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126
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THE
DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER.
No. 438.
SEPT. 16, 1904.
Vol. XXXVII.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
BOOKS OF THE COMING YEAR .
155
PUBLISHER AND PUBLIC. H. W. Boynton
156
.
: . 158
COMMUNICATION . .
Herbert Spencer on Dreams. P. F. B.
ZOLA, NOVELIST AND REFORMER. Martin W.
Sampson
159
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION. Henry E. Bourne
161
BOOKS OF THE COMING YEAR.
Once more the publishers have sent out their
lists of books to be issued during the fall and
winter season now beginning, and once more
from these lists (printed complete elsewhere in
the present number) we attempt a brief survey
of their more striking features, indicating a few
of the titles that seem to offer the promise
of exceptional interest and importance. This
bird's-eye view is confined, as heretofore, to a
few categories only; for the most part, to the
sections of history and biography, poetry and
fiction, and the history and criticism of litera-
ture.
The book of the year when any one book
may fairly be thus designated—is more likely to
be found in the section of biography and memoirs
than anywhere else. The coming year offers
many works of this class that cannot fail to
prove deeply interesting, although none seems to
have quite the importance of Morley's Gladstone
or Spencer's Autobiography -- to mention two
conspicuous works of the year recently past,
We are inclined to think that the promised
'Autobiography, Memories, and Experiences of
Mr. Moncure D. Conway will turn out to be the
most valuable publication of the season in this
department; certainly it will have the deepest
sort of interest for American readers. Mr. Con-
way is one of the few surviving members of the
group of writers and thinkers whose work
embodies the finest traditions of our national
development, and, although he has spent many
years abroad, he has never ceased to be one of
us in spirit, or to hold courageously to the older
ideals of character and conduct that now seem
in danger of becoming obsolete factors in our
life. The only other work likely to vie in per-
sonal interest with Mr. Conway's Autobiog-
raphy will be the collection of letters written
by John Ruskin to Mr. Charles Eliot Norton.
These we have already been permitted to read,
in part, through the medium of "The Atlantic
Monthly,' and they reveal the lovable person-
ality of the writer more clearly than it has ever
before been shown to us. Other important
works of biography include the ‘Recollections
and Letters of General Lee,' Admiral Schley's
'Forty-Five Years under the Flag.' 'An Irish-
man's Story,' by Mr. Justin McCarthy, the 'Life
and Letters of Mandell Creighton,' a new mem-
oir of Aubrey de Vere, and Alfred Vizetelly's
life of Zola. "A series of French Men of Let-
ters, which we trust may have better luck than
AMERICAN EXPLORATION CLASSICS. Edwin
E. Sparks
164
.
A QUAKER PRINTER AND MAN OF ACTION.
Percy F. Bicknell
165
PROBLEMS OF THE AMERICAN CITY. Charles
Zueblin
167
THE CURRENCY QUESTION IN RETROSPEC-
TIVE. M. B. Hammond
168
.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
170
A delightful biography of Miss Edgeworth.
Some new Biblical plays. — The story of chamber
music. — French romantic writers of the last cen-
tury.— A book on 17th century manners. —- · Lit-
erature of the dark ages. - Memorial volume to
Clarence King. - Rossetti as an English Man of
Letters. - History of the beginnings of Music.
BRIEFER MENTION
173
NOTES
173
.
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL BOOKS
174
(A classified list of books announced for publica-
tion during the coming Fall and Winter season.)


156
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
6
the one started some years ago, will begin most Novels in the usual numbers are scheduled
auspiciously with a volume on Balzac by M. for early publication. Among the most promis-
Brunetiére.
ing titles are the following: The Last Hope,'
The approaching completion of three full cen by the late Henry Seton Merriman; 'The Ūn-
turies of England in the New World seems to dercurrent,' by Mr. Robert Grant; 'The Golden
be stimulating the production of a number of Bowl,' by Mr. Henry James; 'A Ladder of
American histories on a large scale. Two new Swords,' by Sir Gilbert Parker: 'Guthrie of
works of this character appear in our present the Times,' by Mr. Joseph A. Altsheler; “The
list. One is by Dr. Edward Channing, in an Seeker,' by Mr. Harry Leon Wilson; 'Hearts
unspecified number of volumes, and the other, in Exile,' by Mr. John Oxenham; The Be-
in ten volumes, is by Messrs. W. E. Chancellor trayal,' by Mr. E. Phillips Oppenheim; "The
and F. W. Hewes. Both of these works should Loves of Miss Anne,' by Rev. S. R. Crockett;
prove important additions to our apparatus for The Farm of the Dagger,' by Mr. Eden Phil-
the furtherance of historical information. In potts; ‘Beatrice of Venice,' by Mr. Max Pem-
this connection we should also mention the berton; Double Harness,' by Mr. Anthony
extraordinary recent activity, which shows no Hope Hawkins; 'The Brethren,' by Mr. Rider
signs of abatement, in the reprinting, under | Haggard; “Whoever Shall Offend, by Mr. F.
careful editorial supervision, of documentary Marion Crawford; “The Common Lot,' by Mr.
matter relating to our early history. Among Robert Herrick; Sabrina Warham,' by Mr.
the more ambitious new enterprises of this sort Laurence Housman; ' Helianthus,' by Ouida”;
we may call attention to the promised editions * The Prodigal Son,' by Mr. Hall Caine; ' An
of Cartier, of Lahontan's New Voyages,' of Ark in Backwater,' by Mr. E. F. Benson; My
Gass's “Journal, and of the “Early Western Lady of the North,' by Mr. Randall Parrish;
Travels' series. Of history other than Ameri New Samaria,' by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell; and
can, we find promised fewer important works “The Abbess of Vlaye,' by Mr. Stanley Wey-
than usual, and none that deserves to be singled man.
out for special mention.
The poetical drama is to be illustrated by
The section of literary history and criticism Miriam; or, The Sin of David,' by Mr. Stephen
offers many items of interest, although none of Phillips, and · William Shakespeare, Pedagogue
first-rate importance. We note with pleasure and Poacher,' by Dr. Richard Garnett. There
the volumes of essays announced by Mr. Bliss will also be a volume of new Poems and Plays,'
Perry, Mr. H. W. Boynton, and Mr. Paul Elmer by Mr. W. B. Yeats. Attractive books of new
More. The essay in this country would be in a verse are to be offered by the Rev. Henry van
bad way were it not for 'The Atlantic Monthly,' | Dyke, Mr. Frank Dempster Sherman, and Miss
and without the encouragement of that maga- Edith M. Thomas. More important than any
zine these three volumes, in particular, might of these volumes is, of course, the volume of
never have been written. Other volumes of new poems by Mr. Swinburne. And in this con-
essays are Mr. Brander Matthews’s ‘Recreations nection, we may say a word of the new uniform
of an Anthologist,' 'Literary Leaders of Amer edition of Mr. Swinburne's complete poems
ica' by Mr. Richard Burton, 'Lectures and exclusive of the dramas) to be published in six
Essays' by the late Canon Ainger, and 'Rou volumes. This long-promised collection has
tine and İdeals' by Mr. LeBaron R. Briggs. been one of the greatest of literary desiderata
Among works having a greater unity of content
for many years, and we are inclined to believe,
we note “ The Italian Poets since Dante,' by Dr. all things considered, that no other announce-
William Everett; 'The Temper of the Seven- ment for the coming season equals this in inter-
teenth Century in English Literature,' by Pro est and importance. For the first time, the
fessor Barrett Wendell; “The Principles and entire lyrical work of the greatest poet now
Progress of English Poetry,' by Messrs. C. M. living in the world is to be made really acces-
Gayley and C. C. Young; ‘Lectures on Greek sible to readers in general.
Literature,' by Mr. S. H. Butcher; and “Rus-
sian Literature,' by Prince Kropotkin. The
Wampum Library of American Literature,'
PUBLISHER AND PUBLIC.
edited by Mr. Brander Matthews, is a new enter-
prise of which three volumes are now ready.
Probably most people think of the publishing
Each of the volumes has a special editor, and
business as invested with a kind of dignity which
comprises representative examples of some par-
sets it a little apart from other trades. Pub-
lishers' offices are notoriously haunted by college
ticular literary genre, such as society verse, the
boys anxious to be admitted to a calling of semi-
short story, and literary criticism. This last
literary character which yet promises a compe-
topic reminds us to say that the third and final
tency. They dream happily of bearing a torch in
volume of Mr. Saintsbury's 'History of Criti one hand and a bag of the ready in the other.
cism' is about ready to appear.
There is indeed an opportunity in publishing, an


1904.)
157
THE DIAL
occa-
aspect of it, which cannot be defined in business cial obligations to the public. He exhibits proper
terms. Yet it is only an aspect. Popular tradi objects for sale, and charges such prices for them
tion to the contrary, it is not more natural for a as are commonly set upon such objects. Mis-
publisher to be a disinterested patron of the lit takes may occur, but it is his main purpose to
erary art than for him to be a grinding commer offer only articles which are worth buying. The
cial person. Undoubtedly most publishers desire standard will be somewhat roughly estimated;
to put forth some good literature; none who have refinements of discrimination in such matters
to do with new books can even attempt to pub must be left to the connoisseur and the critic.
lish nothing but good literature.
For the rest, the publishing-house has a right
Of course the publisher' does not mean what to put its best foot forward in advancing the sale
it once meant. The paternal publisher has taken of its own wares; it cannot be expected to be
his place with the Grub Street bookseller among colorlessly judicial in expressing its good opinion
relics of the past. A modern publishing house of them. The persons or committees by whose
does its work by modern business methods. It advice a given book has been accepted for publi-
has its head; but the detail goes to separate cation may express themselves in private with a
departments, manned by specially trained crews. good deal of reservation as to its absolute liter-
Its left hand does not always know what its ary merit. Public utterances of opinion rarely
right hand is doing,-a fact which
come direct from them. In a general way, they
sionally leads to complications between business furnish material for the functionaries whose spe-
motives and methods and others. Delicate adjust cial business it is to advertise, directly or indi-
ments are often necessary between editorial and rectly, the books of the house. Such reverbera-
business offices. But the general policy will be tions of editorial judgment can hardly retain much
much like that which governs other commercial critical quality. The estimate of the given book
enterprises: to turn out as good an article as which eventually goes forth as the opinion of the
possible, and to dispose of it at as good a price house may be, as a gentleman well acquainted
as possible. As a rule, the publisher is doubt with publishing said recently in private conversa-
less sincere in desiring to put forth what is, tion, "an opinion of an opinion of an opinion.'
according to some reasonable standard, really The final version is naturally optimistic. If a
worth publishing. The nicer problems of the book has been found good enough for the firm
trade turn upon the question as to how such a to publish, it is merely human for individuals
standard shall be determined and maintained. in the employ of the firm to take for granted
There are four classes of books ordinarily that it is a very good book indeed. They may
found on the lists of the modern publisher of know little or nothing of the grounds upon which
the best type: (1) useful books, whether new it was accepted.
or reprinted, which make no claim to the pos These grounds may have been, in the main,
session of literary quality; (2) reprints of work other than literary, even when the book seems
which time has determined to be the product to fall within a literary category. For example:
of literary art; (3) new books which make some Suppose a novel written about a young Mormon
claim to literary quality, but for the publication whose career is made difficult, and interesting,
of which there are strong practical reasons, such by complications arising from his birth through
as timeliness, fitness for a special audience, and polygamy. The publishers might accept it for
so on; (4) new books which can hardly be some such reasons as these;. (1) It is timely,
expected to do more than ‘pay expenses,' but because the question of polygamy has just come
which are published for their literary mepit. The before the nation, perhaps for the last time;
last-named class is necessarily small; the fact of (2) there is nothing of this kind at present in
its existence is a credit to the publisher. The the market; (3) the subject is treated so adriotly
first two classes suggest no serious problems. that the book ought to reach a large special audi-
It is in eonnection with the third class that a ence of liberal Mormons as well as the general
more delicate question arises. At this point the audience of citizens who have just been excited
publisher ceases to be the purveyor of a com against Mormonism; (4) it is written by So-and-
modity the value of which is determinable. Many so, whose other novels have had such-and-such a
books belong, as we have seen, to this class. Like sale; (5) it is creditable in point of form, with
shoes or soap, they are articles which the pub at least as good a chance of surviving the year
lic specifically needs, and upon which it sets a as the average novel. It seems, indeed, to have
specific value. With such books, when official some pretensions to literary merit.
analysis has proved them fit for their purpose, As soon as the book is accepted, it becomes a
the publisher can afford to approach his public. part of this firm's stock in trade. It is advance-
If his services were to end there, they would be noticed and put through the press with a solicitude
considerable, and calculable. The uncertainties lively in proportion to the expectations of its
of the trade inhere in its obligation, or its fatal sales. It grows to be an article of faith with the
ity, of dealing with certain books which possess house, so that before it is fairly upon the market
at least an hypothetical status as works of art. it
may be figuring in advertisements as the liter-
It appears to be a perfectly tenable position, ary feat of the year, decade, or century. There
though perhaps not a lofty one, that a work of is no moral issue here. Modern methods of adver-
art, having been put upon the market, becomes tising do not prescribe, or permit, delicacy or
a purely commercial article, and must take its accuracy of expression. It is the publisher's
chances with other commercial articles. The affair, if he chooses to stultify himself over his
dealer in works of art is, let us say, without spe signature. So far as his utterance of opinion is


158
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
or
now
restricted to advertising space, it need not be for the statement of facts publisher and editor
challenged, either as to substance or as to form, have a practical right to exchange good offices, –
except on grounds of taste. It is because the the publisher getting valuable advertising for
coarse method pays that, as Mr. Birrell says, nothing, the editor getting his columns filled for
publishers "continue to extol the often secret nothing, and the reader getting whatever he can
charms of their kept authors with an enthusiasm for a consideration. Is it possible to extend our
almost indelicate.'
complaisance to expressions of critical opinion,
But the publisher's opinion fails to confine the source of which is left, to say the least, equiv-
itself to advertising space; and it is at this ocal? Publishers do not hesitate to admit that
point that his practice lays itself open to excep they set more value on the reading-notice than
tion on other grounds than those of taste. As a on regular advertising; the reasons for which
dealer in works of art, he has, we have liberally fact are matters for consideration, but hardly for
admitted, no special obligations toward the pub- surmise. Probably there is no occasion for pro-
lic-unless, we may add, it be that he should be test. We can only recognize the fact with regret
scrupulous to the utmost in fathering his positive that no trade, whatever its traditional associa-
recommendations. For the existence of the tions and ideals, can now get on comfortably
'reading-notice' ‘literary note'. as without some little trick warranted to extract
employed by the publisher, no adequate apology that last indispensable drop of profit from a
has as yet been offered. These notes are pre public which is, on the whole, well content to
pared in the publisher's offices by specially pay tribute whenever a creditable degree of
detailed persons. They are put up in convenient skill is shown in the levy. H. W. BOYNTON.
form for direct insertion in the newspaper
columns. There is nothing in them to suggest
to the uninitiated that they are not the work
COMMUNICATION.
of the editorial staff. Indeed, not a little ingenu-
ity is expended upon giving them a casual flavor;
HERBERT SPENCER ON DREAMS.
and it is evident that their value for advertising
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
purposes depends upon the inconspicuousness, to
Among the many personal reminiscences lead-
put it mildly, of their origin. The specific object
ing the author into speculative inquiry, which ren-
in view is to call attention to a particular book,
der Herbert Spencer's ' Autobiography' so attract-
by a particular author, issued by a particular pub- ive to thoughtful readers, occurs this sentence
lishing-house. One or two of the parties in the
in connection with the writer's occasional use of
enterprise commonly go unmentioned; this sug-
opium to induce sleep: -'In ordinary dreams,
gests an editorial indifference to the mere con-
thoughts which seem valuable or witty, turn out
venience of the publisher which is effective in on awaking to be nonsensical or inane; but in
producing the desired illusion.
morphia dreams there sometimes arise thoughts
Reading-notices are nominally of two kinds: which would not discredit the waking state. He
those which give information, and those which
then relates (vol. 2, pp. 205-6) a dream of the lat-
express opinion. In truth, they shade impercepti-
ter sort, which without being brilliantly witty is
bly into each other. The information notice in
far more coherent than most unassisted dreams.
its best form gives statements of fact which may
Yet I think it may be capable of demonstration
reasonably be expected to add to one's legitimate
that the 'pipe dream' is, as a rule, far more
knowledge of an author or a book. One may find wildly extravagant and absurdly nonsensical than
something dubious in the apparition of any para-
the natural dream. At any rate, I venture to
graph of unpaid-for advertising made to look
believe I can match the synthetic philosopher's
like a product of editorial industry or curiosity.
morphia dream with a recent one of my own,
But important news-items directly concern the
experienced under natural conditions; but of
public, and if the publisher is in a position to
course I cannot make a perfectly impartial com.
get such facts he is right to pass them on to the
parison of the two. In my dream a college pro-
newspaper; he may even act as assistant editor fessor was examining in Roman history a stu-
as far as to word the items in question. They
dent who persisted in mispronouncing proper
should possess some intrinsic importance. Too names, as, — Rom-u-lus, Hann-i-bal, Calig-u-la (ac-
often they are statements of trivial fact framed
cent always on the penult). At last the professor
for the sake of keeping the name of a man or a
lost patience. “Young man,' said he severely,' unless
book before the public eye. The other day,'
*The other day,' | you take care you will Ci-ce-ro (see zero] as the
says Mr. Birrell, 'I read this announcement:
result of this examination.' I should add that the
"The memoir of Dr. Berry, of Wolverhampton,
student's blunders did not remain so clear in my
will bear the simple title, Life of the Rev. C. A. memory, on awaking, as the professor's punning
Berry, D.D.” Heavens! what other title could admonition; but that the unhappy youth had
it bear?' Such a note has comparative ingenu-
sinned against the rules of quantity I was left in
ousness, at least. I have been assured by a per-
no doubt. Thus I had to reconstruct the first part
son of experience that the more delicate successes
of my dream a very little; otherwise I have
in the art of reading-notice composition are due
related it as it occurred. Perhaps some of your
to skill' in giving a statement of fact the effect readers can give similar or better instances of
of a criticism.
dreams wherein the god of sleep has not made
Here we approach what is evidently a ques-
such fools of his devotees as it must be confessed,
tion of elementary ethics rather than of elemen to our humiliation, he too often does. P. F. B.
tary taste. Let us strain a point, and admit that Malden, Mass., Sept. 8, 1904.


1904.]
159
THE DIAL
The New Books.
book is not definitive, it nevertheless makes a
definitive book unnecessary.
We have before us, then, the life of a man
ZOLA, NOVELIST AND REFORMER.* who believed in the gospel of work, and who,
having found out what he wanted to do, did
The life of Zola by Mr. Vizetelly may natu-
rally be regarded as the official English biogra- Zola explains a great deal,- the man's insight,
the thing relentlessly. The Italian strain in
phy of the remarkable man, half Italian, half
French, who won the attention of his epoch tenacity. His career was one involving much
his large conceptions, his strong feelings, his
and finally forced criticism to take him as
hardship, the bitterness of neglect, the difficult
seriously as he took himself. It was the Vize-
search for the right medium of utterance, the
telly publishing house that brought out Zola antagonism of those who might have been his
in English translation; and the younger Vize-
intellectual helpers, and, above all, the unyield-
telly, the present biographer, was the novel-
ing pursuit of the ideal. It was a career that
ist's trusted friend. He speaks with undoubted
closed in a moral triumph, a life that pre-
authority regarding the facts of Zola's career, eminently deserves study.
and has obviously at his command far more
To begin at the beginning, it is no wonder
material than he has cared to use. The book
that Zola should have believed in heredity,
he has produced is in part satisfying, and in
since he saw it at work in his own nature. The
part not. In a clear and interesting way, the
father, Francesco (afterwards François) Zola,
main facts of Zola's life are told; from the
was a Venetian who came to France about
pages before him one can gain a perfectly 1830. He was a military engineer, full of
definite idea of Zola the man. The book does
great projects for which he ceaselessly sought
not pretend to literary criticism, save in so far
a hearing. If but few of his larger schemes
as criticism is often needed to explain details
of the man's life; for Zola, of course, was essen-
came to maturity, it was doubtless because he
was in advance of his time. Projects for the
tially a writer, and his life-blood is in his
docks at Marseilles, for the fortification of
books. There is, then, much explanation of
Paris, were not accepted; but Mr. Vizetelly
general and special purposes of Zola's work,
makes it fairly clear that the elder Zola's ideas
and the explanation is offered with candid
have been wholly justified by time, while the
enthusiasm. On the other hand, the book fails plans that were used instead have proved inade-
of being an adequate biography, partly because
quate.
the writer is rather sparing of the minor per-
A project that ultimately succeeded
was the “Zola canal,' which supplies Aix with
sonal details we have come to regard as our
water. Intellectual capacity and untiring apti-
right in biography, partly because he has a
tude for worl: were the father's chief bequest
thesis to prove — the essential morality of Zola
to his son (born in 1840), for premature death
and the failure of the English public to appre- left a family provided with but scant resources.
ciate that morality,- and partly because he
The mother, — of the small tradesman class,
has not himself the artist's power of present-
ing his subject with due sense of proportion antry,— sought to give a fitting education to
one generation away from the sturdy peas-
and of values. But over-emphasis reacts rather
her son, fatherless at the age of seven; while
upon the writer than upon his subject: though
at the same time she did her best to protect her
one objects to the method, he must acknowl-
interests in the yet unfulfilled canal scheme.
edge that the writer has made his point. So
Unjust treatment was accorded her, and a life
if a certain didacticism leads Mr. Vizetelly to
of struggle followed her failure to establish her
drive home with undue energy the fact that
claims.
Zola was a most conscientious worker and a
Zola's earliest school-days were days of
man of absolute devotion to his literary ideals,
the reader after all is left with the correct
truancy; but from the boy's twelfth year, the
notion in his mind; and this is no small matter.
college period in Aix reads like a Sunday-school
Mr. Vizetelly has no other charm of style than story. Al! the important constituents are
that of fluenc sincerity, and he is handicapped
there: the widow's son, industrious and excel-
by the fact that he holds a brief for his father's
lent above his classmates, winning prize after
publishing-house, which took up Zola at a time prize in an imposing series, showing ability in
when to publish Zola meant, as it happened,
all directions, and being ‘guided by one sim-
fine and imprisonment. But with all his draw ple, self-imposed rule, a rule which he carried
backs, the biographer has produced a volume
into his after-life, and which largely proved
which tempts one to the paradox that if the
the making of him. He did not eschew play
and other recreations, he did not spend inter-
* EMILE ZOLA, NOVELIST AND REFORMER. An Account
of his Life and
Alfred Vizetelly.
minable hours in poring over books, there was
, Illustrated. New York: John Lane.
nothing “goody-goody” about him; but he
Work.
By Ernest


