor Hugo. His construction was in 1894. At about this time the jubilee of
frequently chaotic, and his invention was char- his literary activity was celebrated with much
acterized by a bizarrerie which recalled the ceremony, and was signalized by the publication
manner of the “ Arabian Nights" rather than of a uniform national edition of his works. He
the rational methods of modern fiction. It is served for many years in the lower house of the
to this fantastic opulence of invention, reveal. Hungarian Parliament, and in his later years
ing the barbaric and oriental impulses that still was made a member of the House of Magnates
lurk in the background of the Hungarian con- by imperial favor.
by imperial favor. His nearly eighty years
sciousness, that the powerful appeal which he were filled, in short, with almost every con-
made to his countrymen is largely due, although ceivable kind of honor, and now that he has
of course his lifelong identification with the died in the fulness of time, he has left behind
cause of popular patriotism had also much to do him an enduring reputation in the hearts of
with his influence. To our English-speaking all Hungarians. Even the world at large,
public, these things have a curious intellectual however little it may know of his writings
interest, and little more, and we find our through personal acquaintance with them, must
chief account in those of his works which pict- have some dim sense of the fact that one of the
ure to us so intimately the strange Magyar grand old men of European letters has passed
civilization of modern times, with its types and away,


1904.]
317
THE DIAL
COMMUNICATION.
The New Books.
THE MEANING OF DEMOCRACY.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
I am not quite willing to accept your definition of MASSACHUSETTS' WAR GOVERNOR.*
democracy, as presented in your editorial in THE DIAL
of April 16, as entirely satisfactory. I may, perhaps,
In Mr. Pearson's Life of John A. Andrew
'agree with your contention that democracy does not we have the carefully drawn portrait of an
mean “the popular election of all officers who occupy extremely interesting, forceful, and lovable
important civic posts." But I dissent, utterly, from
the view therein expressed that “it really means the
character, and the detailed account of a most
election of as few officers as possible, and the concen-
noteworthy contribution toward the freeing of
tration in their bands of the largest practicable powers the slave and the triumph of the Union cause
of appointment." Nor can I believe that “ voters in our civil war. In the rather surprising lack
are called upon to elect far too many officers, too many, of
that is, for a general exercise of intelligent judgment.
any previous biography of Andrew approach.
The foregoing quotations are taken from your eding this in fulness, Mr. Pearson's work will be
itorial discussing the elective school board, and are
welcomed as supplying a want and as probably
designed, presumably, to have particular reference to the final and authoritative life of Massachu.
that subject. Nevertheless, the school systems of this setts' famous war governor.
country have become both important and great because,
The opening paragraph of the preface de-
as I insist, of their close and intimate touch with the
masses. If there is one department of our government
clares the impossibility of presenting Andrew
more than another in which all of the people are deeply, fully to the reader, transparent and void of
sincerely, and honestly interested, it is our public school guile though the man's nature is felt to be.
system. And it is the very democratic character of the
Manifestly this is to be taken for granted in
system which admits and encourages that popular in-
terest. Withdraw the active management of our public
any biography. Who can analyze and under-
schools from the masses, and you will have done much stand his own character, not to speak of an-
to affect unfavorably their usefulness and practical value. other's? However, the author appears to have
You also suggest that " Office-seeking is never dig- spared no pains in the ransacking of all sorts
pified and is not often legitimate.” On the contrary,
office-seeking, in a democracy, should be always dig-
of documents that might throw light on his
nified and never illegitimate.' If it is not so, more's subject. “The thirty thousand or more pages'
the pity. I will concede that the methods employed in of Andrew's letters have been read by him, or
getting office are open to strong criticism. But, if the at least this is distinctly implied in the Preface.
“ better element,” so-called, of our citizenship would Old friends of the Governor have been inter-
actively identify itself with public affairs, these repre-
hepsible methods would soon fail of their nefarious
viewed, contemporary prints of all kinds ex-
purposes. Active, intimate, and constant contact with amined, and, in short, nothing seems to have
public affairs, tempered by wisdom and honesty, is, or been neglected that could yield its bit of truth
at least should be, a condition precedent to all living and realism and graphic force to the final re-
under a democratic form of government.
The appointive system is not satisfactory. The
sult of years of faithful labor.
people of this country are demanding its annihilation. Entering thus heartily into his subject, it is
It is both on-democratic and an-American. It does not inevitable that the author should, for the time
make preëminent fitness a qualification for appoint- being, view the world to some extent through
ment. It emphasizes favoritism. It is autocratic, dic-
tatorial, and selfish. The election of a president, of
of his hero. Hence we have, for ex-
the eyes of his hero.
our United States senators, and of our judiciary, are ex-
ample, a presentation of Lincoln which is not
amples of what the people want. And it is not too entirely that of an ardent admirer. In those
much to say that their demands will be met and granted times that tried Northern men's souls, espe-
in the not far distant future.
cially in the year preceding the Emancipation
I should say, keep as many officers within easy reach
of the whole people as possible, eliminating from the
Proclamation, and in the summer following it,
list, perhaps, those of a purely clerical or technical
Andrew's strenuous exertions for the cause
nature. In these latter let merit win as the result of a were not always in harmony with the more
fair and impartial examination. In this way will it be cautious policy of the administration at Wash-
worth while live under a democratic
m of govo ington, and in his vigorous recruiting of volun-
ernment. Then, too, will democracy have a meaning
worth having
DUANE MOWRY.
teers for the field he repeatedly found himself
Milwaukee, Wis., May 7, 1904.
entangled in the red tape of the war depart-
ment. “ Besides doing my proper work,” he
FORTHCOMING additions to the “ American Men of
writes in the darkest hour of the war,
Letters " series will include volumes on Walt Whitman
by Mr. Bliss Perry, on Oliver Wendell Holmes by Rev. * THE LIFE OF JOHN A. ANDREW, Governor of Massa-
Samuel M. Crothers, and on James Russell Lowell by chusetts, 1861–1865. By Henry Greenleaf Pearson. In two
Mr. Ferris Greenslet.
volumes. Illustrated. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
66 I am


318
[May 16,
THE DIAL
And in communi. Andrew's nomination and election were both
sadly but firmly trying to help organize some ning to step out, but designed to publish his
movement, if possible, to save the Prest. from intentions too late for Andrew's friends to
the infamy of ruining his country." Yet when rally around their candidate, and not too late
the trying time was past, as before it bad be for the Banks men to unite upon Henry L.
gun, Andrew was generously disposed to utter Dawes, then in Congress, as his successor on
none but words of praise for Lincoln. “You Beacon Hill. From ex-Governor Claflin Mr.
ask me what Abraham Lincoln is like," he Pearson now learns how the secret leaked out.
said in a speech soon after his return from the
“On Thursday night Governor Banks and William
nominating convention at Chicago. “My eyes Claflin, the chairman of the Republican State Com-
were never visited with the vision of a human mittee, were travelling by boat from New York to
face in which more transparent honesty and
Boston. In the evening their talk of politics was gen-
eral; but the next morning on the train Banks showed
more benignant kindness were combined with
Claflin the draft of the letter which he was to send
more of the intellect and firmness which belong him later in the day. After leaving the train, Claflin
to masculine humanity. I would trust my case went at once to Charles Sumner's house in Hancock
with the honesty and with the intellect and
street, and told his story. "Give me my boots,' ex-
with the heart and with the brain of Abraham
claimed Sumner, starting up. John A. Andrew must
be the next governor of Massachusetts.' Though
Lincoln as a lawyer; and I would trust my Andrew's friends lost no time in getting to work, they
country's cause in the care of Abraham Lin. could afford to stop now and then to denounce to each
coln as its chief magistrate, while the wind
other the trick of the • little joker.'
blows and the water runs."
cating to the legislature the sad news of the by large majorities.
assassination, Andrew spoke eloquently of Of Andrew's many public addresses fre-
“the Man on whom the people hung with quent extracts are given; but, as he relied so
fonder hope and confidence than had ever been largely on the inspiration of the moment and
exercised within the memory of the generation the potent influence of a great audience, his
to which we belong.". Of Lincoln as presi. speeches suffer somewhat from being printed.
dent he added: “We should still be enabled to The force of their impetuous eloquence may,
challenge all human history to produce the it is true, be dimly surmised even as they
name of a ruler more just, unselfish, or unre stand in cold type, and here and there a ring-
sentful."
ing sentence is recognized as one that must
Not the least interesting chapter of the book have evoked tumults of popular applause.
ïs that which sets forth the relations between Thus, in addressing a Methodist camp-meet-
Andrew and one of the most notorious “politi- ing on the island of Martha's Vineyard, he
cal generals ” of the war. Curiously enough thrilled his audience with the often-quoted
it was Andrew himself who launched the irre.
words : “I know not what record of sin
pressible Butler, vehement political opponent awaits me in the other world, but this I know,
though he was, on his remarkable military that I was never mean enough to despise any
career. He was appointed as the fittest of six
man because he was ignorant, or because he
militia brigadiers to the command of the first
was poor,
or because he was black." In
regiments hurried off by the Governor at the estimating Andrew's services to his country -
earliest call from Washington. The way in there is no space here to indicate what he
which he thereafter made himself a thorn in achieved for his state or to name the many
Andrew's side and embroiled him for a while good causes he promoted - we may quote what
with the war department, makes one smile now is said of his heroic exertions in the summer
as at the ingenious and naughty devices of a of 1863.
pert child who laughs at correction. Yet it was “The tide of Northern fortune had ebbed incredibly
plainly no laughing matter for the Governor low; it seemed that it must ebb still lower. The army
at the time.
was shattered in strength and spirit; foreign interven-
The story of Andrew's nomination for the tion appeared certain; there were no fresh troops. By
the force of human wills the tide must be turned; the
governorship has probably never before been
people must be made to enlist, to put into the renewed
so fully told in print as by Mr. Pearson. It
prosecution of the war all their resources of money and
was expected that Governor Banks, who rep life. To help create in his people the will to do this
resented the conservative section of the Repub was Andrew's task. The story of his labors to this end
lican party, would serve another year. He
all through the summer, one day following another with
its crowded confusion of work, is largely the chronicle
however had secretly accepted the presidency of a dull office routine; yet through this toil of body
of the Illinois Central Railroad and was plan. I and of spirit the end he wrought for came to pass."


