The Carnegie Library of The Pennsylvania State College Class No. 051 Book No. 1 54 2 308 ty Accession No. 2 994.3 w - THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Fournal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME XLIII. JULY 1 to DECEMBER 16, 1907 CHICAGO THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1907 051 D54 V. 43 July-Dec 1982 INDEX TO VOLUME XLIII. PAGE Laurence M. Larson . H. E. Coblentz W. H. Johnson Max West Edwin Erle Sparks Annie Russell Marble o 38 415 413 120 283 10 155 114 193 . Percy F. Bicknell 56 . . ADRIATIC, MISTRESS OF THE AFRICA, A TRAMP ACROSS WIDEST AMERICAN, LIFE STORY OF A TRUE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY, PROBLEMS OF AMERICAN FRONTIER, ROMANCE OF THE AMERICAN PATRIOT, A TRUE BOOKS OF THE COMING YEAR BURTON THE UNAPPRECIATED CHARACTER, A TEST OF . CHESTERFIELD AS STATESMAN AND DIPLOMAT CLOTHES, THE SUBJECT OF COLONIAL DAYS IN AMERICA CONWAY, MONCURE DANIEL DAMPIER, THE ADMIRABLE . DARWINISM, PRESENT STATUS OF DRAMA, MODERN, BEGINNINGS OF DRAMATIC VENTURE, A NEW ECONOMICS AND IDEALISM EDITOR, A GREAT INDEPENDENT EDUCATION, NEW IDEAS OF . ENGLAND'S COLONIAL CAMPAIGNS IN AMERICA ENGLISH ARTIST'S REMINISCENCES, AN ENGLISH NARRATIVE VERSE, MASTERPIECES OF ENGLISH NOVEL, THE, AND THE RASCALLY ANTI-HERO. ENGLISH VERSE, STRUCTURE OF ENGRAVERS, OLD BRITISH EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE Facts CHOICELY EMBELLISHED FICTION, RECENT FRENCH Books, THE AMERICAN MARKET FOR FRENCH CELEBRITIES, MEMOIRS OF SOME FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY Days, MEN AND MANNERS OF FRENCH STAGE, QUEEN OF THE FRENCHMEN, TEN FAMOUS GAINSBOROUGH, THOMAS: ARTIST AND MAN GARRICK AS SEEN IN HIS LETTERS HANDICRAFTS, ONE OF THE OLDEST OF HISTORIAN, A DRAMATIC HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS HOMER, ALL ABOUT EVERYTHING IN ITALY'S GREATEST ACTRESS . JAPAN, THE FUTURE OF . JAPANESE HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION KOREA, THE PASSING OF LITERATURE IN OFFICE NAPOLEON, THE FALL OF NATIONAL GROWTH, A HALF-CENTURY OF NATURE'S VARIOUS WAYS PAINTERS, THE WORLD'S GREAT POET OF DISILLUSIONMENT, THE POETRY, RECENT POETRY, RECENT ENGLISH PRAGMATISM, THE EQUIVOCATIONS OF PURITAN REVOLUTION IN DIALOGUE SCIENCE AND HUMANITY SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS, A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF SHORT STORY OF TO-DAY, THE May Estelle Cook 57 Anna Heloise Abel 165 363 Lane Cooper 205 David Starr Jordan . 161 Lewis A. Rhoades 282 237 Charles Richmond Henderson : 248 Percy F. Bicknell 32 Edward O. Sisson 285 Edwin Erle Sparks 117 374 Charles Leonard Moore 303 Edith Kellogg Dunton 315 Edward Payson Morton 33 Charles Henry Hart 60 Raymond Pearl. 208 May Estelle Cook 118 William Morton Payne 61, 250, 317 Arthur G. Canfield 308 420 Percy F. Bicknell 84 Percy F. Bicknell 279 Josiah Renick Smith 58 Edith Kellogg Dunton 247 Percy F. Bicknell 201 Frederick W. Gookin 36 Paul Shorey 202 376, 423 F. B. R. Hellems . 311 Percy F. Bicknell 160 284 Frederick Starr 245 Frederic Austin Ogg 85 51 Henry E. Bourne 89 St. George L. Sioussat 15 May Estelle Cook 418 Anna B. McMahan 11 Annie Russell Marble 39 William Morton Payne . 90 William Morton Payne . 166 Paul Shorey. 273 F. B. R. Hellems . 115 Charles Atwood Kofoid . 14 Charles Leonard Moore . 107 Benjamin Nicholson. 195 29943 iv. INDEX PAGE . . . . . . SMITH, JOHN, ADVENTURES OF Lawrence J. Burpee 163 SOUTH, THE, SINCE THE WAR Walter L. Fleming 281 SPECIALISM, THE FALLACY OF 3 TITLES IN TRANSLATION 27 TRAVEL AND SPORT, RECENT BOOKS OF H. E. Coblentz 211 TRAVEL, SOME PLEASANT BOOKS OF H. E. Coblentz 371 UNIVERSITY IDEAL, THE . 79 VICTORIA, QUEEN, AS LETTER-WRITER Percy F. Bicknell 368 WAGNER'S FOLK-THEORY Charles Leonard Moore 239 WAR AND PEACE, A VETERAN'S MEMORIES OF Percy F. Bicknell 244 WEATHER IN LITERATURE, THE Charles Leonard Moore. 5 WEST POINT HALF A CENTURY AGO . Percy F. Bicknell 310 WESTERN EXPLORATION, A FORGOTTEN CHAPTER IN Lawrence J. Burpee. 60 WHITTIER CENTENARY, THE 407 WHITTIER, SOME FRIENDSHIPS OF 409 WOMAN AND HER POSITION, FROM HOMER TO METHODIUS F. B. R. Hellems . 86 WOOD-ENGRAVING, NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENTS IN Frederick W. Gookin 370 ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL Books, 1907 172 SEASON'S BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG, THE 385 BRIEFS ON NEW Books 18, 41, 66, 94, 122, 168, 213, 254, 288, 319 BRIEFER MENTION 45, 257, 322 NOTES 21, 45, 69, 97, 125, 171, 216, 258, 291, 322, 385, 432 LISTS OF NEw Books . 22, 46, 70, 98, 126, 186, 217, 258, 292, 323, 390, 433 Annie Russell Marble COMMUNICATIONS PAGE PAGE Browning's Narrative Verse. Clark 8. Northup. 367 "Graft," Origin of. Samuel Willard.. 55 English Drama, Early, by American Students. D. L. Poem in Distress, The Rescue of a. Harriet Monroe. 309 Maulsby 55 “Southern View" in Literature, The. T. M.Norwood 9 Fiction Reading in New York. Arthur E. Bostwick. 31 Spelling-reform at Columbia. Nicholas Murray But- Howard, General, and Lincoln University. C. H. ler 410 Howard 308 Tennyson's "The Passing of Arthur.” 0. R. Howard Library Progress in Alabama, Recent. Thomas M. Thomson 367 Осеп 83 Troy Public Library, The. Mary L. Davis. 9 CASUAL COMMENT Academic Year, Opening of the. 110 Dickens, Monumental Neglect of.. Advertising, Humors and Oddities of. 306 Dramatic Literature, The Horse in Aldrich's Portsmouth Home.. 31 Dull Season, A Query for the... "Alice-for-Short," The Author of. 8 Editor, A Well-Earned Tribute to a Veteran. Alma-Tadema, Miss, Sunny Philosophy of. 365 Encyclopædic Encyclopædia, A Truly.. Antiquary, Ingenuity of the.. 306 English Author, Discovery of Another. Art, A German Lecturer on. 113 English Stage Censorship... "Atlantic Monthly" Fiftieth Anniversary Number.. 276 Esperanto, Twenty Years of. “Atlantic," Jubilee Number of the. 306 Extra-Illustrating, The Gentle Art of. Author of Forty Novels... 278 Fiction, A Decrease in the Demand for. Author's Works, A Factitious Demand for an. 52 Fiction and Fiction-readers, In Praise of. Autobiography, A Twice-told.. 29 Fiction, Public Library Borrowers of. Biblioklepts and Book-markers. 113 "Foreign Authors," Who Are ?. Blind Poet's Plaint, A... 200 French Literature, The Rehabilitation of. Book, A Curiosity-compelling. 31 Genius, The Cheerful Improvidence of. Book-title, Remarkable Transformation of a. 305 German Library Association, The... Book Trade, Hard Times and the. 367 Greek Tragedy in France, Revival of. Books that are Hard to Classify. 411 Harvard Class Poem, A. British Incompetence and Ignorance, A British Con- Harvard House at Stratford, Rescue of. fession of 307 Harvard, John, Benefaction of. Byron Memorial in Westminster Abbey, A. 54 Henley, Honors to.. Cape Apn in History and Literature.. 81 “Hibbert Journal, T'he". Card Catalogue, Evolution of the... 81 Historian, A New York State Cigarette in Fiction, Crusade against the. 8 History, A Gratuitous Blunder in. Civil Service Primer for the Untutored Immigrant.. 200 History-writing, Old-fashioned Way of College Women, The English Ambassador's Sugges Humor, Modern, A Doleful View of. tion to 8 Ibsen, A New Book on.. Comic Libretto, The Knight of the. 30 Index in Fifty Volumes Quarto, An. Cooper and Poe as Immortals in the Hall of Fame.. 200 Inventors' Pipe-Dreams Culture, Universal, Disadvantages of. 366 Japanese Women of Letters. "Darius Green," The Creator of. 198 Jewel in a Dust-heap, A. Detective Story, The Short.. 198 Juvenile Delights, The Land of... 54 307 53 82 53 199 243 158 110 82 7 366 111 278 276 157 112 30 277 412 82 31 82 113 242 199 54 83 200 278 ... B. 306 INDEX V. PAGE Library Administration, Thrift in.. 241 Library Journal, A New.. 365 Library Report on a New Plan, A. 54 Library-school Extension 241 Library Statistics, The Particularity of. 411 Librarian, Status of the.... 366 Librarians, Glasgow Convention of 198 Librarianship, Muscular 278 Literary Achievement after Forty. 31 Literary Genlus, Keen Discernment of. 8 Literary Puritanism, A Wave of. 54 Literary Pap for Infant Minds. 199 Literary Worth, Government Recognition of. 82 Literature of Taxation, The... 411 Literature, Modern, The Self-consciousness of. 111 Longfellow Memorial, A Fitting. 29 Mansfield as a Journalist... 157 Masson, David: Late Dean of British Men of Letters. 276 Memorial, Another Projected.. 158 Minor Poetry, An Anthology of. 31 "National Biography" for Slender Purses. 159 Naval Captain, A, and a Literary Stylist. 365 New Books, Reading, Instead of old. 417 Nonagenarian's Birthday, A.. 412 Novel-reader's Appetite 200 Novels, A Varying Price for. 8 Novels, One Hundred Best. 159 "Old Fogy's" Novel Notes. 243 "Old Pepys," A French. 159 Parker Centenary, A. 113 Penmen, A Professional Pointer to. 31 Periodicals, The President and the. 241 Philanthropist and Editor, An Octogenarian. 113 Pilgrim Fathers, A Sky-scraping Monument to the.. 30 Plagiarism the Sincerest Flattery. 8 Poetic Drama in England, Decline of the. 112 Poetry, Popular Demand for.. 111 Pragmatism and Metaphysics. 8 PAGE Prisoners, The Reading of. 243 Private Correspondence, The Publication of. 159 Public Libraries in the South. 54 Public Library, A Multifariously Useful. 30 Public-Library Users, Men as. 307 Reader, The Unprofessional 307 Reading Aloud, The Pleasant Practice of. 159 Rhodes Scholars from this Country, The. 277 School children, Expecting the Impossible of. 29 Shakespeare the All-Sufficing. 243 Shakespeare, Introducing, into England. 29 "Shakespeare," The Protest against... 7 Shakespeare's Contemporaries,-What they Ate and Drank 242 Shaw's Drastic Method of Dealing with Poverty. 199 Shelley's Letters to Miss Hitchener.. 242 Sir Oracle Incarnated.. 367 Southern Idiom, Exact Meaning of a Curious. 81 Spain's Literary Awakening... 53 Spelling-reform, The Columbia Craze for. 366 Spenser, the Poets' Poet.. 242 Stephen, Leslie, The Books of. 366 Story, A Suggestion for a... 158 Stupidity, Transmitted, The Prevalence of. 112 Sully-Prudhomme's Fame, The Secret of. 243 Summer Reading, An Encourager of... 8 Testamentary Curiosity, A. 7 Tokyo, Literary Events in 54 Trollope the Prolific 157 Ward, Mrs. Humphry, in French Costume. 412 Wealth, Imaginary, A Poverty-stricken Creator of... 53 Whistler House at Lowell, Mass., The.. 412 Wilde's Reviving Popularity. 157 Wister, Mrs., The Translations of. 278 Writers of “Best Sellers," Prosperity of the. 110 Yankee at King Edward's Court, A.... 29 Younger Sons and Daughters, Interesting Facts about 411 Zola's Monument in Paris, Unveiling. 412 AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED PAGE Abbott, Frank F. Short History of Rome.. 432 Abbott, Katharine M. Old Paths and Legends of the New England Border.. 425 Abbott, Lyman. The Parables. 431 Acton, Lord, and others. Cambridge Modern His- tory, Vol. V., The Restoration.. 288 Aflalo, F. G. Sunshine and Sport in Florida and the West Indies... 373 Aimes, Herbert H. S. History of Slavery in Cuba. . 319 Aldis, Janet. The Queen of Letter Writers.. 420 Angier, Belle Sumner. Garden Book of California.. 68 Archer, William, and others. Collected Works of Ibsen.. .45, 258, 385 Aria, Mrs. Costume. 57 Arrhenius, Svante. Immunochemistry. 385 Ashley, Roscoe L. American History. 125 Atherton, Gertrude. Ancestors.. 317 Atkinson, Frederic. Mattathias... 167 Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice, illus. by C. E. Brock 427 Avery, Elroy McKendree. History of the United States, Vol. III.. 165 Bacon, Dolores. Hymns Every Child Should Know. 432 Baedeker Guide Books, new editions.... .45, 125, 432 Bagley, W. C. Classroom Management. 124 Bailey, Horace W. Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Johnson, new edition... 125 Baker, Ernest A. History in Fiction. 385 Baker, George P. Development of Shakespeare as a Dramatist 213 Baker, George Pierce. Some Unpublished Corre- spondence of David Garrick.... 201 Baker, James H. American Problems. 122 Barbour, Ralph Henry. Holly... 380 Barham's Ingoldsby Legends, illus. by Arthur Rack- ham 381 Barrows, Mary M. Value of Sincerity and Character 431 Barton, Clara. Story of My Childhood...... 171 Bastin, H. Charlton. Evolution of Life. 210 Bates, Katherine Lee. From Gretna Green to Land's End 377 PAGE Beck, Otto W. Art Principles in Portrait Pho- tography 68 Belcher, John. Essentials in Architecture. 125 Belloc, Hilaire. The Historic Thames. 119 Benham, W. Gurney. Book of Quotations, Proverbs, and Household Words.... 322 Bennet, Ella C. Abelard and Heloise. 430 Benson, Arthur C. Tennyson. 320 Benson, Arthur C., and Esher, Viscount. Letters of Queen Victoria.. 368 Bernhardt, Sarah, Memories of My Life. 279 Betham-Edwards, M. Literary Rambles in France.. 290 Bielschowsky, Albert. Life of Goethe, Vol. II... 214 Bindloss, Harold. The Dust of Conflict.. 62 Bindloss, Harold. Winston of the Prairie. 252 Birdseye, Clarence F. Individual Training in our Colleges 285 "Book-Prices Current,” (English) 1907. 257 Booth, William Stone. Practical Guide for Authors 69 Boulton, William B. Thomas Gainsborough. 247 Bowen, Marjorie. The Master of Stair. 64 Bridge, Norman. House Health... 256 Bronson, W. C. English Poems. 214 Brown, James Duff. Manual of Library Economy, revised edition. 97 Brown, J. Wood. Builders of Florence. 423 Browning, Oscar. The Fall of Napoleon. 89 Bruce, Philip Alexander. Rise of the New South.. 281 Bryant, W. W. History of Astronomy.. 321 Burgess, Gelett. Maxims of Methuselah. 430 Burnett, Frances Hodgson. The Shuttle. 318 Burroughs, John. Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt 419 Burrows, Ronald M. The Discoveries in Crete. 123 Bussell, F. W. Christian Theology and Social Prog- ress 249 Butler, Nicholas Murray. True and False Democ- racy 43 Bynner, Witter. An Ode to Harvard. 93 Cabell, James Branch. Gallantry. 380 Caffin, Charles H. Story of American Painting.. 423 vi. INDEX 16 PAGE Cable, George W. The Grandissimes, illus. by Albert Herter, cheaper edition.. 429 Cain, Georges. Nooks and Corners of Old Paris. 378 Calthrop, Dion Clayton. English Costume. 57 Campbell, Wilfred. Canada, illus. by T. Mower Martin 118 Carlson, J. S. Swedish Grammar and Reader. 291 Carmel, John Prosper. Blottentots and How to Make Them 430 Carus, Paul. The Dharma. 385 Carus, Paul. The Philosopher's Martyrdom. 383 Cary, Elisabeth Luther. Honoré Daumier. 423 Chadwick, French E. Causes of the Civil War. 17 Chaffers, William. The Keramic Gallery. 423 Chambers, Robert W. The Younger Set. 252 Chancellor, E. Beresford. History of the Squares of London 376 Chandler, Frank Wadleigh. Literature of Roguery 315 Clark, Mary Mead. A Corner in India.. 213 Clarke, Helen Archibald. Browning's Italy 384 Coghill, Stanly. Hathor.. 94 Cohne, Adolphe. Montaigne for English Readers.. 322 Cole, Timothy, and Caffin, Charles II. Old Spanish Masters 370 Coleridge, Ernest Hartley. Coleridge's Poems, ilus. by Gerald Metcalfe. 385 Commons, John R. Races and Immigrants in Amer- ica 122 Conrad, Joseph. The Secret Agent.. 252 Cornford, Francis M. Thucydides Mythistoricus. 202 Cortissoz, Royal, Augustus Saint-Gaudens. 423 Coulton, G. G. From St. Francis to Dante, second edition 123 Coutts, Francis. The Heresy of Job. 255 Cox, Kenyon. Painters and Sculptors. 379 Craig, W. H. Life of Lord Chesterfield. 56 Cram, Ralph Adams. The Gothic Quest. 96 Crane, T. F. Plays of Rotrou. 288 Crane, Walter. An Artist's Reminiscences. 374 Crane, Walter. Indian Impressions... 426 Crawford, F. Marion. The Little City of Hope. 429 Crawford, Mary Caroline. Little Pilgrimages among Old New England Inns. 427 Crawshaw, William H. Making of English Litera- ture 45 Crowell's “Entre-Nous" series., 171 Crowell's Handy Volume Classics. 217 Crowell's Thin-paper Series of Standard Authors... 257 Cruickshank, J. W. and A. M. The Umbrian Cities of Italy. 426 Cruttwell, Maud. Guide to the Paintings in Flor- entine Galleries.. 21 Curtis, Natalie. The Indians' Book. 382 ('ushing, Otho. Teddyssey. 430 “Cynic's Calendar of Revised Wisdom, 1907". 430 D'Annunzio, Gabriele. The Daughter of Jorio. 432 Dana, John Cotton, and Kent, Henry W. Literature of Libraries in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Vols. V.-VII.. 41 Dargan, Edwin Preston. Aesthetic Doctrine of Mon- tesquieu 291 Davis, William Stearns. A Victor of Salamis. 63 Dawson, W. H. The German Workman... 249 De Garmo, Charles. Principles of Secondary Educa- tion 287 Deland, Margaret. An Encore. 428 Deming, Philander. Story of a Pathfinder. 19 Dening, Walter. Japan in Days of Yore.. 66 Dening, Walter. New Life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. 66 De Vries, Hugo. Plant Breeding. 43 Dewhurst, Frederick Eli. The Investment of Truth. 45 Dickens's Battle of Life, and The Haunted Man, illus. by C. E. Brock.. 428 Dickens's Holly Tree Inn, illus. by George A. Wil- liams 428 Dickinson, F. C. Big Game Shooting on the Equator 213 Dickinson, G. Lowes. From King to King. 115 Ditchfield, Peter H. The Parish Clerk... 95 Dodge, Walter Phelps. The Real Sir Richard Burton. 114 Dole, (harles Fletcher. Spirit of Democracy. 122 Donaldson, James. Woman: Position and Influence in Ancient Greece and Rome. 86 Dow, Earle W. Atlas of European History. 291 Dressler, Fletcher Bascom. Superstition and Educa- tion 172 Dumas, Little, Brown, & Co.'s pocket edition of., 2:38 PAGE Dunn, Robert. Shameless Diary of an Explorer.... 20 Elkington, E. Way, and Hardy, Norman. Savage South Seas 377 Emerson, Edward W. Life and Letters of Charles Russell Lowell 10 Erskine, John. Actæon 93 Escott, T. H. S. Society in the Country House. 254 Fallaw, Lance. Silverleaf and Oak. 167 Farnol, Jeffery. My Lady Caprice. 381 Fernald, Charles Bailey. John Kendry's Idea. 252 Field, Walter Taylor. Abbey Classics.. 430 Finley, William Lovell. American Birds. 419 Fiske, John. Essays Historical and Literary, new one-volume edition 46 Fraprie, Frank Roy. Castles and Keeps of Scotland. 427 "Fräulein Schmidt and Mr. Anstruther" 65 French, Allen. Book of Vegetables and Garden Herbs 21 Friedman, I. K. The Radical. 318 Frothingham, Paul Revere. The Temple of Virtue.. 291 Fulton, Robert I., and Trueblood, Thomas C. and Edwin P. Standard Selections.. 22 Fyfe, W. T. Edinburgh under Sir Walter Scott. 44 Galsworthy, John. The Country House. 62 Garland, Hamlin. Money Magic... 318 Garrison, George Pierce. Westward Extension Gayley, Charles Mills. Plays of Our Forefathers. 282 Gilchrist, Edward. Tiles from the Porcelain Tower. 93 Gilman, Lawrence. Stories of Symphonic Music. 433 Given, John L. Making a Newspaper. 18 Gollancz, I. Shakespeare Library.. 432 Gould, Gerald. Lyrics.. 168 Gribble, Francis. George Sand and Her Lovers. 42 Griffis, William Elliot. Japanese Nation in Evolu- tion 321 "Great Galleries of Europe". 322 Gröben, Louisa, ('ountess Günther. Ralph Heathcote. 169 Guenther, Conrad. Darwinism and the Problems of Life 208 Guiterman, Arthur. Betel Nuts. 430 Gummere, Francis B. The Popular Ballad 170 Gwynn, Stephen. Fair Hills of Ireland. 20 Ilabberton, John. Helen's Babies, illus. by B. Cory Kilvert and C. V. Dwiggins... 429 Hadden, M. J. Cuthbert. The Great Operas. 316 Hadley, Arthur T. Standards of Public Morality.. 123 Haile, Martin. James Francis Edward, the Old Chevalier 424 Haines, Jennie Day. Christmasse Tyde. 431 Hall, Bolton. Three Acres and Liberty. 67 Hall, Gertrude. The Wagnerian Romances. 322 Halsham, John. Lonewood Corner. 170 Hamer, S. H. The Story of the Ring.. 322 Hamilton, Peter J. The Reconstruction Period. 281 IIapgood, Isabel. Tourguénieff's Works, new sub- scription edition 217 Fare, Christopher. Life of Louis XI. 421 "Harrison Fisher Book, The". 380 Harrison, Frederic. Creed of a Layman. 94 Hart, Albert Bushnell. The American Nation, Vols. XIV.-XXI. 15 Hart, Albert Bushnell. Slavery and Abolition. 15 Harwood, Charlotte. Madame de Stael to Benjamin Constant Hazlett, W. Carew. English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases, new edition. 46 Hawkes, Clarence. The Trail to the Woods. 21 Headley, F. W. Life and Evolution... 209 Helleu, Paul. A Gallery of Portraits. 423 Herbert, William. Houses for Town or Country. 257 TIerford, Oliver. The Astonishing Tale of a Pen- and-Ink Puppet 430 llichens, Robert. The Garden of Allah, holiday edi- tion 429 Hilliers, Ashton. Fanshawe of the Fifth. Hobson, J. A. Canada To-day. 256 Hodges, George. Holderness. 43 Hodgson, Mrs. Willoughby. How to Identify Old Chinese Porcelain 290 Holbach, Maude M. Dalmatia. 385 Holiand, Clive, and Smyth, Montague. Old and New Japan 426 Hood's Faithless Nelly Gray, illus. by Robert Seaver. 430 Hope, Anthony. Sport Royal.. 428 Horniman, Roy. Lord Cammerleigh's Secret. 319 Hovey, Richard, Collected Poems of.. 291 254 61 INDEX vii. PAGE Hosmer, James Kendall. The Appeal to Arms, and The Outcome of the Civil War. 18 Howard, Earl D. Cause and Extent of the Recent Industrial Progress of Germany. 69 Howard, Oliver Otis, Autobiography of. 244 Flowe, Frederic C. Confessions of a Monopolist.. 121 Howells's Venetian Life, illus. by Edmund H. Garrett. 377 Hoyt, William, The Mecklenburg Declaration of In- dependence 123 Huchon, René. George Crabbe and His Times.. 39 Hueffer, Ford Maddox. England and the English.. 255 Hulbert, Elbert. Little Journeys. to the Homes of Eminent Orators, and To the Homes of Eminent Artists 425 Hulbert, Homer B. The Passing of Korea. 85 Hunter, A. Hart. The Engagement Book. 429 Hurll, Estelle M. Portraits and Portrait Painting.. 379 Hutchinson, Frances Kinsley. Our Country Home.. 383 "Imitation of Christ," Dutton's holiday edition.. 428 Jackson, Holbrook. Bernard Shaw.. 321 Jacobi, Mary Putnam. Stories and Sketches. 432 Johnson, Clifton. The Farmer's Boy, and The Coun- try School, new editions. 383 Johnson, Trench H. Phrases and Names. 22 Johnston, R. M. Leading American Soldiers.. 124 Jordan, David Starr. College and the Man. 22 Jordan, David Starr. The Human Harvest. 322 Jordan, David Starr. The Philosophy of Hope. 22 Jordan, David Starr, and Kellogg, Vernon L. Evo- lution and Animal Life.. 210 Judd, Charles Hubbard. Psychology : General Intro- duction 69 Keeler, Charles. San Francisco and Thereabouts, re- vised edition 69 Kellogg, Vernon L. Darwinism To-day. 161 Kimball, Gertrude S. Correspondence of William Pitt with the Colonial Governors in America... 117 King, Basil. The Giant's Strength... 64 Kingsley, Rose G. Eversley Gardens, and Others. 419 Knowles, Robert E. The Dawn at Shanty Bay. 429 Kropotkin, P. Conquest of Bread, new edition.. 250 Landor, A. Henry Savage. Across Widest Africa.. 415 Lang, Andrew. Poets' Country.... 377 Lanier's Hymns of the Marshes, illus. by Henry Troth 428 Lankester, E. Ray. Kingdom of Man. 14 Laughlin, J. Laurence. Industrial America. 249 Layard, George S. Shirley Brooks of Punch. 424 Le Dantec, Felix. Nature and Origin of Life. 210 Ledoux, Louis V. The Soul's Progress. 93 *Lee, Vernon." Genius Loci, and Pope Jacynth, new editions 124 Leonard, William Ellery. Sonnets and Poems. 92 Lenotre, G. Last Days of Marie Antoinette.. 424 Le Rossignol, J. Edward. Orthodox Socialism 97 "Living Masters of Music". 217 Lock, R. H. Recent Progress in the Study of Varia- tion, Heredity, and Evolution... 209 Lockwood, Laura E. Lexicon to the English Poetical Works of Milton... 291 Loftie, W. J. The Colour of London 376 Lloyd, A. Imperial Songs... 257 Lloyd, A. Kanai's Praises of Amida. 257 Long, William J. Whose Home Is the Wilderness. 418 “Longfellow Memorial," "Old South Leaflet”. 125 Longfellow's Evangeline, illus. by Arthur Dixon. 428 Longfellow's Hanging of the Crane, illus. by Arthur I. Keller 381 Longfellow's Wooing of Hiawatha, illus. by Wallace Goldsmith 431 Lucas, E. V. The Gentlest Art.. 431 Luce, Robert. Writing for the Press, new edition. 69 Ludlow, James M. Jesse ben David.. 432 McArthur, Peter. The Prodigal.. 92 Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome, illus. by Paul Hardy 428 Macdonald, Alexander. In Search of El Dorado. 374 Macdonald, Frederic W. In a Nook with a Book ... 169 MacDonald, William. Jeffersonian Democracy. 15 McKenzie, F. A. The Unveiled East.. 372 Mackie, Gascoigne. Short Poems. 168 McMahan, Anna B. With Wordsworth in England.. 255 McMahan, Anna B. Shakespeare's Gift to Queen Bess 384 McSpadden, J. Walker. Famous Painters of America. 379 Maeterlinck, Maurice. Intelligence of the Flowers.. 418 PAGE Manly, J. M. English Poetry... 213 Mantellini, G. Memoirs and Artistic Studies of Adelaide Ristori 160 Marden, Philip S. Greece and the Aegean Islands.. 426 Marshall, Herbert and Hester. Cathedral Cities of France 426 Martin, Helen R. His Courtship. 65 Martin, Percy F. Mexico of the Twentieth Century. 425 Masefield, John. Dampier's Voyages.. 205 Mason, Edith Huntington. The Real Agatha.. 428 Mathews, Frances Agmar. The Undefiled.. 65 Maynadier, Howard. Arthur of the English Poets.. 20 Mazalière, Marquis de la. Le Japon, Vols. I.-III. 245 Meany, Edmond S. Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound 60 Menpes, Mortimer and Dorothy. Paris, new edition. 120 Michael, Helen Abbott. Studies in Plant and Or- ganic Chemistry 44 Miles, George Henry. Said the Rose. 90 Millais, J. G. Newfoundland and its Untrodden Ways 425 Miltoun, Francis. Castles and Châteaux of Old Navarre 426 Miltoun, Francis. The Automobilist Abroad. 211 Mitchell, W. Structure and Growth of the Mind... 19 Miyakawa, Masuji. Life of Japan. 290 Molmenti, Pompeo. Venice, Part I. 38 Molmenti, Pompeo, and Ludwig, Gustav. Life and Works of Vittore Carpaccio, trans. by Robert H. Hobart Cust 423 Monroe, W. S. Turkey and the Turks. 426 Morris, Charles. Heroes of the Navy in America... 21 Moulton, Richard G. Shakespeare as a Dramatic Thinker 291 Mudge, James. Poems with Power to Strengthen the Soul 432 Muther, Richard. History of Modern Painting, re- vised edition 11 Muther, Richard. History of Painting, trans. by George Kreihn 11 Muzzey, David S. Beginner's Book in Latin. 21 National Education Association, Fiftieth Anniver- sary Volume, with Index. 45 "Near East, The". 372 Nesbit, Wilbur. The Land of Make-Believe. 432 Newkirk, Newton. The Stork Book... 430 Newkirk, Newton. The Tale of a Check-book. 430 Newton, C. B., and Treat, E. B. Outlines for Review. 258 Nicholson, Frank C. Old German Love Songs.. 314 Nicoulland, Charles. Memoirs of the Comtesse de Boigne, Vol. I.. 84 Nicoulland, Charles. Memoirs of the Comtesse de Boigne, Vol. II.. 422 Yordau, Max. A Question of Honor. 95 Ober, Frederick A. Heroes of American History.42, 44 Ober, Frederick A. Amerigo Vespucci... Ober, Frederick A. Ferdinand Magellan. 42 Okey, Thomas. The Old Venetian Palaces. 125 Olcott, William T. Field Book of the Stars. 385 Oliver, Frederick Scott. Alexander Hamilton, new edition 321 Olmsted, Frederick Law. A Journey in the Back Country 291 Omond, T. S. English Metrists in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries.. 33 Osborne, Dufield. The Angels of Messer Ercole. 381 Ostwald, W. Letters to a Painter. 44 Oxenham, John. A Man of Sark. 252 Palgrave's Golden Treasury, illus. by Robert An- ning Bell 427 Parker, Gilbert. The Weavers. 319 Parrish, Randall. Beth Norvell. 318 Parrish, Randall. The Great Plains.. 283 Pasteur, Violet M. Gods and Heroes of Old Japan.. 384 Paston, George. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Her Times 96 Pattee, Fred Louis. Poems of Philip Freneau, Vol. III. 96 Peck, George Record. The Kingdom of Light. 97 Penfield, Edward. Holland Sketches.. 376 *Perkins, Lucy Fitch. The Book of Joys. 383 Petre, F. Loraine. Napoleon's Campaign in Poland. 90 Petre, F. Loraine. Napoleon's Conquest of Prussia. 90 Phillips, David Graham. Light-Fingered Gentry... 253 Phyfe, William Henry P. Napoleon : The Return from Saint Helena. 89 viii. INDEX PAGE Pierce, Franklin. The Tariff and the Trusts. 121 "Pioneers in Education" 256 Podmore, Frank. Robert Owen. 289 Pollard, A. F. Factors in Modern History. 320 "Prairie Classics" 428 Price, George B. Gaining Health in the West. 20 Pryce, Richard. The Successor.. 251 Pryor, Mrs. Roger A. Birth of the Nation. 66 Punnett, R. C. Mendelism, new edition. 22 Putnam-Weale, B. L. Indiscreet Letters from Peking 67 Quayle, William A. God's Calendar... 419 Raleigh, Walter. Shakespeare.. 216 Ransome, Arthur. Bohemia in London. 427 Rauschenbusch, Walter. Christianity and the Social Crisis 249 Reed, Myrtle. Love Affairs of Literary Men. 425 Reinach, Salomon. Apollo... 46 Reinsch, Paul S. American Legislatures and Legis- lative Methods 120 Repplier, Agnes. Howell's Familiar Letters, new edition 214 Rice, Wallace. Franklin Year Book. 429 Rich, Walter H. Feathered Game of the Northeast. 418 Richardson, W. S. David.. 431 Ricketts, Charles S. The Art of the Prado. 379 “Riverside Literature" series. 258 Robertson, Louis Alexander. Through Painted Panes. 94 Roe, Fred. Old Oak Furniture. 384 Rose, Elise Whitlock. Cathedrals and Cloisters of Midland France 425 Ross, Denman W. A Theory of Pure Design. 215 Rouge, Le Petit Homme. Court Life of the Second French Empire 421 "Rubric Series" . 258, 291 Russell, Charles Edward. The Uprising of the Many. 256 Sage, William By Right Divine. 64 St. John, Christopher. Ellen Terry. 45 Sakuri, Tadayoshi. Human Bullets. 289 Salaman, Malcolm C. Old Engravers of England... 60 Schafr, David S. History of the Christian Church in the Middle Ages... 322 Schaff, Morris. Spirit of Old West Point. 310 Schillings, C. G. In Wildest Africa. 371 Schurz, Carl, Reminiscences of. 413 Schurz, Carl, and Bartlett, Truman H. Abraham Lincoln, limited Riverside Press edition. 424 Scott, John Reed. Beatrix of Clare.. 63 Scott, Leroy. To Him that Hath. 253 Scott, William. The Riviera. 378 Ségur, Marquis de. Julle de Lespinasse. 67 Seignobos, Charles. History of Mediæval and Mod- ern Civilization 291 Selous, F. C. Hunting Trips in North America. 212 Sergeant, Philip W. Last Empress of the French... 420 Seton, Ernest Thompson. Natural History of the Ten Commandments 418 Seton, Grace Gallatin. Nimrod's Wife.. 212 Severy, M. L. Gillette's Social Redemption.. 250 Seymour, Thomas Day. Life in the Homeric Age.. 311 Shackleton, Robert and Elizabeth. The Quest of the Colonial 383 Shaw, Bernard. John Bull's Other Island. 46 Shelley, Henry C. John Harvard and His Times. 382 Sheridan's Rivals, Illus. by Power O'Malley.. 381 Sigerson, George. Bards of the Gael and Gall, new edition 45 Sinclair, May. The Helpmate... 250 Singleton, Esther. Historic Landmarks of America. 427 Singleton, Esther. Story of the White House... 431 Sladen, Douglas. Secrets of the Vatican.. 431 Smith, F. Hopkinson. Old-Fashioned Folk.. 22 Smith, F. Hopkinson. Romance of an Old-Fashioned Gentleman 428 Smith, John. Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles, MacLohose edition 163 Smith, Theodore C. Parties and Slavery. 17 "Spanish Series," new vols.... . 216, 322 PAGE Speed, Thomas. Union Cause in Kentucky. 41 “Spinners' Book of Fiction". 428 “Stars of the Stage". .45, 217 Stedman and Woodberry. Poe's Poems, new edition. 322 Storm, Theodore. Immensee, trans. by G. P. Upton. 381 Stratton-Porter, Gene. What I Have Done with Birds 216 Streatfeild, R. A. The Opera, third edition. 385 Street, George S. The Ghosts of Piccadilly 424 Strong, Mrs. Arthur. Roman Sculpture. 168 Swayne, Josephine L. Story of Concord. 19 Tallentyre, S. G. Friends of Voltaire.. 58 Taylor, Edward Robeson. Selected Poems 94 Taylor, Edward R. Sonnets from the Trophies of José-Maria de Heredia, new edition.... 94 Taylor, Emerson Gifford. The Upper Hand. 63 Taylor, R. Bruce. Ancient Hebrew Literature. 322 Tenney, E. P. Contrasts in Social Progress.. 249 Thieme, Hugo P. Guide Bibliographique de la Lit- térature Française, 1880-1906.. 257 Thomson, W. G. History of Tapestry 36 Thoreau's Works, Crowell's edition. 171 "Thumbnail Series" 428 Thurston, E. Temple. Katherine. 62 Tibbetts, Edgar Alfred. The Iliad. 46 Tittle, Walter. First Nantucket Tea Party. 432 Tobin, Agnes. On the Death of Madonna Laura. 46 Todd, Charles Burr. In Olde Massachusetts. 123 Tozier, Josephine. A Spring Fortnight in France. .. 378 "Travers, Graham." Growth 251 Tuker, M. A. R. Cambridge, illus. by W. Matthison. 119 Turner, Frederick J. Rise of the New West. 15 Tylee, Edward Sydney. Trumpet and Flag. 167 Tyler, John Mason. Growth and Education. 287 Tyler, Lyon Gardiner. Narratives of Early Virginia 322 Tyndale, Walter. Below the Cataracts. 426 Van Dyke, Henry. Days Off... 380 Van Dyke, Henry. Story of the Other Wise Man, edition de luxe.. 431 Van Dyke, Henry. The Music-Lover. 431 Van Dyke, John C. Studies in Pictures. 95 Viereck, George Sylvester. Nineveh.. 91 Vincent, James Edmund. Highways and Byways in Berkshire 45 Von Klenze, Camillo. Interpretation of Italy dur- ing the Last Two Centuries.. 42 Wagnalls, Mabel. Stars of the Opera, new edition.. 257 Waller, E. M. · Memoirs of Dumas, Vol. I.... 385 Walling, R. A. J. A Sea-Dog of Devon. 215 Wallington, Nellie U. Historic Churches of America. 427 Walpole, Sir Spencer. Studies in Biography. 254 Warren, Ina Russelle. Under the Holly Bough. 382 Watkins, Thomas Coke. Works of Jefferies. 258 Watson, W. Petrie. Future of Japan.. 284 Watts-Dunton, Theodore. Work of Cecil Rhodes... 166 Wells, Edward L. Hampton and Reconstruction.. 170 West, Andrew Fleming. American Liberal Education 286 “Western Classics" 429 Weston, Jessie L. Sir Gawain and the Lady of Lys. 253 Wharton, Edith. The Fruit of the Tree.. 317 “What Is Worth While" series.... 258 White, Stewart Edward. Camp and Trall. 419 Whiting, Lilian. Italy the Magic Land. 427 Wiggin, Kate Douglas. The Old Peabody Pew.. 380 Willcocks, M. P. The Wingless Victory.. 62 Williams, George Alfred. The Story of Joseph. 431 Williams, H. Noel. Madame Récamier and Her Friends 44 Wilson, James Harrison. Life of Charles A. Dana .. 32 Winter, Nevin A. Mexico and Her People To-day. 378 Wister, Owen. Mother... 429 Wister, Owen. Seven Ages of Washington.. 424 Wither's Christmas Carroll, illus. by F. T. Merrill.. 382 Woods, Margaret L. The Invader. 64 Workman, Herbert B. Persecution in the Early Church 68 "World's Classics," The. .171, 258 Wright, Joseph. Historical German Grammar, Vol. I. 45 --- THE PENN. STATE COLLEGP LIBRARY, STATE COLLEGE, PENN. THE DIAL A SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information EDITED BY FRANCIS F. BROWNE WNE) Volume XLIII. No. 505. CHICAGO, JULY 1, 1907. 10 cts. a copy. S FINE ARTS BUILDING $2. a year. 203 Michigan Blvd. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT in his interview on “NATURE FAKIRS” attacks the story “On the Night Trail” (of the lynx and the wolyes) in Professor Charles G. D. Roberts's new book of Nature and Animal Life. The Haunters of the of the Silences 62 illustrations by Charles Livingston Bull, 4 in full color. $2.00. Is the President Infallible? Read the Story and Judge for Yourself. OTHER BOOKS OF VARIED INTEREST FOR SUMMER READING Tenants of the Trees MR. CLARENCE HAWKES Author of “The Little Foresters," etc. • Delightful stories of birds and small woodland animals.". Boston Transcript. 23 illustrations- 4 in full color -- by Louis Rhead. $1.50. The Lady of the Blue Motor MR. G. S. PATERNOSTER Author of "The Motor Pirate." etc. “For dash and diversion it has no equal." — Brooklyn Eagle. Frontispiece in color by Frohn. $1.50. The Flying Cloud MR. MORLEY ROBERTS Author of "The Idlers,” etc. “The sea painted as only Joseph Conrad or Morley Roberts can.” – New York Times. Portrait frontispiece in photogravure. $1.50. The Chronicles of Martin Hewitt MR. ARTHUR MORRISON Author of "The Red Triangle," etc. “ Appeal strongly to all lovers of good detective fiction.” - New York Sun. With 6 drawings by Kirkpatrick. $1.50. Prisoners of Fortune MR. RUEL PERLEY SMITH “ The atmosphere of Old New England in brilliant contrast with pirate adventure.” · Frontispiece in colors by Merrill. $1.50. Louisville Courier-Journal. The Automobilist Abroad MR. FRANCIS MILTOUN Author of Castles and Chateaux of Old Touraine," etc. With very many illustrations (4 in full color) and minor decorations, by Blanche McManus. Large octavo, boxed, net, $3.00. Postage extra. From A record of hundreds of miles of motoring through Europe and England. Aside from its charm as a travel book it will be found an invaluable adjunct to the tourist on account of the practical information it contains. List All Bookstores L. C. PAGE & COMPANY BOSTON Page's N [July 1, 1907. THE DIAL Important New Macmillan Books JUST READY By George Baker, Professor of English in Harvard University The Development of Shakespeare as a Dramatist An important contribution to Shakespeare criticism. Professor Baker aims to make clear Shakespeare's debt to others of his time or earlier; his own road to the mastery of his art; and his art; and his conces- sions to the public or the stage of his day. Illustrated. Cloth, Svo, $1.75 net. Alfred Noyes's Poems Socialism Before the French Revolution The Flower of Old Japan By William B. Guthrie, Ph.D. Including also "Forest of Wild Thyme," etc. Instructor in History, College of the City of New Cloth, gilt top, $1.25 net. York, Lecturer in Social Science under the Board of Whether regarded as a fairy tale or as poetry true Education. Cloth, 12 mo, $1.50. and unmistakable, the book is altogether delightful, An endeavor to give a view of Socialist doctrines and children under ninety' owe a real debt of from the time of More to the Revolution, of which gratitude to its author.” – The Athenæum. there is no satisfactory account in any language. AMONG OTHER VERY RECENT PUBLICATIONS By Nicholas Murray Butler, Ph.D., LL.D., By Arthur Twining Hadley, Ph.D., LL.D., President of Columbia University President of Yale University True and False Democracy Standards of Public Morality A strong, clear, and eloquent statement of princi- The lucidity of statement, the felicity of exposi- ples and ideals which need to be presented earnestly tion, of the book makes its reading as attractive as and persistently to the American people.". Wash- it is profitable." - New York Commercial. ington Herald. Cloth, $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10. Cloth, $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10. Mr. Clarence F. Birdseye's Professor Simon N. Patten's The New Basis of Civilization Individual Training in Our Colleges The initial volume of the new American Social is constructive in its suggestions for improvement, Progress series, edited by Samuel McCune Lindsay, as well as pungently critical of present conditions. to which also belongs President Hadley's book men- Cloth, 8vo, 435 pages, $1.75; by mail, $1.91. tioned above. Cloth, $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10. The Statesman's Year-Book for the Year 1907 The 44th annual publication of "an ideal handbook of information on all points of politics, finances, trade, commerce, industrial production, money and credit, religion, justice and crime, education, military organization; the book of reference, in short, of the entire civilization of each country."— The Independent. Revised after official returns. Bound in red limp cloth, $3.00. Professor John Commons's Races and Immigrants in America The dominant factor in the evolution of a national life in America is the conflict and assimilation of alien races. This book is a study of the elements in this fundamental fact and of the way they work out in American political, legal, economic, ecclesiastical, and moral problems. Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.63. By the same author Proportional Representation Cloth, 12mo, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.36. Second Edition, with chapters on the Initiative, the Referendum, and Primary Elections. Mr. A. L. Hutchinson's The Limitation of Wealth is an outline of what might be done by converting the fortunes of excessively wealthy men to the good of the State on their death. Cloth, 12mo, $1.25 net. THE BEST NEW NOVELS, PLAYS, AND POEMS Mr. Arthur Heming's novel of the north Spirit Lake The author knows his fur-hunting as few can except the traders and Indians, and pictures the scenes of this unusual story from the native's point of view. The exceptionally vigorous illustrations are by the author. Cloth, $1.50. Mr. John Oxenham's new novel The Long Road Cloth, $1.50. “For freshness of sentiment and vividness of narrative it seems to us unexcelled by any recent romance."-Outlook. Mr. William Stearns Davis's new novel A Victor of Salamis The Daily Chronicle, London, under the caption, "THE MANTLE OF SCOTT?" claims that this book entitles Mr. Davis to a place among novelists not far below the author of 'The Talisman.'" Cloth, $1.50. Mr. Percy MacKaye's new poetic drama Sappho and Phaon "The most notable addition that has been made for many years to American dramatic literature. It is a true poetic tragedy charged with happy inspiration; dignified, eloquent, passionate, imaginative, and thoroughly human." – New York Evening Post. Cloth, 12mo, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35. Sara King Wiley's new poetic drama The Coming of Philibert "The Coming of Philbert' is one of the distinct heralds of the dawn of a great poetic awakening. It is at once poetry of a high order and drama of no uncertain definition."- Washington Star. Cloth, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35. PUBLISHED BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 5th Ave., NEW YORK THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER BY THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. PAGE . THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th THE FALLACY OF SPECIALISM, of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in advance, postage prepard in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; We are often reminded of the fact that this in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. REMITTANCES should is the age of the specialist, and that success in be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE any field of endeavor, whether material or DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions intellectual, is not likely to be attained save will begin with the current number. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of subscription is received, it is as the result of thorough equipment in some assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. specialized department of activity. The more ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communi. restricted the region chosen for research and cations should be addressed to THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. its practical applications, the more nearly com- plete is the monopoly of knowledge and skill, and the more certainly can the specialist make his own terms with the world that has need of No. 505. JULY 1, 1907. Vol. XLIII. his services. The logic of this situation is too obvious to need enforcement, and countless CONTENTS. illustrations of the advantage in question will occur to every reader. Yet, sound as this' THE FALLACY OF SPECIALISM 3 reasoning may be fundamentally, it is fre- THE WEATHER IN LITERATURE. Charles quently made a starting-point for fallacious Leonard Moore. 5 inferences that work no little confusion to the CASUAL COMMENT 7 judgment, and that sometimes become fairly In praise of fiction and fiction-readers. - The mischievous in their effect. In a general way, protest against “Shakespeare." — A testamentary it may be said that this effect is analogous to curiosity. — A jewel in a dust-heap. — Pragmatisin and metaphysics. — An encourager of summer read- the physical phenomenon of irradiation, which ing. — The author of " Alice-for-Short.” — Keen unconsciously persuades us that an illuminated discernment of literary genius. --- A crusade against area is considerably larger than actual measure- the cigarette in fiction. — Plagiarism the sincerest ment would indicate. flattery. — The English Ambassador's suggestion Before discussing this point, however, we to college women. — A varying price for novels. wish to make it perfectly clear that we can COMMUNICATIONS 9 have no quarrel with the most narrowly special- The “Southern View” in Literature. T. M. ized knowledge as such, even with knowledge Norwood. The Troy Public Library. Mary L. Davis. that is seemingly of little or no practical use. Our A TRUE AMERICAN PATRIOT. sympathies have always been on the side Annie Russell Marble of the legendary humanist who gave thanks 10 because the English universities taught nothing THE WORLD'S GREAT PAINTERS. Anna B. that was useful as men vulgarly employ that McMahan 11 term), and we long since took to heart the SCIENCE AND HUMANITY. Charles Atwood teaching that the attainment of truth is a Kofoid 14 worthy end in itself, irrespective of its possible A HALF-CENTURY OF NATIONAL GROWTH. bearings upon conduct or worldly success. The St. George L. Sioussat 15 possessor of exact knowledge of any kind, the BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 18 one who knows whereof he speaks, is the truest Journalism as depicted by a journalist. — Memories benefactor of man, and the credulous or vagrant of a law stenographer and story-writer. - Problems instincts implanted in most human beings cannot of the intellectual aspects of life. - Concord writers in concord town. - The story of King Arthur in be called too sternly to account, or too strictly English poetry. — Ireland as she is and has been. subjected to the discipline of science. The mis- A boon to the health-seeker in the West. — The chief done to intellectual integrity by a wanton record of an unsuccessful mountain climb. – A disregard of fact, by slovenly habits of reasoning, succession of United States naval heroes. and by the intrusion of prejudice into judgment, NOTES 21 is in any case so enormous that we dare not LIST OF NEW BOOKS 22 speak slightingly of those whose influence serves . 