160
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
on
а
invariably learnt his lessons, prepared his Claude,' was the next thing to do; and inciden-
exercises, before he went to play. More sur tally he kept up a steady fire of newspaper
prising that this is the choice at seventeen of criticism, eorning perhaps two hundred francs
à scientific purse rather than a literary one, a month by his pen.
În 1865 Claude' ap-
although the boy was now a maker of verse, peared, and Zola left Hachette's to devote
and under the spell of Victor Hugo and of himself entirely to writing. From now, until
de Musset; and more surprising still is the fact the days of the Dreyfus case, the story is mainly
that in Paris, whither his mother had removed one of intellectual development and slowly
in the vain hope of bettering the family for improving worldly condition. It was not by any
tunes, the former prize-winner, now
means all plain sailing: there were plays that
scholarship at the Lycée of St. Louis, remained
were not accepted, ventures in art criticism
among the mediocre, and finally failed to win arousing great partisan feeling, occasional
his degree. He was now twenty, discredited, serious diminutions in income; the earlier
and penniless; and after trying his hand at a stories, though published, had not won their
clerkship in the customs at two francs a day, way; Thérèse Raquin’ (1867) was the first
he went back to his literary attempts, mostly real success.
verse, and began a Grub-street existence. His | Two years later, Zola entered into a con-
mother had no longer enough income for two
tract to begin a series of novels dealing with the
to live upon, and Zola lived alone, often in the history of a whole family. In large measure,
winter,
this ‘Rougon-Macquart' series was his life-
'Fireless, shivering in bed, with every garment he
possesses piled over his legs, and his fingers red
work; and it is highly characteristic of Zola
with the cold while he writes his verses with the
that he completely finished the project, even
stump of a pencil.
His great desire when though its final form included nearly twice as
he awakes a morning is to procure that day, by much as the original outline indicated. But
hook or crook, the princely sum of three sous in
order that he may buy a candle for his next
the publisher's failure meant financial distress
evening's work. At times he is in despair: he is
to the author, and postponement of the great
forced to commit his lines to memory during the
scheme. Friends were made, and also ene-
long winter night, for lack of the candle which mies,- for Zola was outspoken in his literary
would have enabled him to confide them to paper.
criticism; and gradually the man made himself
It was then, as he afterward told Guy de
Maupassant, that he lived for days together on a
a place in the literary life of Paris. To the
little bread, which, in Provençal fashion, he dipped publisher Charpentier, Théophile Gautier, in
in oil; that he set himself to catch sparrows from speaking one evening of the young writers of
his window, roasting them on a curtain rod; that
the day, said: “There is one among them who
played the Arab,” remaining indoors for a
week at a time, draped in a coverlet, because he
is very unlucky, and who is different from
had no garments to wear.
He often used most of the others. You should admit him
to say in after-life that the only coat he possessed among your authors, my dear Charpentier. If
in that year of misery ended by fading from black
I am not vastly mistaken, he possesses a touch
to a rusty grcen. Thus, when he went hither and
thither soliciting employment, he was very badly
of genius. His name is Emile Zola. Have you
received." I gathered that people thought me too
ever heard of him ? This little word of com-
shabby. I was told, too, that my handwriting was mendation turned out to be Zola's opportunity.
very bad; briefly, I was good for nothing.
Charpentier became his publisher, and the
Good for nothing—that was the answer to my en-
worldly battle was won at last. Zola was
deavours; good for nothing-unless it were to
- suffer, to sob, to weep over my youth and my gradually coming to an understanding of the
heart.
I had grown up dreaming of glory scope of such a series as that of the 'Rougon-
and fortune, I awoke to find myself stranded in
Macquarts,' but in a special sense he perhaps
the mire.''
hardly came into his own field until he wrote
L'Assommoir.' This forced the issue. The
clerkship, at a hundred francs monthly, in the
vogue of the book, enormous for those days
publishing-hcuse of Hachette; and he felt that
when a great sale meant actually interested
he was saved. He now managed to get some of readers, made it impossible to ignore the fact
his writing into the newspapers; and in 1864
that the man had 'arrived. Far from avoid-
a volume of short stories met with acceptance, ing controversy, Zola invited it,- it made the
not by Hachette, but by another house. The
vogue of his books greater, and his doctrine
first real turr of affairs had now come; here
emerged into public attention. From this
are Zola's words:
time forward, he had the centre of the stage.
į“ The battle has been short, and I am astonished
He finished at last his Rougon' series, and
that I have not suffered more. I am now on the
threshold: the plain is vast, and I may break my
then projected new groups of novels, a didactic
neck crossing it; but no matter,-as it only remains purpose becoming more and more evident as
for me tò march onward, I will march.'
the years went on, until finally some of his
To finish his first novel, 'La Confession de work is buć the form of fiction in the service
he or
A turn of fortune in 1862 gave Zola a small | "L


1904.)
161
THE DIAL
of a thesis. To discuss Zola's life during this portrayal of vice rarely proves a deterrent:
period of his greatest success is to discuss his many of Zola's books undoubtedly sold simply
literary output, work by work; and this is out because they seemed indecent; and one may
of the question here.
doubt their disclipinary effect upon the pur-
One comes now to Zola's share in the Drey chasers. Those readers, on the other hand, who
fus case. Mr. Vizetelly's account of this is full could apprehend the moral purpose under the
and adequate, presenting the facts fairly, it repulsiveness, were in the main in no need of
would seem, and arranging the material clearly. the lesson as such. So the question comes back,
Zola's participation in the case was wholly as always, to this: Has the work been done
impersonal: that is, he had no acquaintance with the artistic control that creates the thing
with the Dreyfus family, but arrived at his con we call beauty? Much, perhaps most, of Zola's
clusions from a sober study of the testimony work will not stand such a test. One wonders,
that was accessible to him. Before he wrote after all, how much, from a literary point of
the famous open letter to the President of the view, Zola's indefatigableness was futile: there
Republic, he had published in ‘ Figaro' a series are many dull and many hateful pages to
of articles, temperately asking for a full answer for in the novels; nor is it over-likely
inquiry. The clamor that ensued frightened that the novels will last. But it was due to
the newspaper into stopping the articles. Zola his self-discipline in holding to the purpose of
then found a means of expression in pam his novels, that Zola rose to his opportunity
phlets; and on becoming convinced finally that and rendered France the greatest of services,
only some violent method could secure revision, accusing French militarism of its crime. It
he hit upon the plan of addressing a letter to may well be that this man of letters will occupy
President Faure, couching it in such words a higher place in the history of France than in
that for the honor of the nation the writer her literature.
MARTIN W. SAMPSON.
would have to be brought to trial and suffer the
penalty of libel unless he could prove his
charges. The matter is too recent to need
recapitulation here; one may more fittingly
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION.*
compliment Mr. Vizetelly on his careful pres-
entation of a rather intricate subject. That his It is one of the good fashions in making
explanation of Zola's attitude is correct admits books to furnish them not only with a service-
of no doubt. The man was sincere and self-able index but also with bibliographies. Like
sacrificing, and events have shown that he was the preceding volumes of the Cambridge Mod-
right.
ern History, Volume VIII. contains long bib-
Not the least interesting chapter in the vol. liographical lists. Would it not have been well
ume is the one that tells in detail the story of to prefix to these an historical introduction,-
the English publication of Zola. Mr. Vizetelly a brief history of the histories of the Revolu-
is speaking literally pro domo sua, and wins tion, from Rabaut de St. Etienne’s ‘Précis'
our sympatlıy, even if not our complete appro-
to Professor Aulard's 'Histoire Politique' or
bation. Here, however, and in the pages tell-
M. Jaurès' 'Histoire Sociale'? The Revolu-
ing of a critical moral episode of Zola's life, tion was not one of those neutral events which
Mr. Vizete!ly protests too much, and not a writer can describe without revealing him-
always with good taste; it would have been bet-
self. It was such a confused mêlée of prophetic
ter to state the facts quietly and dispense with ideals, deep-rooted habits, and ordinary pas-
argument.
sions, that its history has grown as men have
In the light of the full knowledge of Zola's
grown, or as changes have come in literary
life that this book gives, one gathers up anew
forms or social theories. There has been a
his impressions of the man and the writer. development in the conception of it capable of
One does not nowadays repeat Tennyson's being treated historically, and which the 'gen-
word, the trough of Zolaism, as a fair criti-
eral public' should understand, if this rather
cism; the man and his work are too significant vague personage is to approach the subject
to be dismissed with a contemptuous label. intelligently,
And yet, granting to the uttermost the moral
When history is written on the coöperative
purpose the author had in dealing with the plan, it must be difficult to distribute the
horrors and uglinesses of life,-- granting, as
material in such a way as to secure a sufficiently
one easily may, that Zola wrote nothing for
full consideration of special topics without
the sake of lubricity, and granting the right drawing from the main stream too much of its
of literature to treat whatever is human,
Planned by Lord
the serious reader of Zola is likely to ask him-
Prothero, Litt.D., and Stanley Leathes, M.A. Vol. VIII., The
self, What is the good of most of this? The French Revolution. New York: The Macmillan Co.
• THE CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY,
Acton, LL.D. Edited by A. W. Ward, Litt.D., G. W.


162
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
force. In this volume the distribution has been are Dr. J. H. Rose's three chapters on the
made with good judgment, but one occasionally foreign war after General Bonaparte becomes
receives the impression that the writers have the principal figure. Although this is largely
followed the programme too rigorously. Many the same ground which he covered in his recent
things given their special setting in Professor biography of Napoleon I., the new account is
Viollet's invaluable chapter on 'French Law in in no sense a repetition of the other. But for
the Age of the Revolution should be touched an occasional turn of phrase or identity of con-
in the chapters on the Constituent, the Legis- ception, it would be difficult to recognize the
lative Assembly, and the Convention; other relationship of the two.
wise the importance of their work will be mis No part of the work succeeds better in giving
conceived. Much the same may be said of just the facts necessary for an exact understand-
financial affairs, described in a separate chapter ing of the matters in hand than Professor
by Mr. Henry Higgs. The 'General War,' the Montague's chapters on the Old Régime and the
Naval War,' and foreign affairs prior to the period of the Constituent. They show every-
1795 treaties, are also, and necessarily, man where a careful consideration of the results of
aged in special chapters, for each of these recent researches, - those, for example, upon
topics possesses a peculiar center of interest and the much-debated question of the amount of
its own line of development. At the same time land held by the peasants. The facts are not
the meddlesome policy of other states and their poured out in confusing masses, but their
threats of war profoundly affected the course nature is luminously characterized in a para-
of the Revolution, and should be explained graph or two, each word of which is almost a
adequately in the general narrative even at the summary. Although the amount of attention
cost of some repetition. Mr. Moreton Mac- granted to the old Régime is questionable,
donald, who writes on the Legislative and the when it is remembered that another volume of
Convention, should have conceded more to the the series is to treat the Eighteenth Century,
inenace on the frontier in his analysis of the these two chapters could ill be spared. In some
origin of Revolutionary violence.
respects they are superior to those on the Con-
It is of more doubtful wisdom to divide, as stituent. It is instructive to see in detail into
is done here, the general narrative, – that is, what an impasse the government had blundered
in the main, the political history of the Revolu- by 1788. Strong statesmanship was needed in
tion, among
among four writers; for there is order that the King might recover that leader-
danger of a shifting of attitude which may ship in the nation's affairs which so many of
confuse the reader. Of course such a division his ancestors had held. A 'business man's
is explicable if it is suggested by the special administration, such as Necker could give, was
researches of, the writers themselves. MM. not the remedy.
Lavisse and Rambaud, in the eighth volume of Many of Professor Montague's characteriza-
their 'Histoire Générale,' avoided the danger tions of men or of assemblies are remarkably
by assigning the whole to Professor Aulard, suggestive. After a few words on Mounier,
already distinguished for an unrivalled knowl Malouet, and Sieyès, he introduces Mirabeau in
edge of the political history of the Revolution. this fashion: But these men were presently
In the present case, Mr. Macdonald's work on overshadowed by one who had no recommenda-
the later Assemblies is noticeably different in tions save genius and courage, whose reputa-
tone from Professor Montague's description of tion was not far removed from infamy, and
the Constituent; and the difference is not alto who, though it was impossible to des pise or dif-
gether accounted for by the fact that the sub ficult to hate him, was deeply dis rusted by
ject becomes more repellent as the history of almost all his colleagues. Perhaps the ma-
the Legislative and of the Convention proceeds. chinery of such a sentence glitters too much, but
There is no such difference of tone or attitude it would be hard to construct anything better
between Mr. Fortescue's chapter on the Direc- embodying the situation of Mirabeau at the
tory and Mr. Fisher's ‘Brumaire.'
opening of the States General. It is followed
Among the noteworthy chapters of the volume by a sketch, two or three pages long, which
are Professor Richard Lodge's 'European brings the man and his aims before the reader,
Powers and the Eastern Question and the and in which there is not a stroke or a touch
• Extinction of Poland. In the first he con that seems superfluous. Equally satisfactory
siders incidentally the earlier phases of Pitt's is this lucid summary of the function of the
foreign policy described by Mr. Oscar Browning States General, which Professor Montague has
in a special chapter. His estimate of Pitt's just been comparing with the English parlia-
influence is less emphatically eulogistic than ment: “What had been true at first of all
Mr. Browning's; indeed, he seems to feel that mediæval parliaments remained true of the
the Emperor Leopold was the master diplo States General to the end. The deputies
matist of 1790 and 1791. Equally noteworthy remained agents in relation to their electors,


1904.]
163
THE DIAL
>
petitioners in relation to the King,' etc. Of
Of in England, had picked up a 'specious and sub-
the National Assembly he acutely remarks, ' It terranean
terranean knowledge of European politics,
contained many excellent members of commit- enabling him 'to pose as a great authority on
tee, but very few statesmen, and to these it foreign affairs. He further stigmatizes him as
rarely listened. No wonder, therefore, that it thoroughly insincere and self-seeking.'
should have made many good laws but have malign Brissot is a literary diversion as old as
failed entirely to govern.'
the Revolution itself. It was good Jacobins
In these chapters there are few defects to like Camille Desmoulins who organized the tra-
be noted. One would hardly suspect, however, dition. From such judgments it is refreshing
from Professor Montague's description of the to turn to a letter written, after the execution
decrees of August 4, that they constituted rather of the Girondins, to Sir Samuel Romilly, by
a programme of reform than a comprehensive Etienne Dumont, one of Mirabeau's friends,
piece of legislation. It is only in Professor who says he never liked Brissot as a politician,
Viollet's chapter that the matter is adequately but that this did not prevent him 'from doing
explained. Furthermore, Professor Montague justice to his virtues, to his private character,
does not make clear the relation between the to his disinterestedness, to his social qualities as
controversy over a second chamber and that a husband, a father, a friend, and as an in-
upon the royal vote. He gives the impression trepid advocate of the wretched negroes.'
also that the suspensive’ veto was a weak form Such a lack of sympathy leads Mr. Mac-
of veto, whereas it might hold back a project donald to the verge of misstatement. The
of law from three to six years. Largely moved destruction of Lyons is an illustration. He
by the necessity of compressing his descriptions intimates that 'a considerable portion of the
of events, he has not furnished a clear account city was destroyed.' But it was only ridiculous
of the origin of October 5.-6. He has also
He has also monsters like Collot d’Herbois who could poetize
fallen into the error, corrected by Viollet on a about a day when the passing traveller would
later page, of saying that the Constituent abol- discover on the site of Lyons only a few cot-
ished slavery in the colonies. This was done tages, 'which the friends of equality shall dwell
by the Convention.
in, living happily on the benefits of nature. The
The middle period of the Revolution is not considerable portion' destroyed consisted of a
described by Mr. Macdonald in so satisfying a few houses in the wealthy quarter of Bellecour.
manner. The real difficulty is that he has no The Convention in its decree expressly ex-
sympathy with the France of those fatal years. empted public buildings, buildings devoted to
Before the conclusion of his final chapter on industry, and the dwellings of the poor. Mr.
the Constituent, the note of disappointment in Macdonald's explanations of the Maximum and
Professor Montague's writing had ominously of the function of representatives on mission'
increased, but his sympathy did not fail. One are scarcely more lucid or accurate. This is
turns the page and feels an atmosphere of particularly unfortunate in case of the Max-
hostile criticism, full of condemnation, some imum, which was a curious wholesale applica-
times of contempt. Professor Montague, in tion of an economic practice familiar under
more than a page of detail given to the machin- the Old Régime.
ery for the election of deputies, does not hint The effect of the Revolution upon England
at anything sinister about this machinery; but and Europe, even upon the Balkan peoples, is
Mr. Macdonald discovers that its complication succinctly described in a final chapter by Mr.
was 'wanton and deliberate,'-—'all a part of G. P. Gooch. Unfortunately, nothing is said
the Jacobin plan.' He continues: "This over about the impression made in America. It is
elaboration of the electoral arrangements kept not a sufficient answer to say that this was pre-
all busy men, - in other words, all respectable cluded by the title of the chapter. The steady
men, — from the ballot, and handed it over to sympathy which the republican Americans,
idlers and vagabonds.' It is the tone of this themselves lately revolutionists, felt for Revo-
statement, rather than its inconsistency with lutionary Frapce, even after the execution of
the fact that only tax-payers or active citi the King, is significant. They made a distinc-
zens' could vote, which is objectionable. The tion between the essential Revolution and the
whole passage is a developed charge that the deeds of the Robespierrist faction,– a distinc-
Jacobins used every device known in eighteenth- tion which some English and Continental
century English electioneering practice, and critics, with latent aristocratic or monarchist
others less brutal.
prejudices, do not always succeed in keeping
The same unsympathetic attitude controls clear.
the brief characterizations of members of the The twenty-five chapters of this volume,
Legislative Assembly and of the Convention. taken as a whole, impress one as a remarkably
Brissot, for example, is the son of a pastry useful setting forth of the facts essential to an
cook,' who, as a journalist and during his exile I understanding of the Revolution. If they are


164
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
al
ers.
not equally successful in interpreting it in a reading public at large. The expedition was
large and sympathetic spirit as the tragic con made twelve years before the English explora-
summation of the long development of French tions began on the Atlantic coast, and seventy
institutions, this is probably due to the treat years previous to any permanent settlement by
ment of the middle period as a vulgar melo- that nation. It does not come into touch with
drama.
HENRY E. BOURNE. the history of the United States, until the open-
ing of the Santa Fé Trail and our territorial
expansion disclosed its fruits in the province
of New Mexico. This comparatively remote
AMERICAN EXPLORATION CLASSICS.* historical field will be made accessible to many
The centennial of the Lewis and Clark Ex-
readers by the volume entitled “Coronado's
ploration of the Northwest is responsible for Journey. The official and private descriptions
the increase of literature upon that subject made by several of the participants have been
which the year has produced, and is still to
taken from the Spanish archives and translated
produce according to announcements of publish- into English by Dr. George Parker Winship,
No other adventure into the wilderness who has added an excellent itinerary of the
changed so much of the United States domain various Spanish expeditions in America. The
from the unknown to the known, or made as
foot-notes made by Mr. Winship are so useful
much geography in the same time. The revival
that one wishes a similar attention had been
of interest in Lewis and Clark has served to paid the remaining volumes. Admitting that
call fresh attention to the accomplishments of annotations are distracting and that "editors'
other courageous spirits sent forth to spy out commonly over-annotate, the fact remains that
the land before the advance of civilization.
in reprints treating of remote places and per-
Few readers are possessed of a mind so pro-
sons notes are valuable for the sake of identi-
saic or a circulation so sluggish as not to be fication. They would have materially increased
moved by a good story of adventure. Hero-
the value of another volume in the series — a
worship is almost second-nature when called reprint of the voyages and travels of Daniel
forth by indomitable courage, physical hard-
Williams Harmon, for twelve years connected
ship, or triumphant achievement. In the guise with the fur companies of the Northwest. As a
of fiction, adventure has played and will con-
partner in the Northwest Fur Company and in
tinue to play a large part as a motive in litera- charge of the company interests beyond the
ture, When transformed into history by a
Rocky Mountains, he made these observations
lively imagination and a facile pen, it claims while leading the life of a white man among
scarcely less attention. Yet many prefer to
savages. The original was probably printed in
learn of adventures in neither of these guises, 1820. This uncertainty of the date of original
but to go direct to the original sources when publication would have been cleared by the
they are available, and to read in the first introduction of facsimiles of title-pages, as is
person singular' the moving accidents by field
done in some reprints.
and flood which befell the makers of continental
The Lewis and Clark reprint occupies three
trails.
volumes. A few pages containing an introduc-
To satisfy this class of readers, Messrs. A. S. tory sketch of the purchase of Louisiana, by
Barnes & Company have prepared a series of Professor McMaster, are placed in the first
reprints of personal descriptions of explorations volume. Otherwise, the introductions in the
under the title · The Trail Makers.' The ten
series are of minor merit. The Biddle edition
volumes constituting the series have been put of the Lewis and Clark papers is followed.
into handy duodecimo shape, without reducing
Two volumes are given to Alexander Mac-
the type to an objectionable size. Reprints of kenzie's Voyages to the Arctic and the Pacific
the original maps also are given, with introduc-
oceans in 1789 and 1793. As the first Euro-
tions and other useful addenda. Uniformity pean known to written history to cross the
in style and care in details have produced a continent in its northern portion, Mackenzie's
very attractive series.
name will always be of interest. Having charge
The story of Coronado's expedition from
of the Northwest Fur Company's post at De-
Mexico into the region now occupied by Texas, troit, and ordered to make explorations in the
New Mexico, and Kansas, is well known to back country, he undertook the journeys, and
writers and readers of the early Spanish his-
wrote descriptions, which were first printed in
tory of the Southwest, but not to the American
London in 1801. He settled negatively the
* THE TRAIL MAKERS. Edited by John Bach McMaster.
question, long in dispute, of the possible exist-
In ten volumes, comprising: Lewis and Clark's Journal, ence of a northwestern water-passage to the
Mackenzie's Voyages, Colden's History of the Five Indian Pacific. While affording no such scientific
Nations, Butler's wild Northwest, Harmon's Voyages and
Travels, and Coronado's Journey. Illustrated. New York :
information as characterized the accounts of
Lewis and Clark, the observations of Mackenzie
*A. S. Barnes & Co.