1904]
319
THE DIAL
The great work he did, too, in raising colored and justly refused him by the man he had so
regiments and in finally securing white man's actively opposed in the past. But the author
pay for the negro soldier, must not be over writes: “We of this day, knowing from the
looked.
course of events the sincerity of Cushing's
Upon closing this engrossing biography the offer, cannot help feeling, perhaps to excess,
reader feels that he has been in the company what seem to be the cruelty and the injustice
of one with whom simple truth was indeed his of Andrew's refusal.” This heart-throb of
utmost skill. Unstudied straightforwardness, commiseration few will share. Cushing was
disregard of the consequences of right conduct, a turncoat, if ever there was one. Some will
generous warm-heartedness, scorn of all mean remember that when Grant, who had found
ness, and, despite his impetuosity, an unnsual him a useful tool, wished to make him chief
staying power in every arduous undertaking,– justice, the timely production of a damaging
these are the qualities that shine resplendent letter from Cushing to Jefferson Davis com-
in John A. Andrew. His capacity for work, pelled the withdrawal of the nomination.
both the larger task of directing others and An especially attractive feature of the book
the more patience-trying personal attention to must receive brief mention. Not a few of that
minute details, was extraordinary. No wonder memorable body of men who held up the Gov-
he broke down at forty-nine. “A warm heart ernor's hands in those trying times are re-
and a cool head” are the attributes ascribed to peatedly introduced. Sumner, Phillips, Howe,
him more than once by the author. A warm Forbes, George L. Stearns, Henry Lee,
heart he certainly had, but his generous im- glimpses of these and many others add interest
pulses often hurried him into courses that to Mr. Pearson's pages. A word of praise, in
appeared unwise to the sober understanding conclusion, should be spoken for the excellent
of his friends. Yet his may have been that apparatus of footnotes and index, and for
higher wisdom of the heart which refuses to the clear portraits and facsimiles interspersed
count the cost.
through the book.
PEROY F. BICKNELL
In a work showing such evidences of thor-
ough preparation and such literary excellence
one is reluctant to search for errors. Never-
theless, dealing as it must with many matters
Two POETIC DRAMAS.*
of party politics, the book cannot expect the
cordial assent of every reader to every sen.
As Dr. Richard Strauss has endeavored to
tence. Henry Wilson is handled not exactly embody a metaphysical system in a symphonic
with gloves in the account of the gubernatorial composition, so Mr. Thomas Hardy has sought
contest of 1854, when “the astute politician," to express a philosophy of history in a closet-
according to Mr. Pearson, “in all probability drama. Both feats are quite impossible of
sold out ” his supporters to the Know-Nothing achievement upon the terms of the arts respec-
party. Wilson's whole career is so at variance tively involved, yet both produce deeply inter-
with such treachery that, though the circum-esting results because of the powerful person-
stances may look suspicious, his admirers must alities which they exhibit. The symphonic
hesitate to convict without more conclusive evi. poem throws little light upon the doctrines of
dence. A statement, too, not strictly accurate
Nietzsche-Zoroaster, but much upon the inner
occurs in the narrative at this point with workings of the composer's mind; the histor-
regard to the party in question. The writer
ical drama likewise adds little to our insight
Dames 1854 as the year when it came myste- into the Napoleonic wars, but does much to
riously upon the scene,” whereas the Know. illuminate the point of view from which its
Nothing movement had made itself manifest author contemplates the significant happenings
two years before, although its first important in the tragi-comedy of human life. It takes
victories were won in 1854. A surprising for its motto the words :
statement is made in reference to that unde " And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong,
niably astute politician and sympathizer with
And trumpets blown for wars."
the Soutb, Caleb Cushing. To save appear * THE DYNASTs. A Drama of the Napoleonie Wars, in
ances, when all loyal men of note in the state Three Parts, Nineteen Acts, and One Hundred and Thirty
were pressing their services on the Governor, Scones. By Thomas Hardy. Part First. New York: The
Macmillan Co.
Cushing joined the procession and applied for
THE FIRE-BRINGER. By William Vanghn Moody. Boston
a military command, which was very naturally | Honghton, Miffin & Co.


320
[May 16,
THE DIAL
It might even better have taken Matthew those others which likewise make use of
super-
Arnold's familiar lines about Heine:
natural machinery, but which use it in such a
« The Spirit of the world,
way as to give at least temporary credence to
Beholding the absurdity of men
the concrete forms in which the outworn re-
Their vaunts, their feats — let a sardonic smile
ligions have shaped forth their envisagement
For one short moment, wander o'er his lips."
of life's inmost meaning.
The word “short” in the quotation would
A great historical period, then, viewed on
hardly be applicable, for Mr. Hardy's porten- the one hand with the eye of the most minute
tous production extends to nineteen acts and
and relentless realism, and on the other seen
one hundred and thirty scenes, but the “sar absolutely sub specie æternitatis, is what Mr.
donic smile” is everywhere in evidence, and Hardy has given us in “The Dynasts,” of
“the spirit of the world " is one of the speak which the first six acts are now published.
ing characters of the drama.
That the eternal aspect of his theme, rather
The mere enumeration of these characters
than the temporal aspect, is what chiefly con-
fills four pages of print, and one of the four
cerns him, is a fact of which we are not per-
is a list of the “phantom intelligences” whomitted to doubt for a moment. He makes this
hover about the scene, and comment upon the perfectly clear in the scene of Napoleon's Cor-
action after the fashion of a Greek chorus.
onation at Milan, where the dumb show of
There is the Ancient Spirit of the Years, the ceremonial becomes the subject of spiritual
Spirit of Pities, the Spirit of Rumour, and
comment after the following fashion:
Spirits Sinister and Ironic, besides the Shade
“ Spirit of the Pities.
of the Earth and a sufficient number of Re-
“ What is the creed that these rich rites disclose?
cording Angels. These ideal shapes are not
Spirit of the Years.
kept mostly outside the main action, as in
“ A local thing called Christianity,
5. Faust,” but mingle with it at every point, Which the wild dramas of this wheeling sphere
and penetrate the scene with their intelligence. Include, with divers others such, in dim,
Their part is so important that we must quote
Pathetical, and brief parentheses;
Beyond whose reach, uninfluenced, unconcerned,
in full the author's explanation of how he came
The systems of the suns go sweeping on
to use them and what he intended should be
With all their many-mortaled planet train
their function in his artistic plan.
In mathematic roll unceasingly.
“ It was thought proper to introduce, as supernatural
Spirit of the Pities.
spectators of the terrestrial drama, certain impersonated “I did not recognize it here, forsooth;
abstractions, or Intelligences, called Spirits. They are Though in its early, lovingkindly days
intended to be taken by the reader for what they may Of gracious purpose it was much to me."
be worth as contrivances of the fancy merely. Their
doctrines are but tentative, and are advanced with little
From this point of view the mightiest figures
eye to a systematized philosophy warranted to lift the in human history shrink to mere manikins, and
burthen of the mystery' of this unintelligible world. the men who have convulsed the world seem
The chief thing hoped for them is that they and their
no more than puppets controlled by a mysteri-
utterances may have dramatic plausibility enough to
ous and inexorable destiny.
procure for them, in the words of Coleridge, that will.
ing suspension of disbelief for the moment which con-
Perhaps three-fourths of the present volume
stitutes poetic faith.' The wide prevalence of the
is in the form of verse blank verse for the
Monistic theory of the Universe forbade, in this twen dialogue of mortals, lyrical measures of vari-
tieth century, the importation of Divine personages
ous forms for the discourse of spirits. But the
from any antique Mythology as ready-made sources or
channels of Causation, even in verse, and excluded the
verse, whatever its form, is such as to defy all
celestial machinery of, say, Paradise Lost,' as peremp-
the conventional canons of poetic diction, being
torily as that of the Iliad' or the Eddas.' And the devoid of grace and melody, and having in
abandonment of the masculine pronoun in allusions to their stead only sheer intellectual weight and
the First or Fundamental Energy seemed a necessary
and logical consequence of the long abandonment by
merciless logic. Two more illustrations may
thinkers of the anthropomorphic conception of the
be given besides those already introduced for
game.”
illustration of the author's thought. Here are
This explanation, which is also a confession of
the words spoken by Pitt upon hearing the
faith (of a lack of faith, some will say, with news of Austerlitz:
too great a readiness to jump at conclusions),
“O God that I should live to see this day!
is absolutely essential to any comprehension of
• Defeated – the Allies — quite overthrown
At Austerlitz - last week.' -- Where's Austerlitz?
the mood or temper in which the drama has
- But what avails it where the place is now;
been wrought; it sets the work apart from What corpse is curious on the longitude


