s, and finds intolerable ing students of Judas, and of several other colleges,
her associations and her manner of life. This does having been permitted to gaze upon the adorable
not become fully apparent until after the marriage, Zuleika, and knowing that it is quite hopeless to live
and when it does, the wife is distressed beyond meas without her, when they learn of their leader's resolve,
ure to know that her husband does not adore the vow to do likewise, and so, when the appointed hour
woman who has hitherto been everything to her. arrives, all the flower of young Oxford seeks (and
Skilfully working upon the girl's emotions, Madame finds) a watery grave. Then the lovely Zuleika, find-
Okraska subtly seeks to wreck the ménage, and in ing no other reason for remaining, packs her boxes,
consequence, Karen deserts Gregory, and seeks ref and orders a special train--for Cambridge - which
uge with her beloved guardian. Unfortunately, the it is to be presumed she will depopulate in due course
moment is ill-chosen, for just then Madame Okraska of time, although we are left to imagine the details.
is at her country home in Wales, philandering with When Zuleika drives past the Sheldonian the day of
a decadent poet whom she has taken up, and Karen's her arrival in Oxford great beads of perspiration come
unexpected appearance interrupts the idyl. When out on the brows of the Roman Emperors whose busts
the poet is discovered making love to Karen, there intersperse the railings of that edifice. The don who
is a scene indeed, for the mask is thrown off, and reports this alarming phenomenon is not believed at
the woman, in a fury of passion, reveals her real the time, being supposed to suffer the hallucination


324
[April 16,
THE DIAL
sense.
of one who had been reading too much Mommsen. He has been hiding in a distant hotel, turns up, the
persisted that he had seen what he had described. It bubble is punctured, and her husband resumes his
was not until two days had elapsed that some credence proper character. The Bishop finds it convenient
was accorded to him.” This witty burlesque of the to take a trip to South America. This entertaining
language and action of high-flown romance is carried complication is obviously suggested by the Crippen
out with a wealth of invention, aided by a fantastic case of two years ago, and is most ingeniously
vocabulary, of which we can imagine no one besides worked out.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
Mr. Max Beerbohm as being capable. His “Zuleika
Dobson" is assuredly a masterpiece of parody and
satirical caricature of many forms of sentimentalism.
If it does not succeed in smiling Spain's chivalry
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
away altogether, it should at least prove a solemn
warning to our ultra-romantic
young
writers.
Margaret of
Miss Winifred Stephens, the author
Upon a much lower plane of wit and literary
France and of an interesting volume on “French
her times.
distinction is the nevertheless vastly amusing tale,
Novelists of To-Day,” published two
“ The Mystery of Number 47,” in which Mr. J. or three years ago, has just brought out through the
Storer Clouston parodies the popular detective story.
same publishers (Lane) a valuable life of Margaret
It all comes about from the fact that the Molyneux
of France, daughter of Francis I., sister of Henry
household, in St. John's Wood, has been abandoned II., and wife of Emmanuel Philibert. Duke of Savoy.
by the cook, and that the Bishop chooses just that The book is more a rapid review of the history of
time to notify Mr. Molyneux (a relative) that he is the time than a personal biography in the narrower
about to honor him with a visit. The only way out
The author is curiously inclined to stray off
of it seems to be for Mrs. Molyneux to retire into the
into a detailed account of events in which Margaret
kitchen, and for her husband to inform the Bishop herself had the slightest possible part; and the same
upon his arrival that she has been unexpectedly tendency is apparent even in the discussions that
called away. There is something strained about his make up the appendix. The fact that the Seymour
reception, for Molyneux, being a simple-minded sisters wrote some Latin poems on the death of Mar-
scholar and man of letters, does not lie with convic- / garet's aunt is considered sufficient warrant for add-
tion, and his guest becomes suspicious. As the ing a chapter dealing with their lives; and Margaret's
wife's absence is prolonged, and as the husband's
acquaintance with the Duke of Nemours is made the
explanations reveal noticeable discrepancies, suspi- occasion for a twenty-page discussion of a famous
cion ripens into a dark certainty, and the Bishop, breach of promise suit with which Margaret had not
resolved to get at the truth, communicates with
the slightest connection. But this inclination to wan-
Scotland Yard. Molyneux must have murdered his
der from the main theme is by no means a fatal
wife, and in the exceedingly attractive young woman
defect. We owe to it the breathlessly interesting ac-
(the cook) who is known to have been about the count of the "coup de Jarnac," and a hundred other
premises of late, the Bishop finds an adequate motive matters which, whether they belong to this book or
for the crime. Then the newspapers make a sen-
not, are decidedly worth while. Margaret's real
sation of it, and No. 47 becomes a house of mys-
historical importance is due principally to the skil-
tery, surrounded day and night by curious crowds. ful way in which she helped build up her adopted
Molyneux disappears from the scene, and the hue nation at the expense of the land of her birth; and
and cry is raised. Now one of his youthful indis-
the most serious criticism which the book deserves
cretions had been the writing of a detective story
is that the period after her marriage is dismissed so
under the assumed name of “Felix Chapel.” His curtly and almost hurriedly, while three-fourths of
publishers communicate with him under that name,
the space is given to her comparatively unimportant
and commission him to work up the mystery and
girlhood in France. Margaret of Savoy, the ances-
make up another story out of it. To get the atmos-
tor of Victor Emmanuel II. by political policy and
phere ” he must become acquainted with the house, political fortune as well as by blood, deserves more
and so, disguising himself, he obtains permission to attention than she has received here or elsewhere.
go back to his own house, which is under police There is an unusually accurate and exhaustive index,
guard, and take up his residence there. The house and the careful make-up of the book deserves high
has been ransacked from top to bottom without praise.
results, and it is up to the supposed novelist to pro-
Another reverberation of the glad
A son of
duce some incriminating evidence. Bones are the Africa in the shout of triumph with which the
thing, and he obtains a supply from an accommo-
Arctic regions. attainment of the North Pole was
dating butcher, has them buried in the garden, and proclaimed to an admiring public reaches us in the
discovered the next day. Then the horror is com shape of a well-made little book entitled “A Negro
plete, and the gruesome details, elaborated by reporto- Explorer at the North Pole” (Stokes), by Com-
rial ingenuity, make the house an object of renewed mander Peary's only companion from the civilized
public interest. Some amateur sleuths join in the world in that last bold dash to "ninety North,” Mr.
effort to probe the mystery, and to hunt down the Matthew Alexander Henson. This is the third of
dastardly murderer. When Mrs. Molyneux, who the noteworthy publications begotten of that memor-


1912.]
325
THE DIAL
able expedition of three years ago, the other two of the subject. Moreover, as one turns the leaves of
being the chief explorer's own full account, “The such a book as this, one will find interspersed in the
North Pole," and the rollicking narrative (“A Ten pages of information an occasional paragraph that
derfoot with Peary") by the "kid ” of the party, Mr. is quietly joyous. For instance, in view of the con-
George Borup. A foreword expressing warm appre troversy about abolishing “the stern door of com-
ciation of Mr. Henson's ability as an Arctic explorer pulsory Greek” at Oxford and Cambridge, it is
is contributed by Captain Peary to the present work, gladsome to learn that the Latinists of the Isis once
and there is also an introduction by Dr. Booker T. opposed the study of the nobler tongue so bitterly, and
Washington, dwelling with justifiable pride on the the animosity of "Greeks" and "Trojans" became
part played by those of his race, and particularly by so rampant, that parties of them took to fighting in
Mr. Henson, in enlarging the bounds of our geograph- the streets. Almost equally pleasing is this forcible
ical knowledge. The author begins his narrative declaration of Gregory the Great: “The place of
with a sketch of his own life—of his birth in Charles prepositions and the case of nouns I utterly despise;
County, Maryland, in 1866, of his early going to sea, for I consider it indecent to confine the words of
and of his attaching himself, twenty-three years ago, the heavenly prophets within the rules of Donatus."
to the man whom he has so acceptably served nearly The volume closes felicitously with the famous credo
ever since—and then in a score of brief and brisk of Gaston Paris, beginning: “I profess absolutely
chapters tells the story of the famous final North and without reserve this doctrine, that science has no
Polar expedition from his point of view. Enthusiasm other aim than truth, and truth for its own sake, with-
and local color and high spirits are not wanting in out care for the consequences, good or ill, regrettable
his
pages. With characteristic exultation he chroni or happy, which that truth might have in practice.”
cles the fact that “the ages of the wild misgiving We regret to note many slips in presentation that
mystery of the North Pole are over, to-day, and for should not have been missed in the proof; but it may
ever it stands under the folds of Old Glory.” With be that such faults are more distressing to reviewers
some pardonable hyperbole he declares elsewhere: than to other readers.
“From the building of the pyramids and the journey
The religion
to the Cross, to the discovery of the new world and
“I always pictured the Christ at col-
of the apostle to
the discovery of the North Pole, the Negro had been the Labrador
lege as captain of the football team,
fishermen.
the faithful and constant companion of the Caucasian,
or stroke of the 'Varsity boat, or one
and I felt all that it was possible for me to feel that
of the honor men, because these were what I wanted
it was I, a lowly member of my race, who had been
to be myself.” Thus declares Dr. Wilfred T. Gren-
fell in the course of his recent Harvard lectures on
chosen by fate to represent it, at this, almost the last
of the world's great work.” The brief passage de-
the William Belden Noble foundation. “The Ad.
voted to Dr. Cook and his alleged exploits will be
venture of Life" is the stimulating title given to the
read with interest. The book is excellently printed
lectures as now published in book form by the Hough-
and suitably illustrated.
ton Mifflin Co. The general purpose of the lecture-
ship, as expressed by its founder, is “To extend the
The history
We already have some admirable influence of Jesus as the way, the truth, and the
of classical books in English, French, and Ger life,” and “beyond a sympathy with the purpose of
studies.
man, dealing with the history of the Lectures, as thus defined, no restriction is placed
classical studies; but there was room for a work of upon
the lecturer.” With the freedom thus allowed
moderate length that should give essential features in him, Dr. Grenfell has drawn largely and with ex-
readable form, and apparently this was the thought cellent effect upon his own rich and varied experi-
in the mind of Dr. Harry Thurston Peck in preparing ence as minister to the bodies and souls of suffering
his "History of Classical Philology" (Macmillan). humanity on the Labrador coast, and it is only
In less than five hundred well-printed pages, the natural that so practical and energetic a Christian
author carries the reader from “The Genesis of worker should emphasize the importance of works
Philological Studies in Greece” to “The Cosmo as compared with faith, of the will to believe and
politan Period,” wherein the subject now finds itself. to prove one's belief in deeds as compared with
Although he does not claim to do much more than mere passive intellectual conviction. “If there is
criticize and organize material already available, the iniquity,” he says, “in accepting a course for true,
technical journals will record not a few serious criti the axioms of which cannot be demonstrated by
cisms and many differences of opinion; but they mathematics, this is the reason why I rejoice in my
will doubtless conclude by saying that the author iniquity (in accepting the Christian faith). My choice
has achieved success in his modest aims. To the has given me much fun in life, and still promises to
reader who is not primarily a classical student we do so, for no capacities need go unused in the
may hint that he will not find the book nearly as field of Christian adventure.” A little later he says,
dreary as the title might suggest. Whatever may with a touch of the humor and the shrewdness that
become of Latin and Greek in modern education, so delightfully relieve his discourse of any musty
the influence of classical studies on the development academic flavor: “Without question unfaith is too
of occidental life will long continue to be important; often a synonym for don't want.' It is like the
and it is very possible to be interested in many phases | farmer who, when urged to give up whiskey, re-


326
[April 16,
THE DIAL
A notable
..
marked, “Prove I don't like un, and I'll give un was a heart so young as his, and few young men can
up.'”. The substance of the book is grouped under appreciate the smaller joys of life as he can.” The
four heads, — “Life and Faith,” “ Christ and the book concerns itself with the Dornell country house
Individual,” “Christ and Society,” and “Christ and and its surroundings, with its inmates, especially its
the Daily Life.”
children, servants, and dogs, and with some of its
The Loan Exhibition of Old Masters visiting kinsfolk and friends. Quaint descriptive
exhibition of in aid of the National Art Collections appellations are given to some of the characters, as
Old Masters.
Fund, held at the Grafton Galleries “The Kind One," "The Baa-lamb,” « The Beloved,"
in London during the last three months of 1911, and “The Scratcher.” The supposed teller of the tale,
afforded a rare opportunity for viewing some of the which is not a tale, but rather a series of humorous
art treasures in private ownership in England. It character-sketches, is apparently an amiable idler
was notable for the number of important paintings with a great fondness for children and simple things,
by celebrated artists that had not been previously who says of himself and his juvenile friends: “It
exhibited. No less than thirty-two out of a total tickles my conceit, too, that they should choose me
of one hundred and seventeen - not counting draw for a friend, and the honour of being one is worth
ings and water colors were shown for the first a few sore ribs. The mystic realm called the child-
time. Among these, the two beautiful paintings by world is no foreign land to me, because three of my
Filippino Lippi, owned by Sir Henry B. Samuelson, best comrades dwell there, comrades I would not ex-
Bart., and the Rev. A. F. Sutton's superb “Madonna change for the dozen wisest heads that ever wagged."
and Child Enthroned with Angels," by Masaccio, Lovers of what is genuine and unspoilt in human
call for particular mention. Of even greater inter- character, and of what is simple and spontaneous
est to students are a number of canvases attributed and kindly in human relations, will take pleasure in
to various masters, such as Lady Jekyll's Giotto, the book.
Lord Walsingham's reputed Titian (which Sir Claude
Phillips and other critics regard as by another hand),
No small part of the perennial in-
A Shakespeare
forgery” terest attaching to Shakespeare is
and the Portrait of a Young Man, owned by Mrs.
re-examined. due to the
way
in which settled ques-
Alfred Morrison, which though traditionally ascribed
to Lucas Van Leyden is now thought to be a work
tions refuse to stay settled. Here is Mr. Ernest
by his follower and imitator, Bartholomaus de Bruyn Supposed Shakespeare Forgeries” (Macmillan), de
P. A. Law, with a volume of eighty pages on “Some
of Cologne. The Catalogue of this exhibition (Lon. claring that certain leaves in the Revels Books of
don: Phillip Lee Warner) has been prepared by
Messrs. Roger E. Fry and Maurice W. Brockwell, geries, are unmistakably genuine. The contents of
the period of James the First, long branded as for-
who have made it a work of permanent value.
concise verbal description of each of the pictures is
these books were published by their discoverer,
given, followed by the history of the picture as far
Peter Cunningham, in the publications of the Shake-
as it is known, by a list of the times and places
speare Society for 1842, when they were accepted
where it had been previously exhibited together with
as genuine. But when, twenty-six years later, Cun-
ningham attempted to sell several of the documents
the catalogue numbers assigned to it, and by refer-
to the British Museum, they were seized and turned
ences to critical mention of it in books and periodicals.
over to the Record Office. At the same time the
In many instances, also, the opinions of well-known
authorities are cited in brief quotations from their
pages for 1604–1605 and 1611-1612, the former
writings. The book is a quarto, handsomely printed containing a record of the presentation of “The
by the Ballantyne Press. It is furnished with ample «Shaxberd”), etc., and the latter “The Tempest,
Moor of Venice,” “Measure for Measure” (by
indices. Lord Penrhyn's fine Rembrandt is repro-
duced in photogravure as a frontispiece, and collo-
“The Winter's Night's Tale," etc., were declared
type reproductions of eighty of the pictures are
to be palpable forgeries, and this judgment has been
all but universally acquiesced in ever since. The
grouped at the end of the volume.
matter was of great interest, especially because of
The charm of
Opening in the middle Mr. Fergus its bearing on the long-standing controversy over the
an English Graham's prose idyl, “The House of date of “Othello," which it effectually settled and
country house.
Dornell” (Dodd), we come face to
unsettled in turn. Meantime that controversy was
face with one of the most engaging characters of the once more practically settled by the discovery of
book. “The Colonel” wears a Victoria Cross, but Malone's memorandum, made a century ago, which
“thinks nothing of the deed that won him fame, and now appears to have been a transcript of these very
I do not suppose it ever strikes him that his action on pages. The proof that the pages are after all genuine
the battlefield was in any way brave or remarkable. would appear to be the last and of course the most
He is modest, like all true heroes, and like a child desirable link in the entire chain of evidence. Mr.
he is simple. Old, stout, white-haired, he comes to Law has printed a facsimile of two of the pages,
Dornell with his cheery laugh, a laugh that chokes accompanied by a convincing array of arguments
him when the jest is good, and his arrival is like the and proofs; and his entire story, in spite of a lawyer-
coming of a gale, because we have to roar at him to like style, adds a most interesting chapter to the his-
make him hear. He is a boy among boys, there never tory of Shakespeare controversy.


1912.]
327
THE DIAL
Platitudes
When the Spanish Infanta Eulalia
published not long ago a collection
BRIEFER MENTION.
of a royal
philosopher.
of philosophical essays over the nom
Professor Curtis Hidden Page's admirable transla-
de plume of " Comtesse d'Avila,” her royal nephew tions from Molière are re-issued by the Messrs. Put-
became highly indignant, reprimanded her severely, nam in four small volumes —“Tartuffe" in one, “Le
and even threatened to suppress the book. This Bourgeois Gentilhomme” in another, “ Les Femmes
method of advertising proved so successful that the Savantes ” in a third, and “Les Précieuses Ridicules
volume has not only enjoyed a large sale in its orig-
and « Le Medecin Malgré Lui” in the fourth. Plays
inal French, but now appears in an English trans-
(even the classics) have a chance of getting read now-
lation, bearing the title “The Thread of Life” a-days, and the recent performances in Chicago and
elsewhere of « Les Femmes Savantes” by the Drama
(Duffield). There are twenty-six short essays in the
Players have made many people realize that the author
collection, preceded by a preface in which the author
is by no means dead, and that he makes a genuine
informs her prospective readers that it is “a senti-
appeal to a modern audience.
ment of modesty” that prompts her to maintain an A book for which there was decided need is Mr. Bol-
incognito on the cover of the book, — whereas the
ton Hall's “What Tolstoy Taught,” published by Mr.
preface itself is very carefully signed with her name. B. W. Huebsch. It is made up of extracts from Tolstoy's
Then she proceeds to discuss, “with the sincere con own writings, arranged under various headings so as to
viction that I have always shown in the expression present in orderly sequence the views and teachings of
of my ideas and opinions," such subjects as divorce, the great Russian reformer. The contents are divided
of which she heartily approves; the family, which
into two main sections,—“On Life” and “On Action ";
she regards, without any apparent regret, as in pro-
with various sub-divisions bearing such titles as “The
Selfish Love,” “The Pursuit of Happiness," "The Fear
cess of disintegration; the complete independence of
of Death,” “ The Balm for Suffering,”
,” « Women and
woman, which she favors; religion, which she ranks
Men,” “ Alcohol and Tobacco,” and “The Great In-
among the useful superstitions that may in time iquity.” As a convenient summary of Tolstoy's essential
become unnecessary; morality, an arbitrary set of doctrine, the book should find a wide field of usefulness.
rules which are in constant process of amendment; The American Institute of Criminal Law and Crimi-
honesty, friendship, moral courage, judgment, and nology has rendered a great service by publishing
other edifying themes for rather purposeless plati- (through Messrs. Little, Brown & Co.) an excellent
tudinizing. It was no more than natural that King translation of « The Individualization of Punishment”
Alfonso should have been troubled at catching his by R. Saleilles, Professor in the University of Paris.
outspoken aunt publicly deriding the “divine right”
The work is a keen criticism of the classic doctrine
that the “punishment should fit the crime without
theory, attacking the Catholic Church, and bewailing
the backwardness of the Latin races; but he can at
much regard to effects on the criminal and the perma-
least console himself with the reflection that she is
nent welfare of the community. The agreement with
the main tendencies of the reformers in America is
neither thinker enough nor artist enough to carry a remarkable and encouraging, and the criticism of those
high degree of conviction.
tendencies is wholesome. One serious error of the orig-
inal has not been corrected, the statement (p. 300) that
Cliff and
It must be nearly time to speak of
Elmira Reformatory is a “private” and not a state
cave dwellings the Rev. Sabine Baring-Gould as a institution.
in Europe. veteran author, for he has now passed
However near at hand the millenium may actually
his seventy-seventh birthday and his published vol-
be, the plain man of to-day is apt to feel that his own
umes date from 1854. His books include lives of the
personal stake in the goods of a Golden Age is still re-
saints, collections of sermons and religious polemics, mote and hypothetical. Mr. Ritter Brown, in discussing
popular hymns, religious biographies, books of travels, “ Man's Birthright” (Desmond FitzGerald), sees this
studies in folk-lore, archæology, and history-in all fact very clearly, and so does what he can for the indi-
more than seventy titles. A perusal of some of the vidual of the present day as well as for the society of
Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology on
to-morrow in his construction of an ideal society. The
the cliff dwellings of the Colorado region, and some
main point of Mr. Brown's argument is that the chief
source of our social evils is the divorce of man from
of the magazine articles which have grown out of
the land, and that in keeping up the present undesirable
those reports, have revived in his mind memories of
state of affairs an important part is played by repre-
troglodytes in Europe; and with a thorough knowl-
sentative government. In lieu of these things, he advo-
edge of the subject, he has written a book on “Cliff cates equal access to land and the relegation of the
Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe” (Lippincott) representative form of government to secondary affairs,
in which he describes the use of cliffs and caves as all matters of the first magnitude to be decided by the
habitation for protective and economic reasons not
votes of the whole people instead of by the more partisan
only in pre-historic and early historic times, but even
and prejudiced decisions of their representatives. The
in modern and present times. He writes of these
author's interest in the man of to-day as an individual
modern cave-dwellings, and of the remains of many
appears in an appendix, in which are gathered from
many sources a number of hints on various out-of-the-
of the others, at first hand, and furnishes some of the
way kinds of farming and horticultural pursuits, to the
illustrations for the book. His style is characteris end that the man who does not want to await political
tically popular, though he seems in some instances and constitutional changes to better his condition may
to descend to trivialities.
seek the land at once and be happy and prosperous.


328
[April 16,
THE DIAL
NOTES.
coming work will make necessary a new appraisal
of their relative positions. The translation, by Mary
“ The Flaw in the Crystal ” is the title of a novel by Pritchard Agnetti, is from documents collected and
Miss May Sinclair which Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. edited by Thomas Palamenghi Crispi. The work will
announce for early publication.
comprise three volumes, the first two of which are to
To their extensive list of books on Socialism, the Mac appear May 1, the other following shortly after.
millan Co. will add this month a study of “Socialism Mr. Edward Carpenter's new book, “ The Drama of
as It Is," by Mr. William English Walling.
Love and Death : A Study of Human Evolution and
"Among the Carpathians," by Mr. Lion Phillimore, Transfiguration,” will be an interesting feature of the
is an unconventional account of gipsy-like travel in good spring season. The earlier chapters will be a kind of
company and through hitherto undescribed country, continuation of “Love's Coming of Age,” while the
which Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. will publish immedi latter part deals with the problems of Death and the
ately.
Hereafter, throughout copious reference being made to
Madame Steinheil, the Frenchwoman whose recent late discoveries in the domains of physics, biology, and
trial on the charge of murder attracted world-wide psychical research.
notice, has written an autobiography. Messrs. Sturgis “The Strangling of Persia," by Mr. W. Morgan
& Walton Co. announce the American edition as nearly Shuster, ex-Treasurer-General of Persia, is announced
ready.
for early publication by the Century Co. This firm
Professor James Schouler is now at work on the sev-
has also in press the following books, not heretofore an-
enth volume of his great “History of the United States nounced: “ The Social Drift: Studies in Contemporary
under the Constitution.” The new volume will cover Society,” by Professor Edward Alsworth Ross; “Social
the administrations of Johnson and Grant — the Recon Life in the Insect World,” by J. H. Fabre; and new novels
struction period.
by Messrs. Samuel Merwin and David Gray.
“ Pageants and Pageantry,” by Esther Willard Bates
Tabloid knowledge for the masses seems to be the
and William Orr, will be issued shortly by Messrs. Ginn feature of the moment in publishing. First we had the
& Co. It is a manual of suggestion for the producer of “ Temple Cyclopædic Primers," then the “ Cambridge
pageants, with much historical material drawn from the Manuals of Science and Art,” then the « Home Univer-
past records of pageantry.
sity Library.” Now a new series, “ The People's Books,”
Mr. William Archer is preparing for early publication is to enter the field, sponsored by Messrs. Jack of Lon-
a volume called “ Play-making: A Manual of Crafts-don, and issued in this country by the Dodge Publishing
manship.” No English writer has made a closer study Company. In one respect, at least, the new series will
of the modern drama than Mr. Archer, and his book have a heavy advantage, being offered at nearly half
should easily take the foremost position in its field. the price of its least expensive competitor. A prospectus
“Studies in Radical Empiricism” by William James of the first sixty volumes presents a strong array of
is announced for early publication by Messrs. Longmans, writers, and indicates that every field of knowledge and
Green & Co. This firm has also in preparation a hitherto thought will be competently covered.
unannounced volume of “Selected Addresses " by James The New York Public Library has been recently ex-
B. Angell, late President Emeritus of the University of hibiting a collection from the largest library of rare and
Michigan.
interesting textbooks in the world. The collection is
“ The Poems and Masks of Aurelian Townsend,” the property of Mr. George A. Plimpton, a member of
edited by Mr. E. K. Chambers, will soon be added to the firm of Ginn & Company. Especially noteworthy
the “ Tudor and Stuart Library," published by the is the exhibit of arithmetics, which begins with a manu-
Oxford University Press. To their series of “Oxford script of Boethius, dating from the eleventh century. A
Poets” the same publishers announce the addition of copy of the first printed arithmetic, published in Treviso
Spenser, edited by Messrs. J. C. Smith and Ernest de in 1478, is included, as is also a manuscript of the first
Selincourt.
European algebra dating from 1400. Algebra and geom-
A new book by Miss Ellen Key, the famous Swedish etry in first editions and manuscripts, including an Arabic
writer on feminism, is announced by Messrs. Putnam. manuscript of the works of Euclid and an algebra trans-
Its title is “ The Woman's Movement,” and it deals lated from the Arabic of the ninth century, are interest-
with the new phase which feminism is now assuming. ing features.
According to Miss Key, this consists in a determination The first number of “ Bedrock," a new quarterly re-
to regard men's privileges as subordinate to the rights view of scientific thought, published by Messrs. Con-
of women as the mothers and educators of the coming stable & Co., Ltd. of London, opens with an article on
generation.
« The Value of a Logic of Method” by Professor J.
Some spring announcements of the Oxford University Welton, Professor of Education in the University of
Press not hitherto recorded in these columns are « The Leeds; G. Archdall Reid discusses “ Recent Researches
Science of Etymology,” by Dr. W. W. Skeat; “A Com on Alcoholism"; E. W. Poulton, Hope Professor of
panion to Roman History," by Mr. H. Stuart Jones; Zoology in the University of Oxford, writes on “ Dar.
« The Greek Genius and Its Meaning to Us,” by Mr. win and Bergson as Interpreters of Evolution”; A. H.
R. W. Livingstone; “Problems of the Roman Criminal Gibson, Professor of Engineering in the University of
Law," by Mr. J. L. Strachan-Davidson; and a “Con Dundee, has an article on “ The Inter-Action of Pass-
cordance to Dante's Latin Works."
ing Ships.” The number also includes articles on “The
“ The Memoirs of Francesco Crispi,” announced for Stars in their Courses” (being substantially the Halley
publication by the George H. Doran Co., will un Lecture for 1911) by H. H. Turner, Savilian Professor
doubtedly prove one of the most important books of the of Astronomy in the University of Oxford, and on “So-
year. Crispi has long been overshadowed by Cavour in cial and Sexual Evolution" by The Hermit of Prague,
the history of Italian Unity, but it is said that the forth as well as some “ Notes on Current Research."