1904.]
165
THE DIAL
His ac-
upon the natural history of the vast regions he Born at Liskeard, Cornwall, in 1831, John
traversed are of no small value.
Bellows early learned the printer's trade, and
Much more recent than these journeys, and rose, when little over thirty, to be master of
made for quite a different object, was that of the foremost printing-house in Gloucester. But
Sir George William Francis Butler, an officer his business was allowed to absorb by no means
of the British army stationed in Canada. Pure all his energies. Humanitarian movements of
ly for the love of adventure, he traversed the many kinds appealed to him, and he was sent
vast solitudes lying between the northern for on numerous missions of mercy by the Society
ests and the barren lands. He passed along the of Friends, in whose councils his weight and
Red River of the North to Lake Athabasca and influence came more and more to be recognized
along the Peace River to the Rocky Mountains, and valued. Among his good works of this
thence turning to the Frazer River.
kind may be mentioned journeys to France in
count of the trip was first published in 1872. aid of the sufferers from the war of 1870, to
There was need of a popular reprint of Cad Russia and the Caucasus in behalf of the Stun-
wallader Colden’s ‘History of the Five Na dists and other persecuted sects, to Turkey for
tions,' but why it was placed in a series on trail the purpose of helping the Armenians, and to
makers is not easy to ascertain. Its publication St. Petersburg in the interest of the Doukho-
in 1747 no doubt accomplished the object the bors, whose emigration to Canada was in no
writer had in calling British attention to the small measure the result of his activity and
menace of the French on the northern border generosity, other English Quakers acting with
of their American colonies, and to the service him. That he sought out Count Tolstoi in the
the Five Nations would render if properly course of these Russian missions, and that the
allied to the English and used as a barrier two became warmly attached, goes without say-
against the French. The history also served ing. Incidentally, it was work of this sort in
at the time to call forth an early, if not the foreign lands that made John Bellows feel the
first, attention of Europe to American letters. need of serviceable pocket dictionaries of the
The author was a scholar and scientist, and his languages he had occasion to use. A visit to
history is too valuable an authority on early Norway had first suggested to him the compila-
North America to disappear by being allowed tion of a Norwegian dictionary; but he soon
to drop from print. EDWIN E. SPARKS.
became convinced that a French one would be
more generally useful. Hence the publication,
after seven years of intermittent labor upon it,
of the now familiar work that bears his name.
A QUAKER PRINTER AND MAN
As an antiquary versed in the Roman antiquities
OF ACTION.*
of Britain, and especially of Gloucester, John
Bellows's fame was not confined to his own
Those who have used John Bellows's excellent
French pocket-dictionary, and its users are
country. Foreign antiquarian societies elected
him to membership and solicited his literary
legion,— will be pleased to learn that its com-
contributions. As Liberal Unionist in
piler was much more than a lexicographer, that
politics, he exerted an influence that was hand-
he was in fact the very last sort of man one
somely acknowledged by Lord Salisbury. He
would take to be a maker of dictionaries. That
was held in high esteem by his business asso-
his tiny roan-bound, prayerbook-like 'Diction-
ciates, his friends both at home and abroad
ary for the Pocket' was among the most highly
prized volumes in Oliver Wendell Holmes's
were many, his family life appears to have been
all that heart could desire, and when death
library, is probably known to many; but that he
himself was one of the Autocrat's valued friends
came, at seventy-one, nine children and a
devoted wife surrounded his death-bed. This
and correspondents is not so well known. With
outline of his life is bald and meagre enough;
Senator Hoar also he was on the friendliest
but let us turn to some of his written and
terms. It may be remembered that at the Har-
vard commencement of three years ago Mr. Bel-
spoken utterances, and we shall perhaps catch a
suggestion of the man's peculiar charm. Moral
lows walked with the Senator (who was Presi-
dent of the Alumni Association) at the head of
earnestness, fearless candor, a hatred of cant,
a lively fancy, and a loving heart are what we
the procession, on his way to Sanders Theatre to
shall not fail to discover in his always entertain-
receive his honorary M.A. degree. At that
ing letters to wife, children, and friends. First,
time he and Mrs. Bellows were paying a three-
months' visit to America. Other friends in this
a passage from his wife's narrative will show
the struggle he had to make before he could
country, especially among the Quakers (for he
bring himself to a strict observance of Quaker
was one of them), he had in good number.
customs.
• JOHN, BFLLOWS. Letters and Memories. Edited by
He never shrank from a course that he felt it
Illustrated. New York: Henry Holt & Co. right to take, because of the pain involved in it.
a
bis Wife.


166
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
He never chose the easier way. The change of family in Moscow, in 1893,
family in Moscow, in 1893, illustrative passages
dress was not so much of a trial to him as the
change in speech; but, having made up his mind as
may be taken.
to his right course, he never faltered, though at
'He was exceedingly glad to see me, and I felt
times the anguish of mind that he passed through
bound up in him more than I can express. There
was almost more than he could endure. He thought
are some things in which we see eye to eye; and
it necessary to explain to the work-girls under him others that I know to a certainty he is mistaken
the great change that had taken place in his out-
in, and which I would give much to open his eyes
look on life, and, that for the future he would have to. To-day, besides the conversation at his own
to address them in Quaker language, though he had
house, he accompanied me for many miles over
a morbid dread of the manner in which this might
Moscow on foot and in the trams.
Little
be received. Those who knew him later can imagine
Ivan is five: his sister Alexandra, a most lovely
the scene where he melted these rough girls to tears
child of eight.
The two little ones dragged
by his narrative. One of them, when he had fin-
me off, at this point, to the nursery, to shew In
ished, became spokeswoman for the rest, assuring
their toys and their brother's puppy.
" An Eng
him, with tears, that they hoped he would never lish pointer, Mr. Bellows." "What is his name?"
shrink from doing and saying what he felt, in his
“ 0, he has not got a name yet. You see it is –
conscience, to be right.'
a little girl --- and my brother would rather have
Here are some suggestive passages from a
a little boy: so it will be changed. Ivan's Eng-
lish is hardly so perfect as his sister's. It was
letter to Oliver Wendell Holmes acknowledg- delightful to see his earnestness as he strove after
ing the receipt of 'Over the Teacups':
words to say what he wanted.'
. One mystery thy volume has set me further In 1890, a newspaper account of the suffer-
away than ever from solving: and that is, Where
is the boundary between childhood and boyhood; or
ings undergone by American cattle on their
boyhood and manhood and ſold] age This I have
way to Europe so pained Mr. Bellows that he
never been able to find.
Only this very
resolved to eat no more meat. Two years later
evening I was wheedled into an interlude from the he felt it his duty to abstain also from fish. In
Teacups,” by a deputation of four Gallios who connection with this sensitiveness of conscience
care for none of these things, to entreat that I
would “ give them a chase." Seven-year-old put
the following passages are of interest. The
the request in a very low voice; for a " chase »
first is from a letter written to his wife from
in this house is forbidden by the mistress on
southeastern Russia; the second is from Mrs.
the ground that it makes dust: it destroys the Bellows's narrative.
carpets: it leaves finger-marks on the walls: it
tears the clothes: it upsets the furniture: with
As to my interest in science during the journey,
other high crimes and misdemeanors which are duly
I get along excellently with my companions; for
set forth in the manifesto that forbids chasing“ in-
although they have not the same tastes, I am often
doors."
So, being obliged to go, I went;
able to interest them with some details. They are
and once in the game, even five-year-old herself
exceedingly nice and very unselfish: always trying
could not throw her heart and soul into it more
to give me the most comfortable place, etc. As to
entirely! Boy! Why, I never was more of a boy
food, we have got on all the better in the last few
in my life! What boy in the whole world ever
days for the fast of the Greek Church; for this
cared about carpets in the midst of a chase? And
leads to the Hotels and Restaurants having a sort
did I care one straw whether they were old sacks,
of double menu: vegetarian for the “ orthodox."
I conclude to discontinue fish: for I could not kill
or Cloth of Gold, or the High Priest of Mecca's
prayer rugs, if by racing over them I could catch
them myself; and if I cannot kill, I will not let
two of those hares at one hit? Why, here is a game
others kill fo: me. That the most robust health and
older than Adam! The old hunting instinct of the
strength can be maintained without eating flesh is
cave-men, as a modern author has shown, came
shown by the porters of Tiflis, who are practically
down to us by heredity; an instinct that has scores
vegetarians.'
of times transformed me into a bear, under the di-
During his visit to St. Petersburg in 1892 he
ning-room table, and which only the counterbalancing was dining one evening with a gentleman, who
force of civilized life kept from transforming me
enquired of him if he had been at a certain ball
into an elephant after our chase was over just now
on the previous evening, and if he had seen such
crawling into the room with three men on my
and such a play. To these enquiries John Bellows
back, and one leading me! I do not think that any-
had to reply in the negative; and, further, that he
thing in this life has more puzzled me than this con-
had never been to a ball or to a theatre in his life.
sciousness that the bound between boyhood and
This statement was so astounding to his host that
manhood
he laid down his knife and fork, looked fixedly at
“Is marked by no distinguishable line;
him, and exclaimed: “You never go to balls, you
The turf unites, the pathways intertwine."
don't go to tlie theatre, you drink no wine, and you
The secret is this (*) that we go on adding to our
eat no meat; then do tell me if your life is worth
existing ring of life, as the ammonites do with their
living at all! " But it was not on such things as
spiral shells. We include all that has gone before;
these that John Bellows depended for his happiness;
hence we can keep more fully in touch or in sym-
and yet it would have been hard to find anyone who
pathy with children, than they can with us.'
got more ketu enjoyment out of life than he did:
certainly no one was more interested in every phase
The descriptions which his letters from south of it, from the spiritual welfare of a nation to the
eastern Russia give of Caucasian scenery and passing amusement of a child.'
people, and of the hardships and perils of travel In his visit to this country, the Quaker from
in that wild region, are extremely interesting, Gloucester was especially interested in Phila-
but must not be spoiled by. mutilation. From delphia and the people he met there.
an account of a visit to Count Tolstoi and his philologian he noted local pronunciation and
D
6
As a


1904.]
167
THE DIAL
idioms. He recognized Cornish words and inton-
PROBLEMS OF THE AMERICAN CITY,*
ations in the speech of some Pennsylvanians.
"They say, for instance, a house is torn down Our most kindly foreign critic, Mr. James
(which is not English!) They have told me, Bryce, told us twenty years ago that the one
when I have once or twice spoken in their great failure of American politics was munic-
meetings, they have been struck with my tone ipal government. The statement was not chal-
being much nearer their own than that of Eng- lenged at the time, as it was the popular
lish Friends generally is!' The book reveals
The book reveals opinion of the American people, who con-
many of John Bellows's lovable traits. So used fessed, with chagrin or indifference, that in
was he to picking up solitary foot-passengers American cities democracy had failed.
when he was driving alone, that his horse often During the last two decades we have wit-
embarrassed him by stopping whenever a pedes- nessed an amazing change. Municipal govern-
trian was overtaken. On one occasion Mr. ment has grown more efficient and less cor-
Bellows persisted in bringing a pleasant visit rupt, while national and state governments
to a close on a fixed day, although urged to have in many instances grown less efficient and
stay and desiring to stay to attend a picnic, more corrupt. Today the hope of democracy is
because he had promised a poor boy in London in the city, as one cannot doubt who reads Dr.
that he should carry his bag if he would meet
Wilcox's book with the attention it deserves.
a certain train; and there was no means of The author has had a wide range of experience,
arranging a postponement with the boy. The both as student and municipal reformer; not
lesson to be learned from John Bellows's life the least of his advantages having been that
may best be indicated in his own words refer of participating in the recent struggle of Grand
ring to diversities of belief but the same spirit. Rapids for civic righteousness. Dr. Wilcox
' In going through life, no two of us have pre states this problem in democracy in a logical
cisely the same path to tread. Yet we cannot con and scientific manner, indicating the signifi-
template the step by which another soul has over-
come the world, without being helped in our own,
cance of the growth of cities; the place which
though different, path to the same end. If we are
industry occupies in determining the conditions
in a right state of mind, we shall be in sympathy of self-government; the fundamental impor-
with such a man, notwithstanding that the truths tance in the city of the street and the public
which were the principal ones he was called to con-
utilities; the dependence of citizenship upon
tend for, may not, at present, even be shown to us
at all. Unity of spirit does not lie in holding the
civic education, the control of leisure, and
same views of things, or learning the same outward coöperation; the significance of local organiza-
lessons; but in loving and cherishing the truth in tion, and the importance of municipal home-
whatever direction it is made manifest to us.'
rule. The investigation concludes with a
Tolerance toward all was repeatedly preached practical discussion of municipal finance and a
by this most tolerant of men. A better ac suggested programme of civic effort.
quaintance between nations, be held, would lead
The great merits of the book are an apprecia-
to that international tolerance which would
tion of the difficulties and possibilities of
make war impossible. 'Even individually,' he democratic administration, and a minute knowl-
adds, if we experience dislike toward a person, edge of the details of civic life. The author is
such a feeling lessens as we come to know him equally sound in his discussion of the vexed
more closely, and enter into his trials and sor- problem of regulating vice, the immense pos-
rows: for it is impossible to hate even a wicked sibilities of the public schoolhouse or other civic
man if we know all about him.' He might well centre, the relative importance of mayor and
have summed this up in his favorite French: council, executive and legislative functions, and
• Tout comprendre c'est tout pardonner.' the value of modern democratic devices, such
The book does credit to its printers,— Messrs. as the initiative referendum, proportional rep-
Max and William Bellows, sons of John,- as resentation, and the recall. The author is thor-
well as to its compiler. Some of its misused ough-going and courageous in his democracy.
terms, however, as applied by an Englishman He says:
to things in America, are amusing. The Mas • It is fitting that in the study of city conditions
sachusetts legislature is called a Parliament, and municipal government in the United States we
and the close of its annual session is referred should strive to comprehend the relation existing
to as a prorogation. The Old South Church
between democracy and this marvellous phenom-
enon, the city, looming so large upon our horizon
figures as the old South Chapel. The writer
and dominating more and more our whole political,
speaks of driving up the side of Lake Wachusett industrial and social life. Democracy has not been
to the hotel at its summit, evidently meaning fully tested, and its record of achievement is such
Mount Wachusett. But taken all in all, we
that we, of modern days, believe its ultimate failure
would mean the failure of progress itself. Tous
shall not soon chance upon a more thoroughly
the right of every man to count for what he is
wholesome, helpful, entertaining, and instruc really worth has come to be an essential part of the
tive biography than this account of the life and
A Problem in Democracy. By
labors of John Bellows. PERCY F. BICKNELL. Delos F. Wilcox, PhD.
* THE AMERICAN CITY.
New York: The Macmillan Co.


168
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
)
ure
6
justification of life. We look upon the egregious burn’s ‘History of Coinage and Currency in the
blunders of our cities and listen to Mr. Bryce's oft-
United States' is not likely to run through
repeated dictum about the
one conspicuous fail.
among our institutions, and still maintain many editions. The author is perhaps right
that what we need is not less democracy but more. in his belief that there is no one work of con-
We see that the experiment of democracy must venient size and popular character covering
be begun over again under the changed conditions
the history of the coinage and currency of the
of industrial and social life, and that in the new
experiment cities must take the lead. That thus far
United States, with data and details in chrono-
democracy has failed to justify itself in the cities logical order, available as a book of reference,'
of America is commonly believed. Yet “.4 though Professor Dewey’s ‘Financial History
in the nature of the case the richest field for democ-
of the United States' fulfils the first part of
racy and in them the principle of political co-opera-
tion may be carried furthest. If the people prove
this expressed need in an admirable manner.
themselves worthy of political power, municipal As a book of reference,' Mr. Hepburn's volume
institutions will surely lead the van in the political certainly has value, though it may be suggested
progress of the world.'
that for this purpose the first part of the title
The book is so valuable that it would seem would appeal more to sober students of the
ungracious to point out minor flaws, were it subject than the more aggressive second part
not that they can be remedied in the subse which appears on the back of the volume. It
quent editions. Dr. Wilcox occasionally takes is to be feared that the book can not make
liberties with his English, misleading the reader clear its claim to be 'a work of popular char-
by failing to use words in their current signif acter,' for Mr. Hepburn's history is for the
icance. The chapter on The Control of Leis most part a colorless one, and the author's style
ure' deals not only with recreative institutions, is not such as to make up for this lack of
but discusses (with much acumen, it must be critical comment.
admitted) gambling, prostitution, and public The earlier chapters, on the Coinage System,
baths. Municipal Insurance' is a term which are chiefly a recital of well known events, with-
covers the fire and police departments, boiler out much attempt to point out their signifi-
inspection, tenement houses, and pure water, cance. The author gives an interesting expla-
- giving a rhetorical twist to a term which nation of the reason why the legal ratio of 16
technicaìly applies to the municipality's pro to 1 was adopted in 1834-37, when the ratio
tection of its own property. The chapters on between silver and gold was changed from 15
Civic Education and A Programme of to 1. The ratio to which most European
Civic Effort' are satisfactorily described in bimetallic countries adhered was 151/2 to 1, and
the titles; but 'Civic Coöperation' is a phrase this was also not far removed from the market
used to describe municipal activities in another ratio; but Mr. Hepburn asserts that Congress
chapter. These defects are worthy of notice knowingly undervalued silver, hoping thereby
only because they are anomalous in the pages to draw to this country gold from Central and
of a writer with such a fund of information South America, as well as to retain the output
and such clear vision as the author of "The of the new gold-mines then being opened up in
American City.'
CHARLES ZUEBLIN. North Carolina and Georgia. Benton, Calhoun,
and John Quincy Adams all supported the new
ratio; and the above explanation indicates that
in so doing they believed that they were in fact
THE CURRENCY QUESTION IN
establishing the gold standard. Such indeed
RETROSPECTIVE.*
proved to be the case, since the coinage of silver
dollars practically ceased from that date.
So abundant has been the literature on In his review of the history of State Banking
money and monetary history during the past between 1837 and 1849, the author has brought
decade that a writer who ventures to-day to together and summarized the researches of sev-
enter this field must feel confident that he has
eral essayists; and this is one of the best and
either something very important to say, or else most readable portions of his book. He attrib-
the power of presenting his materials in a way utes the partial failure of the New York
peculiarly fascinating to the reader, if he hopes
Safety-fund system at this time to the fact that
to secure a wide audience for the message he the fund was made applicable not only to the
brings. Judged by this standard, Mr. Hep- note circulation but to all the indebtedness of
• HISTORY OF COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN THE UNITED
the banks, and is unwilling to believe that these
STATES, and the Perennial Contest for Sound Money. By failures point to any defects in the Safety-
A. Barton Hepburn. New York: The Macmillan Co.
fund system of protecting note holders.
A HISTORY OF THE GREENBACKS. With Special Refer-
ence to the Economic Consequences of their Issue, 1862-
Mr. Hepburn gives to Mr. Windom, by impli-
65. By Wesley Clair Mitchell. Chicago: University of cation at least, the credit for having originated
Chicago Press.
INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE. By Anthony W. Margraff.
the Silver-purchase act of 1890, since he
Chicago: Fergus Printing Company.
regards the so-called Sherman act as merely


1904.]
169
THE DIAL
-
-
-
Congressional tinkering with the Windom meas not due to inability to get revenue so much as
ure. In this connection, Secretary Windom it was to Secretary Chase's determination not
himself comes in for this somewhat doubtful to resort to taxation as a means of carrying on
compliment:
the war.
It seems also to have been demon-
"He woull no doubt have favored the soundest strated that the $150,000,000 loan of 1861 was
system of money had it been politic to do so, but not the cause of the suspension of specie pay-
it was not, in his judgment, wise to fly in the face
of the people. Few men could have so skilfully ments, as has often been averred; for Mr.
devised a plan calculated to satisfy the silver advo-
Mitchell shows that the banks were not seriously
cates, the Groenbackers, the gold men, and the infla inconvenienced by this demand, since the dis-
tionists, as well as those who favored contraction.' bursements of the government were so rapid
In a work like the present one, written by that the specie soon returned to the banks. It
a man who has himself been actively engaged was Secretary Chase's annual report showing
in administering the laws of which he treats, a disappointing condition of the government
our chief interest is in his opinions concerning finances, coupled with the uneasiness caused by
the efficiency of legislation for current needs. the Trent affair, which produced the panic in
Mr. Hepburn gives us such a summary of his the New York markets and compelled suspen-
riews in the last twenty pages of his text; and, sion.
though we read them with interest, and with The plea of necessity which was potent in
due respect for the authority with which they producing the legal-tender acts, and which has
are presented, it cannot be said that they reveal Leen accepted as an excuse by many a writer
anything that is strikingly new or wholly con since that time, is here shown to have had
vincing. Bimetallism he considers to be a force only in so far as it reveals the unwilling-
moribund issue; but he fears that in times of ness of Congress and of the Secretary to sell
business stagnation the existence of the large bonds for what they would bring in the open
silver coinage in our currency may prove a
market. In this connection it is well to remem-
menace which can only be guarded against by ber Mr. Fessendon's answer to those who
continuing a large Treasury surplus into which claimed that the government ought not to pay
the silver may be thrown. The danger is in over six per cent for money. * Money in the
creased by the presence of the Greenbacks; but, market,' he replied, 'is always worth what it
on the other hand, it is lessened by the need for will sell for. It is an article of merchandise,
this currency in every-day transactions, and for like anything else; and the government has no
bank reserves.
The Sub-treasury system re reason to suppose, unless it can offer much bet-
ceives, of course, its due share of criticism for ter security, that it should get money at a bet-
producing a monetary stringency whenever the ter rate than anybody else.
Federal revenues are largely in excess of expen-
The economic consequences of the Green-
ditures, and there is presented once more the back legislation can be only briefly alluded to;
banker's plan of salvation, — the deposit of the
the deposit of the and, indeed, the full consequences cannot be
government funds in the banks of reserve cities. realized from the history of these four years,
We are also reminded that a bank currency as the author well recognizes. It is not sur-
based on bond security will always be non prising, of course, to learn that gold and silver
elastic, and that both security and elasticity can coins disappeared from circulation, except in
he secured by means of a Šafety-fund system, California, where there was a deep-seated prej-
and by a guarantee fund provided by means of udice against all forms of paper money; but it
taxation. The experiences of the German does cause some wonder to find that the smaller
Reichsbank and of the Canadian banks are coins, even those of nickel and bronze, were
relied upon for proofs of this latter assertion. hoarded and commanded a premium. This
The character of Mr. Mitchell's 'History of premium was due, in the first instance, not to
the Greenbacks' will be appreciated when it is the high specie value of these coins, but to the
stated that it has already taken rank as the great need for small change which resulted
standard treatise on this interesting and im from the disappearance of the small silver coins.
portant epoch of our monetary and financial The ‘shinplasters' were soon called into requi-
history. Not only is the investigation thorough sition to supply this deficiency.
and well-nigh exhaustive for the period it cov The history of the Greenbacks does not, in
ers, but, aside from the rather tedious analysis Mr. Mitchell's opinion, tend to strengthen the
of the statistics of wages and prices, the mat-position of the quantity theorists. A lengthy
ter is presented in an attractive style. The sig- study of the fluctuations in the value of the
nificant fact which is revealed by the author's currency leads him to the conclusion that the
account of the conditions at the opening of the quantity of the Greenbacks influenced their
war is that the low credit of the government specie value rather by affecting the credit of
at this time, of which the apologists for the the government than by altering the volume
Greenback legislation have made so much, was of the circulating medium.'