4 [July 1, : THE DIAL as a corrective of the evil, although they may tion of this one-sided equipment that comes to sometimes seem to us shrivelled up by pedantry, our mind is offered by the specialists who con- and possessed of weazened apologies for souls. duct the instruction in English (to say nothing Having made this disclaimer, we will revert of other languages and literatures) in our uni- to our metaphor of irradiation. When a man versities. In nine cases out of ten the instructor's has attained great eminence in some department credentials for the performance of his function of knowledge, even a narrow one, it is difficult are supplied by some fragment of technical to disabuse ourselves of the notion that his linguistic investigation or the critical examina- ideas upon any subject must be illuminating. tion of some obscure author or exceptionally A famous physicist declares his belief in “spirit-barren period of the literature. But the actual ualism," and the fact that he is a famous task which he has in hand is to acquaint young physicist makes many people think that the case people with the principles of literary art, to of the spook is strengthened by his confession. help them interpret the master-minds of the A distinguished naturalist dabbles in socialism race, and to inspire them with an enthusiasm or astronomy, and his fantastic imaginings are for stately prose and noble poetry. Never was taken seriously just because he is a distinguished there a more evident maladjustment of means naturalist. A great teacher of ethics proclaims to ends ; never was there a more glaring illus- his conviction that the world's estimate of tration of the undistributed middle than is found Shakespeare is absurdly exaggerated, and the in the argument which would prove these men opinion is thought to have a certain weight fitted to these functions. To be a specialist in merely for the reason that it has been pro Gower or in the Northumbrian dialect of Old nounced by a profound moralist. In all such English — so runs the argument — is a warrant cases, we fall victims to the fallacious inference of competency to expound the divine humanity that authority upon one subject dignifies pro of Shakespeare, the political wisdom of Burke, nouncements upon any other, bestowing upon and the flawless art of Tennyson ! them a greater significance than could be given We are tempted to add to this discussion a them by the average man. This trait of popular few words upon what may not unfairly be styled psychology is well understood by editors of the arrogance of specialism. The man who is newspapers and magazines, by spokesmen of conscious of knowing more than other scholars every sort of propaganda, and by all the shrewd about some special subject is pretty apt to mag- host of those who have wares to advertise. Few nify his own importance, and to affect (perhaps people realize the extent to which the intel- really to feel) only scorn for those men who lectual life, even of really great men, is con believe that breadth of view and philosophical ducted by a system of water-tight compartments, grasp are more to be desired than any of the whereby it becomes quite possible for supersti- ends of specialism. He regards himself and his tion and clear-visioned science to have joint fellow-specialists as the only properly accredited occupancy of the same brain-tenement. And members of the guild of scholarship, and has with men whose distinction rests upon a nar at his command an array of contemptuous rower basis, it is quite possible for one part of epithets for those who pretend to scholarly dis- the intellectual mechanism to be in perfect tinction upon any other basis. Whoever would working order, while the other parts exhibit rashly enter the sacred bounds without a doc- loose screws and faulty adjustment. toral dissertation for a passport must be sent What we have called the fallacy of specialism about his business, must be forced to haunt for- is still more likely to escape detection when the ever the limbo of amateurs. It was only the case under observation, instead of concerning other day that we were reading in a specialist widely separated departments of knowledge, journal the review of a recent work of literary concerns only the different divisions of what, biography and interpretation. The work is to the general view, seems to be one and the an admirable one in every respect, and this same area. A physician, for example, may have the reviewer was honest enough to allow. But exceptional skill in diagnosis, and yet his knowl he could not refrain from expressing his plain- edge of the other subjects required by his pro tive regret that it was not written by a fession may be so defective as to make him an Fachmann, even although the work might have uncertain practitioner. A lawyer may be pro been no better done. More effective than any foundly versed in the principles of the civil law, labored exposition of the specialist's attitude and yet find himself all at sea in dealing with toward the rest of mankind is the naïve revela- common-law cases. The most striking illustra tion afforded by this incident. 1907.] 5 THE DIAL It was our suns. Himalayas were familiar with heights to which THE WEATHER IN LITERATURE. the mountains of Europe were mole-hills. They Calverley thought that if such brave rhymes of knew intimately forests to which our stateliest the olden time as “ weather” and “ together” were woods are toad-holes compared to temples. Their bundled up and carted away, there would be fewer earliest gods were purely incarnations of physical volumes of verse. If the weather itself were to be phenomena, — India of the sky, Surya of the sun, eliminated from literature, both prose and verse Agni of fire itself: the Shining Ones these. would show lacunæ almost as great as the space not until later that this triad became metaphysicized between the stars is to the stars themselves. The into Vishnu, Brahma, and Siva. The Maruts were weather is the chief subject of human interest and the storm-gods. The Apsaras and Gandharvas intercourse. We begin every conversation with pro were the clouds turned into beautiful and friendly pitiatory or damnatory remarks about it. We study maidens and attendant youths. And from the woods its signs and signal its arrival or departure as arose dreadful Rakshasas, demons who contended though it were a royal guest. And rightly; for on not unequally with the golden gods. the weather depends our harvests, our healths, our The difference between the ancients' way of view- intellects, and our complexions. Whether we are ing Nature and our own is simply that they saw Caucasian or Negro depends upon the intensity of physical phenomena alive, animated with will and Whether we are energetic or languid thought and passion; whereas we see them a mere depends upon the quality of our atmosphere. We catalogue of dead things. We are content to assume are all servile to the skyey influences. that intellect belongs to man alone, just as if we were A railroad train hurtles straight to the west and absolutely certain that an oak-tree has no intelligence, the sinking sun, like an arrow towards a shield. or that the ocean does not know what it is about In a meadow at one side, a herd of horses breaks when it rises in rage and dashes our vessels down into frightened flight. A bird darts upward, sing- to shipwreck. to shipwreck. For the purposes of literature, at ing as though it would burst its breast. A young any rate, the old beliefs were better than ours. girl, in whose eyes sleep the visions and images of Where we only see a round ball blazing in the the future, looks out from a cottage porch. All sky and cooking mankind with its fiery rays, they these varying forms of force draw their power from saw the angry Apollo striding from his Olympian yonder reddened orb about to be obscured. halls with the bow in his hand and the arrows rat- Nothing exists, that we can apprehend, but the tling on his shoulders. Where we only hear the human spirit and the weather. All the phenomena thunder crashing through the sky, they saw the of nature are only more advanced and stationary terrible King of Gods lifting his majestic head and stages of weather. Spring belts the world with hurling the bolts from his right hand. Where we a band of blossoms which resembles the delicate or only see the level floor of the ocean, they saw sleek daring hues of dawn. The green mantle of Summer Panope and all her sisters playing upon it. We reěchoes the blue of cloudless skies; and Autumn, think we have got at the causes of things, — but with its purples and yellows and reds, mocks the really we do not know why different seeds produce sunset fires. The rivers and lakes and oceans are each after its own kind, or why carbon and hydrogen only a thicker kind of mist. The mountains them combine in various proportions to form organic sub- selves are but secular clouds. If we could imagine stances. Why should not our elements or atoms or a slow-lived being to whom centuries were but as electrons be the sentient forbears of many conscious our moments, we could think of him watching the races which unite, marry, oppose, or strive with each eternal hills heaving and changing and crumbling other, and in certain of their exhibitions arise to a away, just as we watch the storm-clouds of our divinity beyond the reach of man? atmosphere. But of course it is nonsense to suppose that Every age is conceited about some one thing modern literature has done away with the super- above the rest, — usually with little cause. natural. Gods and goddesses sprung from and guid- of Louis XIV. thought it had perfected polite civ- | ing the processes of nature, and interfering in the ilization. The age of the French Revolution thought affairs of men, have to some extent been driven off. it had discovered Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. But their place has been taken by angels, devils, Our age has been prouder, perhaps, of patronizing witches, fairies, ghosts, and a thousand other forms Nature than of anything else. Yet the Greeks of spiritual life. More important still, modern studied natural effects with keener eyes than ours. writers have given a soul to inanimate things; they The Romans were as much in love with country have brought nature into sympathy with man, they life as we Their villas were scattered all have harmonized their backgrounds with the action around the Mediterranean and among Alpine and of the central figures, they have invented tone in Apennine hills. And under the early Christian literature or at least have practised it to a far greater regime, every dell and desert place had its hermit. extent than the ancients. Perhaps Ruskin is right in thinking that neither of It is recorded of the late Queen Victoria, that she these races cared much for the higher mountain objected to what she called "dark" plays - meaning solitudes or the gloom of deep woods. But our pieces where the backgrounds were sombre and the Aryan ancestors or relatives who poured across the lighting obscure. It is creditable to her critical in- The age are. 6 [July 1, THE DIAL man I can- stinct that she divined the fact of there being such which I have called tone, is present in a totality of effect. The majority of writers have Greek literature mainly by fits and starts. never made a guess at it. Where tone is apparent not recall any single piece, except perhaps the at all in literature, it may be divided into dark or Bacchanals of Euripides, where it is a predominant bright effects, or a mingling and contrast of the two. technical quality. In the night-raid of Diomed, in “Macbeth” is probably the most magnificent the Iliad, in the Nausikaa scenes of the Odyssey, sombre tone-piece in literature. There are high lights there is the perfection of tone; but these passages in it, but they are awe-inspiring, unearthly, hellish. are far from giving the keynotes of either poem. From the windy, cloudy sunset on the heath (it is And similarly with the Dido episode in the Æneid, sunset, for Macbeth says, “So fair and foul a day and the hero's descent into the underworld. They I have not seen") to the storm and lightning that are only two of the many quite discordant elements presage and accompany the murder, to the fires and out of which Virgil's poem is made. If we con- boiling cauldrons of the Witches' cave, to the ghost- sider Dante's great work to be three separate poems, like Lady Macbeth with her solitary candle, all the we shall find each of them marvellously toned to lights only accentuate the gloom and horror, the one predetermined effect. The black air of hell, outward and inward tumult of the play. lit by the red towers of Dis, lit by the fiery pyres of Scott's “ Bride of Lammermoor” is keyed to a the sentenced sinners, lit by the falling flakes of twilight melancholy rather than a stormy might fire, lit by those ineffable figures of God's mes- There is an autumnal haze about it through which sengers drawn in hues of dawn against the dark the gaunt trees of the Master's lost estate, his background, — all this, in the first poem, is har- dilapidated house, and even its grim steward of mony or intensifying contrast of hue. Nor is the starvation, Caleb Balderstone, show half spectral and Purgatorio” inferior in total effect with its unreal. It is only in the dreadfully hinted story more earthly and human, yet penitential, lights and of the bridal night, and the Master's death in the shadows. And the “Paradiso ” is one blaze of ravening sands, that the thing leaps into tragedy. light, with hardly enough shadow to define the Dickens's “ Barnaby Rudge” has two centres of figures and objects. light — the Maypole Inn and the Varden household. The human figure and its surroundings — these Around these whirl and surge the shadows of the are the factors of literature. God must always be story — the mysteries of the murder, Barnaby and represented as supernatural nature or superhuman his raven, that uncanny modern Caliban, Hugh, the man. Sometimes, as in Wordworth, the natural phe- Gordon riots, and all the rest of the gloomy turmoil. nomena crowd man out of the canvas-mountains are Good as these things are, and whether Dickens the heroes, cataracts the heroines of the work; some- intended it or not, they only serve to isolate and times, as in most social comedy, nature is an almost bring out the lighted parts of the picture, which by invisible frame to hold together the crowd of human contrast acquire an inexpressible charm. It is doubt actors ; sometimes, as in the very central art of ful if Dickens ever painted anything with more mel. Shakespeare, the earthy platform and its aërial dis- low depth of tone than the Maypole Inn. Its wide tances are a floor and background which change and hospitable spread of wings without, its cosy snugness answer to the passions of the predominant soul of within, its host and his crowd of village cronies, give man; sometimes, as in Greek literature, this back- the very sentiment and soul of inn-life once for all. ground is itself alive, and, taking a hundred human And the companion picture, the household of the shapes, thrusts itself into the action. jolly locksmith, is all sparkle and vivacity, culmi Το carry the subject a little further, what are the nating in the rosy cheeks and many-colored garb of probable effects on a national literature of thirty Dolly herself. Coming upon either of these scenes degrees of latitude? I mean, how will the various out of the darkness that surrounds them is like hap climates of our country, ranging from a half-arctic pening upon a camp-fire in a forest at night. The desolation to tropic bloom and splendor, work them- great black tree-boles encircle it, the foliage keeps selves out in our literary production? Most of the even the starlight away, but there on the shadow- great literatures of the world have arisen in countries sifted sward is a little heart of warmth and comfort. of circumscribed area and undiversified climate. There is probably no piece of pure sunlight in However great may have been their voyagings of literature so perfect as Shakespeare's “Twelfth imagination, however vast the piratical spoils they Night.” It is hardly real sunlight, hardly even may have brought back, the stamp of one home is the sunlight of Greek poetry; it is a half enchanted impressed upon each. Thus, Hindu literature sprang sunlight that turns even the ugly or the common to from the great jungle at the foot of the Himalayas. favor and prettiness. In the “Merchant of Venice The depths of those forests, the height of those hills, there is more contrast; dark passions and stormy were impressed upon it. Greek poetry was the child scenes intervene, making the play more picturesque of the carved hills of Attica, of the sunny Ionian and less serenely beautiful : but in the end all the isles. No matter what excursions it made into the jarring elements are hushed into perfect peace and savage or the unknown, it never lost its clear out- rest. lines and serene air. The Scandinavian and Celtic This adjustment of environment and lighting to literatures were born under the great forests, under human action — the interpenetration of nature and the great mists, under the dark mountains of the 1907.) 7 THE DIAL north ; and mystical glamor, gigantic formlessness, ing on the title-pages of the forty or more editions of emotional thrill pervade them. single plays printed during his lifetime (with only two In America, the world is all before us where to exceptions), and of the four folio editions of the col- choose. Shall we be clear and sunny, passionate lected plays published after his death. It is the form and trivial, with the South? Shall we be dark almost unanimously adopted in the published references to him in the seventeenth century. It appears in many, and cold, powerful and profound, with the North? if not most, of the old legal documents relating to him; Or something between the two, with our middle as, for instance, in the license granted to him and his belt of States? We have tried to be everything. fellow-players by King James in 1603. It is also the Each locality has reproduced itself in literature, but spelling accepted by the great majority of the editors, with a lack of power and authority which results commentators and critics of the last century.” “Shake- from there being no central type of fatherland and speare " then let it be, even if “Shakspere ” does save home. ink, as Sarah Duchess of Marlborough said in explain- CHARLES LEONARD MOORE. ing why she left her t's uncrossed and her i’s undotted. A TESTAMENTARY CURIOSITY has been going the CASUAL COMMENT. rounds of the press, and most readers are now familiar with it. Perhaps fewer are aware that this alleged will IN PRAISE OF FICTION AND FICTION-READERS was of one Charles Lounsbury — who is represented as hav- the prevailing tone of Mr. Arthur E. Bostwick's ad- ing been an occupant of an asylum for the insane at dress at the late convention of the American Library Dunning, II., and whose generous bequest of all out- Association at Asheville, N. C. The speaker, who is doors to the children made such charming reading – one of the librarians of the New York Public Library, was a harmless hoax perpetrated in an idle moment by has had ample opportunity to study his subject, and his a Chicago lawyer, Mr. Williston Fish, and printed in utterances were among the least hackneyed that were “Harper's Weekly” nine years ago. Besides being heard in the whole course of the convention. Mr. widely quoted, this bright little piece was made the sub- Bostwick is intelligently optimistic, and refuses to be ject of an editorial recently by the New York “Inde- alarmed by the eighty-four per cent of fiction that his pendent,” and at a late dinner of the alumni association library circulated last year. The demand for narrative of the New York Law University, Judge Walter Lloyd literature he believes to be indicative of a healthy ap- Smith, of Elmira, read aloud this remarkable will, com- petite; for is not narrative the principal part of history, menting admiringly on its several clauses. Sundry biography, and travel — and, he might have added, of newspapers have reprinted it, and the superintendent epic poetry? He holds that not all book-drunkards are of the Dunning Asylum has been overwhelmed with novel-readers; but that science and philosophy have inquiries concerning his supposed patient. Mr. Fish, their topers, and even mathematics may debauch the who is a graduate of West Point, is reported as saying brain. He denies that a library's chief aim should be of himself and his writings: “My army life gave me an to circulate non-fiction. While we may regret to see a opportunity to write. I used to write for • Puck 'and young lady reading Laura Jean Libbey rather than Life,' and · A Last Will' was just one of those little Henry James, we can yet comfort ourselves with the fancies that sometimes occur to you. It was published, reflection that probably her mother read less estimable paid for, and, as I believed, forgotten.” Curiously books than Miss Libbey's — or, as he might again have enough, Mr. Fish had a great-grandfather named added, no books at all, but only the newspapers. There Charles Lounsbury; and perhaps to this ancestor he is no cause for despair, we are assured. Romance has owes some part of that happy endowment that enables its place as dessert in the feast of reason, and it has him, in his leisure half-hours, to throw off these “little been scientifically proved that even sugar is a food. fancies.” Mr. Bostwick, we are glad to note in conclusion, is the A JEWEL IN A DUST-HEAP, turned up by the prod newly-elected president of the A. L. A. of some humble delver for unconsidered trifles, could hardly have brought greater surprise and joy to the THE PROTEST AGAINST “SHAKESPEARE,” from the finder than did the recent chance discovery, by a London pen of Mr. Clement Shorter, elicits from our Cambridge dealer in second-hand books, of a perfect copy of Gabriel Shakespeare scholar (for both Cambridges have their Thomas's “ Account of the Province and Country of distinguished editors of the Stratford playwright) a Pennsylvania and of West-New-Jersey in America," vigorous counter-protest. Mr. William J. Rolfe says with dedication to “Friend William Penn,” published in a published letter: “Of course the dispute will con in London two hundred and nine years ago. This tinue till the crack of doom, but I believe Shakespeare' | ancient volume, valuable as the earliest historically will hold its own as the literary form of the name. important work on Pennsylvania and as having a rare Of the five indisputable autographs that survive, one old map of the colonies, was one of several score old is clearly Shakspere'; another is either that books purchased in a lump for a few shillings. But •Shakspeare'; a third (on his will) is so faded that not for some time after examining his treasure did the it cannot be certainly deciphered, but a fac-simile of lucky finder recognize its full worth. He was even so 1776 indicates that it was • Shakspere'; the fourth reckless as to offer it for sale at a beggarly £5. For- and fifth (also on the will) have been read both as tunately for him no connoisseur in Americana chanced Shakspere and Shakspeare,' but Sidney Lee says that way before he had come to his senses; and he now that close examination proves that the fifth is • Shake- hopes to get £160 for it, the price for which a copy speare.' The dedications to · Venus and Adonis' and was sold at Sotheby's not long ago. In this connection • Lucrece,' the only works of the poet that were cer it may be interesting to note the reported discovery tainly seen through the press by himself, are both some months since, at a bookstall in the Mile-End signed • William Shakespeare.' This is also the spell Road a shabby and unpromising neighborhood - of or 8 [July 1, THE DIAL a volume of Molière which the unalert proprietor gladly parted with for twopence halfpenny, and which was later sold for £31. Who shall say that the era has passed for realizing great and sudden fortunes, or that the Old World does not vie with the New in money-making opportunities? PRAGMATISM AND METAPHYSICS appear to be related to each other somewhat as are works and faith. The high priest of pragmatism, the new philosophy, is in this country) the distinguished psychologist, Dr. William James, who is said to have resigned his Harvard professorship in order to devote himself wholly to the propagation of the new gospel. As fellow- workers in the cause he has Dr. Paul Carus, able editor of “ The Monist” and “The Open Court," and Professor Dewey of Columbia, formerly of Chicago University, as well as other thinkers and scholars here and abroad. “ Pragmatism,” explains a pragmatist, “values ideas by their consequences. Those that have no consequences it casts out of consideration.” Mr. James amplifies this as follows: “ The only meaning of truth is the possibility of verification by experience,” and “True'is the term applied to whatever it is practically profitable to believe." This doctrine must bring relief to many a weary and bewildered reader of mutually contra- dictory philosophy books, who, after heavily plodding through them all, has merely the consciousness of being, like Faust at the end of his studies, “80 klug als wie zuvor." AN ENCOURAGER OF SUMMER READING is the liberal librarian, or library trustee, whose love of red-tape is overborne by a desire to increase the library's useful- ness, and to turn what is often called “the silly season into a season of edification. The current monthly bul- letin of the Carnegie Library, Pittsburg, prints some rules that will delight vacation readers. Regular card- holders, leaving town for the summer, may take with them ten books, four of which may be novels, and the whole ten may be kept until the first of October. Books not yet a year old, in library ownership, are excepted, as are also such other works as it may seem unwise to remove from general circulation for so long a time. This arrangement is creditable to all concerned, and a like liberality is coming more and more to be exercised by the public libraries in our other cities. to one of the greatest, if not the very greatest, of Vic- torian writers might have gone down in history as unequaled in its kind had it not lately been discovered that a far more famous name in English literature - the most famous, in fact, both in English letters and in the literature of all the world - owes its lustre, not partly, but solely, to intelligent citizens of our own country. A London newspaper man, who had been staying at Stratford-on-Avon, is reported to have asked his landlady one day: “Who is this Shakespeare I hear so much about down here? Was he a very great man?” To this jocular question the landlady made serious reply: “ Lor', sir, 'e worn't thought nothing on a few years ago. It's the Americans as 'as made 'im what 'e is.” A CRUSADE AGAINST THE CIGARETTE IN FICTION, and also against all indulgence in alcoholic liquors, is said to have been started by the Frances E. Willard branch of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. And more than this: not content with tabooing all novels in which hero or heroine smokes cigarettes (why not cigars also, and pipes?) or drinks intoxicants, these zealous ladies have decided to include in their con- demnation every hero and heroine whose language savors of profanity. “It is considered quite smart," a leading member of this band of reformers is quoted as saying, “ for the hero to rip out an oath; but to me an oath is as bad as a murder.' Shades of Dumas and Fielding, what a judgment! Will nothing induce these kind ladies to use a little discrimination — to make the punishment more accurately fit the crime? 99 PLAGIARISM THE SINCEREST FLATTERY might serve as an appropriate device for the new London publishing house of “Collier & Co.," the firm name adopted by Mr. Ralph Hall Caine, son of the Manx novelist. The name Collier appealed to the young publisher because to him it seemed to stand for success in American publishing. He opens for business in Tudor Street, and begins with three-shilling novels, one of them by his father, who just at present is displaying much zeal for the shortening of works of fiction — after having, with industrious pen, done his best to induce satiety in the novel-reading world and thus to create a reaction in favor of stories less long-drawn-out than, for example, The Christian” and “ The Eternal City." THE AUTHOR OF “ ALICE-FOR-SHORT,” Mr. William Frend De Morgan, who is also well-known as the author of “ Joseph Vance,” proves to be the son of no less a celebrity than Augustus De Morgan, the mathematician. Educated at University College, London, he began to study art in 1858, became a student in the Royal Academy a year later, practised arts and crafts till early in the present century, when he wrote the begin- ning of “ Joseph Vance," to see whether he had a turn for fiction. He decided in the negative, but his wife found the manuscript and persuaded him to finish it. The story is not autobiographical, as many hav sup- posed; and its successor is equally a work of the imagi- nation. De Morgan fiction now promises to outrival De Morgan pottery, the ware produced at the works erected by Mr. De Morgan in the early seventies. KEEN DISCERNMENT OF LITERARY GENIUS has been evinced by American readers in the case of more than one English author who later achieved recognition from his own countrymen. Under Emerson's lead we did much to hasten Carlyle's lagging fame; and this service THE ENGLISH AMBASSADOR'S SUGGESTION TO COL- LEGE WOMEN, in his recent commencement address at Bryn Mawr, was a good one. He urged the members of the graduating class to cultivate a thorough know- ledge of and a fine taste in literature a field that the average male citizen has no time to enter. The habit of reading what is not ephemeral was strongly recom- mended. Even without this excellent advice to guide her course, woman has already, in these latter days, shown herself a formidable rival to man in the field of polite letters; and she is likely to push him still harder in the years to come. A VARYING PRICE FOR NOVELS is sensibly enough ad- vocated by “The Publishers' Weekly," which urges that the amount paid for a work of fiction should bear some relation to its size and presumable excellence — long novels commanding higher prices than short, and the products of famous pens selling at a larger figure than the firstlings of untried beginners. But no commercial rating of quality would prove satisfactory to all con- cerned, and probably the most that could be effected 1907.] 9 THE DIAL can 66 would be an adjustment of price to cost of manufacture pose, which is to request an explanation of this seeming that is, in general, to the number of words in the fling at the South. I think this is due to your Southern book. Already Mr. Henry Holt has taken a in this readers, to THE DIAL, and to your reviewer. direction by fixing the price of Mr. William De Morgan's T. M. NORWOOD. novel “ Alice-for-short” – which in one sense might Savannah, Georgia, June 20, 1907. better be named “ Alice-for-long,” since it extends to 575 [We cheerfully give space to Judge Norwood's pages at $1.75. communication, but can hardly open the gates for a discussion of the “ethnic bias " which he suspects to be lurking in the background of the review com- COMMUNICATIONS. plained of. The relations of the races in the South THE “SOUTHERN VIEW” IN LITERATURE. involve too large a problem to be opened in our (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) columns by one small review. The sentence quoted I have been a subscriber for and a thorough reader by our correspondent says - outlining the plot of of THE DIAL for many years. As a review within its the book reviewed that a supposed “slight infu- prescribed limits, I do not know one that is better. sion of negro blood” in the veins of the heroine is Your staff of critics is of the best. It is rarely — very regarded as “the most terrible of all disgraces” rarely — that any reader find a line in your columns from the Southern point of view, and this view is that pricks or jars. called “distorted.” In other words, the view that In your last issue (June 16), your reviewer of recent an accident of birth for which an individual is in no fiction uses a few words that I think call for explanation. They occur in the review of “ The Price of Silence," by way responsible could constitute " the most terrible Mrs. M. E. M. Davis. The reviewer says (page 380): of all disgraces” is one which is held to be not “ A document is in existence which seems to indicate normal, or sound, or natural, or whatever is the that the most terrible of all disgraces (from the dis opposite of “distorted ” — the word which our torted Southern point of view) is hers; in other words, correspondent asks for light upon. The word that there is a slight infusion of negro blood in her disgrace” would seem to us the equivocal one, if veins.” The words in parentheses, “ from the distorted any, in the sentence quoted. EDR. THE DIAL.] Southern point of view," constitute the side-step yes, side-swipe — of the reviewer that was not only inter THE TROY PUBLIC LIBRARY. alios but rather suggestive of an ethnic bias that I had never conceived as characteristic of THE DIAL. The (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) whole parenthesis is an incongruous mosaic, but the Referring to the communications in your issues of word “distorted ” is the equivoque I beg to have light April 1 (page 214) and May 1 (page 279), in regard to thrown upon. That word is certainly ambiguous, and “German and American Reading Habits,” I would like I doubt not that your reviewer will take pleasure in to correct some inaccuracies in the printed in telling your Southern readers what was meant. regard to the Troy Public Library. The cost of the That he may not be in doubt, nor think me sensitive building has never been made public; but during my above other men, including himself, I will put the door stay in Troy, now of nearly two years' duration, the ajar for his appearance. The impression made on me most liberal estimate I have ever heard made on the by those foreign words is that the writer of them does cost of the building has never reached half the sum not consider “a slight infusion of negro blood” as a stated by your commentator, who also “ventures to serious objection to a woman when a man is looking guess " quite too large figures as to the size of the col- around for a wife one who is to be his companion lection of books. The library is at present undergoing through life, and, maybe, the mother of his children. reorganization, and no one knows exactly how many If this inference be unjust, it will not require many volumes it contains, - 40,000 is nearer the mark. words to set me right. If just, I do not think that As to the circulation, the report for 1906, filed in anyone will deny that the inference is logical. If the the Regents' office, shows a circulation of 84,732 vol- “Southern view” is distorted, then your reviewer must umes, not 62,000 as stated. Troy claims 79,000 popu- be one of those at the North who do not object to a lation since the annexation of Lansingburgh, not 60,651. slight infusion of negro blood in a wife. As to the chief point of the communications - It is needless to point out to any well-informed comparison of the reading habits of Germans and person that the “ Southern view” your reviewer seems Americans in justice to Troy let me add that since to deplore is unanimous and fixed. If, as he maintains, the Public Library has been more freely open to the that view is “ distorted," and his view is the Northern people the circulation has increased rapidly. In 1904, view, then the gulf between the North and the South 32,123 volumes were circulated; in 1905, 68,998; in will remain wide open. There seems to be (and I say 1906, 84,732. The 1906 circulation includes that of “ seems” purposely) a strong current of fellowship set the Children's Free Circulating Library, which has ting in between the North and South; but they can been moved into the building of the Troy Public Library never be bed-fellows so long as the North shall insist and is being run by it as the children's department. that the negro shall occupy the same bed. Should the The reading public of Troy is not limited to the use North take the negro on its side, and on the outside, of the Public Library. There is an excellent library at there might be a hope for rest and sleep; but there can the rooms of the Young Women's Association, free to be neither rest nor sleep so long as the North insists all, and two of the bookstores have large collections of that the negro shall not only sleep in the tripartite bed, books which they loan at the rate of five cents a week. but shall lie next to the Southern man, and on the out- These collections, largely though not wholly fiction, are side — the side away from the North. well patronized. Mary L. Davis, Librarian. I may have said more than is necessary to my pur Troy, N. Y., June 20, 1907. 10 [July 1, THE DIAL " In these brave ranks I only see the gaps, The New Books. Thinking of dear ones whom the dumb turf wraps, Dark to the triumph which they died to gain : Fitlier may others greet the living, For me the past is unforgiving ; A TRUE AMERICAN PATRIOT.* I with uncovered head Salute the sacred dead, The words “patriot” and “patriotism ” have Who went, and who return not. Say not so! gained a wider meaning in these later days of 'Tis not the grapes of Canaan that repay, But the high faith that failed not by the way." aspiration toward universal peace and fraternal service. Charles Russell Lowell, ending his life By far the larger part of this volume is given to letters from Lowell to his family and inti- at twenty-nine years in gallant fighting at the battle of Cedar Creek, was a patriot in every mate friends ; but these are preceded by a brief phase of his life and of its high promise. Cir comprehensive sketch of his life, by Dr. Emer- cumstances prevented him from revealing to the son, which is admirable in its dignity and world the full measure of his patriotism. He effectiveness. Abundant notes supplement both has been recalled as a distinguished cavalry the life-study and the letters ; to these notes are officer in the Civil War ; but the interpretation confided many of the most intimate revelations of his character by Dr. Edward W. Émerson, of the young soldier's personality. In all his and through Lowell's letters, indicate the high he was studying the manufacture of iron, in his relations with men, — in the rolling-mills where hopes for yet greater service which he cherished from his youth and for which he had fitted him responsible position as treasurer of a Western self. Writing to his friend, Gen. Francis C. railroad, and in the army,- he carefully studied Barlow, about a month before the fatal battle human nature and tried to uplift his associates. at Cedar Creek, Lowell said : “ There are better From subordinates he exacted faithful, often things to be done in the Country, Barlow, than severe, labor; but he never asked of them more fighting, and you must save yourself for them devotion than he himself gave to the same too. There are as many campaigns for a fellow cause, always cheerily, and with no false hopes of reward, often saying, “ Nothing can repay a as there are half years to his life.” Lowell's life-purpose, from youth, had been “ to raise the man for what he has done well, — except the standard of life and thought of the workingmen doing of it.” of America.” But he was called away, in his When the Civil War was imminent, Lowell young manhood, to more urgent service in the was just entering upon what promised much war; and while his active plans and work were satisfaction to his courageous nature, for he had thus ended, his influence survived among his been called to manage some unprofitable iron- associates, many of whom carried out to noble works in Maryland. The attack on Massa- ends his ideals for social service and the up-spirit; and although he often expressed regret chusetts soldiery in Baltimore roused his militant lifting of his fellow-men. Dr. Emerson has emphasized one special at the war, yet his sense of the duty of the hour trait of Lowell, as a schoolboy, a mechanic, a called him to the army. Here he served as a railroad treasurer, and a military leader, — captain in the Sixth United States Cavalry, “power of concentration on the work of the and later was chosen to raise and command, moment." This ability made him a man of as Colonel, the Second Massachusetts Cavalry. For a short time he was in McClellan's Penin- great value in every service which he undertook, and gave surety of his future leadership. In sular campaign, then was among those guarding testimony of this, his biographer says : “ His the Potomac, and finally was in active service new acquaintances believed that in him they the aid of reminiscences and letters from Lowell's in the Shenandoah Valley. Dr. Emerson, with had discovered a remarkable man, made for just that place. Yet all soon saw the performance orderlies as well as his superior officers, has of the work in hand was but a low presented a vivid picture of this valiant soldier, of power force dimly seen behind.” Such qualities, known almost rash in his bravery, modest in accounts to his family and friends and now shown to the of his own part, but emphasizing the courage of world of readers, might well have inspired his others, or deploring the injuries to his horses poet-uncle to those tender lines in the great for he had thirteen horses shot under him in as 6 Commemoration Ode," many weeks. The final scene in his life, after his first wound at Cedar Creek, is told with * THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES RUSSELL LOWELL. By sympathetic skill. Refusing to be taken from Edward W. Emerson. the field after the return of Sheridan, he was a With portraits. Boston: Houghton, MiMin & Co. 1907.] 