1912.]
329
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 200 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Irish Recollections. By Justin McCarthy. Illus-
trated, 8vo, 279 pages. George H. Doran Co.
$3. net.
The Comedy of Catherine the Great. By Francis
Gribble. Illustrated in photogravure, 8vo, 368
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.75 net.
The Betts of Wortham in Suffolk, 1480-1905. Ву
Katherine Frances Doughty. Illustrated in pho-
togravure, etc., large 8vo, 336 pages. John Lane
Co. $5. net.
The Life or Legend of Guadama, the Buddha of the
Burmese. By Right Reverend P. Bigandet.
Fourth edition, in 2 volumes, with Annotations,
8vo. “Trübner's Oriental Series.” E. P. Dutton
& Co. $7. net,
The Life of Hluen-Tsiang. By the Shaman Hwui
Li. With an introduction containing an account
of the works of I-Tsing, by Samuel Beal, B. A.
New edition; with Preface by L. Cranmer-Byng,
8vo, 218 pages. "Trübner's Oriental Series." E.
P. Dutton & Co. $3.50 net.
Henry Fox, First Lord Holland: A Study of the Ca-
reer of an Eighteenth Century Politician.
By
Thad W. Riker, M. A. In 2 volumes, 8vo. Oxford
University Press.
The Life of Mohammad, from Original Sources. By
Sir William Muir, K. C. S. I. New and revised
edition, edited by T. H. Weir, B. D. Illustrated,
8vo, 556 pages. Edinburgh: John Grant.
Under the Russian and British Flags: A Story of
True Experience. Reprinted from "Russian
Flashlights" by Jaakoff Prelooker. Illustrated,
12mo, 170 pages.
London: Spriggs Publishing
Agency.
A Child's Journey with Dickens. By Kate Doug-
las Wiggin. 16mo, 32 pages. Houghton Mif-
flin Co. 50 cts. net.
HISTORY.
The Story of Avignon, By Thomas Okey; illus-
trated by Percy Wadham. 16mo,
408 pages.
"Mediaeval Town Series." E. P. Dutton & Co.
$1.75 net.
A History of Witchcraft in England, from 1558 to
1718. By Wallace Notestein. 12mo, 442 pages.
American Historical Association. $1.50 net.
The Negro in Pennsylvania: Slavery-Servitude-
Freedom, 1639-1861. By Edward Raymond Tur-
ner, Ph. D. 12mo, 314 pages. American Histori-
cal Association, $1.50 net.
Studies of the Niagara Frontier. By Frank H.
Severance. 8vo, 437 pages. Buffalo Historical
Society.
Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia:
1712-1714, 1715, 1718, 1720-1722, 1723-1726. Edited
by H. R. McIlwaine. 4to, 441 pages. Richmond:
The Colonial Press.
The Battle of Principles: A Study of the Heroism
and Eloquence of the Anti-Slavery Conflict. By
Newell Dwight Hillis, D. D. 12mo, 334 pages.
Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.20 net.
The Monitor and the Merrimac: Both Sides of the
Story. Told by Lieut. J. L. Worden, U. S. N.,
Lieut. Greene, U. S. N., and H. Ashton Ramsey,
C. S. N. Illustrated, 16mo, 73 pages. Harper &
Brothers. 50 cts. net.
The Trent Affair: An Historical Retrospect. By
Charles Francis Adams. Svo, 44 pages. Boston:
Massachusetts Historical Society. Paper.
The Renaissance. By J. Basil Oldham, M. A. Illus-
trated, 16mo, 132 pages. "Temple Primers." E.
P. Dutton & Co. 35 cts. net.
The Cambridge History of English Literature. Ed-
ited by A. W. Ward, Litt. D., and A. R. Waller,
M. A. Volume VIII., The Age of Dryden. 8vo,
576 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
The Child of the Dawn. By Arthur Christopher Ben-
son. 12mo, 396 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50 net.
Shakspere: A Critical Study of His Mind and Art.
By Edward Dowden, LL. D. New and revised edi.
tion; 12mo, 434 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co.
$1.50 net.
Wendell Phillips: The Faith of an American. By
George Edward Woodberry. 12mo, 46 pages.
Printed for the Woodberry Society.
Canadian Masterpieces. Selected and edited by
Lawrence J. Burpee. Comprising: A Century of
Canadian Sonnets; Flowers from a Canadian
Garden; Canadian Eloquence; Songs of French
Canada; A Little Book of Canadian Essays; and
Fragments of Sam Slick. Each 18mo. Toronto:
Musson Book Co. Each, limp leather, $1. net.
Sir Eglamour: A Middle English Romance. Edited
by Albert S. Cook. 12mo, 69 pages. Henry Holt
& Co.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE,
The Works of Thomas Deloney. Edited from the
earliest extant editions and broadsides, with
Introduction and Notes, by Francis Oscar Mann.
8vo, 600 pages. Oxford University Press.
$5.75 net.
Mollére's Plays. Translated by Curtis Hidden Page.
In four volumes, comprising the following: Les
Femmes Savantes (The Learned Ladies); Tar-
tuffe (The Hypocrite); Le Bourgeois Gentil-
homme (The Tradesman Turned Gentleman); Les
Precieuses Ridicules (The Affected Misses), and
Le Médecin Malgré Lui (The Doctor by Compul-
sion). Each 12mo. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Per
volume, $1. net.
The Works of Henrik Ibsen, Viking Edition. Vol-
ume XIII., Life of Ibsen, by Edmund Gosse.
With photogravure frontispiece, 8vo, 292 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. (Sold only in sets by
subscription.)
DRAMA AND VERSE.
Irish Folk-History Plays. By Lady Gregory. In
two volumes, 12mo. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Each
$1.50 net.
Moods, Songs and Doggerels. By John Galsworthy.
12mo, 111 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1. net.
The Pagan Trinity. By Beatrice Irwin. 12mo, 144
pages. John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
The Tragedy of Etarre: A Poem. By Rhys Carpen-
ter. 12mo, 138 pages. Sturgis & Walton Co.
$1.25 net.
The Norseman: A Drama in Four Acts. By Eliza-
beth Alden Curtis. 12mo, 96 pages. Portland:
The Mosher Press.
Songs of Content. By Ralph Erwin Gibbs; edited,
with Introduction, by Charles Mills Gayley.
With portrait, 12mo, 82 pages. Paul Elder & Co.
$1.50 net.
Truant from Heaven. By Mabel Hotchkiss Robbins.
12mo, 129 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1. net.
Echoes of Cheer. By John Kendrick Bangs. 12mo,
66 pages.
Sherman, French & Co. $1. net.
Poems of the North, By H. F. Brett-Smith. 12mo,
80 pages.
Oxford: B. H. Blackwell.
Love Poems of Alfred Austin (Poet Laureate). Dec-
orated, 24mo, 109 pages. “Lovers' Library." John
Lane Co. 50 cts. net.
Burlesques and Parodies. By G. H. Powell; with
Prefatory Note by G. Lowes Dickinson, M. A.
12mo, 55 pages. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons,
Ltd.
Moods. By David M. Cory. 12mo, 58 pages. Poet
Lore Co.
The Mistress of the Inn (La Locandiera). By Carlo
Goldoni; translated by Merle Pierson, 16mo, 100
pages. Madison: Wisconsin Dramatic Society.
Glory of the Morning: A Play in One Act. By Will-
iam Leonard. 16mo, 54 pages. Madison: Wiscon-
sin Dramatic Society. Paper.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Letters of George Borrow to the British and For-
eign Bible Society. Published by the direction
of the Committee. Edited by T. H. Darlow.
With facsimile, 8vo, 471 pages. George H. Do-
ran Co. $3. net.


330
[April 16,
THE DIAL
Womenkind: A Play in One Act. By Wilfred Wil-
son Gibson. 16mo, 24 pages. London: David Nutt.
Paper.
FICTION
Japonette. By Robert W. Chambers; illustrated by
Charles Dana Gibson. 12mo, 387 pages. D. AP-
pleton & Co. $1.35 net.
Stover at Yale. By Owen Johnson. Illustrated,
12mo, 386 pages. Frederick A. Stokes Co.
$1.35 net.
Manallve. By G. K. Chesterton. With frontispiece,
12mo, 311 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.30 net.
The Squirrel-Cage. By Dorothy Canfield. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 371 pages. Henry Holt & Co.
$1.35 net.
The Noble Rogue: A Cavalier's Romance. By Bar-
oness Orczy. 12mo, 444 pages. George H. Doran
Co. $1.35 net.
The Bandbox. By Louis Joseph Vance. Illustrated,
12mo, 319 pages. Little, Brown & Co. $1.25 net.
Views and Vagabonds. By R. Macaulay. 12mo, 308
pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.35 net.
Beyond the Law, By Miriam Alexander. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 364 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net.
Buck Peters, Ranchman. By Clarence E. Mulford
and John Wood Clay. Illustrated in color, 8vo,
367 pages.
A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.35 net.
The Touchstone of Fortune: Being the Memoir of
Baron Clyde, Who Lived, Thrived, and Fell in
the Doleful Reign of the So-called Merry Mon-
arch, Charles II. By Charles Major. With front-
ispiece in color, 12mo, 299 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.25 net.
The Actor-Manager. By Leonard Merrick. 12mo,
304 pages.
Mitchell Kennerley. $1.20 net.
The Prison without a Wall. By Ralph Straus. 12mo,
344 pages.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.30 net.
The Labyrinth of Life. By E. A. U. Valentine. 12mo,
385 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.30 net.
Little Corky. By Edward Hungerford. Illustrated,
12mo, 406 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.35 net.
Fran. By John Breckenridge Ellis. Illustrated,
12mo, 380 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.25 net.
The Recording Angel. By Corra Harris. Illustrated
in color, 12mo, 331 pages. Doubleday, Page &
Co. $1.25 net.
The Big Fish. By H. B. Marriott Watson. With
frontispiece, 12mo, 319 pages. Little, Brown &
Co. $1.25 net.
Counsel for the Defense. By Leroy Scott. With
frontispiece, 12mo, 431 pages. Doubleday, Page
& Co. $1.20 net.
The Man from Jericho. By Edwin Carlile Litsey.
12mo, 290 pages. Neale Publishing Co. $1.50.
Carnival. By Compton Mackenzie. 12mo, 410 pages.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.30 net.
The Davosers. By D. Brandon. 12mo, 286 pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.20 net.
The Essential Thing. By Arthur Hodges. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 379 pages. Dodd,
Mead & Co. $1.30 net.
Hieronymus Rides: Episodes in the Life of a Knight
and Jester at the Court of Maximilian, King of
The Romans. By Anna Coleman Ladd. 12mo, 355
pages. Macmillan Co. $1.35 net.
Wings of Desire. By M. P. Willcocks. 12mo, 363
pages. John Lane Co. $1.30 net.
Lost Farm Camp. By Harry Herbert Knibbs. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 355 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$1.25 net.
Rosemary for Remembrance. By Helen Sherman
Griffith. Illustrated, 12mo, 328 pages. Penn Pub-
lishing Co. $1.20 net.
Wayward Feet. By A. R. Goring-Thomas. 12mo,
320 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
The Hero and the Man, By L. Curry Morton, Illus-
trated in color, 8vo, 460 pages. A. C. McClurg &
Co. $1.35 net.
Oliver's Kind Women, By Philip Gibbs. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 425 pages. Dana
Estes & Co. $1.25 net.
Tales of a Greek Island. By Julia D. Dragoumis.
Illustrated, 12mo, 379 pages. Houghton Miffin
Co. $1.35 net.
One of Us. By Ezra Brudno. 12mo, 359 pages. J.
B. Lippincott Co. $1.25 net.
It, and Other Stories. By Gouverneur Morris. 12mo,
386 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
Pleasures and Palaces: Being the Home Making
Adventures of Marie Rose. By Juliet Wilbor
Tompkins. Illustrated, 12mo, 236 pages. Dou-
bleday, Page & Co. $1.20 net.
Red Revenge: A Romance of Cawnpore. By Charles
E. Pearce. Illustrated in color, 12mo, 319 pages.
A, C. McClurg & Co. $1.20 net.
The Radium Terrors. By Albert Dorrington, Illus-
trated, 12mo, 361 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co.
$1.20 net.
Buttered Side Down. By Edna Ferber. Illustrated
in color, etc., 12mo, 230 pages. Frederick A.
Stokes Co. $1. net.
Polly of the Hospital Staff. By Emma C. Dowd. Il-
lustrated in color, 12mo, 290 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $1. net.
The Old Nest. By Rupert Hughes. With frontis-
piece, 16mo, 178 pages. Century Co. $1. net.
Lady Eleanor: Lawbreaker. By Robert Barr. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 184 pages. Rand, Mc-
Nally & Co. $1, net.
Grandma. By Elizabeth Lincoln Gould. Illustrated,
16mo, 263 pages. Penn Publishing Co.
Betty Moore's Journal. By Mabel D. Carry. 16mo,
183 pages. Rand, McNally & Co. $1. net.
“When the War Is O'er.” By Major F. M. Peacock.
12mo, 311 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.35 net.
The Quest. Translated from the Dutch of Fred-
erick Van Eeden by Laura Ward Cole. New edi-
tion; 8vo, 519 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50 net.
The Fugitives. By Margaret Fletcher. 12mo, 312
pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.35 net.
The Pendulum, By Cora G. Sadler. 8vo, 386 pages.
Sherman, French & Co. $1.25 net.
The Defenders. By Foy Gillespie. 12mo, 395 pages.
New York: Cosmopolitan Press. $1.50.
Sanna of the Island Town. By Mary E. Waller. New
edition; 12mo, 399 pages. Little, Brown & Co.
$1.25 net.
A Local Colorist. By Annie Trumbull Slosson. With
frontispiece, 12mo, 147 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. 75 cts, net.
The Owls' Nest: A Vacation among Isms. By Anne
Gilbert. 12mo, 123 pages. Fleming H. Revell Co.
75 cts net.
Mysterious Martin: A Fiction Narrative Setting
Forth the Development of Character along Un-
usual Lines. By Tod Robbins. With frontispiece,
12mo, 153 pages. J. S. Ogilvie Publishing Co. $1.
The Hunt Case. By May Stranathan. 12mo, 69
pages. Richard G. Badger. 75 cts. net.
Putting Marshville on the Map. By William Gan-
Rose. 16mo, 83
pages. Duffield & Co.
50 cts. net.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Reminiscences of the Yukon. By the Hon. Strat-
ford Tollemache. Illustrated, 8vo, 316 pages.
Longmans, Green & Co. $3.50 net.
Letters from Finland, August, 1908—March, 1909.
By Rosalind Travers. Illustrated, large 8vo, 404
pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3. net.
Leaflets from Italy. By M. Nataline Crumpton; ed-
ited by Margaret L. C. Nicola. Illustrated in
photogravure, etc., 12mo, 134 pages. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $1.50 net.
Africa of To-Day By Joseph King Goodrich, Illus-
trated, 12mo, 315 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co.
$1.50 net.
About Algeria: Algiers, Tlemcen, Biskra, Constan-
tine, and Timgad. By Charles Thomas-Stanford,
F. S. A. Illustrated, 12mo, 306 pages. John
Lane Co. $1.50 net.
In Northern Labrador. By William B. Cabot. Illus-
trated, 8vo, 292 pages.
Richard G. Badger,
$2.50 net.
son


1912.]
331
THE DIAL
Our Weather. By J. S. Fowler, F. R. Met. Soc., and
William Marriott, F. R. Met. Soc. Illustrated,
16mo, 131 pages. "Temple Primers." E. P. Dut-
ton & Co. 35 cts. net.
NATURE AND OUT-DOOR LIFE.
Neighbourhood: A Year's Life in and About an
English Village. By Tickner Edwardes. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 304 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co.
$2. net.
The Forester's Manual; or, The Forest Trees of
Eastern North America, By Ernest Thompson
Seton. Illustrated, 12mo, 141 pages. "Scout
Manual Series.” Doubleday, Page & Co. $1. net.
Woodland Idyls. By W. S. Blatchley. Illustrated,
12mo, 242 pages. Indianapolis: Nature Pub-
lishing Co. $1.25.
In the Guiana Forest: Studies of Nature in Rela-
tion to the Struggle for Life. By James Rod-
way, F. L. S. New, revised, and enlarged edi-
tion; illustrated, 8vo, 326 pages. A. C. McClurg
& Co. $2. net.
Windmills and Wooden Shoes. By Blair Jackel,
F. R. G. S. Illustrated, 12mo, 219 pages. McBride,
Nast & Co. $1.10 net.
India and Daily Life in Bengal. By Rev. Z. F. Grif-
fin, B. D. Third edition, illustrated, 12mo, 214
pages. American Baptist Publication Society.
$1. net.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
Criminal Responsibility and Social Restraint. By
Ray Madding McConnell, Ph. D. 12mo, 393 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.75 net.
The Wisconsin Idea. By Charles McCarthy. 12mo,
323 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
The History of the British Post Office, By J. C.
Hemmeon, Ph. D. 8vo, 261 pages. "Harvard
Economic Studies." Harvard University Press.
$2. net.
Railway Transportation: A History of Its Econom-
ics and of Its Relation to the State. By Charles
Lee Raper. 12mo, 331 pages.
G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.50 net.
Happy Humanity. By Dr. Frederik Van Eeden,
With portrait, 12mo, 265 pages. Doubleday, Page
& Co. $1.25 net.
Beyond War: A Chapter in the Natural History of
Man By Vernon Lyman Kellogg. 12mo, 172
pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1. net.
A History of Inland Transport and Communication
in England. By Edwin A. Pratt. 12mo, 532
pages. "National Industries." E. P. Dutton &
Co. $2. net.
Saleswomen in Mercantile Stores: Baltimore, 1909.
By Elizabeth Beardsley Butler, 12mo, 217 pages.
"Russell Sage Foundation." New York: Chari-
ties Publication Committee. $1. net.
The Present Day Problem of Crime. By Albert H.
Currier. 12 mo, 179 pages. Richard G. Badger.
$1. net.
The Labor Movement in France: A Study in Revo-
lutionary Syndicalism. By Louis Levine, Ph. D.;
with Introduction by Franklin H. Giddings. 8vo,
212 pages. Columbia University Press. Paper.
Four Phases of American Development: Federalism
Democracy-Imperialism-Expansion. By John
Bassett Moore, LL. D. 12mo, 218 pages. Balti-
more: Johns Hopkins Press. $1.50 net.
American Bad Boys in the Making. By A. H. Stew-
art, M. D. With frontispiece, 12mo, 241 pages.
New York: Herman Lechner.
Opportunities in School and Industry for Children
of the Stockyards District: An Investigation Car-
ried on under the Direction of the Board of the
University of Chicago Settlement. 8vo, 64 pages.
University of Chicago Press. Paper.
The Religion of Democracy. By Charles Ferguson.
Revised edition; 12mo, 154 pages. Mitchell Ken-
nerley. $1. net.
A Curb to Predatory Wealth, By W. V. Marshall.
Second edition, revised; 12mo, 138 pages. R. F.
Fenno & Co.
Race Suicide. By M. S. Iseman, M. D. 12mo, 216
pages. New York: Cosmopolitan Press. $1.50.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
Christian and Mohammedan: A Plea for Bridging
the Chasm. By George F. herrick. Illustrated,
12mo, 253 pages. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.25 net.
Moral Leadership and the Ministry. By Edward E.
Keedy. 12mo, 200 pages. Boston: Horace Worth
Co. $1.25 net.
The Theology of a Preacher. By Lynn Harold
Hough. 12mo, 269 pages. Eaton & Mains. $1. net.
The Laughter of Jesus. By Elmer Willis Serl. 12mo,
163 pages. Neale Publishing Co. $1. net.
The Underworld and the Upper By Charles A.
Starr; with Introduction by Hon. William Jen-
nings Bryan. 12mo, 253 pages. Eaton & Mains.
$1. net.
High-Mark Congregations. By Henry Gurting. 16mo,
60 pages. Boston: Horace Worth Co. 50 cts. net.
God and Democracy. By Frank Crane. 12mo, 72
pages. Forbes & Co. 50 cts.
The Cheerfulness of Death. By W. W. Keen, M. D.
With frontispiece, 12mo. Philadelphia: Grif-
fith & Rowland Press. Paper, 15 cts. net.
PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY.
The Evidence for the Supernatural: A Critical
Study Made with "Uncommon Sense." By Ivor
LL. Tuckett, M. A. 8vo, 409 pages. E. P. Dut-
ton & Co. $3 net.
The Problem of Human Life: As Viewed by the
Great Thinkers from Plato to the Present Time.
By Rudolf Eucken; translated from the German
by Williston S. Hough and W. R. Boyce Gibson.
New edition; 8vo, 582 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $2. net.
Thoughts on Ultimate Problems. By F. W. Frank-
land. Fifth and revised edition; 12mo, 133 pages.
London: David Nutt. Paper.
Naturalism or Idealism? The Nobel Lecture deliv-
ered at Stockholm on March 27, 1909. By Rudolf
Eucken; translated, with Introduction, by Alban
G. Widgery, M. A. 12mo, 30 pages. Cambridge:
W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd. Paper.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE,
One Hundred Masterpieces of Painting. By John
La Farge. Illustrated, 4to, 400 pages. Double-
day, Page & Co. $5. net.
An Architect's Sketch Book, By Robert Swain Pea-
body. Illustrated, 4to, 105 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $5. net.
SCIENCE.
Meteorology: A Text-Book on the Weather, the
Causes of Its Changes, and Weather Forecasting,
for the Student and the General Reader. By
Willis Isbister Milham, Ph. D. Illustrated, large
8vo, 549 pages. Macmillan Co. $4.50 net.
The Advance of Photography: Its History and
Modern Applications. By A. E. Garrett, B. Sc.
Illustrated, large 8vo, 382 pages. E. P. Dutton
& Co. $4. net.
The Road Map of the Stars. By Albert Ross Par-
sons. A folding pocket map in pocket, with de-
scriptive text in separate volume. 12mo. Mit-
chell Kennerley. $3. net.
BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
The Russian Year-Book for 1912. Compiled and
edited by Howard P. Kennard, M, D., assisted by
Netta Peacock. 12mo, 428 pages. Macmillan Co.
$5. net.
Who's Who in Science (International), 1912. Ed-
ited by H. H. Stephenson. 8vo, 323 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $2. net.
A Guide to Books on Ireland. Edited by Stephen J.
Brown, S. J. Part I., Prose Literature, Poetry,
Music and Plays. 12mo, 371 pages. Longmans,
Green & Co. $2. net.


332
[April 16,
THE DIAL
Honan's Handbook to Medical Europe: A Ready
Reference Book to the Universities, Hospitals,
Clinics, Laboratories, and General Medical Work
of the Principal Cities of Europe. By James
Henry Honan, M. D. With maps, 12mo, 261
pages. P. Blakiston's Son & Co. $1.50 net.
A Literary and Historical Atlas of Europe. By J.
G. Bartholomew, LL. D. With maps. 12mo, 253
pages. "Everyman's Library." E. P. Dutton &
Co. Leather, 70 cts. net.
HEALTH AND HYGIENE.
Return to Nature. By Adolf Just; translated from
the German by H. A. Nesbitt, M. A. Illustrated,
8vo, 460 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50 net.
Prevention and Cure. By Eustace Miles, M. A. 12mo,
247 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
Suggestion and Psychotherapy. By George W. Ja-
coby, M. D. Illustrated, 12mo, 355 pages. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net.
Food for the Invalid and the Convalescent. By
Winifred Stuart Gibbs. 12mo, 81 pages.
Mac-
millan Co. 75 cts. net.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
Elizabethan Adventures upon the Spanish Main.
Adapted from the “Voyages" of Richard Hak-
luyt by Albert M. Hyamson, F. R. Hist. S. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 399 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co.
$1.50 net.
Patriotic Plays and Pageants for Young People. By
Constance D'Arcy Mackay. 12mo, 223 pages.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.35 net.
The Real Fairy Folk, By Louise Jamison. Illus-
trated in color, 12mo, 228 pages. Doubleday,
Page & Co. $1. net.
Norse Tales Retold, for Little Children and Others
Who Care to Read Them. By Ritza Freeman
and Ruth Davis. 12mo, 113 pages. A. C. Mc-
Clurg & Co. 75 cts. net.
Effie's Christmas Dream: A Play for Children.
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THE DIAL
Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
345
.
.
.
No. 621.
MAY 1, 1912.
Vol. LII.
SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.
CONTENTS.
The college has had to bear the brunt of
SCHOOL AND COLLEGE
many assaults during recent years, from the
341
rude thrusts of the weaver's beam in the hands
DO WE KNOW WHAT WE WANT IN EDUCA-
TION? Charles Leonard Moore
of the philistine to the volleys that come from
343
the ranks of a purblind democracy that resents
CAS JAL
NT
anything like distinction in education just as it
Making the fullest use of an educational plant. —
How the American public library strikes an immi-
resents the distinctions of wealth and social
grant.--Educational chaos.—The high school and the
position. The firing along this latter line is
public library.-Euripides and Mr. Bernard Shaw.-
The average reader.-Individualism in education.-
somewhat irritating in its persistence, and it has
William T. Stead.-Bret Harte and Dickens as esti weakened not a little the work of higher educa-
mated and compared by Carlyle. - Browning's tact tion. It finds a shining mark in every form of
and courtesy:- Journalism at the University of Illi-
nois.- Al fresco reading-rooms.
educational endeavor that is not obviously cor-
COMMUNICATION ...
related with the day's work of securing a liveli-
348
Cavour and a Famous Phrase. Frederick Aldrich hood, although the activities with which it seeks
Cleveland.
to displace the tested and approved forms of edu-
HOW ONE IMMIGRANT GIRL DISCOVERED cational discipline have by no means been shown
AMERICA. Percy F. Bicknell
348 to be justified by their fruits. These material
INTERPRETING AMERICAN LITERATURE FOR objects look well to the “practical" vision, they
THE GERMANS. Archibald Henderson . . 350 give a business-like appearance to college cata-
REMINISCENCES OF A GREAT EDUCATOR. logues, and they provide the pedagogical dem-
W. H. Johnson
353
agogue with an unlimited opportunity for the
ROMAN RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE. Grant outlet of his rhetorical energy in the newspaper,
Showerman
354
the political gathering, and the educational con-
Fowler's The Religious Experience of the Roman
People.-Cumont's The Oriental Religions in Roman
ference. But those who urge them are content
Paganism.-Cumont's Astrology and Religion among when their adoption has been secured, and do
the Greeks and Romans. — Carter's The Religious
not care to investigate their application. In-
Life of Ancient Rome.
RECENT BOOKS ON EDUCATION. M. V. O'Shea 356 quired to determine the extent to which these
deed, the searching analysis which would be re-
Graves's Great Educators of Three Centuries, –
Berle's The School in the Home. — King's Social
educational prescriptions were actually fitting
Aspects of Education. - MacVannel's Outline of a
young people for life is a task far beyond the
Course in the Philosophy of Education. - Colvin's
The Learning Process.-Strayer's A Brief Course in
powers of those who are so noisy in their ad-
the Teaching Process.
vocacy.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
359
Most of our current popular discussion of edu-
The decline of republicanism in Europe.--Problems cational problems is superficial or empty because
of the young in city and country. - Minor English it has catch-phrases rather than ideas for its
poets of the 17th century. - Studies in Spenser's
Faerie Queene. – Examples of humor from many
subject matter. It sounds plausible to say that
lands. - Renaissance architecture in France. - the schools should fit boys and girls for the practi-
Thoughts on education by Matthew Arnold. – The
cal work of life, and that knowledge of the world
land of the Sultan.- Riders of the Australian bush.
- Autobiography of a Dutch idealist.— Two hand of to-day is more useful to them than all the lore
books on American government.- Education and the of the past. And it is always easy to raise a
inner life. – A handbook to the Berlin art galleries.
cheap laugh about little Johnny's father, suc-
BRIEFER MENTION .
363 cessful man of affairs, who is quite unable to
NOTES
365 help his puzzled offspring solve a geometrical
EDUCATIONAL BOOKS OF THE SPRING 366 problem. A California educator was horrified
(A classified list of titles published or to be pub the other day when it appeared that the students
lished during the present season.)
in the high schools of the State knew more about
TOPICS IN MAY PERIODICALS
. 369 Roman history than they did about current
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
. 370 events. “Are our American schools preparing