1904.]
321
THE DIAL
these are
And situation of his cemetery! .
An undertaking no less ambitious than that
The Austrians and the Russians overcome,
of Mr. Hardy, and one which, if of less weight
That vast adventuring army is set free
To bend unbindered strength against our shores. . .
as an embodiment of ripened wisdom, is of far
So do my plans through all these plodding years greater weight as an expression of the poetic
Announce them built in vain !.
imagination, is Mr. William Vaughn Moody's
His heel on Europe, monarchies in chains
trilogy on the Promethean theme. Our opin-
To France, I am as though I had not been."
ion of “The Masque of Judgment,” holding it
And here is part of the antiphonal song of the to be one of the most extraordinary produc-
Recording Angels, chanted to "ærial music": tions of recent literature - a poem in so high
“ Feeble-framed dull unresolve, unresourcefulness, a sense that it may be doubted whether its
Sat in the halls of the Kingdom's high Councillors, author has a peer among the younger singers
Whence an untactical torpid despondency
of our race was expressed in these pages
Weighed as with winter the national mind."
Surely such dactyls as these were never shaped Masque of Judgment” was planned as the in.
three years ago. It now appears that “The
before; that they are the utterance of an an-
termediate section of a three-fold drama, of
gelic voice seems to be one of the deepest of
which «The Fire-Bringer,” recently published,
the ironies in the author's whole ironic scheme.
constitutes the first part, and which some as
Clearly this work must be taken on Mr.
Hardy's own terms ; the ordinary terms of yet unnamed and unimaginable work (as far
as the public is concerned) will bring to a con-
literary art would compel its summary rejec-clusion. With two-thirds of this drama already
tion, and it is quite impressive enough to force
in our possession, we trust that no untoward
us to set those terms aside.
The conception of the historical Napoleon tion of a production which offers every promise
and malign fate will deprive us of the comple-
here presented is essentially just. It is that of
of enduring life.
the hero perverted until he has become the
Æschylus, Goethe, and Shelley
“man of mere traditions," that of the leader
the names that any treatment of the Prome-
with whom
“The large potencies
theus myth must bring to mind. Now there
Instilled into his idiosyncrasy
are two ways in which the great names of lit-
To throne fair Liberty in Privilege's room —
erature may be brought to mind. One of
Are taking taint, and sink to common plots them is by the appalling contrast between the
For his own gain.”
work of genius for which they stand and the
The three figures of Napoleon, Nelson, and work of some mediocre modern talent that
Pitt stand out far above the mass of historical seeks their shadow; the other is by the sug-
characters that Mr. Hardy has brought into gestion of an evident kinship that makes it not
his drama. Women hardly appear in the fore- altogether preposterous to speak in the same
ground of the action, and few of them are even breath of the masters and some modern disci.
named in the long list of dramatis persone. ple who has caught bis inspiration from their
The section of the work now published may teaching. We have no notion of discovering
be summed up historically with the five words a new Æschylus, or Goethe, or Shelley, in Mr.
Milan, Boulogne, Ulm, Trafalgar, and Auster- | Moody, but we make bold to say that he has,
litz. The Peninsular War will be the central greatly daring, dealt so worthily with their
theme of the second section, with Jena and famous theme that we may not fairly charge
Wagram for subjects of secondary interest. him with raghness; that he has, to use a figure
Moscow, Elba, and Waterloo will be the cap- naturally suggested by that theme, filehed some
ital headings of the third and concluding sec spark of fire from their heaven for our use.
tion, followed by an epilogue in a Wessex “ The Fire-Bringer" opens upon a world
village, and an “after scene
” in “ the over-
made desolate by the wrath of Zeus. The
world,” to match the “ fore scene" with which floods have swept over it, destroying the race
the work is opened. The programme which of men, save only the few rescued by Deuka.
gives us this outline ends with a note to the ef. lion's ark. The stone men and women sprung
fect that the remaining sections are “in hand,” from the big seed " cast by Deukalion and
although their publication is not guaranteed." Pyrrha have indeed in a way repeopled the
We trust that they may see the light. So gran- world, but they are stolid figures, unawakened
diose a plan, conceived by so forceful and dis to the life of the spirit, and groping about over
tinguished a writer, could not suffer frustration an earth made dark by the cloud-pall that still
without the world's being left the poorer. overhangs it, and made dismal by the ooze


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[May 16,
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and slime left by the “ black ebb” of the her appearance is eagerly awaited. Then fol-
waters. Prometheus has in vain ranged the lows this supremely beautiful scene:
world in search of a spark of fice, and has
“ A Man's Voice.
even scaled the heavens only to be baffled « Take heed there to the lad where be bath risen
in his quest. But his soul is still indomitable, His height upon the altar! And the maid
and the love and faith of Pandora bring to
Is risen. Look to them!
him a gleam of cheer and strengthen his high
Pyrrha.
purpose. Prometheus thus describes his first
Children ! Æolas I
fruitless search:
What is 't with you? What search ye in the heavens?
« I clambered down
Or to what bigb thing do your spirits strain
And
your
hands tremble up ?
Old earthquake-cloven rifts and monstrous chasms
Where long ago the stripling Titans peered
Æolus and Alcyone (looking and pointing upward).
At play and dared not venture, found me out
The stars! The stars !
Flint-stones so buried in disastrous rock
(Pause.)
I thought the Darkener sure had passed them by;
Deukalion.
But not a spark lived in them. Past the walls Why hath so deep a bush fallen on the night?
Rhipean, and the Arimaspian caves,
I heard a whispering cry. What whisper they ?
I sought the far hyperborean day,
Pyrrha.
But not a banner of their rustling light
Æolus pointed — whispering of the stars.
Flapped through the sagging sky, nor did the Fates
Once fling their gleaming shuttles east or west.
Æolus.
By Indian Nysa and the Edonian fount
Æolus – stars. Pyrrha !
Of Hæmus long I lurked, in hope to find
Pyrrha.
Young Dionysus as he raced along
With thee!
And wrest his pine-torch from him, or to snare
Some god-distracted dancing ægipan,
Deukalion.
And from bis garland crush a wine of fire
Speakest thou
To light the passion of the world again
Of stars ?
And fill man's veins with music; but there went
Pyrrha.
A voice of sighing through the ghostly woods,
Ay, so he whispered !
Add up the mountain pastures in the mist
Deukalion.
Desolate creatures Borrowed for the god.
Thou and thou ?
Across the quenched Ægean, where of old
Pyrrha.
The shining islands sang their stasimon,
Nothing, nothing. My soul was as a lake
Forever chorusing great hymns of light
Spread out in utter darkness; to its depth
Round Delos, through the driving dark I steered
There pierced a silvery trembling —
To seek Hepbæstos on his Lemnian mount;
But found him not. His porches were o'erthrown,
Deukalion.
His altar out, and round his faded peak
Look again.
The toiled Cyclops, bowing huge and dim,
Wife, cease to pray! Look out again!
Uncouthly mourned.”
Pyrrha.
But in the hour of his deepest dejection, new
The dark
hope comes to the Titan with the advent of Gathers and flees, and the wide roof of night
Leans in as it would break; the mountainous gloom
Pandora, who brings him a fennel stalk; he
Unmoors, and streameth on us like a sea.
receives it as the token of a fresh endeavor, O Earth, lift up thy gates! It is the stars !
and the first act closes as he departs
It is the stars ! It is the ancient stars !
« To find somewhere through the piled gloom
It is the young and everlasting stars !”
A mountain-path to unimagined day."
And then there follow page upon page of
In the second act, the few maddened sur glorious poetry, the rapturous expression of
vivors of the deluge, in their last frantic effort the restoration to the world of light and life
to appease
the
anger of Zeus, come bringing and joy. And then at last the sun streams
the child Alcyone, and press about Deukalion out over the earth, dazzling to the long-dark.
and Pyrrba, demanding of them also the sacri- ened eyes of the survivors, and intolerable to
fice of their child Æolus as a supreme offering the eyes of the men sprung from the clods of
upon the altar. Deukalion at first resists, then Deukalion's sowing. And the song of Pan-
reluctantly consents, and the sacrifice is about dora is heard again, and then the voice of
to be consummated when Pyrrha interposes, Prometheus,
and declares that the knife shall not yet fall,
“ Thou gavest me the vessel; it is filled."
“Not till Prometheus comes or makes a sigo!” and the answering voice of Pandora,
In the hour of heavy suspense, the voice of “I am the vessel, and with thee 't is filled."
Pandora is heard singing down the slopes, and And then Prometheus appears, and gives to


1904.]
323
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99
the children now saved from death the fennel “ A thousand eons, nailed in pain
stalk with its priceless treasure of fire.
On the blown world's plunging prow,
That seeks across the eternal main,
“ Unto this twain, man-child and woman-child,
Down whatever storms we drift,
I give the passion of this element;
What disastrous headlands lift,
This seed of longing, substance of this love;
Festal lips, triumphant brow,
This power, this purity, this annihilation.
Light us with thy joy, as now !
Let their hands light the altar of the world.
'T is yours forever. I have brought it home !" And amid the peace of the following starlight,
and the flush of the succeeding dawn, this
The third and closing act of the drama
lyrical drama ends with a hymn to Apollo,
brings retribution to the daring saviour of
chanted by a chorus of young men coming up
mankind. The scene is the tomb of Deuka-
the mountain slope.
lion, whither the remains of the king have
“ For thou alone, O thou alone art he
been borne to rest beside his stranded ark on
Who settest the prisoned spirit free,
the mountain side. A chorus of old men is fol.
And sometimes leadest the rapt soul on
lowed by choruses of girls and young women,
Where never mortal thought has gone;
who sing of “the dark peace-giver, Thanatos,
Till by the ultimate stream
Of vision and of dream
and of the mysterious whisperings in their ears
She stands
of the winged Eros. The funeral cortege de With startled eyes and outstretched hands,
parts, leaving the mourners beside the tomb. Looking where other suns rise over other lands,
And then amid gathering clouds, and thunders, And rends the lonely skies with her prophetic scream."
and the flashes of angry lightning the pursuit After these quoted illustrations, mere prose
of Prometheus is foreshadowed. Pandora ap can find little to say that is worth recording.
pears questioning, —
The work which has thus been passed under
« Deemest thou
swift review seems to us to have fairly scaled
That he will yield himself unmurmuring up,
the heights which it has attempted, to have
Or will be make wild war along the peaks ?”
reached with unflagging wing that thin upper
To the cry Prometheus himself answers, sud air to which few poets find access, and in which
denly appearing and clasping her in his arms. still fewer can breathe. The song is indeed a
“ Be comforted; it is established sure.
thing not of earth, and some may find a cause
Light shall arise from light, day follow day,
for reproach in this very fact; to us it is rather
Season meet season, with all lovely signs
And portents of the year.
These shall not fail;
a cause for thankfulness, since it shows us that
From their appointed dance no star shall swerve, even in this prosaic modern world of ours the
Nor mar one accent of one whirling strophe
poetic spirit may still achieve something of the
Of that unfathomed chorus that they sing
accent and the utterance of the great voices of
Within the porch and laughing house of Life,
Which Time and Space and Change, bright caryatids,
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
Do meanwhile pillar up. These shall not fail;
But O, these were the least I brought you home!
The sun whose rising and whose going down
Are joy and grief and wonder in the heart;
COGENT ESSAYS ON VARIOUS THEMES.*
The moon whose tides are passion, thought, and will;
The signs and portents of the spirit year,
If Mr. William Garrott Brown were not
For these, if you would keep them, you must strive already known to a wide public as a conscien-
Morning and night against the jealous gods
tious and sometimes fairly brilliant essayist,
With anger, and with laughter, and with love;
And no man bath them till he brings them down
he would certainly deserve to gain that repu-
With love, and rage, and laughter from the heavens,—
tation on the strength of his recently published
Himself the heavens, himself the scornful gods, book, " The Foe of Compromise.” In this vol-
The sun, the sun-thief, and the flaming reed ume we have a collection of four genial essays,
That kindles now the beauty of the world.”
three of which appeared originally in “The
At the end of the long monologue which is Atlantic Monthly," the fourth being accounted
thus begun, Prometheus departs to meet the for as the outgrowth of an address delivered
doom which he clearly foresees, sustained in somewhat more than two years ago before
spirit by the thought of what he has done for the Harvard Memorial Society. The essays
the race of men, and by his memory of Pan exhibit such diversity of theme that one can
dora, to whom he speaks these pregnant last hardly hope to characterize them as a group,
words : “There where I go thou art.”
And
save perhaps to say that while here and there
as darkness drifts deeper and deeper over the
*THE FOĖ OF COMPROMISE, and Other Essays. By Wil-
scene, we hear the song of Pandora :
liam Garrott Brown. Now York: The Macmillan Co.
the past.