11 THE DIAL mounted on his horse for his last charge, and country which he loved and for which he gave gave his orders in whispers, but with no waning his life. of spirit or determination. With justice, Gen. A close bond of friendship existed between Wesley Merritt, his immediate commander, said, Colonel Lowell and Mr. Henry Lee Higginson, “A more gallant soldier never buckled sabre.” dating from their school-days. Many letters to Combined with the valor and practical effi- the latter are included, wherein are blended ciency of Lowell's nature was a true refinement, humor, earnest inquiries for his friend's welfare, shown especially through his letters. As a boy, and philosophic comments upon life, which he was an excellent scholar; and he never lost emphasize Mr. Higginson's notes of memory his scholarly habits. After the day's work in regarding Lowell's earlier philosophic habits of mill or office, he spent his evenings among his mind. One of the most self-revealing passages books, sharing this pleasure with others who in these letters of this far-seeing and aspiring were less favored. Writing to his mother from soldier is the following, written to Mr. Higgin- Burlington, Iowa, where he was acting as a son in September of 1864: railway official, he said: “I am contented here “Don't grow rich; if you once begin, you will find it perfectly; but man does not live by bread alone, much more difficult to be a useful citizen. The useful he must have human sympathy, real or imagined. citizen is a mighty unpretending hero. But we are not Do I ever read a canto of Spenser, or of Chap- going to have any Country very long unless such hero- ism is developed. There ! what a stale sermon I'm man's stout old Odyssey, without thinking fifty preaching; but being a soldier, it does seem to me that times how you would relish this or that, and I should like nothing else so well as being a useful fancying your sympathy?” Again, he asked for citizen. That's modest, is it not ? — well, trying to be Bunyan and Pascal, for dictionaries and poems; one, I mean.” and on the arrival of a bundle of books from The student of American history and litera- home, he welcomed Carlyle with joy, saying, “I ture may well be grateful for this record, so shall have him for my table companion for a directly and fully told, of a life which is as month.” During the months which he was inspiring in memory as it was in companionship. obliged to spend abroad in search of health, he Through the testimony of the friends of Lowell's kept his courage strong, wrote interesting de- youth and manhood, in school, in active civic scriptions of unusual scenes in Italy, Spain, and life, and in the army, the reader recognizes the Algiers, and seemed to enjoy life, in spite of ill- nobility of this “ lost leader,” and echoes the health, with a zest and humorous insight which words of one who knew him well : “ He was suggest Stevenson. upright as a man, pure as a patriot, and emi- The letters in this volume are carefully chosen nently free from the finesse of the politician. to show the varied traits of Lowell at different Young in years, he died too early for his periods of his life, and also to reveal his sym- country.” ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE. pathetic qualities as son, husband, and friend. Yet the more intimate personal sentences are omitted, for the editor evidently holds the sane THE WORLD'S GREAT PAINTERS.* opinion that such passages are too sacred for Thirteen years ago, when Dr. Richard Muther, publication. One of Lowell's true friends was Professor in the University of Breslau, offered Colonel Robert G. Shaw, whose heroic death in command of his negro regiment has been in the German language his “ History of Mod- ern Painting,” it was promptly recognized as the duly commemorated in sculpture opposite the most complete and most brilliant treatment the State House in Boston. Colonel Shaw's sister subject had ever received. An English trans- Josephine became the wife of Lowell. They lation in three volumes was published the follow- passed a few weeks of happy life together in ing year, but has long been out of print, much camp in Virginia, before the soldier was sent into to the regret of art students and readers gener- action. The letters to his wife, selected for this ally. The work has recently been revised by book, are full of cheery and often illuminating the author and continued to the end of the comments upon scenery and events, with im- nineteenth century, and is now published in an pressions of his companions, and plans for their life of happy usefulness after the war. Mrs. Revised edition, continued by the author to the end of the XIXth Lowell died two years ago. Throughout her long life she interpreted and fulfilled, in large measure, the hopes and purposes of her husband Nineteenth century. By Richard Muther, Ph.D. Translated and edited by George Kreihn, Ph.D. In two volumes. New for the betterment of social conditions in the • THE HISTORY OF MODERN PAINTING. By Richard Muther. Century. In four volumes. Illustrated. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. THE HISTORY OF PAINTING, from the Fourth to the Early York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 12 [July 1, THE DIAL English edition in four volumes, far handsomer brooded over the valley and bathed objects, now than the old ones. Besides all the old illustra in the splendor of the morning, now in the tions from woodcuts and photographs, each of the quivering light of noon, now in the soft twil. new volumes contains about a dozen full-page light. Narrowed by no limit, his eye swept plates in color a fine gallery in themselves. over numberless hills into infinite space. The At the same time, another work by Dr. two problems of space and light became there- Muther is offered by an American translator fore the chief objects of his life. and an American publisher, in two volumes, Next to Piero della Francesca, Mantegna is “ The History of Painting, from the Fourth to credited with the greatest influence upon the the early Nineteenth Century.” Although deal artistic activity of the younger generation. He ing with the earlier period (ending where the was the first to give figures their full plastic other begins), this is the newer book, having rotundity; the earliest to create perspective been written in 1900 but now translated for the ceiling decorations, to make portrait groups, first time. Naturally, these works are much to raise the study of the nude in motion and of alike in style and purpose, which the author draperies to a real artistic problem. The Flemish thus explains : painter Hugo van der Goes is made a prominent “ These volumes do not constitute a text-book of the factor in the evolution of the Florentine school; history of painting. The author has not undertaken to his painting of the altar-piece for the hospital present the biographies of the artists or descriptions of of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence is regarded their pictures. For the reader who is interested in such personal and descriptive records the material will as the greatest event in Florentine art annals be found available in a number of authoritative works. between the years 1460 and 1470. To find The present purpose is rather to explain from the Piero della Francesca, Mantegna, and Van der psychology (so to speak) of each period its dominant Goes, singled out as the epoch-makers in the style and to interpret the works of art as • human docu- ments.' very century where Masaccio has so long been It is in the work covering the earlier period startling to a degree. conceded nearly the whole of the stage, is that the application of this purpose — to inter- The psychological contrast between the quat- pret the great masters through a study of the times and circumstances under which they illustrated by reminding the reader of the trocento and the cinquencento is very happily arose — is most marked and consistent. For change of type in the Madonna. example, Savonarola is characterized as “the “ In place of the umilla, which had been the ideal of speaking-tube of his time, proclaiming with loud the age of Savonarola, maestà now appears. If formerly voice what others had felt in silence.” Like- Mary's hair was covered by a gloomy matron's veil, wise, his contemporaries among the painters she is now clad in princely garments. If she had for- Piero di Cosimo, Botticelli, Filippino Lippi, later in the works of Correggio a woman of the world, merly been the devoted handmaiden of the Lord, and Crivelli, Perugino, Memling, etc. — are part are part she has now become a queen of heaven. Neither mel- and parcel of the great religious reaction that ancholy nor tenderness beams from her eye; but proud swept over Europe. Thus it comes about that and distinguished, lofty and unapproachable, she glances some painters usually considered secondary down from above. An odor di regina pervades her step into unexpected prominence. Piero della being. The complete absence of the motive of the nursing Madonna, to which the age of Leonardo had Francesca is one of these. “Impressionism," imparted a slight tendency toward the sensual, must first heard of by that name about twenty years likewise be attributed to these conceptions of dignity ago, is traced directly from him. A true fore and princely majesty." runner of this modern school of art, it is shown Thus it continued during the time of Leo X., that four hundred years ago this painter set when the gods of Olympus had taken complete forth the problem of realism and endeavored possession of the Christian heaven, even Christ to show in what manner atmosphere changes himself becoming but a beautiful Olympian. color impressions. Born in the little town So Hellenic a taste did not wish to see its gods of Borgo San Sepolcro in the midst of the bleed and suffer. Then came the Council of Umbrian plain, it was natural that he should Trent, which found the art of the Renaissance attempt a solution of this problem. While objectionable because it did not adequately artists who labored in densely populated and portray the self-sacrificing spirit of the martyrs. closely built cities were accustomed to observe The art-hating, fanatical, and puritanic spirit near objects with sharpened vision, Piero, thus created at the beginning of the seventeenth standing on the hill of his native town, saw century dominated what is here called the only light and space. He saw the sun as it Counter-reformation. He saw the sun as it | Counter-reformation. As the Renaissance had 1907.] 13 THE DIAL praised the power of the human body to enjoy, of art were the two leading powers of Church so the Counter-reformation glorified its power and King. The most noted works of Raphael to suffer. Pictures of Christ crowned with and Michael Angelo, of Valasquez and Murillo, thorns, and of the Mater Dolorosa, from the of Rubens and Van Dyck, were executed either central figure, and the legends of the saints for the churches or for the reigning princes of were searched for the most shocking deeds of their country. The patron of modern art is blood. Poison, dagger, and cord, drawing, the citizen; the old culture of the clerics and strangling, burning, — all such subjects were aristocrats has been superseded by that of the represented. St. Andrew is nailed to the cross, middle classes. England plays the pioneer part St. Simon struck with a club, St. Stephen in this development, with the advantage of stoned, and St. Erasmus disembowelled. The having no old traditions to stand in its way. whole technique of the torture-chamber is re It had no great past. The plebeian paintings vealed, and instruction is given in all the of Hogarth laid the foundations ; it was the accessories of the Inquisition. quick eye of Hogarth that discovered the new The seventeenth century, however, made a way. He looked out upon the life surround- noble record by developing a series of mighty ing. him, with its manifold idiosyncrasies, and portrait-painters — Velasquez, Frans Hals, and proudly felt himself the son of a new age, in Rembrandt. It was in Holland that the sun of which rigid conventional forms were every- a new day arose, the sun which still illumines where penetrated by the modern ideas of free the world. Art no longer shines only upon the thought, the rights of man, conformity to nature eyes of Mary and the Hosts of Heaven ; it settles in morals and manners. The world which con- upon arid country hills, streams upon the sea fronted him he depicted truly as it was, in all waves, is at home in peasants' houses and the its beauty and all its ugliness. With him was dark woods, wanders through the streets and the origin of modern art. alleys, makes a temple of every market. Also It was about the middle of the eighteenth the religious sentiments which stirred Protestant century when English influences began to fer- Holland had to find appropriate expression ; the tilize the Continent. The truth and naturalness living essence of Biblical subjects was released of English ideas were introduced as models, and from a narrow ecclesiastical sphere, and ap- England became in her whole culture the school- proached anew with all the deep German intro mistress of the Continent. The authors — some spectiveness. These tendencies were all united in the field of poetry only, others in the whole in Rembrandt — perhaps of all masters, since sphere of intellectual life — were leaders in the the Christian era, the mightiest proclaimer of battle for liberty against fossilized tradition. the great Pan; to him the cosmic powers of light In the province of art, it was ordained that the and air signified the divinity that Michael Angelo most powerful figure should be born in the most had painted under a beautiful human form. mediæval country in Europe, on Spanish soil. In tracing the evolution of modern painting, Against an art that was more catholic than Dr. Muther finds his task more varied and Catholicism, courtly and mystical, there came complicated, just as modern life itself is more by far the greatest reaction in Francesco Goya. complicated and varied than that of any pre- Spanish art, which began in a blind piety, be- vious age. But he employs the same prin comes in Goya revolutionary, free, modern. ciple — namely, that the art of every period Goya is, in his whole nature, a modern man, appears as its “ mirror and abstract chronicle." a restless, feverish soul, nervous as a décadent, He does not accede to the dictum, repeated so temperamental to his finger-tips. His style in often as to become a commonplace, that the portraiture, his art of composition, his whole nineteenth century has “no style," and the and the method, speak to our artists to-day in a language whole purpose of his four volumes is to show easily understood. One of the most fascinating that modern art has a distinctive style, and to figures of the beginning of the century, his make clear the logic and sequence of its evolu- pictures, whether they be violent or eccentric, tion. The question is, what new element the tender or hard, gloomy or joyous, nearly always age brought into the history of art, not what move and palpitate with life, and they always it borrowed eclectically from earlier ages. The keep their charm. change that has taken place in the fundamental Thus the author proceeds, singling out the conditions of society has called upon art to epoch-making personalities in each country and express itself in a form different from that of at each period, concluding with a survey of any earlier time. Formerly, the chief supporters present-day art. To Americans, it will be of 14 [July 1, THE DIAL special interest to read what this brilliant and the biological sciences, and in the study of disease. discriminating authority has to say about One finds here a brief but lucid treatment of American art. such matters of common interest as radium, the “What is striking in all American pictures is their Becquerel rays, the canals of Mars, the okapi, eminent technical ability. There is displayed in these the larval eel, radiobes, De Vries's mutation pictures a strenuous discipline of talent, an effort to theory, malaria, the “ sleeping sickness,” etc. probe the subject as artistically as possible, a thorough- ness seldom equalled even by the thoroughness' of the The author laments the fact that “there is by Germans. And technique being the basis of every art, no means a corresponding advancement of the groundwork for the growth of a specially American Science in that signification of the word which school has been thus created. .. Yet even those implies the increase of the influence of science Americans who work in their native land betray an accent less national than the Danes, for example, or the in the life of the community, the increase of the Dutch; and national accent they cannot have, because support given to it and of the desire to aid in the entire civilization of America, far more than its progress, to discover and then to encourage that of other countries, is exposed to international and reward those who are specially fitted to influences.” increase scientific knowledge, and to bring it to The excellent bibliography and the Index bear so as to promote the welfare of the com- of Artists are additional merits of these munity.” He believes this neglect of Science, exhaustive, original, and sumptuous volumes. and the questionable treatment of scientific men ANNA B. MCMAHAN. by administrative departments of the govern- ment, is due to the defective non-scientific edu- cation of the governing class in England, and to the racial dislike among all classes to the SCIENCE AND HUMANITY.* establishment and support by public funds of “ The Kingdom of Man,” by Professor E. Ray posts which can only be filled by men of special Lankester, Director of the Natural History training and ability, and not by the candidates Department of the British Museum, is not, as its of popular clamor or class privilege. The organ- title might indicate, an anthropological treatise, ization and technical character of scientific work, but rather a group of three very interesting and together with the widely prevalent and easily striking essays on scientific subjects, especially accessible forms of manufactured gaiety, are, as related to the needs and interests of humanity. in the author's opinion, the causes of the con- The first is the Romanes lecture at Oxford in siderable falling off of popular interest in mat- 1905, and is a judicious, trenchant, and forceful ters scientific, and the disappearance of the plea that the English universities abandon the formerly numerous class of amateur naturalists. compulsory study of Greek and Latin and make The closing essay, on the " Sleeping Sick- the study of Nature an integral and predom ness” which is now devastating tropical Africa inant part of every man's education. The and bids fair to become the third great plague knowledge and control of Nature,” says Pro of the race, would make a splendid tract for fessor Lankester, “is Man's destiny and his the propaganda now at work in this country to greatest need. To enable future leaders of the bring about the establishment of a Department community to comprehend this, to perceive what of Public Health coördinate with the other the knowledge and control of Nature are, and departments in the Cabinet at Washington. what are the steps by which they are gained and “ Medicine is organized in this country by its increased, is the duty of a great university. To practitioners as a fee-paid profession ; but as a neglect this is to retard the approach of well necessary and invaluable branch of the public being and happiness, and to injure humanity.” service it is neglected, misunderstood, and The second essay is an outline of the advance rendered to a large extent futile by inadequate in science made in the last quarter of a century, funds and consequent lack of capable leaders. being the presidential address at the recent The defiant desperate battle civilized man wages meeting of the British Association for the Ad with Nature must go on ; but man's suffering vancement of Science. With a bold hand, Pro- and loss in the struggle — the delay in his fessor Lankester sketches the salient features ultimate triumph — depend solely on how much of scientific discovery in the fields of chemistry or how little the great civilized communities (especially with reference to new elements and of the world seek for increased knowledge of radio-activity), in physics, astronomy, geology, Nature as the basis of their practical adminis- tration and government.” If this be true in • THE KINGDOM OF MAN. By E. Ray Lankester. Illustrated. the British Isles, what must be said of our own New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1907.] 15 THE DIAL a country, with our more intimate relations to of economic development, such as the sale of the the tropics and to the Orient, and our perplex-public lands, and the banking experiments of the ing problems of hygiene and sanitation which western commonwealths; and the social conditions, attend a heterogenous and mobile population ? both in the nearer and the farther West. Through- CHARLES ATWOOD KOFOID. out the book, also, the author keeps clearly before the reader the relation of the great party leaders to each other, and the personal rivalry that grew out of the era of good feeling.” The account of the A HALF-CENTURY OF NATIONAL elections of 1820 and 1824 is eminently clear, as is GROWTH.* also the discussion of single topics, such as the Two and years Monroe Doctrine and the Missouri Compromise. half have now passed since the publication of the first volume of the notable histor- The transition from this volume to that of Pro- ical series entitled “The American Nation,” and fessor MacDonald on “Jacksonian Democracy” a year has gone by since the appearance of those involves some repetition, for in Professor Turner's volumes which were last reviewed in THE DIAL. book Jackson appears as having been long in politics, In this interval, eight instalments have been added, while the new volume goes back to his earlier career: which cover roughly a half-century of our national even Jefferson's notice of Jackson “choking with history - from 1819 to 1865. rage” appears again. But soon the narrative reaches In “ The Rise of American Nationality,” by Jackson's election to the Presidency, from which President Babcock, previously reviewed in The point his administration serves to bind together the DIAL, the history of the United States had been various movements of the next eight years. The brought down to the new problems that presented personal politics which distinguished Jackson's con- themselves at the close of the second war with trol of affairs, the use of the patronage, the fights England. It is with the fuller discussion of these over internal improvements, public lands, the tariff, new problems that Professor Turner begins his nullification, and particularly the Bank of the “ Rise of the New West,” which forms the four- United States, - these, with Jackson's diplomatic teenth volume of the series. The first chapters success, form, of course, the chief subjects of the book. treat of the sections, the Eastern, Middle, and There is also a very interesting though crowded Southern States, as yet marked off by economic chapter on the life of the States in Jackson's time, lines rather than by conscious political differences. as apart from that of the Federal Government. One finds a fresh and penetrating analysis of the In any work on Jackson's period, the most inter- religious influences which were re-shaping New esting if not the most essential part is sure to be the England thought. After this the author reviews author's estimate of Jackson himself, of his motives, the material conditions of the central coast states, his personal judgments, — in short, of his place in which were the most democratic of all the seaboard history. The volume before us is fortunately free states, but were already under the leadership of from the prejudice that mars so able a book as professional politicians like Van Buren. He then Sumner's Life of Jackson. Of Jackson, Professor takes the old South, with the economic decline MacDonald tells us that “in a coarse and corrupt up of the tidewater section, and with the losses sus- society, a society whose moral standards were lax tained through the migration of the enterprising to beyond anything that would be tolerated now, the West or to Georgia. He marks the analogy Jackson retained a singular purity of life, thought, between the economic sectionalism developed within and speech.” The charge that his state papers were the individual states and that which later helped to written for him, Professor MacDonald questions, isolate the South from the rest of the Union; and after comparing the rough drafts with the finished stops to comment upon the political ability with letters and speeches. On the other hand, “his which the statesmsn of the South developed the quarrels, which attained political significance, par- defense of their interests. ticularly the Eaton and Calhoun affairs, were such All this is but preliminary, however, to the central as only a mind at once narrow, vindictive and theme of the volume, which is the development of intense could have prosecuted.” His second admin- the West - the land of the frontier. Here Professor istration "shows deterioration in personal ways," Turner unfolds at greater length the results of the and “he not seldom posed before the public for research of many years, foreshadowed in the same mere popular effect.” Yet he “retained to the last, writer's brilliant essays, describing the lines of in the main, his extraordinary hold on the popular mind.” emigration and colonization; the distinctive phases Of unclear thinking, yet with “the intui- tion of woman rather than the reason of man,” he • THE AMERICAN NATION. Edited by Albert Bushnell Hart. Vol. XIV., The Rise of the New West, by Frederick J. Turner; nevertheless “had hold of the right end of the mat- Vol. XV., Jeffersonian Democracy, by William MacDonald; ter in every one of the great issues of his adminis- Vol. XVI., Slavery and Abolition, by Albert Bushnell Hart; tration.” Finally, in this volume our attention is Vol. XVII., Westward Extension, by George Pierce Garrison; Vol. XVIII., Parties and Slavery, 1850-1859, by Theodore Clarke again called to the emergence of the West as a dis- Smith ; Vol. XIX., Causes of the Civil War, 1859-1861, by Admiral tinct and influential factor in national politics, and French Ensor Chadwick; Vol. XX., The Appeal to Arms, by James Kendall Hosmer; Vol. XXI., The Outcome of the Civil to Jackson as the embodiment of Western ideals. War, by James Kendall Hosmer. New York: Harper & Brothers. The next volume holds a unique place in the 16 [July 1, THE DIAL race. series, in that the course of the general narrative is To Benjamin Lundy, Professor Hart ascribes for the first time interrupted to devote almost an the credit of being the first abolitionist journalist. entire volume to a special topic, Slavery and Abolition. This may be practically true; but Elihu Embree's The editor of the series has, moreover, reserved this establishment, in 1820, at Jonesborough, Tennessee, topic for his own handling, - a fact which, in view of “The Emancipator,” should be noticed, even of Professor Hart's well-known interest in and though Embree's work was short-lived. This omis- investigation of this subject, is significant of the sion is of slight importance, however, in view of the importance which he attributes to this instalment. discriminating history of the anti-slavery and aboli- The first three chapters present a general sketch tion movements, in their various ramifications, which of the social, intellectual, and economic conditions follows. The author shows how Garrison upheld of the United States about 1830, and include an the extreme view, urging the eradication not only account of the earlier phases of railroad-building. of slavery but of all the laws, discriminations, social The six chapters which follow deal with slavery,– customs, and practices, which bore against the negro the system, the Southern whites, the free negroes, the The refusal of the abolitionists to enter the plantation life, the control, and the sale of slaves. territory of their opponents, as the Quakers entered In the next seven chapters we find the arguments Massachusetts, and their preference for agitation at for and against slavery, — first the Southern defense, long range, is offset by the refusal of the South to then the various forms of anti-slavery doctrine. From tolerate discussion within its borders, - a limitation this the author proceeds to the question of slave of speech which Professor Hart holds up as one of revolts, fugitive slaves, the Underground Railway, the weakest points in the logical armor of the South, and the relation of the movement to the interest of however great its practical necessity may have been the slaveholder. With the seventeenth chapter the considered. treatment passes to a legal phase. After chapters On the economic injury of slavery to the owners, on anti-slavery in the States and in Congress, we and to the South as a whole, everyone is to-day reach the problems of the interstate and international agreed. On the benefit or injury of it to the negro relations of slavery. There is a single chapter upon himself, there are still different opinions. There is the politics and finance of Van Buren's administra of course no question in Professor Hart's mind, and tion, and the book closes with a discussion of the he repeatedly places the slave defense in logical results of abolition. difficulty with the assertion that as a race the negro What may some day be the most valuable infor could not be at the same time" a brute and a happy mation concerning slavery now lies hid in planta- serf, a criminal and a family friend." There lies tion records, local tax-books, and journals of minor here a possible fallacia accidentis ; and, years after- courts. Apart from this inaccessible material, the ward, the sad paradox comes sometimes so near to sources upon which Professor Hart has drawn are being the truth as to grieve and worry those who numerous and varied. Perhaps the greatest weight is have at heart the welfare of the freedman. Regard- laid upon the accounts of travellers (with Olmsted ing the negro's economic incapacity and the differ- facile princeps) of which, in the bibliographical ence in wealth between North and South, Professor appendix, an extensive and valuable list is given. | Hart is constrained to admit that “the experience While the cumulative effect of such testimony is of the last forty years has shown that slavery was very great, it must be conceded that careful weigh not a complete explanation. The negro could not ing is necessary, especially when outsiders describe be made as efficient as the intelligent, well rewarded the domestic concerns of another people. Tocque- and productive labor of the North, simply by set- ville, for example, is quoted for his opinion on the ting him free. The South,” he rightly adds, * was incompatibility of slavery with democracy. There is equally mistaken in insisting that slavery was the considerable testimony, however, to the existence of only thing that made the negro efficient : it was such a democracy, and another dictum of Tocque- clinging to a cast-iron and rigid system which ville, that the Union “is an accident that will last only America had outgrown.” so long as circumstances favor it,” would perhaps be With respect to accumulating new facts and discounted to some degree by Professor Hart. presenting judgments based on fresh investigation, Another group of sources comprises the pamphlet no volume of the series surpasses the “ Westward literature that continually increased in bulk, the Extension” of Professor Garrison, who for many bitter attacks and the multiform defenses that were years has been identified with the work of the put forth. A third body consists of the slave codes collection, publication, and study of the Spanish and of the various States. Professor Hart has studied other archives of Texas. The author's style, how- with care the history of the Virginia Convention of ever, lacks the fascination that has marked the 1829–30, and has noted the erroneous impression writing of some of the volumes; and it seems to that a bill to abolish slavery failed by a single vote. us that the political side has been developed to the It would have been interesting to add to this an exclusion of social and economic life. The theme account of the debates in other States, about the of the book is Expansion, which links it in a way same time, wherein is revealed the seriousness with to that of Professor Turner; while the importance which the positions of the slaves and of the free of the slavery controversy during the decade 1840- blacks were then considered. 1850, which this volume covers, puts it in natural 1907.] 17 THE DIAL 66 - succession to that of Professor Hart. In his second The central feature of the work is the Kansas- chapter, Professor Garrison describes the field for Nebraska affair. Professor Smith has made a expansion, which consisted of Oregon, California, careful study of Douglas and the evolution of the and Texas. In later chapters, the author tells us doctrine of popular sovereignty. The results of of the adjustment of the Oregon and Maine con this doctrine, the organized immigration from New troversies, and of the negotiations for an Isthmian England, the Missourian retort of fraud and intim- canal. There are two or three chapters on generalidation, the illegal voting and the extreme pro- politics. Beyond this, the work is wholly devoted slavery action of the Shawnee Mission legislature, to Texas and to the Mexican War. In the opinion were utterly beyond the imagination of the senators of Professor Garrison, the documentary evidence and representatives who voted for the bill in 1854. entirely disproves the idea that the colonists of The surprise of the Eastern Anti-Nebraska men at Texas went thither to establish slavery in that the action of the Free State men in Kansas, the country, or that the Texas revolution was brought political situation thus created, and the imminent about primarily by influences working from the danger of war, explain the necessity which arose United States. He presents, also, a strong defence for some sort of Federal action. The outcome of of President Tyler in the latter's quarrel with the the policy which Buchanan adopted and his mistake Whigs, rejecting the theory that Tyler was moved in risking all on the effort to force in Kansas as either by flattery or by personal pique, and holding open to slavery, and the consideration of Douglas's that he was actuated in the main by courage and victory in Illinois, lead to the final verdict upon consistency, and that he acted as a “ brave and Buchanan, that no president has a record of determined believer in State rights.” more hopeless ill-success.” A third divergence from older views is found in The book closes with what is really a psycho- the chapter on the rupture with Mexico, where logical study of the “Northern ferment” and Polk's conclusion that the boundary of Texas “Southern sectionalism ” of the time, titles which extended southward to the Rio Grande is shown to partisans of that day might have reversed. Before have rested not only on the doubtful Texan statute these concluding chapters, Professor Smith has of 1836, but also on the treaty which Santa Anna found space for an excellent discussion of the wider had concluded while a prisoner in the hands of the social and economic phenomena of the era, - the Texans. Consequently, Polk himself considered the railroad building of the fifties, the enormous land- advance of Taylor to the Rio Grande, not as an grants of Congress and the lavish stimulation of invasion, but as a reannexation. When we add to the states, the expansion of agriculture and manu- these points Professor Garrison's extended rehabil- factures, of ship-building, mining, banking, and itation of the Slidell mission to Mexico, his argu- foreign trade, foreign trade, – together with a brief discussion ment that her rejection of Slidell put Mexico in the of foreign affairs and finance. Separate chapters wrong, his suggestion that the Wilmot Proviso was treat of the panic of 1857 and of the Dred Scott simply s a manœuvre for political advantage in a decision. family quarrel among the Democrats,” and his In passing from Professor Smith's book to the contention that the Compromise of 1850, though it next in the series, one naturally expects a direct did not prevent war, is nevertheless redeemed in continuation of the narrative; but Admiral Chad- history by the opportunity it afforded for the trans wick's volume, with the modest title “ Causes of the continental expansion of the American States, Civil War," spends the first four chapters in a when we consider all these propositions, backed by review of the preceding ground, a discussion of the weight of long research, it will be agreed that “Southern nationalization, a description of the this volume is one of the most original in the series. slave holding South, an apology for Douglas, and a The aftermath of the famous Compromise is long indictment of Calhoun. In view of the various revealed by Professor Smith, in the volume on prefaces and summaries of both the authors and the “Parties and Slavery.” It begins with a discus- It begins with a discus- editor, so liberally distributed through the former sion of the finality of this measure, so devotedly volumes, this seems rather supererogatory, and the urged by the old Union-loving leaders North and account is hardly so impartial as the general tone South, and so unreal in the outcome. There follows of the series would demand. The fifth chapter tells a very clear analysis of the parties and party leader the story of the raid of John Brown, with full reali- ship of the fifties, contrasting “ Clay, Webster, zation of Brown's enthusiasm, and with condemna- Adams, and above all others, Calhoun, who had no tion both for the misdirection of this enthusiasm love for office-broking,” and the rising generation and for the guilt of the men of saner mind who of party leaders, of whom Davis, Toombs, Seward, lent their aid to the plan. With regard to the elec- Chase, Lincoln, and Douglas "alike considered the tion of 1860, the author stresses the large Southern filling of offices with personal and party friends as vote opposed to Breckinridge and Lane, and con- the natural course of events.” Besides the develop- siders the decision to secede as forced upon the ment of the spoils system, another feature of the people by their leaders. The next phase is an new politics of the decade was the appearance of extensive survey of Buchanan's last months, with corruption, which is connected with the influx of the futile attempts at compromise. foreign immigrants. After a careful discussion of the establishment of de 18 [July 1, THE DIAL editor's eye. the Confederate government at Montgomery, and series. The writers of all the later volumes have of the Constitution of the Confederate States, Ad had ample time for the preparation and construction miral Chadwick turns to the second attempt at com of their work, which shows almost none of the evi- promise, known as the Peace Conference, noting the dences of haste that marred some of the earlier disappointment of the country at large, and espe volumes. The typography continues to be most cially the border states, at the resolute and unyield- satisfactory, though a strange exception is found ing spirit of the leaders in Congress. The rest of where, in his own book, pater potestas escapes the the book constitutes a detailed study of the rein. As the series progresses, and the forcement of Sumter, the attitude of President periods assigned to the several volumes are made Lincoln, and the negotiations concerning the evac shorter, each author has greater opportunity for uation of the fort. The strictures of Southern sym detail, till in the last of the volumes just reviewed pathizers upon the candor of the administration are only two or three years are covered. Thus all the met with the statement that Seward, in his assurance defects and merits of the cooperative system are that the fort would be evacuated, acted without the exaggerated; on the one hand, each period is han- knowledge or consent of President Lincoln. The dled by one supposed to be an expert; on the other, last chapter tells of the bombardment. there are many repetitions that would be avoided in From the weary tale of preliminaries it is a relief the work of a single hand, and that seemingly defy to turn to the narrative of action. In the two vol the linking process undertaken by the editor. It is umes entitled “The Appeal to Arms” and “The indeed questionable whether the series as a whole Outcome of the Civil War," which Dr. Hosmer con is not too large for the general reader, to whose tributes to the series, we have a model of what interests it is professedly devoted. The eight vol- historical writing ought to be. Of the technical umes of which we have endeavored to give this accuracy of military history, it is rash for a layman outline contain over twenty-four hundred pages of to judge ; but those who, on particular points, may reading matter, excluding prefaces, bibliographical differ from Dr. Hosmer must admit that his opinions matter, indexes, tables of contents, and maps. are expressed not only with caution but with the ST. GEORGE L. SIOUSSAT. utmost freedom from bias. While the greater part of these volumes deals with fighting, Dr. Hosmer has studied with care the material bases necessary to support the war. The service of the Engineer BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. corps, the development of the Sanitary Commission, and Stanton's energetic control of details, receive What Mr. John L. Given, lately of Journalism due appreciation; while finance and general politics as depicted by the New York “Evening Sun," does are not neglected. Dr. Hosmer writes with some a journalist. not tell about journalism in his detail of the suffering in the South. In one point “ Making a Newspaper” (Holt) can hardly be his opinion seems to us at fault: in describing the worth the telling ; or at least the reader of his full Southern indignation at Butler's New Orleans order and interesting and seemingly trustworthy account concerning the treatment of women, he says that of all branches of his profession may well be left “the usual treatment of such persons was confine with that impression. In eighteen chapters, each ment in the calaboose or lockup, and neither Butler packed with practical details, the story of the great nor his soldiers had any other intention.” It was American newspaper, as it now exists, is graphically hardly the actual punishment that was resented. told. Noteworthy and unexpected is this experi- Another topic perhaps insufficiently handled is the enced journalist's admission, in his chapter on influence of immigration in swelling the numbers of “ Preparing for Journalism," that "the elements of the Northern armies. newspaper work might be taught [in a school] as But as we suggested of the Jacksonian era, so successfully as are the elements of law, medicine, in the case of the Civil War, we are perhaps most or anything else," although as yet, he declares, interested in estimates of disputed matters, – such, “ there is in existence no well-equipped school for example, as the failure of McClellan, Lee's rela which teaches journalism.” Mr. Given's tendency tion to Longstreet and to Stonewall Jackson, or to regard “yellow” journalism rather as a huge the question of the burning of Columbia. On these joke than as anything more serious or deplorable, moot points, and on such others as the prison con and as even not without its merits, is open to criti- troversy, Professor Hosmer gives both sides, and cism. While the editors of these sensational sheets presents his own opinion with dignity. Finally, in do not, as he admits, " like everything about yellow does the author's ability to rise to the tragic journalism, . . . their contention is that they go to power of his great subject appear more brilliantly extremes to attract readers, but that in doing this manifest than in the characterizations which he has they gain wide followings, and are thus enabled to given us of the leaders of the War, of Grant, of right wrongs, protect the weak, and strive with effect Chase, and of a score of others,—-- above all, of the two for the public good. That the yellow journals really heroic figures, Abraham Lincoln and Robert E. Lee. do some of these things cannot be denied.” But The publication of these volumes in the order of that nevertheless their influence is on the whole bad, their chronology conduces to the advantage of the many thoughtful observers must still believe. no way 1907.] 