342
[May 1,
THE DIAL
Roman citizens?” was his indignant outcry, and that they have not been preparing themselves for
the sympathy evoked by a protest of this sort is college at all, but merely marking time. They
quite as cheap as the laughter with which we have never acquired the habit of accuracy, and
greet the lamentable case of little Johnny's they have never been forced to buckle down to
father. All these complaints about the “unprac stiff problems and work them out by sheer
tical" character of our teaching are made in dogged determination. Our sentimentalized
almost total ignorance of education in its deeper and emasculated school systems have put them
nature and underlying purpose, and in entire through a mere travesty of the educational
misapprehension of the argument by which any process, and they find themselves helpless in the
education at public expense is to be justified. face of the demands which any self-respecting
It is, to put it brutally, of vital consequence to college must make upon the students whom it
the State that little Johnny should be prepared admits within its precincts.
to exercise the duties of intelligent citizenship, All honor, we say, to those institutions which
but of no particular consequence (to the State) refuse to serve the time, but which serve instead
that he should be fitted to earn a living. That that ideal of intellectual attainment which it is
is clearly his personal affair, and his self-interest the sacred duty of the college to keep alive. Too
may safely be left to deal with it. It is not the
many of our colleges are ignominiously betraying
hungry man, but the illiterate man, whose exist- their cause, and weakening under the pressure
ence is a menace to the social organization, and of an unenlightened public demand for easier
whom it is the bounden duty of society to extir entrance requirements and a more liberal variety
pate as a condition of self-preservation. of the credits that may be offered. Some of our
A great plaint now goes up all over the land largest institutions are willing to receive untested
to the effect that the colleges are tyrannizing any student who brings the certificate of a high
over the schools, restraining their generous school — even of a high school that reduces to a
impulse to let children have what they want (or disgraceful minimum its specific requirements
what their uninformed parents would like them for a diploma. A boy or girl may gain entrance
to have), and forcing their work along fruitless into one of these colleges without algebra or
ways into narrow channels. These arrogant geometry, without physics, or without knowledge
institutions, it is urged, close their eyes to the of any foreign language whatsoever. All he need
conditions of modern life, with its increasing offer is a miscellaneous assortment of credits suf-
multiplicity of interests, and fail to frame their ficient to make up the required total; and in this
programmes with an eye to the main chance, democracy of interests, a course in blacksmith-
that is, with reference to the demands of the work counts for as much as a course in Greek.
labor-market. The voice that makes this plea is No wonder the colleges that thus throw wide open
so plainly the voice of unwisdom that it is diffi- their doors are swollen in numbers, for the cachet
cult to be patient with it. In a rational view of of a college education is still held to be of value,
the matter, the colleges are engaged in a desper even if the substance bear no relation to what the
ate effort to maintain any sort of an educational term has hitherto been supposed to connote.
standard in the face of an opposition that cares Education, as it was conceived in this country
nothing for standards, that is debasing them in a generation ago, was a reasonably solid struc-
every direction, and that wishes boys and girls ture, honestly built up
from foundation-stone to
to be passed through college with a minimum coping. What has been going on of recent
of exertion. Throughout the years that precede years has been a steady undermining of the
the college, the minds of young people are encour masonry, substituting rubble and clay and other
aged to develop along the paths of least resist unfitting material for the lower courses, and then
ance, and then, when they would further pursue demanding that the superstructure should be
the path, they are pained to discover that the col determined by the needs of the material upon
leges require them to exhibit some evidences of which it rests. It is jerry-building gone mad.
fitness for the serious work of education. For Only here and there do we find colleges (and
years they have been free to select the safest in them is our educational hope) that maintain
courses, have taken bookkeeping instead of a firm stand for the humanities and the disci-
physics and domestic science instead of geome- plines, that refuse to admit students without real
try, for years they have dawdled along, under preparation, that refuse to keep them unless they
conditions that make for mental flabbiness or do real work, and that do not fritter away their
worse, and then a halt is called, and they realize energies by multiplying courses of dubious value,
that most of their school life has been wasted, and l but place their main reliance upon the subjects


1912.]
343
THE DIAL
Have we any
that have proved their power to strengthen the all distinction, beauty, profundity, and power are to
mind and mould the character. Little Johnny, be delivered over to the domination of the Comic
who “never could understand algebra,” and who Muse, there is bound to ensue a vast and deep vul-
did not "take" physics because the hard work garization of life itself.
would be “bad for his health,” and who passed
Let us turn to our morals, for there we proclaim
Latin by because he did not expect to “need it
ourselves strong. Well, there is an immense amount
of preaching amongst us. Everybody preaches, so
in his business," would be excluded from such
I
suppose every body performs. One of the most
a college, for the all-sufficient reason that it had
curious features of this didactic set is our passion for
better work to do than licking boys like him maxims, axioms, precepts. Every newspaper keeps
into shape. Such a college would make but a a Solomon on tap to pour these forth in a steady
poor showing in the competition for numbers, stream. There never was anything like it before.
and might be hard put to it for endowments; English literature has always run to concrete exam-
but its graduates would be likely to give a good ple rather than to precept. Chesterfield and Samuel
account of themselves, and it would be as a light Smiles are almost the only authors who occur to us
set upon a hill in the educational landscape.
as purely givers of advice. Of course all such work
denotes a primitive state of mind in those who accept
it. It is like the chairs and stools by aid of which
a child learns to walk. As soon as people can trust
DO WE KNOW WHAT WE WANT themselves they disdain all such half truths or whole
IN EDUCATION?
falsities.
settled ideal in this country towards
The proof of the pudding is the eating thereof. which we direct our education ? Other peoples have
For two or three generations in America we have known what they wanted from education. The Greeks
been engaged in the most extensive and expensive wanted to produce a race of athletes and artists -
educational concoction ever known. What is the re to attain to harmonious perfection of body and mind.
sult? What is the flavor and taste of our product? They did attain to that: they made humanity statu-
Will it gain us a prize in the country fair of the world? esque and reached a hegemony in some of the arts
Will we get a blue ribbon for intellect, for manners, which they still hold. The Romans educated for
or for morals?
war and domination. The churchmen, into whose
These are questions which would require an expert hands education fell in the Middle Ages, educated
commission to investigate. They cannot be settled for the other world. They produced a race of spirit-
offhand by an essayist. But one may offer some ual enthusiasts who swayed the world with their vis-
considerations which tend to throw our succoss into ions, and who brought something of heaven down
doubt.
to earth in their architecture, painting, music, and
Education ought to mean civilization, and civiliza- sculpture. The French have educated mainly for
tion largely consists in conserving and honoring the manners, for social charm; the Spanish for the cul.
best that mankind has known or done. Is there any tivation of a stately personal pride. Bismarck's jest
such reverence in America for what the
pro that as England owned the sea and Russia owned the
nounced good? Or is not our attitude towards the land, there was nothing left for the Germans but the
past typified by one of our most popular books sky, is borne out by Germany's greatest achievements
Mark Twain's “Innocents Abroad”? But it is not - metaphysics and music. England is perhaps the
only the actual deeds of the ages that we despise; it only country which has educated for literature. I
is the tone, air, and sentiment of what is greatest and do not mean by this that it has not educated for
highest in human thought and action. Speak to the other things, - war, domination, science, — but that
average educated American about poetry, and he will through its whole educational system, and through
turn upon you with an idiotic laugh. Speak to him the common thought of its people, runs a feeling,
of romance or devotion or self-sacrifice, and he will an acknowledgement that literature is the best work
regard you with a lack-lustre eye. Very likely this that men can do. As a result English literature is
same self-satisfied citizen has in him the elements of the greatest in existence. Is there any single thing
poetry and devotion. But surely education ought to that American education has aimed at? Faith, I
educe and bring them to the surface. We have paid cannot think of any, unless it is Big Business.
enough to have our diamonds polished, and ought not Leigh Hunt, who lived during his boyhood in this
to be obliged to wear them in the rough.
country, said that he never thought of the United
Humor is a great asset for a people. It makes for States without seeing a great counter extending the
cheerfulness, sanity, and endurance. But it may be whole length of our Atlantic seaboard. I am afraid
questioned whether we have not too strong a strain that this counter still exists, and branches off in all
of it in our character. The Broad Grin overspreads direotions over our domain. In very truth we have
all our part of the American Continent.
educated mainly for practical ends, and to that effect
nearly everything is viewed from a humorous stand have accepted Science as our guide. We have the
point. In our best authors this is called irony. If excuse that it was ours to break in and subdue a
race has
Pretty


344
[May 1,
THE DIAL
scenes.
continent. We need strong tools to do this, and been the poets and the soldiers — using those terms,
the incitement of gain to keep us at our work. The of course, in a generic, in the widest allowable sense.
present writer spent a good section of his life in this The records of Hindoo life are largely devoted to
sort of thing -- railroad building-and he has the the strife between these two classes, with all the
utmost sympathy and admiration for the men who other castes of men trailing on behind, unregarded.
pioneer material existence. But the finest flower Similarly the old Celtic literature knew only two
of civilization is not born amid such men or such kinds of personages, — warriors and bards. And
It is not born amid any people who accept of course every great epoch in European history is
business and science as the “be all” and the end made glorious by a circle of heads belonging to
all” here.
these two orders of men. Of all the vast accumula-
Religion and art are ends in themselves. They
They tion of the biographical literature of the world, prob-
are finalities, lasting satisfactions. But Science is ably nine-tenths is devoted to men of the sword and
only a means. The word of Science always is, “and the pen. The settled judgment of the world seems
then, and then, and then.” We do not build bridges to be that anybody can be useful but that only these
or railroads to sit down and look at them with ec are interesting. All of us who read for love rove
static joy,
we build them to get somewhere. Even like bees from the accounts of battles to the records
when radium is isolated or the spectrum of a nebula of literary and artistic struggles and triumphs.
established, these successes are only steps in utili Somehow we feel that the great in these fields
tarian progress.
express, incarnate, life more fully than any others.
We have built our faith on Science, and the foun Who takes an interest in the ledgers of Venetian
dations are giving beneath us. Many of the greatest merchants or the records of German guilds. Yet
men of science of the day are harking back to the in America we are trying to reverse this decision of
old tracks of metaphysics and religion. Not only all time, we are trying to place financiers, busi-
that, but Science is betraying us in a material way. ness men, and scientists on the thrones of the world.
It promised to make life easier and happier for us. Now no one doubts the power, the utility, or the indis-
Well, in the past year or so the whole world has pensableness of such men. Doubtless their similars
known the pinch of hunger. We have felt it par-
have always had their share of contemporary regard.
ticularly in America, and have savagely resented it. Money talks, even if it rarely says anything worth
If Big Business and Science together cannot fill our listening to. But I think the dazzled eye with which
stomachs, what good are they? We have boasted of we regard such potentates is a new thing.
our unparalleled prosperity in America. We forgot Probably the spirit of a nation dictates its system
that other ages and places have also been prosper of education, and to tell it to change that system is
ous. There is a legend of “Merrie England," where equivalent to telling it to be born again. But we
everyone had enough to eat and plenty of time for must make some change in our ideas and ideals if we
sport and recreation. There were ages when the want to cut the figure in the world which we have a
pleasant country of France, or Italy the beautiful, right to do. Perhaps we might take a hint from the
were paradises. And all this was before the time Catholic Church, which is perhaps the wisest organi.
of Big Business or Science. Obviously no single zation ever known, and, in a way, the most democratic.
formula of education will answer even for material It has never evinced an overwhelming desire for a
perfection.
general intellectual education. It has preferred to
Probably there is no better test of the results of train the great mass of its people in manners and
a nation's education than the way in which success morals, and to reserve its treasures of culture for the
ful people of all kinds rank in public estimation most promising pupils. We fight against the idea,
the off-hand precedence which is accorded them. In in America, that there is any inequality in natural
America to-day the men who are most and first in gifts, and we try to give everybody an even chance.
the public mind, who are the objects of general | This is praiseworthy of course, but it is impossible.
envy and emulation, are the wielders of vast The texture of men's minds differs more than the
wealth, the masters of finance. Then, perhaps, grain of wood in the forests. As a corollary to our
come the statesmen, though they win their places as democratic endeavors in this way, we come to the
by an ordeal of fire. Then rank the men of science conclusion that one kind of gift, one kind of success,
of all kinds, – inventors, investigators, engineers, one kind of achievement, is as good as any other.
educators, physicians, and the like. Far down on But it is not. There are hierarchies of talents: there
the roll rank the soldiers, and at the bottom of the are some kinds of genius so rare that they outvalue
list come the clergy, the poets, and the artists. all the rest. We must recognize this or our education
Surely this is a spectacle of a world upside down, will be a muddle. We must recognize too that there
of a world waving its useful but humble locomotive are limitations to physical and material endeavor, -
members in the air while its head “and features, that we cannot all be rich, or even comparatively well
the great soul's apparent seat” grovel in the dust. off; and that we had best try to lay up treasures of
Froin the beginning of time, in nearly all places, two emotion, intellect, and spirit which will endure and
orders of men have been dominant, have absorbed console.
the interest and attention of mankind. These have
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE.


1912.]
345
THE
DIAL
..
cooperation of school and library is always desirable
CASUAL COMMENT.
and is more and more becoming the rule rather than
MAKING THE FULLEST USE OF AN EDUCATIONAL the exception. Those interested in this whole ques-
PLANT (to apply an industrial term to what may be tion of affiliating the two will do well to read, if
regarded as a great intellectual industry) obviously they have not already done so, those numbers of
requires that the plant shall not stand idle any great Mr. Dana's “Modern American Library Economy
part of the time. An all-the-year-round use of public Series” that treat of school work in the library and
school buildings for the good of the public is com- library work in the school, and also the various
ing more and more to be looked upon with favor, papers and editorials on the subject in the “School
although the proposal, as made by Mr. John Cotton Number” (April) of “The Library Journal.”
Dana some years ago in “The Independent,” evoked
at first vigorous protest and little or no encouraging
How THE AMERICAN PUBLIC LIBRARY STRIKES
response. To say nothing of the benefits to accrue AN IMMIGRANT, or at least how it struck one immi.
from longer school terms and shorter summer vaca-
grant from Russia eager to enjoy the blessings of
tions, one obvious way of making the schoolhouse
American citizenship, may be gathered from a
publicly useful throughout the year is to connect it, passage in the penultimate chapter of Miss Mary
wherever practicable, with the public library system
Antin's autobiography, parts of which have been
and cause it to shelter a branch library, or perhaps appearing in the “Atlantic" as a preliminary to its
even the main library itself where a separate build recent publication in book form under the title of
ing cannot yet be provided. The town of Pomfret,
“The Promised Land.” Of the book-hungry little
Vermont, has adopted the suggestion of its progres-
alien we read in her own glowing words: “Off
sive librarian, Mrs. Abba Doton Chamberlin, and
toward the northwest, in the direction of Harvard
constituted each of its schoolhouses a branch library, Bridge, which some day I should cross on my way
numbered as is the school district it serves. Grand
to Radcliffe College, was one of my favorite palaces,
Rapids, Michigan, is another town (or city in this
whither I resorted every day after school. A low,
instance) that has successfully met the need of addi- wide-spreading building with a dignified granite front
tional branch library buildings by utilizing its school-
it was, flanked on all sides by noble old churches,
houses for the purpose. One of the Grand Rapids
museums, and schoolhouses, harmoniously disposed
teachers admirably expounded the advantages result-
around a spacious triangle called Copley Square.
ing from this coördination of educational effort in an Two thoroughfares that came straight from the
address before thelibrary section of the Michigan State
green suburbs swept by my palace, one on either
Teachers' Association at Detroit last November. (See side, converged at the apex of the triangle, and
this paper, “The Use of the Library in the Grades,” in pointed off, across the Public Garden, across the
“The Library Journal” for April.) In the South,
historic Common, to the domed State House sitting
school libraries are abundant, and are increasing, as
on a height. It was my habit to go very slowly up
interestingly set forth by Mr. Louis R. Wilson, libra-
rian of the University of North Carolina, in a paper
eyes with the majestic lines of the building, and
read before the Southern Educational Association last lingering to read again the carved inscriptions:
December and now printed in the above-named issue
Public Library - Built by the People -- Free to
of “The Library Journal.” The school library is
All. . . . Here is where I liked to remind myself
of course not to be confused with the branch estab-
of Polotzk, the better to bring out the wonder of
lished in the school building as an offshoot of the
my life. That I who was born in the prison of the
main library. Each has its uses and its reason of
Pale should roam at will in the land of freedom,
being, though the control and direction of library was a marvel that it did me good to realize. That
activity by the library authorities rather than by the I who was brought up to my teens almost without
school board would seem in general to yield the bet-
a book should be set down in the midst of all the
ter results. New York State long ago tried the
books that ever were written, was a miracle as great
system of district school libraries, and was glad to
as any on record.
That an outcast should become
discard it in favor of a more economical and fruitful a privileged citizen, that a beggar should dwell in a
plan. But unquestionably the school library has palace—this was a romance more thrilling than poet
often proved itself far better than no library at all,
ever sung. Surely I was rocked in an enchanted
and has often, especially in our Southern States, pre-
cradle.” Even the world-weary and the blasé will
pared the way for a full-fledged public library. In
catch something of the enthusiasm, of the exultant
this connection it is to be noted that some few local | joy of living, that breathe in every page of “The
Promised Land.”
attempts, as at Minneapolis and in New York City,
have been made to put the public library system EDUCATIONAL CHAOS, from which it is hoped that
under the control of the school authorities as a part something like educational kosmos is now beginning
of the general educational system. Probably most to emerge in this country, forms the subject of some
if not all library workers will maintain, and with interesting observations and suggestions from Dr.
reason, that the public library is too distinctive and Henry S. Pritchett in an article entitled “Education
important an institution to be made a subordinate and the Nation" in the April “ Atlantic Monthly."
part of any general system, even though a cordial | Like many another before him, Dr. Pritchett deplores
biria the broad steps to the palace entrance, pleasing my
9)


346
[May 1,
THE DIAL
the lack of unity and system in American education, est to teachers as well as to librarians is to be found
a lack far more conspicuous than in the other great in the same issue of the “ Bulletin.”
nations of the world, and this defect becomes more
pronounced the higher we go in our seminaries of
EURIPIDES AND MR. BERNARD SHAW were rival
learning. Even our largest universities have a dis-
candidates for popular favor, some years ago, on the
tinctly local or provincial character, and pursue their
London stage. The distinguished Grecian, Professor
course with too little regard to any one common ideal
Gilbert Murray, who is now visiting us, had a word
and aim. But of late years a hopeful coördination
of interest to say to the inevitable and ineluctable
of college and university with the high school has interviewer when the latter asked him about the
been effected, and this seems likely to lead to a better production of his translations from the Greek tragic
unification of higher education itself throughout the
poets. “There was an unexpected interest in them,”
country. A valuable contributing agency to this end
he replied. “And the crowds were in the pit,” he
should be found in our national bureau of education,
added, with manifest satisfaction. “You know,
which has hitherto concerned itself almost exclusively
Bernard Shaw and Euripides were alternating then
with the elementary and secondary schools, but which,
in Mr. Barker's theatre, and as to receipts were run-
under its new head, Dr. Pritchett hopes may advance
ning neck and neck; but I think I rather beat him
to larger undertakings. “Every state system of edu-
in the pit.” Among other remarks attributed to the
cation,” he believes, “every college, every university
interviewed scholar at this time, it is encouraging
which is doing honest and sincere work, has every-
to read this: “Greek is forging ahead in England.
thing to hope and nothing to fear from such a na-
Compulsory Greek is, of course, dying out in most
tional scrutinizing agency. No one can doubt that places, though it will probably always be kept for a
the influence of a bureau so administered would make good many of the courses at Oxford and Cambridge.
not only for educational efficiency, but for a larger
But the general interest in Greek thought and Greek
patriotism. The college which best serves the nation
literature has increased enormously during the last
fifteen
will in the long run serve best its state and its com-
years or so. ... And there's another inter-
munity.” Standardization can be carried to regret- esting thing. I believe there's no country in the
table extremes, in education as elsewhere; but there
world where the political leaders are such scholars
is no immediate danger of any tame and tiresome
as they are in England. Take Mr. Asquith. He's
monotony in our widely scattered and abundantly
a first-rate Greek scholar, and two of his sons are.
diversified institutions of higher learning.
Mr. Birrell is another, and Lord Milner and Lord
Morley.” Dr. Murray goes so far as to maintain that
THE HIGH SCHOOL AND THE PUBLIC LIBRARY “the number of people who can translate a piece of
seem in general admirably fitted to work together Greek is larger than ever," and he eloquently and
in harmony and for the common good. Yet there well explains why the love of Greek should continue
is sometimes a remarkable lack of hearty and intel-
and will continue. Cheering words are these of Dr.
ligent cooperation in their activities. Mr. Thomas Murray's, even after all allowance for enthusiasm
Lloyd-Jones, principal of the Madison (Wis.) High has been made.
School, calls attention, in the current “Wisconsin THE AVERAGE READER is the subject of a recent
Library Bulletin,” to a striking instance of this lack. bright and entertaining contribution to “Harper's
He says, in part: “In the high school building [at Weekly" from the pen of Miss Olivia Howard Dun-
Madison] no provision had been made for a library | bar; but the average reader, if anyone can be found
room because the public library was supposed to to acknowledge himself such, may well fail to recog-
adequately minister to our needs. There was no one nize his portrait in the flattering picture drawn by
person whose duty it was to see that these hundreds Miss Dunbar. “His desires," affirms the writer,
of young people were encouraged in their quest for “are mainly three: first, to know what life is, which
knowledge not absolutely required by the teachers. leads him to read science; second, to know what
Many good books and magazines were in the public life means, which takes him to religion and philo-
library spoiling from lack of use. As a rule, the sophy; and third, to know how life may be intensi-
high school teachers did not use the facilities at fied, wherefore he reads romance.” Surely, this is,
hand. Teachers would send pupils to the library in part, at least, what the average reader ought, for
for reference work without knowing that the desired his own good, to read; and it is what public libraries
information was available. ... This unscientific, gently and unobtrusively encourage him to read;
haphazard, inefficient method produced dissatisfac but if the whole number of books on science and
tion on the part of pupils, overwrought nerves on philosophy and religion read in a year were divided
the part of librarians, and the blues on the part of by the number of readers of that year, it is safe to
the teacher, who was disappointed again and again assert that no more than a small fraction of a book
because pupils came to class with poorly prepared in those serious classes would stand to the credit of
lessons.” How this vexatious situation was changed each reader. In this calculation both sexes are to
for the better is explained in the latter part of Mr. be included, and every person whose indulgence in
Lloyd-Jones's interesting article, his own agency in reading is not confined to the newspaper. Any con-
the transformation being not unapparent though mod-siderable experience in public library work or in
estly kept in the background. Other matter of inter miscellaneous bookselling must compel the candid


1912.]
347
THE DIAL
* As
person to admit, however reluctantly, that science “is a notable kind of object, a man altogether mod-
and philosophy and religion do not constitute two elled
upon
Dickens; like Dickens seeking his heroes
thirds or even one-third of the reading matter de in the region of blackguardism and the gutters, where
manded by fifty out of every hundred readers, or, heroic magnanimities and benevolences, I believe,
in other words, by the average reader.
were never found; and delineating them, like him,
by ell-deep mimicry instead of penetration to the
INDIVIDUALISM IN EDUCATION has been the ten real root of them and their affairs — which indeed
dency ever since the three R’s” ceased to be the un-
lies much further down! Like Dickens, however, he
varying curriculum of the schools, and Greek, Latin,
does the feat generally well; and I suppose will con-
and mathematics the sum and substance of a college
tinue at the same moderate workmanship, though a
training. The ramifications and reticulations of a
man of more weight of metal than Dickens was.”
complicated elective system, with its attempted pro- Carlyle goes on to despair of Bret Harte's mending
vision for all conceivable tastes and bents on the col-
his ways, his forty years counting too heavily against
lege student's part, the modern schemes of university
any such reform. But to be reckoned as possessing
extension, and the various vocational and industrial
“more weight of metal” than the foremost novelist
schools, schools for backward pupils, schools for ex-
of his time is surely glory enough, and Bret Harte
ceptionally forward pupils, institutions for the blind, might well have been content to keep on with his
the deaf, the deaf-and-dumb, for the weak-minded,
ell-deep mimicry," wherein few have surpassed
and so on, are certainly calculated to meet the wants
him.
of the individual in a manner undreamt-of in the days
when the little red schoolhouse, the village academy,
BROWNING'S TACT AND COURTESY shone conspic-
and the college were the only known agencies for
uous as the poet moved, a prominent figure, in the
teaching the young idea and rounding out the accom-
social and literary world of his day. In Hon. George
plishments of the adolescent youth and the budding tions, “One Look Back," an anecdote is told showing
W. E. Russell's latest volume of personal recollec-
maiden. In no fewer than fifty-four of our cities
how the adroit author of “Asolando" could relieve
there are now reported to be special schools or school-
himself of a bore with the air of conferring a favor.
rooms for those brighter or more precocious children
Mr. Russell had assembled a group of Browning
who in the olden time were compelled to fret their
hearts out in checking their eager pace to something
enthusiasts to meet the master at a dinner which he,
like the slowness of the leaden-footed and wooden the narrator, was giving in the poet's honor.
headed tail-enders of the class. The stereotyping or
soon as dinner was over,” he says, “one of these en-
standardizing of education is apparently something
thusiasts led the great man into a corner and began
one need not lie awake nights to worry over just Lost Leader' and the meaning of “Sordello. For a
cross-examining him about the identity of “The
at present.
space Browning bore the catechism with admirable
WILLIAM T. STEAD, man of ideas and ideals, patience; and then, laying his hand on the question-
militant champion of the cause of peace, confident er's shoulder, he exclaimed: “But, my dear fellow,
advocate of a wonderful scheme for inoculating bar-
this is too bad; I am monopolizing you!'and skipped
ren soil with the bacillus of fertility, philanthropic
out of the corner.” The not infrequent disinclination
propounder of a plan for providing homes for unfor-
of writers, as of other craftsmen, to talk shop, is a
tunate infants, ardent enthusiast for psychic research, thing the literary-hero-worshipper is slow to learn.
and incidentally a writer of books and founder of
“The Review of Reviews." and other less successful JOURNALISM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
periodical publications, was among the victims of the is assuming large proportions, both as an academic
late awful shipwreck off Cape Race. Among the course and as a practical industry. The new build-
many works of his pen are “Truths about the Navy," ing now in process of construction for the School
“Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon,” for which be of Commerce will furnish commodious quarters for
suffered three months' imprisonment, “The Truth the work in journalism, whose magnitude and im-
about Russia,”“If Christ Came to Chicago,” “Satan's portance in the university life may be inferred from
Invisible World,” “The United States of Europe,” the many publications issued by the students. These
“Mr. Carnegie's Conundrum,” and “The Despised include “The Daily Illini,” “The Illinois Maga-
Sex.”. Born in 1849, the son of a dissenting min-zine,” “The Illinois Agriculturist,” “The Illio,”
ister, Mr. Stead came honestly by his bent for non “The Technograph,” and the humorous monthly
conformity, and it is cause for deep regret that so magazine, “The Siren.” The young men in training
vigorous a protestant against all manner of intrenched at Urbana for the regeneration of the nation's news-
iniquity and hoary prejudice should have been cut papers maintain a fraternity which appropriately
off in the ripeness of his powers.
calls itself “The Fourth Estate."
BRET HARTE AND DICKENS AS ESTIMATED AND AL FRESCO READING-ROOMS increase apace among
COMPARED BY CARLYLE, in a letter of Carlyle's our public libraries, even though the pace is slow.
dated 1872, that someone has unearthed and made Cleveland's new public library building is to have a
public, seem to stand very nearly on the same dead roof-garden reading-room, thus falling in line with
level of mediocrity. “Bret Harte,” says the letter, the praiseworthy movement which began in the mild