324
[May 16,
THE DIAL
they tend a bit toward abstruseness, their not a formal review, was evidently prompted
thought is usually cogent and their style of by the appearance a year or more ago of Presi-
expression straightforward and pleasing. dent Wilson's "History of the United States,”
In the title essay, Mr. Brown sets out to Mr. John Fiske's “ Essays, Historical and
discover what is that force which in one man Literary,” and the seventh volume of the
keeps alive his whole desire, his undiminished “Cambridge Modern History,” dealing with
aspiration, while in another man, after a brief the United States. Mr. Brown is himself a man
struggle, a faint beating of its wings, it yields of some experience in the writing of history,
to necessity, to circumstance"; in other words, and bis characterizations of such historians as
what is the foe of compromise, — the elemental | Wilson, Fiske, Justin Winsor, Parkman, and
power which compels the neighbor on my right, Lord Acton, are highly suggestive. As a man
often to his hurt, always to his discomfiture, to of letters, Mr. Brown manifestly approves of
scorn to temporize or concede in his dealings President Wilson's habit of regarding history
with the world, but which in the more easy as a branch of literature rather than of science.
going neighbor on my left rarely succeeds in The closing essay, “ The Great Occasions
even ruffling the surface waters of his life. In of an American University,” is easily the most
the nature of the case, no very exact solu- | interesting, if not the most scholarly, of the
tion of the problem can be arrived at. Many series. The university is Harvard, and the
exceedingly interesting observations are re great occasions are the visit of Governor
corded, but what the thing itself really is, as Hutchinson in 1771, that of Washington when
Mr. Brown confesses, cannot even be described, about to take command of the American army
much less defined. “But when it rises up, out in 1775, that of La Fayette in 1824, that of
of the nothingness within, the man will know the doughty Westerner, Andrew Jackson, in
it for his very inmost self. Ideal is not its 1833, the celebration of the two-hundredth
name, for ideals are many, and they change ; anniversary of the college in 1836, the re-
the thing I mean is one and constant. It is, union of Harvard survivors of the Civil War
rather, the champion and tutelary god of all in 1865, and the funeral of Phillips Brooks in
ideals. Nor is it aspiration, but rather the 1893. As official curator of Harvard records
monitor that bids us always aspire, and largely. in recent years, Mr. Brown has had an invalu-
Nor is it desire, but rather a royal parent to able opportunity to acquaint himself with both
desires. There is, in fact, no name for the the history and the tradition of the university,
thing I mean. Let us call it merely the foe all the way from the Puritan days to the pres-
the hidden foe- of compromise.
" It is the
ent. In this essay we have the very cream of
esprit de résistance which again and again his knowledge of the subject. There is a fine
makes tragedies of human life and gloats over appreciation not only of the more picturesque
the deed, yet which at its worst possesses a and striking personages who have touched the
certain wild charm and at its best commands life of the university, but also of the aspira-
the universal admiration of the thoughtful. tions, struggles, tragedies, and triumphs of the
In “ A Defence of American Parties,” the great throng of college men who do not be-
author considers at some length the assertion come famous. Mr. Brown has a wholesome
of Bryce and De Tocqueville that political philosophy, and his essay cannot fail to inspire
parties in the United States are not divided in the reader both a deeper respect for
by principles of fundamental importance, but America's favored seats of learning and a
rest only on tradition and matters of expe more thorough.going sympathy with the great
diency, and seeks to determine whether or not work sought to be accomplished in them.
the present-day party system which so domi-
FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG.
nates us is really meaningless. After a fair
enumeration of the weaknesses of the system, WORK that will occupy a distinct place of its own
argument is skilfully produced to establish the in the great amount of literature concerning Lewis and
thesis that “parties do stand for a right and
Clark now appearing, is Mr. Olin D. Wheeler's “ The
Trail of Lewis and Clark," announced for immediate
necessary division of the American people." publication in two volumes by the Messrs. Putnam.
Mr. Brown's historical characterization of the Mr. Wheeler, who is known as the writer of the attract-
Republican and Democratic parties, while brief, ive “Wonderland" series issued by the Northern Pa-
is worthy of a careful reading.
cific Railway, has travelled several thousands of miles
over the original route of the explorers, and his identi-
The next essay has for its subject “The fication of their trail is thus based on direct personal
Task of the American Historian," and while observation and research.


1904 ]
325
THE DIAL
to deliver news of the highest importance either
AN AMERICAN MAN OF ACTION. *
to his paper or to the authorities at Washington
When we get far enough away from the in advance of all others was due simply to su-
literature of the present period to see it fairly, perior industry and insight, never to methods
we shall probably come to the conclusion that in the slightest degree reprehensible. It is easy
one of its most attractive features is its biog- to see the value to his memoirs of the confiden-
raphical treatment of the leaders in the various tial relations with officers which such a reputa-
paths of our national development during the tion permitted him to maintain. They were
past century. Such series as the “ American conscious of no necessity of assuming any spe-
Statesmen, and the “ American Men of Let cial disguise in his presence, and so he saw
ters," deservedly occupy a high place in our con them as they really were, whether in their
sideration; but we have in mind particularly weakness or in their strength. All this gives
the more spontaneous output of Autobiograph- high authority to his expressions of opinion
ies, Recollections, Memoirs, etc., represented concerning the general character, or conduct
by such books as Stillman's “ Autobiography in specific cases, of the commanders who came
of a Journalist,” Mr. James's “William Wet under bis observation ; and he has shown no
more Story and his Friends," General Gordon's hesitation in making his opinions known when
“ Reminiscences of the Civil War,” and Sena- occasion offers. He had set a very high stand-
tor Hoar’s “ Autobiography of Seventy Years.” | ard of completeness and carefulness for the
The level of literature of this class produced military portion of his memoirs, checking him.
during the past few years has certainly been self at every point by thorough examination
high, and to say that any particular work stands of the official records, both Federal and Con.
distinctly above that level is high praise indeed. federate. Especially was it his desire to give
And yet we do not hesitate to predict that such a complete account of the operations about
will be the verdict of intelligent readers gener-Chickamanga and Chattanooga, and the thor-
ally with reference to the Memoirs of Henry ough preparation which he thought necessary
Villard. It is true that the work was left unfin for this portion might serve as a valuable les-
ished, and as a consequence is ill proportioned; son to many a professional historian. But all
but these formal blemishes leave upon the this took time as well as effort, and failing
reader in the end nothing but regret that death health broke the story off abruptly with the
caused anything to be sacrificed from what the description of the “ Battle above the Clouds."
author had it in his heart to tell. The success But it was not the military record alone
ful autobiographer must have had either un-
which suffered from this failure of health ; to
usual power to see, or unusual power to bring the same cause is due the fact that we get but
things to pass. Mr. Villard had both, and the a hurried compendium of the entire subsequent
story that he has left gives to the reader the period, covering the writer's remarkable and
full advantage of both.
romantic career as an assistant in the develop-
The power of Mr. Villard to see is shown ment of the great Northwest. It is intimated
most clearly in the details of his career as a
in the Preface, however, that a detailed ac-
newspaper correspondent, from 1856 through count of this peculiar feature of his career
the greater part of the Civil War. To anyone may yet be given to the public by his family.
acquainted with the general character of the
In the brief sketch that he found time to pre-
man, it is needless to say that as a war corre-
pare, Mr. Villard's candor forbade any attempt
spondent Mr. Villard did not follow the prin- to use his brilliant successes in such a way as
ciples and methods of the modern sensational to blind the eyes of the uninformed reader to
journalism, which the Civil War did so much the attendant failures. Mistakes of judgment
to develop
Commanders whose armies he there were, bringing severe loss to others, and
accompanied quickly learned that their plans to himself not only painful loss but still more
and purposes could safely be discussed in his painful abuse and misrepresentation of motives;
presence, for neither his honor nor his patriot- but the mistakes are pointed out with the same
ism would allow him to give news to the public unswerving accuracy as the brighter features
prematurely for the paltry prize of a newspa of the picture. The plain statement of facts
per "scoop.” That he was able more than once on both sides warrants, we think, the conclu-
sion that his most disastrous reverses were due
* MEMOIRS OF HENRY VILLARD, Journalist and Financier,
In two volumes. With portraits and maps.
to causes which he could not have been ex-
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
pected to foresee or control; and this view is
1835-1900.