170
[Sept. 16
THE DIAL
>
The author's elaborate treatment of the less. Miss Lawless explains that all Miss Edge-
movement of wages and prices during the war worth's other biographies have been English, with
cannot be described here, nor can we devote
the result that the purely Irish side of her writ-
space to his criticism of the materials with
ings, and their influence in Ireland itself, have
which he has had to deal, and the use of them
been pretty much neglected. It is upon her atten-
by earlier investigators. We must content our-
tion to these matters, and her use of some hith-
selves with the statement that his analysis and
erto unpublished letters, that the author relies
for novelty and interest in a field already well
conclusions support the commonly accepted explored; but in reality it is her own personality
theory that changes in the value of the cur that gives the greatest charm to her work,- her
rency are more quickly reflected in the move quick humor, her strong power to vivify a situa-
ments of prices than in those of wages. This tion or a character, her gift of lively narration,
means that the wage-earners during the Civil
her command of fine nervous English. It is as
War paid, on account of the Greenbacks, a cur-
a very loveable woman, rather than as a success-
rency tax for the support of the war equal to
ful authoress, that Miss Edgeworth interests her
perhaps a fifth or a sixth of real incomes.'
biographer; and she certainly draws a delightful
In reality, however, this can hardly be said to
picture of Maria in her father's home, with its
bewildering succession of wives and its seventeen
have been a tax, since the benefits accrued not children. There was little opportunity for soli-
to the government but to the employers, who tude there, between children and Richard Lovell
found their profits swelled by the fact that Edgeworth's theories; but this did not disturb
prices rose more rapidly than wages. To a slight Maria. She wrote apparently just as she did
degree, the position of the wage-earner was
dozens of other things in the busy day's round,
rendered less serious by a rise of rents less rapid
and submitted her work to her father exactly as
than the rise of prices. The final effect of the
she would have submitted any other household
Greenbacks noted by Mr. Mitchell is the in-
affair to him. Miss Lawless has more sympathy
creased cost of the war due to this legislation.
for Mr. Edgeworth than some previous commen-
tators, although she admits that he did his worst
He calculates this additional expense to have for Maria by blunting her never strong imagina-
been $791,000,000, while the addition to the tion and insisting upon the moral issues of every
war-debt due to the use of paper money was in tale. She wonders how he even let the utterly
the neighborhood of $589,000,000. This is a un-moral 'Castle Rackrent'escape his censorship.
more conservative statement of the situation This she considers not only by far Maria's best
than has been furnished by the estimates of
book, but the best story that ever came out of
carlier writers.
Ireland. The friendship with Scott, and the
Mr. Margraff's book on 'International Ex-
exchange of visits between Abbotsford and Edge-
worthstown, form one of the most interesting
change' is not one which lends itself easily to
episodes of Miss Edgeworth's later life. Alto-
the reviewer's art, since it is the author's pur gether we feel that Miss Lawless fully proves her
pose not to give a systematic presentation of point,, namely, that Miss Edgeworth, though
the theory of foreign exchange, but rather' gen not of course in the first rank as a writer, stands
eral practical information of especial value to in what is perhaps quite as enviable a position
bankers and exporters and importers. The text
as 'one of the very pleasantest personalities to
is accordingly of a descriptive and explanatory
be met with in the whole wide world of books.'
character, discussing such subjects as foreign
For some years past, the Biblical
bills of exchange, letters of credit, foreign bank-
play has held the stage of pub-
Biblical plays.
ing systems, arbitrage, gold exports and im-
lic attention and commercial
ports, and the monetary systems of foreign success when the play of contemporary setting
countries. The matter is clearly presented,
and current thought has often had but a brief
without any waste of words, and would prove
and inconspicuous life. The latest addition to
interesting and instructive to a much wider
the growing fund is Miss Florence Wilkinson's
circle of readers than that for which it is
'Two Plays of Israel' (McClure, Phillips & Co.).
The longer of them, ‘David of Bethlehem,' is the
primarily intended. M. B. HAMMOND. work of several years, and is said to be the first
of the recent plays concerned with that subject.
There seems to be some possibility that it will be
seen on the stage, Mr. E. H. Sothern having
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
bought the dramatic rights to it some years ago.
The second play in the volume is entitled 'Mary
A delightful
Timely to the newly awak Magdalen,' and is much less considerable, in
biography of
ened interest in Irish litera various respects, than its companion. In Biblical
Miss Edgeworth.
ture, which is gradually broad plays, as in the case of all stories that belong to
ening to include more than modern mysticism, the common fund of history and tradition, the
comes another volume in the ‘English Men of thread and dénouement of the story are virtually
Letters' series (Macmillan) upon Maria Edge known in advance. This places an extra burden
worth. It is appropriately written by her dis on the new interpreter, since the appeal of nar-
tinguished country-woman, the Hon. Emily Law rative interest can no longer be paramount.
Some new


1904.]
171
THE DIAL
ume.
Phillips and D'Annunzio, Crawford and Boker, Regarding the present-day tendency, Mr. Kilburn
had but the slender thread of Dante's story from laments that many chamber works are written
which to weave their delicate and extensive fabric too much in orchestral style, and that there has
of dramatic texture. The charm and virtue of arisen an inclination on the part of some com-
each play lay in the individual vitality which posers to make this form express more than it
each author poured into the meagre mould of seems naturally fitted to do, to introduce the
fact. Miss Wilkinson has proved inadequate to programme idea into chamber music — such as
accomplish with noteworthy success this most Raff's Op. 192, ‘Die Schöne Müllerin,' and Sme-
difficult feat of dramatic art. In 'David of Beth tana's 'Aus meinem Leben.' The present volume
lehem,' the structure itself is not well mortised; is undoubtedly the most complete work on the
the constituent parts are not in themselves well subject extant, and is the result of painstaking
poised. The incidents and situations designed to research and study. A chronological and bio-
hold the spectator are seldom powerfully dra graphical appendix adds to its value.
matic, smacking more of stage craft than of dra-
matic art. The diction in many places is absurdly French romantic
The translation of Main Cur-
inappropriate. Such sentences as “Ay, a good
writers of the rents of Nineteenth Century
last century.
dream for them as find it good, but a bad dream
Literature,' the great critical
for some others' by the witch whom Saul con-
work of Dr. Georg Brandes, goes on apace. We
sults, “It do so, Lady Michal, and that puts me have already reviewed the first three volumes of
in mind of my herbs for Hurai' by the old gar this translation, and the fifth now appears from
dener in Act. II., and other like expressions, sug-
the press of the Messrs. Macmillan, – the fourth,
gest the idea that David Harum's vernacular has on 'Naturalism in England,' having been for the
remained unchanged from the time of David until moment postponed. The subject of this fifth vol-
our own day. The second of the two plays, ‘Mary urce is The Romantic School in France,' thus
Magdalen,' is pitched more in a key of poetry forming the necessary sequence to 'The Reaction
than the other, and contains passages that are in France,' which is the subject of the third vol-
not devoid of beauty. But from the dramatic
The history now proceeds, after a recapit-
standpoint, the play has one fatal flaw. The
ulation of the political and social conditions,
crucial moment, the decision at the crisis, is
the influences domestic and foreign, that shaped
lamentably weak, because there is no suggestion the generation of 1830, to discuss at length the
that the controlling motive in that decision has work of Nodier, Vigny, Hugo, Musset, George
a profound physical, moral, or spiritual basis and Sand, Balzac, Beyle, Mérimée, Gautier, and
cause, as in the case of 'La Samaritaine' or Sainte-Beuve. These ten authors have one or
‘Mary of Magdala.' Although this play is freer more chapters each (Balzac and Mérimée no less
from verbal and phrasal incongruities than its than six apiece), and their work is discussed upon
predecessor, it is hard to forgive Miss Wilkinson the broadest historical and philosophical basis.
for accrediting Philip, the Tetrarch, with the Three or four closing chapters sum up the period,
coinage of such a nineteenth-century word as gathering up the loose ends of the discussion,
* crassly.'
and supplying matters. overlooked and forgot-
ten' in the preceding chapters. This volume is
Mr. N. Kilburn, in a prefatory probably the ablest section of the great critical
The story of
chamber music.
note to 'The Story of Chamber work to which it belongs. The author's closing
Music' (imported by Scribner), words describe the French romantic school as
asks the question as to which of the great forms 'the greatest literary school of the nineteenth
of musical composition we would plead for in century,' and his treatment fairly makes good
case all the rest were doomed to destruction.
the claim, showing, as it does, how in all direc-
*Music for the orchestra, with its vivid colours, tions, this influence “revitalised style,' and 'insin-
its strength and delicacy; the vast range of choral uated itself as a fertilising power into the science
music; works for the organ, that huge modern of history, as an inspiring power into politics.'
plexus of pipe and reed, – these and others no The volume is throughout written con amore, and
doubt have strong claims on our musical affec displays, if possible, deeper insight and firmer
tions. But, if forced to such a choice, it is cer grasp than its predecessors. It is indispensable
tain that many a musician would, without hesita to the serious student of modern literature.
tion, pledge himself to uphold the claims of cham-
ber music; for who can measure the almost infi-
Social Life under the Stuarts?
nite variety and charm which it affords, and that 17th century
is the title of a rather amor-
too with the slenderest means?' The term cham-
phous volume written by. Eliza-
ber music, strictly speaking, embraces composi beth Godfrey' and imported by Messrs. E. P.
tions in the form of duets, trios, quartettes, and Dutton & Co. Upon examination, the Stuarts
other larger combinations, for strings (i. e., vio prove to be the first two Kings of that name,
lins, violas, 'cellos, and double basses), and for and the social life includes anything relating to
wind instruments, both with and without the the manners and customs of the upper classes,
pianoforte. In the treatise mentioned, the author from gossip, dress, and amusements in town and
has traced the beginnings of chamber music, country, to such weighty matters as science, art,
which originated very early in the sixteenth music, literature, and religion. Practically this
century, and follows minutely the development volume is a continuation of a previous one on the
of this class of composition, to which nearly all home-life of the same period, only that its scope
great composers have contributed their share.
is slightly broader. As before, the material is
A book on
manner's.


172
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
drawn chiefly from the letters, memoirs, and The slight but charming sketch called “The Hel-
diaries which best mirror the private life of the met of Mambrino,' published in the Century'
time,- George Herbert, Izaak Walton, Lady magazine, is also literature, and occupies the place
Brilliana Harley, Herrick, Endymion Porter, and of honor in the present memorial volume. But
Evelyn, being a few of the authorities oftenest the greater part of the volume is given up to per-
quoted. With such heterogeneous subject-mat sonal contributions embodying reminiscences of
ter, little unity is possible, except that the writer its subject. That these papers are highly readable
tries to limit her outlook to that of the cultured is sufficiently attested by the names of their writ-
man or woman of the day. The result, since the ers, among whom are included Messrs. John Hay,
book wholly lacks distinction of style, is rather W. D. Howells, Henry Adams, John La Farge, E.
overpowering; but as a reference work, putting C. Stedman, W. C. Brownell, Edward Cary, and
into accessible and fairly popular form a good D. C. Gilman. A formal biography by Mr. R. W.
deal of hitherto unobtainable material, as well Raymond, some memorabilia by Mr. James D.
as some more familiar, it will fill a niche in many Hague, and a technical paper on King as a geol-
libraries. As citation is generally made verbatim, ogist by Mr. S. F. Emmons, complete the contents
accuracy is of course ensured. Twenty illustra of this interesting and beautifully-printed book.
tions from old prints and engravings form one There are also a number of illustrations, mainly
of the most interesting features of the book. portraits of King at various ages and in various
surroundings.
After much delay, a new volume
Literature of
has been added to the series of Rossetti as an
If Mr. Arthur Benson's volume
the Dark Ages.
Periods of European Litera-
English Man on Rossetti in the ‘English Men
of Letters.
ture' (Scribner). It has for its subject The
of Letters' series (Macmillan)
Dark Ages,' and thus comes first in the chrono-
has very little of the fascination belonging to
logical order, although it stands as ninth in the other biographies of the poet-painter, the absence
order of publication. When we say that it is the
of this quality is deliberate. Mr. Benson gives
work of Professor W. P. Ker, little need be added hearty assent to the statement that Rossetti's
by way of praise. The brilliant and accomplished
life has been treated by previous biographers
author of Epic and Romance' has hardly an
'too much in the Pre-Raphaelite manner.' Vast
equal among English scholars in this field, and masses of detail have been presented, interesting
the present work is probably the best of the in themselves but obscuring the central figure;
entire series. As was to be expected, the author
and the morbid and decadent elements of Ros-
has given much attention to early Teutonic litera-
setti's character have been emphasized almost to
ture-Icelandic in particular,-treating of Old
the exclusion of his brave and genial manliness.
English in somewhat less detail by virtue of the
No doubt this is quite true, and perhaps nobody
fact that it is more familiar to the class of read-
could have written a brief and business-like biog-
ers for whom this work is designed. The longest
raphy of Rossetti, treating him as an English
of the five chapters into which the book divides,
Man of Letters, any more satisfactorily than Mr.
nevertheless, is necessarily devoted to the Latin
Benson has done. In his biographical chapters,
writings of the period covered, and here also we
readers of the Memoir, the Letters, and the Diaries
will feel a certain lack of environment and atmos-
find displayed a thorough scholarship and a clear
method of presentation. The treatment of Celtic
phere, a dimness of outline, a cautious verbal
poetry, although upon a closely restricted scale, accuracy, that leaves them cold where they were
is also satisfactory. Throughout the work, the
wont to be most enthusiastic. Equally painstak-
author keeps in mind the interrelations between
ing and far more satisfactory are the expository
the several branches of the investigation, and
chapters dealing with the poems, translations,
fuses the disparate elements of his subject-matter
and pictures. Mr. Benson is a keen analyst, an
into some degree of unity. In a word, he is
appreciative and illuminating critic. For the
successful in illuminating the darkest literary
facts about Rossetti and a clear presentation of
recesses of the centuries under discussion, and
his work one need not go further than this vol-
at the same time he contrives to give a touch of ume, whose disappointments are, after all, proba-
fresh interest to the dullest phases of his theme.
bly inevitable.
History of
To trace a history of the begin-
The late Clarence King had the beginnings gings of music, from the vague
Memorial volume
a genius for friendship, as is
of Music.
researches of antiquarians, and
to Clarence King.
attested by the memorial vol from personal investigations of rock carvings,
ume recently prepared by his friends, and pub-paintings, marbles and sculpture, papyri and
lished by the Messrs. Putnam for the Century parchments, etc., has been the laborious task of
Association. His literary baggage was of the Mr. Hermann Smith in "The World's Earliest
slightest, for we may hardly describe as literature Music' (Scribner). As music is bound up with
his geological papers or his work done for the the manners and lives of peoples and nations, its
Government survey of the Fortieth Parallel; but courses of development cannot rightly be judged
his personality seems to have made the deepest apart from geography, ethnography, and history.
kind of an impression upon his associates. One The author of the present work has devoted a
volume bearing his name – his ‘Mountaineering long life to his subject, especially to the instru-
in the Sierra Nevada' – may indeed be fairly ments that made the music, their construction and
described as belonging to literature, and has scientific bearings and relations, practically and
recently been given the honors of a new edition. experimentally; thus it has happened, as he him-


1904]
173
THE DIAL
NOTES.
3
nime.
self points out, that many advantages seldom
combined have favored the pursuit of the inves-
tigations discursively related in the present vol-
To those students of music who give to
the art most sincere and earnest thought, Mr.
Smith's work will undoubtedly appeal, as similar
works have appealed before. A sequel to the
present book is contemplated, to be entitled 'Our
Musical Inheritance.'
BRIEFER MENTION.
Mr. Stephen Gwynn's little book on "The Mas-
ters of English Literature,' published by the Mac-
millan Co., might find use as a school text-book,
but its aim is rather to enlist the interests of read.
ers, particularly young readers, in the subject for
its own sake, when not considered as a form of
taskwork. Mr. Gwynn writes pleasingly and intel-
ligently about the obligatory authors,' as he calls
them, the authors of whom 'no educated man in
the English-speaking world can afford to profess
entire ignorance.' The book is not overweighted
with learning, and is agreeably diversified by the
introduction of representative extracts from the
authors considered.
The group of recent French writers who have
turned their attention to the study of English lit-
erature have a faculty of finding interesting sub-
jects which our own critics and historians seem to
miss. The latest illustration of this proposition
is offered by Dr. A. Barbeau's 'Une Ville d'Eaux
Anglaise au XVIIIe siècle' (Paris: Picard), further
described as a study of 'La Société Elégante et
Littéraire à Bath sous la Reine Anne et sous les
Georges.' No one has done just this thing before,
and M. Barbeau has now done it so well, basing his
work upon so extensive an examination of source-
material, that we fancy no one will be likely to try
to better his example. The elaborate bibliography
and index add greatly to the value of this interest.
ing and scholarly production.
Chinese Made Easy,' by Messrs. Walter Brooks
Brouner and Fung Yuet Mow, is a publication of
the Macmillan Co. We doubt very much the possi-
bility of making the Chinese language really easy,'
but this handsomely-printed book will be a boon to
students who are forced to acquire Chinese for mis-
sionary or mercantile purposes. It has been printed
in Leyden, and the last page is the first. Professor
Herbert A. Giles contributes a preface, and assures
his readers that whoever masters the contents of
the book will find himself well advanced on the
road towards a good acquaintance with the Chi.
nese language.'
The Progressive Printing Co., New York, pub-
lishes in a limited edition a thin volume of Gedichte
von Georg Sylvester Viereck,' prefaced by a criti-
cal appreciation from the hand of Mr. Ludwig
Lewisohn. Herr Viereck is a young man of twenty,
born in Munich of German-American parentage,
and since 1897 a student in the schools of this
country. His work is certainly remarkable, and
we have read with interest every line of his volume.
It has color, passion, music, and imagination. It
is verse shaped by the German influence of Heine
and the English influence of Mr. Swinburne - not
always to wholesome effect, we regret to say. One
of the poems, at least, carries the expression of
sensualism beyond what is permissible, and others
are morbid in tendency. But we repeat that the
work is remarkable, and promises much for its
author's future.
A new and revised edition of the old morality
play, The Life and Repentaunce of Marie Magda-
lene,' edited by Prof. Frederic Ives Carpenter, is
announced by the University of Chicago Press.
It seems that the late Augustus C. Buell, at the
time of his death last summer, had just completed
an elaborate biography of Andrew Jackson, and
the work will be published by Messrs. Scribner
during the coming month.
A new edition of 'Barnes' Popular History of the
United States,' revised to date, and including
illustrations of the Panama Canal and the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition, has been prepared by Messrs.
A. S. Barnes & Co.
An edition for school
use,
of Tocqueville's
'L'Ancien Régime,' is published by Mr. Henry
Frowde. Mr. G. W. Headlam is the editor, supply-
ing an English introduction and notes to the
French text and notes of the author.
An illustrated edition of The Maiden and Mar-
ried Life of Mary Powell' and 'Deborah's Diary,'
with an introduction by the Rev. W. H. Hutton
and drawings by Messrs. John Jellicoe and Her-
bert Railton, is among the recent importations of
the Messrs. Dutton.
British Poets of the Nir enth Century' is
the title of a work, to be published at once by
Messrs. Benj. H. Sanborn & Co., designed to sup-
ply in a single volume all the material required
by students in school courses devoted to English
poetry of the nineteenth century.
A new and enlarged edition of "The Study of
Henry Esmond,' designed as an aid to the proper
appreciation of Thackeray's novel, has just ap-
peared in the ‘Study-Guide Series, prepared and
published by H. A. Davidson. This useful series
will be issued from Cambridge, Mass., in the future,
instead of from Alba as heretofore.
The H. W. Wilson Co. issues "The Constitutions
and Other Select Documents Illustrative of the
History of France, 1789-1901,' as chosen and trans.
lated by Professor Frank Maloy Anderson. The
selection is comprehensive, filling over six hundred
pages, and will be found of great usefulness by
students of modern history and political science.
Japan Described by Great Writers' (Dodd, Mead
& Co.) is a compilation recently made by Miss
Esther Singleton. It deals with the various
aspects of the country; its physical features; its
stoms and industries. The selections are inter-
esting and the book as a whole furnishes one with
an easy and convenient means of learning what
Pierre Loti, Sir Edwin Arnold, and other writers
of lesser note have had to say about Japan.
• The New Star Chamber and Other Essays,'
by Mr. Edgar Lee Masters, is sent us by the
Hammersmark Publishing Co. It is a collection
of forcibly written essays upon political subjects,
containing much sound doctrine upon imperialism
and the dangerous present centralizing trend in
our government. We regret that the effect of this
excellent writing should be marred by the exces-
sive radicalism evoked by other subjects, and
by an occasional intemperance of statement.
Following the recent assignment of the Lothrop
Publishing Company comes the announcement that
the entire assets and good-will of this corporation
have been purchased by Messrs. Lee & Shepard,
and that the business of the two houses will be
combined under the title of The Lothrop, Lee &
Shepard Company. The affairs of the new cor-
poration will be under the direction of Mr. War-