348
[May 1,
THE DIAL
ance.
and equable climate of Los Angeles, under the mem-
orable administration of Librarian Lummis, and
The New Books.
which has found favor in at least one of the branch
libraries in less salubrious New York, and has even HOW ONE IMMIGRANT GIRL DISCOVERED
been favorably considered in bleak Boston, of east-
AMERICA.*
windy renown. When to open-air schools and dor-
mitories and play-grounds there shall have been
Something new and distinctive marks the
added open-air reading-rooms in any number, we
style of the
young
Russian Jewess whose recent
shall feel that we have taken a long step toward the
contributions to “The Atlantic Monthly," over
simple and the natural and the healthful life. the signature “Mary Antin," have attracted
more than usual attention. The abbreviated
and simplified form of her Russian patronymic,
COMMUNICATION.
adopted by the immigrant family after consult-
ation with a self-constituted committee for the
CAVOUR AND A FAMOUS PHRASE.
Americanization of impossible foreign names, is
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In his interesting letter in THE DIAL of April 1, on
no longer that by which the gifted writer is
“ D'Annunzio as a National Poet,” Mr. Melville B.
known among her friends, since she is now the
Anderson falls into the common error of attributing to
wife of a Columbia University professor; but
Cavour the historic expression “L'Italia farà da sè," to her admiring readers she will continue to be
and then piles Ossa on Pelion by interpreting the phrase Mary Antin, and thus the reviewer will call her.
as a prophecy that United Italy “will not exist ... by
the sufferance of her neighbors ” — or, to put it more
“The Promised Land," now published complete,
forcibly, that she would exist without need of this suffer-
in book form, after the appearance of the greater
Now, it is hardly fair to Cavour to burden him part in the above-named magazine, is the life-
with the authorship of so unthinking a boast or so ab- story of an eager, observant, reflective, aspiring,
surd a prophecy. The plan by which Italy, alone and and always original young woman whose forma-
unaided, was to realize independence and unity broke
down utterly in 1848–9, with the failure of Piedmont to
tive years have been divided between the stifling
expel the Austrians; and when Cavour came to power
restrictions of the Pale” and the glorious free-
in November, 1852, he brought into office the convic dom of America. Polotzk, in the government of
tion that only with the assistance of a foreign state Vitebsk, was the scene of her infancy and early
could the independence of Italy be won. This convic-
childhood ; Boston and its suburbs that of her
tion was the very basis of his policy; and, acting upon
it, he gained the indispensable aid of Napoleon III. Only
maidenhood and young womanhood — with the
a superficial knowledge of the times is necessary to make broad Atlantic separating as by a chasm none
it clear that Cavour would not, indeed could not, have too wide the amazingly disparate halves of this
voiced this bit of patriotic bombast.
growing period. She is still under thirty, and she
The author of the phrase was the king, Charles Albert.
In 1843, there had been a dispute between Piedmont
had to learn our language at an age when the ac-
and Austria over the salt trade with the Canton of quisition of a new tongue is not exactly like the
Ticino. There had been further friction as to the Treaty imbibing of mother's milk; and yet note the idio-
of Florence; and in April, 1846, Austria placed a pro matic raciness of her style as illustrated by the
hibitive tariff on Piedmontese wines. The attempt to
cow Piedmont failed. To quote Mr. Bolton King, -
following random passage out of her book:
« Charles Albert .. told his reactionary councillors
“Grandma Rachael meant to be very strict with us
that if Piedmont lost Austria she would gain Italy, and
children, and accordingly was prompt to disclipine us;
then Italy would be able to act for herself.'” (History of
but we discovered early in our acquaintance with her
Italian Unity, vol. i, pp. 167–8. The italics are mine.) that the child who got a spanking was sure to get a hot
Again, in his proclamation of March 23, 1848, to the
cookie or the jam pot to lick, so we did not stand in
people of Lombardy and Venetia, the king said that great awe of her punishments. Even if it came to a
Piedmont was “trusting in the aid of that God who spanking it was only a farce. Grandma generally inter-
enables Italy to work out her own salvation” posed a pillow between the palm of her hand and the
(pose l'Italia in grado di fare da sè). Mr. W. R. Thayer
area of moral stimulation."
points out in his “ Dawn of Italian Independence The Polotzk of the narrative is, of course, not
(vol. ii, p. 131, Note), that the expression “ L'Italia
to be confused with Plotzk (also written Plock)
farà da sè,” which the proclamation echoes, originated
in the disputes with Austria; it is probable that its
of Russian Poland, some four hundred miles to
repetition by the king in this manifesto gave it wider the southwest; nor is the Dvina River that flows
currency and made it the battle-cry of his unsuccessful within a few miles of Polotzk to be mistaken for
campaigns. As Mr. Thayer says, it " was the national
the mighty Dwina that empties into the White
watchword until the disaster of 1848–9 proved it to be
fallacious." Cavour, as a statesman, inherited the les-
Sea. Having thus definitely fixed the scene of
son, as well as the hope, which lay in the king's noble Mary Antin's first years of wide-eyed wonder
failure.
FREDERICK ALDRICH CLEVELAND.
*THE PROMISED LAND. By Mary Antin. Illustrated.
Bryn Mawr College, April 20, 1912.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin (o.


1912.]
349
THE DIAL
and intellectual hunger, let us hear her relate the wonder and delight of the young immigrant
the cruel disappointment of her infant hopes to thus portrayed :
be allowed to drink at the fountain of knowledge “ Education was free. That subject my father had
even as the boys drank. Word had gone abroad written about repeatedly, as comprising his chief hope
that Pinchus, son-in-law of Raphael the Russian,
for us children, the essence of American opportunity,
the treasure that no thief could touch, not even misfor-
had two bright little girls whose talents were
tune or poverty. It was the one thing he was able to
going to waste for lack of training, and Rabbi promise us when he sent for us; surer, safer than bread
Lozhe became interested and sent for them, to or shelter. On our second day I was thrilled with the
see what truth there might be in the report.
realization of what this freedom of education meant. A
little girl from across the alley came and offered to
“ They tell me how the rav lifted me up on a table
conduct us to school. . . . No application made, no
in front of bim, and asked me many questions, and en-
questions asked, no examinations, rulings, exclusions;
couraged me to ask questions in my turn. Reb' Lozhe
no machinations, no fees. The doors stood open for
came to the conclusion, as a result of this interview, that
I ought by all means to be put to school. There was
every one of us. The smallest child could show us
the way.”
no public school for girls, as we know, but a few pupils
were maintained in a certain private school by irregular
Again, in a later chapter, this emphasis on the
contributions from city funds. Reb' Lozhe enlisted in educational advantages enjoyed by the children
my cause the influence of his son, who, by virtue of some
of new-comers to our free land is repeated. Far
municipal office which he held, had a vote in fixing this
too few are the immigrant foreigners who are
appropriation. But although he pleaded eloquently for
my admission as a city pupil, the rav's son failed to win
thus dazzled by the brightness of intellectual
the consent of his colleagues, and my little crack of and spiritual opportunities, rather than by the
opportunity was tightly stopped."
gleam of gold, luring them to the land of
prom-
The bitter lot of the Russian Jew is depicted ise. But it is cheering to find even one of them
by the author in a way to wring the heart, but writing in the following strain :
the gloom and horror of it all are relieved by “ The public school has done its best for us foreigners,
irresistible touches of humor, while the charity and for the country, when it has made us into good
and largeness of view displayed by this daughter
Americans. I am glad it is mine to tell how the miracle
of a hated and ill-used race are beyond praise.
was wrought in one case. You should be glad to hear
of it, you born Americans; for it is the story of the
A paragraph or two from the opening chapter, growth of your country; of the flocking of your brothers
- Within the Pale,” will present a picture of and sisters from the far ends of the earth to the flag
hardship, cruelty, and injustice strikingly in you love; of the recruiting of your armies of workers,
thinkers, and leaders. And you will be glad to hear of
contrast with the large opportunity and blessed
it, my comrades in adoption; for it is a rehearsal of
freedom beckoning the poor victims to the land
your own experience, the thrill and wonder of which
of promise across the seas.
your own hearts have felt.”
“ Many bitter sayings came to your ears if you were Not even the depressing atmosphere of Bos-
a Jewish little girl in Polotzk. •It is a false world,'
ton's slums could lower the high spirits of little
you heard, and you knew it was so, looking at the Czar's
portrait, and at the flags. Never tell a police officer
Mary Antin. She held a draft on the bank of
the truth,' was another saying, and you knew it was good good fortune and was on her way to the paying-
advice. . . . It was not easy to live, with such bitter teller's window to have it cashed. “My days
competition as the congestion of population made inevit in the slums,” she says, “ were pregnant with
able. There were ten times as many stores as there
should have been, ten times as many tailors, cobblers,
possibilities; it only needed the ripeness of
barbers, tinsmiths. A Gentile, if he failed in Polotzk,
events to make them bring forth fruit in reali-
could go elsewhere, where there was less competition. ties. Steadily as I worked to win America,
A Jew could make the circle of the Pale, only to find America advanced to lie at my feet. I was an
the same conditions as at home. Outside the Pale he
heir, on Dover Street, awaiting maturity. I
could only go to certain designated localities, on pay-
ment of prohibitive fees, augmented by a constant stream
was a princess waiting to be led to the throne.”
of bribes; and even then he lived at the mercy of the
A few details in regard to Dover Street, which
local chief of police. ... It was easier to be friends all unconsciously was housing this royal person-
with the beasts in the barn than with some of the Gen-
age in disguise, may be of interest here. The
tiles. The cow and the goat and the cat responded to
kindness, and ren
migration to that unlovely thoroughfare, after a
bered hich of the housemaids was
generous and which was cross. The Gentiles made no
number of similar movings from one scene of
distinctions. A Jew was a Jew, to be hated and spat squalid poverty to another, is thus referred to:
upon and used spitefully."
“What happened next was Dover Street. And what
Turning now to America and emancipation
was Dover Street? And rather, what was it not? Dover
and limitless opportunity, with hope new every
Street was my fairest garden of girlhood, a gate of para-
dise, a window facing on a broad avenue of life. Dover
morning and attaining its sure fulfilment with
Street was a prison, a school of discipline, a battlefield
each passing week and month and year, we find of sordid strife. The air in Dover Street was heavy


350
[May 1,
THE DIAL
with evil odors of degradation, but a breath from the she felt herself predestined to obtain, though
uppermost heavens rippled through, whispering of infi-
Radcliffe, across the Charles, had been the dream
nite things. In Dover Street the dragon poverty gripped
me for a last fight, but I overthrew the hideous creature,
of her Dover Street girlhood. The Boston Pub-
and sat on his neck as on a throne. In Dover Street I
lic Library became her palace of delight as soon
was shackled with a hundred chains of disadvantage, as she got her bearings in the splendid Amer-
but with one free hand I planted little seeds, right there ican city, and some of her pages glow with ad-
in the mud of shame, that blossomed into the honeyed miring praise of that abode of the muses. The
rose of widest freedom. In Dover Street there was often
no loaf on the table, but the hand of some noble friend
infectious optimism and high courage of the
was ever in mine. The night in Dover Street was rent
book, as well as the vigor and picturesqueness
with the cries of wrong, but the thunders of truth of its style, with its frequent touches of humor,
crashed through the pitiful clamor and died out in gleams of mirth, and suggestions of poetry, win
prophetic silences."
the reader at the outset and hold him enthralled
That the writer of the foregoing is a poet will
to the final page. Illustrations from photographs
be plain to the appreciative reader. The story help one to follow the course of the writer from
of her early essays in verse, of her first appear; poverty-stricken Polotzk to the wonders and the
ance in print as the veritable author of some real
riches of Beacon Street and Copley Square; and
poetry, rhymed and divided into stanzas, and
a glossary of Yiddish and other alien terms used
every line beginning with a capital, and of her
in the book follows the narrative.
father's emptying his till in the purchase of
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
copies of the daily paper containing the wonder-
ful poem, forms one of the most enlivening
chapters of the book. Poetry was expected to
INTERPRETING AMERICAN LITERATURE
be the key unlocking the treasure-chamber that
FOR THE GERMANS.*
should enrich and make forever happy the entire
It is indisputable that the greatest work to be
Antin family; and what reader of this fairy tale
from real life shall say that it was not poetry that accomplished to-day, by scholars and students of
literature from the international point of view,
in the end wrought deliverance from poverty and
is the task of inaugurating a more vital relation
opened the way to a larger and richer and more
of mutual comprehension, enlightenment, and
soul-satisfying existence? One further quota-
tion, from the book's closing chapter, must find sympathy between the different countries of the
world. One of the most potent of instrumen-
« And is this really to be the last word? Yes, though hostility and dispelling prevailing ignorance
talities for razing the barriers of international
a long chapter of the romance of Dover Street is left
untold. I could fill another book with anecdotes, telling and misunderstanding, is the free mutual inter-
how I took possession of Beacon Street, and learned to change of national interpretation. Familiarity
distinguish the lord of the manor from the butler in by the citizens of one country with the work of
full dress. I might trace my steps from my bare room
overlooking the lumber-yard to the satin drawing-rooms
the great artists of another country - whether
ladies whose hands were as delicate as their porcelain and reverence for their art, are factors of incal-
cups. My journal of those days is full of comments on culable value in the promotion of international
the contrasts of life, that I copied from my busy thoughts comity. A brilliant critic of an earlier day once
in the evening, after a visit to my aristocratic friends.
Coming straight from the cushioned refinement of Beacon
said that it was inconceivable that England
Street, where the maid who brought my hostess her should wage war upon a nation which had pro
slippers spoke in softer accents than the finest people in duced such incomparable artists as Molière and
Dover Street, I sometimes stumbled over poor Mr. Casey Renan. “I have often said, when asked to state
lying asleep in the corridor; and the shock of the con-
the case against the fools and money-changers
trast was like a searchlight turned suddenly on my life,
and I pondered over the revelation, and wrote touching
who are trying to drive us (England) into a war
poems, in which I figured as a heroine of two worlds." with Germany," recently remarked an astute stu-
No want of confidence in her powers and her dent of Welt- Politik, “ that the case consists of
destiny seems ever to have brought despondency the single word, Beethoven. To-day, I should
to this high-hearted young woman; and the con say with equal confidence, Strauss." Under the
tagion of her belief in herself was caught by régime of peace, the task of national interpre-
others. Dr. Edward Everett Hale became in- tation and the analysis of the origin and causes
terested in her, and many were the happy half * DIE AMERIKANISCHE LITERATUR. Vorlesungen, gehalt-
hours she spent with him or with members of en, an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu
his family in the old Roxbury homestead. Bar-
Berlin. Von Dr. C. Alphonso Smith. Bibliothek der Amer
ikanischen Kulturgeschichte. Zweiter Band. Weidmannsche
nard College gave her the higher education Buchhandlung. Berlin.
space for itself.


1912.]
351
THE DIAL
ness.
of variations and clashes of racial opinion, can temperament, but also to show the cultural
whether in politics or literature, is a task which interactions between the literature of America,
liberates that irresistible passion for social en and European — in particular, German — liter-
lightenment now permeating the entire civilized ature. The successful accomplishment of his
world.
primary purpose is effected through the mainte-
The system of international exchange of nance of a broad nationalism in his interpreta-
professors inaugurated some years ago between tions, the exclusion of all sectional controversy,
this and other countries, notably France and and the appreciation of the cardinal figures and
Germany, has already produced momentous dominant movements in our literature as expres-
results, in projecting for foreign contemplation sions of national, rather than of provincial, of
a more rational perspective for American life, international rather than of insular, conscious-
literature, and ideals, and correcting many mis-
Even when his interpretation might ap-
apprehensions arising from the more or less con pear to reflect bias or predilection, its sincere
ventional and superficial impressions recorded forthrightness argues in the author concern for
by foreign observers. One of the most sug the fundamental principles of literature and
gestive, and certainly the most broadly based never any trace of sectional prejudice or pre-
and closely integrated, of all the interpretative possession. The accomplishment of his second-
projections of American nationalism, as em ary purpose, if less successful, is effected by
bodied in her literature, which have yet appeared liberal quotation of the best foreign, especially
is the volume of lectures on American Litera- German, interpretations of American life and
ture, by Dr. C. Alphonso Smith, Roosevelt literature, and a constant indication of the
Exchange Professor at the University of Berlin streams of cultural influence flowing between
(1910–1911), and Edgar Allan Poe Professor America and Europe throughout the history of
of English Literature at the University of Vir American literature.
ginia.
It should be pointed out that the purpose of
Scholarship alone, though an indispensable the book is to inspire in the German public a
requisite, is inadequate equipment for the inter vital interest in America and her literature. In
pretation of American national temperament devoting himself to this purpose, the author has
and genius. To scholarship must be superadded integrated his materials in a masterly way.
a full-blooded national spirit, a comprehensive Translation of the book into English would, how-
knowledge of American life, and the talent for ever, show that Dr. Smith wrote his lectures
expressing sympathetic intuition with clarity, primarily for a German audience, and in so doing
force, and the sort of inspired conviction which deliberately employed the compact and synthetic
induces conviction in the foreign auditor. This methods of German scholarship—methods not
rare union of qualities, indispensable for the always wholly congenial to the American tem-
highest effectiveness, has not always been found perament.
in the American representative. It is this very This
survey of Dr. Smith's, by reason of its
union of qualities in the person of Dr. Smith enforced scope and aim, lacks the superficial
which gave
him his distinction as an academic unity and chronological sequence of the conven-
ambassador at Berlin, and which, as expressed tional catalogue of American literature. The
in the volume under consideration, constitutes it problem of selecting the figures, movements, and
the most important interpretation of American streams of cultural influence which bulk largest
literature from the international point of view in our literature, was a problem of great deli-
thus far contributed by American criticism. cacy and tact. It must be said that, in this re-
In executing his delicate and complex task, spect, Dr. Smith has exhibited both liberality
it is clear that the author has been animated by of view and discrimination in judgment.
two shaping principles — the one a principle of In the first place, there is an examination of
interpretation, the other a principle of method. certain individual figures, which are generally
His primary purpose was to write, not a con- acknowledged to be summits in our literature —
secutive and exhaustive history of American lit- Franklin, Jefferson, Irving, Cooper, Emerson,
erature — a task manifestly precluded by the Longfellow, and Whitman. The inclusion of
character and scope of the lectures, — but an Jefferson in a list that excludes Hawthorne and
interpretation of American national life, ideals, Lanier is doubly explained: first, on the ground
and genius as bodied forth in our literature. that Jefferson, though not a distinctively liter-
His secondary purpose was, not only to exhibit ary figure, definitely pointed the way to the in-
American literature as an expression of Ameri dividualism and the idealism which constitute


352
[May 1,
THE DIAL
the leading factors in American literature; and by nothing he subsequently wrote, argues undue
second, because to Hawthorne, and to Lanier in appreciation of the horse-play humor of the
lesser degree, is devoted particular consideration great humorist in his earlier period. The whole
in the surveys of the American short-story and chapter, one of the best in the book, accentuat-
of American idealism.
ing Mark Twain's “ humor with a purpose,” his
In the second place, the author has studied genius for effective contrast, especially social-
other dominant figures in connection with dis- political contrast, and his inherent idiosyncrasy
tinct contributions of America to world-literature for colossal exaggeration, nevertheless leaves in
-Poe as the incarnation of the structural and the main unstressed those deeper elements in his
technical genius of America; Mark Twain as the work—of philosophical, ethical, and sociological
embodiment of American humor; Joel Chand- import—which imparted humanitarian character
ler Harris in vindication of his pre-eminence to the less boisterous productions of bis later
in utilizing the negro as literary material; and period. The chapter on Walt Whitman, while
Cooper, in the chapter above mentioned, prim- largely devoted to recurrence to the fundamental
arily for his achievement in bodying forth the principles of poetry, gives the effect of being both
romance and the sociological tragedy of the In- inadequate and one-sided — throwing undue em-
dian, the primitive man in contrast with our phasis upon the enumerative quality of Whit-
highly institutionalized civilization.
man's production, and leaving unrevealed the
In the third place, the author has studied cer colossal imaginative idealism of Whitman's spirit
tain signal aspects and phases of our literature, and his indubitably great faculty of interpreta-
surveying that literature in retrospect at differ tion of literature in terms of democracy and
ent periods in its history, and throwing into human brotherhood. Omission, from both the
sharp outline those unquestioned contributions to index and the bibliography, of the names of
world-literature in which America bas won inter- Edward Carpenter, the greatest living apostle of
national acknowledgement. This philosophical Whitmanism, and of Horace Traubel, the high-
treatment, which gives the book its warrant to est authority on Whitman, appears as an un-
be ranked as distinctly Kulturgeschichte, re doubted defect.
veals itself in the Introduction and the “ Gen The most brilliant and original chapters in
eral Survey"; in the chapter, “ American Poetry the book are those devoted to Poe and Harris.
up to the Year 1832,” « Idealism in American The treatment of Poe as a structural genius, who
Literature," “ The Influence of Transcendental thereby revealed his fundamental Americanism
ism upon American Literature," “ The Ameri as a national interpreter of our genius, is a re-
can Short-Story '; and the continual advertence freshing novelty after the long years of unin-
to individualism as the force hitherto dominant spired rating of Poe as a déclassé of literature.
in American literature and in American life. an artistic exotic. Brilliant and original as is
Every informed reader will doubtless disagree the treatment, it is open to serious question
with Dr. Smith in his deliberate “sins of omis-whether Dr. Smith has validated his contention.
sion and commission,” his individual preferences, I have shown elsewhere that, as structural ar-
exclusions, and inclusions, and his analysis of tists, Ibsen as a dramatist was the precise ana-
certain literary figures. Slight as is America's logue of Poe as a short-shory writer. Each was
contribution in the field of the drama, at least it that rarest of phenomena in literature, a compo-
would seem entitled to a word in any treatment site of scientific worker and artistic thinker. If
of American literature. The name of William the scientific and structural genius of Poe argues
James, a great stylist as well as a great philoso- his Americanism, by the same token may Ibsen,
pher, is missing from the index; and the contri on the structural side, be rated as essentially
butions of Mr. Howells to American fiction go representative of the American, not of the Dano-
unconsidered. Mention of the names and best Norwegian-Germanic, genius. So little critical
work of Miss Ellen Glasgow and Miss Mary attention has hitherto been devoted to Harris
Johnston goes along with omission of the name of that the enthusiastic tone of Dr. Smith's chap-
Mrs. Edith Wharton, the author of the greatest ter may seem excessive to those not reared on
American novel of the last decade (“ The House
the Uncle Remus folk-lore. In many respects,
of Mirth"), and the name of Frank Norris, this chapter is the most suggestive in the book,
whose novel “The Pit” won world-wide recogni- calling attention, as it strongly does, to Harris's
tion. Citation of the conversations at the tomb two-fold contribution to American literature:
of Adam and before the bust of Columbus, as his masterly utilization of the negro as literary
being in Mark Twain's best vein and excelled | material, and the exceptional philological value


1912.]
353
THE DIAL
as
of that contribution. This chapter is the work sin and Minnesota; and yet, while apparently
of a true critic of literature and of a master wrapped up heart and soul in this great work,
philologist. Emerson is lauded as the rarest he at times broke away from his university
type of genius — the symmetric, the harmonic duties to render signally effective service to the
genius ; and it was his supreme distinction to nation in its relations with other powers. Every
be an idealist of idealists, an optimist of opti- time that a man of culture and refinement en-
mists.” Longfellow is given full meed of praise ters successfully and acceptably into the public
for extending and deepening the sources of service, and then drops back again quietly into
American culture, and widening the American his former walk in life, an added proof is given
horizon. Hawthorne is accorded unique emi- of the possibility of an efficient democracy.
nence in our literature as an analyst of conscience Dr. Angell's remotest American ancestor
and a supreme symbolist. New England litera- reached Massachusetts with Roger Williams in
ture, judged by its masterpieces, is rated by Dr. | 1631, and went with Williams five years later
Smith “ the highest and noblest expression to the spot where the latter founded the city of
which the American spirit has yet found ”; but Providence. Descendants of this Thomas Angell
that does not blind the author of that phrase to are numerous in Rhode Island, where most of the
the gently myopic absurdities of certain phases of family have remained. “They have been found
Transcendentalism. The lectures most popular chiefly in the ranks of plain farmers, mechanics,
in Germany, according to my impression at the and tradesmen, gaining by industry and integrity
time, were, curiously enough, not those on Long an honest living, but winning no particular dis-
fellow, the missionary of German culture to tinction. Living on a thoroughfare, the parents
America, or Emerson, reputed to be the most of President Angell combined tavern-keeping
widely read author in Germany to-day, but those with farming, and the number of travellers en-
on Mark Twain, Edgar Allan Poe, Joel Chand tertained during his boyhood was considerable.
ler Harris, James Fenimore Cooper, and the The town meetings, too, were held at his father's
American short-story. The final chapter in the tavern, together with occasional political meet-
volume, on the American short-story, though ings of a less official character, and now and then
unmarked by any unusual originality, is the a justice's court. “I have always felt,” he says,
most compact and scholarly treatment ever de “that the knowledge of men I gained by the ob-
voted to that fascinating phase of American servations and experiences of my boyhood in the
literature. This lecture created a genuine stir country tavern has been of the greatest service.
in Berlin, led to the publication of the chapter Human nature could be studied in every variety,
in separate form, and was immediately followed from that of the common farm labourer to travel-
by the appearance in German periodicals, in Ger ers of the highest breeding and refinement...
man translation, of a number of the short-stories If, as I have sometimes been assured, I have any
of the North Carolina genius, the late “O. power of adaptation to the society of different
Henry.” The bibliography, including titles of classes of men, I owe it in no small degree to
the most important books and magazine articles, these varied associations of my boyhood.”
both foreign and American, dealing with Amer With the aid of an uncle, he picked up the
ican literature, is a most valuable adjunct to the alphabet from the capital initials at the heads
text.
ARCHIBALD HENDERSON. of chapters of an old law book. At a very early
age he was sent to a district school, learning to
write with a goose-quill pen, in a copy-book made
REMINISCENCES OF A GREAT EDUCATOR.
by his own hands and ruled with a leaden plum-
There was sure to be something worth while met. Later he was placed in the private school
in the reminiscences of one who has held as large of a Quaker, Isaac Fiske, to whose accuracy of
a place in the educational and public life of the instruction in arithmetic and surveying he ex-
country as James Burrill Angell, late President presses himself as under deep obligations. From
of the University of Michigan. Under his guid- this school he went for one term to a seminary
ance the school at Ann Arbor has had a tremen at Seekonk, Massachusetts, and then to Smith-
dous influence on the educational development ville Seminary, a new school only five miles from
of the nation, and especially on the growth of his home, where under good classical instruction
the more recently founded State Universities, he “caught the swing and flow of the Virgilian
such as the magnificent institutions of Wiscon verse, so that we read with genuine delight in
*THE REMINISCENCES OF JAMES BURRILL ANGELL.
the last six books of the Æneid at the rate of
New York: Longmans, Green & Co.
three hundred lines a day.” His college educa-