19 THE DIAL manners to the disputed origin of the term "yellow journal requires an unusual talent, especially if we add to ism," Mr. Given's explanation (the common one) the requirements that of maintaining an appeal to is that this type of newspaper “ got its name in 1897 the interested and capable student or reader. Pro- when the leading exponent of the school was exploit fessor Mitchell's manual of five hundred pages suc- ing with much ostentation a series of colored ceeds in all these respects. It is, however, frankly pictures in which the foremost character wore a technical : it is a book to be studied, not to be read. yellow dress.” As a matter of fact, the Yellow Kid It has the discursive form of lectures, yet, after all, was cutting his capers as early as 1896 ; but this of written lectures that reflect the slow and careful may not conflict with the foregoing statement. growth of his phrasing and presentation, and assume a like attentive and painstaking attitude on the part Mr. Philander Deming, one of the Memories of a of the student in the class-room or the study. The law stenographer pioneers of court stenography in this problem is the large and general one of the source, and story-writer. country, and also the author of some nature, and warrant of the intellectual aspects of good short stories of American ante-bellum life and stories that have appeared in the pages life; of the kingdom of knowledge, yet not of in the pages knowledge alone, but of experience, suffused with of “ The Atlantic now gathers up some loose emotion, interwoven with values, guided by ideals. threads of autobiography and romance in a small It is, in brief, the very heart of the psychological volume entitled “The Story of a Pathfinder" territory which is here described and interpreted by (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.), the six chapters or a master naturalist of the mental domain. A vol- sections of which are chiefly reprints from the above-named and other periodicals. ume of this type does not lend itself readily to Opening with an account of his rise to the dignity and emoluments synopsis or comment, except to the circle of those of a court stenographer, Mr. Deming goes on to specifically minded to follow the pursuit. To such relate how he wrote his first successful story, then the work is enthusiastically recommended as a notable addition to the modern literature of psychology. gives a few tastes of his quality as a narrator of fiction, and concludes with another bit of autobio- Of guide-books to historic Concord graphic reminiscence. His style, easy and conver- Concord writers there is no lack; but few are so on Concord town. sational, is attractive; and the plots of his tales, attractive to the tourist of a literary- which have the touch of real life, are ingenious historical turn of mind as Miss Josephine Latham without being involved, and all end with a finely- Swayne's substantial, well-illustrated, clearly-printed, conceived and unexpected stroke that pleasingly caps buckram-bound volume, “The Story of Concord told the already well-developed climax. His account of by Concord Writers ” (W. B. Clarke Co.). With how he sent forth that first manuscript that stayed industry, ingenuity, and wise choice, the compiler where it was sent will strike a responsive chord in has made historic Concord tell its own story, as many a breast. Even more subtly soul-stirring is one might say, with very little editorial interference. his attempt to describe, from his own experience, The authors quoted include, of course, Emerson the consecration and the poet's dream. “The gentle and Thoreau and Mr. Frank B. Sanborn, and many breeze," he says, writing of himself in the third lesser lights, sometimes rather remotely associated person, “ the soft susurrus of the flowing stream, with Concord, but sure of a hearing in their help- and the shining of the sun, became to him very ful contributions to the book. Forty-nine excellent beautiful, and he was suddenly conscious of a happi- views (specially taken) and portraits illustrate the ness beyond these, and of which he could not speak text, and two maps aid one in finding the way and which he did not in the least know about or about. Among the less familiar views is one of understand. It was nothing ; it was formless as Grapevine Cottage, with old Ephraim Wales Bull, the viewless air. And yet it made his whole life the Concord-grape man, standing in the foreground broader and brighter. . . . And as time has gone and almost embowered by vines of his planting: by, at intervals of years this visitation has come The parent vine of the Concord grape, the happy again and again, and it has been the same silent product of a wild seed dropped perhaps by a bird, joy under all kinds of outward experience and is also shown, wide-spreading on its stout trellis. circumstances." Excellent is the biographical feature of the book : Problems of In the presence of such a volume as it serves as a handy biographical dictionary of that of Professor Mitchell of the Concord worthies. The only thing to criticize aspects of life. University of Adelaide, to which he (mildly) is the editor's or printer's practice of using, gives the title “ Structure and Growth of the Mind” throughout, quotation marks only at the beginning (Macmillan), the reviewer feels keenly the unfor and end of the paragraphed excerpts, thus allowing tunate limitations that stand in the way of his pre many quoted passages to assume the appearance senting in a manner to interest the general reader of original matter. A little puzzling, too, is the book's a work at once technical, comprehensive, and dis- apparent beginning with chapter three, a brief tinctive. To set forth the psychologist's vista of the railway guide and a map counting as the first two intellectual world ; to give the impress of his interests chapters or sections. It hardly need be added that and temperament; to elucidate his problems and his this “ Story of Concord” is good for stay-at-home methods of approach, - to do all this wisely and well travel, as well as for tourist use. the intellectual 20 [July 1, THE DIAL A boon to the health-seeker in the West. The story of There is no better test of the roman early period is especially illustrated, when Ireland, King Arthur tic element in English literature than in English in spite of the Danish invaders, was still Ireland of poetry. the story of King Arthur. Wherever the Gael, not Ireland of the Gael and the Gaul. there is any interest in romance, there is pretty sure Descriptions of ancient monuments and passages to be a corresponding interest in Arthur and his from early documents are given. The thirty-five knights of the Round Table. There is no group of illustrations are sketchy and suggestive rather than stories in the middle ages that has exercised upon finished pictures. That the art of illustrating in English literature a fascination comparable to this color is still in its crude infancy, again makes itself one, none that has combined so much of the poetic evident. A glossary of native terms would have and the picturesque for the use of subsequent poets. been a convenience to the reader, as also a map with It was therefore a particularly happy idea that the places referred to marked. prompted Dr. Maynadier to present, in “The Arthur of the English Poets" (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.), Once in a while it is one's fortune to the story of Arthur from the earliest times to Ten- come across an unpretentious book or nyson, and thereby to note the fluctuations of the booklet which is thoroughly satisfy- romantic throughout our literature. Beginning with ing from cover to cover. Such an one is “Gaining the historical Arthur, of whose existence there does Health in the West” (B. W. Huebsch, New York). not seem to be much doubt, Dr. Maynadier traces The author, Mr. Geo. B. Price, nine years ago went the growth and the various developments of the to Colorado Springs in quest of relief from lung story in the middle ages. He shows how the several trouble. He has studied conditions in Colorado, elements of the legend — Merlin, Lancelot, the holy New Mexico, and Arizona, and his book is packed with information and sound advice for those who grail, and Tristram came together and were given their finest mediæval expression in a complete form contemplate migrating west for the purpose of com- in Malory's “Morte D'Arthur.” Then follows Then follows bating the white plague. Such practical topics as Spenser, the last of the mediævals and the first of where and how to live, getting employment, avoid- the moderns, after whom there is comparative silence, ing loneliness, and finding suitable comradeship, are especially during the unromantic stretches of the treated with eminent sanity and straightforwardness. classical period, till the nineteenth century, when Social and ethical questions are handled with a sure the early and the late romanticists found embodied and accurate touch. The nature of the disease is in it all the enchantment of the middle ages, the discussed in the light of the latest research, and strangeness added to beauty of which Pater speaks. good advice is given as to things that are to be It remained for Tennyson to give the story its most done as well as those to be avoided by the health- artistic expression. Dr. Maynadier's treatment of seeker. Anyone contemplating a Colorado resi- his subject is most scholarly and sympathetic, and dence, especially if in search of health, will find this nowhere is it more so than in his discussion of little volume an admirable substitute for such advice Tennyson's presentation in modern form of this old- as he might expect from an experienced, sensible, world legend. and sympathetic friend. Interest in the history, geography, “ The Shameless Diary of an Ex- The record of legends, and literature of the Emer an unsuccessful plorer” is rightly named by its ald Isle has never been stronger than mountain climb. author, Mr. Robert Dunn. He was now, and it is increasing. No true son of Erin will one of a party that strove to reach the summit of lightly put aside Mr. Stephen Gwynn's attractive Mount McKinley, crowned with everlasting snow and scholarly volume entitled “ The Fair Hills of and ice in the sub-arctic solitudes of Alaska. Day Ireland” (Macmillan), which is designed as a by day he kept a diary of the movements and adven- topographical, historical, and legendary guide for tures of the party, noting the smallest details. After the desultory rambler (or reader) imbued with a the unsuccessful attempt had ended, and those con- love for the scenic beauties and the storied antiqui- cerned in it had returned to civilization, the idea of ties of the island over which good Saint Patrick publishing the diary occurred to its author, and he extends his protection. The book, says Mr. Gwynn, determined to lay before the public an unvarnished “ has been written for the traveller rather than for tale. The author might advantageously have omitted the tourist, for Irishmen rather than for strangers ; some of the profanity and coarseness which he has but in general for all who will sympathise with the retained, but apart from this blemish the book is a project which sent two of us out on a pilgrimage of vivid account of exploring in the strange wilds of pleasure undertaken in pursuit of knowledge. Our the remote Northwest. The reader may learn much object was to represent by typical instances Ireland about the nature of the country, and will be likely as a whole; and so to a number of places and dis to imbibe the notion that he never will desire to tricts and down the country we went looking for explore that part of the world, especially if he has what would help to realise, for ourselves and for in the company of the particular men of whom others, Ireland as she is, and as she has been.” The he has read in this book. A number of half-tone “two of us ” are the author, and the artist, Mr. reproductions from photographs form an attractive Hugh Thomson. In the matter of history, the very feature of the volume. (Outing Publishing Co.) Ireland as she is and has been. up to go 1907.] 21 THE DIAL United States British board, the Journal may serve to establish a kind of intellectual alliance between Britain and America in matters of the highest religious and philosophical thought. The J. H. Furst Co., Balti publish for Dr. Henry Carrington Lancaster his Johns Hopkins dissertation on “ The French Tragi-Comedy: Its Origin and Develop- ment from 1552 to 1628,” a monograph of over two hundred pages. Mr. Charles Morris, in his “ Heroes A succession of of the Navy in America” (Lippin- naval heroes. cott) gives brief accounts of twenty- eight men who have won naval victories for America, from Jerry O'Brien, who was rather an amateur in naval affairs at the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, down to Hobson, whose exploits in the Spanish- American War gave him rather sudden and ephem- eral notoriety. One of the twenty-eight was the author's namesake; and Benedict Arnold, because of a day's gallant fighting on Lake Champlain, on the 11th of October, 1776, claims a place among our naval heroes. Most of these so-called heroes were privateers in the days before we had a navy, Of the later period, the Civil War contributes three to the list, and the war with Spain two. Altogether, the twenty-eight biographies fail to show anything of the development of the history of the United States as a naval power. No mention is made of naval officers whose heroism has been devoted to the cause of science, although the exploits of Commodore Perry in opening Japan to the world receive their merited notice. “A Beginner's Book in Latin,” by Dr. David Saville Muzzey, is a publication of Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co. Its special aim is to prepare the youthful student for the reading of Cæsar, and everything else is subordinated to this purpose. Miss Lisi Cipriani, the daughter of an Italian patri- cian family, and who was until recently connected with the faculty of Chicago University, has written the story of her childhood, which will be published next fall under the title of “ A Tuscan Childhood." Mrs. John Richard Green's “ Town Life in the Fifteenth Century” is reissued in a new edition (two volumes in one) by the Macmillan Co. The same pub- lishers also reissue (likewise two volumes in one) “The Life of Napoleon I.,” by Mr. John Holland Rose. Mrs. W. E. H. Lecky would feel very much obliged if those who possess any letters from the late Mr. Lecky, which might be of use in a memoir, would kindly forward them to her, addressed to 38 Onslaw Gardens, London, S.W. They will be returned in due NOTES. course. 66 Another of Mr. Clyde Fitch's plays, “ The Truth,” is now published in book form by the Macmillan Co. Messrs. Duffield & Co. have just reprinted, in two neat volumes, the “ Pharais” and “ The Sin Eater” of the late “ Fiona Macleod." The letters of the late Dean Hole will be published early next fall by the Macmillan Co. A number of portraits and facsimiles will illustrate the volume. A new novel entitled « Temptation,” by Mr. Richard Bagot, author of " Donna Diana," “ The Casting of Nets," and other stories, will be published soon by the Macmillan Co. One result of Miss Anne Douglas Sedgwick's recent visit to America, the land of her birth, is a novel of American life, “A Fountain Sealed," which the Cen- tury Co. is to publish in the fall. Strange Stories of 1812 ” and “Strange Stories of the Civil War” are two new volumes in “ Harper's Young People Series." The authorship is varied, and each volume contains about a dozen stories. “ The Book of Vegetables and Garden Herbs,” by Mr. Allen French, is a practical handbook and planting table for the vegetable gardener. The work, with many illustrations, is published by the Macmillan Co. Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co. publish an “ Art Primer” on “ Salt Glazed Stoneware" for the Pennsyl- vania Museum and School of Industrial Art. The book is written by Dr. Edwin Atlee Barber, Curator of the Museum. Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. publish “ A Guide to the Paintings in the Florentine Galleries,” by Miss Maud Cruttwell. The book takes the form of a critical cata- logue, with quotations from Vasari and many miniature illustrations. An American editorial board of the “ Hibbert Journal,” consisting of twelve well-known scholars, has just been constituted and will enter upon its duties at once. It is hoped that by the coöperation of this board with the “ The Trail to the Woods," by Mr. Clarence Hawkes, is published as an “ Eclectic Reading” by the American Book Co. We tremble to think of its fate should it come to the eye of a certain exalted Personage who guns for grizzlies and for “nature-fakers” with equal delight. “A Text-Book of General Zoology,” by Professor Glenn W. Herrick, is a high-school manual based upon the study of typical forms. It is published by the American Book Co. Another publication of this house is a “School Grammar," by Superintendent William H. Maxwell. Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons publish a new edition (the fourth, revised) of the “Outlines of Roman His- tory,” by Professor H. F. Pelham. The basis of this work is the 66 Encyclopædia Britannica article on “ Roman History,” but there are, of course, many addi- tions and alterations. St. John's of Cambridge and Magdalen of Oxford are the subjects of two new volumes in “ The College Monographs" series, published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. Their respective authors are Mr. Robert For- syth Scott and Vice-Chancellor T. Herbert Warren. Both books are prettily illustrated. By special arrangement with the English publishers, the H. M. Caldwell Co. have secured the publication rights for the United States and Canada of the “Great Galleries of Europe ” series. Each volume will contain sixty or more half-tone reproductions of the chief works contained in the Gallery with which it deals, with intro- duction and explanatory notes. The Viking Club of London has undertaken the pub- lication of a quarterly entitled “Orkney and Shetland Old-Lore,” of which the first two issues for the current year have been received. The contents present an in- teresting miscellany of archæological and legendary material, curious folk-lore, and reproductions of ancient documents. Mr. Thomas Street, London, is the publisher. 22 [July 1, THE DIAL HISTORY. The Cambridge Modern History. Planned by the late Lord Acton; edited by A. W. Ward, G. W. Prothero, and Stanley Leathes. Vol. X., The Restoration; 4to, gilt top, pp. 936. Macmillan Co. 84. net. A History of the United States and Its People, from their Earliest Records to the Present Time. By Elroy McKendree Avery. Vol. III., illus. in color, etc., largo 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 446. Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers Co. $6.25 net. The Political History of England, Edited by William Hunt and Reginald L. Poole. Vol. VII., From the Accession of James I. to the Restoration (1603-1660), by F.C. Montague; with maps, large 8vo, pp. 514. Longmans, Green, and Co. $2.60 net. Town Life in the Fifteenth Century. By Mrs. J. R. Green. New edition, two vols. in one; large 8vo, pp. 476. Macmillan Co. $4. net. Outlines of Roman History. By H. F. Pelham, M.A. Fourth edition; 12mo, pp. 627. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Napoleon : The Return from Saint Helena. By William Henry P. Phyfe. Illus. in photogravure. 18mo, gilt top, pp. 97. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1. net. “ Phrases and Names: Their Origins and Mean- ings" is a title that explains itself. As far as it goes, the work is an excellent one, but it does not go nearly far enough, and the one who consults it will be rather more likely than not to fail to find the particular name or phrase which has excited his curiosity. Mr. Trench H. Johnson is the author, and the publishers are the J. B. Lippincott Co. The Concordance Society announce that the necessary membership of one hundred has been secured, and that the organization is ready for active work. Further membership subscriptions (at five dollars each) are still greatly desired, and may be made through the repre- sentative member of almost any college or university. Professor A. H. Tolman is the representative for the University of Chicago. « Old Fashioned Folk,” by Mr. F. Hopkinson Smith, is a small volume, privately printed, which gives us an address made last February before the Harvard Union. It is a plea for the wholesome simple life of an earlier period of our history, and is made with something more than the usual charm of style that we expect from its anthor. Copies may be had from Mr. R. E. Lee, 212 Summer St., Boston. Professors Robert I. Fulton, Thomas C. Trueblood, and Edwin P. Trueblood are the joint compilers of a volume of “Standard Selections " for aspiring elocu- tionists and orators. The selections are classified, and include many comparative novelties, such, for example, as Mr. Bryan's “Cross of Gold” outburst, and Mr. Roosevelt's reflections on « The Man with the Muck- Rake.” The book is published by Messrs. Ginn & Co. A second edition of Mr. R. C. Punnett's little book on “Mendelism” comes to us from the Macmillan Co. For the benefit of the layman, we may explain that Mendelism is a theory of heredity propounded half a century ago by an Austrian biologist, a theory long ignored, but of recent years attracting considerable attention, and now made the starting-point of much fresh research along the lines marked out by this pioneer. Dr. David Starr Jordan's occasional addresses are always interesting, besides being stimulating to all serious strivers after the good life. His “ College and the Man” has been spoken many times before audiences of boys and girls, and is now published in a pretty volume by the American Unitarian Association, Boston. “ The Philosophy of Hope” is another tastefully printed book by Dr. Jordan, reproducing the address formerly called (rather misleadingly) The Gospel of Despair. It is a publication of Messrs. Paul Elder & Co. ESSAYS AND GENERAL LITERATURE. England and the English : An Interpretation. By Ford Madox Hueffer. Illus., 8vo, pp. 354. McClure, Phillips & Co. $2. net. Essays, Historical and Critical. By John Fiske. New edition, two vols. in one; with photogravure portrait, large Svo, gilt top, pp. 316. Macmillan Co. $3. net. Literature of Libraries in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Edited by John Cotton Dana and Henry W. Kent. Concluding vols.: A Brief Outline of the History of Libraries, by Justus Lipsius; News from France, or, A Description of Cardinal Mazarini's Library, by Gabriel Naudé. Limited edition; each 18mo, gilt top. A. C. McClurg & Co. Per set, $12. net. The French Tragi-Comedy: Its Origin and Development from 1552 to 1628. By Henry Carrington Lancaster. Large 8vo, pp. 189. Paper. Baltimore: J. H. Furst Co. POETRY AND THE DRAMA. Sappho and the Phaon: A Tragedy. By Percy Mackaye. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 225. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net. A Question of Honor: A Tragedy of the Present Day. By Max Nordau; trans. from the German by Mary J. Safford. 12mo, pp. 170. John W. Luce & Co. $1. net. The Mid Earth Life. By Hartley Burr Alexander. 12mo, pp. 161. Springfield, Mass.: H. R. Huntting Co. $1.25. The Truth: A Play in Four Acts. By Clyde Fitch, 18mo, gilt top, pp. 237. Macmillan Co. 75 cts. net. The Iliad of Homer, to which is Added an Appendix Contain- ing Poems Selected from Twenty-six Languages. Trans. by Edgar Alfred Tibbetts. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 557. Richard G. Badger. FICTION. The Sinner. By Antonio Fogazzaro; trans. from the Italian by M. Prichard-Agnetti. 12mo, pp. 420. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50. The Princess Virginia By C. N. and A. M. Williamson. Illus. in color, 12mo, pp. 302. McClure, Phillips & Co. $1.50. Beatrix of Clare. By John Reed Scott. Jllus. in color, 12mo, pp. 365. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.50. Needles and Pins. By Justin Huntly McCarthy. 12mo, pp. 371. Harper & Brothers. $1.50. The Shadow of a Great Rock. By William R. Lighton. With frontispiece in color, 12mo, pp. 276. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50. The Militants : Stories of Some Parsons, Soldiers, and other Fighters in the World. By Mary Raymond Shipman An- drews. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 377. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50. The old Country. By Henry Newbolt. New edition ; 12mo, pp. 365. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50. By Right Divine. By William Sage. With frontispiece in color, 12mo, pp. 370. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.50. The Artistic Temperament. By Jane Wardle. 12mo, pp. 355. McClure, Phillips & Co. $1.50. A Woman's War. By Warwick Deeping. 12mo, pp. 354. Harper & Brothers. $1.50. Bud. By Neil Munro. With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 315. Har- per & Brothers. $1.50. LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 100 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY. The Life of Charles A. Dana. By James Harrison Wilson. With portrait, 8vo, gilt top, pp. 544. Harper & Bros. $3. net. Captain James Cook, R.N., F.R.S., “The Circumnavigator." By Arthur Kitson. Illus. in photogravure, etc., 8vo, gilt top, pp. 525. E. P. Dutton & Co. $4.50 net. The High and Puissant Princess Marguerite of Austria: Princess Dowager of Spain, Duchess Dowager of Savoy, Regent of the Netherlands. By Christopher Hare. Illus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp.350. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net. The Life of Napoleon I., including New Materials from the British Official Records. By John Holland Rose, M.A. New edition, two vols. in one ; 8vo, gilt top, pp. 1014. Macmillan Co. $3. net. 1907.] 23 THE DIAL The New Basis of Civilization. By Simon N. Patten, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 220. American Social Progress Series." Mac- millan Co. $1. net. Russia and Reform. By Bernard Pares. 8vo, gilt top, pp. 576. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3. net. The Causes of the Panic of 1893. By W. Jett Lauck. 12mo, pp. 192. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1. net. Industrial Education : A System of Training for Men Enter- ing upon Trade and Commerce. By Harlow Stafford Person, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 86. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1. net. Brown of Harvard. By Rida Johnson Young and Gilbert P. Coleman. Illus., 12mo, pp. 319. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50. Susan. By Ernest Oldmeadow. With frontispiece in color, 12mo, pp. 322. John W. Luce & Co. $1.50. The Princess and the Ploughman. By Florence Morse Kingsley. 12mo, pp. 261. Harper & Brothers. $1.50. Champion. By John Colin Dane. Illus., 12mo, pp. 310. G.W. Dillingham Co. $1.50. The Fortuna Fülly. By Howell Scratton. 12mo, pp. 318. John W. 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ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER BY THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. PAGE . THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 18t and 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in advance, TITLES IN TRANSLATION. postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 60 cents a The fabled Frenchman who hit upon “La year for extra postage must be added. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE Dernière Chemise de l'Amour" as a translation DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions of “Love's Last Shift," has afforded the light- will begin with the current number. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of subscription is received, it is hearted much amusement. By way of turning assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communi. the tables, the whimsical author of " Alice-for- cations should be addressed to Short” suggests “ Misery Nosegay as a suit- THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. able version of “Bouc-emissaire," thereby making what is probably the worst international pun on record. But jesting aside, the problem No. 506. JULY 16, 1907. Vol. XLIII. of translating a foreign title is often a serious one ; for between book and title there is always CONTENTS. in the author's mind something of a subtle TITLES IN TRANSLATION 27 harmony that is likely to be rudely jarred by the hand of the foreigner. What shall be CASUAL COMMENT 29 A Yankee at the court of King Edward. - A done, for example, with such titles as “ Les twice-told autobiography. - A fitting Longfellow Misérables, - Piccolo Mondo Antico," and memorial. — Expecting the impossible school- “Det Flager i Byen og paa Havnen"? Well, children. - Introducing Shakespeare into England. - A sky-scraping monument to the Pilgrim Fa- we know what has been done. The first is thers. — A multifariously useful public library. reproduced in the original form as clearly The Harvard class poem. — The knight of the untranslatable; the second is frankly aban- comic libretto. — Literary achievement after forty. - The house where the “Bad Boy” lived. - A doned with substitution of The Patriot," and curiosity-compelling book. — Encouraging to the the third is clumsily given as “ Flags Are lovers of free-thought. — A professional pointer to penmen. — An anthology of minor poetry. Flying in City and Harbor,” which misses the idiomatic force of “det flager,” just as “ the COMMUNICATION 31 Fiction Reading in New York. Arthur E. Bostwick. rain is falling "would miss the terse brevity of - it rains.” A GREAT INDEPENDENT EDITOR. Percy F. Bicknell. 32 Happy is the translator who has only a proper name to deal with, for this he can reproduce THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH VERSE. Edward Payson Morton 33 with an easy conscience, although not without ONE OF THE OLDEST OF HANDICRAFTS. qualms as to the fashion in which his readers Frederick W. Gookin 36 will pronounce it. We remember Balzac's THE MISTRESS OF THE ADRIATIC. Laurence frantic search for the proper name he needed M. Larson 38 as a title for one of his stories, and his rap- THE POET OF DISILLUSIONMENT. Annie turous delight when he at last discovered it - Russell Marble 39 Z. Marcas over a shop-window. But even as BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 41 felicitous a name as that can hardly be expected The struggle in Kentucky in the Civil War. to have for the English reader much of the Curious bits of library lore. — The romance of significance that it had for its French discoverer. discovery and adventure. — Interpretations of modern Italy. - The scholar in politics once more. “ Jörn Uhl” is exactly the name for Pastor - A typical old hill-town in New England. Frenssen's marvellous novel, but for the reader Plant breeding and the origin of species. — Life- records of a noble woman. -- - A famous French- of the English translation almost any other woman and her friends. — Letters on the art of German-sounding name would do equally well. painting. The namesake of America. Sir And we doubt not that for a Russian, Anna Walter and his Edinburgh. Karénina, for a Spaniard, Maximina, and for a BRIEFER MENTION 45 Dane, Niels Lyhne, are respectively names that NOTES 45 have esoteric associations not revealed to us, LIST OF NEW BOOKS 46 | just as we sure that no Frenchman or . . . are 28 [July 16, THE DIAL >> German can share our own keen satisfaction in wrights to invent far-fetched or enigmatic titles such names as Martin Chuzzlewit and Enoch makes the question of translation more compli- Arden. cated than it used to be. Particularly in the Sometimes the title given to an English trans case of a play the title has so large a share in lation is a wanton metamorphosis of the original; determining its fortunes with the public that at others it is simply perverse, made so through the selection of an alluring device becomes a ignorance of the exact force of certain words. matter of great consequence. Hence it is the Mary Howitt, who made the first English trans rule rather than the exception that plays of lation from Herr Björnson, balked at the name foreign origin are served up to us with new “Synnöve Solbakken,” and called the book English names. « Les Pattes de Mouche" “ Trust and Trial.” Conversely, Münch becomes “ A Scrap of Paper,” and “ Der Raub Bellinghausen's “Der Sohn des Wilderness der Sabinerinnen” becomes “ A Night Off.” is known to us only by the name of Ingomar, Novels seem to have less need than plays of its barbarian hero. These are illustrations of this sort of masquerade, perhaps because they the former case; of the latter, an example in are purchased, for the most part, on the score point is provided by Ibsen's “ Et Dukkehjem." of their authors' reputation. A species of title This title, which should be translated “ A Doll peculiarly puzzling to the translator is that Home, ,” has unfortunately become perverted which is taken from some popular proverb, or into the colorless phrase, “ The Doll's House," consists of a literary tag. Biblical titles offer and custom has so fixed this form upon the less difficulties than others of this kind, because English mind that it is now almost useless to they have familiar equivalents in most lan- protest against the mistranslation. guages, but such a title as 6. Problematische The older and more classical works of Euro Naturen” requires, for all except Goetheans, pean literature have fared tolerably well in this a note to explain it. This practice of finding matter of title-translation, mainly because their titles in familiar quotations is, however, far titles have offered no great difficulties. Dante, more common with English than with foreign Cervantes, Goethe, Schiller, Heine, Molière, writers, in consequence whereof the problem is Rousseau, Manzoni these have no cause to more theirs than ours. complain. Molière's “ Le Bourgeois Gentil Foreigners, in fact, probably have greater homme ” has made trouble, and it is, of course, troubles than we do in finding suitable names one of those titles which cannot be translated; for translated books. Sometimes they make diffi- Goethe's “ Wahlverwandtschaften” might have culties where such do not exist. Mr. Sinclair's made trouble, had not its translator hit upon “ The Jungle ” might have been published in “ Elective Affinities” as a happy equivalent. French as “ Le Fourré," but its actual appear- The idiomatic title presents a serious problem, ance was made as “ Les Empoisonneurs de and lucky indeed is the translator who finds in Chicago." The difficulty goes all the way back his own language a corresponding idiom of to Shakespeare. In the German text, we may similar brevity. Freytag's "Soll und Haben” | easily enough recognize an old acquaintance in is a typical illustration of this case, for as “ Ende Gut, Alles Gut," but we are apt to " Debit and Credit” it retains in English its puzzle, for a moment at least, over “ Der exact original meaning. “Dame Care" for Widerspänstigen Zähmung." And we take Herr Sudermann's “Frau Sorge” and “Ground special delight in picturing to ourselves the Arms!” for Frau von Suttner's “ Die Waffen foreigner racking his brain to convert into Nieder!” also offer illustrations of felicitous French or German such a title as Browning's idiom in translation. Another of Herr Suder “ Red Cotton Nightcap Country; or, Turf and mann's books, grimly entitled “ Es War,'' con Towers.” He would have to go back to fronts the translator with a delicate question. Rabelais, or Abraham à Sancta Clara, to find Does it mean, “ the past is over and done,” or anything comparably fantastic in the book- we are responsible for the past nomenclature of his own literature. To cap the and cannot escape the consequences of examples contained in this article with a final deeds"? Our recent version of the book calls word of counsel, we wish to emphasize the obliga- it “ The Undying Past,” deciding for the latter tion resting upon every translator who modifies interpretation ; but we are inclined to think the title of his original, to print that original that the former was the one the author meant also upon his title-page. No translation has to emphazise. the right to masquerade in an impenetrable The tendency of modern novelists and play- | disguise. does it mean, our 1907.] 29 THE DIAL which will be paid each year to some promising grad- CASUAL COMMENT. uate for purposes of study abroad, or at some university A YANKEE AT THE COURT OF KING EDWARD not at home, in languages and literature. Among the late a Yankee in the strictest sense, but the term will serve commencement exercises at Bowdoin was a Longfellow -- has of late been attracting the general gaze. His address by Professor Henry Leland Chapman, who appearance, too, at Oxford, in academic robe, to receive occupies the chair of English literature at that college. his doctorate, must have been a memorable spectacle. He spoke in the historic First Congregational Church, Even to the imagination of the absentee it is a rare where Longfellow delivered his “Morituri Salutamus” treat to picture Mark Twain as thus solemnly apostro- on the fiftieth anniversary of his graduation. The phized by Lord Curzon: “Vir jocundissime, lepidissime, speaker found the explanation of Longfellow's unique facetissime, qui totius orbis terrarum latera nativa tua appeal “partly in the essential nature of his art," and added that “the truest art is that which reflects the hilaritate concutis, ego, auctoritate mea et totius uni- versitatis, admitto te ad gradum doctoris in litteris simplicity of nature and lays upon the human spirit a honoris causa.” But why, it may be asked, has staid spell not unlike that which is wrought in a thousand old Oxford thus honored our great humorist? Is it for familiar ways by nature herself.” He quoted aptly his “native hilarity," or for some deeper, more humanly from Sidney's “Apologie for Poetrie," which makes appealing, more lasting quality ? Possibly the answer the poet monarch of all sciences. “ He cometh to you may be found in a few sentences, tremulous with feel- with words set in delightful proportion; and with a tale ing, that followed the funny part of his address to the forsooth he cometh to you; with a tale which holdeth Pilgrims' Club in London. After holding a number of children from play, and old men from the chimney persons and things British up to good-natured laughter, corner; and, pretending nothing more, doth intend the the humorist suddenly turned grave and touched in a winning of the mind from wickedness to virtue." Not heart-stirring manner on the ties binding him to En- in Brunswick, Maine, alone, but far beyond will satis- gland, on the sadness that had entered his life in the faction be felt at the honor filially paid to Longfellow, death of a beloved daughter in mid-ocean seven years poet of “old-fashioned poetry, but choicely good,” as ago, and on the duty he felt to be his, knowing sorrow Izaak Walton might call him, were that amiable angler as he did by personal experience, to benefit humanity now alive. with all the cheerfulness of thought and speech at his EXPECTING THE IMPOSSIBLE OF SCHOOL-CHILDREN is command. It must be for his great heart, for his sym- not good pedagogy, to say the least. The prescribing pathy with the under side --- which will be remembered of literary exercises that would set even a well-furnished as another great humorist's definition of humor — that adult head to aching is folly. New York boys and Mark Twain has been admitted to the “ grade of doctor girls, if one may believe a New York journal not given in letters.” to the printing of untruths, are required by their teachers A TWICE-TOLD AUTOBIOGRAPHY, as it appears, is that to write essays and prepare debates on such topics as of Miss Ellen Terry, which began with great promise in “ The influence of the United States on the World's the June “McClure's Magazine," was continued in the Diplomacy,” “Resolved, That any infringement upon July number, and now is abruptly discontinued. The the dual interpretation of the Constitution should be McClure editors chanced upon the disconcerting dis- regarded as a menace to the stability of democratic covery that considerable portions of what they were institutions,” “ Trade in the East during the Fifteenth publishing had already appeared, either in substance Century,” and “The Economic Development of the or verbatim, in “ The New Review” sixteen years ago, United States from the Civil War to the Present Time." under the title “ Stray Memories.” This unfortunate The public librarian is expected to smooth the path for plagiarism of oneself is charitably, and plausibly, the young feet so that the twelve-year-old essayist and charged to the amanuensis who prepared the manu the fourteen-year-old debater shall acquit themselves script for market; and as no payment has yet been creditably on the day of doom. But what can the best made for the “dead wood," as the McClure editors of librarians do except furnish such books as are least style it, there is not likely to be any unpleasantness hopelessly beyond the comprehension of the youthful over the matter, unless Miss Terry's agent, disap- mind, and then wink at the wholesale copying of the pointed of his commission on a handsome purchase little-understood contents ? It is all simply a lesson price of the autobiography, should take legal action. in plagiarism to those who are too young to know that On the whole, the discontinuance is to be regretted, plagiarism is wrong. Far wiser on the teacher's part, since the probability is that the narrative would soon and just as useful (or useless) to the pupil, would it be have worked itself free of stale matter and offered to prescribe a task in copying so and so many pages of nothing but fresh and highly interesting reminiscences Adam Smith's “Wealth of Nations” or De Tocqueville's of the popular actress. The “ New Review” chapters “ Democracy in America.” The same end would at least were short, confined to three numbers of that magazine, be honestly reached, and by a less circuitous course. and gave very little of the narrator's life after 1878. For the twenty-nine subsequent years she must have much to relate that is well worth reading, to say nothing INTRODUCING SHAKESPEARE INTO ENGLAND is what, if one may credit Mr. Arthur Symons, has recently been of the fact that even for the earlier years her discon- effectively done by Mr. Sothern and Miss Marlowe, “the tinued memoirs were more detailed than those pub- Englishman and the Englishwoman who have come to us lished in 1891. from America, in the guise of Americans.” How it is A FITTING LONGFELLOW MEMORIAL takes the form of that our cousins across the ocean “get from the acting a fellowship in literature at Bowdoin College, the poet's and management of these two actors a result which no alma mater. His three daughters, Miss Longfellow, one in England has ever been able to get,” is thus Mrs. Dana, and Mrs. Thorpe, have given ten thousand explained by Mr. Symons: “Well, in the first place ... dollars to the college as an endowment, the income from they have the odd caprice of preferring Shakespeare to 30 [July 16, THE DIAL MONUMENT TO THE themselves; the odd conviction that fidelity to Shake efficient sort of person. Lectures, exhibitions, story speare will give them the best chance of doing great hours for children, readings to the blind, “sunshine things themselves. . . . There is no actor on our stage work” for the benefit of the shut-in, personal talks to who can speak either English or verse as these two young people, the sending out of travelling libraries, Americans can. It is on this preliminary technic, this these are some of the minor functions of a library that power of using speech as one uses the notes of a musical circulates more than 250,000 volumes a year among a instrument, that all possibility of great acting depends." population of about 96,000, and maintains an increasing After praising Mr. Sothern's rendering of Hamlet's number of branches in various parts of the city. Pos- soliloquy, the friendly critic continues: “Every soliloquy sibly an outsider might indulge in criticism, not so much of Shakespeare is meant to be overheard, and just so of the library as of the board of health and the hospitals casually. To render this on the stage requires, first, an of Grand Rapids, for letting a literary institution bear understanding of what poetry is; next, a perfect capacity the burden of an Anti-Tuberculosis Exhibition and of producing by the sound and intonation of the voice course of lectures, as it generously did last year. A the exact meaning of those words and cadences. Who curious connection between literature and crime, or is there on our stage who has completely mastered those literature and the decrease of crime, comes to light in two first requirements of acting ? No one, now acting this Report. The fund annually available for new in English, except Julia Marlowe and Edward Sothern." books is mostly derived from police-court fines and He further affirms, still referring to their acting: “We county fines, of which the police-court contribution last have nothing like it in England, nothing on the same year was eleven hundred dollars less than the year level, no such honesty and capacity of art, no such before. How much of this falling off, one queries, was worthy results.” It is pleasant to note this hearty rec due to the dissemination of wholesome reading-matter ognition, but one could have wished that it had been by the library? Have we not here a novel kind of more generally shared by the London public, and that “ vicious circle”? The greater the usefulness of this Mr. Sothern and Miss Marlowe had met with greater admirable library, the more does it cripple itself for pecuniary success than appears to have attended their further usefulness, and vice versa. venture. A SKY-SCRAPING PILGRIM THE HARVARD CLASS POEM this year was of such FATHERS will have its corner-stone laid next month by merit as to attract attention. One Boston newspaper President Roosevelt at the Cape Cod town of — Ply even pronounced it the best class poem ever delivered mouth, the uninformed would naturally conclude; but at Cambridge. Its spirited call to engage high-heartedly it is not Plymouth. Provincetown, the fist at the end in the battle of life had a swing and a fervor about it- of the bent arm that defends the Massachusetts coast trite as was the theme -- that quickened the hearer's and presents hostile elbow and aggressive knuckles to pulse. “On to the walls, and over !” rang the closing the outside world, strenuously claims the honor of hav refrain, amid applause of manifest spontaneity. Perhaps ing first received on its shifting sands the imprint of it will not seem an odious comparison to Mr. Hermann a puritanic foot, at least twenty-four hours before the Hagedorn, the poet, to say that his performance famous landing at Plymouth. How upsetting is all this showed all the vigor, and something of the variety in to fondly cherished tradition! The “holy ground, the facile command of metre, although not a spark of the soil where first they trod” now ceases to be that jeal- playful humor, of that most famous in the long list of ously guarded bit of Plymouth granite on which so Harvard class poems, Lowell's youthful (not to say boy- many sight-seers have gazed with swelling bosoms. ish) assault on cant and humbug. As a spoken piece, it The “stern and rockbound coast," against which the had the distinct superiority over Lowell's poem of brevity breaking waves dashed high, must no longer call up a and simplicity, or unity. But that product of the picture of the cranberry marshes around Duxbury Bay, nineteen-year-old poet's pen was not spoken (whereby but rather the gently sloping beach of Barnstable hangs a tale of woe), nor indeed has it ever been pub- County. How high this interesting memorial at Prov lished for general circulation. “ The baby arrows of incetown is to rear head cannot here exactly that wit” wherewith he « dared assault the woundless stated, but the confident hope of the “ Tip-Enders" Truth” were in mature manhood accounted as but feeble that it will attain an altitude sufficiently lofty to look shafts by him whose hand had so jauntily sped them. down on the humbled pride of Plymouth. At any rate, Although young swans have a famous way of developing its erection is to start under highly favorable auspices anserine traits in later life, one cannot but cherish hopes - a speech from the most illustrious representative of of Mr. Hagedorn's muse. May this lay of his not prove the Dutch in America, and verses from a New England too literally — or, rather, metaphorically — the swan- poet of more than New England repute. To anyone song of his muse. familiar with the narrow limits of Provincetown it will be a matter of doubt whether the little place will be THE KNIGHT OF THE COMIC LIBRETTO, Sir William able to contain itself on that proud day. Schwenck Gilbert, will be begrudged his new honors by no one that has chuckled over his “Bab Ballads," applauded the amusing conceits of “H. M. S. Pinafore,” A MULTIFARIOUSLY USEFUL PUBLIC LIBRARY is that and laughed uncontrollably at the delicious absurdities at Grand Rapids, Michigan, of which appreciative of “The Mikado.” The function of humor in easing mention has already been made in these columns. Its the stress of our strenuous life is receiving increased Thirty-Sixth Annual Report, an elaborate, well-edited, recognition. Mark Twain has been made a doctor of well-printed publication of 123 pages, treats of a sur letters by conservative old Oxford, and Mr. Gilbert has prising number of interesting matters. This library's been knighted by his sovereign. No such honors were activities are so numerous, without any foolish dissipa ever paid to those master humorists, Swift, Sterne, tion of energy, that one may safely conceive of its head, Thackeray, and Dickens. Swift, to be sure, was a Mr. Samuel H. Ranck, as a decidedly wide-awake and thought too caustic in his satire, and Sterne not of 18 1907.] 