326
[May 16,
THE DIAL
War.
.
further supported by the readiness of well its editorial independence against any interfer-
informed investors to trust his judgment again ence whatever. The sincerity of this abdication
after disaster had befallen. The losses by the of personal control was put beyond question
way were after all quite insignificant when by the character of the men in charge as ed-
compared with the accumulated wealth which itors, Edwin L. Godkin, Carl Schurz, and
owes its origin to the mighty stimulus that he Horace White. Mr. Villard was of course
gave to the material development of the States deeply interested in the great causes with which
of the Northwest. When wealth and power the “Evening Post” and “ The Nation ” were
came within his control they were employed already identified, such as the freedom of inter-
with a due regard for the general welfare. As national commerce, the reformation of the Civil
an indication of his attitude in this respect we Service, and the adoption and maintenance of
may cite the fact that upon the completion of a sound money system, as against the evils,
the railroad system of the Oregon Railway and actual and threatened, which had their genesis
Navigation Company, completely under his con in the financial stress occasioned by the Civil
trol, the cost of moving grain to the sea was at
once reduced by more than forty per cent, Mr. Villard was thrown into contact with
giving a rate lower than the
growers,
them many men of immediate or subsequent prom-
selves had asked. Mr. Villard's enlightened
Mr. Villard's enlightened inence, and his volumes record many interesting
insight recognized the importance of intellec- episodes of such contact. In 1858, for example,
tual as well as material foundations for the be and Abraham Lincoln were driven, each sep-
section of the country in which he was so arately, to a little flag station in Illinois, late at
vitally interested, and when the Universities night, and left there alone to wait for a belated
of Oregon and Washington were found to be train. There was no station house, and they were
dangerously embarrassed he came promptly to obliged to take refuge from a thunder storm in
their relief. He paid the floating debt of the an empty freight car, where, squatting on the
former, provided it with the nucleus of a floor in the absence of anything to sit upon,
library, and later gave it $50,000 in cash on the President-to-be talked frankly of his polit-
condition that the legislature should levy a ical history and prospects. “Mary insists that
reasonable tax for its current expenses. He I am going to be Senator, and President of
kept the University of Washington in opera the United States too"; and then, after a roar
tion by his benefactions for two years, when of laughter at her ambition, his lank arms
the Territorial legislature had failed to make around his knees and his whole body shaking
appropriations for that purpose, and the amount with mirth, “Just think of such a sucker as
thus advanced was never returned.
me as President!” Mr. Villard was then but
These are only instances of a beneficence a comparatively unknown newspaper corre-
that found many channels, when money was spondent, only five years from his native land.
at his command, and was always intelligently Thirty-two years later, when his enterprises in
directed and administered without display. the Northwest had carried his name and fame
But perhaps one of Mr. Villard's best services into many lands, he was honored with an invi.
to the public, though not in the direction of tation to visit Prince Bismarck, at Friedrichs-
what is usually classed as philanthropy, was
rube. The Prince was still bitterly chafing
his course in acquiring the ownership of the over the humiliation of his enforced resigna-
New York “Evening Post” and “The Nation.” tion, and poured the story of his woes into his
His own relation to American journalism had visitor's ears so freely and forcibly as to pre-
clearly revealed to him the sinister influences clude repetition by a man of Mr. Villard's nice
under which it was laboring, and he determined sense of honor. On other subjects, however,
that in one quarter at least the light of a gen there was no such reason for reticence, and the
uine editorial independence should continue to account of Bismarck's views on various matters
shine. Realizing that his ownership of these discussed is of extreme interest.
papers must become known, and that they We have said nothing of the romantic story
would naturally rest under suspicion of being of Mr. Villard's youth, his arrival in this coun-
used as his personal organs in the promotion try without the knowledge of a word of English,
of his financial interests, he placed the control and the frequent disappointments through
of the property entirely out of his hands, put- which be struggled upward to a better adjust-
ting it in trust for the benefit of his family ment to his new environment. It is a story
and giving the trustees full power to maintain of absorbing interest, and there is no space to


1904.]
327
THE DIAL
do it justice here. We grow restive, some votes a chapter to proving, and (if history
times, under the character of many of the gives any certain light on the question) of
immigrants who pour in upon us from the con demonstrating, that they are not originative.
tinent of Europe ; but when one stops to tbink Dr. Scherer has no very high opinion of the
that a Carl Schurz and a Henry Villard have morality of the Japanese, even though out-
come to us in that way, the immigration prob- wardly everything in the land is lovely and
lem as a whole takes on a very different aspect. æsthetic. He notes a difference between polite-
W. H. JOHNSON. ness and courtesy; pointing out that although
the Westerner may be outwardly clumsy and
may never hope to equal the finesse of the
Japanese, yet in real courtesy he is vastly the
THE JAPANESE AT CLOSE RANGE.*
superior of the two. The language of Nippon
Not as a tourist detailing the superficial im is saturated with insincerity; it is a superb
pressions gained from outside observation, but instrument in helping you to say beautifully
as a student of the language, the life, and the what
you don't feel, while it renders less
history of Japan, Dr. Scherer writes of the help in telling the truth than those languages
Island Empire with fresh spirit, keen insight, that are built on lateral breadth rather than
and clear outlook. He lived in southern Japan on perpendiculars and many grades of subor.
five years ; then, his health failing, he recuper dination. The Japanese are ästhetical, the
ated in the northern island of Yezo, where live Chinese are ethical; the latter being creators
the aboriginal Ainos. Hence he speaks with and the former imitators. The upper classes
authority, with truth, and with sympathy, of in Japan are usually rationalists to the core,
the country "shaped like the rising moon, and but as a matter of course they believe in de-
named for the Rising Sun.” This little bow. moniacal possession.
shaped line of islands bends as far as it can In summing up the Japanese traits, Dr.
toward the West, and contains as many mil Scherer finds, on the negative side, a marked
lions of people as it has years of modern his absence of certain attributes that to the Occi.
tory. It was only in 1854 that Commodore
dental seem fundamental and indeed inevitable
Perry “opened it, a veritable box of curios
in a civilized and enlightened nation. Moral-
for the Western world.” While Occidental
While Occidentality, as we understand the word, scarcely exists
curiosity regarding the contents of this box among the islanders. They do not know the
has seemed insatiable, the desire of this race value of time, they seem to have no nerves,
of archers to turn their iron-pointed reeds into they are colossally impassive and strangely
leaden bullets and to exchange their clumsy lacking both in sympathy and in mutual con-
ballistics for twelve-inch steel guns has been fidence. In economy, politeness, industry,
insatiable too. Ten years ago Western curi power to adopt and adapt, they are wonderful.
osity deepened into wonder when “ this little
So far from believing in the Cinderella theory
bow-shaped country suddenly pierced the rusty of the rise of modern Japan to greatness, Dr.
mail of China with the swift arrow of war." Scherer throws overboard the fairy tales of
To-day wonder has turned to amazement in the tourist. He devotes a chapter to Verbeck,
beholding, as in a colossal game of ju-jutsu the engineer, scholar, and missionary, who,
(not ju-jitsu), the little islanders closing in a after all his wonderful gifts and graces are
death struggle with the Slav.
catalogued, was only the pioneer of an army
To explain Japan's rapid development from of thousands of teachers, engineers, advisers,
a curio-box to a world-power, the author pro drill-masters, miners, and experts in every line
poses the word education, which predicates of human endeavor and achievement, who for
two things, - advantages and abilities. The
over a generation have taught the Japanese
Japanese have availed and will avail them- how to do the things they are doing so well
selves of culture just so far as they have to-day. In his opening pages Dr. Scherer
capacity. Considered simply as students, Dr. shows the comparative resources of Japan and
Scherer thinks they are ideal, unparalleled Russia on sea and land; while in the final
for quick receptiveness and thorough assimila-chapter, called “The Gates of Asia,” he states
tion of mental food. But he does not believe
his reasons for believing in the potency of the
that they are an originative race, and he de Japanese to win, uttering his faith in their
* JAPAN TO-DAY. By James A. B. Scherer, Ph.D. Illus victory as that of “the West in the East."
trated. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Co.
WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS.


328
[May 16,
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Dewey and seven colleagues, all former students
PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE.*
in the Department of Philosophy; and there is
Perhaps the most promising sign in the realm of a substantial agreement in regard to general doc-
philosophy jast at present is the growing conviction
trine. The Studies are in form somewhat tech-
among philosophers that thinking is bound to justify nical and closely reasoned, and are not easily
itself by its fruits, by the contribution it makes to
intelligible to the general reader. But for the
the concrete value of life. There was a time when
student of modern Logic, their importance is
the philosopher might hug himself in his isolation, very considerable, involving as they do a recon-
dismiss the question of utility and practical con-
struction in large measure of logical theory. The
sequences with a few condescending worde, and,
main thesis of the book is in the direction of what
with "thinking for thinking's sake" as his motto,
the writers call the instrumental character of Logic.
busy himself with his abstract and esoteric doc It insists upon the essentially practical nature of
trines, under the delusion that he alone was getting the logical problem. Truth does not refer to a
close to reality, and that the rest of the world were sphere of reality outside human experience, which
blindly missing all the real worth of life. The thought is content to stand off and copy. It rather
attitude is still by no means unknown, and not a represents a means to the enriching and harmo
few thinkers of to-day seem to prize their results
nizing of experience itself. We cannot understand
more highly the more they are out of relation thought save as we recognize that it is not merely
to concrete human interests, and the more they thought in general, but that it grows out of particu-
emphasize the essential unreality and illusiveness of lar crises of experience, particular psychological
our knowledge. But as we come to a better knowl. situations, and has for its purpose to reconcile the
edge of the nature of man and of the human mind,
contradictions of life, and lead the way to a new
the less plausible does this separation appear be-
and larger immediacy of satisfaction. The things
tween valuable thinking of any kind, and practical
which it knows, the laws which it uses, are all rela-
aims. There is in the general temper of the times
tive to their teleological and practical value, not
that which makes men turn with increasing im.
metaphysical things in themselves. And so the
patience from whatever meets no obvious human test of valid thinking is not a mere supposed cor.
need. Psychology in particular has emphasized
respondence with reality, but the practical test of
the solidarity of experience, the essentially teleologi success in leading to fulness of life. This general
cal character of all our thinking, and its connection
thesis is defended with much acuteness, and with a
with the concrete ends of action. Ethics and re great deal of psychological insight, against various
ligion have long been ready to meet this tendency
modern types of theory. Of course it raises many
half way, and to find the possibility of spiritual questions, not all of which the writers succeed in
value, not apart from the common and the practi- answering plausibly; and it will not improbably be
cal, in a special realm of experience, or in another
felt by many to be one-sided in its emphasis, and
and a higher world, but in the transformation of
to make the riddles of existence rather simpler than
every-day experience by its relation to worthy ends.
the facts warrant. But that it is an important piece
The same bumanistic movement is showing itself
of work, whose general influence will be salutary
at last in philosophy also, and is resulting in a most
in the direction of making philosophy more con-
promising activity in many quarters.
Professor cretely human, cannot be doubted.
William James is in America the great apostle of
Mr. Schiller’s volume of essays entitled “Hu-
the new tendency, and there is a growing recogni-
manism continues the line of attack which was
tion on all sides of the immense debt that contem-
started by a group of Oxford men in the recently
porary philosophy is beginning to owe to him. published “Personal Idealism." It will make a
Three recent books illustrate in a significant way
more popular appeal than the work just noticed ;
this new movement. Chicago and Oxford, the indeed, it is as distinctly popular in form as a seri-
youngest and the oldest -- very nearly — of the
- very nearly — of the ous piece of philosophical writing that deals with
great English-speaking Universities, are just now more or less technical subjects can easily be. Mr.
the centres of tendencies which, though of course
Schiller has a good colloquial English style, and
not identical, have a good deal in common.
The heartily despises the upcouth phraseology in terms
“ Studies in Logical Theory,” which appear among
of which it has come to be felt necessary to treat
the Decennial Publications of the University of
philosophical subjects. He has, moreover, a sense
Chicago, are from the hands of Professor John of humor not common among philosophers, which
shows a tendency to pass into sarcasm whenever he
* STUDIES IN LOGICAL THEORY. By John Dewey, with
the coöperation of Members and Fellows of the Department
happens to think of his particular aversions - Mr.
of Philosophy in the University of Chicago. The University
Bradley and the Absolutists. To this is to be added
of Chicago Press.
a distinct originality of treatment, which opens up
HUMANISM. Philosophical Essays. By F.C. S. Schiller,
many things in a suggestive way, and which is not
M.A. New York: The Macmillan Co.
held in check by an undue fear of inconsistency.
THE NATURE OF Man. Studies in Optimistic Philosophy.
By Elie Metchnikoff, Professor at the Pasteur Institute.
If the tone also shows a self-confidence which occa-
Translated by P. Chalmers Mitchell, New York: G. P. sionally approaches audacity (one might instance
Putnam's Sons.
the dialogue in which the author represents himself