354
[May 1,
THE DIAL
tion was received at Brown University, where gives half of his book, while he assigns most of
he studied under James R. Boise and Henry S. the other half to his various diplomatic services,
Frieze, both of whom preceded him at Ann Arbor modestly leaving but thirty-four pages for his
and helped to lay the foundation of thoroughness account of his work in the University of Mich-
which the Brown of the first half of the last igan. For the facts of the forty years covered
century imparted to so many pioneer Western in this latter half, the reader must go to the
institutions.
book itself, where he will find the story one of
For some time after graduation he held a great inherent interest and importance, and
position of minor importance in the Brown li- admirably told.
W. H. JOHNSON.
brary, and in the autumn of the next year, 1850,
set out on a horseback journey through the South,
in company with his college classmate, Rowland ROMAN RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE.*
Hazard, who made the trip in quest of relief for Four books which have recently appeared
diseased lungs. After returning in the spring, make it possible for the British and American
he took up work with the City Engineer of Bos-
public not only to read in their own tongue the
ton, but in the following December he received history and appreciation of ancient Roman reli-
from Mr. Hazard, who was again in trouble gious experience, but to read it with greater
with his lungs, an urgent request to accompany
him to southern Europe for the winter. Of a heretofore been possible in any single language.
convenience and better understanding than has
portion of this trip he says:
One is by the Oxford scholar, Mr. W. Warde
“ The visit to Rome brought to me the first real reve-
lation of the arts of sculpture and painting. The gal-
Fowler, already widely known for “ The Roman
leries and churches opened to me a new world. One
Festivals of the Period of the Republic," "Julius
cannot describe what it was to a person who had no con-
Cæsar,” “ Social Life at Rome in the Age of
ception of art except what he had derived from the sight Cicero,” and “ The City-State of the Greeks
of Powers' Greek Slave and copies in private houses of and Romans”; the second and third are “The
two or three classical masterpieces of painting, to have
suddenly spread before him the immeasurable artistic
Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism," and
wealth of Rome, with full liberty to gaze upon it at will, “ Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and
and to attain to some worthy appreciation of its wealth. Romans," translated from the French of the
Life could never again be quite what it was before. Of brilliant Belgian scholar, Franz Cumont, of
all the gifts of Rome to me, that was the greatest.”
the University of Ghent, whose “Mysteries of
Perhaps there is here some genetic relation to Mithras” made him the acknowledged authority
the fact that for a State University, where the in this field; and the fourth is by Dr. Jesse
materializing influences of the time are supposed
Benedict Carter, Director of the American
to fall with especial weight, the institution at
School of Classical Studies at Rome, author of
Ann Arbor has maintained exceptionally effec “The Religion of Numa, and Other Essays on
tive departments of classical studies. In Vienna
the Religion of Ancient Rome."
be received a letter from President Wayland,
Mr. Warde Fowler's book is a great satisfac-
offering him his choice between the chair of Civil
tion. The solidity of content, purity of style,
Engineering and that of Modern Languages in
symmetry of form, equipoise of temper, and
Brown University, with the privilege of remain-
gravity of purpose which we have learned to
ing abroad a year and a half for study. He
expect from the best British classical scholar-
chose the latter, and after studying in Germany ship are all exemplified here in a high degree.
and France took up the duties of his professor Even the controversial paragraphs which the
ship in 1853, at the age of twenty-four. Here author's independence and originality prompt
he soon drifted into editorial work, with the
Providence “Journal," and in 1860 resigned
* THE RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE,
from the Earliest Times to the Age of Augustus. The Gif-
his university chair and took editorial charge of ford Lectures for 1909-10, delivered in Edinburgh University,
that paper, conducting it with vigor through the
by W. Warde Fowler, M.A., Fellow and late Sub-Rector of
Lincoln College, Oxford. New York: The Macmillan Co.
period of the Civil War. In 1866 he was called
THE ORIENTAL RELIGIONS IN ROMAN PAGANISM. By
to the Presidency of the University of Vermont, Franz Cumont. Authorized translation. Chicago: The Open
and from there to the University of Michigan,
Court Publishing Co.
in 1870.
ASTROLOGY AND RELIGION AMONG THE GREEKS AND
Romans. By Franz Cumont. New York: G. P. Putnam's
Such was the training for the great presiden-
tial work at Ann Arbor, one of the prime fac-
THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF ANCIENT ROME. A Study in
tors in the educational life of the nation for
the Development of Religious Consciousness, from the Foun-
dation of the City until the Death of Gregory the Great. By
forty years. To these earlier years, Dr. Angell Jesse Benedict Carter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Sons.


1912.]
355
THE DIAL
him to write are of such urbanity that their tions that underlay the success of these religions.
charm of manner has no small part in the con The
appearance
of his book arouses all the more
vincing quality of their content. With a few interest because of its author's recent lecture-
exceptions, among which may be mentioned one
tour to the principal cities and universities of
more addition to the already long list of none the United States and Canada, where the charm
too successful attempts to give a satisfactory of his personal qualities has increased the admi.
topographical setting to the rendering of Hor- ration already felt for his scholarship. The
ace's “Carmen Sæculare," and what seems a lectures of this tour have also recently issued
little too much insistence, in the fine chapter on from the
press
under the title of “ Astrology
Virgil, on the poet's conscious development of and Religion among the Greeks and Romans.”
the character of Æneas, there is nothing which They were first delivered in this country under
savors of forcing.
the auspices of the American Committee for
A comparison of Warde Fowler with Wis- Lectures on the History of Religions. Their
sowa is inevitable, though the latter's usefulness contribution is the light they throw upon
the
is rather increased than diminished by the for. relations between faith, superstition, and science
mer. The monumental German work is divisa in the astral worship of the Babylonians
ible into two parts: a highly concentrated relations which kept astrology alive and power-
historical sketch, and a series of minutely de- ful for over a thousand years.
tailed accounts of individual deities and their cult The work of Director Carter differs from all
organizations. The English work blends these four of those above mentioned in presenting no
two kinds of material into a single unified whole, critical apparatus, and in aiming not so much at
with the effect of a narrative which is orderly, the communication of facts as the grounding of
well knit, and appreciative to the highest degree. an impression – the impression of the continuity
It is not a thesaurus, though its thorough appa- and the cumulation of the Roman religious ex-
ratus of notes, appendices, and index make it a perience. 6 What we are to do now,” he says,
specialist's book as well as a work which will “is to study not so much a religion in itself,
be illuminating to the average cultivated reader. but rather the effect of the impact of a specific
The scope of the two books is not identical. Wis- religion upon the psychological consciousness of
sowa begins with the earliest period for which a people. Our interest is, therefore, not pri-
there is direct evidence ; Warde Fowler's book, marily in the content of the religion, but in the
as might be expected of a work coming from reaction which this content has called forth.”
the land of anthropologists, begins with “The The scope of the book may be indicated by these
Threshold of Religion,” two admirably self-words from its concluding chapter :
restrained chapters in which survivals of taboo “During the millennium and a half, from the founda-
and magic are made the indirect evidence of the
tion of Rome until the death of Gregory the Great, we
more remotely primitive religion. The German
have observed the presence of two factors: a permanent
religious need, and a permanent religious supply.
work closes with the death and disappearance We have seen the great rôle which religion of necessity
of paganism in the sixth century; the English plays in human life.”
with the Augustan Reform and some well-chosen Mr. Carter's first chapters are the least suc-
words on the legacy of paganism to the new order cessful-partly because Roman paganism cannot
of religion. This is disappointing ; we miss an in four chapters be satisfactorily presented even
account of the movements of the Empire which to a reader who is fairly well prepared to listen,
helped make straight the way for Christianity. and partly because he is hampered by already
Fortunately, however, our regret at the loss having written a book covering the period he
of so agreeable a guide is tempered by the avail treats in them. Beginning with the third chap-
ability of another work, now in English — M. ter, in which Christianity enters into the story,
Franz Cumont's book on “The Oriental Relig- the work finds the reader possessed of a more
ions in Roman Paganism.” In these most pene extensive background. Here the author's pur-
trating studies we may find clearly traced the pose leads him to sketch with rapid hand the his-
advent, development, influence, and final contri- tory of the times and of some of their great men.
bution to the Christian Church, of the deities The figures of Constantine, Julian, Augustine,
from Egypt and Asia, chief among them the Benedict, and Gregory give this part a fine bio-
Magna Mater, Isis, and Mithras. The great graphical interest. The whole is written with
merit of M. Cumont's work is the acuteness of a vigorous, direct, and unhesitating movement,
vision with which he sees in a great array of evi- which will put Mr. Carter's personal friends in
dence from widely scattered sources the founda- | mind of the old dictum that the style is the man.


356
[May 1,
THE DIAL
The lover of justice will applaud the sane The newspapers and the magazines are devoting
conclusion of all three of these scholars, that much space to the subject, and educational topics
Roman religion was not the wholly dead and are found on the programmes of all sorts of associa-
lifeless thing it is so often said to have been.
tions and clubs. As an outcome of this interest, one
They do not, indeed, credit paganism with the
may hear and read extraordinary and contradictory
warmth of the Christian faith, but they do
statements regarding the value of any phase of
condemn— though somewhat too conservatively
present-day teaching. Some writers and speakers
commend the tendencies in modern education, but
- the fashion which has prevailed of dismissing
say we are not moving rapidly enough in the direction
Roman religion as of a purely formal, contract of making our school work from start to finish prac-
ual nature, having no relation to morality and tical, which means for them industrial and voca-
no power to uplift. “ That the formalized reli- tional; others say that we are drifting toward mere
gion of later times had become almost divorced commercialism and materialism in the schools, car-
from morality,” says Mr. Warde Fowler, “there ing no longer for genuine discipline and training,
is indeed no doubt; but in the earliest times, in
but only for something which will be of advantage
the old Roman family and then in the budding
in money-making. Partisans in either camp will
do well to read Professor Graves's new book, “Great
State, the whole life of the Roman seems to me
so inextricably bound up with his religion that
Educators of Three Centuries,” which should help
the layman to understand contemporary educational
I cannot possibly see how that religion can
aims and practices. The volume presents in a simple
have been distinguishable from his simple idea
way some of the more important views of a number
of duty and discipline.” In the life of the of classic writers on education. It is designed for
family, and especially in the unchanging rural those who are not familiar with the history of edu-
Italy, he sees the same quality of religious life cation, but who would be pleased to learn that many,
through all the centuries. Even the State reli-
Even the State reli- | if not all, of the ideals which educators are striving
gion, in its most degenerate phase, he credits
for to-day have been suggested by every student of
education from Milton to our own times. Some of
with having been in a state of suspended ani-
mation rather than death, and looks upon its
those who are complaining about present-day teach-
ing have not the slightest notion of the origins of
continued service after the Augustan Reform
modern practice; and they permit themselves to be-
as proof of its vitality.
come greatly worked up about the imaginary dangers
M. Cumont reinforces him. The religions of ahead of us. Such persons are likely to do some
the Empire, especially the Oriental faiths, were harm, since they may cause the layman, who has no
of still greater spiritual effect, rising as they did opportunity to trace the course of events in educa-
in an age of individual longing for salvation. tional practice, to fear that we are likely to go on the
“The religious and mystical spirit of the Orient,"
rocks unless we drop anchor or tack in an opposite
says M. Cumont's last sentence in the “Oriental
direction. Professor Graves introduces the reader
Religions,” “ had slowly overcome the whole
first to Milton: in about two thousand words he pre-
social organism, and had prepared all nations
sents and comments upon certain of Milton's views
on teaching as they relate to present-day movements.
to unite in the bosom of a universal church.”
The theories and experiments of thirteen other edu-
GRANT SHOWERMAN. cators, ending with Herbert Spencer, are treated in
substantially the same way; although more space is
given to several who played a more important rôle
RECENT BOOKS ON EDUCATION.*
in determining educational theory. The book is
A great many people, representing various inter- designed wholly for those persons who have not had
ests and callings, are giving us their views concern previous study in the history of education, and who
ing the “New Education ” very freely these days. cannot be expected to go deeply into the philosophy
*GREAT EDUCATORS OF THREE CENTURIES. T'heir Work
of educational questions. A good bibliography is
and Its Influence on Modern Education. By Frank P. Graves, given at the close of each chapter, so that the reader
New York: The Macmillan Co.
may pursue any topic further if he chooses.
THE SCHOOL IN THE HOME. Talks with Parents and
Teachers on Intensive Child Training. By A. A. Berle, D.D.
It would be well if such writers as Dr. A. A. Berle
New York: Moffat, Yard & Co.
could read a book like that of Professor Graves's
SOCIAL ASPECTS OF EDUCATION, A Book of Sources and
before proceeding to instruct parents and teachers
Original Discussions, with Annotated Bibliographies. By
Irving King, Ph.D. New York: The Macmillan Co.
regarding the education of their children. Dr. Berle
OUTLINE OF A COURSE IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCA-
shows in his volume that he has a serious interest
TION. By John Angus MacVannel. New York: The Mac in education, and that he is eager to find the most
millan Co.
economical and effective ways of training the young
THE LEARNING PROCESS. By Stephen Sheldon Colvin.
New York: The Macmillan Co.
mind; but some of the methods he advocates have
A BRIEF COURSE IN THE TEACHING PROCESS. By George been condemned by every capable student of educa-
Drayton Strayer, Ph.D. New York: The Macmillan Co. tion from Milton to our own day. In reading “The


1912.]
357
THE DIAL
School in the Home," one is constantly asking oneself promote its ideals. Professor King's “Social Aspects
whether Dr. Berle could be familiar with the views of of Education” is designed to bring together some of
Locke or Rousseau or Spencer. Some parts of his book the more important literature relating to the social
are strikingly like Rousseau's “Emile.”
Rousseau
aspects of education, and the methods of training
thought that the young would be intellectually and the individual for social adjustment. It is a rather
morally maimed if they should be put under teachers novel plan to bave a source-book of literature, all of
before the beginning of their teens, and Dr. Berle which has been written within the past few years,
appears to hold the same opinion. He is even more and some of which has come very recently from the
extreme in his condemnation of teachers and schools press; but the plan commends itself from one stand-
than was Rousseau. He says, for instance, (p. 56): point, at least, — in that many persons who are
“Almost all the so-called horrors of the adolescent period interested in social problems, particularly as such
show conclusively that the natural processes of childhood problems relate to the school, have been heretofore
have become perverted by what we calló education, and the
unable to gain access to the mass of valuable litera-
whole miserable muddle in which civilization finds itself on
the sex question is almost directly due to this artificial and
ture scattered through various books and magazines.
obfuscating interference, together with inability and ignor But brought together in this form, it is easily ac-
ance in properly fertilizing the child mind on the significance cessible, and enables the reader to gain a fair con-
of knowledge, which it is not only perfectly capable of receiv-
ception of the trend of modern thought regarding
ing but which having, it will automatically apply."
the attitude of society toward the school, and the
In his chapter on “Language, the Instrument of
curriculum and methods of teaching in relation to
Knowledge,” Dr. Berle says that children ought to
the development of the child as a social being. The
learn words before they can understand them,—they first half of the book treats such questions as the
ought to master long and difficult words. He main-
social origin of educational agencies, the social
tains that for a young child to repeat fifty lines of responsibility of the school, the relations of the
Virgil or an entire Hebrew psalm, even though he home and the school, the school as a social centre,
does not understand a word of what he recites, creates the need of continuation schools, playgrounds,
“ traditions and mind stuff.” It has taken three or
school gardens, industrial and vocational education,
four hundred years of constant pounding to drive the duty of the school to promote social progress
that notion out of the heads of mechanical teachers.
and social reform. The second half treats of the
It is a very old trick to teach children to pronounce
internal social aspects of education, including the
words which they do not understand. It is in no
spontaneous social life of children, social life of
sense a discovery. But every educational writer from
the school, social aspects of mental development, and
Milton down has condemned the practice as wasteful, the social aspect of the learning process.
While it
and as inimical to sound intellectual development.
may seem to some readers that the scope of social
Dr. Berle maintains that the learning of foreign lan-
education as presented in this book is too broad, in-
guages has always been the chief means of building cluding too many relations of the school to society,
intellect; but strange to say he does not appreciate and too many of the activities of teaching; still it
that the people who developed the language he praises appears to the present reviewer that it is possible
most highly for this purpose learned no other tongue and profitable to view all the relations and activities
than their own. Everything he says about the value
of the school from the social standpoint. At the end
of linguistic learning has been said hundreds of times
of each chapter a number of problems are proposed
in the past, and most of what he claims for it has been
for discussion, and there is a bibliography which
shown to be fundamentally unsound. Certain of his
covers all the more important book and magazine
chapters, for instance those on "Questions and An-
literature relating to the particular topics considered.
swers,” “The Elimination of Waste,” “Harnessing The book as a whole ought to be very aceeptable to
the Imagination," and "Mental Self-Organization,"
teachers, and to others who have a serious interest
contain much that is interesting and sound, presented in the trend of modern educational development
in a picturesque and dynamic style; but it has all been
toward making the school the centre of social life,
acknowledged by educators for centuries, though of
and the chief means of promoting social ideals and
course it is not all practised by teachers. The problem securing social progress.
of modern education is not to get newer and sounder
There is a current tendency among teachers to
theories about education, but to get those that are
read only such educational literature as relates spe-
already universally accepted wrought out into practice cifically to definite problems concerning studies,
under the conditions which exist in a country where
methods of teaching, or plans of organization and
there is free and compulsory education for at least managing a school. Formerly teachers were expected
eight years of every child's life. This problem writ-
ers like Dr. Berle seem to shy off from most carefully. cation; but now many of them fail to acquire the
to read something concerning the philosophy of edu-
Throughout the world teachers seem to be gaining larger view of the nature of the educational process,
the conception that the school is a social institution. and its function in the social organism and in the
We hear it said on all sides now that the chief prob- development of the individual. In these days people
lem of education is to socialize the individual, and that are interested primarily in the results of experimen-
the chief concern of modern society is to develop the tation in education. They hanker after facts that
school as the institution best adapted to conserve and have been carefully observed or worked out experi-


358
[May 1,
THE DIAL
mentally. They like the biological, psychological, in America; that is to say, it is based on the bio-
and sociological methods of discussing educational logical and functional view of the mind. In an ear-
questions; and practically all modern educational lier day psychologists discussed mental processes as
books that make a strong appeal to American though they occurred without reference to the needs
teachers are written from one or another, or from of adjustment to the world in which the individual
all, of these standpoints. But Professor John A. lived; but this method of treating psychology is
MacVannel has resisted the prevailing fashion, and being abandoned in America. This is particularly
has put forth a book written from the philosophical true of psychologists who are interested in educa-
point of view. His purpose is to deal with the sub- tion, and who are writing for the purpose of deter-
ject of education in its largest aspects. His work mining educational theory and practice. Professor
does not pretend to be a contribution to the science of Colvin's book is throughout based on the conception
education, or to the art of teaching. What it does that the purpose of mental activity is to secure ad-
aim at is to make the serious student of education justment. The way in which the mental functions
see what the educative process is in relation to the occur, and the combinations among them, are deter-
whole
range
of human life and activities. The book mined by the purpose or end to be attained in the
comprises the lectures which Professor MacVannel process of adjustment. This is the point of view
has been giving to his students in Teachers College, which will be of service to the teacher, because he
Columbia University. One cannot doubt that for ad is always concerned with a reacting being. The
vanced students the point of view taken is exceedingly teacher, as such, cannot have much interest in a
helpful; but it would not be possible for a novice to static psychology which treats sensation, perception,
get anything out of the book, simply because it deals memory, reason, and the like, as formal processes
with the largest conceptions regarding education, unrelated to behavior. The teacher is interested in
and these conceptions cannot be grasped until one shaping his children's conduct or adjustment; and
has come widely and intimately into contact with the in order to be of help to him any discussion of
concrete aspects of education, and until one has made the learning processes must deal with the child's
some progress in organizing the phenomena of society responses to stimulations.
responses to stimulations. It really makes no
in order to gain certain fundamental notions regard difference what happens within only as this deter-
ing its nature, its aims, and the conditions essential mines behavior. One might easily develop a psy-
for its perpetuity and prosperity. Throughout the chology of conduct, adequate for the teacher's needs,
book runs the conception that the supreme purpose
without saying anything about sensation, perception,
of education is to help the individual in attaining and the like. While Professor Colvin's book is writ-
proper adaptation to his social and physical environ ten from the functional standpoint, and while he con-
ments. In human life the long period of infancy stantly interprets psychological processes with respect
makes it necessary that there should be some guid to the needs of the teacher, still his treatment is to a
ance of the individual in the adaptive process. If certain extent formal and logical, in that he does not
there were no period of infancy, there would be no start from the viewpoint of the novice in discussing
education, because the individual could not adapt the learning processes, but rather from that of one
himself progressively to his environments; but with who has reached large generalizations, and who has
a long period of infancy, education is not only possible classified all the mental functions. A novice will
but it is “imperative.” The doctrine of evolution is not be interested in sensation, say, at the beginning
accepted, and is made the basis for the presupposi- of an inquiry into the learning process. He will
tions and implications of education. The treatment not be interested in reflex action or instinct. He
throughout is in accord with contemporary thought, might, in an analysis of the learning process, finally
—not only philosophical, but also biological, sociolog- reach the most elementary processes, but he ought
ical, and psychological. He who has completed the to arrive at them last rather than first in his study
reading of this book feels that he has gained a view of the methods of learning. If Professor Colvin had
of education which enables him to see its relation in his own book followed the method which he ex-
to the sum total of human activities, and the rôle it pounds so effectively, he would have put sensation,
plays or should play, in shaping the life of the indi reflex action, and instinct as the last topics in his book
vidual aud of the social organism.
rather than as the first. The chief value of this
volume lies in the fact that it sums up authoritatively
American educational theory and practice are a great deal of experimentation on the various pro-
being based ever more largely upon accurate psy cesses involved in the learning of different sorts of
chological observation and experimentation. Many material, and makes educational interpretations of the
of the processes of the schoolroom are now being conclusions reached from those experiments. There
subjected to laboratory tests in the effort to discover are no educational doctrines presented in the book
how the child learns most economically and effec that
may not be found in educational writings familiar
tively. “The Learning Process,” by Professor Col to American teachers of educational theory, though
vin, sums up effectively the results of experimental most other writers have deduced their principles from
studies which have been made at home and abroad their observation and experience rather than from
on the learning processes. The point of view of the accurate psychological experimentation. It may
book is in line with modern psychological writing safely be said that any teacher who becomes familiar


1912.]
359
THE DIAL
The decline of
process itself.
with the contents of this book will have gained in an
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
agreeable form the best that has been accomplished
up to date in the experimental study of the learning
That republicanism, after serving a
republicanism
process. This does not mean that one can endorse
distinctly useful purpose in the lib-
in Europe. eralizing of the modern European
every interpretation of experimental data made by
Professor Colvin; but still the present reviewer has
world, has virtually completed its work and is at
found little that he would take exception to; and
present clearly on the wane, is the interesting and
very
he considers that the book, as a whole, is thoroughly
well-sustained thesis of Mr. H. A. L. Fisher's volume,
sound, and that it ought to prove of distinct service
“The Republican Tradition in Europe" (Putnam).
in solidifying American educational theory.
With some slight emendations, this book comprises
a course of lectures delivered by Mr. Fisher before
Professor Strayer's “A Brief Course in the
the Lowell Institute in Boston early in 1910. It
Teaching Process” is written from the same general
does not purport to be history, but rather a com-
standpoint as Professor Colvin's book, although the
mentary upon history. Inasmuch, however, as no one
method of treatment is altogether different. Pro-
save the Spanish publicist, Emilio Castelar, has at any
fessor Strayer regards adjustment as the end of
time undertaken a systematic history of European
teaching. He considers that for economy and effi- republicanism (and he with indifferent success),
ciency in learning, the pupil must have a motive
there is clearly a place for even so meagre an out-
before him in all that he does, a purpose, or an line as that which Mr. Fisher gives. Starting from
end to attain. This is entirely in accord with Pro-
the collapse of republicanism with the rise of the
fessor Colvin's point of view, and with modern
Roman Empire, the author undertakes to outline
American psychology. Professor Strayer discusses, against the predominantly monarchical background
first, the end of education; then the factors condi-
of mediæval and modern Europe the survivals and
tioning the teaching process; and then the teaching revivals of the republican spirit, through successive
Not until he reaches his fourth
stages marked especially by the sporadic Italian re-
chapter does he come to the problem which would
publics of the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth
constitute a motive for the novice to study the
centuries; the rise of the Dutch republic; English
teaching process, namely, to learn how to conduct
experiments with republicanism in the era of the
a lesson so that pupils would get the points to be Commonwealth and Protectorate; the first French
presented, retain them, and be able to utilize them.
republic, with its brood of tributary republics of the
To the mind of the reviewer, it would be more earlier Napoleonic period; the second and third
effective in discussing practical problems of teaching republics in France; the republican movements in
to strike at once at actual, concrete, every-day situa- Germany and Italy at the middle of the past cen-
tions, and work out principles and generalizations tury; and the failure of the republican régime in
therefrom. The large conceptions ought to come Spain during the seventies. The republican move-
last and not first in any psychological method of ment in Europe, in the author's opinion, reached its
presentation of material to a novice; and presum- height in 1848. The creation of the third republic
ably the persons for whom this book is designed are
in France, in 1870–75, took place under conditions
not familiar with the principles of teaching. The such that the political atmosphere of even the adja-
strongest phase of Professor Strayer's book is to be
cent portions of Europe was not perceptibly affected.
found in the excellent questions, problems, and The recent substitution of republicanism for mon-
exercises given at the end of each chapter. These
archy in Portugal occasioned a mild stir in Spain,
are, for the most part, vital and intensely interesting; but nothing more. Aside from France and Portu-
and they illustrate the principle enunciated above, - gal, Switzerland alone among European states main-
that the proper thing to do is to drive straight at
tains a republican form of government, and the
actual, every-day problems, requiring the pupil to influence of Swiss political ideas is not large. In
deal with them and to get his principles out of them.
1905 the Norwegians were in a position to establish
The questions and problems in Professor Strayer's
a republic had they cared to do so; but the repub-
book are more concrete and vital than the text.
lican programme never enlisted many adherents.
The chapters are very brief, necessitating a rather
Throughout Europe as a whole, and especially Teu-
abstract and monotonous method of treatment. The
tonic, Scandinavian, and Slavic Europe, monarchy,
principles all seem to be sound and of worth, but they of the enlightened and constitutional type, is firmly
are not presented in as stimulating and attention-
entrenched. To this situation a variety of circum-
catching a manner as they might be. There is too
stances have contributed, — to mention but two, the
great a tendency for classification in the text to suit improved personnel of present-day rulers as compared
the taste of the present reviewer, and occasionally one with many of their predecessors of two or three gen-
finds a problem which suggests the same tendency. erations ago, and the growth of imperialism and of
But on the whole, the book exhibits a sane interest
a world policy which seems to require the personal
in concrete, effective teaching, and no teacher can
leadership of monarchs. The most fundamental
go through it and get its point of view, and espe-stronghold of enlightened monarchy to-day, how-
cially work out the problems, without being helped
ever, appears clearly to be the growing recognition
immensely thereby.
M. V. O'SHEA. of the fact that the precise form assumed by the