174
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL BOOKS.
Herewith is presented The Dial's list of books
announced for publication this Fall, - as usual the
earliest comprehensive and classified information
given to the public regarding the important forth-
coming books of the present season. Entry is here
made of more than twelve hundred titles, repre-
senting the season's output of sixty leading Amer.
ican publishers. The list has been prepared from
advance information secured especially for this
purpose.
All the books entered are presumably
new books - new editions not being included un-
less having new form or matter; and, with a few
necessary exceptions, the list does not include Fall
books already issued and entered in our regular
List of New Books. While no attempt has been
made to include titles as titles merely, regardless
of their significance or interest to our readers, yet
it is believed that no really important book is
missing from this list. Some of the more interest.
ing features of the list are commented on in the
leading editorial in this issue of The Dial.
ren F. Gregory, for the past six years manager for
Messrs. Lee & Shepard. The two houses concerned
in this amalgamation have always made a distinct
speciality of books for the young, and their com-
bined resources will now give them the strongest
list of juvenile literature offered by any house in
the trade.
Lovers of the Brownings and of Italy will hardly
fail to welcome the forthcoming volume entitled
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which Mrs. Anna B. McMahan has brought together
the poems of Mr. and Mrs. Browning having to
do with the art and history of Florence. Numerous
illustrations from photographs and an introduction
by the compiler are included in the volume, which
will be published early next month by Messrs. A.
C. McClurg & Co.
Two volumes of considerable interest to students
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Scribner's Autumn list. One of the two is a biog.
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the 'Literary Leaders of America,' prepared by
Mr. Richard Burton. The other is a “History of
American Literature,' by Prof. Barrett Wendell
and Mr. C. N. Greenough, - a revised and abridged
adaptation, for the use of high schools and col-
leges, of 'Prof. Wendell's well-known ‘Literary
History of America.'
The prevailing interest in American historical
sources finds new expression in a series projected
by the A. Wessels Co., under the editorship of Mr.
Rufus Rockwell Wilson, to comprise annotated
reprints of the most valuable and interesting items
of rare Americana. The first three volumes, now
nearly ready, consist of Andrew Burnaby's
"Travels through the Middle Settlements of North
America, 1759-1760,' William Heath's 'Memoirs of
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The Thirteenth International Peace Congress will
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importance. The foreign delegates certainly form
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others, such eminent persons as Sir John Macdonell,
Mr. Gustave Hubbard, M. Charles Wagner, Count
Albert Apponyi, the Bishops of Hereford and Ripon,
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and the Baroness von Suttner. Among the dis-
tinguished Americans who will take part in the pro-
gramme are Messrs. Andrew D. White, John Hay,
and Oscar C. Straus. Reduced rates are offered
by nearly all the railways.
The Letters from an American Farmer' which
was published in London more than a century ago
by J. Hector St. John Crèvecoeur, has been, if not
exactly a forgotten book, at least an unduly neg.
lected one. The work certainly deserves the resus-
citation that has now been given it by Messrs.
Fox, Duffield & Co., who have made a handsome
reprint of the original London edition. Professor
W. P. Trent, in his "American Literature,' first
revived our interest in this book, and he now writes
an introduction for the edition, which has other.
wise been prepared by Mr. Ludwig Lewinsohn.
The editor has also done what he could to recon-
struct the life of the author, but the facts pre-
served concerning him make only a meagre show-
ing. There is an appendix of letters written by
and about him to no less a personage than Ben-
jamin Franklin.
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1904.]
175
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176
(Sept. 16,
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178
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modern English prose by Percy Mackaye, illus. in color
by Walter Appleton Clark, $2.50 net.- Pictures by George
Frederick Watts, reproductions in platinum and hall-tone,
selected and with introduction by Julia Ellsworth Ford
and Thomas W Lamont, $5.-Misrepresentative Men, by
Col. D. Streamer, illus., $1.-The Fusser's Book, by Anna
Archibald and Georgina Jones, illus. by Florence Wyman,
75 cts.-A Portfolio of Paul Helleu's Drawings, repro-
duction in photogravure, $3—Thomas Mitchell Pierce
Portfolio, reproductions in photogravure, $3.--Calendars
for 1905: Country House Calendar, drawing in color by
Edward Penfield, $1.; A Calendar of Girls, drawings in
color by Jessie Willcox Smith, $1.50; Thomas Mitchell
Pierce Calendar, reproductions in photogravure, $2.50; A
Calendar of Pictures, reproductions in photogravure from
dry-prints by Paul Helleu, $2.50. (Fox, Duffield & Co.)
Italian Villas and their Gardens, by Edith Wharton, illus.
in color, etc., by Maxfield Parrish, $6. net.-Sonny, by
Ruth McEnery Stuart, new edition, illus. by Fanny Y.
Cory, $1.25.–Thumb-Nail Series, new vols.: Shakespeare's
As You Like It, and Romeo and Juliet; Irving's An Old
English. Christmas; each with frontispiece, $1. (Century
Co.)
The Road in Tuscany, a commentary, by Maurice Hewlett,
illus. by Joseph Pennell, 2 vols.--Highways and Byways
of the South, by Clifton Johnson, illus. from photographs
by the author.-Parables of Life, by Hamilton Wright
Mabie, holdiay edition, illus. by W. Benda.-Holland, 75
pictures in color by Nico Jungman, text by Beatrix
Jungman.-Westminster Abbey, pictures in color by John
Fulleylove, R.I., text by Mrs. A. Murray-Smith. (Mac-
millan Co.)
The Tar Baby and Other Rhymes of Uncle Remus, by Joel
Chandler Harris, illus. in color, etc., by A. B. Frost and
E. W. Kemble, $2. net. (D. Appleton & Co.)
New France and New England, by John Fiske, holiday
edition, illus. in phtogravure, etc., $4. net. (Houghton,
Mifflin, & Co.)
Camera Shots at Big Game, by Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Walli.
han, with introduction by Theodore Roosevelt, new and
cheaper edition, with new pictures, illus. in photogravure,
etc., $5. net.-Old Voices, by Howard Weeden, illus. from
photographs by the author, $1.50 net. (Doubleday, Page
& Co.
Out to old Aunt Mary's, by James Whitcomb Riley, illus.
in color, etc., by Howard Chandler Christy, $2.-Folly for
the Wise, by Carolyn Wells, illus., $1. _net.-The Trail to
Boyland, and other poems, by Wilbur D. Nesbit, illus. by
Will Vawter, $1. net. (Bobbs-Merrill Co.)
The Book of Clever Beasts, studies in unnatural history,
by Myrtle Reed, illus. by Peter Newell.–Ariel Booklets,
14 new issues each with photogravure frontispiece, flexi-
ble leather, per vol. 75 cts. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
Sonnets from the Portuguese, by Mrs. Browning, Sapere
Aude edition, with photogravure frontispiece and decora-
tions, $2.50 net.—The Value of Friendship, edited by
Frederic Lawrence Knowles, $1.50.-The Value of Cheer-
fulness, edited by Mary M. Barrows, $1.50.-Joy and
Strength, by Alice L. Williams, $1.50.-Women and her
Wits, by G. F. Monkshood, 75 cts. (H. M. Caldwell Co.)
Our Christmas Tides, by Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler, illus.
and decorated, $1.50 net.-Old Love Stories Retold, by
Richard Le Gallienne, illus, and with decorations in color,
$1.50 net. (Baker & Taylor Co.)
Yosemite Legends, by Bertha H. Smith, illus, by Florence
Lundborg, $2.net.-Upland Pastures, out-of-door essays,
by Adeline Knapp, with photogravure frontispiece and
decorations, $3.net.-Prosit, a book of toasts, compiled
by “ Clotho," with frontispiece and decorations, $1.25
net.-The Entirely New Cynic's Calendar for 1905, illus.,
75 cts. net.—The 101 Epicurean Thrills, compiled by Mae
E. Southworth, new vols.; Salads, Beverages, Candies,
and Chafing-Dish Recipes; each 50 cts. net.-Impressions
Classics, new vols.: Selected Poems of John Boyle
O'Reilly, William Morris's Golden Wings, Tennyson's The
Holy Grail, Selections from Epictetus, and Longfellow's
Evangeline; limp leather, each $1.25 net.-Impressions
Calendar for 1905, designed by W. S. Wright, $1.50 net.
-Christmas Carol Calendar, designed by H. M. Sickal,
$1. net. (Paul Elder & Co.)
HOLIDAY GIFT BOOKS.
The Love of Azalea, Onoto Watanna, illus. and decorated
in color by a Japanese artist, $2. net.-Love Finds the
Way, by Paul Leicester Ford, illus. in photogravure by
Harrison Fisher, with decorations in color by Margaret
Armstrong $2.-Nature and Culture, by Hamilton W.
Mabie, new edition, illus. from photographs by Rudolph
Eickemeyer, $2.net.-Li'l' Gal, by Paul Lawrence Dun-
bar, illus. from photographs by the Hampton Institute
Camera Club, $1.50 net. -The Age of Innocence, by Walter
Russell, illus. by the author, $2. net.-Our Friend the
Dog, by Maurice Maeterlinck, illus, and with decorations,
$1. net. -Tennyson's Maud, illus. and decorated by Mar.
garet and Helen Armstrong, $1.50 net.-Scroggins, by John
Uri Lloyd, illus. and decorated by Reginald Birch, $1.50.
--Famous Women Described by Great Writers, compiled
by Esther Singleton, illus., $1.60 net.—The Nautical Lays
of a Landsman, by Wallace Irwin, illus. by Peter Newell,
31. net.-The Poet's Corner, drawings in color by Max
Beerbohm, $1.50 net. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)


182
[Sept. 16
THE DIAL
Daily Cheer Year Book, compiled by M. Allette Ayer, with
introduction by Rey. Francis E. Clark, with portrait, $1.
net.; edition de luxe, burnt leather binding, $2. net. (Lee
& Shepard.)
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
On Your Mark! a story of college life and athletics, by
Ralph Henry Barbour, illus. in color, $1.50.-The Arrival of
Jimpson, and other stories for boys about boys, by Ralph
· Henry Barbour, illus., $1.50.-The Fight for the Valley,
by W. 0. Stoddard, illus. in color, etc., $1.50.-Old Put,
the Patriot, by Frederick A. Ober, illus., $1.25.-The Land
Hero of 1812, by C. C. Hotchkiss, illus. in color, etc.,
$1.25.--The Vinland Champions, by Ottilie A. Liljencrantz,
illus., $1.50.-The Deadwood Trail, by Gilbert Patten,
illus., $1.50.-The Boy Anglers, their adventures in the
Gulf of Mexico, California, the Pacific, and Atlantic
oceans, and lakes and streams of Canada, by Charles
Frederick Holder, illus., $1.50.- Three College Graces, by
Gabrielle E. Jackson, illus., $1.50.-Every-Day Girls, by
Julie M. Lippmann, illus., $1.50.-In the Reign of Queen
Dick, by Carolyn Wells, illus., $1.50.-Teddy Baird's
Luck, by Kate Dickinson Sweetser, illus.,' $1.25. (D.
Appleton & Co.)
The Boy Courier of Napoleon, a story of the Louisiana
.. Purchase, by William C. Sprague, illus., $1.50.--The Young
Vigilantes, a story of California life in the fifties, by
Samuel Adams Drake, illus., $1.25.-American Boys' Life
of Theodore Roosevelt, by Edward Stratemeyer, illus.,
$1.25.-On the Trail of Pontiac, or The Pioneer Boys of
the Ohio, by Edward Stratemeyer, illus., $1.25.- Making
the Nine, by A. T. Dudley, illus., $1.25.-Jack Ten-
field's Star, a story for boys and some girls, by
Martha James, illus., $1.25.—Two Young Inventors,
• the story of the flying boat, by Alvah Milton
Kerr, illus., $1.25.--Stories of Brave Old Times, pen pic-
tures of the American revolution, by Helen M. Cleveland,
illus., $1.25.-Larry the Wanderer, or The Rise of a
Nobody, by Edward Stratemeyer, illus., $1.-Jason's
Quest, by D. 0. S. Lowell, illus., $1.-Helen Grant's
Friends, by Amanda M. Douglas, illus., $1.25.-An Honor
Girl, by Evelyn Raymond, illus., $1.25.-A Lass of Dor-
chester, by Annie M. Barnes, illus., $1.25.—The Laurel
Token, a story of the Yamassee Uprising, by Annie M.
Barnes, illus., $1.25.-Randy's Good Times, by Amy
Brooks, illus., $1.-Dorothy Dainty at School, by Amy
Brooks, illus., $1.-The Making of Meenie, by Edith L.
Gilbert, illus., $1.-The Children on the Top Floor, by
Nina Rhoades, illus., $1.-The Taming of Betty, by Cally
Ryland, illus., $1. (Lee & Shepard.)
Eight Cousins, or The Aunt-Hill, and its sequel, Rose in
Bloom, by Louisa M. Alcott, new editions, illus., by Har-
riet R. Richards, each $2.-The Boy Captive of oid Deer-
field, by Mary P. Wells_Smith, illus., $1.25.-Nathalie's
Sister, by Anna Chapin Ray, illus., $1.50.- The Story of
Rolf and the Viking's Bow, by Allen French, illus., $1.50.
-Little Almond Blossoms, by Jessie Juliet Knox, illus.,
$1.50.-The Mysterious Beacon Light, the adventures of
four boys in Labrador, by George E. Walsh, illus., $1.50.
-The Alley Cat's Kitten, by Caroline M. Fuller, illus.,
$1.50.-Lullaby Castle and Other Poems, by Blanche Mary
Channing, $1. net.-Irma and Nap, a story for younger
girls, by Helen Leah Reed, illus., $1.25.-The Nursery
Fire, by Rosalind Richards, illus., $1.50.-In the Miz, by
Grace E. Ward, illús., $1.50.-The White Crystals, by
Howard R. Garis, illus., $1.50.-The Child at Play, by
Clara Murray, illus. in color, 50 cts.--Stories of Discovery
Told by Discoverers, and Stories of Adventures Told by
Adventurers, by Edward Everett Hale, new editions,
each illus., $1.25. (Little, Brown, & Co.)
Poems of Childhood, by Eugene Field, illus. in color by
Maxfield Parrish, $2.50.-Rhymes and Jingles, by Mary
Mapes Dodge, new edition, illus. by Sarah S. Stilwell,
$1.50.-By Conduct and Courage, a story of Nelson's Days,
by G. A. Henty, illus., $1.20 net.-Handicraft and Recrea-
tion for Girls, by Lina and Adelia B. Beard, illus., $1.60
net.--A Midshipman in the Pacific, the story of a kid.
napped American boy, by Cyrus T. Brady, illus., $1.20
net.-Boys of St. Timothy's, by Arthur Stanwood Pier,
illus., $1.25 net.-Sea Wolves of Seven Shores, by Jessie
Peabody Frothingham, illus., $1.20 net. (Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons.)
River-Land, by Robert W. Chambers, illus. in color by
Elizabeth Shippen Green, $1.50 net.-Litte Precious, by
Gertrude Smith, illus. in color, etc., $1.30 net.-Josephine,
by Ellen Douglas Deland, illus., $1.25. (Harper
Brothers.)
The Isle of Black Fire, by Howard R. Garis, illus., $1.20
net.--On Holy Ground, Bible stories, by Rev. William
L. Worcester, illus., $3. net.-The Wallypug in Fog-Land,
by G. E. Farrow, illus., $2.-The Book of Indoor Games,
by J. K. Benson, illus., $1.50.-The Romance of Modern
Exploration, by Archibald Williams, illus., $1.50 net.-
Romance of Modern Steam Locomotion, by Archibald
Williams, illus., $1.50 net.--The Romance of the Animal
World, by Edmund Selous, illus., $1.50 net.-Glyn Severn's
School Days, by George Manville Fenn, illus., $1.50.-The
Pedlar's Pack, by Mrs. Alfred Baldwin, illus. in color,
- '$2.- Petronella, by Laura T. Meade, illus., $1.50.--Stu-
dent's History of the World, by Charles Morris, illus.,
$1.50.--The School Champion, by Raymond Jacberns,
illus., $1.50.-Brought to Heel, by Kent Carr, illus., $1.50.
-From Franklin to Nansen, by G. Firth Scott, illus.,
$1.25.-That Awful Little Brother, by May Baldwin, illus.,
$1.25.-National Fairy Tales, 4 vols., each $1. (J. B. Lip-
pincott Co.)
Patriot and Tory, by Edward S. Ellis, illus., $1.25.-Minute
Boys of the Green Mountains, by James Otis, illus., $1.25.
--Lou, by Harriet A. Cheever, illus., $1.25.-The Merry-
weathers, by Laura E. Richards, illus., $1.25.-Chatterbox
for 1904, illus. in color, etc., $1.25.–Famous Children of
Literature series, edited by Frederic Lawrence Knowles,
two new vols., each illus., $1.-The Doings of Nancy, by
Evelyn Raymond, illus., $1.-The Girlhood of Shake-
speare's Heroines, by Mary Cowden Clarke, new edition,
5 vols., illus., $6.25.-Defending the Island, by James Otis,
illus., 75 cts.-Puss in the Corner, a rebus book, by Edith
Francis Foster, illus., 75 cts.-Gloria, by Faith Bickford,
illus., 50 cts. The Rock Frog, by Harriet A. Cheever,
illus., 50 cts.-Lady Spider in the King's Palace, by
Harriet A. Cheever, illus., 50 cts.-What Paul Did, by
Etheldred B. Barry, illus., 50 cts. (Dana Estes & Co.)
The Little Giant, and other fairy tales, by Thomas Dunn
English, illus. by Lucy Fitch Perkins, $1. net.-When
Little Boys Sing, words, music, and pictures in color
by John A. and Rue W. Carpenter, $1.25 net.-The Wan-
dering Twins, the adventures of two children in Labrador,
by Mary Bourchier Sanford, illus., $1.25.-In Search of the
Okapi, a story of adventure in Central Africa, by Ernest
Glanville, illus., $1.50.-Life Stories for Young People, a
series of popular biographical romances, trans. from the
German by George P. Upton, first vols.: Beethoven,
Mozart, Joan of Arc, and William Tell; each illus., 60 cts.
net. (A. C. McClurg & Co.)
Jewel's Story Book, by Clara Louise Burnham, illus., $1.50.
--The Rider of the Black Horse, by Everett T. Tomlin-
son, illus., $1.50.-Kristy's Queer Christmas, by Olive
Thorne Miller, with frontispiece in color, $1.25. - The
Flower Princess, by Abbie Farwell Brown, illus., $1.-
His Majesty's Sloop Diamond Rock, by H. S. Huntington,
illus., $1.50.-A Book of Little Boys, by Helen Dawes
Brown, illus., $1.-The Basket Woman, by Mary Austin.
-When the King Came, by George Hodges. (Houghton,
Mifflin & Co.)
Patty at Home, by Carolyn Wells, illus., $1.25.-A New
Elsie book, by Martha Finley, $1.25.-A Little Girl in Old
Chicago, by Amanda M. Douglas, $1.50.-Honor Sherburne,
by Amanda M. Douglas, $1.25.-Hilda's Wishes, by Harry
Thurston Peck, illus., $1.25.-Wilby's Dan, by William
Wallace Cook, illus. in color, $1.50.-Minnows and Tritons,
by B. A. Clarke, illus., $1.50. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Red Cap Tales, by Samuel Rutherford Crockett, illus. in
color.-Sportsman Joe, by Edwyn Sandys, illus.-Comedies
and Legends for Marionettes, by Georgianna Goddard
King, illus.-Is There a Santa Claus? by Jacob Riis,
illus.-The Phoenix and the Carpet, by E. Nesbit, illus.,
$1.50.-The Crusaders, a story of the war of the Holy
Sepulchre, by the Rev. A. J. Church, illus. in color.-
The Ruby Ring, by Mrs. Molesworth, illus. (Macmillan
Co.)
The Brownies in the Philippines, verse and pictures by
Palmer Cox, $1.50.-- Baby Elton, Quarter-Back, by Les-
lie W. Quirk, illus.-Lucy and their Majesties, a comedy
in wax, by B. J. Farjeon, illus., $1.50.--Mary's Garden,
by Frances Duncan, illus., $1.25.-Elinor Arden, Royalist,
by Mary Constance Du Bois, illus., $1.50.-Kibun Daizin,
or From Shark-Boy to Merchant Prince, by Bengai Murai,
illus., $1.25.-Captain John Smith, by Tudor Jenks, illus.,
$1.20 net. (Century Co.)
The Boys of Bob's Hill, by Charles Pierce Burton, illus.-
Prince Henry's Sailor Boy, by Otto von Bruneck, trans.
and adapted by Mary J. Safford, illus.—The Wizards of
Ryetown, by Constance E. Smedley, illus.-Dandelion Cot.
tage, by Carroll Watson Rankin, illus.-Nelson's Yankee
Boy, by F. H. Costello, illus.-A story for girls, by
Marion Ames Taggart, illus. (Henry Holt & Co.)
The Brown Fairy Book, edited by Andrew Lang, illus. in
color, etc., $1.60 net.- The Golliwogg in Holland, pictures
in color by Florence K. Upton, verses by Bertha Upton,
$1.50 net.-Babies' Classics, chosen by Lilia Scott Mac-
donald, illus. (Longmans, Green, & Co.)
Babes in Toyland, by Glen MacDonough_and Anna Alice
Chapin, illus. in color, etc., $1.50 net.-The Happy Heart
Family, by Virginia Gerson, illus. in color by the author,
$1. net.-Mixed Beasts, drawings, and verses by Kenyon
Cox, $1. (Fox, Duffield & Co.)
East and West Series, new vols.: The Search, a story of
the old frontier, by E. P. Weaver: The Three Prisoners,
a story of the great war, by William Henry Shelton;
each illus., $1.25 net.--Field and Forest Series, first vol.:
The Island Camp, or The Young Hunters of Lakeport, by
Capt. Ralph Bonehill, illus. in color, $1.25. (A. S. Barnes
& Co.)
Fantasma Land, by Charles Raymond Macauley, illus. by
the author, $1.25.–The Well in the Wood, by Bert Leston
Taylor, illus. by Fanny Y. Cory, $1.25.-Two in a Zoo, by
Curtis Dunham and oliver Herford, illus. by Oliver Her-
ford, $1.25. (Bobbs-Merrill Co.)