1904.]
329
THE DIAL
.
as lecturing Plato and Aristotle in the realms of the what to many readers will seem a rather slender
Blest), this quality adds zest to the reading. And, programme. The writer's temper of mind is cast a
finally, the author is not ashamed to connect phil. little too much in the mould of scientific dogmatism,
osophy with real human interests. This is indeed and is too lacking in a broad sympathy for man's
the burden of the volume as a whole. The à priori many-sided nature, to be a wholly safe guide to the
philosophies have all been found out, as the preface highest philosophy of living.
A. K. ROGERS.
puts it. The only useful method in philosophy in-
volves the recognition that our beliefs are all postu-
lates, set up to satisfy human needs, and accepted
on the basis of their success in meeting these needs,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
a new empiricism, in which the emotional side of
man's dature is made, however, equally important
The enlargement of the “ English
with the physical or the merely intellectual. “The
"The Shakespeare Men of Letters” series (Macmillan)
of English prose."
Ethical Basis of Metaphysical Truth,” “ Non-
is a fitting opportunity for the addi-
Euclidian Geometry,” “Reality and Idealism," tion of Jeremy Taylor to the list. No important
"Darwinism and Design,” “The Place of Pes- biography of the famous Royalist divine has ap-
simism in Philosophy," “Concerning Mephisto peared since Eden's revision (published in 1854)
pheles," “ The Desire for Immortality,” - this of Reginald Heber's “Life,” prefixed to his edition
selection of chapter-headings will suggest the cath of Taylor's works (1822). The latest biographer,
olic range of interests which the essays cover. Mr. Edmund Gosse, apparently profiting by the
Turning to another volume which also, though tender admonitions of his critics, has made an
in a very different way, emphasizes the practical earnest effort to keep his pages free from mis-
value of thought for life, one's estimate is apt to statements of fact; and we have observed no errors
vary considerably according to the standpoint from that are of sufficient importance to affect his gen-
which he views it. The Nature of Man ” is pro eral conclusions. The article in the “ Dictionary
fessedly a scientific study of old age and death. of National Biography” (lv. 422-429) is not by
That science, and science alone, is our source of the Rev. T. B. Johnstone (p. viii.), but by the Roy.
refuge in time of trouble, appears to the author Alexander Gordon. Taylor was nominated Follow
an elementary truth. Man is a mere animal of a of All Souls, Oxford, on November 5 (not 3),
superior sort who can think, in a world where nat 1635. The "pearls and rabies" from the ebony
ural law reigns supreme ; and his happiness lies in case of the King's Bible (p. 63) are identified by
having an organism as completely as possible ad. Mr. Roberts with the two diamonds and ruby set
justed to his surroundings, — which at present it in a ring bearing the date of 1649 (op. D. N. B.,
is far from being. Of these mal-adjustments, the lv. 423). Evelyn first heard Taylor on April (not
chief place is assigned to those that contre about March) 15, 1654 (p. 109). Taylor was conse-
old age and death. Religion and philosophy are crated on January 27 (not 18), 1661 (p. 175). To
brushed lightly aside as having no message of offset these minor lapses, it may be said that Mr.
relief; what is the answer of science? The main Gosse rejects in toto the evidence furnished by
outcome of the book is to the effect that the ills Lady Wray's letter of 1732, which, whether writ-
that attach to old age are perfectly proventible. ten in good or in bad faith, is certainly most un.
The phenomena of old age are largely due to the trustworthy, and has misled to some extent almost
encroachment of the white corpuscles on the higher every biographer of Taylor down to the present
tissues of the body; and this probably could be time. Some parts of the life of Taylor are in-
prevented by introducing a serum to strengthen volved in obscurity: his college life, his four
such tissues, and by taking other means at the years at Uppingham, his whereabouts at times
same time to prevent the growth of the bacteria during the Civil War and the Commonwealth pe-
of putrefaction. Old age would then be a per riod. Mr. Gosse indulges in few conjectures, and
fectly natural (now it is pathological) ripening of some of his guesses are perhaps as near the truth
powers, with duties and a satisfaction of its own
as one may now hope to get. His assumption that
that would be necessary for a complete experience; Taylor beheld the entry of Charles I. into Oxford
and it would pass at length without perturbation into in October, 1641, is borne oật by the fact that
a — perhaps somewhat easily assumed “ instinct Taylor was admitted D.D. of Brasenose College on
for death.” And since life would no longer be cut November 1. In its larger aspects, Mr. Gosse's
off prematurely, but only when the desire for life had biography must be pronounced of good proportion,
ceased, the fear of death that now torments man. sympathetic, and in criticism fairly adequate and
kind would be lost. The writer's eminent qualifica- just. He is right in emphasizing Taylor's impor-
tions make the scientific part of his book of great tance as a writer rather than as a theologian or a
interest; it points in the direction of results which, casuist. While admitting the theological and philo-
if they are attained, will be without doubt of the sophical importance of “The Liberty of Prophesy.
utmost practical importance and benefit. As a com ing," he points out its literary inferiority. “Holy
plete philosophy, however, and a professed answer Dying” is immensely superior to “Holy Living,"
to all the tangled problems of human life, it offers being not a piece of task-work but rather “
a pro-


330
[May 16,
THE DIAL
duct of vehement inspiration.” Taylor's authorship those whom he regarded as his inferiors, and only
of the “Discourse of Auxiliary Beauty” is re awaited an opportunity of endeavoring to break
jected; but Mr. Gosse decides that Taylor must their power. It does not necessarily follow that
have written the title and taken charge of the MS. Falier was in advance of his time in a fondness for
for “some great lady in the orthodox camp,” per popular liberty. It is, however, altogether probable
hape the Countess of Devonshire. The chapter that his hatred of the oligarchy was the growth of
on “Taylor's Place in Literary History” is an years and not of a day, and that in scheming to
acute and comprehensive study of the various destroy it he would naturally turn to the then only
aspects of the art of “the Shakespeare of English known remedy for the oppression of the nobles, –
prose.” The volume will add to the reputation of a benevolent despotism founded upon the support
its author as an accomplished critic and biographer. of the people.” Mr. McClellan's recent election to
the mayoralty of New York has led to an attempt
Venice, in
The political history of Venice is
the days of its
to refer his treatment of certain phases of Venetian
commercial distinctly the history of the growth political life to modern problems. It is only just
aristooracy. of the commercial aristocracy which
to say that he is entirely free from such evidences
governed the state during the entire period of its
of a lack of taste. Venetian imperialism, class
active corporate life. When every other nation
politics, and political machines are treated solely
was gradually developing a tendency toward popa-
in reference to the conditions peculiar to Venice,
lar government, Venice had reversed the order.
and lose none of their interest thereby.
Beginning with a scheme on which, whatever its
feudal resemblances, there prevailed the first prin-
When a man does a great many
ciple of democracy, majority rule, the change was A nou volume but things well, — almost as well as the
from equality to privilege, from popular rule to that
best, but not quite, - he is apt to
most absolute of all governments, an oligarchy. In find his work overshadowed to a large extent by
his “Oligarchy of Venice” (Houghton, Mifflin & the work of those who stand just above and beyond
Co.), Mr. George B. McClellan traces this evolu him. The Right Honorable Lord Avebury affords
tion, from its beginnings in the days of the migra a striking instance of this. He is one of the great
tion of the peoples to the end of the story. There scientists of the century, - not only the friend of
is no attempt to include anything of the literary or Darwin, Tyndall, Huxley, and Spencer, but their
artistic history of Venice: no painter or poet is active co-worker, fighting with them the great bat-
even mentioned; the book is a study of what Mr. tles which the friends of science have waged in the
McClellan aptly calls “the Venetian leit-motif," last half-century; he is an authority in many impor-
the supremacy of its commerce and its merchants. tant biological, geological, and botanical matters;
When refugees from the mainland first sought pro he has led not only the thought and the writing of
tection from the Hans in the shallows and the his time, but in many cases its legislation as well,
lagoons, they brought with them certain traditions wherever questions of practical reform have arisen.
which were strong enough to influence, but not Yet it is probably safe to say that hardly one person
strong enough to found, a government; but they in a thousand knows him except as the Sir John
also brought "an almost absolute equality of pov Lubbock who has told as 80 well and so truly about
erty,” and it was this fact that led directly to class “ The Pleasures of Life” and “The Use of Life."
cleavage along the lines of material success in the This is especially true in America, where his par-
days that followed. Add to this the peculiar geo liamentary services are unknown, and where there
graphical conditions under which Venice existed, naturally is but little interest in his progressive
and the basis of her history is complete. The story attitude toward education, economics, and religion,
of the first acquisition of power by the doges as as evidenced by his position in the political life of
representatives of the people, and the gradual limi- England. Some idea of the variety and depths of
tation of the power of both doge and people through his interests may be gained from a recently pub-
successive coups d'état, is well told by Mr. McClel lished volume of his occasional “ Essays and Ad.
lan, whose work shows a thorough study of all the dresses" (Macmillan), in which the subjects range
materials at hand, as well as judgment in the selec from Municipal Trading, the Fiscal Policy of
tion of authorities in the cases where notable preju- England, and the present position of British Com-
dice, as against the church or the ruling aristocracy, merce, to Huxley, Raskin, Bank-holidays, and
might have influenced the writer. This judgment Nature-study. The introductory essay, on “Hux-
is especially evidenced in the treatment of that most ley's Life and Work,” is especially valuable for its
discussed event in Venetian history, the conspiracy searching analysis of Huxley's attitude toward re-
of the Doge Marino Falier. Mr. McClellan takes ligion, — not toward creeds, dogmas, and miracles,
the position, easily justified by a study of Marino but toward the religion which implies the strenu-
Falier's character, but generally opposed by histo ous endeavor to be and do what is right," as well
rians, that something more than a mere childish spite as a reverence for “whatsoever things are true,
was the basis of the Doge's action. “ It is more
whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are
than likely that through the long years of his pub- jast, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things
lic activity he had chafed under the oppression of are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report.'