31 THE DIAL irreproachable cleanness of thought; but the other two, the English editorial board, which includes such eminent if alive to-day — which they could be without being scholars as Sir Oliver Lodge, Sir Edward Russell, and centenarians could hardly fail of being raised to the Canon T. K. Cheyne, is now added an American contin- peerage. After the long years that have familiarized gent embracing the names of Professor Josiah Royce us with the be-lording of fat-pursed brewers and com of Harvard, Rev. Dr. Samuel A. Eliot, president of plaisant money-changers, it is refreshing to witness, the American Unitarian Association, Rev. Dr. R. Heber now and then, a due tribute paid to letters, even letters Newton, Professor B. W. Bacon of Yale, and others. of the lighter sort. The mission of mirth, as well as the Filling a real want as a medium of comunication between mission of money, is coming to be recognized in high the educated and thoughtful layman, on the one hand, quarters. and the expert scholar, the philosophic and scientific LITERARY ACHIEVEMENT AFTER FORTY is a theme of specialist, on the other, this excellent journal proclaims interest to the middle-aged. The masterpieces of men its belief in the triumph of truth as attained by a free and women of eighty and over have already been briefly conflict of opinion, with no favor shown to any one creed or doctrine above another. referred to in these columns. A much longer list of important works produced by writers of forty and fifty could easily be drawn up, as we are reminded by a A PROFESSIONAL POINTER TO PENMEN to penmen, paragraph now being quoted from an English journal. that is, who would preserve as long as possible the points Scott had passed the forty line before he really found of their pens, wherewith they give point to their para- himself and gave to the world the first of his “ Waver- graphs — is herewith offered, free of charge. If writing- leys.” Mrs. Stowe was forty when she put the finishing fluid is used, drop a few old pens into the inkstand every touches to “ Uncle Tom's Cabin." The best work of time it is filled, and thus the life of the pen actually in Newton and Darwin was done after they had counted use will be prolonged fourfold. The corrosive power of two-score birthdays; Swedenborg's “ illumination ” came the fluid is exhausted on the old steel, and when it tries in his fifties; and “Mother” Eddy, if we mistake not, to bite the writer's pen its teeth are so blunted as to do little harm. had seen forty summers (besides autumns, winters, and “ Try this scheme, young man,” says a springs) before she astonished the world with “Science multimillionaire, benevolent of advice, to a young friend, and Health, with Key to the Scriptures.” “and you will find that your pens will practically never wear out." THE HOUSE WHERE THE “ Bad Boy" LIVED i. e. AN ANTHOLOGY OF MINOR POETRY, a book of selec- the late T. B. Aldrich's Portsmouth home -- is likely to tions from the slow-selling and even the not-at-all-selling be preserved as a memorial to the poet. At a public sheafs of verse that our minor poets, our would-be major meeting of Portsmouth citizens, the mayor presiding, poets, so courageously offer to an unappreciative world measures were adopted for the purchase and preservation from time to time, is to be published by the Authors' of the building. Mrs. Aldrich has generously offered to Association, an English guild whose doings and sayings repaint and refurnish it in the closest possible conformity contribute, every now and then, to the gaiety of other with its condition during her husband's boyhood, and one nations as well as their own. It would be unjust and room is to be especially set apart as a memorial of his cruel to class this new venture, unread, with Edward later literary life and equipped with appropriate remind FitzGerald's “Half-Hours with the World's Worst ers of the man and the writer. And thus, though we Authors." Let us rather hope it may reveal to us some have no feudal castles or monastic ruins, we are gradu- of the world's best authors, though as yet unrecognized. ally acquiring storied atmosphere and environment, with our Longfellow and Lowell and Irving houses (to name only a few), our projected monument to Poe, and this hoped-for rescue of the most interesting structure in « Rivermouth.” COMMUNICATION. A CURIOSITY-COMPELLING BOOK of the coming season will be the long-awaited “Letters of Queen Victoria," FICTION READING IN NEW YORK. on which Mr. A. C. Benson and Lord Esher have been (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) editorially at work for many months -- or, rather, Mr. In your issue for July 1, on page 7, in a notice of a Benson has been at work in the intervals of writing half paper read at the recent library conference at Asheville, a dozen other books, tandem or abreast; the intensity of N. C., you quote me as stating that the New York Public his lordship’s application is only matter of conjecture. Library circulated 84 per cent of fiction last year. The Presumably the editor of the letters of “ T. B.” is finding writer of your note misunderstands the statement in the it a congenial task to edit those of “V. R.” They will, paper referred to. Our fiction percentage is unusually it is reported, cover the period from 1837 to 1861, small, having been only 58 for the past year. The presenting a picture of the maiden queen, the young larger number was reached in an attempt to estimate wife, and the woman sovereign learning to master affairs our circulation of all literature in the form of narrative, of state. The later letters, however, would prove more whether in fiction, history, biography, travel, poetry, or interesting to this generation of readers — too interest any other class. ing, perhaps, for present publication. Perhaps I should not have been so bold in my advo- cacy of fiction had I not been sure that my attitude could ENCOURAGING TO THE LOVERS OF FREE THOUGHT is not be misconstrued as an apology for an unduly large the reported success of “ The Hibbert Journal,” a quar- fiction percentage in our own circulation. terly review of religion and philosophy, founded five ARTHUR E. BOSTWICK. years ago by the Hibbert trustees, and edited by Pro Circulating Department, New York Public Library, fessor Jacks, Dean of Manchester College, Oxford. To July 2, 1907. 32 [July 16, THE DIAL on ened his mind, and cultivated his style, which steadily The New Books. became more practical and direct and less fanciful and florid. The life of actual labor combined with his intel- lectual pursuits and strengthened his body, improved his A GREAT INDEPENDENT EDITOR. * eyesight, and increased his confidence in himself, and The eventful life-story of a remarkably gifted, this was of the first importance to him at least.” forceful, and in the highest sense courageous The oft-told story of the causes leading up man is well and fully told by General James to our Civil War, its outbreak and, in part, its Harrison Wilson in his “ Life of Charles A. progress, with the subsequent problems of recon- Dana.” Born in 1819, at Hinsdale, N. H., of ciliation and readjustment, is once more narrated purest New England stock, which in turn was at some length in connection with Dana's work of genuine Old-England origin, on both father's “ The Tribune” and later in government and mother's side, Charles Anderson Dana was service. His summary dismissal, in 1852, of at nine years of age thrown on the world to battle the idea of violent emancipation shows even his for himself, and also, in part, for two younger prophetic vision to have been sometimes blurred, brothers and a sister. If ever there was a self- his reading of the signs of the times to have been made man, he was one. Humble toil, patient not always correct. The following extract pre- perseverance, thirst for knowledge and its eager sents a picture of him in 1863 as ostensibly a and rapid acquisition in the face of obstacles, “special commissioner of the War Department admission to Harvard self-taught and uncon to investigate and report upon the condition of ditioned, and two years later a compulsory the pay service in the Western armies," but relinquishment of the unequal combat because in reality a confidential agent sent out from of weakened eyesight — all this, interestingly Washington “to report daily what he might see set forth by the biographer, leads up to the and learn.” The author, a member of Grant's famous Brook Farm episode in young Dana's staff at this time, writes from personal knowl- life ; and that again opens the way to his edge and observation. acquaintance with Greeley, his connection with “ After the foregoing statement it will be understood - The Tribune," his services to the government that Dana was received with every mark of respect and consideration. He was taken into one of the head- as special correspondent from General Grant's quarters' messes on the footing of an officer of the headquarters, his assistant-secretaryship of war, highest rank (though his official rank was only that of and then his return to journalism, first in major of volunteers]. His position was a difficult one, Chicago and finally in New York once more, even with all we did to make it easy for him; but as where his conduct of “ The Sun” made him the this narrative will show, he filled it with tact, ability, and patriotism to the end. He was at all times not most famous and the most widely read and only modest and unobtrusive, but alert and ready to quoted editor of his time, and insured him, when go where he might observe and learn for himself. In he died at his post ten years ago, a deathless the full vigor of life, an excellent horseman and athlete renown as the bitter enemy of political corrup- entirely without timidity or fear, he was a helpful and encouraging influence upon all with whom he came in tion, the ardent advocate of civil liberty, and contact, and with no one more than with General Grant, the never-failing friend of reform and progress who adopted towards him the most friendly and cordial in every walk of life. manner and seemed to take special pleasure in his com- A paragraph from the account of Dana's pany both in camp and on the march. In fact, Dana was in a certain sense a revelation to Grant as well as experience of community life may serve as the to those of us who were younger. He was not only first of our somewhat random excerpts from genial, unaffected, and sympathetic in his manners, but chapters that all contain quotable passages. far and away the best educated and most widely “ Dana's tastes and inclinations during his connection informed man that any of us had up to that time ever with Brook Farm, while primarily occupied in complet- met. His companionship was therefore most acceptable ing his education according to his preconceived notions, and beneficial to all." naturally led him to write for such journals as would The student of contemporary politics sees pay him for his contributions. As the Dial at first, much to persuade him that this is preëminently and the Harbinger afterwards, were the official organs of the association, he by preference wrote much for an age of corruption (of “graft," as the slang them, but as he covered a multitude of subjects, it term has it in the public service, of investiga- would be difficult to summarize what he said. While tions and scandal-probing and muck-raking. it was thoughtful, vigorous, and virile, it was like much But let him turn back a moment to the period which goes to make up the sum of our daily lives, of of Grant's second term, to the days of the but little permanent value. It broadened and strength- Whiskey Ring and the Crédit Mobilier, of the * THE LIFE OF CHARLES A. DANA. By James Harrison appointment to high office of the president's Wilson, LL.D., late Major-General U.S.V. With portrait. New York: Harper & Brothers. fat-pursed benefactors, and their subsequent 1907.] 33 THE DIAL forced retirement to inglorious privacy: then to Chattanooga, in General Wilson's company. will it perhaps appear that, wicked as we are Spanish, too, and the Scandinavian tongues, to-day, we have, at least in some respects, made he spoke with ease. To show the man as dis- progress toward a better state during the last tinguished from the editor, let two instructive third of a century. The following letter ends passages be given. with a phrase that, forty years ago, went the “ It follows, almost of course, that a man of such di- rounds of the press and was repeated with versified tastes and accomplishments, of such sane and mocking laughter by its countless readers. The enlightened occupations, must have been a man of rare letter was written by a Pennsylvania state personality; and such was the case. His love of finding interest for the mind in everything he did made the treasurer to “ Titian J. Coffey, Esq., Wash world a joy and a delight to him in all its parts. His ington, D. C.” It belongs to the early days of body was as vigorous and healthy as his mind. It was Grant's first administration, an era of compara- in harmony with all its surroundings. He was a strong tive virtue. and sturdy walker, an excellent swimmer, a fair boat- man, and an admirable horseman, skilled in all the arts “ Allow me to introduce to you my particular friend of the bigh school.' Mr. George 0. Evans. He has a claim of some magni “ From what has been said, it should be inferred that tude that he wishes you to help him in. Put him Dana had practically perfect health throughout life. through as you would me. He understands Addition, Even such a thing as a headache or a rheumatic pain Division, and Silence.” was unknown to him, and notwitanding his exposure at Concerning Dana the editor, one short para- times during the Civil War, he never had what could be called an ailing moment. Temperate and simple in graph sums up well his main characteristics. his tastes and habits, he made no complaint of cold, " It is the testimony of those who had an opportunity hunger, or privation. He was by nature disposed to to know, that no office of any kind was ever more quiet, make the best of what life brought to him, and to look happy, harmonious, and well-governed than was the Sun not only calmly but confidently to the future. He office under Dana. Every man in it fell unconsciously claimed but little for himself, but instinctively credited under the sway of his chief's personality, and from the his fellow-men with good rather than bad motives. first regarded himself as the respected and trusted ser Suspicion was foreign to his nature, and although he vant of a master whose eye for what was praiseworthy was a man of high passion, strong enthusiasm, and vivid was never shut, and whose quick and generous impulse | imagination, it would have been difficult to find among was to recognize and reward merit and ability wherever his contemporaries one whose habit of thought and he found them. No newspaper at that time paid better philosophy of life were marked by greater sanity or salaries than the Sun and no better school of journalism more evenly balanced judgment." ever existed in this country. While the principal in- The author has of course drawn freely on struction was given by the blue pencil, it was so thorough and so effective that those who were fortunate enough Dana's published “ Recollections of the Civil to receive it soon came to be known to the press at War,” as well as on other published and unpub- large as the clever young men of the Sun,' and many lished sources of information ; but his long and of them now hold high and lucrative positions in jour- intimate acquaintance with and admiration for nalism." the man have qualified him to write understand- Among personal qualities and gifts for which ingly without dependence on such outside aid. the great editor was little known to the world The volume has a well-executed frontispiece in general were his unusual accomplishments portrait of Dana. PERCY F. BICKNELL. as a linguist, his taste and zeal as a collector of Chinese porcelain, and his love and practice of arboriculture. Serving a few years as clerk in THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH VERSE* a Buffalo dry-goods store, young Dana came into trade relations with many civilized Indians The average lover of poetry has for so long of the Six Nations; and to facilitate his deal-looked down upon versification as being merely ings with them he learned to speak their tongue. dry bones, and has been so depressed by the Long afterward, at the siege of Vicksburg, he difficulty of seeing any relation between some of fell in with a full-blooded Seneca Indian wearing the rules and the verse that he likes best, that a captain's uniform in the Federal army, and he may find it hard to believe in the existence he greatly astonished the redskin by opening a of books on prosody which are really interesting conversation in the Seneca dialect. His ready and stimulating. Mr. T. S. Omond's " English acquisition of French and German helped to Metrists in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth make him a valuable foreign correspondent to Centuries" is one of the most important books “ The Tribune ” in the revolutionary epoch of on versification that have appeared since Sidney '48. His facility in German excited the admir- * ENGLISH METRISTS IN THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH ation of General Carl Schurz in a chat the two CENTURIES. Being a Sketch of English Prosodical Criticism during the Last Two Hundred Years. By T. S. Omond, M. A. enjoyed together while riding from Knoxville London and New York: Oxford University Press. 34 [July 16, THE DIAL Lanier's “Science of English Verse came out “ Unanimously they assert that accentuation plays in in 1880. It is quite as noteworthy in one direc our verse the part that quantity did in Greek and Latin. tion as the first volume of Professor Saintsbury's Even this, surely, is but a half-truth. How can accen- tuation form a basis of metre? It is an intensive, not “ History of English Prosody" is in another. an extensive, factor. The phrase accentual foot' in- What Mr. Omond undertakes to do, and what volves a misconception. The essential quality of a he actually accomplishes surpassingly well, is • foot' is duration, and this is not created by accent. to give a brief summary of whatever in the past Without doubt, accentuation is the most salient feature of our verse, as quantity' of Classic verse. But to two hundred years various writers on English presume identity between their functions is illogical. prosody have put forth in explanation of ghe The one records time, the other only illustrates it. With structure of our verse. The number of theorists us, accent is mainly a signalizing element. It calls Mr. Omond thus passes under review will cer- attention to periods, but does not and cannot create these. So far as it makes the voice linger on a syllable, tainly astonish all but the very few who know it becomes a constitutive element in verse; but its main how extensive the bibliography of the subject function is to emphasize the recurrence” (pp. 5–6). is ; for even the more prominent of these theorists Mr. Omond believes, in short, that syllables do have been ignorant of the work of many of their not make feet; they either wholly or in part predecessors, and have therefore often claimed fill up feet, and feet are merely temporal units. a priority that belonged to others. Mr. Omond has his own theory, as those Of course, Mr. Omond is opposed to syllable- know who have read his admirable Study of counting, which practically ruled in the eight- eenth century and still persists as a most pes- Metre ” (London, 1903); but in this latest vol- ume he shows a most exhilarating degree of tilent heresy; he is opposed to every theory of verse which does not take into careful account fairness and discrimination. He has a keen the element of time. eye for original thinking, and for attempts to Mr. Omond divides the two hundred years get at the facts of our verse-structure; and he does not allow any heap of rubbish in the shape which he devotes a chapter. The first chapter, of his survey into four equal periods, to each of of ill-expressed or ill-applied theories to keep him from uncovering whatever is worthy of on “ The Old Orthodoxy,” fills only sixteen praise. pages; for Edward Bysshe, Gent., in his “ Art At the outset, Mr. Omond defines his terms, of Poetry,” 1702 (with many later editions), and re-states his theory of verse, which he first fairly represents not only what had preceded him, but what was to follow almost exclusively set forth in his “ Study of Metre.” Quantity, him, but what was to follow until after 1750. he explains, refers “ solely to the time syllables To be sure, there was one take to pronounce,” and this depends “ either small protest by John Mason in his two 6 Essays on vowel-duration or on retardation by sepa- on the Power of Numbers," 1749; but Mason rately pronounced consonants.” As compared surpassed the rest only by recognizing some- with the Greeks and Romans, " we have thing of the close analogy between verse and powerful stress-accent, which reduces quantita- based on authority, on dogmatic assertions as to music. All our verse-criticism up to 1750 is tive distinction to low and fluctuating values ; they, apparently, had a very slight one." Of what our verse ought to be, and not at all on accent, he says: analysis of what it actually is. “ Three elements must be distinguished in every The period between 1750 and 1800, which spoken soumd - pitch, force, and duration. I purposely Mr. Omond calls that of " Resistance and Re- use the least ambiguous terms. Pitch is synonymous bellion," started out like the first one, with a with height of tone, force with loudness; duration repre substitution of “ assertion for argument, and sents what we have just called quantity.' These three imagination for fact," in the Grammar prefixed elements are distinct and different, separable always in thought, separated often in practice. No analysis can to Dr. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary. Of Thomas be accurate which confuses them. In the books before Warton's "History of English Poetry," the us accent is defined sometimes as one of these (each in first volume of which appeared in 1774, Mr. turn by different writers !), sometimes as any two of them, occasionally as all three together. At present it is usually defined as consisting of force. . . . I submit “ Students speak with respect of its survey of our that, as a matter of fact, accent' with us does not elder literature, and at the time it was thought wonder- necessarily imply either elevation of pitch, or increase ful. But to us the most astonishing fact about it is that of loudness, or prolongation of time. Normally we it contains absolutely no discussion of verse-structure. like to unite all three on one syllable, and this is prob- This erudite and accomplished historian of our poetry ably our commonest type of accent” (pp. 2–4). never asks himself what is the actual nature of the verse The writers Mr. Omond deals with agree in he is describing. ... Historically, his survey is admi- rable; philosophically, it is naught. I do not think a one point. more striking instance could be found of how entirely Omond says: 1907.) 35 THE DIAL 66 English scholarship had blinked the queston of prosody, occur at equal intervals, but our ears tell us taking for granted a traditional view which applied that they do. The • feet' are uniform in length, Latin rules to English verse without ever enquiring though diverse in the number of syllables they whether as a matter of fact such application were pos- sible and justifiable” (pp. 41-2). contain ” (p. 89). In 1775, however, came the most remarkable In “The North American Review” for Sep- book on prosody of the whole century — Joshua Joshua tember, 1819, appeared the first American con- Steele's Essay Towards Establishing the tribution to English prosody William Cullen Melody and Measure of Speech, to be Expressed Bryant's article on “ Trisyllabic Feet in Iambic and Perpetuated by Peculiar Symbols," which Measures.” Southey's importance to prosody in a second edition in 1779 was called “ Pro consists in his having started a tremendous con- sodia Rationalis." Of Steele, Mr. Omond | troversy by publishing, in 1821, his “ Vision of writes : Judgment” in “ English hexameters.” Guest's “ For the first time (I believe) in the history of our History of English Rhythms,” 1838, owed its literature, a writer proclaims that verse is essentially importance in the first place to the fact that it matter of musical rhythm, and applies musical methods has been until very recently our most exhaustive frankly and fully to the notation of metre” (p. 57). treatise in English, and in the second place to Steele's great innovation was the recognition of the fact that, with its seriously mistaken notions, rests or pauses. Mr. Omond's comment on this it has for two generations been accepted as is worth giving in full, because it gets at the authoritative. authoritative. The period closed in 1848 with very heart of the whole matter. Poe’s “ Rationale of English Verse,” which Mr. * This last idea was wholly new. The “pauses' spoken Omond calls “incomparably the most impor- of by earlier writers were merely cæsural divisions, affecting the delivery rather than the substance of a tant contribution to prosodic study at this time”. line; Steele was first to treat them as factors of metre. (p. 138). That this should be so is truly surprising, and shows the In the chapter on “ The New Prosody, 1850– artificiality of previous prosody. For, surely, it is a 1900,” Mr. Omond singles out for special praise self-evident proposition that in any ordered succession A. J. Ellis, Coventry Patmore, J. B. Mayor, of articulate or inarticulate sounds an interval of silence may on occasion be substituted for utterance, and may Professor Gummere, A. H. Tolman ; and above count toward the total result; just as in dancing a all these, and fairly rivalling Joshua Steele in measured interval of quiescence may form part of the epochal importance, he puts Sidney Lanier. steps, or as in music • rests' are an integral part of Walt Whitman he considers very important the bar. Incredible as it may seem, this obvious fact had escaped notice, and was not admitted even after as raising in acute form the question whether Steele called attention to it. Succeeding metrists, metre is essential to poetry. except a few avowed followers of Steele, ignored it in “Whether irregular rhythms such as those favoured their teaching, as to this day it is ignored in the · Pros- by Whitman will ultimately oust the more regular, — ody' Section of our grammars. Coleridge never men whether, to go no farther, recondite harmonies of tions it in his references to metre. Poe does not notice prose, often nobly illustrated by Whitman, will finally it in his protest against scholastic scansion, not even supersede the more definite rhythms of verse, these when it would seem impossible to avoid doing so. As are questions which no critic can answer “ (p. 148). lately as 1870, Professor Sylvester appears to claim it as his own peculiar discovery. During recent years not If we omit even men of deserved prominence a few writers have, as they were well entitled to do, and importance, and pick out only those who recognised its obvious reality. Yet when in my 'Study according to Mr. Omond have made the greatest of Metre' I took it more or less for granted (as I have contribution to a satisfactory theory of English done since the first day I began to think about verse- structure), many of my reviewers pronounced this metres, we find that these men are Joshua Steele revolutionary. I should have deemed it a matter hardly (1775), Edgar Allan Poe (1848), Coventry needing demonstration that pauses as well as syllables Patmore (1859), and Sidney Lanier (1880). go to make up a metrical unit” (p. 58). It is pleasant to find that three of these men In the third chapter, on “ The New Verse,” are poets of repute, but rather surprising to the poets themselves begin to be prominent; find that these three have written within the last Coleridge, Southey, and Poe are matched in sixty years. importance only by Guest. The chapter begins Mr. Omond values highly another's “deter- with a discussion of precisely what Coleridge mination ” in defending a theory, and he is meant by his principle of counting in each singularly candid and open-minded. At the line the accents, not the syllables.” Mr. Omond's end, although he has throughout criticised from explanation is that “ Coleridge's practice, if not the point of view of his own theory, he declares : his definition, restored time to its true pre “ Here is a cardinal point on which contradictory eminence. He does not say that his accents opinions still prevail. At the end of the nineteenth 36 [July 16, THE DIAL century, people are still asking whether a bar of verse lead up to the main subject — the elaborate may or, at least, for several centuries did - contain hangings that from a very early period down to now two and now three syllables. We may think that the question answers itself; but such is not the belief of modern times were such an important feature all experts. The very foundations of English prosody in the furnishing of churches, palaces, and the are still in doubt. Its essential principle' cannot be dwellings of all who could afford such costly said to have been placed beyond question " (p. 225). luxury. The sketch of tapestry weaving in Mr. Omond had intended to close his survey Egypt, Greece, and Rome, in ancient times, is with 1900, but the contributions since that date most interesting, and is properly marked by have been so many (he enumerates more than restrained and cautious statement. Still, the twenty-five in his confessedly imperfect list) avoidance of definite expression occasionally and so interesting that he added a Postscript of suggests unwarrantable inference, as in the seventeen pages. case of the famous hangings from Babylon, Misprints are noticeably few, and the refer mentioned by Pliny, afterward bought by Nero ences are admirably exact and painstaking. for a sum estimated as equal to about $80,000 At the end of the volume are two Appendices of our money. They may have been tapestries ; of additions and corrections, one to Mr. Omond's but it would not have been out of place to men- previously published list of English quantitative tion the uncertainty as to their precise nature. verse, the other to his old list of works dealing The term tapestry, it is perhaps well to explain, with English verse-structure by native writers. is a technical phrase designating a particular It is a matter of regret that Mr. Omond did not weave in which, to quote Mr. Thomson's defi- incorporate these appendices in revised lists nation, “ the weſt or horizontal thread is pressed which he might either have bound in with this down so as to envelop completely and conceal the volume or issued separately. It is earnestly to warp or vertical threads." It is a curious fact be hoped that he may still see his way to giving that one of the most ancient textile fabrics in us these revised lists, which are exceptionally existence, a piece of white linen from the tomb complete and accurate. of Thoutmosis IV., about 1449 B. C., is tapestry EDWARD PAYSON MORTON. woven. The Egyptian weavers in the course of many centuries developed extraordinary skill. Bits of tapestry now extant that were woven by them for dress material evoke Mr. Thomson's unrestrained enthusiasm. ONE OF THE OLDEST OF HANDICRAFTS.* “ Perfect in colour, gossamer-like in its silken and The greater accessibility in recent years of linen texture of exquisite fineness, need we wonder that the rich stores of historical documents in private in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries specimens of it possession in England, as well as those preserved brought westwards were attributed to the powers of enchanters and fairies?” in the national archives, has been an inestimable In Western Europe, during the early ages boon to students in many fields. Without the aid afforded by these ancient records, a work and up to the fourteenth century, the weaving so thorough and comprehensive as Mr. W. G. of tapestry was almost universal in the monas- Thomson's “ History of Tapestry” could not teries, but the total output was probably not have been written. The records have, as he tells very large. With the crusades came a taste us in his preface, been “ freely used,” the result for luxurious appointments, stimulated by the being “ the discovery of manufactories never magnificence of the carpets and hangings of the chronicled in books on Tapestry, fuller informa- East. Gradually centres of secular manufacture tion about those already known, and much fresh of tapestry grew up, and by the beginning of material relating to Tapestries in general." the fifteenth century the industry had become The large yield from these researches, supple- one of great importance. It is not easy for us menting the author's expert knowledge, has to realize the part that tapestry played in the enabled him to write what must take rank as life of people of that period. In the mansions the standard work on one of the oldest of the of the great it was the chief furnishing. For handicrafts. festive occasions, pageants, and elaborate cere- Two chapters on “ Pre-Christian Tapestry monials, it was indispensable. Of the entrance and “ Later Egyptian or Coptic Tapestries into London of Elizabeth, Queen of Henry VII., we read that “ Al the strets ther, whiche she *A HISTORY OF TAPESTRY, from the Earliest Times until the shulde passe bye wer clenly dressed and besene Present Day. By W.G. Thomson, Examiner in Art. Illustrated. with cloth of Tappestrye and Arras ; and some New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1907.] 37 THE DIAL weavers streetes as Chepe, hanged with riche clothes of many of the hangings made from them, lovely golde, velvettes and silkes.” in texture and in color, their artistic value was The most highly esteemed of these sumptuous seldom of a high order. The very nature of hangings were the products of the looms of the tapestry calls for conventional design, or in Flemish town of Arras, which during the first other words for design carefully adapted to the half of the fifteenth century was the principal process of weaving and the effects proper to it. centre of tapestry weaving. Under the liberal The old verdures and archaic renderings of patronage of Philip the Good, Duke of Bur- figures and architectural details were right in gundy, the tapestries of Arras became world- principle. And in modern times the beautiful famous. Not only were the weavers most skilful, hangings woven at Merton Abbey from the but no pains were spared to secure designs from designs of William Morris and Sir Edwin Burne- the most competent hands. With the accession Jones conform to every canon of good taste. As of Charles the Bold, the fortunes of the town for the pictorial tapestries of the sixteenth began to decline ; and when, in 1477, it was century and later, while they are remarkable as captured by King Louis XI., its fate was sealed. tours de force of weaving, they have small merit The taxes and restrictions laid upon the as works of art. And for the most part, time, were so onerous that within two years nearly by destroying their charm of color, has left all of them had emigrated. Though in 1484 little that can justly claim our admiration. King Charles VIII. strove to revive the indus This phase of the subject Mr. Thomson try, his efforts met with no success. Its great avoids, though a stray word here and there centre had been destroyed as effectually as the indicates that his ideas upon it are sound. He earlier centre of tapestry weaving in Paris had writes as a historian, not as a critic. Some of been destroyed by the English occupation under the tales he tells, as, for example, that of the Henry V. vicissitudes of the hangings of “The Apocalypse" The tapestries woven in Tournai in the fif- in the cathedral of Angers, are stranger than teenth century were scarcely less celebrated than fiction. And occasionally there is a peep into those of Arras, and there were many excellent general history, as the reference to the dis- weavers in other towns in Flanders and else- patching by Henry VIII., who was a most where in Western Europe. The artistic quality enthusiastic tapestry collector, of agents to Ant- of their products suffered no marked deteriora werp on the pretext of buying hangings, but in tion until Pope Leo X., in 1515, commissioned reality to acquire political intelligence. Lists Raphael Sanzio to design a set of ten cartoons of royal collections, names of weavers, and a of the Acts of the Apostles, which were sent wealth of miscellaneous data of various kinds, to Brussels to be woven. Very properly, Mr. are scattered through the book. The history of Thomson lays stress upon the malign influence tapestry manufacture in England is told for the these famous cartoons were destined to exercise. first time, in especial an ample account being As he points out, given of the factory established at Mortlake in “ With the execution of the cartoons of Raphael, one the seventeenth century. At the end of the of the most rapid changes of style in any art took place volume is a valuable chapter devoted to weavers’ in Brussels. Dramatic and pictorially decorative com- marks. In it are represented all that are known positions took the place of the old crowded and formal arrangements. Tapestry, without imitating the tech- to have been used by the tapissiers since the nique of painting, became as it were a woven picture regulation promulgated at Brussels in 1528, or fresco in aught else. The excessive richness due to making it obligatory that every piece of more wealth of detail in natural objects such as flowers was than six ells woven in the town should be discontinued, and with it went the loving treatment of things inanimate. Richness of effect was attempted marked. The illustrations are numerous and more by the use of broad spaces worked in gold and well selected. Many of them, notably the silver than by elaborate pattern.” reproductions in color of the famous “Hunting Dazzled by the reputation of the foremost Tapestries” at Hardwicke Hall, accounted the artist of his day, men failed to perceive the finest fifteenth century hangings preserved in unsuitability of his designs for the purpose of England, are from drawings by the author. reproduction as tapestry. If the weavers, to If the weavers, to Altogether the book is a most satisfactory one. whom they presented strange problems, recog It is not only a treasury of information, but so nized this truth, their taste was overborne by cleverly have the innumerable details been commercial considerations. Even the old de woven into the narrative that it is readable as signs had erred through too much realism. In well as interesting general it may be said that superb as were FREDERICK W. GOOKIN. 38 [July 16, THE DIAL and photographs of historic remains such as THE MISTRESS OF THE ADRIATIC.