1904.]
183
THE DIAL
new
Famous Battles of the Nineteenth century, by various well-
known writers, edited by Charles Welsh, new vols.: From
1815 to 1861, and From 1871 to 900; each illus., $1.25.-
Monkey Shines, little tales for little children, by Bolton
Hall, with introduction by the late Bishop Huntington,
illus., $1.–The True Mother Goose, the true text without
addition or abridgement, edited and illustrated by Blanche
McManus, $1. (A. Wessels Co.)
David Chester's Motto, a boy's adventures at school and
at sea, by hi. Escott-Inman, illus., $1.50.-Tom Catapus
and Potiphar, a tale of ancient Egypt, illus. in color
by Lily Schofield, 75 cts.- Johnny Crow's Garden, illus.
in color, etc., by L. Leslie Brooke, $1. net.-Nobody
Knows, illus. in color by Madeline Hall, 80 cts.-New
Peter Rabbit Books: Benjamin Bunny, and The Tale of
Two Bad Mice, by Beatrix Potter, illus. in color, each
50 cts.-Little Folks' Linen Alphabet Book, and Littio
Folks' Linen Animal Book, illus. in color, each $2.-
Favorite Books for the Nursery, new vols.: First Steps
for our Little Ones, A_Peep into Fairyland, and Large
Type Animal Picture Book; illus. in color, each $1.-
Three Blind Mice, verses by John W. Ivimey, illus. in
color by Walton Corbould, 50 cts.-A Step into Fairy
Land, illus. in color, 50 cts. (Frederick Warne & Co.)
Sandman Rhymes, by Willard Bonte, illus., $1.25.-The
Hobby Hoss Fair, by A. L. Jansson, illus. in color,
$1.50.--Pleasant Street Series, new vols.: Under the Nurs-
ery Lamp, poems for children; The Moon Party, by
Ollie Hurd Bragdon; Bobby and Bobbinette, by Annie R.
Talbot; illus., each 75 cts.- Caldwell's Classic Juveniles,
vols.: Wood's Natural History, and Tales from
Shakspeare; illus. in color, etc., each $1.25.—The Little
Brown Bunny, by Edith Francis Foster, illus., 75 cts. --
Children's Hour Series, new vols.: Those People from
Skyton, by Abby. M. Diaz; Adventures of Spotty, by
Kate Upson Clark; illus., each 50 cts. -Six to Sixteen
Series, new vols.: Adventures in Toyland, by Alice B.
Woodward; Fun with Magic, by George Brunel; The
Princess of Hearts, by Sheila E. Braine; Fuzzy Four-
Footed Folks, by Ada May Krecker; Black Beauty, by
Anna Sewall; illus.,. .each .50 .cts.-Little Folks for
1904, illus. in color, etc., $1.25. - The Children's Dog Book,
illus., $1. (H. M. Caldwell Co.)
Little Miss Joy-Sing, by John Luther Long, $1.–Baby Bible
Stories, by Gertrude Smith, illus., 50 cts.-Bumper and
Baby John, by Anna Chapin Ray, illus., 50 cts.-Witchery
Ways, by_Amos R. Wells, illus., 50 cts.-The Little Boy
and the Elephant, by Gustavus Frankenstein, illus., 50
cts.-A Gourd Fiddle, by Grace MacGowan Cooke, illus.,
50 cts.-Another Year with Denise and Ned Toodles, by
Gabrielle E. Jackson, illus., 50 cts.-A Prairie Infanta,
by Eva W. Brodhead, illus., 50 cts. -Sonny Boy, by Sophie
Swett, illus., 50 cts.-A Little Rough Rider, by Tudor
Jenks, illus., 50 cts.-Altemus' Wee Book for Wee Folks,
3 new vols., illus., per vol. 50 cts.-Altemus' Illustrated
Holly-Tree Series, 8 new vols., illus. in color, etc., per
vol., 50 cts. (Henry Altemus Co.)
Granny's Wonderful Chair, by Frances Browne, with intro-
duction by Frances Hodgson Burnett, illus. in color,
$1.50.-The Little Grey House, by Marion Ames Taggart,
with frontispiece in color, _$1.25.-McClure's Children's
Annual for 1905, edited by T. W. H. Crosland, illus. in
color, etc., $1.50. (McClure, Phillips & Co.)
Children's Favorite Classics, new vols.: Stories of King
Arthur, adapted and edited by U. Waldo Cutler; Stories
of Robin Hood and his Merry Outlaws, by J. Walker
McSpadden; each illus., 60 cts.—Twentieth Century Juve-
niles, new vols.: Little Metacomet, by Hezekiah Butter-
worth; Stories of the Good Greenwood, by Clarence
Hawkes; It All Came True, by Mary F. Leonard; Dor-
othy's Spy, by James Otis; each illus., 60 cts. net. (T.
Y. Crowell & Co.)
Mr. Wind and Madame Rain, trans. from the French of
Paul de Musset by Emily Makepeace, illus. by Charles
Bennett, $2.-Boys of the Light Brigade, a story of Spain
and the Peninsular War, by Herbert Strang, illus., $1.50.
(G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
Stories of Inventors, by Russell Doubleday, illus., $1.25
net.-The Tomboy at Work, by Jeannette L. Gilder, illus.,
$1.25. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)
Greek Heroes, by Charles Kingsley, illus. in color by T.
H. Robinson, $2.50.-Shakespeare's Heroines, by Mrs.
Jameson, illus. in color, etc., by Walter Paget, $2.50.-
One Day, by Edith Farmiloe, illus. in color, $2.-The
Temple Shakespeare for Children, illus., per vol. 40 cts.
net. --Childhood, by Katharine Pyle, illus. in color, $1.25
net.-The Hermit of the Culebra Mountains, by Everett
McNeil, illus., $1.50.-The King of Kinkiddie, and other
fairy tales of now, by R. F. Ayers, illus., $1.50.-Tales
of a Poultry Farm, by Clara D. Pierson, illus., $1. net.
(E. P. Dutton & Co.)
The Pearl and the Pumpkin, by Paul West and W. W.
Denslow, illus. in color, $1.25.--Derslow Picture Books
for Children, new series, comprising: Three Little Kit-
tens, Mother Goose, A B C Book, Barnyard Circus, Ani-
mal Fair, Simple Simon, and Scare Crow and the Tin
Man; each 25 cts., or bound together in cloth $1.25. (G.
W. Dillingham Co.)
Santa Claus Candy Circus, by Oliye Aye, illus. in color, 50
cts.-The Tale of a Tail, and other classic rhymes for
children, by Annetta S. Crafts, illus., 25 cts.-Yellow
Beauty, a story about cats, by Marion Martin, illus.,
new edition, 25 cts. (Laird & Lee.)
EDUCATION.-BOOKS FOR SCHOOL
AND COLLEGE.
Our Common Schools, their administration and supervision,
by William E. Chancellor.-The Study of a Novel, by
Prof. Selden L. Whitcomb.-Belles Lettres Series, new
vols.: Browning's A Blot in the 'Scutcheon, In a Balcony.
Colombe's Birthday, and The Soul's Tragedy, edited by
Prof. Arlo Bates, 60 cts.; Chapman's Bussy d'Ambois,
edited by Prof. F. S. Boas, 60 cts.; Webster's The White
Devil and The Duchess of Malfi, edited by Prof. Martin
W. Sampson, 60 cts.; Robertson's Society and Cast,
edited by T. Edgar Pemberton, 60 cts.; The Gospel of John
in West Saxon, and The Gospel of Matthew in West
Saxon, each edited by Prof. James W. Bright; The
Battle of Maldon and Short Poems from the Saxon
Chronicle, edited by Walter J. Sedgefield; Juliana, edited
by Prof. William Strunk, Jr.-A History Syllabus for
Secondary Schools, prepared by a committee of the
New England History Teachers' Association.-The West-
ern United States, a geographical reader, by Harold W.
Fairbanks, illus., 60 cts.-A Source Book of Greek His-
tory, by Frederic Morrow Fling, illus.-The Beginner's
Arithmetic, for second year classes, illus. in color-Hill
and Ford's Spanish Grammar, $1.25.-Bruce's Grammaire
Française, $1.12.-A German Drill Book, by Dr. F. K.
Ball.-Helmholtz's Populäre Vorträge, edited by Daniel
B. Shumway, illus.- Voltaire's Zadig, edited by Prof. I.
Babbitt.-Meilhac and Halevy's L'Ete de la Saint-Martin,
edited by V. E. François.-Hoffman's Mozart auf der
Reise Nach Prag, edited by W. G. Howard.-Chateau-
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184
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
tions, by Florian Cajori.-Comprehensive Bookkeeping, by
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Emilie Kip Baker; each 25 cts. net. (Macmillan Co.)
American Teachers' Series, new vol.: The Teaching of
Biology, by Frances E. Lloyd and Maurice E. Bigelow,
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Law, by Hon. Emlin McClain.-An Elementary History of
England, by T. F. Tout and James Sullivan. (Longmans,
Green, & Co.)
The Elements of English Grammar, by W. F. Webster.-
The Riverside Graded Song Book for Elementary Schools,
edited by William M. Lawrence, in 2 parts.-Three years
with the poets, compiled by Bertha Hazard. (Houghton,
Miffin & Co.)
An Introduction to Psychology, based on the author's
* Handbook of Psychology,' by J. Clark Murray, $1.60
net.-A Short Constitutional History of the United States,
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Le Verre d'Eau ou Les Effets et les Causes, comédie en
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Schmidt, Ph.D., 25 cts.-L'Abbe Daniel, par André
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a
THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
A YEAR OF CONTINENTAL
LITERATURE.
I.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or
poslal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER.
No. 439.
OCTOBER 1, 1904.
Vol. XXXVII.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
A YEAR OF CONTINENTAL LITERATURE—I. 195
MEMOIRS OF AN ENGLISH SCHOLAR. Percy F.
Bicknell.
198
THE CULT OF MATTHEW ARNOLD. Edith J.
Rich
200
THE SEABOARD SLAVE STATES.
Fleming ·
Walter L.
203
SIDELIGHTS ON THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE.
Lawrence J. Burpee
. 205
.
TWO AMERICAN HISTORIANS. W. E. Simonds 207
As in previous years, we publish in this and
the following number of THE DIAL a summary
of the series of special articles on the Continen-
tal literature of the past twelvemonth contrib-
uted to “The Athenæum' by various writers.
Our English contemporary has chosen to post-
pone the publication of these articles from its
first July issue to its first September issue,
which makes possible a more nearly complete
survey of the annual product, and also accounts
for the belated appearance of our own summa-
ries. The condensations which follow are from
Professor Frédericq writing for Belgium, Dr.
Tille for Bohemia, Dr. Ipsen for Denmark, M.
Pravieux for France, and Dr. Heilborn for
Germany.
Belgian literature, as is well known, comes in
both the French and the Flemish languages;
and Professor Frédericq reports important
works of both kinds. In the drama, Mr. Rafaël
Verhulst's ‘Jesus de Nazarener' and 'Reinaert
de Vos' are of the first interest, the former of
these plays bringing the Gospel story before
us with a devoutness of feeling and a respect
for the great personality of Christ which makes
us almost forget the audacity of the author.'
'A Pastor,' by Mr. Jan Bruylants, paints the
ideal portrait of a Catholic priest in a Flemish
village, who refuses to soil his robe in the mire
of political dissension and opens his arms to
the repentent sinner.' 'Rina,' by Mr. Lodewijk
Scheltjens, the dramatist of the proletariat, is
called 'one of the most powerful works which
have been put on the Flemish stage in our
time. Among books of French verse, we note
the veteran N. E. Picard's “ Ainsi Naît, Vit,
Meurt l'Amour' and M. E. Verhaeren's 'Les
Tendresses Premières.' In fiction, the first book
to be mentioned is 'Les Cadets de Brabant, by
M. Léopold Courouble, the creator of the Kake-
broek family. The best of the year's fiction
is Flemish, and includes the following works.
The Burgomaster of Antwerp,' by Mr. Pol de
Mont, 'is the story of a legendary Bluebeard
who wished successively to murder his seven
wives.' "The Tranquil Constellation, by Mr.
Herman Teirlinck, is 'a singularly penetrating
picture of the life and sentiments of the down-
trodden peasants of Flanders.' Mr. Stijn
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne
208
Merriman's The Last Hope. — Crockett's Strong
Mac.- Parker's A Ladder of Swords. -— Benson's
The Challoners. -- Mrs. Voynich's Olive Latham.-
Lovett's Richard Gresham. --- King's The Steps of
Honor. — Carryl's The Transgression of Andrew
Vane.—Merwin's The Merry Anne.-Wilson's The
Seeker. --Miss Powell's The By-Ways of Braithe.
Miss Lloyd's The Pastime of Eternity.-- Miss
Dillon's The Rose of Old St. Louis. - Mrs. White-
house's The Effendi. -- Mrs. Wiggin's The Affair
at the Inn.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
212
A valuable guide to poems and recitations. -- Adu-
lation of the German Emperor. — The modern
Irish literary revival and its leader. --- The ethics
of modern business and public life. -Scientific
studies of men and women. - - America through
Chinese spectacles.- The diary of a child of genius.
BRIEFER MENTION
215
NOTES
215
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
216
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
216


196
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
Streuvels, in Village Love,' has produced his facts and dead bones, but the other, by Mr.
first long novel, a work full of supple strength Niels Hoffmeyer, is described as 'a most note-
and picturesque realism.' Mr. Cyriel Buysse's worthy human document,' suggested possibly
“ After Marriage probes the inmost heart of a by Mr. Sienkiewicz's Quo Vadis,' but a bet-
young husband. A gifted painter, wealthy and ter book, more harmonious and powerful in its
artistic, he has married a woman who does not construction.' Another historical novel of inte-
understand him, and who deceives him in the rest is ‘Lasse Maansson,' by Herr P. F. Rist,
most vulgar manner possible.' Miss Virginie which tells of the Swedish invasion of Den-
Loveling, for many years at the head of Flem mark in the seventeenth century. It is the
ish literature in Belgium,' has written “The story of Paul and Virginia again, but dressed
Apple of Discord,' a deeply original work which in other garments and speaking another lan-
describes the struggle, so frequent in Flanders, guage.' Important novels of modern life are
between a free-thinking father and a mother Den Store Eros,' by Herr Svend Leopold,
rigidly determined on the moral and religious and ‘Sidste Kamp,' by Herr Otto Rungs. The
education of their child.' Works of history, latter' has undertaken the task of showing the
biography, and social science are numerous, but extermination of the aristocracy in our demo-
none of them seem to be of a nature to attract cratic time. The life of the peasantry is illus-
much attention outside of the country in which trated by "Sind,' a tragic tale by a young cler-
they have been written.
gyman, Herr Jacob Knudsen, and the relig-
Dr. V. Tille, writing of Bohemian letters, ious novel by 'Helligt Ægteskab, a plea for a
tells us that ‘an ever-growing endeavour after sort of free love by Miss Ingeborg Maria Sick.
a modern national novel and a raising of the Among works of scholarship, Professor Wim-
drama, be it on historical or social basis, stands
mer's book on the runic monuments of Den-
in the foreground.' The most important mark, now nearly completed, is of great value.
attempts to produce a modern national novel Professor Höffding's Modern Philosophers,
are Mr. Simacek’s ‘Hungry Hearts' and Mr. which deals with Wundt, Nietzsche, and other
Sova’s ‘Expeditions of the Poor.' The new thinkers of our own time, and is a sequel to his
drama is illustrated by “Princes,' a tragedy of fascinating ‘History of Modern Philosophy;'
the Bohemian middle ages, the work of Mr. will probably very soon find its way into the
Vrchlicky, the foremost Bohemian poet. It hands of English readers.
represents in strong lines the horrors of fratri The writer of the French survey is, as for
cidal strife for a throne.' Another drama of several years past, M. Jules Pravieux, who says:
high rank is Mr. Kvapil's Clouds, which rep "At the outset of this review of the literary
resents a young Roman Catholic theologian who
year, I have again to note the variety of works and
falls in love with a famous actress, his play-
talent to be dealt with. It is no longer the age of
a well-disciplined, well-ordered literature preserved
mate in childhood's years.'
In verse, Mr.
by foreseeing regulations from the perils of indi-
Machar has made a new sensation' by four vidualism. Several French writers do not cease to
books of sonnets on the seasons, ‘in which he
deplore the fact, which must be again recorded, that
treats a great variety of subjects in his original
we have no new school to replace the old. There
are as many schools as artists. Should we regret
and sharply-pointed style,' while ‘wide circles it? Not so much as some would wish to do. All
of readers have been interested by Mr. F. X. schools, like all systems, are necessarily restrictive.
Prochaska's “Songs of Hradcany," which have
Our literature needs neither new school nor a new
formula. It needs nothing but original and genuine
gone through several editions. The new femin-
talent, and that this is not lacking in France at the
ism is making its influence felt in Bohemian
present moment this rapid review of the literary
literature, and women figure conspicuously movement will sufficiently prove.'
every year among the writers of fiction, poetry, The drama naturally occupies the first place,
and the drama.
and the number of plays characterized is con-
Dr. Alfred Ipsen's review of Danish litera siderable, although only a small fraction of the
ture has to do duty this year for the whole of thousand or more which, according to M. Clare-
Scandinavia, since reports from both Norway | tie, are annually submitted to the Théâtre Fran-
and Sweden are missing. He notes the para çais. We have space to mention a few only.
doxical fact that though the purchasers of MM. Lavedan and Lenôtre, in Varennes,
books are getting fewer, the number of those have dealt with the episode of the flight and cap-
who write them is constantly growing. Every ture of Louis XVI. MM. de Caillavet, de Flers,
man his own author would seem to be the motto and Jeoffrin, in 'La Montansier,' have told the
of literary aspirants in Denmark. Two novels story of a famous actress of a hundred years
of the year are entitled ‘Babel' ( Babylon ), ago. M. Paul Hervieu in “Le Dédale,' has
and clearly result from the recent achieve- exploited the idea of 'the eternal vassalage of
ments of Oriental archæology. One of them, woman' in a melodramatic manner. M. Mau-
hy Herr Carl Kohl, is ‘only a
mass of dead rice Donnay, in 'Le Retour de Jérusalem,'


1904.]
197
THE DIAL
• Tries to prove that there exists between the Jew phies. All such writings are eagerly welcomed, and
ish and the Aryan races so ingrained a discord, such must indeed be mediocre to obtain no success. Yes;
a profound divergence of ideas and of sentiments, it almost seems as though the public were weary of
that the union of two beings belonging to these fiction, and appreciated the certainty of truth which
dissimilar races is doomed to unhappiness, and leads these narratives and descriptions offer. It seems,
by an inevitable descent to rupture, if not hate, so also, that the aesthetic education of the public has
that all fusion between them is chimerical and detri reached such a pitch that it can now extract for
mental.'
itself whatever possibilities of literary pleasure
M. Albert Guinon, in ‘Décadence, portrays a
the raw material may contain, and that it prefers
to do such work rather than receive it ready-made
similar racial conflict. M. Jean Moréas, in
from a skilled artist. And however small the har.
* Iphigénie has written a classical play of vest, the effort made, as well as the result attained,
Euripidean inspiration. M. Jean Richepin, in gives satisfaction.'
'Falstaff,' has done with Shakespeare what Historical works of the year include M. Mas-
Plautus and Terence did with Menander’; that son's Napoléon et Son Fils,' M. Stenger's
is, he has made a single lengthy work, by selec- 'La Société Française pendant le Consulat,'
tion and combination, out of the Shakespearian and Cardinal Mathieu's 'Le Concordat de
material. It is interesting to learn that M. 1801.' In literary criticism there is M. Brune-
Pinero's 'The Second Mrs. Tanqueray' has
has | tiére’s ‘Cinq Lettres sur Ernest Renan,' reac-
had a well-deserved success on the Parisian tionary, of course, but a masterly example of
stage. The 'poets in France are not moribund controversial writing; M. F. Loliée’s ‘Histoire
either from poverty or exhaustion,' as is attested
des Littératures Comparées'; M. E. Schure's
by the annual production of six hundred or Précurseurs et Révoltés,' dealing with Shelley,
more volumes of new verse. Those of the past Nietzsche, Ibsen, Maeterlinck, and others; and
year include 'Lueurs et Flammes,' by Mlle.
M. F. Veuillot's 'Les Prédicateurs de la Scène,'
Vacaresco; ‘Les Visions Sincères,' by M. which studies from the moral standpoint the
Jacques Normand; ' Les Roses de Laurier,' by trend of modern thought as depicted in the
M. Clovis Hugues; ‘La Cité des Eaux,' by M. most favourably received modern plays. M.
Henri Régnier; 'Heures Lointaines,' by M.
Pravieux concludes his remarks by saying:
Paul Harel; “L'Archange des Batailles,' by • If in this review of the literary production of
M. Gaston Armelin; and Terre Divine,' by M.
the year I look for any general movement, I notice
Gustav Zidler. It is difficult, as M. Pravieux nearly everywhere-in fiction, the drama, and in
other branches of intellectual activity-a very
suggests, to make a judicious choice from the
marked tendency towards the study of social
immense output of the year's fiction. M. de
problems. Literature is influenced by the revival
Voguë · Le Maître de la Mer’ is a novel that which seems to be affecting the social, moral, and
'brings forward one of the most vital questions political world.'
of modern life the conflict between two Dr. Ernest Heilborn, discoursing of things
forces, militarism and patriotism on the one German, begins by saying that the great stage
hand, ever demanding fresh worlds to conquer, successes of the year have been, not new pro-
so that the national flag may be planted there ductions, but the ‘Götz' of Goethe and the
on; on the other the exclusively practical spirit, Minna von Barnhelm' of Lessing. The most
which trades with gold rather than sentiments.' significant of the new plays have been those
The MM. Margueritte in their ‘La Commune, which have ' attempted to solve the problem of
bring to an end their series of novels upon the
life with a special view to the artist, or at least
War of 1870 and its consequences.
M. Fer-
to the artistic temperament. Herr Arthur
nand Dacre has woven into the web of 'La
Schnitzler has treated of this problem in “ Der
Race' a 'condensed and triumphant criticism Einsame Weg Herr von Hoffmansthal's
of international theories.? In ‘Le Vertige - Electra' is a Sophoclean drama which makes
Passionnel,' by M. René Fath, we have
us 'feel what a contrast there is between the
story of strong passions, in which, by means of feeble, sickly sentiment of our moderns and the
a series of very bold situations, the reader is strength and purity of the ancients.' In his
led up to a climax of somewhat mixed moral- “Stella und Antonie,' Herr Bierbaum has
ity A few other novels are “La Peur de turned to the poetry of the seventeenth and
Vivre,' by M. Henry Bordeaux; ‘Bon Plaisir,' eighteenth centuries, listened to its music, and
by M. de Régnier; 'Portraits d'Aïeules,' by M. revived its graceful, lyrical atmosphere. In
André Lichtenberger; and 'Trois Dots,' by M. Herr Frank Wedekind’s ‘So Ist das Leben,' a
d'Azambuja. It is evident, concludes the
fanciful mixture of farce and tragedy, 'roman-
writer,
ticism, with its audacious irony and its delight
" That of all classes of French literature to-day
in popular song, comes to life once more.' Herr
fiction is the most prolific. But at this point the
Hauptmann's latest play is 'Rose Berndt,' a
public begins to manifest some signs of satiety, and
turns with a curiosity which increases every year
Silesian tragedy, realistic in method, embody-
towards historical works, memoirs, and autobiogra- | ing the feeling of repeated and overwhelming
<