360
[May 1,
THE DIAL
voung in city
and country.
..
executive in a government is no measure of the boy and the country girl, the farmer and his wife as
amount of political and civil liberty which a people leaders of the young, the social training of boys and
may enjoy under that government, — that, in con girls in the country, the business training of the boy
junction with parliamentary institutions, responsible and the girl, and the choice of vocation for both the
ministers, and a broad franchise, the institution of boy and the girl. The discussion of these various
monarchy may easily contribute to, rather than topics appears to be sound, and based on first-hand
detract from, the real interests of liberalism and acquaintance with actual conditions.
progress.
The minor seventeenth century En-
Minor English
Problems of the
Dr. J. Adams Puffer, in his excellent poets of the glish poets offer, one would think, ex-
book on “The Boy and his Gang”
17th century.
ceptional opportunities to editor and
(Houghton), discusses a subject that commentator. The title of Mr. Carl Holliday's
not many people a few years ago would have regarded book, “The Cavalier Poets: Their Lives, their Day,
as even worthy of investigation. It has always been and their Poetry” (Neale), sounds attractive, and
known that there were boys' gangs; but they were the volume looks inviting; but its contents are dis-
explained as being the natural outgrowth of original appointing, for only 130 of its 300 pages are given
sin, and so dismissed without further inquiry. But to selections from a bare score of poets, and the
now comes a writer, who, in a concrete and dynamic special chapters on the ten more important of these
way, discusses the boy and his general problems; men are not nearly as satisfying as more selections
the nature of the gang, and the way in which it is would have been. A book of this kind should justify
organized; the activities of the gang, including group itself either by special fulness of selection, or by the
games, stealing, hectoring people, truancy, fighting, character and quality of its critical comment. Only
and the like. Then he goes on to consider the an four of the poets represented here are missing from
thropology and psychology of the gang; the control of the second volume of Ward's “English Poets"; and
primitive and predatory impulses; the love of adven for the other seventeen, Ward has 136 poems against
ture and of truancy; the virtues of the
gang;
the the 104 given here. In one or two instances, Mr.
gang in constructive social work; the gang in the Holliday's book improves on Ward: it includes Her-
school; and the like. This book should arouse an in bert's “Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright,” and
terest among people who know boys, who would like Waller's “When we for age could neither read nor
to help them to develop in a wholesome way, and who write,” and has a better as well as a slightly fuller selec-
appreciate the tremendous problems arising out of tion from Lovelace. On the other hand, it omits
the rapid development of urban life in America. No Carew's “He that loves a rosy cheek” and Her-
civilization has yet solved the problem of city life, rick’s “Litany”; and at the end of the selections from
mainly because no civilization has been able to con Herrick there was blank space enough to print “Fair
trol the disastrous influences exerted upon the young, pledges of a fruitful tree,” and either “Here a little
mainly the boys, who have to grow up in the streets child I stand” or “In this little urn is laid.” Moreover,
of the city. The gang is a product of urban civili Denham, Randolph, Cleveland, and Butler would
zation which takes little or no account of the needs seem to demand some mention among the "Cavalier"
of immature as contrasted with mature individuals. poets, even if Benlowes, and Shakerley Marmion,
The experience of older civilizations has taught us and Patrick Hannay, and Chamberlayne, and Philip
that the thing of primary importance in any city is Ayres, and a dozen others are to be omitted. The
to make provision for the proper activities of the editor's comments are disappointing, for in spite of
young, so that their energies may not be turned a manner which reminds one faintly of that critic
into evil channels. The reading of this book by Dr. in whom chiefly the Tory spirit is now incarnate,
Puffer should be of distinct service to those who have they are neither especially acute nor particularly
anything to do with developing boys, or determining informed. For example, he says of Waller's "Last
the conditions under which they must live in cities. Verses” only this: “Here we may see how closely
the country boy has his problems too, and the poet has approached the couplet form, soon to
the country girl as well. We have perhaps assumed be used so successfully in the classical' period.”
too much in regard to the opportunities of the coun In the list of “Works by the Cavalier Poets” there
try for the proper occupation and development of the should have been noted: J. M. Berdan's edition of
young Professor William A. McKeever's “Farm Cleveland; G. H. Palmer's edition of Herbert; the
Boys and Girls” (Macmillan) should be of as great 1702 edition of Sedley; and for Chas. Sackville
interest and importance to men and women in rural (Earl of Dorset) something later than 1750, for his
life as Dr. Puffer's book should be to people in the poems are in Johnson's, Anderson's, Chalmers's, and
city. Professor McKeever discusses many aspects of Sharpe's “ British Poets.” One might question, too,
rural life in relation to the occupation and training of the advisability of giving up two pages to a list of
the young,—such as juvenile literature in the farm Wither's works, immediately after reference to two
home, the rural church and young people, the making collected editions. The Bibliography would have
of a new rural school, the country mother and the been greatly improved, without any increase of pages,
children, the country Young Men's Christian Associ- by adding dates and the initials of the authors cited.
ation, the work which should be done by the country As it stands, the reader must find out for himself
Of course,


1912.]
361
THE DIAL
Studies in
architecture
in France.
that the Morley of "The First Book of Madrigals" England, and other countries known to us as not un-
is not the Morley of the “Universal Library”; or friendly to mirth, including of course our own jocund
(perhaps a less difficult achievement) that the John- republic, yields material, not too hackneyed—in fact,
son who wrote the “Lives of the English Poets” is agreeably fresh in most instances — for a volume of
not the one who wrote an “Outline History of En-nearly four hundred pages, entitled “Why the World
glish and American Literature.”
Laughs" (Harper). It makes clear, not by Bergson-
ian reasoning, but by apt example, why laughing is
Among the evidences of a revival of
as easy as lying, if not easier. The author's readers
Spenser's interest in the study of Spenser, we of the fair sex may take umbrage at this sentence
Faerie Queene. note Professor Frederick M. Padel-
from an early page: “Japan contributes to the mirth
ford's little book entitled “The Political and Eccle of the world one of the rarest of all things, a lady
siastical Allegory of the First Book of the Faerie humorist.” To be told that one has no sense of hu-
Queene" (Ginn) — the second in a series of publica mor is a thing unbearable to any man or woman of
tions in the field of English issued by the University proper spirit. Mr. Johnston's considerable acquaint-
of Washington. The author limits himself to an ex-
ance with various parts of the world qualifies him to
amination of the First Book of Spenser's poem, for, write understandingly on his chosen theme. He was
as he believes: “It is indeed a question if Spenser born in Ireland, educated for the Bengal civil service,
did not attempt a minuteness of historical delineation and spent several years in India, whence he returned
that proved increasingly burdensome as the work pro home as an invalid, and later wandered to this coun-
gressed, and that required simplification of the orig try, of which he became a citizen nine years ago. He
inal design; there would seem to be a hint of such
is a member of the Royal Asiatic Society and of the
a change in the closing stanza of the opening book,
Irish Society of America. Naturally his chapter on
when the poet complains that
Hibernian humor is among the best and most original
"We must land some of our passengers,
in the book. A dozen good pictures are contributed
And light this wearie vessell of her lode.""
by Mr. Peter Newell and other artists.
However this may be, the conjectural identifications
of political characters and ecclesiastical tendencies
Mr. W. H. Ward's “ Architecture of
Renaissance
are interesting, and in some cases obviously felicitous.
the Renaissance in France" (Scribner)
The wonder is that Professor Padelford is not more
will be welcomed alike by architects
thoroughly convinced of his own success. That the and by lovers of the fine arts. Until now, no work
Blatant Beast represents certain aspects of the Puri- dealing exhaustively with the whole subject has ap-
tan movement can hardly be doubted, if we inspect peared in English or even in French, says the author;
the reference in the conversations of Ben Jonson
the student has been restricted to the necessarily
with Drummond of Hawthornden. This reference scanty accounts of the style in the general histories of
forms the real centre of the study, and very prob-
architecture. A more extended treatment was there-
ably may have furnished the impulse to the entire
fore a desideratum; and did we need any such justifi-
research. A light-hearted attitude is betrayed in the cation of his two handsome octavo volumes, Mr. Ward
words of the Preface, to the effect that when the might point to the closely-printed index, covering
interpreter has done his best, or worst, with the alle twenty-eight double-columned pages, which reveals
gory, this last “is in no more parlous state than it the scope of the work as much as the range of his
was before.” One does not specially care for such a carefully selected illustrations. Four hundred and
tone in the serious study of literature; but at all sixty-five altogether, many of them measured draw-
events we can see how times have changed in this ings, and all of them most beautifully printed, they
country since the days when the first of American give in themselves a vivid history of French Renais-
scholars in English, Francis J. Child, allowed himself sance architecture, reproductions of old prints and
to say that his purpose in his “Observations” on the plans lending a keener interest to the modern sketch
“Faerie Queene” had been “to give a very general or half-tone or brilliant photogravure. Nor is the
view of the allegory”. even in Book I. — “and not text itself less clear, in spite of its compact array of
to pursue,
into
any minuteness of detail, the parallel
facts and details; it is not too technical for the gen-
between what is told and what is meant.”
eral student of art. Starting with the reign of
Louis XII. and the beginnings of the Italian influ-
Couched in modern phraseology, ence (to which Mr. Ward, following Seymüller, gives
Examples of
dashed with an occasional colloquial full credit), the narrative is brought down to 1830,
ism (which is a more polite term than when, with the advent of Romanticism and the Gothic
“slang"), and making free use of allusions which revival, the varied but unbroken sequence of Renais-
would have meant nothing twenty or even ten years sance styles came to an end or merged into eclec-
ago, Mr. Charles Johnston's illustrative (and also ticism. Eight chapters, each prefaced by a brief
illustrated) review of the humor of the world from historical introduction, discuss these various styles ;
the most ancient times is something very different the division of the subject by reigns being adopted
from a jest-book, as the term is commonly understood. for its utility, and because it is the best classification
A rapid survey of the humor of ancient Egypt and in a country wherein the court exerted a dominant
Greece, of China and Japan, of Turkey, Italy, Spain, influence on the evolution of design.
humor from
many lands.


362
[May 1,
THE DIAL
education by
Riders of the
Australian bush.
Mr. Leonard Huxley has rendered
Thoughts on
Sir Edwin's legal training, perhaps from natural fit-
no trifling service to the educational ness, he can give both sides of a case with singular
Matthew Arnold. world by collecting, in a volume of fairness, and can decry a particular fault without
some 300 pages, almost as many (240) excerpts, condemniny a whole nation. These qualities are
entitled “Thoughts on Education from Matthew noticeable through all the four hundred pages, but
Arnold” (Macmillan). The book owed its incep are especially prominent in the illuminating final
tion, “and not its inception only, but a host of prac chapter, which deals with “Signs of Improvement in
tical suggestions," to Mr. Theodore Reunert of the Turkey.” Misprints are rare; but on page 288 we
Johannesburg Council of Education; but it reveals are confronted with thirty cans of “Kerosine"; and
the care and taste of the editor in every part. Un on page 11,"incapable” raises the question whether
like his distinguished father, Matthew Arnold did it ought not to be "capable." The type is easily legi-
not succeed in evolving his general theory of culture ble, and there is a serviceable index. There should
and education from an experience partly gained by be a good map; and its omission from such a work
thorough investigation in a special field of human is a serious defect. (George H. Doran Co.)
knowledge; for his survey of instruction upon the
Continent did not pierce deeply enough into histor-
Having already told us in a previous
ical origins to be accounted a form of research; in
volume of the Royal North-West
fact, as his essay "On Translating Homer” shows, Haydon now gives us an excellent account of “The
Mounted Police of Canada, Mr. A. L.
the son on occasion had no particular sympathy Trooper Police of Australia” (McClurg). In spite
with detailed scholarly procedure. As they were
of differences in details, the two forces have in com-
travelling together in a railway carriage, Goldwin
Smith observed a pile of books at Arnold's side.
mon an exceptional efficiency, a wide range of duties,
and a brave record of adventurous deeds. In Aus-
“ These,” said Matthew, with a gay air, "are Celtic
books which they send me. Because I have written
tralia each State has its own force, which in turn is
on Celtic literature, they fancy I must know some-
divided into foot and mounted police. Only the latter
thing of the language.” “His ideas,"added Goldwin
are considered by Mr. Haydon, but he does more
Smith, in relating the incident, “ had been formed by
than merely chronicle the exploits of his heroes. His
a few weeks at a Welsh watering-place." His duties as
volume contains a brief narrative of the history of
the Australian colonies; and much of the social his-
Inspector of Schools, however, afforded him a wide
acquaintance with contemporary methods of instrue-
tory of the times may be read in the record of the
tion in England, and in Germany and France; and
police force. The first body was established in 1825
he brought to the solution of educational problems
in New South Wales; and on this force, as it de-
the native insight and sympathy of a poet, together veloped, the other troops were modelled. Five chap-
with a large measure of refined common sense. The
ters telling of the work of the police during the bush-
present volume makes good reading. The qualities ranging days are filled with exciting incident. Other
of lucidity and proportion which characterize his lit chapters describe the rush for gold, the police ex-
erary essays are not absent from the reports which plorations, the problem of the aborigines, and the
Arnold made to various commissioners. Accord-
work of the black trackers. The police work in each
of the Continental States and in the Northern Ter-
ingly, if we are not ready to challenge the admission
of so much material from the more popular works, ritory is treated in special chapters, from which may
we gladly welcome the many passages from less
be gathered some idea of the manifold duties of these
accessible sources, which, but for this interesting col- highly-trained, centrally-administered forces, and
lection, probably never would have met our eyes.
some idea also of the magnificent distances over
which they operate
on one case a Western Aus-
“Turkey and Its People,” by Sir tralian trooper rode 1700 miles during six months.
The land of
Edwin Pears, may be unhesitatingly The volume contains fifty-one excellent illustrations
recommended to readers desiring a
and three maps.
serious, trustworthy, and well-written treatment of
Those readers of Dr. Frederik
Autobiography
the subjects naturally implied in such a title. The
Van Eeden's “ • Happy Humanity
author has published a number of historical books
(Doubleday) who question the ap-
and many scholarly articles, but is probably best propriateness of the title will not, on that account,
known to the general public for his stirring contribu lose any of the enjoyment of an unusually interest-
tions to the London " Daily News" on the Moslem ing autobiography. Favored by heredity and early
atrocities in Bulgaria during 1876. By these letters opportunity, Dr. Van Eeden's scientific aptitude
he kindled a flame of indignation against Turkey introduced him to the world of nature, even before
that swept over the whole of the Western world. Re- his poetical talent turned his interest to the dra-
calling the date of these events, and realizing that in matic struggle for human happiness. He was a
the interval the distinguished writer has been adding successful dramatist before completing his medical
knowledge to knowledge and judgment to judgment, studies. With a colleague he established the first
one looks for an admirable treatise in the present “hypnotic” clinic at Amsterdam, and practised
work, and is not disappointed. In fact, the volume successfully the cure of mental ills that block the
proves a constant source of pleasure. Perhaps from way to happiness. The story of his literary diffi-
the Sultan.
of a Dutch
idealist.


1912.]
363
THE DIAL
to the Berlin
culties with his antagonistic colleagues (whom he drawn from Buddhistic inspiration, in which the
beguiled into praising a work of his own, submitted evocation of individuality is the end sought. This
under a false name) must be read in the full to may sound fantastic, but when it is remembered that
secure its flavor. The same impulse that made the the essence of Buddhism is self-realization as opposed
acceptance of medical fees distasteful, and the earn to the externalism of the West, and that even our
ing of a living by one's pen injurious to high ideals, Western religious teachers are beginning to see that
turned Van Eeden more and more to the career of the development of the winner life” of the individual
social reformer; and a discussion of social coöpera is the necessary antecedent to all true social growth,
tive projects occupies the larger part of the book. Mr. Holmes will perhaps not be considered too far off
Despite the usual financial failure of these ventures, the track. While his chapters on a school in Utopia
he maintains his belief in this road to human will interest teachers, his book as a whole will appeal
happiness, and describes his cooperative colony in to all to whom the inner life is a reality or an aspir-
North Carolina as a success. Quite apart from theation, and over whose souls Mammon does not hold
interest in this social experiment and the addresses undisputed sway.
which set forth its purpose and methods, the volume
Outside of Italy, the best place to
A handbook
records the attractive life of a modern idealist.
study Italian art is Berlin; also, to
art galleries.
study German, Dutch, and Flemish
Mr. Frederic J. Haskin has shown
Two hand-books
art the best place is Berlin. Many other cities
on American himself to be a newspaper writer of
exhibit greater single masterpieces and larger collec-
government.
considerable versatility, ranging in tions, but no other furnishes us so complete an oppor-
topics from insecticides to tyrannicides. His series tunity to trace the history of art chronologically and
on “The American Government,” which appeared comprehensively. Therefore the Berlin galleries
in the
newspapers
last
year, has now been collected
have come to be recognized as the best student gal-
in book form (Lippincott), and proves to be a very
leries in Europe. In the five buildings that con-
good popular treatment of the subject. Naturally it stitute what is known as the museum group, the
lacks the profundity to be found in the more serious
re-arrangement of the art-collections is so compara-
treatises, but it contains a good deal of useful infor-
tively recent that the old guide-books are quite out
mation about the activities of our government which
of date. Hence, Mr. David C. Preyer's volume on
college professors and others will be glad to have in
“The Art of the Berlin Galleries” (Page) is sure
this handy form. Not only are the executive, leg- of the warm welcome that it deserves. It is enter-
islative, and judicial departments and the various
tainingly and sympathetically written, and its forty-
cabinet positions dealt with, but a good deal of infor-
seven illustrations are well chosen and well executed.
mation is given about the actual work of the various
A little more caution on the part of the author, how-
bureaus and even the Pan-American Union. - In
ever, would have made the book even better. For
“The United States Government” (Neale), a book
example, he should not have attributed seven pic-
of less than half the size of Mr. Haskin's, Mr. Victor
P. Hammer has dealt with the same general subject,
tures to Botticelli, when only two have the warrant
of the best authorities; he should have avoided re-
contenting himself, for the most part, with a bare
peating certain traditions which modern inquiry
statement of facts regarding the various departments rejects. But in general, both in its method and its
of the government and the cabinet positions. The list
matter, the book deserves a place in the admirable
of persons who have held office in the cabinet will be
series of which it forms the twelfth volume—“The
serviceable to those who are interested in that subject.
Art Galleries of Europe."
A wide reading by the general public of such books
as these two would go far toward raising the standard
of intelligence regarding public affairs.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The legend "third impression" on the
Schiller's “Don Carlos” has been most elaborately
the inner life.
title-page of Mr. Edmond Holmes's
edited by Dr. Frederick W. C. Lieder for the “Oxford
“What Is and What Might Be: A German Series” of Mr. Henry Frowde. Upwards of
Study of Education in General and Elementary Edu three hundred pages of editorial matter accompany the
cation in Particular” (London: Constable) may be text, considerably outweighing it in volume.
taken as an encouraging sign of open-mindedness Mr. S. E. Forman's “ Advanced Civics" is one of the
on the part of those Englishmen who are interested best text-books with which we are acquainted, a fact
in education and life. Mr. Holmes's work is by no
which creates a favorable presumption for his new work,
means, as its title might imply, a mere critique of
“The American Republic” (Century Co.), prepared for
somewhat
pedagogy in the narrow sense. It is, on the contrary,
younger students. The plan of the two works
a revolutionary plea for a transvaluation of all West-
is the same, although the new one has the advantage of
being illustrated.
ern values. The author's criticism of the schools of
As a by-product of the system of exchange profes-
Britain is but a criticism of both English and Ameri-
sorships between American and German universities,
can life in general — that its aim is results, and me-
we now have the beginnings of a “Bibliothek der
chanical drill and praise of externals and conformity Amerikanischen Kulturgeschichte,” under the joint
its method. As against this he sets an ideal, largely | editorship of President Nicholas Murray Butler and
Education and


364
[May 1,
THE DIAL
Dr. Wilhelm Paszkowski. The first issues of this
series (Berlin: Weidmann) give us a translation of
Senator Lodge's “Washington,” in two volumes, and
“ Die Amerikanische Literatur," being the course of
sixteen lectures given by Professor C. Alphonso Smith
a year ago at the University of Berlin.
The series of booklets called “ New Tracts for the
Times” (Moffat) seem to concern themselves mainly
with the problems of eugenics. We note the receipt of
the following issues: “The Declining Birth-Rate," by Dr.
Arthur Newsholme; “ The Method of Race-Regepera-
tion," by Dr. C. W. Saleeby; and “The Problem of
Race-Regeneration,” by Mr. Havelock Ellis.
The selection of « Early English Poems” (Holt),
made by Messrs. Henry S. Pancoast and John Duncan
Spaeth, provides the student with a large amount of
material antedating the seventeenth century. It sup-
plements Mr. Pancoast's “Standard English Poems,”
which begins with Spenser. The selections from Old
English are translated, and those from Middle English
modernized.
The demand for Spanish texts seems to be on the
increase, and the supply keeps pace with it. Messrs.
Henry Holt & Co. have just published these three
volumes: “La Coja y el Encogido," by Juan Eugenio
Hartzenbusch, edited by Dr. J. Geddes, Jr.; “Consuelo,"
by Adelardo López de Ayala, edited by Dr. Aurelio M.
Espinosa; and à volume of “Romances Escogidos,"
edited by Dr. S. Griswold Morley.
Professor Dowden's book on “Shakespeare: His Mind
and Art,” though written nearly forty years ago, when
the author was comparatively a very young man, took
from the first a high place among works of Shakes-
pearean criticism, and repeated editions testify to its
soundness and vitality. A reprint of the latest edition
is now issued by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. under the
name of the “ Author's American and Colonial Edition."
The late Miss E. F. A. Baumgartner, a Swiss lady
living in England and devoting herself many philan-
thropic works, amused her old age with the compilation
of a birthday book, which is now published by Messrs.
W. Heffer & Sons, Cambridge, England, under the title
“ A Medley of Birthdays.” A date to a page is the rule,
and each page gives quotations from one or more famous
people who were born upon the day assigned to it. It
is a good idea, and intelligently carried out.
The “ Lyrical Ballads” of Wordsworth and Coleridge,
reprinted in type facsimile from the original edition of
1798, and edited by Dr. Harold Littledale, is published
by Mr. Henry Frowde, and is one of the most desirable
volumes of the Oxford reprints. Another new volume
in this collection contains “ Hurd's Letters on Chivalry
and Romance” (1757) and his “ Third Elizabethan Dia-
logue” (1759), edited by Miss Edith J. Morley. Hurd
was one of the heralds of the romantic revival in criti-
cism, but his work has become wellnigh forgotten.
During the past year or two a number of texts for
class-room use have been contributed by the younger
group of American psychologists. “A System of Psy-
chology,” by Professor Knight Dunlap of Johns Hop-
kins University (Scribner), is the most recent. Like
its predecessors, it adds little to the vitality or to the
extent of resources available to the instructor. It shows
independence of treatınent and definiteness of view;
yet it lacks the larger grasp of the field of mind and of
the conditions of approach thereto set by the student's
own psychology. In addition, this text suffers from its
cavalier treatment of the views of others, and from a
neglect of perspective that transforms a critical defect
into a practical obstacle. Yet its moderate merits give
it a creditable place among books in its field.
“ A Selected List of Books Recommended by the
Ontario Library Association for Purchase by the Public
Libraries of the Province” is continued in the current
quarterly Bulletin of the Ontario Department of Edu-
cation. The titles in this instalment are those of books
issued in the latter part of 1910 and the first half of
1911, and are given rather by way of suggestion than
unqualified recommendation. The list follows the Dewey
classification, gives publishers' names and prices, and
contains about six hundred entries. It is intended
especially for smaller libraries, but could hardly fail to
be of service in the order department of any library.
Recent reactionary movements in Mexico have neces-
sitated a revision of the numerous books on that country
published during the past twenty years. The first of
these revised surveys to appear is Mr. N. O. Winter's
“Mexico and her People of To-day" (L. C. Page & Co.),
originally published in 1907. To the matter in the orig-
inal edition the author has added a very conservative
account of the passing of the Diaz régime, together with
chapters on a hitherto neglected region in and beyond
the Sierras; and the entire book has been revised to
bring it into accord with present conditions. Its wealth
of illustrations has been considerably increased; and
altogether it now forms an admirable survey of an ex-
ceedingly interesting country. The author is wisely
reticent
upon the political future of Mexico.
“ The Education of Self” (Funk & Wagnalls) is a
new translation of Dr. Paul Dubois's book formerly
issued under the title, “ Self Control and How to Secure
It.” The work has no high intrinsic merit of special
appeal to English readers to justify this reissue. It is
a readable but discursive survey of the moral grounds
of self-control, and the attitudes through which it may
be facilitated. It is far inferior to Payot's “ Education
of the Will,” with which it invites comparison. Works
of this kind are conditioned by subtle relations of author
and public that make the vernacular address and range
of illustrations much more effective than the transferred
medium of an alien mental environment. In the present
instance the original is a creditable but not a notable
contribution.
Niagara and its associations form the subject of a
volume, issued as number fifteen of its publications, by
the Buffalo Historical Society. The secretary of the
society, Frank H. Severance, Litt. D., is the author, and
the title of the work is “Studies of the Niagara Fron-
tier." The attractive table of contents is as follows:
“ A Familiar Foreword. Early Literature of the Ni-
agara Region.—Nineteenth Century Visitors at Niagara
who Wrote Books. - The Niagara Region in Fiction.
A Dreamer at Niagara: Chateaubriand in America. The
Niagara in Art.-John Vanderlyn's Visit to Niagara in
1802.—The Niagara in Science.—Two Early Visitors.-
Historical Associations of Buffalo. — From Indian Run-
ner to Telephone.—Some Thanksgiving Contrasts.-On
the Niagara Frontier with Harriet Martineau.—History
That Is n't So." Many hitherto unpublished mann-
scripts, including John Vanderlyn's journal of his tour
in 1802, and a long letter written by Harriet Martineau
at Niagara Falls in 1834, are printed in the book. If
the electric power companies are to continue their com-
mercialization of our great cataract, it will be some
satisfaction at least to have this record and memorial of
what it once was in the eyes of distinguished visitors.