1904.]
331
THE DIAL
..
The old discussion of the conflict between science
A popular account
To the general reader of history,
and religion is no longer carried on with any seri. of Norman-English the later centuries of the Middle
ousness, outside of high-school debating clubs ; but
national life.
Ages, — the period of Feudalism,
one of the evil effects of that so-called conflict has is likely to appear as an age of endless turmoil and
lasted far beyond its time, namely, the belief that 'confusion. Seeing the
confusion. Seeing the interminable feuds of quar-
Darwin, Huxley, Tyndall, Spencer, and their co relsome lords and militant bishops, he naturally
workers in modern scientific research, were what infers that life in those days must have been rude
they were called at the time when their theories and unsettled. As to its rudeness, there can be no
first startled the world, — materialists, atheists, question; but rarely has an age seen conditions
unchristian men. Calling them such, and believing more firmly settled and fixed. The further we pen.
them such, has become a babit, a habit that the etrate into the lower strata of feudal civilization,
carefal study of their works, or, failing that, the the more pronounced do we find this fixity of con-
careful reading of an essay like Lord Avebury's, ditions and the greater the monotony of life. This
should do much to break. There is something fact is well brought out in a recent volume entitled
noble and inspiring in the picture of this old man, “Medieval England," by Miss Mary Bateson,
remaining after the work of all his friends is done, Lecturer of Newnham College, Cambridge. The
to vindicate their good name. And he does it book is an account of English society from the
worthily.
Norman Conquest to 1350, and belongs to “The
The writing of reminiscences still Story of the Nations " series (Putnam). It would
Memories, artistic
goes merrily on, and now John seem that such a work does not exactly fit into the
and personal.
Calleott Horsley, R.A., who died last scheme of that series : there is nothing picturesque
October at the age of eighty-seven, contributes his in the daily drudgery of the serf, nothing dramatic
“ Recollections of a Royal Academician” (Datton), in the life-history of the average clerk or monk.
edited by Mrs. Edmund Helps. From the fact Though the book is therefore not of the kind that
that he was a schoolfellow of Shelley's, that his we should expect, it is none the less valuable, as it
vocation brought him into the friendliest relations is perhaps the first serious effort to write a popular
with the Queen and the Prince Consort, and that account of Norman-English society. The author
his long connection with the Royal Academy made aims to present a full view of the national life as it
him acquainted with a host of noted men, both in was lived in country and in town, at court and in
his own and in other callings, we are prepared to castle, in spacious monasteries and on wide manors.
expect some chapters of interest from his pen Political movements are kept in the background,
or, rather, from that of his amanuensis, to whom and important personages are noticed only when
he dictated from a well-stored and remarkably their recorded mode of living may serve to illus-
retentive memory.
Nor are we disappointed. trate some particular phase of social existence. The
These artless reminiscences have something of author shows great familiarity with the literature of
that charm of professional enthusiasm and ingenu- the period and subjects treated, and pats before us
ous self-revelation that made Haydon's Autobiog a mass of historic details, nearly all of which make
raphy so attractive to readers of fifty years ago ;
excellent materials, though some might more prop-
and they have not a particle of that sourness of erly have been omitted. It may be added that
disappointed ambition which rendered Haydon's the author seems to underestimate the Anglo-Saxon
book not exactly a gospel of sweetness and light. civilization that preceded William's invasion, and
In his painting, Horsley sometimes, as Haydon credits the Normans with making a great many
almost always, chose themes from history, sacred improvements that probably date from the period
or profane. Like Haydon, too, he was a devoutly before 1066. The book is written in a rather heavy
religious man, as his book shows in a not too ob style, and the author's meaning is not always readily
trusive way. But as his was a far healthier nature apparent; but on the whole she has succeeded in pro-
than the poor suicide's, his reminiscences are by 80 ducing a readable and scholarly work.
much the pleasanter reading. An aptitude for
other forms of art besides his chosen one enlarged
That Mr. William Butler Yeats
Essays and
Horsley's sympathies, so that we find him on inti plays by an
should have won his way to 80
mate terms with Mendelssohn, Moscheles, the
Irish mystic. large a place in the public eye be-
Kembles, and others famous in the musical, dra- speaks marked talent. A pronounced mystic, a
matic, or literary world. Profound, even to excess, seer of visions, and dreamer of dreams, he stands
was his admiration for Queen Victoria, for the at the opposite pole from the comfortable Anglo-
artist Turner, and for Sir Walter Scott. No Saxon burgher and bis leisure-consuming wife, who
superlatives are too strong to denote their unap are actuated by nothing if not plain common sense
proachable excellence. Latter-day critics do not and a respect for the conventionalities. Mr. Yeats
rate Horsley nearly so high as his frankly com is a man of temperament, and it is the boast of
placent reminiscences might lead one to infer. most of the English-speaking race that they are
He outlived the somewhat undae fame of bis without that somewhat discommoding possession to
palmiest days; but he evidently remained to the any noticeable extent. And yet he continues to
end a very agreeable raconteur.
write, which means that he is read. In his “ Ideas


332
[May 16,
THE DIAL
66
near
woman.
of Good and Evil" (published, like the other books the merest clerical position to the dignity of a pro-
to be mentioned, by the Macmillan Co.) he sets fession, with all the emoluments thereunto belong-
forth the faith that is in him, in the form of medi. ing. In this, and in obtaining legal recognition of
æval white magic, crystal reading, interpretation such a profession as that of certified public ac-
of dreams and the like, mingling these things with countant,” he was successful. As the organizer of
disquisitions on literature, but always from the same the federal system of account-keeping Mr. Haskins
mystical and semi-comprehensible point of view. obtained a national reputation, enhanced by his
This book has been followed by two volumes of appointment to the position of Dean of the New
“ Plays for an Irish Theatre," the first containing a York University School of Commerce, Accounts,
five-act satirical tragedy, "Where There is Nothing," and Finance. These facts are set forth by Dr.
in which the customary person of “respectability Cleveland in a memoir of the author, whose grasp
is held up to shrewd scorn, while the protagonist of his subject as shown in the papers making up the
goes from an assured position in the county to the volume in hand prove him to have been no small
road as a tinker, falls ill through unwonted expos factor in the recent commercial development of the
ure to the elements, becomes a monk, preaches United States.
what may be termed sentimental nihilism, is ex-
The aim of Mr. R. M. Johnston's
pelled from the convent, takes refuge with his
A brief
biography of “Napoleon : A Short Biography ”
scanty following in the Irish hills, and there is
Napoleon.
(Barnes), as stated in the author's
slain by a bigoted peasantry. The other book
preface, is to “furnish a correct outline of Napo-
contains three one-act plays, the first of which, leonic history and to point the way along which it
“The Hour Glass,” portrays the death of a teacher
may be profitably pursued." Unhappily this aim
whose powers of intellect have led him into a fatal
has not been carried out. The student who should
denial of things unseen. The second play, “Cath-
take this work as a guide would fail to discover in
leen Ni Hoolihan,” is a beautiful bit of symbolic Napoleon anything more than a military adven-
patriotism, the title being that given the green land
turer. The civil side of his work, except the Code
of Erin itself when British tyranny denied its peo and the Concordat, is almost wholly ignored.
ple the use of the very name of their country. The
There are barely half a dozen lines on his Italian
last of the three dramas, “A Pot of Broth,” is
policy, and not much more upon his work in Ger-
picaresque, being the tale of a wandering rascal
many. Nearly all the author's space is taken by
who sells a magic stone to a
peasant
narratives of the successive military campaigns.
All are practicable plays, not merely
And what is told is marred by serious inaccuracies.
“ literary,” and were written for the theatrical
For example, in the account of the 13th Vendé-
venture in Dublin which the playwright and his miare it is remarked that Barras was a member of
friends have made so artistically successful.
the “ Directoire" and that this was then the exec-
It is made apparent in the collection
utive of France, although in fact the Directory was
business education of essays entitled “Basiness Edu chosen nearly a month later. Barras is also de-
and accountancy.
cation and Accountancy” (Harper), scribed as a civilian. In a chapter further on,
edited by Dr. Frederick A. Cleveland from the Savary is mentioned as the leader of the expedi-
writings of the late Charles Waldo Haskins, that
tion to Ettenheim which effected the seizure of the
the trend of education to-day is toward the same
Duc d'Enghien, and the date of the execution at
system that prevailed in Mesopotamia from the Vincennes is incorrectly given. Still later the
beginnings of history. From Mr. Haskins's schol-
Bourbons are said to have been proclaimed by the
arly and interesting paper on “ Accountancy in
Provisional Government in 1814 before Napoleon
Babylonia and Assyria" it is evident that, while had abdicated, and it is added that Louis XVIII.
the problems in arithmetic given as exercises for
entered Paris while the negotiations with Napoleon
the infant Babylonian mind were of the mercantile
were in progress. These illustrations are sufficient.
type so familiar to American children, the ancient
Such a lack of care in explaining well-known events
instructor went much further and used forms of
is all the more strange because the bibliographical
contracts and commercial documents for reading
lists are good.
and writing lessons, and, further, that the higher
Mr. Alexander Innes Shand, who is
education was largely along the lines of modern com European a veteran newspaper correspondent,
mercial schools. This is something worth knowing,
author of biographies, books of tra-
if only to settle the question whether we are four vel, and a book descriptive of hunting and fishing,
thousand years behind our times or the ancient and who is a persistent “knockabout” and bon
Babylonians were four thousand years ahead of vivant as well, has written in “Old-Time Travel”
theirs. With the increase in the magnitude of (Pott) his personal reminiscences of the Continent
commercial affairs in recent years there has come forty years ago compared with experiences of the
a demand for improved methods of the keeping of present day.
present day." The portion of Europe with which
trust and corporation accounts. Mr. Haskins was the author began to familiarize himself two-score
one of the first to see and supply that demand, and years ago comprised all excepting Russia and the
he sought always to raise what had theretofore been Balkan and Scandinavian peninsulas ; and his de-
A book about
Old-time
travels.
99