198
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
DIAL
suffering 'Der Strom,' by Herr Max Halbe,
The New Books.
discusses the right of primogeniture, investing
the subject in an atmosphere of gloom and
melodrama.' Herr Fulda's new play takes us MEMOIRS OF AN ENGLISH SCHOLAR.*
back to the world of the Renaissance, and dis-
Readers of Edward FitzGerald will need no
cusses, by means of the first lady doctor of law
of Bologna, the question of woman's emancipa- Byles Cowell, the distinguished Sanskritist of
formal introduction to Professor Edward
tion. Der Meister,' by Herr Hermann Bahr, Cambridge University, whose death a year and
has adultery for its theme, and for its hero a
a half ago was a decided loss to the learned
complacent piece of self-portraiture. Finally,
world. How pleasantly we now recall those
the new comedy of Herr Sudermann, entitled
Persian and Spanish readings, à deux, at one
Der Sturmgeselle Sokrates,' presents the lib-
time at Woodbridge, and again at Cambridge!
eral revolutionary feeling of 1848 as it survives
With what ease and grace could the great
in this later generation, and the inevitable con-
scholar and linguist illuminate, from the
flict which it entails between fathers and sons.
resources of comparative philology and a range
The play is described as both tedious and unsuc-
of reading that seemed literally boundless,
cesful. The following comment upon the pres-
ent condition of the stage is highly significant: puzzling passages in his old friend's favorite
even the most commonplace as well as the most
• If the real merit of the revolt in the early
Don'! As characteristic of the born teacher
nineties consisted mainly in the fact that the stage
was once more opened to works of serious literature and linguist, take this one sentence from his
which made no concessions to popular taste, and early letters to his betrothed, fourteen years
that it brought all superficial and sensational meth-
and more his senior, to whom he was giving
ods into disrepute, assuredly some of the whilom
Sanskrit lessons by mail, — “Remember, we
leaders in that struggle have long since returned
to a calculated and unscrupulous stagecraft. They have a real difficulty, a crowning one ( real in
worship to-day the idols that they burnt ten years Spanish means "royal”) (ought I not to be
ago.'
more serious, more like a grave pedant in thus
The greatest fictional success of the year is coming to this terrible point?)' He was then
reported to have been achieved by the anony not yet twenty years old, his lady love thirty-
mous 'Briefe, Die Ihn nicht Erreichten,' which four. No wonder his schoolmates at first
has already appeared in English. Herr Wil thought he had succumbed to an unwarranted
helm Hegeler's Pastor Klingshammer' is a attack on his liberty; but all prejudice was
study of character, having for its main theme straightway overcome as soon as they made the
a quarrel between two brothers, one of whom acquaintance of Elizabeth Charlesworth, whose
eventually kills the other. Frau Ricarda bright intelligence and high ideals made her
Huch’s ‘Von den Königen und der Krone' is universally admired, and whose warm sympathy
a romantic novel with an atmosphere of fairy with all her young husband's aspirations and
tale. Herr Peter Rosseger’s ‘ Das Sünderglöckl'cordial interest in his friends could not but win
is a novel that 'preaches the gospel of repent the latter's hearty liking. That she exerted no
ance, and inveighs against fashionable vice and little influence in shaping Cowell's career and
immorality.' Herr von Keyserling's ‘Beate in bringing him the honors that crowned his
und Mareile’ is based upon a marriage prob- later years, becomes very apparent in reading
lem. 'A count forsakes his quiet, fair-haired
his biography.
wife for a woman of ardent, impulsive tempera-
The discouragements Cowell had to contend
ment, but finally grows weary, longs for rest, against in youth were not light. His father,
and returns again to her arms. Four volumes an Ipswich merchant, died when Edward was
of new poetry are the posthumous 'Erntezeit' only sixteen, making it necessary for him, as
of Wilhelm von Polenz, in whose pages 'manly the eldest of the six children, to leave school
sincerity and mature philosophy are everywhere and assume control of the business. Eight
in evidence'; ‘Peregrinas Sommerabende,' by years of bondage to the desk's dead wood'
Frau Irene Forbes-Mosse, inspired by the followed, until the next brother was able to
romantic renaissance; 'Die Singende Sünde,' mount the office stool and relieve him. Yet
by Herr Georg Busse-Palma, a book “full of with an uncomplaining industry that woule
passion,' which 'over and over again sings of have put Charles Lamb to the blush, he accom-
glowing kisses in country lane or arbour, and plished in that time a really prodigious amount
Die Lockende Geige,' by Herr Hans Müller, of reading and study and writing; so that
a delicate and intimate piece of work. Out- when, at the age of twenty-four, he yielded to
side of the range of belletristic literature, Dr.
the urgent solicitations of his wife and of his
Heilborn has almost nothing to report, but * LIFE AND LETTERS OF EDWARD BYLES COWELL, M. A.
rather because his space is already filled than
krit, Cambridge, 1867-1903. By George Cowell, F. R. S. C.
from a lack of material about which to write.
Hon. D.C.L., Oxon., Hon. LL.D., Edin., Professor of Sans-
Illustrated.
New York: The Macmillan Co.


1904.]
199
THE DIAL
on
friend Kitchin, and presented himself for A later letter to his friend Kitchin - the
matriculation at Oxford, he must have pos present Dean of Durham, it will be understood
sessed a stock of erudition that might have gives a pleasing glimpse of the young schol-
puzzled a doctor, but without the correspond ar's hopes and aspirations.
ing degree of ignorance of which a schoolboy 'I have the pleasure to tell you that that paper
might have been ashamed.' The fact alone that " Homer and Firdusi " which I wrote while
he had, almost unassisted, gained a good knowl you were staying with me was published in the
edge of Sanskrit, will attest his extraordinary
Gentlemen's Magazine this month, and this morn-
ing I received a postoffice order for it.
I
power of application. To enumerate the other
am going everv now and then to send them papers
languages, ancient and modern, that he had about Oriental subjects. This will give an addi-
also mastered, in a literary way, would require push them on with some hopes of success.
tional vigor to my Oriental studies, and I hope to
When
too much space; and the books in those tongues
I know Sanscrit, which, you know, is a field that
which he had not only read but critically stud has not been made commonplace or trite, I hope to
ied, as evidenced by his early magazine articles bring my acquaintance with Greek and Latin and
and reviews, are fairly bewildering in their
Persian to bear upon that as a focus, and I hope
to trace out the influence of the Greek mind upon
range and number. His biographer has good
the Hindu mind through Alexander's conquests and
reason to call him a 'gourmand' in reading; colonies. There is great connection between the
but, what the gourmand too often fails to do, two languages, and I expect there is equally a
he digested and assimilated all that he read, connection between the habits of thought and the
ideas themselves of the two nations.'
showing powers of memory and quickness of
insight that are truly remarkable.
Here the ardent scholar is far more in evi-
The remaining principal events in his life dence than the practised writer, as the reader
may here be briefly given, after which a few will have noted. The part of Cowell's life that
quotations, chiefly from his letters, will serve seems to have given him most pleasure in the
to illustrate what manner of man he was. His | living, and most satisfaction in the retrospect,
biographer, Mr. George Cowell, is his cousin, was his term of service in India. As the cli-
and writes with all the sympathy and apprecia-
mate made sedentary pursuits a necessity, he
tion of an admiring kinsman. It was in the adapted himself to conditions and accomplished
summer of 1856, as he tells us, that Cowell, at an enormous amount of reading, editing, and
the age of thirty, sailed with his wife for India writing, besides his teaching. The compara-
to assume the professorship of English history tive coolness of the early morning he devoted
and political economy at the Presidency Col to literary occupation. At half-past five we
lege, Calcutta. There he remained seven and see him seated on his board verandah, where hc
a half years, teaching not only his assigned read and wrote for three hours before breaking
subjects, but also various other branches as
his fast. Indeed, many a time he was too
need arose, and, after a few years, undertaking deeply engrossed to note the coming of his
in addition the principalship of the Sanskrit morning cutlet, and one of the crows that
College and infusing new life into that school. abound in Calcutta would often swoop down
Reading and writing meanwhile went on unin and carry off his breakfast. From a letter home
terruptedly, and soon it was found that he we take the following:
could give points in Sanskrit even to the • We were amused at one part of your last let-
Pundits, although of course as specialists in
ter, which mentioned Indian luxuries, and when
separate branches of Sanskrit lore they were
you expressed some fear as to how we should rel.
ish plain English fare after the delicacies of the
his superiors. The inevitable effect of climate
tropics. The fact is India has no luxuries or deli-
compelled his return to England before he had cacies, — the finest Indian things are inferior to
intended; and three years later came his tri third rate things in England. There is nothing
good in India which is not very inferior and five
umphant election to the newly established Cam-
times, ten times dearer than the corresponding
bridge professorship of Sanskrit which he held
thing in England. We live almost entirely on legs
until his death in 1903.
of mutton, chickens, ducks and eggs; and none of
Going back now to that remarkable series of them is to be compared in size or flavor with those
letters
in England. I never touch any of the preserves.
one can hardly call them love let-
Guava is the best and it is very beautiful to look
ters - which he wrote to Miss Charlesworth, at, but I can't bear its excessive sweetness. Then
we chance on a characteristic bit in connection all the fruit (as I read in Hooker's Himalayas
with the pronunciation of the Sanskrit labials.
before I came out ) is very insipid and poor; and
it is not very wholesome either. I generally keep
It reminds me of years and years ago, when I
to plantains, which are like a very poor pear,
was a little boy at school, and when I used to be
grafted on a potato. The only luxury in India is
very naughty and talk in school hours, and I found
the Pundit, and that you can't get in England. 1
out that the master could never see me talking
always say that to those who don't care about the
unless when I pronounced these very labial letters,
and therefore I used to avoid them in conversa-
languages and the people, residence in India must
be very disagreeable.'
tion to my neighbors, lest my lips should move
and betray me.
No one who has any knowledge of Professor
6


200
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
7. He
Cowell's extreme modesty will be surprised that
THE CULT OF MATTHEW ARNOLD.*
he protested against the publication of Edward
FitzGerald's encomiums in the 'Letters' edited If Matthew Arnold had foreseen the way in
by Mr. W. Aldis Wright. He declared that he which his wish to be known to posterity
was not learned in the Cambridge sense, through his writings, and not through biogra-
although he was forced to admit that he had
phies, would affect his future reputation, he
read widely. Akin to this insistence on a mod might easily have avoided all the fighting to
est estimate of himself was his conscientious which his disciples are now forced in his
ness in even the smallest particulars. A niece defense. Few writers have been so beloved and
of Mrs. Cowell gives this illustration:
appreciated by the literary men of their own
. An instance occurs to me in connection with his
time. Their regard was a continual source of
correspondence with one of the old Indian Pundits
wonder, even to him. Swinburne fairly took
with whom he had studied in India. I noticed that
in despatching a letter to him he had a special
my breath away,' he writes. 'I must say the
method of moistening the envelope from a saucer general public praise me in the dubious style
of water. On my asking the reason, he explained in which old Wordsworth used to praise Ber-
that a Brahman would consider it defilement to
nard Barton, James Montgomery, and such-
touch an envelope that had been moistened with
the tongue.
· But would he feel safe," I asked,
like; and the writers of poetry, on the other
“ in your case from the possibility of your doing hand, — Browning, Swinburne, Lytton,
things in the usual way?"
The reply was,
praise me as the general public praises its
has my word for it." ;
favorites. This is a curious reversal of the
That Cowell's name is to-day almost usual order of things. Under such circum-
unknown to the great reading public is less to stances, it was only his expressed desire to the
be wondered at when we remember that literary contrary which kept his friends among the
aspirations soon became secondary with him. large-souled men who were able to appreciate
It was in keeping with the unaffected piety of him from using their pens to write his
his nature that he grew to be more interested praises.
in his occupation of enlightening young minds, Some of his letters, with most of his loving
in taking part in missionary work, and in mak good-nature and brilliant raillery 'blue pen-
'ing himself, as he expressed it, 'an instrument
cilled' as too personal, were published in 1895,
under God for doing some good.' Thus it is and with them the storm broke. All the little
that we find more to charm in one letter of that
men of letters, the whole tribe of Pennyalinus,
delightful old pagan FitzGerald than in all his
were upon him in full force, scoffing at his
erudite friend's scholarly writings. A number
poetry, arguing against his politics, shouting
of these letters are now first published, and are and screaming against his theology. Until a
welcome additions to the volume, although they
year or two ago, however, their work was val-
contain nothing of extraordinary interest.
ued at its just worth, and might have remained
What the two correspondents and devoted | un
unnoticed had not so well-known a critic as
friends had pre-eminently in common was the Mr. Herbert W. Paul departed from his usual
quality of self-effacement. Each proved his just and temperate
just and temperate tone and written
greatness by never knowing that he excelled.
biography of Arnold which is not a criticism
The editor's task has been no light one, and but a censorship; which quotes every poor line
it has been very satisfactorily executed. Such
the poet ever wrote, and barely notes his best
minor errors as the book contains are too few
work; which is calculated to produce an impres-
and too unimportant to call for individual men-
sion of its subject paralleled only by Mark
tion. Two good portraits of Cowell add
Antony's oration, and leaves the reader thank-
greatly to the value of the work, and the reader
ful that it is Arnold and not Browning who is
only regrets that Mrs. Cowell's likeness is not
being judged by his poorest work. Immedi-
also given, as she was no less remarkable in
ately Arnold's admirers felt themselves bound
her way than he in his.
to take up the cudgel in his behalf; but their
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
best efforts are weakened by the fact that their
position is one of defense, and must remain so
Perhaps the most interesting special number yet
for some time to come. To do Matthew Arnold
issued by · The International Studio .' (John Lane) justice it will require that some one who is
is the one devoted to The Royal Academy, from
not an Englishman, some one whose perspective
Reynolds to Millais,' recently published. A half-
dozen articles by various writers, numerous fac-
is large enough to include the universal appli-
simile letters, and a profusion of fine illustrations
* MATTHEW ARNOLD, and his Relation to the Thought
in photogravure, color, and half-tone, serve to
An Appreciation and a Criticism. By
present a most illuminating record of each section
With portrait. New York:
of the Academy from its inception to the year
1868. Mr. Charles Holme is the editor of the vol-
By G. W. E. Russell. Illustrated.
Literary Lives Series. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
of our Time.
William Harbutt Dawson,
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
MATTHEW ARNOLD.
ume.


1904.]
201
THE DIAL
cation of Arnold's philosophy, should see his ing classical curriculum,' he was inclined to
religion apart from his theology and its rela- give undue prominence to the humanities in
tion to establishment and nonconformity, to the scheme of education, it was not because
decide disinterestedly whether his liberalism he was narrow-minded, but because he saw
was conservative or radical, and above all to clearly that while beauty and truth and color
enjoy his humor without feeling the thrusts were without, away from the self of a man,
from his penetrating shafts.
happiness and love and understanding and
As far as it is possible for Englishmen to
culture must come from within. The men of
rate him correctly, however, it has been done
science had become so accustomed to the micro-
by Mr. William Harbutt Dawson in his ‘Mat scope and the magnifying glass that they had
thew Arnold and his Relation to the Thought lost the use of their inner eyes; and this to
of Our Time, and by Mr. G. W. E. Russell in
Arnold was not only weakness, but wickedness.
his life of Arnold recently published in Scrib-
• The only absolute good, the only absolute and
ner's series of 'Literary Lives.' Neither book
eternal object prescribed to us by God's law, or
the divine order of things, is the progress towards
is a biography, in the full sense of being a his-
perfection, - our own progress toward it and the
tory, an estimate, and an analysis. Mr. Rus progress of humanity. Culture has one great pas-
sell's book, which is a survey of the effect that sion, the passion for sweetness and light. It has
Arnold produced by his writings and a study PREVAIL. It is not satisfied till we ALL come to
one even greater! — the passion for making them
of his method, serves as a good supplement to
a perfect man; it knows that the sweetness and
Mr. Dawson's statement of Arnold's philoso- light of the few must be imperfect until the raw
phy, which he prefaces as follows:
and unkindled masses of humanity are touched
• There is to-day a cult of Matthew Arnold; it
with sweetness and light. So all our fellow-men,
in the East of London and elsewhere, we must take
is growing; it must grow. It will grow because
many tendencies of the age are in its favor; still
along with us in the progress toward perfection, if
more because many influences are opposed to it, and
we ourselves really, as we profess, want to be per-
because the healthiest instincts of human nature
fect; and we must not let the worship of any
and the deepest interests of civilization require
fetish, any machinery, such as manufactures or
that it shall combat these opposing influences and
population, - which are not, like perfection, abso-
lute goods in themselves, though we think them
overcome them. The cult of Matthew Arnold is the
cult of idealism, using the word not, of course, in
so,
create for us such a multitude of miserable,
its philosophical sense, but as indicating the pur-
sunken, and ignorant human beings, that to carry
suit of perfection as the worthiest working prin.
them along is impossible, and perforce they must
for the most part be left by us in their degreda-
ciple of life.'
tion and wretchedness.'
It is this pursuit of universal perfection that
Besides being a splendid piece of writing,
Arnold stands for most definitely. It is the
and in thought a whole generation in advance
preaching of this doctrine that led the prac its time, that is practical social economy.
tical men of his age to call him unscientific, a
So is all of 'Culture and Anarchy,' and in a
dreamer, unaware of the great strong current
totally different vein so is that characteris-
of individualism which controlled English life.
tically brilliant and satirical series called
And so slowly have the forces of civilization
Friendship’s Garland. Neither these nor the
worked that even to-day, when all economists
other of Arnold's social or educational writ-
admit the natural evolution from ‘involuntary
ings are open to the criticism of lacking abso-
social coöperation to voluntary social coöpera-
lute present value, of being without the vital
tion,' when the laissez-faire theory is as dead principle to work from, which attaches to his
as the men who fostered it, the mass of men
religious system. Of the fault in the latter,
will not see that Arnold was right when he
Mr. Dawson speaks the last word, after having
claimed that it was not progress, but lack of wasted a great deal of time in discussing minor
progress, which dictated the worship of mate matters of purely theological import.
rial advancement. - Your middle class man
• As an ethical system, it is in theory admirable;
thinks it the highest pitch of development and but its positive value is in the highest degree ques-
civilization when his letters are carried twelve tionable. Pascal's judgment upon the God who
times a day from Islington to Camberwell, and
emerged from the philosophical investigations of
René Descartes was that He was a God who was
from Camberwell to Islington, and if railway
unnecessary. And one may with even greater truth
trains run to and fro between them every quar say that the man who is able to receive and live
ter of an hour. He thinks it is nothing that by the religion which Arnold offers him is no longer
trains only carry him from an illiberal, dismal in need of its help and stimulus. To be able to
life at Islington to an illiberal, dismal life at
appreciate an ethical idealism, a man must be
already an ethical idealist. Only by a serious intel-
Camberwell, and the letters only tell him that
lectual effort can it be apprehended, only by rigor-
such is the life there.'
ous mental discipline can it be appropriated. It
If Matthew Arnold was sometimes unjust to
follows, however, that the one who has succeeded
in apprehending and appropriating it needs the
the men of science, if, in his devotion to his
inspiration no longer; while support and consola-
cause and his love for the grand old fortify tion it is impotent to give. The religion that
6


202
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
aspires to be universal must meet universal needs; Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain;
the religion that would be a religion of mankind And we are here as on a darkling plain
must be capable of taking man at his lowest and Swept with confused alarms of struggle and ilight,
worst and lifting him into the high places of virtue,
Where ignorant armies clash by night.'
of moral and spiritual worth. But just because,
like all ethical systems, Arnold's religion presup-
Arnold's power is, however, not unqualified,
poses a very high degree both of intellectuality and
and Mr. Russell seems to have estimated him
of rectitude, it, with them, is foredoomed to fail exactly when he writes :
ure as a universal regenerating force. It will fail
"He had the poet's heart and mind, but they
because it possesses no initial power of edification;
did not readily express themselves in the poetic
it may preserve, but it cannot build up.'
medium. He longed for poetic utterance as his
Whether Amold's political writings belong in
only adequate vent, and sought it earnestly with
tears. Often he achieved it, but not seldom he left
the class of practical suggestion of reform, or
the impression of frustrated and disappointing
with his religion in that of idealistic theories, effort, rather than of easy mastery and sure attain-
we are still too close to decide absolutely; but ment. Again, if we bear in mind Milton's three-
the tendency of belief is toward the former. In fold canon, we must admit that his poetry lacks
either case, his criticisms of political methods
three great elements of power. He is not simple,
sensuous, or passionate. He is too essentially mod
and aims are eminently just and wise. In ern to be really simple. He is the product of a
fact, it is always as a critic that Arnold excels. high-strung civilization, and all its complicated
He was not naturally a man of action, and his cross-currents of thought and feeling stir and per-
dislike of the exaggerated material strenuous-
plex his verse. He is not sensuous except in so far
as the most refined and delicate appreciation of
ness of the age drove him almost to the other nature in all her forms can be said to constitute a
extreme. He rendered invaluable service to sensuous enjoyment. And then, again, he is pre-
the cause of education during his term as eminently not passionate. He is calm, balanced,
inspector, but even here it is rather through
self-controlled, sane, austere. The very qualities
which are his characteristic glory make passion
his luminous reports and their critical advice impossible. Another hindrance to his title as a
than through any active work in politics; his great poet is that he is not, and could never be, a
active association with any party would prob- poet of the multitude. His verse lacks all popular
ably have been less effective than his persistent
fibre. It is the delight of scholars, of philosophers,
of men who live by silent introspection or quiet
pounding away at the evils of the present Eng-
communing with nature. But it is altogether
lish class-system which has resulted in making remote from the stir and stress of popular life and
“the upper class materialized, the middle class struggle. Then, again, his tone is profoundly,
vulgarized, the lower class brutalized.' The
though not morbidly, melancholy, and this is fatal
to popularity. In brief, it seems to me that he was
very epigrams for which he is famous, and
not a great poet, for he lacked the gifts which
which many critics hold to be a weakness rather sway the multitude and compel the attention of
than a strength from the purely literary stand-
mankind. But he was a true poet, rich in those
point, have been a political and social force,
qualities which make the loved and trusted teacher
of a chosen few - as he himself would have said,
through their art of reproducing perfectly the of the " Remnant.",
idea for which they stand.
The power of
If the critics are right, — if, as Mr. Paul
sweetness and light, the contrast between
“Hellenism and Hebraism,' the necessity for
says, Matthew Arnold was not a profound
thinker; or, as Mr. Dawson says, he was not
* Vigour and rigour,' the varying dangers to
a great politician or theologian; or, as Mr.
society from the Barbarians, the Philistines,
Russell says, he was not a great poet, - in
and the Populace,' — he has familiarized us
with them all, and familiarity with an idea is
what, then, was he great enough to establish
and maintain a cult? The question is easily
the first step towards embodying it in every answered: He was, first of all, the great apos-
day practice.
tle and exponent of culture; he was the man
Again, it is as a critic of life that Matthew
above all men in his generation who knew the
Arnold has acquired his rank among the poets. best that had been said and thought in all ages,
That he possessed poetical powers of the first
who saw life steadily and saw it whole.' And
order, no one may well doubt who knows the
through this, he was great as a critic and a
beautiful lines from Dover Beach :
man of letters. Even Mr. Paul concedes this.
• The sea of faith
· Matthew Arnold's literary criticism, once
Was once, too, at the full, and round earth's shore
regarded by young enthusiasts as a revelation, has
Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furl'd.
long since taken a secure place in English letters.
But now I only hear
Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar,
It is penetrating as well as brilliant, conscientious
Retreating, to the breath
as well as imaginative. Matthew Arnold may be
of the night-wind, down the vast edges drear
said to have done for literature what Ruskin did
And naked shingles of the world.
for art. He reminded, or informed, the British
public that criticism was a serious thing; that good
"Ah, love, let us be true
criticism was just as important as good author.
To one another! for the world, which seems
To lie before us like a land of dreams,
ship; that it was not a question of individual
So various, so beautiful, so new,
taste, but partly of received authority, partly of
Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light,
trained judgment. Few critics have been so thor.