* monuments, buildings, and works of art. Of The great cities of Italy - Rome, Florence, the translator's work, so far as it has been com- Venice, Milan, and the rest — have long been pleted, the reviewer's criticism must be favor- objects of profound interest, not only to the able throughout ; still, it is unfortunate that traveller but to the student as well, especially so many passages have been left untranslated. to the student of history. It is probable that It is probable that The reader who knows Italian will no doubt de- this interest will long continue, though at times light in the numerous citations of Italian verse, the student's attention will doubtless be at but the general reader also is entitled to some tracted more strongly toward one city than consideration, and it is unfortunate that so much another. If we may judge from the number of Latin and Romance should be inserted in an recent works dealing with the history of Venice, English edition without even an English para- we shall have to conclude that at present the phrase in a foot-note. chief interest centres about the wonderful city What impresses the reader first of all is the on the Adriatic. absence of narrative, as that term is commonly Among those who have made a serious study applied. Professor Molmenti's history is de- of the Venetian past, perhaps none is more scriptive; it deals with institutions and customs, eminent than the Italian historian Pompeo with social castes and classes, with the material Molmenti. By birth a Venetian, he is naturally interests of the entire population, not with the attracted to the history of his native state, a achievements of individual leaders and states- history“ full of varied episodes, some felicitous, men. Names of prominent Venetians are indeed some disastrous, almost all glorious.” But the mentioned, and their work is to some extent dis- story of the Doges has been told so often by cussed, especially in the chapters on Fine Arts writers of eminence that on the narrative side of and Culture ; but, as a rule, personages are the subject little that is new can be found to tell. brought into history merely to determine the Professor Molmenti, however, as an art critic chronology. The history is a series of essays and a teacher of literature, is naturally inter each of which carries its particular theme down ested in other matters than what we usually call to the close of the middle ages. An introduc- “ events "; he is drawn toward the more intel- tory chapter discusses the origins of the city and lectual phases of his country's development - its of the early settlements. Other topics are the laws, culture, and mode of life. Twenty-seven appearance of the city, its houses and public years ago he published his first important work, buildings, its constitution and laws, its systems a study of Venetian history “ as revealed in the of commerce, its finance and economy, the vari- private life of the people.” But this was merely ous classes of its population, popular festivals, an introductory essay. Since its publication the martial exercises, and amusements. The second author has continued his researches, collected volume is devoted to the more intellectual phases more materials, and developed newer views; of Venetian civilization -manners, customs, the these are to be published in a large work of six industrial arts, the fine arts, and culture. At volumes in which is traced the individual growth the close of this volume the author has added a of the city “ from the earliest beginnings to the number of mediæval documents which the his- fall of the republic.” The volumes are divided torical student will find exceedingly useful. topically into three sections (two volumes each), We usually think of Venice as a product of the first section dealing with mediæval Venice, the troublous times in the fifth century when the second with the golden age of the city, Huns and Germans were terrorizing the civilized and the third with the years of its decadence. south. Professor Molmenti does not dispute Simultaneously with the Italian publication an the venerable story that the city originated as a English translation is appearing, the work of Mr. refuge from the wrath of Attila ; but he holds Horatio F. Brown, British archivist in Venice, that the islands — or some of them at least — widely known as an authority on Venetian sub- in the upper Adriatic had been inhabited for jects. The first section comprises two attractive centuries, and that the movement referred to volumes of about five hundred pages, provided must not be given too much credit. He thor- with a large number of excellent illustrations, oughly discredits the story that Venice was born mainly copies of contemporary illuminations free and always remained independent, as early * VENICE. Its Individual Growth from the Earliest Begin- Venetians have taught. “Such complete inde- nings to the Fall of the Republic. By Pompeo Molmenti. pendence was not in the spirit of the age, and no Illustrated. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. Latin race would ever have dreamed of refusing - Translated by Horatio F. Brown. Part I., The Middle Ages. 1907.] 39 THE DIAL * By the to acknowledge, at least in outward form, its was strong enough in wealth and wisdom to dis- obligations toward the Roman Empire and, pense with the purchased praises of the erudite; later, toward the Greek.” The author dates the Venice, if she did call to her service the learned, beginning of “the glorious history of Venice" did not do so to purchase facile compliments, from 814, when the Doge removed the seat of but to instruct her youth destined to high public government to Rialto. office, and to open schools for the teaching of That a large part of the work should be de grammar, rhetoric, and other useful sciences.” voted to commerce, finance, and related subjects, To our author, any extraordinary developments is to be expected ; but so great were the achieve in the realm of intellectual culture seem to mean ments of the city in these regards that the author the passing of youth, the failure of energy, and has had to content himself with giving compar the call for rest, ease, and comfort. atively brief summaries instead of detailed ac end of the fifteenth century the mistress of the counts. An interesting subject is that of explo seas had reaped the harvest of her energy, of ration and colonization. “ San Marco sent his her activity, of her sacrifices ; but her splendor, children far afield in search of fortune; and the which had already touched its apogee, now began constitution of the Republic, and even the very to pass into the region of culture and of art, and aspect of Venice herself, were reproduced in for already held in itself the earliest germs of decay.” eign cities. Whole colonies of Venetians settled LAURENCE M. LARSON. abroad and were protected by special laws and by their own consuls.” When we remember the journeys of Marco Polo into eastern Asia, and the explorations of the Zeno brothers in the North THE POET OF DISILLUSIONMENT.* Atlantic, we realize the truth of the statement that the mediæval Venetian did wander far afield. literature, George Crabbe has a distinctive place In a survey of the development of realism in Professor Molmenti gives full credence to the among pioneer leaders of the movement in En- Zeno letters, and holds that Niccolò Zeno actually gland. He sounded a challenge in verse against “ touched the coasts of Newfoundland and New the merely idyllic and romantic with as much England.” He also appears to believe that the force as did Jane Austen and Fielding in fic- Norse colonies in America, which were planted tion. He framed detailed contrasting pictures in the eleventh century, were still existing when of country life and its yeomanry, to correct the Zeno visited this continent in the fourteenth cen- idealized portrayals of similar scenes by Gray tury. It must be said, however, that while the and Goldsmith. In his life and literary im- author's conclusions on this point are interesting, pulses, Crabbe was limited in vision ; he lacked they do not seem to be founded on a sufficient the love of beauty and the sympathy of Cowper study of all the available evidence. and Wordsworth, yet he had keen observation, The second volume does not record such re- markable achievements as the first; in the middle good skill in delineating certain kinds of char- acters, and an undaunted love of the truth. ages the material culture of Venice was always These qualities, while they brought him the title far in advance of the intellectual. Especially was of " the poet of disillusionment,” yet gave to the literature of the city wanting in poetry. “ The Village,” “ The Parish Register,” and “ The vast and silent spaces of the lagoon would seem « Tales in Verse" some merits of real literary to unlock the divine fount of song, and yet the muses value. were never held in high esteem in Venice, or perhaps it would be truer to say they were never worthily wooed, These general thoughts are recalled by the and never attained any great influence upon general cul new biography, in translation, of Crabbe, written ture, even when refinement had reached a high standard. by M. René Huchon and well rendered into The genius of the Venetians was always more inclined English by Mr. Frederick Clarke. As a basis to matters of trade, to political discussion, to severe studies, than to the graces of verse and song." of biographic facts, the standard life of Crabbe's The city possessed, as the author clearly demon- son, published seventy years ago, is chosen ; while new material is incorporated and new strates, a varied and vigorous culture, but both in purpose and in character it was almost wholly From his mother Crabbe inherited a strain of interpretation of the poet's work is freely offered. utilitarian. But Professor Molmenti also finds much to say in defence of Venetian learning : of temper and habits, left his influence mild piety; but the robust father, with excesses it was, after all, in many respects of a higher of temper and habits, left his influence upon his character than that which flourished at the courts * GEORGE CRABBE AND HIS TIMES. A Critical and Biograph- ical Study. By René Huchon. Translated from the French by of the Italian despots. 6. The state of Venice ; Frederick Clarke. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. 40 [July 16, THE DIAL son in many ways, notably in a love of science “Fled are those times, when in harmonious strains, and a fondness for the sea. In “ The Village The rustic poet praised his native plains: and “ The Borough,” Crabbe photographed Rank weeds, that every art and care defy, Reign o'er the land, and rob the blighted rye; certain features of his early life at Aldborough, There thistles stretch their prickly arms afar, and of his visits to the sailors' cabins, where he And to the ragged infant threaten war; listened to their wierd tales and was fascinated There poppies, nodding, mock the hope of toil; by curious relics from foreign shores. He was There the blue bugloss paints the sterile soil; Hardy and high, above the slender sheaf, a lad of dreamy, imaginative nature, keen in The slimy mallow waves her silky leaf; sensibility and in pride. At thirteen his school- O'er the young shoot the charlock throws a shade, days were ended, and he passed through vicis And clasping tares cling round the sickly blade; situdes, largely painful and irritating, for seven With mingled tints the rocky coasts abound, And a sad splendor vainly shines around.” years, as apprentice to apothecaries at Wickham Brook and Woodbridge. These experiences, “ The Newspaper” was a return to more coupled with a keen study of men and women impersonal and artificial themes, as in “The of unfortunate lives, awakened his satire against Library”; but these discursive satires and dis- the rich and led to his psychological portrayal sertations in rhyme are forgotten, while “ The of outcasts and down-trodden men and women Village,” “The Borough,” and “ The Parish in his mature poems. Register" are still significant. Domestic trials There was one compensating pleasure and came rapidly to Crabbe, culminating in the influence for good during these vexing years of illness of his wife and the loss of her mental youth, namely, his friendship for Sarah Elmy, balance during the remainder of a long life. the “ Mira” of his poems, who became his wife Sh She remained, however, the chief care and ob- after many years of patient waiting for him to ject of her husband's affection ; he never wearied win recognition and income. During the sea in seeking comforts for her and gratifying sons of discouragement and promise alike, he her childish whims. In “ The Borough ” and kept alive his mental interests, studying botany “ The Parish Register” he found saving relief and geology as well as medicine, and writing from these home-trials and the routine of a poetry spasmodically. After a futile effort to After a futile effort to country curate's life. Looking over an imagi- enlist the patronage of Lord North, he finally nary page of a parish register, divided into gained the interest of Burke, to whom he sent three parts — births, marriages, and deaths - the prospectus of his poem on “ The Library.” “ The Library.” the poet introduced varied types, aristocracy, From this encouragement dates the success of clergy, shopkeepers, laborers, and gave in the Crabbe's literary work. completed form of the poem a vivid realistic Burke was a true friend to Crabbe for many picture of English rural life at the end of the years; he paid his debts, made him his com eighteenth century. panion, urged him to study for the church, and By grouping such isolated characters and finally secured for him a place as curate at scenes as he had chosen to portray in his earlier Aldborough, in 1781. The villagers, however, poems, and weaving a romantic thread of action, were inclined to sneer at the new curate whom he reached a natural sequence in “ The Tales in they had known as work-boy and apprentice, Verse, Verse," “ Tales of the Hall," and " Posthumous and Crabbe was glad to secure a place as do Tales." While his characters in these later mestic chaplain to the Duke of Rutland, while - Tales are no more vigorously drawn than he took revenge on his fellow-townsmen by some of those in “ The Village” and “ The many lines of satire in “ The Village.” Through Borough ” — like Fanny Price, Widow Goe, the opportunities offered at the palace of his Isaac Ashford “the noble peasant,” pretty noble patron, he met Joshua Reynolds, Dr. Phoebe Dawson, and Peter Grimes the fisher- Johnson, and other men of note. To Dr. man, - yet the men and women act and react Johnson he submitted the manuscript of “ The upon each other through distinct motives, as is Village” for revision, and the honored critic of well outlined by M. Huchon. Nearly all of the the day pronounced the poem to be “original, “ Tales” are pathetic, sometimes tragic; yet a vigorous, and elegant.” This panorama in verse, few have less “ pathos of disenchantment" and like nearly all of Crabbe's work, lacked unity, more optimism of outlook, as “ The Confidant" and was too purposeful to be artistic. and the idyll of “ Jesse and Colin.” The last One of the best examples of Crabbe's mode of lines of this latter poem summarize Crabbe's procedure against the conventional treatment of philosophy of happiness, the quiet joy of simple the beauties of the country is found in this poem. domestic life. 1907.] 41 THE DIAL “I know not if they live that these conclusions are wrong is the task that With all the comforts wealth and plenty give; Captain Speed undertakes. The attempt is not But with pure joy to envious souls denied, altogether successful. The work has those faults To suppliant meanness and suspicious pride; to which the author objects so strongly in the other And village maids of happy couples say, state historians. It is a frankly partisan account • They live like Jesse Bourn and Colin Grey.' of the Union side, just as some of the others are The happiest years of Crabbe's life, in the biassed accounts in favor of the Confederates. The opinion of this biographer, were passed at method employed is interesting, but unfortunately Trowbridge from 1813-1818, the place asso- not convincing. The author quotes objectionable ciated in our memories with FitzGerald and the passages from Shaler and others, and then proceeds to demolish them with statements of his own views Quaker Bernard Barton. Journeys to London, entertainments at Holland House, and acquaint- or with quotations of opinion from others with whom ance with Moore, Campbell, and Scott, gave he agrees. The result is that much of the work consists merely of denials of the conclusions of other variety and zest to these quiet years. M.Huchon writers. There is little of the historical temper mani- disputes, if he does not disprove, Lockhart's ver- fested; the account of Professor Shaler is far more sion of Crabbe's visit to Scott; indeed, a severe temperate and philosophical. But aside from these tone of criticism toward Lockhart appears oc faults, which are serious, there is much that is useful casionally throughout the book. At times the in the work. The author gives a good account of narrative is too discursive — the five hundred how the Unionists organized their forces, in 1861, pages might be condensed to advantage ; but on to hold Kentucky in the Union. This part of the the whole it is a just and clear biography, with book could not have been better done. Of consid- erable value and interest also are the lists given of sympathetic interpretation. The author makes Unionist leaders, election statistics, and enlistment no claim of poetic superiority for Crabbe; he statistics. Other informing chapters are those on emphasizes duly the limitations and bourgeoisie the location of Union sentiment, the fighting within of his nature, and the prosaic qualities of his the state, the guerrillas, and Morgan's raids. In subjects, but he also pays tribute to his integrity, spite of Captain Speed's controversial method, which courage, and true influence as preacher and poet. causes him often to neglect facts for arguments and ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE. opinions, the work will be found useful, for it is the best available source of information about the Union cause in Kentucky. Volumes five and six of the series, BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. already more fully noticed by us, en- Captain Thomas Speed, a veteran titled “Literature of Libraries in the The struggle in Kentucky in Union soldier, presents an account of Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries” (McClurg), the forces, political, social, and mili have now appeared, completing the set. Number tary, that prevented Kentucky from seceding from five is “ A Brief Outline of the History of Libraries,” the Union, in a volume entitled “The Union Cause by Justus Lipsius (1547-1606), translated by the in Kentucky, 1861-65" (Putnam). The author chief editor of the series, Mr. John Cotton Dana, was much dissatisfied, he says, with the way in which with an introductory note by Mr. Henry W. Kent, Kentucky historians have written about the Civil the assistant editor. This slender account of the War period, and so has undertaken to correct some libraries of Egypt, Pergamum, Greece, and Rome of their mistakes. Professor Shaler of Harvard, who (the earlier Assyrian and Babylonian libraries of wrote the volume on Kentucky in the “ American baked clay are not mentioned) is rated at its full Commonwealths” series, receives rough treatment value, and perhaps a little more, by the zealous at the hands of Captain Speed. Shaler was also a editors, to whom the things of their profession are Union soldier from Kentucky, but Speed asserts that of such preponderating importance that the excel- he was entirely too favorable to the Confederates of lent Lipsius is thus spoken of in the Introduction : that state. The book under review is mainly an “Whatever defects of matter or style our writer may attempt to disprove certain propositions of Professor have had, like all the humanists he served a great Shaler, which may be summarized as follows: The purpose in retailing to further generations - and Kentucky Confederates were from the wealthier especially to librarians the opinions of the classic families of the fertile Blue Grass section, while the writers on the history of libraries." Were there Unionists were poorer people from thinner soils ; then no humanists uninterested in library history, the Confederates were younger men and made better or silent on the subject? Lipsius was a prodigious soldiers than the Unionists; the sympathies of Ken- bookworm, but the results of his burrowings must tucky were really with the South, but she was held sometimes be taken with a grain of salt in the Union vi et armis; during the war the Fed statement that in the Byzantine Library “was the eral provost marshals were guilty of the grossest gut of a great dragon, one hundred and twenty feet outrages against Southern sympathizers. To prove | long, on which was written in letters of gold the Curious bits of librury lore. the Civil War. as his 42 [July 16, THE DIAL as - whole of the Iliad and the Odyssey.” A puzzling Eastern seas could be reached by a direct voyage discrepancy, if one chooses to puzzle over it, exists across the Atlantic (and perhaps that other ocean between the translator's announcement that his ver which Balboa had espied from Darien), instead of sion is from the second edition, Antwerp, 1602, by the circuitous route around the Cape of Good and Mr. Kent's enumeration of the known editions Hope.” How they moved slowly along from head- 6 Ed. 1. De Bibliothecis Syntagma, Antwerp, land to headland, making history and re-making 1602; Ed. 2. Helmstadt, 1620; Ed. 3. Antwerp, geography, how one ship after another was lost, how 1629.” -Volume six contains “The Surrender the gallant and unselfish leader, Moses-like, died on of the Library of Cardinal Mazarin,” and “ News the verge of the Promised Land, without a sight of from France, or A Description of the Library of the “Spiceries,” the attainment of which was left Cardinal Mazarin,” two tracts by Gabriel Naudé to his less worthy lieutenants — all this is a stirring (1600–1653), librarian successively to Richelieu, tale, for whose details we must refer the reader to Mazarin, and Queen Christina of Sweden. Miss Mr. Ober's graphic pages. It constitutes one of the Ruth Shepard Granniss contributes a good bio-greatest chapters in that great record of the sixteenth graphical sketch of Naudé. The “Surrender" is century, which no American can read without a translated by Mr. Dana and Miss Victoria Richmond; thrill. the “ News from France” is in the English version contained in volume six of “The Harleian Mis- Professor Von Klenze's “ Interpre- Interpretations, tation of Italy during the Last Two cellany." Both tracts are very short, and chiefly of modern Italy. noteworthy as furnishing touching evidences of poor Centuries” (University of Chicago Naudé's fond attachment to the library whose rude Press) is practically a monograph, a bibliography dispersion it was his sad fate to witness. He lived of travel-literature as regards the famous peninsula just long enough to hear of Mazarin's triumphant for the period named. A reflecting student is return to Paris and his resolve to re-collect his scat always surprised that out of the wreck of war and tered volumes. time anything of ancient Italy remains; and a new surprise may await the reader of this book when he The romance History by biography seems to be the learns the very tardy recognition of what is left us. of discovery accepted method, in these days of It seems that the appreciation of Italy, as of much and adventure. “ hero” series heroes of the na else of value in the world, awaited the revival of tions, heroes of literature, great statesmen, great learning and the Reformation. In fact, hardly by captains, etc. We are familiar with the titles of the middle of the eighteenth century had educated these lengthening “series,” in which variety of style people any real conception of the culture-value of and treatment is assured by assigning the different what every Roman town and city could still show. volumes to different writers. But in the “ Heroes Italy was discovered as literally and quite as slowly of American History” the seven biographies thus as America; not that visitors were lacking, but that far issued are the work of one man, Mr. Frederick those who did see Italy saw so very little. Even A. Ober, the well-known student of Spanish-Amer the most appreciative found only one thing at a ican history, who has made personal researches for time: thus, the celebrated Winckelman saw in Rome the government with a view to a clearer knowledge only a depository of the art of ancient Greece, and of our earlier annals. The romance of discovery it remained for Diderot and the men of the Revolu- and adventure clinging to six great names has been tion to appreciate Angelo and Rafael. The present admirably set forth by Mr. Ober in the volumes volume is intended, further, as a contribution to a dealing with Cortés, Columbus, Pizarro, Balboa, more exact appreciation of Goethe; and while not De Soto, and Amerigo Vespucci; and now he has a commentary on the Italienische Reise, it is yet reached the end of the hemisphere, if not of his designed to supply needed perspective to the student studies, in his latest book, “Ferdinand Magellan " who would understand that piece of German litera- (Harper). Like Columbus and Amerigo, the great ture. Goethe was in Rome in 1786, and was a Portuguese explorer has left his name on the map, traveller in various parts of Italy and Sicily for in the great waterway which he discovered and wbich many months. The impress of this experience remains his chief claim to immortality. In clear and appears in all the subsequent work of the poet, but convincing style, and with candor as well as sym the formal record of the journey to Italy did not pathy, Mr. Ober traces the short and stormy career appear until 1816. It would seem that Goethe of Magellan from his birth (1480) in Traz-os- destroyed most of his original notes, and yet, judg- Montes, an obscure province of Portugal, to that ing from those that remain, first published in 1886, fated 27th of April, 1521, when he fell, gallantly the “tagebücher” had doubtless interested men fighting against overwhelming odds, on the beach to-day much more even than the finished and of a small Philippine island, after a voyage which studied volume which is designed to take their had lasted a year and a half. Sailing from the place. But Professor Von Klenze does not intend Spanish port of San Lucas de Barrameda, Septem to tell us what Goethe saw or reported so much as ber 20, 1519, under the Spanish flag, the little to give an idea of the intellectual conditions, the squadron of five vessels pushed resolutely south and tuition under which he worked. We have accord. then west, in the hope “ that the Spice Islands of the ingly the bibliography of Italian travel up to Goethe's 1907.] 43 THE DIAL once more. time in full, and an interesting account as well of of Holderness, and was almost the only one whose that which followed even down to Marion Crawford. name ever got beyond the borders of the state. The book is a work of research representing a vast The town's foremost citizen in his lifetime, at his amount of reading and labor, and will be of service death he left to it a memory that is still its best to anyone who desires to follow the story of modern possession. “At his mansion on the bluff,” says culture and intellectual life. the historian," he dispensed a generous hospitality, practising the fine but difficult virtue set forth in The scholar President Nicholas Murray Butler's the text which is inscribed on the tombstone of his in politics “ True and False Democracy” son, beside the old man. • Give alms of thy goods, (Macmillan ) is made up of three and never turn thy face from any poor man. On addresses, first, one with the same title as the his kitchen table there was always a great iron book, and delivered last spring at the University of basket and a huge pottery pitcher, the basket filled California ; second, a commencement address before with corn-and-rye bread, and the pitcher with cider, the University of Michigan, 1899, on “Education free to all passers-by.” Another interesting charter of Public Opinion”; and, third, “ Democracy and member of this Yankee community was Colonel Education,” delivered at the convention of the Na- Hercules Mooney, who, after serving in both the tional Educational Association in 1896. In all French and Indian War and the Revolution, laid three, stress is laid on the importance of enlightened aside the sword for the ferrule, and resumed his liberty under a democratic form of government, and peaceful calling of schoolmaster. From his place its antagonism to that dead-level equality that was behind the teacher's desk this long and lank, the impossible ideal of the French revolutionists, bronzed and scarred veteran of two wars must have and that would be fatal to all progress, all happi- commanded the ready respect and prompt obedience ness, and, in short, to all government. The author of his young disciples. Dr. Hodges concludes his declares himself emphatically in favor of the present narrative with the death of Robert Fowle, the first system of political parties, subject to abuse though parson of Holderness, in 1847. Maps, illustrations, that system is ; and, as a necessary consequence, he and appended notes make the little book as complete holds the independent voter in rather slight esteem. as possible. In harmony, too, with his general political leanings is his conviction that it is not our chief executive One of the most interesting volumes Plant breeding who is usurping legislative functions, but quite the and the origin of the year for speculative science is of species. opposite. Certain legislative abuses he censures that by Hugo De Vries on “ Plant fittingly, especially the unwieldiness, obstructive Breeding" (Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago). ness, and openness to corruption, that characterize The origin and significance of specific forms is still our overgrown law-making bodies; “for it is well one of the most fascinating subjects with which nigh a political axiom that large constituencies make naturalists may be concerned. De Vries's position independent representatives, and that small con in the argument, thanks to his own lectures in this stituencies make tools and ciphers. We must not country and to the writings of his friends and oppo- forget how much farther a bullet will carry than a nents everywhere, is now pretty well understood. few score of small shot.” Worthy of passing notice, He urges that species originate in what the gar- perhaps, as a typographical curiosity are the author's deners call “sports,” sudden and unexplained de- references to Gladstone the leader (with a small 2) partures from the habitual type. In this De Vries and to Mr. Croker the Boss (with a large B) – would controvert the Darwinian view that species an unintentional reversal of dignities. Throughout, result from very slow and gradual minute changes the book insists on the necessity of liberal educa- responsive to changing environment. For the sup- tion to secure enlightened government and political port of his theory, Darwin made constant appeal to purity — a theory of salvation by the scholar in poli- the experience of breeders, especially of cattle and tics which, it must be said, has received some rather birds ; although as a botanist he himself made a rude shocks in recent years. great many very interesting experiments in breed- ing plants. De Vries, in support of his contention, In “Holderness : An Account of the cites not only his own experience, but is able to A typical Beginnings of a New Hampshire bring into the field the results offered by experiment in New England. Town” (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.), stations and investigators who have worked since Dr. George Hodges tells the story of the settlement | Darwin, in all parts of the world. The book is, of a typical little New England hill town, named accordingly, a summary of what has been achieved from the Yorkshire Holderness, and pleasantly by such men as Nilsson in Sweden, Burbank in situated on Squam Lake, not far from Plymouth, California, and others, especially as the results in Grafton County. It was under a charter from obtained by these men bear upon the question of Gov. Benning Wentworth, in 1761, that the little species derivation. De Vries, of course, finds in all community began its corporate existence. Of the the more recent results obtained by gardeners and sixty-one grantees named on the back of the charter, experimenters confirmation of his own theory, Samuel Livermore, the “Squire,” became the lar always assuming that selection in Nature operates gest land-owner and the most important personage essentially in the same manner as when plants are old hill-town 44 [July 16, THE DIAL a noble woman. made subject to human preference. The volume is were her devoted friends. Since, as has been aptly clearly and pleasantly written, and as the forms of observed, her career runs like a fine silver thread plant-life discussed are those in which there is much through the web of history and is inseparable from it, general interest, - such as wheat, oats, corn, and the reader of her biography receives, in a desultory various fruits, it may be read with satisfaction way, some vivid pictures of the times. Were this and profit by all. not true, Mr. Williams might be said to lack an In Helen Abbott Michael's “Studies excuse for his work, since Madame Recamier had Life-records of in Plant and Organic Chemistry, and no creative ability and her talent was merely social. Literary Papers ” (Riverside Press) But granting the raison d'être of the biography, it we have the record of a simple but strenuously may be said that the author has conscientiously active life. Born in 1857 and dying in 1904, Mrs. studied the life of his heroine, together with those Michael has left us records of investigation not only of her friends as they affected hers, and presents the surprising in bulk, but, as Dr. Wiley, the govern- results in a pleasant, easy manner, which makes the ment chemist, says, “prominent in the annals of book an entertaining one. American chemistry.” For Mrs. Michael was a Seventeen letters of W. Ostwald, chemist, and long before her marriage Helen Abbott Letters on the art of painting. which appeared partially in the was known to the learned societies of this country scientific supplement of a Munich and of the world as an investigator of wonderful newspaper during the years 1903–4, compose the originality, ability, and skill. Her work lay in the “Letters to a Painter,” which are translated by Mr., domain of organic chemistry, especially the chem H. W. Morse, and published by Messrs. Ginn & Co. istry of plant products; and it was her contention In these letters, Mr. Ostwald discusses the methods that the true taxonomy of vegetable forms lay in the technique of painting ; the various processes, revealed in their attainments in the construction of their advantages and limitations. He makes a chemical compounds. This is not the place to enter definite plea for a knowledge of science in art, and upon extended criticism either of Mrs. Michael's insists that unconscious inspiration must give way theories or her work; suffice it to say that she has to conscious understanding of the processes and done more than any other woman in the United methods of work. The art student will find in these States to promote research in this particular field, letters much food for reflection, particularly in the and must be reckoned with hereafter by all, in all treatment of media, their optical characteristics and lands, who attempt work in the subtle chemistry of results. The general reader, perhaps, unable to cope plants. Withal, Mrs. Michael appears to have been with Mr. Ostwald's theories, will nevertheless learn a woman of charming personality, possessed of all from the book many interesting facts concerning the the graces of her sex, and fortunate in an acquain art of painting. By means of concise explanations, tance world-wide in its extent. The volume contains the technical terms necessary to the subject-matter an extended biographical sketch; an introduction to are made intelligible even to the layman. Mrs. Michael's work in chemistry, by Dr. Wiley ; sixteen papers on organic chemistry, four of them In his book on Amerigo Vespucci in in German ; and four literary papers which discuss the “Heroes of American History' such themes as “Science and Philosophy in Art," series (Harper), Mr. Frederic A. “ The Drama in Relation to Truth,” Whitman, Ober not only gives, in concise readable form, all Browning, etc. A photogravure portrait forms the the details known of the life of the Florentine navi. frontispiece and shows the face of a most attractive gator and explorer, but enters into a discussion of the fortuitous circumstances by which for three centuries after his death Amerigo was regarded as A famous A glamour is inevitably cast about having robbed Columbus of the credit of his great Frenchwoman the memory of a beautiful woman and her friends. like Madame Recamier, who during discovery and of having foisted his own name upon the first half of the nineteenth century had in her the newly-found continent. The conclusion is reached that a great injustice was done to Amerigo, court men that, politically, socially, and intellectually, and that it was due wholly to circumstances in no were the most prominent in Europe. Mr. H. Noel way influenced by him that the name America Williams has given a comprehensive account of instead of Columbia was conferred upon the new this famous Frenchwoman in his book entitled continent, while the actual exploits of Amerigo “Madame Récamier and Her Friends ” (Scribner). entitled him to the position in which the German Virtuous, sympathetic, and tactful, she seems to have been able to fill her salon with notable personages biographers placed him four hundred years ago. of widely varied schools and opinions, and of all Scott's being a name to conjure with, grades of social rank. Soldiers and dandies of the Sir Walter and Mr. W. T. Fyfe’s “ Edinburgh under his Edinburgh. Empire, statesmen and diplomats of the Restoration, Sir Walter Scott ” (Dutton) is a poets and novelists of constitutional France, all paid book to attract readers. Mr. Fyfe is a resident of her homage. Mathieu de Montmorency, Prince Edinburgh, and is learned in the history and an- Augustus of Prussia, Ballanche, Canova, Benjamin tiquities of this northern Athens, as well as enamored Constant, Madame de Staël, and Chateaubriand of her charms. When it is recalled that from the The namesake of America. woman. 1907.] 45 THE DIAL 66 death of Johnson to that of Sir Walter, or for nearly calls it, on bicycle, and with good results. His pen half a century, the Scotch rather than the English runs on and fills out his stint of pages, and the scenes capital was the intellectual and literary centre of are well chosen for illustration by Mr. Frederick L. the kingdom, it becomes clear that a writer dealing Grigg with remarkable success as to picturesque effects; so that the book, while perhaps not the most entertain- with this period has abundant matter to furnish an ing of the series in which it belongs, is certainly not the attractive picture of Edinburgh society. Nor has least so. Mr. Fyfe neglected his opportunities. The memoirs of the period, with Lockhart's work as one of the most important, have been diligently searched and NOTES. freely drawn upon. The personal element is made much of, and many pleasing character sketches, The Finances of Cleveland," by Dr. Charles C. with some good anecdotes, are given. Of all books, Williamson, is a stout monograph numbered among the this one should have had an index if only for the publications of Columbia University. convenience of busy reviewers. A translation from the Swedish of Ellen Key's “The Century of the Child” is announced for immediate publication by Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. A volume of “ Pages Choisies” from Montesquieu's “ Lettres Persanes,” with a preface by M. E. Faguet, is BRIEFER MENTION. published in “ Les Classiques Français” by the Messrs. Putnam. “Stars of the Stage,” a series of biographies of drama- “ (srael's Laws and Legal Precedents,” by Dr. tists and actors (John Lane Co.), has Miss Ellen Terry Charles Foster Kent, is a volume of the “Student's Old for the subject of its initial volume. The editor of the Testament " series, now published by Messrs. Charles series, Mr. J. T. Grein, announces early biographies of Scribner's Sons. Mr. Beerbohm Tree, Sir Charles Wyndham, Mr. W. S. A new edition, with introduction, notes, and glossary, Gilbert, Mr. G. B. Shaw, Mr. H. A. Jones, and Mr. Pinero. In this initial volume, Mr. Christopher St. John of “ The Proverbs of Alfred,” by Dr. Walter W. Skeat, furnishes a sketch of Miss Terry's career and personality, is now published by Mr. Henry Frowde for the Oxford Clarendon Press. which contains appreciations of her acting and interest- The Messrs. Scribner are the importers of a fifth ing items connecting her with the dramatic life of her edition of Baedeker's time. The volume presents a sympathetic, orderly, and “Southern France, including authoritative sketch, carefully written and adequately Corsica.” It is a volume of about six hundred pages, illustrated. with the customary equipment of maps and plans. The late Frederick Eli Dewhurst was a Congrega- published by the Messrs. Scribner, contains “ Hedda Volume X. of the new edition of Ibsen in English, tional minister who impressed all who came to know him with his spiritual earnestness and intellectual sin- Gabler” and “ The Master Builder,” as translated by cerity. He was not a popular preacher, for he scorned Messrs. Gosse and Archer, with introductions by Mr. Archer. the sensational methods and rhetorical artifices by which preachers become popular, but he satisfied to a rare Material relating to Jefferson Davis, consisting of degree the wants of those who go to church for ethical letters, scrapbooks, diaries, etc., is desired by Professor and intellectual sustenance. The last years of his Walter L. Fleming, West Virginia University, Mor- ministry were spent in a church near the University of gantown, for use in a biography of Davis upon which he is now at work. Chicago, and it is peculiarly appropriate that the Press of that University should issue a volume of his sermons. “ Bards of the Gael and Gall,” by Dr. George Siger- “ The Investment of Truth” is the title of the volume, son, is an anthology of translated Gaelic poetry, pro- which includes sixteen sermons, written during the last vided with an extensive introduction and an appendix two years of Mr. Dewhurst's life. They are provided of notes. It is now imported in a second edition) by with a sympathetic introduction by Professor Albion the Messrs. Scribner. W. Small. “ The Making of English Literature,” by Professor County Berks, in England, is interesting as having for William H. Crawshaw, is published by Messrs. D. C. its northern boundary the upper waters of the Thames Heath & Co. It is not altogether a text-book, although for a hundred miles of its course, and containing within it may be used as one, and it is distinguished both by its borders Windsor and its famous castle. It has a readable style and by a plenitude of well-chosen further interest in having been the home of “Fair illustrations. Rosamond” in the twelfth century and of Amy Robsart Volume I. of a “ Historical German Grammar," by in the sixteenth. It has also within its borders the Dr. Joseph Wright, is among the recent publications of famous White Horse Hill, the puzzle of antiquaries, Mr. Henry Frowde. It deals with phonology, word- besides the average picturesque bits of English scenery; formation, and accidence, leaving the subject of syntax and it is otherwise rich in material for gossip and com- to be treated in a second volume to be written by Dr. ment, such as is in demand for the volumes of the Fiedler, the author's colleague. “ Highways and Byways Series” (Macmillan). Never The annual volume of the National Educational theless the volume demands of its author a good deal of Association for 1906 is now published from the Winona, padding and chatting about inconsequential things, to Minn., office of the Association. It commemorates the bring it up to the standard size set for that series of fiftieth anniversary of the organization, and is accom- topographical books. The author, Mr. James Edmund panied by an “Index” volume which provides a key to Vincent, is a newspaper correspondent, who has sought the publications of the Association during its half- the highways and byways of his adopted county, as he century of existence. 