1912.]
365
THE DIAL
66
came prominent as the originator of the “ Jewish En-
NOTES.
cyclopædia,” “ The Voice,” “The Homiletic Review,"
A “Yale Book of American Verse," edited by Pro “ The Missionary Review,” “The Literary Digest,"
fessor Thomas R. Lounsbury, and presumably patterned
and, foremost of all, “ The Standard Dictionary." Dr.
after the famous Oxford anthology, is in active prepar-
Funk did a great deal of useful work as editor, author,
ation at the Yale University Press.
and publisher. His own writings include “ The Next
“A Butterfly on the Wheel,” a novel by Mr. G. Ranger Step in Evolution,” “The Widow's Mite and Other
Gull based on the successful play of the same title now
Psychic Phenomena,” and “The Psychic Riddle."
running in New York, is announced for May publication Sir Charles Dilke's forthcoming biography should be
by Messrs. William Rickey & Co.
one of the most interesting works of its kind — when it
“Some Unpublished Documents relating to Poe's
appears, which may not be for some time, as the announce-
Early Years ” is the title of an important article by Pro-
ment is just made that publication will be postponed
fessor Killis Campbell, of the University of Texas, pub-
until after Mr. Joseph Chamberlain shall himself have
lished in “The Sewanee Review” for April.
become a fit subject for a complete biography. In other
words, the life and letters of Sir Charles, now in prepar-
Mr. J. D. Beresford, whose “ Early History of Jacob
Stahl” attracted wide attention last year, has nearly
ation, will contain correspondence, said to be voluminous
ready a sequel to that story, which Messrs. Little, Brown
and piquant, between Sir Charles and Mr. Chamberlain,
as also between Sir Charles and Mr. Gladstone, which
& Co. will publish this month under the title, “ A Candi-
date for Truth."
it is deemed inadvisable to publish within the lifetime
of any one of the persons concerned.
It is interesting news that the Earl of Lytton is writ-
ing a biography of his grandfather, the famous novelist.
Announcement has been made at the University of
The Life by the late Lord Lytton Owen Meredith "
Chicago of a new system of retiring allowances for pro-
fessors or their widows. A fund of $2,500,000 taken
- covered only half his father's career. This, therefore,
will be at once a sequel and a work full of entirely new
from the $10,000,000 Rockefeller gift of 1910 has been
material.
set aside for this purpose. This pension system will
grant to men who have attained the rank of assistant
“The Heritage of Hiroshige: A Glimpse at Japanese professor or higher, and who have reached the age of
Landscape Art,” by Miss Dora Amsden (author of “Im-
sixty-five and have served fifteen years or more in the
pressions of Ukiyo-ye ”) and Mr. John Stewart Happer, institution, 40 per cent of their salary and an additional
is announced by Messrs. Paul Elder & Co. Mr. Happer's
2 per cent. for each year's service above fifteen. The
important discoveries concerning the Hiroshige seals
plan also provides that at the age of seventy a man
are included in the book, with facsimiles of the Zodiacal
shall be retired unless the Board of Trustees specially
Seals or Cycle Ciphers.
continues his services. The widow of any professor en-
The fifteenth and concluding volume of the important titled to the retiring allowance shall receive one-half
“ Catholic Encyclopedia," published by the Robert
the amount due him provided she has been his wife for
Appleton Company, will be ready during the coming
ten years.
autumn. In addition to covering its special ground to
With the death of Justin McCarthy at Folkestone,
the last of the alphabet, it will contain departments de-
voted to criticism of the earlier volumes, corrections,
England, on April 24, a long and productive and useful
life came to a close. Mr. McCarthy was born in Cork,
commendations, biographies of the contributors, and
on November 22, 1830. After securing a private edu-
an index.
cation, he entered the field of journalism, in his native
An important magazine feature of the month is the
city, at the age of eighteen; and with that profession
first instalment, in the May “Century,” of “Everybody's
he has been actively and honorably associated ever since.
Saint Francis,” by Dr. Maurice Francis Egan, our pres Entering the House of Commons in 1879, he at once at-
ent minister to Denmark, and former professor of En-
tained a prominent place in the Irish Home-Rule Party,
glish Language and Literature at the Catholic University becoming in 1886 vice-president of the Irish National
of America. The illustrations, including several in color,
League. After the deposition of Parnell from the leader-
are the work of the noted French illustrator, M. Boutet
ship of the Home-Rule Party in 1890, McCarthy was
de Monvel.
selected as its Parliamentary chief, retaining the post
There has been much speculation as to the authorship until 1896. In 1868 he came to America for an extended
of “The Autobiography of an Elderly Woman " which
tour of the country, remaining here three years, during
was published anonymously by Houghton Mifflin Co. last
which period he was a frequent contributor to our lead-
autumn. The publishers have just announced that the ing magazines and for a time maintained a nominal edi-
author is Mrs. Mary Heaton Vorse, whose other books, torial connection with “The Independent” of New York.
“The Very Little Person” and “The Breaking in of a A second and briefer visit to this country was made in
Yachtsman's Wife,” as well as her frequent magazine 1886. Mr. McCarthy was a prolific writer of fiction,
stories, have made her name well known.
but it is through his serious historical works that he will
Dr. Isaac K. Funk, president of the publishing house be longest remembered. These include “The History
of Funk & Wagnalls Co., died recently in his seventy of Our Own Times,” “A History of the Four Georges
He was born at Clifton, Ohio, Sept. 10, and William IV.," “Life of Sir Robert Peel,” “Life of
1839, and was educated at Wittenberg College, where Pope Leo XIII.,” “The Story of Gladstone's Life,”
also he took his course in theology. From 1867 to “Modern England,” “The Reign of Queen Anne," and
1872 he held various pastorates in the Lutheran church, “Portraits of the Sixties." His autobiographical “Rem-
but in 1876 gave up the cure of souls for the publishing iniscences,” published in 1899, have within the past
of books. The other member of the now well-known month been supplemented by a volume of “Irish Recol-
partnership, Mr. A. W. Wagnalls, joined him in 1878, lections,” covering in greater detail and with no less
and under Dr. Funk's editorship the house erelong be charm the writer's earlier life.
third year


366
[May 1,
THE DIAL
EDUCATIONAL BOOKS OF THE
SPRING SEASON.
The following classified list comprises the chief
educational publications of the present Spring
season, those issued since February 1, and those
to be issued during the next few weeks. It is
believed that this list, constituting as it does a clas-
sified summary of the more important educational
publications of the season, will prove of value and
interest to educational workers.
EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND PRACTICE.
The Social Aspects of Education, a book of sources
and original discussions, with annotated bibliogra-
phies, by Irving King.-Outline of a Course in the
Philosophy of Education, by John Angus Mac-
Vannel.—The Century and the School, and other
educational essays, by Frank Louis Soldan.-Out-
lines of the History of Education, by William B.
Aspinwall.—Great Educators of Three Centuries,
by Frank Pierrepont Graves.—Thoughts on Educa-
tion, chosen from the writings of Matthew Arnold,
edited by Leonard Huxley.-Outlines of School Ad-
ministration, by A. C. Perry, Jr.-All the Children
of All the People, by William Hawley Smith.-
Better Schools, by the late B. C. Gregory.-The
Teachers' Professional Library, edited by President
Nicholas Murray Butler, new vols.: The Teaching
of Physics, by Č. Riborg Mann; The American Sec-
ondary School and Some of Its Problems, by
Julius Sachs.-The Meaning of Education, by
Nicholas Murray Butler, new edition, revised, en-
larged and rewritten.-Principles and Methods of
Teaching Reading, by Joseph S. Taylor.—The
Teaching of Mathematics, by Arthur Schultze.
(Macmillan Co.)
The People's School, a study in vocational training,
by Ruth Mary Weeks.-Riverside Educational
Monographs, new vols.: The Status of the Teacher,
by Arthur C. Perry, Jr., 35 cts; The Improvement
of Rural Schools, by Ellwood P. Cubberley, 35 cts.;
The Teaching of Primary Arithmetic, by Henry
Suzzallo, 60 cts. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
The Normal Children and Primary Education, by
Arnold L. Gesell and Beatrice Chandler Gesell. -
Examples of Industrial Education, by Frank
Mitchell Leavitt.-Pageants and Pageantry, by
Esther Willard Bates. (Ginn & Co.)
The Montessori Method, by Maria Montessori, illus.,
$1.75 net. (F. A. Stokes Co.)
Everyday Problems in Teaching, by M. V. O'Shea,
illus., $1.25 net. (Bobbs-Merrill Co.)
The Genetic Philosophy of Education, by G. E. Part-
ridge, with introduction by G. Stanley Hall, $1.50
net. (Sturgis & Walton Co.)
Agricultural Education in the Public Schools, by
Benjamin M. Davis, $1.-Graduate and Under-
graduate Work in Education, by Edward F. Buch-
ner and Charles DeGarmo, and other papers by
prominent educators, 50 cts. (Univ. of Chicago
Press.)
('urrent Educational Activities, being Vol. II. of The
Annals of Educational Progress, by John Palmer
Garber, $1.25. (5. B. Lippincott Co.)
New Demands in Education, by James P. Munroe,
$1.25 net. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)
High School Education, by Charles Hughes Jolinston,
$1.50 net. (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
The School in the Home, talks on intensive child
training, $1 net. (Moffat, Yard & Co.)
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
English Literature, by C. M. Gayley and G. A.
Smithson.—Everyday English, by Franklin T.
Baker, 2 vols.-English Composition in Theory and
Practice, by Henry S. Canby, Frederick E. Pierce,
Henry N. MacCracken, Alfred A. May and Thomas
G. Wright, new and revised edition.—Expository
Writing, by Maurice G. Fulton, $1.40 net.-A
Course in Public Speaking, by I. L. Winter.-The
American School Readers, by Kate F. Oswell and
C. B. Gilbert, new vols.: The American School
Fifth Reader; The American School Literary
Reader. (Macmillan Co.)
First Lessons in English, by Alma Blount and Clark
S. Northup, 45 cts.-Introduction to American Lit-
erature, by Henry S. Pancoast, revised edition.
(Henry Holt & Co.)
English for Secondary Schools, by W. F. Webster,
90 cts.- The Riverside Fourth Reader, edited by
James H. Van Sickle, Wilhelmina Seegmiller and
Frances Jenkins, 55 cts.-English for Foreigners,
by Sara R. O'Brien, Book II. (Houghton Mifflin
Co.)
Composition and Rhetoric, by E. E. Clippinger.-Pro-
gressive Composition Lessons, by Brautigam, Kidd,
and Harper, 25 cts. (Silver, Burdett & Co.)
English Composition and Style, by William T.
Brewster, $1.35. (Century Co.)
Freshman Composition, by James W. Linn. (Charles
Scribner's Sons.)
The Manly-Bailey Language Books, a two-book
course, edited by John M. Manly and Eliza R.
Bailey.—Richards' Advanced Speller, by Edwin S.
Richards.-- Beginnings in English, for second and
third grades, by Frances Lilian Taylor.
(D. C.
Heath & Co.)
The Peirce Spellers, by Walter Merton Peirce, Books
I. and II.-New Primer, by Ellen M. Cyr.—The
Beacon Primer, by James H. Fassett. (Ginn &
Co.)
Lippincott's Second Reader, by Homer P. Lewis and
Elizabeth Lewis, 40 cts. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
The Holbrook Reader for Primary Grades, by Flor-
ence Holbrook, 30 cts. (Ainsworth & Co.)
Annotated Texts.
English Readings, new vols.: Addison's Sir Roger
de Coverley Papers, edited by Nathaniel E. Griffin;
Carlyle's Essay on Burns, edited by Sophie C.
Hart; Dickens's Tale of Two Cities, edited by E.
H. Kemper McComb; Lyric Poems from Dryden to
Burns, edited by Morris W. Croll, 35 cts.; Scott's
Quentin Durward, edited by Thomas H. Briggs;
Selected Poems, by Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley,
and Keats, with Favorite Lyrics by Lesser Poets,
edited by James W. Linn, 35 cts. (Henry Holt &
Co.)
Representative English Comedies, edited by Charles
Mills Gayley, Vol. II., The Later Contemporaries
of Shakespeare.- English and American Classics,
new vols.: Milton's Comus, Lycidas, and Other
Poems, and Matthew Arnold's Address on Milton,
edited by Samuel E. Allen; More's Utopia, edited
by William D. Armes. (Macmillan Co.)
English Lyrical Poetry, by Edward Bliss Reed, $2.-
Yale Book of American Verse, edited by Thomas
R. Lounsbury, $2.50. (Yale Univ. Press.)
British Poems, from Chaucer to Kipling, edited by
Percy A. Hutchinson.-Scribner English Classics,
new vols.: Select Poems of Byron, edited by W.
D. Howe; Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome,
edited by Arthur Beatty; each 25 cts. net.
(Charles Scribner's Sons.)


1912.]
367
THE DIAL
Standard English Classics, new vols.: Palgrave's
Golden Treasury; Shakespeare's Much Ado about
Nothing, edited by Henry N. Hudson and revised
by E. Charlton Black.-Classics for Children, new
vol.: The Man without a ountry, by Edward
Everett Hale. (Ginn & Co.)
Water Babies, by Charles Kingsley, edited by Sarah
Willard Heistand.-Autobiography of Benjamin
Franklin, edited by George B. Aiton. (Rand, Mc-
Nally & Co.)
Riverside Literature Series, new vols.: Milton's Of
Education, Areopagitica, and The Commonwealth,
edited by Laura E. Lockwood, 45 cts.; Shake-
speare's Romeo and Juliet, edited by William Al-
lan Neilson, 15 cts.; Malory's Le Morte Arthur,
edited by Samuel B. Hemingway, 30 cts. (Hough-
ton Mifflin Co.)
FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE.
French Grammar, by W. B. Snow.-Writing and
Speaking German, by Paul R. Pope.—Mündliche
und Schriftliche Uebungen, by Bruno Boezinger.--
Zweites Sprach- und Lesebuch, by Lydia Schneider.
(Henry Holt & Co.)
Writing Latin, by John Edmund Barse, Book II.,
revised edition.--A Greek Grammar: Accidence, by
Gustave Simonson, $1.50.--Spanhoofd's Elementar-
buch der Deutschen Sprache. (D. C. Heath & Co.)
A History of French Literature, by C. H. C. Wright,
$3. (Oxford Univ. Press.)
Enseignement des Langues par La Méthode Directe
de Valette, basée sur les Tableaux Auxiliaires
Delmas, Méthode Progressive, first volumes :
Méthode Française, first and second books, each
75 cts.; Méthode Allemande, first and second
books, each 75 cts.; Méthode Espagnole, $1.25;
Méthode Italienne, $1. (William R. Jenkins Co.)
Edwards' English Greek Lexicon, $2.50. (G. P. Put-
nam's Sons.)
Short Stories for Oral French, by Anna Woods
Ballard.-Beginner's German, by Max Walter and
Carl A. Krause. (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
New Latin Composition, by Charles E. Bennett, $1.
(Allyn & Bacon.)
A German Grammar for Beginners, by E. W. Bag.
ster-Collins. (Macmillan Co.)
Annotated Texts.
Modern Language Texts, new vols.: Heine's Die
Harzreise and Das Buch le Grand, edited by R. H.
Fife; Mogk's Deutsche Sitten und Bräuche, edited
by Laurence Fossler; Schiller's Kabale und Liebe,
edited by Wm. Addison Hervey; Hauff's Das
Kalte Herz, edited by N. C. Brooks, new edition;
Bruno's Le Tour de la France, edited by V. L.
François; Molière's Les Femmes Savantes and Les
Précieuses Ridicules, edited by J. R. Effinger.-
Modern Spanish Lyrics, edited by E. C. Hills and
S. G. Morley. (Henry Holt & Co.)
International Modern Language Series, new vols.:
Corneille's Le Cid, edited by Colbert Searles; De
Maistre's La Jeune Sibérienne, edited by Charles
Wesley Robson; German Poems, 1800-1850, edited
by John Scholte Nollen. (Ginn & Co.)
The Siepmann Modern Language Texts, new vols.:
Ebner's Herr Walther von der Vogelweide; Fon-
tane's Vor dem Sturm; Goebel's Hermann der
Cherusker; Daudet's Jack, Part II.; Montesquieu's
Lettres Persanes; Patrice's Au Pole en Ballon;
Verne's Le Tour du Monde. (Macmillan Co.)
Marivou's Le Jeu de l'Amour et du Hazard, edited
by Fortier.-Molière's Le Médecin Malgré Lui,
edited by Hawkins.—Goethe's Faust, Part I.,
edited by Calvin Thomas. (D. C. Heath & Co.)
Oxford Junior French Series, first vols.: Erckmann-
Chatrian's Madame Thérèse, edited by S. Tindall;
Hugo's Gavroche, from Les Misérables, edited by
Marc Ceppi; Soulie's Napoléon, Etc., edited by H.
L. Hutton; Dumas's Adventures du Capitaine
Pamphile, edited by R. A. Raven; Dumas's La
Chasse au Chastre, edited by G. H. Wade; Méry's
Deux Contes, edited by T. R. N. Crofts; each 25
cts.-Oxford German Series, new vol.: Schiller's
Don Carlos, edited by F. W. C. Lieder, $1.25. (Ox-
ford Univ. Press.)
Les Classiques Francaises, students' edition, new
vols.: Profils Anglais, par C. A. Sainte-Beuve; La
Tulipe Noire, par Alexander Dumas; Atala, Rene,
et Le dernier Abencerage, par Chateaubriand;
Contes Choisis d'Honore de Balzac; Paul et Vir-
ginie, par Saint-Pierre; Colomba, par Prosper
Merimee; each 50 cts. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
Cicero, edited by Gunnison and Harley. (Silver,
Burdett & Co.)
Longman's French Texts, advanced series, new vol.:
About's Trente et Quarante, 35 cts.; teachers'
edition, 45 cts. (Longmans, Green & Co.)
HISTORY.
A History of the Ancient World, by George S. Good-
speed, revised by W. S. Ferguson and T. P. R.
Chadwick.-European Beginnings
Beginnings of American
History, by Wilbur F. Gordy. (Charles Scribner's
Sons.)
The Origin of the English Constitution, by George
Burton Adams, $2.25.—The President's Cabinet, by
Henry Barrett Learned, $2.50. (Yale Univ. Press.)
Guide to the Study and Reading of American His.
tory, by Edward Channing, Albert Bushnell Hart,
and Frederick Jackson Turner. (Ginn & Co.)
A History of the United States, for grammar
grades, by Reuben G. Thwaites and C. N. Kendall.
(Houghton Mifflin Co.)
American History, By Henry E. Bourne and J. E.
Benton, illus.-A History of England, by Allen C.
Thomas, illus. (D. C. Heath & Co.)
Century Readings in United States History, edited
by Charles L. Barstow, comprising: The Explorers
and Settlers; The Colonists and the Revolution;
A New Nation; The Westward Movement; The
Civil War; The Progress of a United People;
each 50 cts. (Century Co.)
United States History for Schools, by Edmond S.
Meany. (Macmillan Co.)
A Short History of England, by Charles M. Andrews,
$1.25. (Allyn & Bacon.)
Mace's History Readers, by William H. Mace, Books
I.-III. (Rand, McNally & Co.)
Howe's Essentials in Early European History.
(Longmans, Green & Co.)
POLITICS AND ECONOMICS.
Laws of Wages, by Henry Ludwell Moore, $1.60
net.-Elementary Principles of Economics, by
Irving Fisher, new edition.--Elements of Statisti-
cal Method, by Willford I. King.–Essentials of
Socialism, by Ira B. Cross.—The Governments of
Europe, by Frederic Austin Ogg.-Initiative, Ref-
erendum, and Recall Documents, by Charles A.
Beard and Birl E. Schultz, $2 net.-Readings on
Parties and Elections in the United States, by
Chester Lloyd Jones, $1.60 net. (Macmillan Co.)
The Laws of Supply and Demand, by George Binney
Dibblee. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
The American Government, by Frederic J. Haskin, $1.
(J. B. Lippincott Co.)
Carlile's Monetary Economics, $3. (Longmans, Green
& Co.)


368
[May 1,
THE DIAL
GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY.
Elements of Geography, by Rollin D. Salisbury, Har-
lan Harland Barrows, and Walter Sheldon Tower.
(Henry Holt & Co.)
Industrial and Commercial Geography, by Albert Gal-
loway Keller and Avard Longley Bishop. (Ginn &
Co.)
Asia, a Geography Reader, by Elsworth Huntington.
- The Story of Cotton and the Development of the
Cotton States, by Eugene C. Brooks. (Rand, Mc-
Nally & Co.)
The Continents and their People, by James Franklin
Chamberlain and Arthur Henry Chamberlain, new
vol.: Europe. (Macmillan Co.)
The World's Waste Places, a geographical reader, by
J. C. Gilson. (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
Introduction to Biology, by Maurice A. Bigelow.-
Anthropology, by Dr. Heinrich Schurtz, translated
and adapted to the needs of American students by
Franz Boas.- Laboratory Manual of Physics, by
F. T. Jones and R. R. Tatnall.—Laboratory Manual
of Chemistry, by W. C. Morgan and J. H. Lyman.
-Plant Biology, by James Edward Peabody and
Arthur Ellsworth Hunt.--College Zoology, by R. W.
Hegner. Principles of Human Nutrition, by W. H.
Jordan.—Methods of Organic Analysis, by H. C.
Sherman, revised, enlarged and illustrated edition.
-Meteorology, by W. I. Milham.-Earth Features
and Their Meaning, by William Herbert Hobbs.-
Analytical Mechanics, by Alexander Ziwet and
Peter Field.—Laboratory Manual of Physics and
Applied Electricity, by E. L. Nichols, Vol. I., re-
vised by Ernest Blaker.—Storage Batteries, by
Harry W. Morse.—Alternating Currents and Alter-
nating Current Machinery, by Dugald C. Jackson
and John Price Jackson, new edition.—Teachers'
Manual of Biology, designed to accompany Bige-
low's Applied Biology. Macmillian Co.)
Theories of Solution, by Svante August_Arrhenius,
$3.—Problems of Genetics, by William Bateson, $3.
- The Doctrine of Irritability, by Max Verworn,
$4. (Yale Univ. Press.)
Elementary Applied Chemistry, by Lewis B. Allyn.-
The Essentials of Physics, by George Anthony
Hill.—Elementary Entomology, by E. Dwight San-
derson and C. F. Jackson.- Daytime and Evening
Exercises in Astronomy, by Sarah Frances Whit-
ing.–College Engineering Notebook, by Robert E.
Moritz, $1. net. (Ginn & Co.)
Theoretical and Physical Chemistry, by S. Lawrence
Bigelow, $3.-Qualitative Chemical Analysis, by
Julius Stieglitz, Vol. I., Theoretical Part, $1.40;
Vol. II., Laboratory Manual, $1.20. (Century Co.)
Elements of Physics, by E. H. Hall.—Useful Plants,
their Properties and Kinship, by Frederick L. Sar-
gent. (Henry Holt & Co.)
Soddy's Chemistry of the Radio-Elements, 90 cts.-
Brearley's Heat Treatment of Tool Steel, $3.50.-
Snell's Power House Design, $6.—Bursill's The
Principles and Practice of Electric Wiring, $1.-
Ogley's Elementary Course in Practical Applied
Electricity and Magnetism, 90 cts.—Grant's The
Chemistry of Breadmaking, $1.40.-Hawkins' Ap-
plied Physics, $1.-Housden's Pipe Drain and Sew-
er Dimensions, $1.-Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied
Chemistry, first volume, revised and enlarged edi-
tion, $13.50.—Parsons and Wright's Practical An-
atomy, 2 vols., $4.80.--Kershaw's Elementary In-
ternal Combustion Engines, 90 cts.-Adams's The
Mechanics of Building Construction, $2.–Parker's
Elements of Hydrostatics, 90 cts.- Neilson's Steam
Turbine, fourth edition, with additions, $5.-
Pring's Laboratory Exercises in Physical Chemis-
try, $1.25.–Faber and Bowie's Reinforced Concrete
Design, $3.50.—Morecroft's Laboratory Notes on
Alternating Currents. (Longmans, Green & Co.)
First Principles of Physics, by Charles S. Carhart
and Henry N. Chute, $1.25. (Allyn & Bacon.)
A Beginner's Star Book, by Kelvin McKready, $2.50.
(G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
ARITHMETIC AND MATHEMATICS.
Theory of Functions of Real Variables, by James
Pierpont.-New Analytic Geometry, by Percy F.
Smith and Arthur Sullivan Gale.—Plane Geometry,
by William Betz and Harrison E. Webb.--Work
and Play with Numbers, by George Wentworth
Kimball's Commercial Arithmetic, by Gustavus A.
Kimball, $1.-Godfrey and Siddons A Shorter Ge-
ometry, 80 cts. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
First Principles of Algebra, by H. E. Slaught and N.
J. Tennes, $1. (Allyn & Bacon.)
First Year Algebra, by Webster Wells and Walter
W. Hart. (D. C. Heath & Co.)
Solomon's Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions,
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First Year in Numbers, by Franklin S. Hoyt and
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Number Exercises, by J. C. Gray, 25 cts. (J. B. Lip-
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ART AND HANDICRAFTS. - Music.
Fine and Industrial Arts in Elementary Schools, by
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wood de Forest.—The Student's Hymnal, by Charles
H. Levermore. (Ginn & Co.)
A Text-Book of Design, by Charles F. Kelley and
William L. Mowll. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
The Arts in the School, by Charles A. McMurry.
(Macmillan Co.)
Play Songs, by Alys E. Bentley, accompaniments by
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Las Artes Manuales para las Escuelas, based on
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books, per dozen, $1.80.—Geografia Pintoresca, a
series of lithographed plates, per set $5. (D. C
Heath & Co.)
Swanson and Macbeth's Educational Needlecraft,
$1.35.-Rawson's Manual of Drawing, Part II,
$1.50. (Longmans, Green & Co.)
PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY.
The New Realism, by E. B. Holt, W. T. Marvin,
W. P. Montague, W. B. Pitkin and E. G. Spauld-
ing.–Outline of a History of Psychology, by Max
Dessoir, trans. by Donald Fisher. (Macmillan Co.)
Stockl's Handbook of the History of Philosophy,
Vol. I., $3.75—Robinson's Elements of Logic, a
new text-book for college students. (Longmans,
Green & Co.)
A System of Psychology, by Knight Dunlap, $1.25.
(Charles Scribner's Sons.)
The Classical Psychologists, edited by Benjamin
Rand. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
Grammar and Thinking, by Alfred Dwight Sheffield,
$1.50. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)