1904.]
203
THE DIAL
oughly original, and still fewer have had so large as Olmsted saw it, of Virginia, the Carolinas,
a share of the “ daemonic ” faculty, the faculty
which awakens intelligent enthusiasm in others.
Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana, together
Essays in Criticism is one of the indispensable
with the author's views on slavery, Southern
books. Not to have read it is to be ignorant of a society, Southern politics, and the economic his-
great intellectual event.'
tory of the slave states. The author in his
Mr. Dawson writes of Arnold as one who travels neglected the great plantation states —
has carefully and earnestly studied his subject, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama,
Mr. Russell adds to his less pretentious volume passing rapidly through them; in Louisiana he
the charm of personal association; and both stopped a little longer; Mississippi he did not
men have contributed something definite and enter; in Virginia and North Carolina he saw
valuable to the cause they champion. And yet, more of Southern institutions.
having read the opinion of all the critics on It was Olmsted's peculiar stock of theories
all the various phases of Arnold's nature and and prejudices that made and still makes his
endeavor, there comes a desire to paraphrase book such interesting reading. A hater of
the warning of the Baptist minister who slavery, he had no great love for the negro.
advised his congregation to spend two hours He believed that the white people, in all the
reading the Bible for every hour spent in read relations of life, were injured by slavery, and
ing Arnold, and to advise the reading public he was of the opinion that the economic rather
to spend two hours in reading Arnold for every than the moral side of slavery was the ruinous
half-hour spent in reading about Arnold. one. In his view, all the ills of the South
EDITH J. RICH. might be traced to the bad economic conditions
produced by slavery. At the same time it is
evident that Olmsted, before going South, had
been fascinated by what he had heard of the
THE SEABOARD SLAVE STATES. *
patriarchal institution, Southern luxury,
In two large well-printed volumes, Messrs. Southern social life, and Southern hospitality.
G. P. Putnam's Sons have reissued what is He had formed an idea of a wicked and uneco-
probably the best known of the books of travel nomic but pleasant and brilliant civilization;
in the South during the slavery régime — Olm and his disgust at what he found is amusing.
sted's ' Seaboard Slave States. Frederick Law Concerning the matter of hospitality, for
Olmsted was a thorough-going abolitionist of instance. Olmsted came South with the idea
the more sensible type, born and reared in New that the Southern people generally were accus-
England, and devoted to New England ideals. tomed to forcing hospitality upon the passing
Until he finally discovered his talent as a land- stranger of whatever degree, and he was greatly
scape gardener, when he was about forty years surprised to find that he had to pay his way
old, Olmsted had had an easy, amateurish, and, just as in other sections of the country. The
from a worldly point of view, an unsuccessful phrase 'Southern hospitality' finally came to
life. He studied engineering, then he travelled, anger him; he made it a point to inveigh
then worked in a dry-goods store, but not liking against the tradition every time he made a
that, pursued studies in Yale; next he tried a note in his diary of paying a bill at one of the
sailor's life, after which farming claimed his
abominable Southern hostelries. The class of
attention for a year or two; he travelled in people with whom he stayed may be judged
England, and later in the Southern States as from the fact that he usually had, as he
newspaper correspondent, and next he became asserted, only one sheet on his bed and that
an editor and publisher. During the Civil War one filthy. Olmsted had a few letters of intro-
he was one of the chief promoters of the Union duction to planters, and it was mainly because
League movement in the North, which finally of these that he said a few pleasant words
organized the Negro-Republican party of the
about Southern things and people. We won-
South.
der what kind of a book he would have written
The work under review was first published had he brought numerous letters! He was also
in 1856, and was a revision of a series of let worried by the aristocratic pretensions of the
ters written to the New York Times' during Southerners, especially of the Virginians; and
the winter and spring of 1852-3 ( not in 1853 he declared that most of their ancestors had
4, as the title states ) when Olmsted was on a been bought and sold as servants and laborers.
three months' tour through the South. It Of the ability of Southern men in law and
comprises a description of the internal economy,
politics, he was very doubtful; and many are
the scornful words he writes concerning them.
• A JOURNEY IN THE SEABOARD SLAVE STATES IN THE
YEARS 1853-1854. With Remarks on their Economy.
Governor Wise of Virginia, for instance, was
Frederick Law Olmsted. (Originally issued
characterized as a 'gasconading mountebank.'
With a Biographical Sketch by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.,
and an Introduction by William P. Trent.
South Carolina statesmen were, he thought, of
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
an especially low order. In general he was
By
in 1856.)
In two vol-
umes.


204
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
quite skeptical concerning Southern ability. In when the traveller really came in contact with
à place like Charleston, he admitted, people it, form what would be a not unpleasant pic-
fitted to go to a dinner-party might be easily túre if looked at through the eyes of anyone
found; but he maintains that the great major but a hostile critic who paid slight attention to
ity of the slave-holders were coarse and illit the ameliorations of the institution. If the
erate, and lower-lived than the common negro were inferior to the white, then he must
laborers of the North. And in his opinion the have been doing fairly well in the life that
poor whites, especially those in the Black Belt, Olmsted describes, - wages for extra work, the
were as low as the negroes. The South Caro privileges of having poultry, pigs, gardens, fine
linians were in general 'a decayed and stulti attire for Sunday, and slight punishment.
fied people, and the women of the non-slave Many things picturesque and pleasant to the
holding class, — a class which numbered about sight of others were harrowing to our traveller
three hundred thousand in South Carolina, from the North.
were, he intimates, distinguished by a lack of It was in its economic aspect that the worst
chastity. It was mainly from Olmsted's evils of slavery were touched upon; and heit
descriptions that Cairnes, the Irish economist, Olmsted could satisfy himself more by stating
formed his well-known theories of Southern facts, and less by expressions of opinion. Relia-
society with its five million white vagabonds ble statistics make clear the burden upon the
wandering over vast and dreary wastes.
planter caused by the necessity of investing
The most valuable of Olmsted's observations most of his capital in labor; but the effect upon
were in regard to the institution of slavery. He the price of slaves of pro-slavery sentiment
tells us what he saw of the work, dress, food, caused by anti-slavery agitation was not men-
morals, homes, and family life of the negroes, tioned. The tendency of slavery to drive the
of the prices of slaves and the wages of poorer whites to the less fertile lands and to
negroes and whites.
He knew nothing of the the frontiers was seen but not fully understood
history of the negro, and took it for granted by the Northern farmer, who felt that slavery
that American slavery was degrading the negro was a great evil to the whites, but was unable
race, not uplifting it in any way. Believing to interpret the facts he collected. He did not
that strict discipline was degrading to anyone, see what forty years of freedom have shown,
he was of the opinion that the stringent regu that it was the negro, not slavery, that injured
lation of slavery was hurtful to the character the economic system of the South; slavery only
of the slave, and he undertook to prove it by made the negro a more powerful instrument of
asserting that the discipline in the American evil to the poor whites. Released from the
Navy had bad effects on the character of the restraints of slavery, the negro no longer so
white sailors. Notwithstanding the fact that seriously competes with the white laborer,
he was disgusted with the stupid negro slaves, because free negro labor is not as efficient as
Olmsted sometimes insisted on crediting the slave labor was. Slave labor was very costly
blacks with white sensibilities, though usually labor, and Olmsted’s comparisons on this point
they are described as but little above the were instructive: wages for common laborers
brutes. In one place he declares that cruelty were twenty-five per cent higher in the South
and driving are necessary to make slavery pay; than in the North; the hire of a negro was
in another place, a planter is commended for more than that of a white man on the same
using a system of tasks and rewards to secure plantation; to protect the valuable negro slaves
willing labor, and this example is cited as the from injury, Irish laborers were often imported
proper way to make slaves work. When deny to do heavy and dangerous work; it was next
ing that the slave was as well fed as the North to impossible to keep the negro from shamming
ern laborer, he intimates that the negro was illness in order to escape work; the slave, on
often not well fed; later we are told that he account of his clumsiness, could not be trusted
had plenty of food. The necessity of cruelty with improved farm implements, and often had
to make the slave work is constantly empha no interest in doing his work well. All this,
sized, as well as the increasing degradation of and much more, Olmsted criticises justly; but
the slaves; but in an unguarded moment the in his eagerness to denounce slavery, he reaches
admission is made that in the border states the the incredible. For instance, he claims that in
condition of slaves had been bettered during Virginia the cost of slave labor was three hun-
the last generation, — a fact also shown by
a fact also shown by dred to four hundred per cent higher than the
his numerous quotations from Southern author cost of free labor in New York, which was
ities, which are not commented upon by him. In probably about correct. But he then proceeds
both North and South, the free negro was out to quote statistics to show that a negro in Vir-
of place, and his condition no better than that ginia would gather in a day one-eighteenth to
of the slave; and freed negroes sent North one-twenty-fourth as much wheat from one-
often returned. The descriptions of slavery, ! eighth as much land as a laborer in New York.


1904.]
205
THE DIAL
Surely slavery was hardly so bad as that! He illustrations are unfortunately omitted. The
cited, as a fact to prove the worthlessness of biographical sketch, by the author's son, gives
slave labor, that the negroes would stop work to only the main facts of his life. The fourteen-
look at the passing trains!
page Introduction, by Professor Trent, adds
That there was a strong anti-slavery feeling nothing to the value of the work. Professor
all over the South was clearly proved by Olm-Trent says that Mr. John Morley, Mr. Rhodes,
sted's investigations. He was interested by and Mr. Lowell, none of whom ever saw a slave
this sentiment, but ascribed little importance plantation, thought that the 'Seaboard Slave
to it. There were numbers of people who wished States' was an authority, and therefore it must
to have slavery abolished, provided the negro be
so,
he reasons. He further calls attention to
could be gotten rid of. The facts quoted do the fact that Olmsted saw only the unpleasant
not agree with the theory of the blind devotion aspects of slavery, and that he was imposed
of the South to slavery. Olmsted showed that upon by Texas story-tellers.
slavery could not exist in the territories of the
WALTER L. FLEMING.
Northwest, yet pretended to fear slavery expan-
sion in that direction. This was simply a reflec-
tion of the anti-slavery agitation of the time.
This Northern traveller was an easy mark for
SIDE-LIGHTS ON THE LOUISIANA
the spinners of yarns. Many wonderful tales
PURCHASE.*
went down into his voluminous note-books.
Even the negroes guyed him, but he was per-
Not the least important of the fruits of
fectly serious always. He did not see the point the Louisiana Purchase centenary is the extraor-
historical
of a joke while in the South. Many important dinary impetus it has given to
things were overlooked: the development of the
research bearing upon that vitally important
lower South after 1820, with interests some-
period in the expansion of the United States
what distinct from those of the upper South;
which is now being so widely commemorated.
the rapid rise of manufacturers in the white It is of course nothing unusual for the centen-
districts; the changes being wrought in econo-
ary of a great historical event to be marked by
mic conditions, especially in the border states, the publication of books and pamphlets and
by the introduction of improved machinery and magazine articles, to meet the increased public
by railroads, and above all by losing competi-
interest stimulated by the commemorative cele-
tion with the free states; the difference between brations; but it is by no means usual to find
the economics of the frontier and the economics
either the public interest so thoroughly aroused,
of slavery; the fact that the slave was the rural or the historical literature so extensive and
mechanic of the South; — all this escaped him
important, as in the present case.
entirely.
It may be that this condition is largely due
On the whole, the work is of great value to to the fact that the people of the United States
the student of economic history. There is much have never really lost interest in that most pic-
in it that is useless, and the useless is hard to turesque and far-sighted bit of statecraft, the
The
separate from the good; but what Olmsted purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon.
really saw and heard is the valuable part. His acquisition of what was in Jefferson's day for
facts are of value, but he was not always able
the most part an unknown wilderness, tenanted
to interpret them, being hampered by his only by wild tribes, seemed to many of his con-
strong prejudices against slavery and all that temporaries a piece of extravagant madness;
pertained to it. His opinions and theories, yet in the light of subsequent events the sum
which might or might not have been true, are paid was absolutely paltry, for the United
of no value except as a moderate statement of
States thus gained possession of an enormous
the abolitionist argument. His numerous quo-
territory, holding the potentialities of unlim-
tations are all to support his thesis; there is
ited wealth and, what to citizens of the United
no other side. He quotes Defoe’s ‘Moll Flan-
States must be much more important, the seeds
ders' as an authority on early Virginia history. of national greatness.
The gradual apprecia-
To the Black Belt, emancipation has brought tion of the magnitude of the heritage thus
none of the good predicted; but it has brought bequeathed to the American people accounts
good to the white districts. At times, Olmsted
for the fact that for a hundred years they
seemed to feel that this would be the case,
have never really forgotten the Louisiana Pur-
though he felt bound to say that the free chase, and it needed no artificial stimulus to
negro would be a better worker and better man
than the slave.
EXPLORATION OF LOUISIANA,
II., The Exploration
As a specimen of bookmaking, the new edi-
of the Red, the Black, and the Washita Rivers, by William
tion is far superior to the old, although the
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
* DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE PURCHASE AND
I., The Limits and Bounds
of Louisiana, by Thomas Jefferson.
Dunbar.
Illustrated.


206
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
arouse their interest in the wealth of historical himself was a man of note, and had been hon-
material that has grown up around the subject ored in his native state as the first scientist of
during the past year or two.
Mississippi.' He was born at Thunderton near
One need not go to St. Louis to find out Elgin, Scotland, a younger son of Sir Archi-
that the Louisiana Purchase is very much in bald Dunbar, and united ( as so many eminent
the public eye. It is hardly possible to glance men among his countrymen have done ) prac-
through the lists of any of the leading Ameri tical and scientific abilities of a high order. He
can publishers without meeting something new settled in America in 1771, and became a suc-
upon the subject. It may be a history of the cessful planter. Later he held important trusts
period from some fresh point of view; a biog- under the Federal government, was a corre-
raphy of one of the men who made the Louisi spondent of Thomas Jefferson, Sir William
ana Purchase possible, or explored the vast ter Herschel, David Rittenhouse, and other famous
ritory thus acquired; a novel with this period men, and made many contributions of import-
and this boundless frontier as its setting; a ance to the scientific interests of the United
carefully annotated edition of one of the early States. The exploratory journey, of which the
journals that are part of the original records; Journal now printed forms the record, was
or perhaps merely a reprint of one of these undertaken at the request of President Jeffer-
journals; or, finally, the publication for the son, in 1804, as a part of Mr. Jefferson's
first time of some important historical manu statesmanlike plan to survey the vast new ter-
script that has lain for years in the library of ritory just coming into the possession of the
one of the public institutions, where it was United States.'
known to only a few inquisitive students.
The Journal covers a wealth of material
The peculiar importance of the volume now bearing upon the geographical, botanical, and
under review lies in the fact that it embraces geological features of the country traversed by
material, of considerable historical importance Dunbar, and throws a great deal of light upon
and interest, that has not hitherto been avail the condition of that portion of the country
able in printed form. The two documents in one hundred years ago. When Dunbar made his
question, Thomas Jefferson's paper on The way up the Red River, the Black, and the
Limits and Bounds of Louisiana, and William Washita, to the hot springs that were even then
Dunbar's Journal of 'The Exploration of the somewhat famous, he found only a handful of
Red, the Black, and the Washita Rivers,' have settlers, scattered at long intervals along the
formed part of the collection of historical rivers, and ekeing out a miserable livelihood by
manuscripts in the library of the American hunting in the neighboring woods. It cannot
Philosophical Society, and are now published be said that Dunbar himself was very favor-
by direction of the Society's committee on his ably impressed with the capabilities of this
torical documents.
district as a field for settlement, and as a mat-
The Jeffersonian paper was prepared while ter of fact it remained practically unoccupied
the author was President of the United States, for many years after his visit.
Its chief
and gives a summary of the various claims of importance, during the first quarter of the nine-
France, Spain, and England to territory in the teenth century, was as one of the important
Mississippi valley, and lays down the bounda routes of western migration from the Mis-
ries of the Louisiana Purchase. The original, sissippi to the far West, where the frontier
in Jefferson's own hand, was deposited by him was being slowly but irresistibly pushed into
in the archives of the Philosophical Society in Spanish territory.
Philadelphia, where it still remains. The text
There was, says Miss Ellen Semple in her
of the paper is prefixed by a transcript of Jef recent work on American History and its
ferson's letter to Peter S. Du Ponceau, Corre Geographic Conditions,' an occasional Ameri-
sponding Secretary of the Society, transmitting
can planter, at this time, between the Missis-
the manuscript. This letter throws an intimate sippi and the Washita, and some American
and very interesting light both upon several immigrants far up the Red River, 'while a
incidents connected with the Louisiana Pur band of adventurers under Philip Nolan had
chase, and upon the personality of the writer. penetrated to the Brazos River in the present
The Dunbar Journal is a document that one state of Texas,' but the Red River and the
is extremely glad to see in printed form. While Washita were not for many years to know much
lacking much of the human interest of the more than the casual visits of explorers, hunt-
Lewis and Clark journals, and recording an ers, and those intrepid pathfinders of the
expedition of comparatively minor importance, West who were paving the way for the future
it is yet of distinct value as a contribution to acquisition of Texas and California. It is
the historical literature of the Southwest. We interesting to note that at the very time that
are told, in the ‘Publisher's Note,' that Dunbar Dunbar was making his slow and troublesome


1904.]
207
THE DIAL
way up the Red River and its tributaries, story of one appears to duplicate that of the
impeded by sandbars or rapids at almost every other. It is inevitable that in the attempt to
turn, Lewis and Clark were pushing up the portray either of these attractive characters,
Missouri toward the Mandan villages where the biographer should write sympathetically,
they were to spend the winter.
not to say enthusiastically, of his subject.
The make-up of the volume containing these Prescott was born in 1796, Parkman in
documents is admirable, and worthy in every 1823. The former was graduated from Har-
way of the important material which it covers. vard in 1814, the latter just thirty years later.
The utmost care has been taken to preserve the Prescott's first historical work, the “ Ferdinand
characteristics of the time, as regards spelling, and Isabella,' was completed in 1836; “The
typography, and ornamentation.
There are Pioneers of France in the New World,' the
two excellent portraits in the book, one of Jef real beginning of the great series which placed
ferson, from the original painted by Thomas Parkman's name with the names of Prescott
Sully, now in the rooms of the American Philo and Motley in contemporary recognition,
sophical Society at Philadelphia; and the other appeared in 1865. The first two volumes of
of Dunbar, from a painting at the family home ‘Philip II.' were published in 1855, and Pres-
near Natchez, Miss. The map of Dunbar's cott died, his work unfinished, in 1859; Park-
voyage is a photo-lithograph from a very fine man was permitted to see the full completion
copper-plate engraving of Nicholas King's map of his chosen task; it was in 1892 that the final
in the War Department at Washington. volume of the series came from the press, foi-
It seems ungracious to say even a word of lowed by his death at the age of seventy in the
dispraise of such an admirable piece of book- following year. But how bare and colorless
making; yet delightful and desirable as these and commonplace is such a summary of life
exact reprints are from many points of view, and work! The terrible handicap of failing
the student often feels that he would sacrifice vision, of nervous ailments, of insistent pain;
much in the way of typographical exactitude if the resolute measures to be adopted, the won-
he might have in return a good index. That is derful self-control, the ingenious devices of an
the one thing lacking in the present book. invalid persistently devoted to the accomplish-
LAWRENCE J. BURPEE. ment of a rarely ambitious task, the interrupted
labors, the quiet waiting in darkened chambers,
- these are the details that give a just im-
pressiveness to the triumphs of eventual suc-
Two AMERICAN HISTORIANS. *
cess; and in this strenuous fellowship of suf-
Among recent issues in the group of brief fering and perseverance Parkman and Prescott
biographies known as the “American Men of
are joined.
Letters' series we have had lives of William
The heroical element becomes so predomi-
Hickling Prescott and Francis Parkman.
nant in any consideration of either writer that
Although a full generation lay between the
we touch for a moment upon this familiar
careers of the two historians, there is a special ground. The nature of the accident which
advantage in this chance association of the two
robbed Prescott of the sight of one eye during
biographies thus closely paired. It is not only
his junior year in college is of course well
that both these writers are accepted classics in
known. Intervals of complete blindness fell
the somewhat restricted field of American his-
upon him, and the fear of losing his sight en-
torical literature, but a peculiar parallellism tirely never left him. Assured by oculists that
runs through the records of their lives. Their
the remaining eye would prove adequate to the
resemblance in personal traits is itself notable; ordinary purposes of life if he would forego all
they were affable, refined, thoroughly repre-
literary labor, the student declined to retreat.
sentative of the traditional New England Calmly he determined that even should sight
aristocracy of culture; they were delightful fail altogether, while hearing remained his lit-
comrades in the intimacy of their respective erary ambitions should be realized. The real
friendships. Each in his own pathetic expe-
significance of this resolve appears when we
rience of physical infirmity, heroically defiant remember that dictation
remember that dictation was impossible for
of disability, and of suffering often acute; each,
Prescott and that the employment of a reader
also, sturdily independent in his fortitude,
in the study of foreign books and manuscripts
impatient of sympathy, tenacious in purpose,
proved unsatisf