46 [July 16, THE DIAL Memoirs of the Comtesse de Boigne, 1781-1814. Edited from the Original Ms. by M. Charles Nicoullaud. With photogravure portrait, 8vo, gilt top, pp. 458. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net. HISTORY. Israel in Europe. By G. F. Abbott. Large 8vo, uncut, pp. 533. Macmillan Co. $3.25 net. Socialism before the French Revolution : A History. By William B. Guthrie, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 339. Macmillan Co. $1.50 net. The Story of Oxford. By Cecil Headlam; illus. in photo- gravure, etc., by Herbert Railton. New edition ; 18mo, gilt top, pp. 435. "Mediæval Towns Series." Macmillan Co. $2. net. History of North America. Editorial edition. Vol. XVI., The Reconstruction Period, by Peter Joseph Hamilton; Vol. XVII., The Rise of the New South, by Philip Alexander Bruce. Illus, in color, etc., large 8vo, gilt tops. Philadelphia: George Barrie & Sons. In Olde Massachusetts : Sketches of Old Times and Places during the Early Days of the Commonwealth. By Charles Burr Todd. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 241. The Grafton Press. $1.50 net. GENERAL LITERATURE. The Proverbs of Alfred. Re-edited from the Manuscripts by the Rev. Walter W. Skeat, Litt.D. 18mo, pp, 94. Oxford University Press. Luther's Table Talk: A Critical Study. By Preserved Smith, Ph.D. Large 8vo, uncut, pp. 135. Macmillan Co. 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No one who reads can hereafter say that psychical extinction is the only possible inference from brain dissolution.” – Christian Register (two columns). "I don't know of any better presenta- tion of the arguments than is here given.” – A. E. DOLBEAR, Ph.D., Professor of Physics in Tufts College. JAMES H. WEST CO., PUBLISHERS, BOSTON SEND FOR CATALOGUES WILLIAM R. JENKINS CO. 851 and 853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th Street) New York No branch stores CLIFTON-MCLAUGHLIN NEW FRENCH DICTIONARY Complete, accurate, in large type and other on good paper, clear, concise ar- foreign rangement, and the pronuncia- tion of each word. Size, 8 x643. Over 1300 pages. Price, $1.50. Postpaid. FRENCH BOOKS 48 [July 16, 1907. THE DIAL AN INDISPENSABLE BOOK FOR EVERY READER Right Reading WORDS OF GOOD COUN- SEL ON THE CHOICE AND USE OF BOOKS, SELECTED FROM TEN FAMOUS AUTHORS OF THE 19TH CENTURY. ANY SOME of the most notable things which distinguished writers of the nineteenth century have said in praise of books and by way of advice as to what books to read are here reprinted. Every line has something golden in it. — New York Times Saturday Review. NY one of the ten authors represented would be a safe guide, to the extent of the ground that he covers ; but the whole ten must include very nearly everything that can judiciously be said in regard to the use of books.—Hartford Courant. THE editor shows rare wisdom and good sense in his selec- tions, which are uniformly helpful. — Boston Transcript. THERE is so much wisdom, so mach inspiration, so much that is practical and profitable for every reader in these pages, that if the literary impulse were as strong in us as the religious impulse is in some people we would scatter this little volume broadcast as a tract. —New York Commercial Advertiser. BEAUTIFULLY PRINTED AT THE MERRYMOUNT PRESS Red cloth, gilt top, uncut, 80 cts. net. 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Competent bookmen to price lists and collect books. All this means prompt and complete shipments and right prices. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., Wholesale Booksellers 33-37 East Seventeenth Street, New York 2. THE DIAL PRESS, FINE ARTS BUILDING, CHICAGO THE PENN STATE COLLEGE LIBRARY STATE COLLEGE, PENN. THE DIAL A SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information EDITED BY FRANCIS F. BROWNE) Volume XLIII. CHICAGO, AUGUST 1, 1907. No. 507. 10 cts. a copy. S FINE ARTS BUILDING $2. a year. 203 Michigan Blvd. Works of Charles G. D. Roberts From Page's List HIS NEW BOOK OF NATURE AND ANIMAL LIFE The Haunters of the Silences " Professor Roberts is king in this field of literary achievement. His other animal stories were models unsurpassed until by his newest work.” - New York Times Saturday Review of Books. Others may have written successful animal biographies; but it has remained for Roberts to crystallize inw a series of vibrant character studies told with graphic power, insight, and sympathy, the really salient features of the horizonless life of the animal world.”-New York Bookman. With cover design and 62 illustrations by Charles Livingston Bull. $2.00. THE FIRST EDITION OF HIS Complete Poems This new edition contains the poems in “The Book of the Rose,” hitherto published separately, together with all his work since his recognition as a master among modern poets. With a new portrait frontispiece in photogravure. $2.00. OTHERS OF HIS WORKS WHICH HAVE BECOME STANDARD ARE A History of Canada “Noble is the word to characterize this new and obviously just history of the British Dominion in North America. A stimulating breeze of freshness seems to blow through it. We find the influence of Parkman, which is as it should be, but the point of view is distinct and modern." – Chicago Tribune. Net $2.00; postpaid $2.18. ANIMAL AND NATURE STORIES NOVELS AND ROMANCES Red Fox $2.00. The Heart That Knows “A novel of singularly effective strength, rich in its pas- The Watchers of the Trails $2.00. sionate tender drama." – New York Sun. The Kindred of the Wild $2.00. The Prisoner of Mademoiselle "This is a story to make one grow younger and more light-hearted. Its literary quality is impeccable." Earth's Enigmas $1.50. - Booklyn Eagle. Each with many illustrations by C. L. BULL. Barbara Ladd The Heart of the Ancient Wood "Lures us on by his devotion to nature and his keen and sympathetic knowledge of human character.” Mustrated by J. L. WESTON. $1.50. - Boston Transcript. The Forge in the Forest What Prominent Critics of These Books Have Said: The most brilliant animal stories that have appeared." An absorbing story of purest love and heroic adven- ture."- Chicago Tribune, -JOHN BURROUGHS. "Professor Roberts is the most literary as well as the A Sister to Evangeline most vivid of all the nature writers." -F. DANA REED in the Brooklyn Eagle. Swift action, an atmosphere of purity and deep passion “Stories are full of action, the brute heroes have a vivid and searching analysis characterize this splendid story." personality, and the style is graceful and convincing." - Philadelphia Press. - The Nation. By the Marshes of Minas "Exquisite in their refinement as they are robust in their appreciation of woodcraft." - The Outlook Magazine. "In the writer's lighter and more playful vein, but of Full of delight are these stories, with the additional absorbing interest and exquisite workmanship." - New York Evening Post. charm of Mr. Bull's faithful and graphic illustrations." - The Literary Digest. Each of the above is illustrated, and is published at $1.50. Cameron of Lochiel Translated from the French of Philippe Aubert de Gaspé, with frontispiece in color by H. C. EDWARDS. Professor Roberts deserves the thanks of his reader for giving a wider audience an opportunity to enjoy this striking bit of French-Canadian literature." — Boston Herald. Library 12mo, cloth decorative, $1.50. Professor Roberts's books are in all libraries and in all bookstores. No other contemporary writer is so thoroughly a master in such varying fields of literature. Whether as historian, poet, nature writer or romanticist his work is of the highest quality. The charm and fascination of his novels and nature stories call forth only unanimous praise. If there are any of his books you have not read take them with you on your vacation. You could not make a better selection. L. C. PAGE & COMPANY PUBLISHERS (All Booksellers) BOSTON 50 [August 1, 1907. THE DIAL Important New Macmillan Books NEW NOVELS, ETC. Arthur Heming's Spirit Lake "So full of the spirit of adven- ture, so breezy and fragrant of the woods that one is strongly tempted instantly to put on snow shoes : : : the reader's attention has no chance to wan- der.” - Boston Transcript, William S. Davis's A Victor of Salamis “There is romance and plotting of real interest and noble and satisfying love. ... One of the most readable and informing books of recent years." - Interior, John Oxenham's The Long Road Its skillful mingling of idyllic beauty and tragedy plays curi- ous tricks with emotions. . Its charm, not of style but of spirit, is strangely real and lovable." Record-Herald, Chicago. Jack London's Before Adam Nlustrated in colors. "Few books so take hold on one. It stands unique in the literature of to-day." - Albany Journal. Each, in decorated cloth, 12mo, $1.50. NEW BOOKS OF TIMELY INTEREST By President Nicholas Murray Butler Columbia University True and False Democracy "Above all stimulating . ... an eminently readable book.” - New York Obserrer. * Particularly timely, sane, and lucid.” - Baltimore Sun. Cloth, 12mo, $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10. By President Arthur Twining Hadley Yale University Standards of Public Morality The Chicago Daily News, welcomes it for a "salient characteristic as rare as it is agreeable. . . . It is distinguished by the remarkable faculty of com- mon sense. Cloth, 12mo, $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10. Prof. John Commons's important new book Races and Immigrants in America We do not recall another book of its size that presents so much important and essential information on this vital topic.” – Review of Reviews. Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.6.2. By Albert Shaw, LL.D. Political Problems of American Development An analysis of the nature of politics in American life, and of the larger prob- lems which have presented themselves during the struggle for national unity. Published by the Columbia University Press. Cloth, 8vo, $1.50 net. Rev. Walter Rauschenbusch's Christianity and the Social Crisis Stern passion and gentle sentiment stir at times among the words, and keen wit and grim humor flash here and there in the turn of a sentence; and that there is a noble end in view." - New York Times Saturday Review. Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.63. Mr. A. L. Hutchinson's The Limit of Wealth is an outline of what might be done if a part of the fortunes of excessively wealthy men were converted to the good of the State on their death. Cloth, 12mo, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.33. By William B. Guthrie, Ph.D. College of the City of New York Socialism Before the French Revolution An endeavor to give a view of Socialist doctrines during a period of which there has been no satisfactory account in any language. Cloth, 8vo, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.62. Mr. Clarence F. Birdseye's pungent criticism Individual Training in Our Colleges “Our conviction grows, as we study the volume more, that the author is not only starting a wide discussion of college conditions, but is the apostle of a movement which will go far to alter them for the better." – New York Observer. Cloth, 8vo, 435 pages, $1.75 net; by mail, $1.91. Dr. Pierre Janet's The Major Symptoms of Hysteria The New York Sun, in speaking of the fascination of this subject outside the medical profession, adds: “Professor Janet's exposition shows a mas- tery of the subject, frankness about what is doubtful, and a delightfully unconventional form of address.” Cloth, 12mo, $1.75 net. By Prof. George P. Baker Harvard University The Development of Shakespeare as a Dramatist An important contribution to Shakespeare criticism. Professor Baker aims to make clear Shakespeare's debt to others, his own road to the mas- tery of his art, and his concessions to the public or to the stage of his day. The book gives probably the best view to be had anywhere of the stage in Shakespeare's time and the evolution of the art of the Elizabethan dra- matists. It is illustrated from a number of rare contemporary prints. Cloth, 8vo, $1.75 net. NEW PLAYS Mr. Percy Mackaye's Sappho and Phaon We remember no drama by any modern writer that at once seems so readable, no play that is so excellent in stage tech- nique, so clear in characteriza- tion, and yet so completely filled with the atmosphere of romance and poetry." — Boston Tran- script. Cloth, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35. Mr. Clyde Fitch's The Truth “It is more interesting in plot than most novels, with some of the crispest and most amusing dialogue in 'the Clyde Fitch vein.'"- Philadelphia Press. Cloth, 75 cts, net; by mail, 82 cts. PUBLISHED BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 5th Ave., NEW YORK THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 60 cents a year for extra postage must be added. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of subscription is received, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communi. cations should be addressed to THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER BY THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. No. 507. AUGUST 1, 1907. Vol. XLIII. and even season. • CONTENTS. PAGE LITERATURE IN OFFICE . 51 CASUAL COMMENT 52 A factitious demand for an author's works. Spain's literary awakening. - A query for the dull A truly encyclopædic encyclopædia. — A poverty-stricken creator of imaginary wealth. Literary events in Tokyo. - A wave of literary Puritanism. — A library report on a new plan. — A Byron Memorial in Westminster Abbey. - Public libraries in the South. - Monumental neglect of Dickens. --- A new book on Ibsen. COMMUNICATIONS 55 Early English Drama given by American students. D. L. Maulsby. The Origin of “ Graft.” Samuel Willard. LORD CHESTERFIELD AS STATESMAN AND DIPLOMAT 56 THE SUBJECT OF CLOTHES. May Estelle Cook . 57 TEN FAMOUS FRENCHMEN. Josiah Renick Smith 58 THE OLD BRITISH ENGRAVERS. Charles H. Hart 60 A FORGOTTEN CHAPTER IN WESTERN EX- PLORATION. Lawrence J. Burpee 60 RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne 61 Hillier's Fanshawe of the Fifth. — Thurston's Katherine. — Willcocks's The Wingless Victory. Galsworthy's The Country House. — Bindloss's The Dust of Conflict. — Davis's A Victor of Salamis, – Scott's Beatrix of Clare. - Tayler's The Upper Hand. — King's. The Giant's Strength. ---Sage's By. Right Divine. - Miss Bowen's The Master of Stair. Mrs. Woods's The Invader. – Fraulein Schmidt and Mr. Anstruther. – Mrs. Martin's His Court- ship. — Miss Mathews's The Undefiled. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 66 Romance and history of the Jamestown folk. Native stories of Japanese life and character. A three-acre Paradise. — The life-story of a famous Frenchwoman. — Echoes of the “ Boxer siege" in China in 1900. — The development of photography as a free art. - The California garden-book. A new light on the early Christian martyrs. --- The creed of Orthodox Socialism. — How Germany has forged ahead in industrial ways. NOTES 69 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 70 LITERATURE IN OFFICE. The city of San Francisco has honored both literature and itself by the appointment of Dr. Edward Robeson Taylor to the office of the mayoralty. There is no reason (despite the popular prejudice to the contrary) why a good poet should not make a good administrator, and we expect that Dr. Taylor will apply to his new civic task the same nicety of discriminating judg- ment that he has applied to his translation of Heredia. The literary mayor is not altogether a novelty in our public life, since Mr. Brand Whitlock offers us another example in Toledo, the mayor of New York is the author of a highly creditable monograph upon Venetian history. Had it not been for the lamentable defeat of Mr. John Kendrick Bangs, when he sought the votes of the unappreciative citizens of Yonkers a few years ago, another shining name might have been added to our list. The faculties of the humorist are no less likely than those of the poet. to find fitting exercise in the control of civic affairs. The legislative func- tion quite frequently develops humorists ; why should we not now and then choose for its per- formance a jester whose quality is already known to the public? As for the novelist, is he not, by the very nature of his calling, an authority upon political and social conditions, an exposer of the very evils that law-makers have it for their duty to destroy? It was by his title of novelist that Mr. Booth Tarkington made his way into the legislative councils of his native Indiana. When Mr. Winston Churchill got into the legislature of New Hampshire, did not the corruptionists shake in their boots, and the representatives of the railroad monopoly turn their thoughts toward the subject of cyclone-cellars? By all means let us have humorists and novelists in greater numbers and poets too among our repre- sentatives at the state capitals. There is no public office to which literature may not climb in an age which has chosen a man of letters to be the President of the United States. We do not imagine that " The Winning of the West” alone would have won for Mr. Roosevelt the distinction of the chief magistracy, but there is a legitimate source of gratification . . 52 [August 1, THE DIAL 66 in the fact that the most exalted office in the Trade and the Post-Office Department. A mere land is filled by a man who has an honorable essayist, Mr. Birrell, is next to the Prime Min- position among American historians and essay ister the most conspicuous figure in the present ists. There is hardly another example in our Government, while the leader of the opposition, history of a President having literary distinction Mr. Balfour, is a graceful, if not a profound, apart from his office, although something might metaphysician. Imagination balks at the effort be said on this score for Jefferson and for John to figure our own party leaders as either essay- Quincy Adams. Some of our Presidents have ists or metaphysicians. We do occasionally had their “works” posthumously published in discover men of letters strayed by accident into imposing sets of volumes, but the volumes be the halls of Congress, — long, for the most part, in Lamb's category of Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto,”. books that are not books. but we do not find that generous sprinkling of In the past, the rule of our public life seems them that we observe in the average British to have been that a few foreign legations and Parliament. Moreover, England has in the consulates might properly be awarded to gentle- laureateship one public post to which poets alone men of the literary profession, although even are eligible, which fact is clearly an official this largess has been rather grudgingly doled feather in the cap of literature. out. It has never been altogether true to say Even royalty sometimes graces literature, not with the satirist that merely with patronage, but with actual per- “We're only known formance. Julius Cæsar was a man of letters In courts where Adams trod and Franklin shone, By mute Ambassadors who grandly scorn to (as schoolboys know), and a very great man of Maim any language save the one they ’re born to," letters in the opinion of so high an authority for the early appointments of Joel Barlow as as Signor Ferrero. Nero was not the poet he minister to France and Irving as minister to thought himself, but he held his art in proper Spain established a literary tradition in the esteem. All men of English race take pride in diplomatic service which has been occasionally the literary activities of Alfred the Great. In observed ever since. The names of Motley and our own day, the King of Sweden and the Queen Taylor and Lowell occur at once to the mind of Roumania are authors who would be taken as among the most conspicuous that have ever seriously even if they did not occupy thrones, adorned that service, while mention of the con- while the German Emperor, just because he sular service as promptly suggests Hawthorne, occupies one, is taken seriously enough by his Howells, Harte, and a host of others. entourage when he drops into poetry. Having The brilliant success of our men of letters in thus in our progress reached the pinnacle of these important public positions abroad might rank, any further illustrations of literature in properly have suggested similar experiments at office would have the effect of an anti-climax, for home. It has done so in occasional instances, which reason it seems best that no more be said. although we cannot at the moment recall either a postmaster-poet or an excise-essayist. Walt Whitman, it will be remembered, occupied a CASUAL COMMENT. petty government office until some one discov- ered that he was a poet, whereupon he was A FACTITIOUS DEMAND FOR AN AUTHOR'S WORKS summarily dismissed! The late John Hay as is always created when that author marries, dies, Secretary of State offers our best recent example otherwise does or says something that gets his name divorces his wife or is himself divorced by her, or of a man of letters in high official station, but into the newspapers. “ We are obliged,” says one it was rumored that the years of his officialdom of the assistants in a large public library, “ to watch brought him to the opinion that his most dis the daily papers studiously in order to keep prepared tinctive literary performances had been sins of for the demand for certain books and the works of his youth for which he hoped to be forgiven. certain authors. Whenever a prominent author dies, Literature appears to receive somewhat more gets married, or figures prominently in the news- of public recognition (although none too much) papers in any way, there is sure to follow within a in England than it does in the United States. day or two a greatly increased demand for his books. We remember that Burns and Wordsworth Bryce's “ American Commonwealth” has of late The same is true when a novel is dramatized.” Mr. were excise officers, and we take a certain pride enjoyed a renewed vogue - or, at least, the first in the fact that a poet and a dramatic critic, volume has ; for it is surprising (no, not surprising, Mr. Dobson and Mr. Walkley, are, respectively, human nature being what it is) how many persons efficient public public servants in the Board of yield to this sudden impulse to read an author, but 1907.] 53 THE DIAL seum. never get beyond a volume or two. Thus all our is this: Will our very real and very modern pre- public libraries show multitudes of rebound and sent ever take on the ancient aspect and clothe re-rebound first volumes, a lesser number of shabby itself in the vague mists that attach to the period of second volumes, and a pretty uniform display of Rameses the Great ? To this also we reply with an third and subsequent volumes of increasing immac- emphatie yes. With things material and spiritual ulateness as we approach the end of the set. This taking new shapes and gaining new meanings every state of things tells of a culture far other than that day, how can the men and women of the sixtieth which develops steadily and silently from an inner century fail to regard the reality of our existence principle, working itself out more and more into a with the same incredulity that fills us on contem- self-poised and symmetrical whole. There are two plating, for example, the ruins of Nineveh or classes of readers that are notably free from the Thebes ? This thought may make the nowness of outside influences above mentioned: they are the this year of grace 1907 turn pale and wan; but to staid and sensible older readers, and the ever the oppression of midsummer heat it brings a sooth- conservative juvenile frequenters of the library, to ing sense of the transitoriness of all things, even whom“ Robinson Crusoe " is as delightful as it was of mosquitoes, hand-organs, automobiles, and other to their great-great-grandfathers. Theirs is the nuisances. kingdom of literature, in its best sense. A TRULY ENCYCLOPÆDIC ENCYCLOPÆDIA, if one SPAIN'S LITERARY AWAKENING is becoming a may judge by its size, is the famous Chinese Ency- clopædia prepared by Chinese scholars nearly two subject of frequent approving comment. A scholarly writer in La Revue (Paris) says that at last Spanish centuries ago, issued in 5020 volumes (limited to authors “have placed themselves in contact with the 100 sets), and known to the Western world chiefly vibrant and sincere soul of the multitude.” They through the highly prized copy in the British Mu- Renewed attention is at this time called to have “ transformed their sentiments, their processes, the mammoth Chinese work because of the retire- their very vocabularies, in such manner that it is not ment of Sir Robert Douglass from the custodian- difficult to predict the flowering of a vigorous and ship of Oriental printed books and manuscripts in original art worthy of Spain's historic greatness. ... The novel has been ennobled and developed the Museum. It was through his efforts, about fifteen years ago, that a set of the ponderous ency- to the point of becoming the very opposite of what it had been at the close of the nineteenth century. clopædia was secured. A certain Chinese prince ... In the hands of the new-comers it gains vigor was pinched for ready cash, and offered his copy of in that it appears to emanate from the very soul the work in question for sale. But as he would not of the people. part with it to a foreigner, some little scheming was Two traits in particular charac- terize the work of this great modern group: the necessary to obtain it for England. Through the agency of a discreet middleman the 5020 volumes perfecting of style, formerly discordant and riotous, and the successful effort to escape from those gran- were safely delivered, in fifteen cartloads, at the door of the British Legation, and in due time diloquent and irregular formulas which made the forwarded to London. The work, besides being a reading of earlier novels tedious.” And thus, we are assured, “the way is opened for the triumph of compendium of all Chinese knowledge at its date of publication, is adorned with many quaint illustra- sincerity and the final overthrow of rhetoric." In the other branches of literature also, especially in tions. Sir Robert, its erstwhile guardian, is accounted an authority on things Chinese, and his retirement poetry, the drama, and criticism, the same demo- will be regretted. cratic tendencies are asserting themselves. Fur- thermore, a political transformation to match the A POVERTY-STRICKEN CREATOR OF IMAGINARY literary revolution is confidently predicted. It does WEALTH is somewhat pathetically presented to our really seem as if drowsy old Spain, with her young view in the person of that prolific producer of splen- king, her new queen, her infant crown-prince, her did romance, Madame de la Ramée, otherwise known lately achieved freedom from colonial clogs, and her as “Ouida.” After luxuriating, with her tens of newly-hatched brood of singing birds, were respond thousands of readers, in all the elegant superfluities ing to the quickening influences of modern life. that money can buy (in the pages of a novel), the unfortunate lady is said now to be hardly able to A QUERY FOR THE DULL SEASON, and one which command the bare necessities. She who seemed many an idle dreamer has already asked, is this : born to live in princely palaces and to dispense Can it be that the ancients lived in a present that hospitality with queenly hand, is reported to have was as real and as matter-of-fact to them as our fallen into a state of dependence on her own serv- present is to us? Yes, we venture to answer, and ants, a condition from which, however, she was a good deal more so — excepting, perhaps, the era of excepting, perhaps, the era of fortunately rescued by a pension from the British the Renaissance and the brave days of Elizabethan government. The pecuniary relief was small, but, voyaging and discovery. We live in an age of whatever its amount, there will be satisfaction felt rapidly increasing wonders that would have driven that the contributor to the pleasure — we even ven- the hungriest novelty-seeker of Athens dizzy with ture to say, the innocent pleasure — of so many of amazement. A converse query, not so often heard, 1 her countrywomen, and of her countrymen in smaller 54 [August 1, THE DIAL numbers, has at least been freed from the grim dread the dictionary plan may have been used by other of starvation. Well would it have been for this librarians, this is the first instance we have noticed woman, so generously endowed with creative imagi- of its employment in this connection. The Newark nation, could she have received also from some kind library occupies a fine new building - that is, new fairy a slight intermixture of conservative prudence six years ago — and under Mr. Dana's headship it among the gifts bestowed on her at birth. Surely, is doing good work in all its many departments. It a little thrift in her days of prosperity would have maintains police station and post-office libraries, sends safeguarded her from her present straits. out to other cities and towns a noteworthy book- binding exhibit, opens its rooms for the meetings of LITERARY EVENTS IN TOKYO receive no promi ninety-one literary, educational, charitable and other nent mention in our newspapers, but from late organizations, gives lessons on the use of its facilities, Japanese journals we are pleased to learn that inter- circulates annually a number of books nearly equal est in the latest European and American literature to twice the population of the city, issues more than is keen among the educated classes. Premier two hundred mimeograph bulletins and lists to aid Saionji has been giving dinners to novelists, poets, readers, and engages in many other praiseworthy and other writers, and there seems to have been enterprises. Evidently the new librarian and the much good talk at these gatherings on books and new building have given a fresh impetus to library authors of other countries besides Japan. A char activity in Newark. acteristic feature of the banquets was the impromptu A BYRON MEMORIAL IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY writing of sentiments, verses, or even plain signa- is among the possibilities of the near future. Mr. tures, on “spotless silk," as souvenirs of the occa- Charles Rathbone Law, the historian, is reported as sion. The applause elicited by some of these actively interested in the matter; and he must have extemporaneous efforts appears to us, it must be a considerable following in all English-speaking confessed, a little excessive. For example, we read lands. It appears that when Byron died, Dean that “among others, Rohan won the praise of all Ireland refused to let his remains be buried in the by writing in his manly caligraphy [a Japanese Abbey; and it has been plausibly conjectured that verse, thus translated] : On the Musashi plain his motives were the same as those suggested by vegetation grows free in its varied beauty.'” But Henley when he wrote: “Two obvious reasons why the charm of poetry is untranslatable, and we must, Byron has long been a prophet more honored abroad in our ignorance of Japanese, take the rare beauty than at home are his life and his works.” But there of these specimens on trust. Among English and are many monuments in Westminster Abbey erected American books advertised by Tokyo booksellers are to genius rather than virtue, and some bear testi- to be noted Leslie Stephen's “ Agnostic's Apology mony to neither. There are even kings of England and Dr. William James's “ Varieties of Religious reposir reposing beneath its pavement who might find it Experience.” Free-thought is nowhere more at hard to show cause why they should not have been home than in Japan. excluded from the sacred precincts. A WAVE OF LITERARY PURITANISM, or something PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN THE SOUTH are almost as like it, appears to be sweeping over England and rare as violets in October. Georgia, one of the least engulfing her educational authorities. Kingsley's backward of Southern States in library progress, has “ Westward Ho!” has been blacklisted at Tilbury, only eight free public libraries that and the London Education Committee has declared оссиру buildings, with three more in process of construction. “Mary Barton” unfit for juvenile reading. Mrs. This information is found in a “Handbook of the Gaskell, it is alleged, is guilty of admitting to her Libraries of the State,” issued by the Carnegie book sundry disquieting “references to immoral Library of Atlanta. It contains also an account doings"; and the descriptions of riots in Lanca- of the State Library Association, the library laws shire would "rend the hearts of young children.” of Georgia, the Georgia Library Commission, and Children must, no one would dispute, sooner or an illustrated summary of public libraries in the later learn to distinguish between good and evil ; State. Our great South, with its dearth of libraries, but the method of training here adopted cannot but ought to make Mr. Carnegie take heart of grace: suggest the inadequate natatory drill of the girl immortalized in nursery rhyme. The boys and girls rich, so numerous are the unlibraried cities and there is still hope that he need not die disgracefully of Britain will become objects of pity when Marryat villages awaiting the bestowal of his bounty. and Stevenson and perhaps even Miss Yonge and Mrs. Marshall are put under lock and key, and the MONUMENTAL NEGLECT OF DIckens is perhaps most exciting literature allowed is furnished by the the appropriate phrase for the astonishing lack of “ Bessie Books." that sort of visible memorial of the great novelist A LIBRARY REPORT ON A NEW PLAN is that pre which one would have most confidently looked for pared by Mr. John Cotton Dana, librarian of the in London. But though thirty-five years have passed Newark (N. J.) Public Library. Its arrangement since he died, no bust to perpetuate his memory has of topics is alphabetical, with occasional cross until now been on view in any public spot in the references. This is a time-saving device, and though city. A bust by Mr. Percy Fitzgerald has just their own 1907.] 55 THE DIAL been erected very near where “Pickwick” was saw the “Shoemaker's Holiday” again, at Butler Col- begun, the site of Furnival's Inn, Holborn, where lege, Indiana; an out-of-door “ As You Like It,” June Dickens lived from 1834 to 1839, while he was 14 and 15, at the University of Chicago; and Milton's acting as reporter on “The Morning Chronicle." “Comus,” June 4 and 5, at Tufts. Brown University The offices of an insurance company hold prosaic gave a series of performances in 1904, including, be- sides the “Faustus” already mentioned, the Chester possession of the spot at present, but the effigy will version of “Noah's Flood,” “ The Slaughter of the serve as a welcome reminder of the storied past. Innocents,” “ The Revesby Sword Play,” a scene from “ First in fiction, first in the affections of novel the Robin Hood plays, and John Redford's morality, readers, and last to get a monument,” one might “Wyt and Science.” feel inclined to say, à propos of this event. This hasty enumeration makes no mention of Wellesley's marked activity, through the Barn Swal- A NEW BOOK ON IBSEN that will attract attention lows and the Shakespeare Society, in bringing to life and find many readers is promised from the pen of half-forgotten plays. Shakespeare's romantic and fairy Mr. Edmund Gosse, one of the Norwegian's earliest comedies, such as “ Midsummer Night's Dream" and English friends and interpreters, and one with “ The Tempest,” have more than once been played out- of-doors, with brilliant light and costume effects; “ The whom, as we learn from his published letters, he Knight of the Burning Pestle” and Ben Jonson's “Sad interchanged friendly correspondence as early as Shepherd ” have delighted well-informed audiences. 1872. Biography and criticism will intermingle in Anyone who has witnessed one or more of those charm- Mr. Gosse's work, much as in the handy and popular ing plays upon the green at Wellesley has a memory of “ English Men of Letters” series. The book is enchantment. Tufts vied with Wellesley in an open- expected to appear in the autumn. air performance of Thomas Dekker's “Old Fortunatus,” June 1, 2, and 4, 1906, with thirty-five speaking parts, and fifty-six mutes, including Queen Elizabeth herself before whom the play was presented. The costumes, COMMUNICATIONS. music, and dancing were correct as well as impressive. EARLY ENGLISH DRAMA GIVEN BY AMERICAN D. L. MAULSBY. Tufts College, Mass., July 16, 1907. STUDENTS. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) In a paragraph concerning the presentation of the THE ORIGIN OF “GRAFT.” earlier English drama by undergraduates of American (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) colleges, in a recent issue of THE DIAL (June 16, 1907), In this word, which has rushed into extraordinary I find two errors that are worth correcting. The re popularity and common use within the last two or three cent Princeton production of Marlowe's “ Dr. Faustus years, so that it can hardly be called any longer mere was antedated by a production at Brown University, slang, we have another example of the degradation of April 23, 1904. Udall's “ Roister Doister” has never a once honorable word. One of Dean Trench's popular been given at Harvard, but was presented this season books on the English language discusses such changes in Boston by students of the Emerson College of Ora with several examples. Such are “knave” and “ churl,” tory. Other revivals of “Roister Doister" are: Tufts the first of which meant boy, then servant, at last rogue; College, June 6, 1895 (I think its first presentation in the second meant man, especially a strong man, and America); Bryn Mawr, Nov. 8, 1895; Butler College, next a rude man, as one who presumes on his strength. Indianapolis, 1896; Yale University, May 2, 1900; the Now if anyone has puzzled himself in trying to con- University of Vermont, the spring of 1900; and the nect this new word of opprobrium with the horticultural Roxbury (Mass.) High School, April 15 and 16, 1904. operation whereby a twig is inserted into a tree to win An interesting chapter is yet to be written, containing a new source of life, let him understand that he is look- a full account of American academic representation of ing in the wrong direction. Forty or fifty years ago, Shakespeare's predecessors and contemporaries. Mean graft,” which has succeeded the less euphonious while, perhaps THE DIAL has room for a few desultory “boodle," meant one's regular occupation or business. data on the subject. In the order of time, the following See Hotten's Slang Dictionary, which gives no other college presentations have been made. Harvard, March meaning (date about 1865). When one English work- 20, 1895, gave Ben Jonson's “Silent Woman,” the cast man asked another, “ What is your graft ? ” he imputed acceptably filled by students from the American Acad no dishonor. The answer involved the name of a trade: emy of Dramatic Arts, New York City. The interior “I'm a mason," or "I'm a tanner.” of the Swan Theatre was faithfully reproduced, and In fact, it was a slight mispronunciation of the word twenty-two Harvard undergraduates gave vivid illustra-craft, familiar to readers of the New Testament in the tion of the customs of Shakespeare's time. The Delta nineteenth chapter of Acts, in the story of the tumult Upsilon Society of Harvard presented Dekker's “Shoe at Ephesus. Demetrius the silversmith said, “ By this maker's Holiday,” April 28, 29, 30, 1898, and has been craft we have our wealth ... this our craft is in dan- accustomed to give annually an older English play — the ger.” The Revised Version substitutes the words last (1907) being Beaumont and Fletcher's • Knight of “ business and “trade.” While the words “handi- the Burning Pestle.” These performances are, in acting craft” and “craftsman ” have retained their dignity, and in management, in care of the undergraduates. “crafty" has passed from its original meaning, skilful, Tufts gave the “First Pageant of the Shepherds ” into the disgrace of tricky, deceitful. Craft ” is (Towneley series), Feb. 27, 1900. A little later the dropping out of use; hence the revisers used those other “Second Pageant of the Shepherds” was played by words, and its derivative “ graft” is sorely degraded. students of Yale, in conjunction with a dramatized SAMUEL WILLARD. version of Chaucer's “ Pardoner's Tale.” The year 1901 Harbor Springs. Mich., July 20, 1907. 66 56 (August 1, THE DIAL The New Books. flattering picture of the man. A glimpse of Chesterfield in a rôle that well suited him is afforded in the following passage descriptive of LORD CHESTERFIELD AS STATESMAN his ambassadorial life at The Hague ; the para- AND DIPLOMAT.* graph furnishes also a fair sample of the writer's If for convenience' sake, and with the sanc impartial treatment of his theme. tion of good authority, we let the words “ eight “ His new vocation was pleasant to a man of his eenth century” denote the period between the temperament, who, though he affected to be simply a last English and the first French revolution man of pleasure,' was in reality fond of work and desirous of pleasing others. A remarkable instance (1688–1789), we shall find the life of not the of his desire to conciliate those whose opinions might least representative eighteenth-century English- differ ever so widely from his own, is afforded by his man falling entirely within that term, with six account of an incident, by which, as he remarks, I have years' margin at one end and sixteen at the acquired some degree of reputation. • You must know,' other. Philip Dormer Stanhope, fourth Earl he proceeds [in a letter to Lady Suffolk], "that last of Chesterfield, believed the end and aim of christening in my chapel of a Black-a-moor boy that I Sunday I treated the people here with an English our mortal existence to be the repression of have, having had him first instructed fully in the Chris- spontaneities and the assiduous cultivation of tian faith by my chaplain, and examined by myself. elegant artificialities. His excessive regard for The behaviour of the young Christian was decent and externals, and his cynical disbelief in anything devotion to the infinite edification of a very numerous exemplary, and he renounced his likeness with great genuine behind the mask, helped to make his audience of both sexes. And then follows the inevitable the 66 age of prose, of lying, of sham, the mocking tag, . Though I have by these means got the fraudulent-bankrupt century," that Carlyle so reputation of a very good Christian, yet the more thrifty mercilessly railed at, at the same time that he and frugal people here call my parts and economy a good deal in question for having put it out of my power chose not a few of his heroes his Friedrich, ever to sell him.' That he was an assiduous man of his Goethe and Schiller, his Johnson and his business is evident from the references we meet with Burns — from the middle and end of that era in his correspondence with the Secretaries of State at of corruption and cant. home, and more especially from Lord Townshend's Mr. W. H. Craig announces, in a brief repeated tributes to his zeal and activity. His store of energy was inexhaustible. Before he left England it preface to his “ Life of Lord Chesterfield,” the expended itself chiefly on society; but when he was motive that has prompted him to add to the given the chance of employing it more usefully, no man " already over-crowded list of writings could devote himself with a keener zest to the work before him." courtly Earl. He believes that hitherto enough, and more than enough, attention has been Lord Chesterfield's greatest public service was given “ to his private life and correspondence, the introduction of the reformed or Gregorian and to his wit, his savoir faire, his peculiar calendar into England, after the accumulated systém of practical ethics, his sallies into the error of the Julian calendar, then in use, had field of literature, his theory of the “Graces,' amounted to eleven days. The English year, and his various questionable proclivities”; but too, had hitherto begun on the 25th of March, that too little has been devoted “ to the con while all other European countries, except sideration of those rarer and higher qualities Russia and Sweden, began their year with the which distinguished him as a valuable public first of January, Gregorian reckoning. Of servant to whose ability, zeal, energy, political course the popular resistance to a change - foresight, incorruptibility, and dexterity En to the acceptance of a calendar amended by a gland is more indebted than she appears to Pope of Rome Pope of Rome — was great; but Chesterfield's recognize at present.” Therefore he avoids eloquence carried Parliament with him, and dwelling on the former and more familiar attri the new order went into effect in 1752. Nor butes, and seeks to emphasize the latter. The does the chief author of the reform appear to record of Lord Chesterfield's public services is have incurred the people's ill-will, though they open to all; but how far they were disinterested were bitter against Lord Macclesfield and Dr. services, and how far prompted by personal and Bradley, the Astronomer Royal, his efficient selfish motives, is matter for debate. His helpers in the good cause. This event in apologist, if one may so designate his latest Chesterfield's life is worthy of especial note, biographer, is temperate and judicious in tone, since his name is so seldom associated with the and has presented what appears to be a not too reform of our calendar. What Mr. Craig has to say about the Earl's * LIFE OF LORD CHESTERFIELD. By W. H. Craig. With 28 full-page illustrations. New York: John Lane Co. private character, and the moral, or immoral, on the 1907.] 