1904.]
333
THE DIAL
scriptions of what was and is to be seen in the valuable of all the human documents that have re-
countries west of the Rhine, although sometimes a sulted from our unhappy venture in colonialism. The
little rhapsodical, are yet informing and delightful.
book which contains this correspondence is attractively
The changes which he notes as having been wrought
illustrated. It is a publication of the James H. West Co.
during the years of his European travel are not so
“ The Book of the Short Story" (Appleton), edited
much in the appearance of the cities and towns as
by Messrs. Alexander Jessup and Henry Seidel Canby,
is a volume of examples, eighteen in number, extend-
in the modes of travel, in the fare at the various
ing from a papyrus story of ancient Egypt to a tale by
hostelries, in the sports to be engaged in, and in the
Mr. Rudyard Kipling, and illustrating the chief modern
social life to be enjoyed. All this is from the stand literature, with one amazing exception, for the book
point of the author of " Half a century, or Changes inclades no example of a German story. Besides the
in Men and Manners.” Whether the forty illus- strictly textual matter, there is an elaborate critical
trations, from water-colors by Mr. A. H. Hallam essay by way of introduction, while with each story
Murray, were made for the book or the book for selected there goes a rather long list of other stories
the illustrations, or whether they came indepen.
of the same period, which provides ample material for
dently into existence and were subsequently found
a further study of the subject. The book as a whole
to have a mutual affinity, might remain open ques-
exhibits good judgment, and will be found useful for
educational purposes.
tions so far as internal evidence goes. But, at all
“ Electricity and Matter," by Professor J. J. Thom.
events, both author and artist have contributed to
son, is a publication of the Messrs. Scribner. It con-
the making of a charming book.
tains the first course of lectures given at Yale Univer-
sity upon the Silliman foundation, and shows, among
A New England
The fact that a biography need not
other things, a remarkably elastic construction of the
woman of a celebrate a famous name in order to
terms of an endowment "designed to illustrate the pres-
century ago.
be interesting is well proved by the
ence and providence, the wisdom and goodness of God,
“ Memorials of Mary Wilder White,” edited by her as manifested in the natural and moral world." The
daughter, and issued from the Everett Press, Bos treatment of the subject is as untechnical as possible,
ton. This volume is made up largely of Mrs. considering the recondite nature of the investigations
White's letters, and is valuable for showing very
discussed, and provides a statement of the present con-
frankly and sincerely the character and thoughts dition of physical theory concerning the ultimate nature
of a New England woman a hundred years ago,
of matter and force.
a woman who, though of decidedly more than av-
Mr. W. T. Ashley's work entitled “ The Adjustment
erage cultivation, belonged to no famous coterie.
of Wages ” (Longmans) is a study of conditions in the
coal and iron industries of Great Britain and America.
Her life was not without its excitements, for at sev.
The material consists of eight lectures delivered by the
enteen she was married to a West Indian planter author at Oxford in 1903, with the addition of a num-
who took her to Guadeloupe at a time when insur ber of illustrative documents. The attempt is to give
rections were of almost daily occurrence, and yellow a general survey of existing conditions, rather than to
fever raged with little check. In five months she solve the problem of industrial organization. The con-
lost both her husband and her only brother, and
clusion is reached that “the differences between the
her own life was repeatedly threatened. But after
United States and Great Britain, in the matter of the
her return to Concord her life was only ordinarily
organization of labor, are differences of degree, not of
eventful, and her biography owes its chief charm
kind,” – the latter country having reached a later stage
of industrial development. Mr. Ashley's presentation
to the revelation of her personality in her letters,
of the problem can hardly fail to interest the average
many of which are given here. They reveal a rare
reader, and will induce bim, incidentally, to draw some
delicacy of thought, with force and grace of char conclusions of his own.
acter. Nowhere are these qualities more delight Herr L. Viereck's “ Zwei Jabrhunderte Deutschen
fully shown than in her love-letters to Mr. Daniel Unterrichts in den Vereinigten Staaten" (Braunschweig-
Appleton White, to whom she was married in 1807. | Vieweg – New York: Stechert) is the expansion of a
In their restraint and dignity, these letters might paper on “German Instruction in American Schools”
well serve as a model to the present more exu-
prepared by the author several years ago for the Re-
port of the U. S. Commissioner of Education. In its
present form the work is a volume of three hundred
pages, presenting not only a conspectus of modern con-
BRIEFER MENTION.
ditions and courses in the various school systems and
universities (together with portraits of many well-
We doubt if the most hardened of apologists for our known teachers of German), but also a historical sur-
national policy in the Philippine Islands could read vey of the subject based upon a very wide range of
without searchings of heart “ The Story of the Lopez authorities. The book is even more than this, for it is
Family" as set forth in a series of family letters, with a study of the influence of German culture upon Amer-
comments, and edited for publication in book form by ican life and thought, viewed in a far wider than the
Mr. Canning Eyot. These letters give us an insight merely educational aspect. There are some amusing
into Filipino life and character such as we may seek in misprints of proper names, of which the most conspicu-
vain in the books of travellers or in official documents. ous is that of William Torvey (for Torrey) Harris, on
The fact that they were written without any notion of the frontispiece portrait, and the most startling that of
publication makes their revelations all the more poig Dr. “ Morderow” Wilson for the president of Princeton
nantly effective, and they constitute probably the most University.
berant age.


334
[May 16,
THE DIAL
« An Introduction to Invertebrate Embryology;" | **
Mr. Henry Frowde publishes for the Oxford Clar-
NOTES.
endon Press an edition of More's “ Utopia,” provided
with introduction, notes, and a glossarial index by Mr.
Mr. G. Bernard Shaw's freakish essay called “The
J. Churton Collins, a name which is a guarantee of edi-
Quintessence of Ibsen" is sent us by Brentano's in a
torial thoroughness and scholarship.
new but unchanged edition.
“Social Progress " for 1904, published by the Baker
“Fairy-Tales Up-to-Now," by Mr. Wallace Irwin, is
& Taylor Co., is the first annual appearance of “a year
an amusing burlesque (in verse) of five old-time favor-
book and encyclopædia of economic, industrial, social,
ites of the nursery. It is prettily published by Mr.
and religious statistics," edited by Mr. Josiah Strong.
Paul Elder.
It is a valuable compendium of facts.
Mr. Maurice Hewlett has gone to Italy for the sum-
based on the study of the frog and the chick, by Dr.
mer to complete his book on Tuscany, which will ap-
Albert Moore Reese, is a recent publication of the
Messrs. Putnam.
pear in the early fall with many illustrations by Mr.
Joseph Pennell. His new novel, “The Queen's Quair,"
An edition of “ Hamlet," edited by Mr. A. W. Verity,
is announced for immediate publication.
is published in the “Students' Shakespeare” by the
Professor William Edward Mead bas edited for
Messrs. Macmillan, acting as agents for the Cambridge
the “ Albion Series" of Messrs. Gion & Co. the middle
University Press.
English metrical romance of “The Squyr of Lowe
Professor Oscar W. Kuhns's volume on “ Dante's In-
Degre.' All the extant forms of the poem are given,
fluence on English Poetry, from Chaucer to Tennyson
together with introduction, notes, and a glossary.
is announced for immediate publication by Messrs.
Period V. of “ A History of England,” by the Rev.
Henry Holt & Co.
J. Franck Bright, covers the years of “ Imperial Reac-
Applications of the Kinetic Theory to Gases, Vapors,
tion" under the late Queen - in other words, the last
Pure Liquids, and the Theory of Solutions,” by Prof. two decades of the nineteenth century. It has maps
William Pingry Boynton, is a recent educational pub-
and plans, and is published by Messrs. Longmans,
lication of the Macmillan Co.
Green, & Co.
Mrs. E. L. Voynich has placed in the hands of her
An English translation of “The Annals of Tacitus,"
publishers, J. B. Lippincott Co., the manuscript of her
Books I.-VI., made by Dr. George Gilbert Ramsay,
new novel of Russian life, “ Olive Latham," and the
and provided with introduction, notes, and maps, forms
book will appear at an early date.
a handsome volume of more than four hundred pages,
“ The Voice of America on Kishineff," sent us by the of which the American edition bears the imprint of
Jewish Publication Society of America, is a volume of Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co.
sermons, resolutions, newspaper articles, and other per-
It is intended to apply whatever profits are derived
tinent matters, compiled by Dr. Cyrus Adler.
from the sale of Mr. Samuel T. Pickard's new literary
“Steps in English,” published in two volumes by guide, “Whittier Land," to the preservation and care
the American Book Co., is a text-book for elementary of the Whittier houses at Haverhill and Amesbury
schools prepared by the joint efforts of Messrs. John which are to be kept open always for such visitors as
Morrow, A. G. McLean, and Thomas C. Blaisdell.
love the memory of Whittier.
“ Dramatic Specimens and the Garrick Plays " con A selection of “Poems That Every Child Should
stitutes Volume IV. in the new edition of « The Works
Know," made by Miss Mary E. Burt, is publi