57 THE DIAL precepts so lavishly scattered through his letters volumes on the history of Costume? From page to his son, is all in the temper of an impartial to page the reader wavers between the two biographer. For instance, he writes : expressions, smiling over the grotesque and “ It is not the object of these pages to whitewash incongruous fixings, sighing over the extrava- Chesterfield. He was not a good man’ in the conven gance, the discomfort, the ugliness. Fortu- tional sense of the term, but one of those who assign to nately, however, both authors take an indulgent expediency that position which is the right of conscience; and readers must be left to decide how far, considering attitude toward the facts they record, so that the time in which he lived and the special object he had under their influence the smile is likely to pre- in view, he was justified in laying down such a code of dominate, though chastened by consciousness of morals as the Letters contain for the guidance of his son. pathos. When we come to discuss his precepts as to manners For the manner of both records, the reader and deportment, we find ourselves upon firmer ground, though, even here, the march of time has played havoc can have little but praise. Both authors are fully with much of his wisdom. Dr. Johnson averred that, responsive to their subjects, both describe clearly • leaving out the immorality, the Letters might be made and fully, and both know the value of plentiful a very pretty book which should be put into the hands illustrations. Mrs. Aria, writing much the of every young gentleman;' and to a certain extent this smaller book, takes a wider range of subject, is true, though young gentlemen of the present day would be slow, and very justly, to accept his lordships and treats it eclectically. and treats it eclectically. After brief but in- code of manners. Our youths have outgrown the petit- cisive comment on Greek, Roman, and mediæval maître-ism which was the distinguishing characteristic dress, she gives a chapter to the most striking of an elegant young gentleman of Chesterfield's day, characteristics of costume in each century from and any youth formed upon that model would now be regarded as a milksop and a prig. Still the Letters the thirteenth through the nineteenth. While abound with invaluable rules for conduct which, though English costume is chiefly considered, there are every well-brought-up lad knows them perfectly well, illuminating glimpses of German, French, and he will be nothing the worse for being reminded of." Italian fashions, at corresponding times. Added There are many acts in Chesterfield's life chapters on peasant, oriental, bridal, dancing, that became him less than his manner of leaving ceremonial, and threatrical dress will make the it. In accordance with instructions contained volume a lamp and a guide to those in search in his last will and testament 66 Satiated with of inspiration for fancy dress costumes. The the pompous follies of this life of which I have text is often witty and always interesting. Mr. had an uncommon share, I would have no Anderson, the illustrator, can scarcely be over- posthumous ones displayed at my funeral, and praised for the excellence of his work. Hating therefore desire to be buried in the next burying- all ugliness, he deftly turns a picturesque aspect place to the place where I shall die, and limit of even the most impossible fashions toward us. the whole expenses of my funeral to £100" How he manages to make them so attractive is he was buried in Grosvenor Chapel, South past comprehension, unless it is by associating Audley Street, London ; but his friends after-them with beautiful faces. Who would not wear ward so far disregarded his dying wishes as to monstrous hennin on her locks, or a ship in full remove his body to the family burying-place at sail, or even horns a yard long, if by so doing she Shelford. could look as winsome as these pictured ladies ? The book is written in an agreeable narrative Even to Queen Elizabeth in full panoply of style that shows marks of scholarly care, peace (and was ever panoply of war so formid- although a slight lack of system betrays itself able ?) he gives a face as sweet as the traditional in some few repetitions and in an occasional dairymaid's. The sixteen colored plates are a disregard of chronological order. Many por- delight to behold, with form' and line studied to traits and a full index are provided, as well as the perfection of grace, and colors so delicate numerous footnotes. and so well blended that they fairly melt in the eye. Between author and illustrator, the reader closes the book with a thoroughly kindly feeling THE SUBJECT OF CLOTHES.* toward departed fashions, though with the hope Is a smile or a sigh the appropriate comment that there is no impiety in being thankful they on the long tyranny of fashion recorded by Mrs. are departed. Aria and Mr. Calthrop in their beautiful new Intensively, Mr. Calthrop, is much more ambitious in his book, though he confines his * COSTUME - Fanciful, Historical, and Theatrical. Compiled by Mrs. Aria. Illustrated by Percy Anderson. New York: The attention to English costume. Of this his treat- Macmillan Co. ment is so thorough as to merit for his work ENGLISH COSTUME, Painted and Described by Dion Clayton Calthrop. New York: The Macmillan Co. the old-fashioned phrase "a complete compen- 58 [August 1, THE DIAL one dium.” Each reign, from the Conqueror's satisfactory is his evolutionary sense, by which down, receives a chapter impartially divided he traces the continuous development of new between the wear of men and of women, and species from old; he not only declares that the illustrated with two full-page figures in color. | liripipe came from the peak of the hood, the These seventy canvases can scarcely vest from the surcoat, and the coat from the speak of them as anything less — destine the tunic, but shows by description and drawing book to be used chiefly as that most delectable how it all happened. He believes, too, in the of creations, a picture-book for “ grown-ups, causal connection between life and clothes, and with educational value enough to salve the the doubts which that belief gives rise to add mature conscience for enjoying such things. the spice of unanswered inquiry to his pages. This destiny is made more sure by half-tone He can go so far as to say that a fashion is reproductions of some thirty engravings by born, not made.” But whether clothes result Hollar and sixty by the Dightons, with innu- from character or character from clothes, he merable line-drawings by the author. Mr. has not yet decided. has not yet decided. It is much, however, to Calthrop is his own illustrator, and often says keep before us the Sartor-philosophy that “ in "If I can't describe this, I can draw it.” His this one pregnant subject of Clothes, rightly use of color is daring, but his artistic sense is understood, is included all that men have as sure as it is cheerful ; so that his portrait thought, dreamed, done, or been," and we shall gallery, though higher in tone than Mr. not blame him if he could not, any more than Anderson's, is equally grateful to the eye. In Sartor himself, tell us just how the inclusion his drawings, his sense of humor is often appar- came about. MAY ESTELLE COOK. ent. What matter whether the sketch is pretty or not, if it correctly represents the fact? In his writing, Mr. Calthrop is something less of TEN FAMOUS FRENCHMEN.* an artist. Still, in making a compendium, he could hardly avoid packing his facts. After Mr. Tallentyre's “Life of Voltaire," published the enormous amount of research, it is remark a few years ago, was favorably received, and able that he can handle his subject as lightly as aroused renewed interest in the character and he does. Interesting and readable he certainly career of the man who stood for liberty when is, in spite of an occasional slip in idiom or the word, for France, was nothing more than a construction. He has a happy faculty for mak- historical expression. But Voltaire, as is well ing his costumes live, as it were, in the times known, was only one — though the leading one to which they belong. Taking his stand in - of a cluster of great names, the “alpha,” as Caxton's shop at the beginning of Edward IV.'s astronomers say, of a constellation which illu- reign, he says: minates that part of the heavens of history “ You will notice that all, or nearly all, the passers- known as the eighteenth century. It was by Caxton's have long hair; that the dandies have extra inevitable that Mr. Tallentyre, while prosecut- long hair brushed out in a cloud at the back; that the ing his Voltairean studies, should have become older men wear long, very simple gowns, which they belt in at the waist with a stuff or leather belt, on which profoundly interested in the other thinkers and is hung a bag-purse; that these plain gowns are laced philosophers whose lives and writings constituted across the front to the waist over a vest of some colored a noble protest against the age-long tyranny stuff other than the gown. ... Edward himself has whose knell they helped to sound. These by- been to the shop, and has consented to become patron of an edition of Tully, - Edward with his very subtle products of his researches he has now gathered face, his tall, handsome appearance, his cold, elegant into a volume which forms a valuable supple- He is dressed in a velvet gown edged with ment to his Life of Voltaire and will be welcomed fur; the neck of the gown is low, and the silk vest by all admirers of that book. shows above it. Across his chest are gold laces taper " The Friends of Voltaire is cast in the ing to his waist; these are strait across the front of his gown-opening. His hair is strait and falls to the nape form of anecdotal biography, and tells the stories of his neck. The skirts of his gown reach to his knees, of ten men whose lives fell very closely together, and are fur-edged; his sleeves are full at the elbows the earliest birth among them dating from 1713, and tight over his wrists; he is wearing red Spanish and only one of them ( Grimm) living into the leather tall boots, turned over at the top.” nineteenth century (1807). The ten men were This vivifying method, together with the fact thus true contemporaries; and, aside from their that Mr. Calthrop does not forget to describe friendship with Voltaire, they were more or the dress of the common people, will render the * THE FRIENDS OF VOLTAIRE. By S. G. Tallentyre. New book invaluable to students of history. Equally manners. York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1907.] 59 THE DIAL less closely associated with one another. Mr. sparkling and debonair style which seemed an Tallentyre endeavors to characterize them by appropriate medium for Voltaire and his friends. giving each an identifying label, as follows: With grave and measured speech, as of one D'Alembert the Thinker, Diderot the Talker, walking over a battlefield, he sketches the con- Galiani the Wit, Vauyenargues the Aphorist, ditions which prevailed in France during the D’Holbach the Host, Grimm the Journalist, reign of Louis the “ Well-beloved.” “Consider Helvétius the Contradiction, Turgot the States that these people had been scourged for genera- man, Beaumarchais the Playwright, Condorcet tions by hundreds of unjust and senseless laws, the Aristocrat. made by and for the benefit of their oppressors, At one period or another in his long and and that they were now the victims of taxes stormy life, Voltaire was brought into touch whose very name has become an indictment and with these apostles of liberalism. Some of them whose description is a justification of the French knew him but slightly, and he did not hesitate Revolution." Then follows a brief account of to criticize them caustically enough at times; the oppressive taille, corvée, milice, and gabelle, but on the whole, as the author says, 6 their and of the still more frightful irregular burdens aim was his aim, to destroy from among the which could be imposed at any time by the people . ignorance, the curse of God’"; and they, autocrat at Versailles. like him, “ were the prophets and the makers “ What effect would hundreds of years of such oppres- of a new dispensation.” So the term “ Friends sion have on the character of the oppressed ? Hopeless, of Voltaire is not ill-chosen. filthy, degraded, superstitious with the craven superstition which made them the easy prey of their unscrupulous The ten studies are of nearly the same clergy and left them wholly sensual and stupid; as length, but of varying merit; the most penetra- animals, without the animals instinctive joy of life and tion and sympathy being shown in the papers fearlessness of the morrow; with no ambitions for them- on D'Alembert and Diderot, the creators of selves or the children who turned to curse them for the famous Encyclopédie. The having brought them into such a world; with no time to little abbé gay dream or love, no time for the tenderness which makes Galiani is sketched with something of his own life life indeed, — they toiled for a few cruel years be- incisive, wit, and the good-natured “maître cause they feared to die, and died because they feared to d'hôtel of philosophy,” the rich Baron d'Holbach, live. Such were the people Turgot was sent to redeem.” whose hospitable homes in the Rue Royale and As Intendant of Limoges, and later as Con- at Grandval were for nearly thirty years head troller-General of Finances, Turgot succeeded quarters for the wits and celebrities of all in alleviating many abuses which it would take nations, is given a meed of gratitude as having a French Revolution to sweep entirely away. provided the rendezvous for those who were Of other friends of Voltaire, - of Grimm engaged in the great intellectual revival of the the astute journalist, Helvétius the materialist, time. Vauvenargues, the author of a single Beaumarchais of “ Figaro Figaro” renown, Mr. book, is perhaps the most winning face that Tallentyre writes with a light but assured looks upon us from the walls of this little gal- touch, doing justice to their merits and their lery. A Rochefoucauld without the cynicism, services in the great cause, and leaving of them his maxims leave only a good taste in the mouth all such convincing pen-pictures as almost to and a good impulse in the heart. Prosperity make needless the ten portraits with which the soured La Rochefoucauld ; adversity trained book is embellished. and sweetened Vauvenargues, and we may, with There are many glimpses, too, of the brilliant Mr. Tallentyre, say of him that the flippant women whose gay and and false, clever and silly eighteenth century easy society was alike a relaxation and a stimulus to these thinkers and is in some sort redeemed by the brave silent writers from Catherine the Great of Russia life and the high ideals he proved practical and down to Mme. de Tencin, the intellectual but not visionary by fulfilling himself, of this soldier heartless mother of D'Alembert. This philo- aphorist.' sopher was later comforted, however, for his In this decade of essayists, probably the mother's desertion of him, by the companionship least articulate was the statesman Turgot ; but and affection of Julie de Lespinasse ; and the he wrought with all the powers God and man admirers of Mrs. Humphry Ward will appre- had given him for the betterment of his op- ciate the allusion to one of her later novels in pressed fellow-countrymen. It is a familiar the following paragraph : story to the students of French history, but “ The history of that ménage, of the brilliant, impul- it is not one to be told with levity; and Mr. sive, undisciplined girl, with her plain face and her Tallentyre, on approaching it, lays aside the matchless charm, and of the blind old woman she 60 (August 1, THE DIAL tended, deceived and outwitted, has been told in fiction of approval), William Marshall (whose portrait as well as history. How, when Madame du Deffand of Milton the poet derided in Greek lines that was asleep, her poor companion held for herself reunions of the bright particular stars of her mistress' firmament, he gave to the unsuspecting engraver to set and how the old woman, rising a little too early one day, beneath it), Faithorne (who has preserved for came into the room and with her sightless eyes saw all, us possibly the only authentic likeness of the is one of the familar anecdotes of literature." blind Milton, which he rendered from life when The book, throughout, is entertaining, and the poet was sixty-two), Wenceslaus, Hollar, helpful to a clear understanding of a momentous and Robert White. and often misunderstood epoch in both history The beautiful art of mezzotinting not unnatu- and literature. JOSIAH RENICK SMITH. rally comes in for the greatest space, and its history is most admirably given in the running story of the lives and works of the famous scrapers, from Prince Rupert down to Reynolds, THE OLD BRITISH ENGRAVERS. * Turner, and Cousins, the last of the masters Mr. Salaman's account of the old English who began by using copper-plates and finished engravers is a work of rare interest and enter their careers on plates of hardened steel. The tainment. To the lover of the old copper-plate great English line engravers of the eighteenth prints, who appreciates an engraving for its century, Strange, Woollett, and Sharp, whose beauty, its charm, and its artistic merit, whether best works have never been equalled by men in in line, in mezzotinto, or in stipple, the book any other land, receive just and appreciative will commend itself most highly, as it is written consideration, and the volume closes with a wholly from the artistic standpoint, with no notice of Bartolozzi, Ryland, Caroline Watson, consideration for the commercial side which Schiavonetti, Burke, and the other like pro- measures the value of a print alone by its ducers of those“ pretty” stipple pictures after auction-room price. On this point the author Angelica Kauffmann and Cipriani that have says: “I have had no thought for that print won the admiration of beginners in the cultiva- collector with whom considerations of state' tion of a taste for the great reproductive art of and margin are more urgent than the appeal of engraving. pictorial beauty or human interest. To him, The volume is indeed a combination of good the price at Christie's will count, perhaps, for things well served. Gossip and portraiture and more than the intrinsic interest of the print, or art are deftly interlaced, so that the reading of the life-story of the engraver." the pages is no less agreeable than instructive. Mr. Salaman traces copper-plate engraving CHARLES HENRY HART. in England from 1540, when it made its first appearance “ in a book of midwifery called • The Byrth of Mankynde,' surely a very ap- propriate title to begin with," and tells us that A FORGOTTEN CHAPTER IN WESTERN “ the earliest known example of copper-plate EXPLORATION.* engraving devoted by a native artist primarily So little is heard nowadays of the achieve- to the service of portraiture” was “ Eliza ments of that notable little group of adventurous Triumphans,” a portrait of England's Virgin mariners who explored the Northwest coast of Queen, by William Rogers, in 1589. Rogers our continent, that 'one is inclined to welcome was not, however, the earliest known engraver with more than ordinary enthusiasm Professor in England, that distinction belonging to Meany's bulky volume bearing the alluring Thomas Geminus, a surgeon in the household title - Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound." of Henry VIII., who copied the plates for the From the words of his preface, one is indeed famous book on anatomy by Vesalius, in 1545. led to expect a contribution of much more than Among the seventeenth-century men who fol- ordinary importance to the literature of North- lowed in line engraving, the names best known western discovery, --in fact, such an exhaustive are Elstrack, de Passe, Droeshout (who at piece of editing as, for instance, is associated twenty-two engraved Shakespeare's portrait for with the name of the late Dr. Elliott Coues. the first folio edition of his works and which, “ The sources for a work of this kind," says Pro- mirabile dictu, called forth Ben Jonson's lines fessor Meany, " are not easily accessible. Part * THE OLD ENGRAVERS OF ENGLAND, in their relation to Con of them have been printed in journals and voy- temporary Life and Art (1540-1800). By Malcolm C. Salaman. With forty-eight illustrations. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott * VANCOUVER'S DISCOVERY OF PUGET SOUND. By Edmond S. Company. Meany. New York: The Macmillan Co. 97 1907.] 61 THE DIAL ages, the books being long since out of print these disjointed passages are pressed in to bol- and rare; but by far the greater portion of the ster up a charge which, Professor Meany admits sources are in the public and private archives of a page or two later, had no adequate foundation, England and Spain.” One gathers from what it is difficult to understand; but it is much follows that Professor Meany was fortunate more difficult to understand why, having access enough to enlist the coöperation of a host of to this mine of contemporary material, he should helpers at home and abroad, including the Lords have made no further use of it. One can think Commissioners of the Admiralty, the Elder of many obscure points in Vancouver's nar- Brethren of Trinity House, the Secretary of the rative which might have been made clear by Spanish Royal Academy of History, and the the evidence of these original records, if some Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia, — to of the energy devoted to the elucidation of quite mention no others,—and that his own researches irrelevant questions had been turned in this extended over many years. In face of all this direction. it is somewhat disconcerting to discover that of All this sounds rather ungrateful, but it is the 340 pages in Professor Meany's book some disappointing to find so much genuine scholar- 280 are taken up with a verbatim reprint of ship expended to, comparatively speaking, so Vancouver's narrative (pp. 33 to 385 of vol. II. | little purpose. LAWRENCE J. BURPEE. of the second edition). To this text Professor Meany adds a number of foot-notes, for the most part, in the words of his sub-title, “ biographies of the men honored in the naming of geographic RECENT FICTION.* features of Northwestern America." The first Mr. Ashton Hilliers is an English writer hitherto sixty pages are occupied by an introduction, unknown to us. He proves his quality so well in followed by brief biographies of Vancouver and “ Fanshawe of the Fifth” that we hope to make his Quadra, and an historic sketch of Nootka Sound. further acquaintance. The story, which drags at With a few trifling exceptions, the material first, but grows steadily in interest, is concerned with embodied in these sixty pages is readily acces- the adventures of a younger son of the Fanshawes It is sible elsewhere, as is also of course Vancouver's during the period of the Napoleonic wars. own narrative. There remain the foot-notes. not, however, a story of warfare, for the hero pet- tishly resigns from his regiment before he has seen These, indeed, reveal much patient research, action, and at the same time cuts himself off from and are unquestionably of interest and value as family and friends. The vagabond life which follows a commentary upon place-names occurring in acquaints him with the stern realities of poverty and Vancouver's narrative; but they go far beyond hunger, but proves his salvation in the end, for it the necessities of the case. For instance, / brings him into relations with a family of Quakers Vancouver named a low sandy point of land New Dungeness, because of its resemblance to Dungeness in the English Channel. Professor Meany not only gives a detailed description of the old Dungeness in his foot-note, with a chart of the harbor, but branches out into a descrip- tion of the old lighthouse at Dungeness, with a photographic reproduction ; the lighthouse brings up the venerable institution of Trinity House, whose history is succinctly given ; and BEATRIX OF CLARE. By John Reed Scott. Philadelphia: this again suggests the new lighthouse, a de- scription of which is clipped from an English newspaper. All this is doubtless interesting in its way, but does not seem very essential to an interpretation of Vancouver's narrative. In the Introduction, Professor Meany quotes a number of passages from one of several logs, THE INVADER. By Margaret L. Woods. New York: Harper kept by officers and men of the - Discovery FRÄULEIN SCHMIDT AND MR. ANSTRUTHER. By the author and the “Chatham,” and now preserved in the of “Elizabeth in Her German Garden." New York: Charles Public Record Office at London, apropos of His COURTSHIP. By Helen R. Martin. New York: McClure, Sir Joseph Banks's charge that Vancouver's THE UNDEFILED. A Novel of To-day. By Frances Ayma discipline was harsh in the extreme. Why Mathews. New York: Harper & Brothers. * FANSHAWE OF THE FIFTH. Being Memoirs of a Person of Quality. By Ashton Hilliers. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co. KATHERINE. A novel. By E. Temple Thurston. New York: Harper & Brothers. THE WINGLESS VICTORY. By M. P. Willcocks. New York: The John Lane Co. THE COUNTRY HOUSE. By John Galsworthy. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. THE DUST OF CONFLICT. By Harold Bindloss. New York: The Frederick A. Stokes Co. A VICTOR OF SALAMIS. By William Stearns Davis. New York: The Macmillan Co. The J. B. Lippincott Co. THE UPPER HAND. By Emerson Gifford Tayler. New York: A.S. Barnes & Co. THE GIANT'S STRENGTH. By Basil King. New York: Harper & Brothers. BY RIGHT DIVINE. By William Sage. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. THE MASTER OF STAIR. By Marjorie Bowen. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co. & Brothers. Scribner's Sons. Phillips & Co. 62 [August 1, THE DIAL It is a whose simple virtues react upon his own character, parts, and allows him to make callow love to her. giving it strength and serious purpose. When for When he is driven to supposed suicide, she takes the tune unexpectedly comes to him, we feel that he matter much to heart, and wonders what punishment fairly deserves it, as well as the love of the Quaker fate has in store for her. Presently a child is born, maiden whose gentle influence has done so much for becomes blind, and then dies of croup, which occur- him. The story is essentially one of manners and rences seem to indicate that her imaginary sin has customs the manners and customs of a rough age, found its punishment. Meanwhile, an interesting and of both the higher and the lower classes of situation has developed in the village over the ques- society. Gamblers, horse-thieves, blackguards, and tion of water-supply tion of water-supply — a situation which finds her rustics of many types figure in its pages. husband nearly in the position of Dr. Stockmann in story which exhibits much knowledge of men and “An Enemy of the People.” He is hounded out of affairs, a story which could not have been written position and practice, and his wife finds a hiding- by anyone not thoroughly imbued with the traditions place in Dartmoor. Here she poses as a maiden, of his race. It offers us the real thing, as distin- and spreads her net for a young farmer, who is guished from the artificial fabrication of the novelist captured only to discover that he has been tricked who “gets up” his subject. by a married woman. Having carried this experi- “Katherine ” is the latest novel of Mr. E. Temple ment to successful completion, the woman concludes Thurston. Katherine Crighton was a young woman that duty now calls her back to her husband, with with a temperament. When her portrait (at the age whom, after some difficulty, she reassumes conjugal of eighteen months) was exhibited in the galleries relations. The author seems to find some sort that fact was recognized, and it was generally pre of justification for all this erratic conduct in the dicted that she would be heard from when she grew woman's desire to live, to have experience, to realize up. When the eighteen months had become that herself; but the reader of sane instincts will follow number of years, or thereabouts, she married John her career with slight sympathy. The book has Spurrier, Member of Parliament. Then she dis- strength, however, although not in this plot with covered that she wanted to be loved, and concluded its dubious ethical implications. It is the strength that John did not love her in the right way. As a of keen analysis, vivid descriptive power, and a matter of fact, he loved her in the best way possible, characterization of the rustic population of Devon but what she wanted was an effusive sentiment which and Dartmoor fairly comparable with the work of it was not in his nature to bestow. So she allowed Mr. Phillpotts and other disciples of the school of a philandering military gentleman to captivate her Thomas Hardy. fancy. Presently she heard her death-warrant from In summing up our recollections of “The Country the lips of a physician. She was a victim of cancer, House," by Mr. John Galsworthy, we are a little and had not more than two years to live. This made surprised at the contrast between the slightness of her desperate, and she very nearly let herself go. the story and the degree of interest which it has Like the Abbesse de Jouarre, she wanted to get all awakened. It concerns only the members of a small there was out of life before the end came. country family, with a few neighbors and visitors, indiscreet enough to visit her lover in his lodgings, only a few episodes of rather commonplace character. and had just decided to run away with him, when The only thing approaching the dramatic is the son John took a hand in the affair, had a brief but and heir's entanglement with the wife of a drunken pointed interview with the military gentleman, and reprobate, who has, nevertheless, sufficient self- persuaded him that he had better quit. Then it respect to institute divorce proceedings when he turned out that the physician had been mistaken in learns of the intrigue, and decency enough to with- his diagnosis, and that she was in no danger after draw them when he realizes that the prosecution of all. This changed the whole face of matters. The his case would hurt other people besides the guilty lover would have been all very well for a year or pair. This same son and heir also goes in for two, but she concluded that John would wear better. horse-racing, and gets deep into debt as a conse- He, being highly magnanimous, forgave her for the quence. He makes a pretty poor hero; in fact, the sinful intention, and we are expected to believe in story has neither hero nor heroine in the proper a happy future for the two. This story, weighted sense, and only a couple of characters with whom with much futile philosophizing, is not exactly we have any sympathy whatever. Yet it is, as we edifying, and its dulness is relieved by few flashes have already suggested, an extremely interesting of brilliancy. story, made so by the extraordinary precision of Another woman with a temperament is the heroine its characterization and literary phrasing. Few of “The Wingless Victory," by Mr. M. P. Willcocks. novelists are as successful as Mr. Galsworthy in She lives on the South Devon Coast, and is the wife adapting their means to their purposes, with the of the village physician. The husband is a rough result, as in the present instance, of giving vivid diamond, and there was no sentiment in the marriage reality to a group of commonplace people, and of upon either side, the man having been impelled to reproducing the very atmosphere of the scenes in it by the most prosaic considerations, and the woman which they move. by an experimental impulse. Not long thereafter, she It was no very serious matter - an indiscreet turns the head of a youthful artist, native to those note, the gift of a trinket, and a stolen kiss but She was 1907.] 63 THE DIAL it had serious consequences. Tony Palliser, heir to battle scenes are described with vivid particularity, an English country estate, and betrothed to Violet and the private interest of the narrative is provided Wayne, was the culprit, and he was weak enough by the fortunes of one Glaucon, an Athenian, falsely to let his poor kinsman, Bernard Appleby, bear accused of medizing, driven into exile with the the blame. The girl with whose affections he had Persians, and returning at a critical moment to trifled was a gamekeeper's daughter, and her father assist in the final repulse of the barbarian invader proceeded to blackmail Tony with considerable and bring discomfiture to his personal enemies. success. Finally, Bernard took a hand, interviewed Knowledge and deep sympathy combine to make the fellow, and knocked him down. The game the book something more than readable, which is keeper, who was drunk at the time, picked himself perhaps all that was to be expected of it. up, then stumbled into the river and was drowned. “ Beatrix of Clare,” by Mr. John Reed Scott, When his body was found the next day, bearing is the latest example — and a glaring one of marks of violence, Bernard promptly drew suspicion Wardour Street fiction. It is a romance of to himself by fleeing from the country. We are Richard III., representing that maligned monarch glad on the whole that he fled, for otherwise we as a noble character, albeit astute enough to fall in should have missed the capital story which follows. with the conditions of fifteenth century political Bernard finds his way to Cuba, becomes a leader morality. The story begins shortly before the mur- of a band of insurgents, and is mixed up in many der of the princes in the Tower (of which crime exciting skirmishes. Then a rich American who Richard is held guiltless), and ends just before the has befriended him puts him in charge of a sugar invasion of Richmond. In manner and sentiment plantation in the disaffected district. When news it is poor stuff, and about as unreal as possible. The comes of the Maine disaster, he concludes that the knightly hero and the proud heroine are tricked out psychological moment has arrived, and he saves his with the usual attributes of such lay figures, and employer's interests by boldly coming out on the the course of their love has to conquer the usual side of the insurgents. Meanwhile, his employer's impediments before they are finally united. daughter, who has gone to England, finds herself Squire Warden is the leading citizen of a small among the scenes from which Bernard has fled. New England Town. He is something of a skin- She causes the truth to transpire, and the wretched flint, and his wealth has been acquired by various Tony, convicted of cowardice, starts for Cuba to see forms of sharp practice. In one case, many years if he can make reparation. He makes it by saving before we become acquainted with him, cupidity had Bernard's life, and at the same time conveniently made him a criminal, for he had forged a will to dies in a skirmish. This leaves the field clear for his own benefit. Retribution is long delayed, but Bernard, who presently goes back to England, comes at last with the visit to his house one night renews his acquaintance with Violet, whom he has of a piratical sea-farer, who brings with him a little loved in secret all the time, and receives the pledge girl. This picturesque old ruffian is the person of her affection. This is the bare outline of a story whom the forged will has dispossessed, and the little which is rich in dramatic interest, and which ex girl is his child. By a combination of moral suasion hibits remarkable powers of characterization and with physical violence he persuades the Squire to description. It is the work of Mr. Harold Bindloss, adopt the child and pay a substantial sum of hush- and is called “ The Dust of Conflict.” money to her father. Several years then elapse, The historical romance of classical times is apt to and the girl grows up to be an attractive young be an unsatisfactory performance. The Germans Then the pirate reappears, settles down have been its chief practitioners, but have rarely in the village, and proceeds to bleed the Squire at succeeded in giving dramatic cogency to their pro- frequent intervals. His operations are conducted ductions, or to their characters the breath of life. with a fine sense of humor, and we sympathize with Bulwer and Charles Kingsley probably came as near them to a certain degree, especially when we dis- to success as is possible for a modern novelist, for cover that the money he wrings from his unwilling the difficulties of the task are well-nigh insuperable. victim is being hoarded for the benefit of his Either the story will be so stiffened by archæology daughter. Then the Squire, who owns a mill, has as to present but the semblance of living action, or trouble with his men, and his tormentor takes parti- the treatment will be so frankly romantic as to cular delight in forcing him to make concessions to destroy all verisimilitude. Mr. William Stearns the fanatical agitator who has fomented the disturb- Davis, in “ A Victor of Salamis,” has been measur The heroine, who is sought after by this very ably successful in steering between this Scylla and objectionable young man, is almost persuaded to this Charybdis, and it is possible to read his book become his wife in order to appease her guardian, with a certain degree of interest, although he has now driven frantic by the dread of exposure. But to rely largely upon the adventitious aid of those she is saved from this fate by the intervention of consecrated associations which make the heart leap an artist-lover, who bears her triumphantly away. at the very names of Thermopylæ and Salamis and These are the chief ingredients of a story which, Platæa. These memorable struggles are his theme, despite its fantastic character, sustains our interest and his list of characters includes Leonidas and to the end. It is called “ The Upper Hand," and Themistocles, Mardonius and the Great King. The is the work of Mr. Emerson Gifford Taylor. woman. ance. 64 [August 1, THE DIAL The New Villain of American fiction, as we all intelligence of our readers by telling them what be- know, is not the primitive creature who used to be comes of his daughter. the foil of virtue, and whose vulgar crimes we so Miss Marjorie Bowen is a young woman who willingly abhorred. His place is now usurped by will bear watching. Her first novel, “ The Viper the industrial magnate whose instruments of crime of Milan," was rather preposterous, and nothing but are political corruption, and the exploitation of the extreme youth of the writer could justify the the masses, and the crushing of the weak com praise which it got in certain interested quarters. petitor. He has his nemesis, as a rule, not in the Her second novel, “The Master of Stair,” is so shape of unmasking and outward disgrace, but much more creditable a work that its merits are in in the sting of a tardily-awakened conscience, or no need of puffery. The breeziness with which it an uneasy realization that his success has not been handles a disputed historical situation is a passport to worth its cost. The favorite form of treatment is our favor, although hardly suggestive of the critical to represent him as a loving husband or parent, temper. Its subject is the massacre of Glencoe, and wounded in his tenderest susceptibilities by the wife the Master of Stair is the arch-villain of the tragedy. or children whose eyes become opened to the sources As for the King, he stands acquitted of anything of his wealth, and whose condemnation, silent or worse than thoughtlessness in signing an order the expressed, is to him the most terrible of punishments. purport of which is concealed from him, and his A typical example of this new-fashioned treatment one appearance in the narrative is very cleverly of an old theme is given us in “ The Giant's Strength,” managed. Miss Bowen has an amiable way of by Mr. Basil King. Paul Trafford, who is the richest despatching her characters when they have served man in America, is the giant, and his strength is their purpose, a practice to be commended, because tyrannously used for the purpose of driving his rivals it greatly simplifies the clearing-up process of the to the wall. Discomfiture comes when his daughter closing chapter. falls in love with the son of one of those defeated There seems to be no subject of scientific con- rivals, and grows estranged from her father when jecture that the novelist may not, sooner or later, she learns by what means he has acquired his find fitted to his purpose. This eagerness to exploit fortune. The conclusion of the whole matter is the latest thing in thought or discovery shows how touchingly sentimental, but not, we fear, altogether hard-pressed the writer of fiction is becoming under probable, for the chastened magnate undergoes a the stress of the popular demand for more, and change of heart, becomes reconciled to his foes, both still more, novels. It is not altogether a wholesome of the household and the mart, and we leave him tendency, since the old material is good enough for bestowing his blessing upon the lovers and seek the writer who knows how to use it, and the new ing to repair as far as possible the mischief he has material is often of questionable value for the uses of done. fiction. The subject of dual personality is just now The contrasted ideals of civic and political moral in the air; it is a subject of which science itself ity held, respectively, by the older and the younger knows next to nothing as yet. But this fact offers generation, are once more presented to our view no obstacle to the novelty-seeking story-teller; rather in " By Right Divine,” Mr. William Sage's latest does it encourage him in his determination to dis- invention. The older generation is represented by course of all things on earth and in heaven, wi