1912.]
369
THE DIAL
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SUPPLEMENTARY READERS.
Old Time Hawaiians and their work, by Mary Steb-
bins Lawrence.—Mediæval Builders of the Modern
World, by Marion Florence Lansing, new vols.:
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ence V. Farmer; Great Opera Stories, by Millicent
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Mewanee, the Little Indian Boy, by Belle Wiley.-Old
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In the Animal World, by Emma Serl. (Silver,
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Little Lives of Great Men Series, new volume:
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Hix's Magic Speech Flower, or Little Luke and His
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TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
May, 1912.
Action, Direct. Louis Levine
Forum.
American Commerce and Capital Abroad.
John Ball Osborne
North American.
American Impressions - II. Arnold Bennett Harper.
American Society and Policy. Bernard Moses Atlantic.
Arbitration Treaties, Senate Amendments to the.
Senator Augustus 0. Bacon
North American.
Banks, Our. C. M. Keys
World's Work.
Barton, Clara, Work of. Ida H. Harper. North American.
Baseball, Freak Plays in. Hugh S. Fullerton American.
Belasco as a Producer. Edward Locke
McClure.
Bench, Big Business and the — IV. C. P.
Connolly
Everybody's.
Besnard, Albert, and his Art. Armand Dayot, Century.
British Democracy, An Object Lesson from.
William T. Stead
Review of Reviews.
Browning, Robert. William Lyon Phelps Century.
Browning, Robert, 1812–1912. Darrell Figgis. No. Amer.
Browning, Two Letters from
Century.
Burgos, Austere Attraction of. W. D. Howells Harper.
Cats, A City of 4,000,000. Edwin T. Brewster McClure.
Chicago. Henry B. Fuller
Century.
Children, Disciplining of. Maria Montessori McClure.
Chinese Republic, Birth of. Ng Poon Chew. World's Work.
Clark, Champ. F. P. Stockbridge
World's Work.
College Man, The, and the World. C. S. Cooper. Century.
Competition, The New. Arthur J. Eddy. World's Work.
Confederacy, Sunset of the - III. Morris Schaff. Atlantic.
Conrad, Joseph. Edwin Björkman Review of Reviews.
Convention System and the Presidential Primary.
C.S. Potts
Review of Reviews.
Cotton Operatives of New England. W.J. Lauck. Atlantic.
Crime, Imported. Arthur Train
McClure.
Crusaders, New, On the March with. Henry
Rood
Everybody's.
De Morgan, William Frend. Frederic T. Cooper. Bookman.
Dictograph, The.' French Strother World's Work.
Fagan, James O., Autobiography of
Atlantic.
Feminine Ideal, School of the-I. Anna G. Spencer. Forum.
Fiction, Recent, Characters in. Margaret Sherwood. Atlantic.
Floods, Mississippi, How to Remedy the.
B. F. Yoakum
Review of Reviews.
France, Cost of Living in. J. E. Danning. Review of Reviews.
Games, New, for the People. H. S. Curtis. Rev. of Revs.
Golden Fleece, The. Paul S. Richards
Forum.
Governmental Waste, Our-I. H. B. Fuller. Lippincott.
Guerin, Maurice de. Van Wyck Brooks
Forum.
Home Rule, International Aspects of. R. G.Usher. Forum.
Islam, The Crisis of. Ameen Rihani
Forum,
“Judicial Decisions, Recall of.” Harold
Remington
Review of Reviews.
Lady, The Portrait of a. Gamaliel Bradford, Jr. No. Amer.
La Follette, Robert, Autobiography of — VIII. American.
Land, Six Per Cent. on the. Edward S. Meade. Lippincott.
Land A-Plenty. J.H. Bonsteel
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Lawrence Strike, The. Ray Stannard Baker American.
Lawrence Strike, The. Lorin F. Deland
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Lawrence, The Lesson from. W. Jett Lauck . No. Amer.
Library, The Public. Helen Lockwood Coffin. Everybody's.
Lincoln and Perry Memorials. H. H. Saylor. World's Work.
Little Theatre, The. Clayton Hamilton
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Middleman, Eliminating the. F. A. Collins. Rev. of Revs.
Millionaires in Fiction - II, Edna Kenton . . Bookman.
Mojave Desert, Irrigating the. E. Roscoe Shrader. Scribner.
More, Sir Thomas, Dürer's Portrait of. Preserved
Smith
Scribner.
Mosquitoes, How to Get Rid of. F. P.
Stockbridge
World's Work.
Natural History in Chicago Schools Review of Reviews.
"Open" Shop, The. Elbridge H. Neal. North American.
Pageants, A Pair of. W.D. Howells . . North American.
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370
[May 1,
THE DIAL
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Palisades, Painters of the. Bailey Millard .. Bookman.
Papacy, Future of the. Isidor Singer North American.
Parks, National, Unknown Wonders of Our. World's Work.
Persian Women in the Recent Crisis. W. M. Shuster. Century.
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Presidential Candidates, The. E. J. Ridgway. Everybody's.
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Renoir, Pierre Auguste. Walter Pach
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Roosevelt, Mr. Ellery Sedgwick
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Rousseau, Godwin, and Wordsworth. George
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St. Francis of Assisi, Youth of. Maurice F. Egan. Century.
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1912.]
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NATURE AND OUT-DOOR LIFE.
The Jonathan Papers. By Elisabeth Woodbridge.
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Popular Garden Flowers. By Walter P. Wright. Il-
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Everblooming Roses, for the Out-door Garden of
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Duffield
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British Trees: Including the Finer Shrubs for Gar-
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The Important Timber Trees of the United States:
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Let's Make a Flower Garden. By Hanna Rion. Deco-
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Making a Lawn, By Luke J. Doogue. 16mo, 51 pages.
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SCIENCE
The Theories of Evolution, By Yves Delage, M. D.,
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B. W. Huebsch.
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The Great Stur Map: Being a Brief General Account
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The First Book of Photography: A Primer of Theory
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RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
Sociological Study of the Bible. By Louis Wallis.
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University of Chicago Press.
$1.50 net.
The Early English Dissenters in the Light of Recent
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Voluntas Del. By the author of "Pro Christo et Ec-
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Life and Times of the Patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac
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Religion and Life. By Rudolf Eucken.
With por-
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50 cts. net.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
The Yosemite. By John Muir. Illustrated, 8vo, 284
pages. Century Co. $2.40 net.
In the Amazon Jungle: Adventures in Remote Parts
of the Upper Amazon River, including a Sojourn
among Cannibal Indians. By Algot Lange; ed-
ited in part by J. Odell Houser; with Introduction
by Frederick S. Dellenbaugh. Illustrated, 8vo,
405 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
In the Carpathians. By Lion Phillimore. 8vo, 348
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Where Dorset Meets Devon, By Francis Bickley.
Illustrated in color, etc., large 8vo, 261 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50 net.
A Year with the Gaekwar of Baroda. By Rev. Ed-
ward St. Clair Weeden. Illustrated in photo-
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& Co. $3.50 net.
Grant Allen's Historical Guides. Comprising: The
Smaller Tuscan Towns, by J. W. & A. M. Cruick-
shank, second edition, revised; Venice, by Grant
Allen, seventh edition. Each, illustrated, 16mo.
Henry Holt & Co. Per volume, $1.50 net.


372
[May 1,
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376
[May 1, 1912.
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PAGE
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS or SUBSCRIPTION, 82. a year in advance, postage
THE BROWNING CENTENARY.
prepaid in the United States and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian
postage 50 cents per year extra. REMITTANCES should be by check, or The centenary of Robert Browning's birth
by erpress or postal order, payable to THE DIAL COMPANY.
has come upon us almost unawares, for it seems
Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current
number. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of sub only yesterday that he was alive, a help and an
scription is received, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription
is desired. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All com-
inspiration, sound of faculty, and still answer-
munications should be addressed to
ing to Landor's description written in Florence
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
as long ago as 1846 :
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
“ Since Chaucer was alive and hale,
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
No man hath walk'd along our roads with step
No. 622.
MAY 16, 1912. Vol. LII.
So active, so inquiring eye, or tongue
So varied in discourse.'
CONTENTS.
And as we think of that powerful personality,
THE BROWNING CENTENARY
so recently a real presence among us, we are
383
impelled to echo the question put by Matthew
CASUAL COMMENT
. 384
The proceeds of the Hoe book-sales.-"Everyman's
Arnold concerning the spirit of his father:
Library as a travelling library.- The Shakespear-
“O strong soul, by what shore
ean library of a Shakespearean scholar. – Bath's
Tarriest thou now? For that force,
tribute to Jane Austen. - A city's proportion of li-
Surely, has not been left vain!
brary-users. - Pages from the life of a wandering
workingman. – The busiest public library in the
Somewhere, surely, afar,
country. - The three Dumas. – Kentucky's new
In the sounding labor-house vast
library commission. – The clue to Browning's mind.
Of being, is practised that strength,
- The “saffragette" in ancient Greece.
Zealous, beneficent, firm!”
COMMUNICATIONS
386 If there be in the cosmic scheme such a thing
The Appeal of the “Best Seller.” Helen Sard
Hughes.
as the conservation of spiritual energy, the heat
The Irish Texts Society in America. Arthur C. L. and light which had their source in Browning's
Brown.
brain must be forces with which the world will
EARLY MEMORIES OF AN ILLUSTRIOUS IRISH long have to reckon.
MAN. Percy F. Bicknell
. 388
And yet how ruthlessly the products of a man's
A TREASURE-HOUSE OF GERMAN POETRY.
James Taft Hatfield .
390
intellect are consigned to the rubbish-heap after
THE MONTESSORI METHOD OF TEACHING.
his body is laid in the grave! How quickly is the
M. V. O'Shea
392 grain winnowed from the chaff, and the precious
NEW MEMORIALS OF MAZZINI, Waldo R. Browne 394
metal “ cradled” from the detritus! The small
VISIONS OF AN IDEAL DEMOCRACY. William
volume of selections from Browning's poems, put
E. Dodd .
396 forth by his publishers while he was still alive,
RECENT DISCUSSIONS OF HEREDITY. Raymond and sold for a shilling, has for more than a score
Pearl
897
of years served nearly all our purposes for quota-
Darbishire's Breeding and the Mendelian Discovery.
— Castle's Heredity in Relation to Evolution and tion and reference, while several complete editions
Animal Breeding. – Doncaster's Heredity in the have stood almost untouched on the neighboring
Light of Recent Research. - Rignano's Upon the
Inheritance of Acquired Characters.
shelves, the dust collecting upon them in eloquent
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
testimony to the vanity of a great poetical ambi-
398
Retrospective notes and comments of a man of let-
tion. Who now is eager to explore, or ever will
ters.- A pioneer editor and publisher of America. be again, the secrets of Red-Cotton-Nightcap
A study of human freedom. -- An apologia for “ Big
Business." - Politics and politicians before the Civil
Country, or to read of Pacchiarotto, how he
War. - A princely benefactor of small colleges. -
worked in distemper? “Sordello” may now and
Some charming studies from Italian history. - The
again find a curious investigator (who will by no
law's delays and other vexations. — A seventeenth
century beauty. - More about the Maid of Orleans. means go unrewarded), and “ The Ring and the
- The mind's share in health and disease.
Book” provide intellectual gymnastics for a few
BRIEFER MENTION
. 402 students here and there, or furnish them with
NOTES
403 material for academic theses upon poetical crafts-
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
403 manship; but the vast bulk of Browning's work
.
.
•


384
[May 16,
THE DIAL
has been withdrawn from general circulation, to one whose outlook is cheerful, who raises them
and appeals only to the ever-lessening inner circle out of their despondent moods, and who insists
of his adepts. The shilling volume, however, or in and out of season that “all's right with the
some similar anthology, will remain a constant world,” however questionable that proposition
companion of all who love poetry, and they will may actually be.
hold it precious beyond most of the treasures
brought back from their various journeyings in
the realms of gold.
CASUAL COMMENT.
We imagine that Browning's second cente THE PROCEEDS OF THE HOE BOOK-SALES at which
nary
will awaken more interest than his first. If parts one, two, and three of the late Robert Hoe's
the world cares for poetry at all in the year 2012, splendid collection passed under the auctioneer's
it will look back upon the Victorian age much
hammer and became the property of the highest bid-
as we now look back upon the Elizabethan, and ders, are now (at the close of the sale of part three)
found to be more than a million and a half dollars,
will realize, more fully than we who have been
or, in precise figures, $1,669,132.75. One more
of it can realize, how fine a flowering of the hu-
part, and perhaps two, will be disposed of next sea-
man spirit it witnessed. It will see our poets in
son, these unsold portions including the valuable
better perspective than we can see them, and it reference library used by Mr. Hoe in getting together
will do them more even justice. It will be able his vast collection of literary treasures and objects
to envisage Browning, not as the object of a of art. As illustrating the more or less whimsical
special cult, and, as such, open to suspicion, but predilections of bibliophiles, some of the prices paid
as a great buoyant human figure, having its frail in the last days of the sale recently closed are sig.
ties and imperfections, but working with deep
nificant. For example, Whitfield's tract, “The
insight and whole-souled sympathy at the task Light Appearing More and More,” brought five
of expressing life. It will not delude itself with
hundred dollars, while an edition of Tasso's “Gerusa-
the notion that his rugged style and cacophonous lot, went as an unconsidered trifle for seventeen
lemme Liberata" (Paris, 1771), with plates by Grave-
phrasing were the marks of a genius too lofty dollars and fifty cents; and even a copy of the first
to be trammelled by the rules of art, nor will it Aldine edition of Terence (Venice, 1517), printed
so overestimate his powers of thought as to think on vellum, and described as “the only one known,”
they justified his impatience of formal restraint; failed by nearly two hundred dollars to reach the
it will see that he was not so much an intellectual price paid for the Whitfield tract. The first edi-
as an emotional force, and it will recognize as
tion of Oscar Wilde's “ Picture of Dorian Gray”
unfortunate the fact that his superb energy was
(a presentation copy) sold for one hundred dollars ;
permitted to display itself in so undisciplined a
while Sir Kenelm Digby's copy of Tacitus's “An-
fashion. When it compares him with Tennyson,
nals,” with Sir Kenelm's arms and autograph, was
knocked down at fifteen dollars.
as it inevitably must, it will see that the elder
poet not only outdistanced him in the command "EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY”
TRAVELLING
of artistic expression but was more than his match LIBRARY possesses merits that the Iowa Library
in the power of philosophical thought.
Commission and other committees and individuals
But this is not the occasion for a critical esti have not been slow to recognize. The recent issue
mate of Browning, or for invidious comparisons,
of a dictionary catalogue of the first five hundred
or for any form of dispraise. When a great
volumes of this admirable as well as inexpensive
man’s anniversary comes around, our prevailing its use for such purposes as that indicated above.
collection of standard works has greatly facilitated
impulse is to join in reverent thanksgiving for
his services to mankind, and to express our
The books may be bought in reinforced cloth bind.
ing, and, with one or more copies of the publishers'
gratitude for his gifts. And this poet had a printed catalogue to accompany each set, no more
power not possessed by many of his fellow- readily serviceable travelling library could be de-
craftsmen to draw men's hearts to him, and vised. The smallness and flexibility of the volumes,
make them feel that his words were only a
with their good print and authoritative editorship
heightened form of their common speech. He
and prefaces, peculiarly fit them for use in the
asserted, moreover, with all the emphasis at his people's university.” Expert assistance has evi-
command, the validity of passion, which is a
dently been employed by the publishers in preparing
their catalogue. Miss Isabella M. Cooper, formerly
more acceptable gospel to average humanity than
instructor in the Iowa Summer Library School, and
the precepts of renunciation and asceticism. One
now teacher of library science at Simmons College,
could always go to him with the assurance of was one of the compilers, and Miss Margaret A.
getting counsel that was kindly, sympathetic, McVety, of the Newark Public Library, collaborated
and helpful. And men will always be grateful / with her. Study clubs, book clubs, small libraries,
AS
A


1912.]
385
THE DIAL
and large ones, too, for that matter, might spend over, and ready to meet him with a smile; but no
their money far less wisely than in purchasing a smile was demanded, — Mr. Tilney did not appear,”
complete "Everyman's Library.” The Iowa Library though everyone else did, in the constant procession
Commission, as we started to say, buys the volumes of comers and goers, as Catherine sat and waited
in reinforced bindings and sends them out in the near the great clock, after walking the room till she
travelling library boxes, with the publishers' ready was tired. Miss Austen's bust will henceforth fur-
made catalogue, to carry sweetness and light to the nish an additional motive for visiting the famous
rural solitudes.
Pump-room.
THE SHAKESPEAREAN LIBRARY OF A SHAKE A CITY'S PROPORTION OF LIBRARY-USERS, as com-
SPEAREAN SCHOLAR, especially rich in the texts and pared with the total population, is for obvious reasons
commentaries which the editor of a variorum edition hard to determine; but registration and census figures
of the poet's works must have at his elbow, and sometimes furnish a little help in making the com-
housed in so substantial a manner as to fear nothing putation. Of course every loyal librarian wishes to
from fire or burglary—such is the famous collection make the best possible showing in this respect, and
got together in half a century of Shakespeare study for this as well as other reasons the registration sta-
and editorship by Dr. Horace Howard Furness, of tistics may be not quite guiltless of including dor-
Philadelphia. The room holding this precious de mant or totally defunct card-holders in the annual
posit forms a wing of the Furness homestead at Wal summing-up. However that may be, it is gratifying
lingford, on the outskirts of the city, and its access to note in the Leavenworth Public Library Report
from the body of the house is guarded by iron doors for the year 1911 a registration indicating that about
concealed in the thickness of the walls, but ready to one person in every five of the city's population holds
be drawn out on their wheels and runways at a mo (and presumably uses to some extent) a library card.
ment's notice. The walls of the library are of brick Ànd Leavenworth’s library is only twelve years old,
and iron, the floor is laid on cement, and a thick layer but has in its brief history accumulated nearly twenty
of asbestos intervenes between the ceiling and the thousand volumes, on the strength of a rather meagre
roof. These safeguards will not seem excessive when annual appropriation for books. Going east to Bos-
it is remembered that this collection of Shakespear ton and its far-famed public library, we find only
eana is probably the second finest in the world, its about one person in seven drawing books. In Jersey
only rival being the memorial library of the poet's City the proportion works out, from available figures,
birthplace. Dr. Furness's long connection, as trustee, as one in four. Springfield, Mass., furnishes a
with the semi-public library founded by Franklin record seemingly too good to be true, -one in three.
(the Library Company of Philadelphia) speaks for In the South, Atlanta appears to enjoy the possession
his expert knowledge of the care of such a collection of a remarkable book-reading population, about one
as his own, which is really a museum as well as a person in every four being a card-holder, unless the
library, and is by no means confined in its range of figures prevaricate. Nearer home, Peoria claims one
literature to works by or about the Stratford poet. card-holder to every six inhabitants, which is credit-
That it will pass on its owner's death into hands sure able and also within the bounds of probability. But
to care for it tenderly will not be doubted by those statistics have long had a bad reputation, and we will
who know of the younger Horace Howard Furness's not here cultivate their further acquaintance.
cooperation with his father in the completion of the
famous variorum edition of Shakespeare designed PAGES FROM THE LIFE OF A WANDERING WORK-
and begun by the elder scholar.
INGMAN, namely, Mr. James O. Fagan, well known
for his “Confessions of a Railroad Signalman” and
BATH'S TRIBUTE TO JANE AUSTEN, in the form of his " Labor and the Railroads,” will constitute a very
a bronze portrait bust in the pump-room, on a richly readable part of “The Atlantic Monthly” for some
decorated pedestal of jasper, with an inscription com months to come. The May number begins this
memorating the admirable pictures of old Bath life “ Autobiography of an Individualist,” as the author
and manners to be found in her novels, is both de entitles his life-story, and sees the Scottish youth as
served and appropriate. In “Northanger Abbey" far on his wanderings as South America, whither
and “Persuasion” the reader gets especially pleasing he goes in the service of a newly-organized cable
glimpses of the famous watering-place as it was in company. But more interesting than this cable en-
Miss Austen's day. Many will remember the earlier terprise is Mr. Fagan's account of his early educa-
chapters of “Northanger Abbey" as containing fre tion, religious and secular. Mr. Brown, Free Kirk
quent references to the Pump-room (always capital minister, was the one to take in hand his instruc-
ized), the Pump-yard, the Upper Rooms, and the tion in godly learning. “One day, coming across
Lower Rooms, where all the transitory Bath world the expression, “The Scarlet Woman,' I asked Mr.
of fashion was to be seen. In the opening of chapter Brown to explain it to me. I remember his answer:
four, for example, one recalls this passage: "With My boy, at your age curiosity will do you a great
more than usual eagerness did Catherine hasten to deal more harm than enlightenment will do you
the Pump-room the next day, secure within herself good. Study the Paradise Lost and beware of the
of seeing Mr. Tilney there before the morning was popular craving for the novels of Dickens.'
»» Inver-


386
[May 16,
THE DIAL
ness is the author's birthplace, and 1859 the year
of a list of twelve other libraries, including the State
his birth, so that he still has time for a good many Library and various college and school libraries, two
more adventures than those with which he now pro of them beneficiaries of the millionaire ironmaster.
poses to entertain his readers.
The Kentucky Library Commission was created by a
legislative enactment that took effect June 13, 1910,
THE BUSIEST PUBLIC LIBRARY IN THE COUNTRY, and credit for this none too prompt legislation is to be
with reference to the number of volumes circulated largely given to the Kentucky Federation of Women's
from a single building, appears to be that of Buffalo. Clubs. By organizing a system of travelling libraries
The librarian, Mr. Walter L. Brown, says in his covering thirty-two counties, these public-spirited
current Report that “while every department in the women created so urgent a demand for books and
Main Library has shown a falling off in the number aroused such an interest in library extension that the
of books circulated, the total is still the largest number
passage
of a library commission bill became, sooner
of books that is sent out from any library building or later, inevitable.
in the country.” But no unseemly pride is mani-
THE CLUE TO BROWNING'S MIND, asserts Dr.
fested by the author of this statement. Rather is it
Henry van Dyke in a timely contribution to the
felt as a reproach to the prosperous city of Buffalo
Boston “Transcript,” “is a vivid and inexhaustible
that it should have provided so few branch libraries curiosity, dominated by a strangely steady optimism.”
as to compel most of its book-borrowing citizens to
And further: “It is a mistake to say that Brown-
go long distances for their reading matter. Outside
ing is a metaphysician: he is a psychologist.” This
distributing agencies are being established, so that
well expresses the strength and the weakness of the
in the last three years the circulation from the main
author of “Sordello." If ever a poet had the
building has diminished by about one hundred thou-
defects of his qualities — defects which to some
sand volumes, and of this decrease nine-tenths was
impatient readers seem to overshadow the qualities-
fiction. We learn, in this connection, that the real
that poet is Browning. Psychological subtleties with
property of the Jubilee Water System is in process difficulty lend themselves to the service of verse that
of being converted into cash, one-half of which is
sings itself into the heart and soul of the hearer.
to be used in buying a tract of land and erect-
ing thereon a building for public library purposes.
Versified psychology, from the gifted pen of a
Browning, must be called poetry, indeed, rather
When this is effected there should be jubilation in
than (in Pope's phrase) prose run mad, but it is
Black Rock, the quarter of the city to receive the
surely a poetry sui generis, not the "simple, sensu-
benefit of the transaction.
ous, and passionate” thing referred to by Milton as
being “less suttle and fine" than rhetoric.
THE THREE DUMAS, Dumas père, Dumas fils,
and Dumas grand père, present a rather interesting THE "SUFFRAGETTE
GREECE
study in heredity. The grandfather, the valiant appears to have made her presence known as
Mestizo general, born in San Domingo of a French early as 392 B.C., the date of the performance of
father and a native half-breed mother, needed only Aristophanes's comedy, “Ecclesiazusæ,” or, as
to have come into the world twenty years later to one might freely render it in English, “The Female
become one of Napoleon's most famous lieutenants. Suffragists,” or “The Women in Town-Meeting.”
Even as it was, he became a brigadier-general before This laughable picture of a feminized republic
he was thirty, after marvellous exploits not inferior should be just now the timeliest sort of play for
to those of his son's Three Musketeers. His escape amateur presentation on the part of young ladies'
from an ambuscade of sixty Tyrolese, thirteen of dramatic associations. A recent meeting of the
whom he actually drove to his own camp as prisoners, classical and archæological clubs of Mount Holyoke
was an adventure worthy of the father of the gifted College was enlivened by the performance of this
A statue of this man who lived his ro-
comedy by members of the senior and junior classes,
mances instead of writing them is about to be erected under the direction of Dr. Mary G. Williams, the
in the Place Malesherbes, Paris, beside those of his professor of Greek. So successful was this Aris-
son and grandson, and it is fitly suggested that the tophanic revival that the project is now favorably
distinguished trio give their name to the square and considered of producing a Greek play every year.
cause it to be called henceforth the Place des trois
Dumas.
KENTUCKY'S NEW
COMMISSION has
COMMUNICATIONS.
issued its "First Biennial Report,” a well-printed,
well-illustrated pamphlet of fifty-five pages, present-
THE APPEAL OF THE “BEST SELLER."
ing succinctly the history of library organization and
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
library laws in the Blue-Grass State, the number and
Reading recently Mr. H. G. Wells's opinions upon
condition of its existing public libraries, the purpose
“ The Contemporary Novel,” I was struck by his flat-
tering pronouncement that “women have never quite
of the commission and its work, with other related
succumbed to the Weary Giant attitude in their reading.
matter. Statistical tables at the end give a list of
... Among readers, women, girls, and young men at
thirty-one public libraries, of which thirteen are more least insist upon having their novels significant and real."
or less indebted to Mr. Carnegie's generosity, and also I wondered if Mr. Wells was thinking only of his well-
IN
ANCIENT
romancer.
LIBRARY


1912.]
387
THE DIAL
informed country women, with their alertness to current incident equally remote in simplicity and in vividness
affairs; or may we, the “women and girls” of America, from the dull drab complexity of real life.
fairly take to ourselves a share of the compliment? It is undeniable that these pictures of the lure of the
Reluctantly I doubted our share in it. To solve my beautiful, the power of the good, and the triumph of
doubts, I sought to test the question by my class of the strong appeal to the unjaded idealism of our uncrit-
undergraduate women.
ical reading public, particularly “women, girls, and
Asking what recent novels the students felt were of young men. We are so constructed, thank Heaven!
permanent value, I received an earnest endorsement of as to be easily moved by love, suffering, self-sacrifice,
one of the recent “Best-Sellers.” Inquiry as to the and the struggle of the tempted; but so ready are we
essential qualities of this novel called forth answers to give sympathetic applause to any expression of our
interestingly similar to Mr. Wells's opinions: it was the ideals, that a poor story, harping stridently upon these
characterization, and the importance of the problem,- themes, will rouse our interest and carry us along, ob-
with, in this case, an additional interest in scene, or livious to the lack of truth to life in all other elements
“ descriptions” — which marked the novel's distinctive of the story, and unmindful of the feeble artistry of the
value and claim to immortality. A belligerent but hope-story-teller.
less minority, however, caused me to accept the verdict Perhaps, after all, then, this surrender to the Best-
with reservations, and drove me to a Sunday's perusal Seller does not prove Mr. Wells's “Weary Giant” theory
of the book. The reading brought to me an interesting as applicable to women; my students' adolescent inter-
revelation of the nature of the attraction in the “ Best
est in love and valor does not indicate “that lounging
Seller."
defensive stupidity” which Mr. Wells condemns. May
This one was a novel with the realistic interest of the it not rather be an evidence of his other statement that
present time, and the romantic charm of a remote place. women and girls insist upon having their novels “sig-
In a story of western life, the author was apparently try-
nificant” at least; and if they do not demand a signifi-
ing to do for the American Desert what Thomas Hardy cance closely bound to reality, may it not be that, to
had done for Egdon Heath; comparison showed striking many of them, life has not yet brought the sense of the
similarities in intention, with vastly different results ! close relationship between the significant, the real, and
Yet my students, feeling the intention, perceiving the the ideal?
HELEN SARD HUGHES.
amount of space given to crudely colored atmospheric Oxford, Ohio, May 9, 1912.
descriptive passages, had not stopped to judge results.
Though they felt that the book contained a beautiful
THE IRISH TEXTS SOCIETY IN AMERICA.
descriptions,” it is possible that they skipped most of
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
them, for one can scarcely conceive what contribution Readers of THE DIAL may be interested in the organ-
to interest or understanding they could have found in so ization of an American Council of the Irish Texts
meaningless a sentence as, for example, this: “And the Society. This Society was founded in 1898 in London,
desert, receiving that flood from the wide hot sky, mys and has since published every year some Irish book
teriously wove with it soft scarfs of lilac, misty veils of which is otherwise difficult or impossible to obtain. The
purple, and filmy curtains of rose and pearl and gold; object of the American Council is to strengthen the
strangely formed with it wide lakes of blue rimmed with work of the Society, and to secure additional members
phantom hills of red and violet - constantly changing, in this country. Members pay two dollars a year, and
shifting, scene on scene, as dream pictures shift and are entitled to receive the annual volume. The thir-
change.” A plot made up of conventional situations of teen volumes thus far issued are handsome books, hav-
love and valor, with the climax centering around the ing a Gaelic text and a complete English translation on
well-worn theme of concealed identity; characters, un opposite pages. The books have been selected chiefly
realized, playing their familiar rôles like stage heroes from the seventeenth century and onward, and afford
and villains of an ancient type, decked out with modern English as well as Gaelic readers access to the genuine
accoutrements and the specific paraphernalia of the products of the Celtic mind at a time when it expressed
western plains; the style, a fearful abuse of the English itself naturally in the language in which the main body
language, alternating between a conscious straining for of Celtic literature is composed. A large number of
elevated effects, and an unconscious progress along the MSS. of this period exists, but many of them are of
deadest levels of colloquialism, were these the ele frail paper and in private hands, and are liable at any
ments in the novel which won from young women of time to be destroyed. Irish thought and its influence
average educational training their interest and applause? on English thought cannot be fully understood until
Feeling personally sensitive about the nature of that these materials are printed and made accessible.
training, I comfort myself by believing that these ele-
The American Council, which at present has its
ments in themselves could not have been pleasing had headquarters in Chicago, consists of the following: Hon.
they been observed; but that in truth neither character W.J. Onahan, Chicago, Chairman; Very Reverend John
ization, plot, nor description per se was the real object Cavanaugh, C. S.C., President Notre Dame University;
of interest. The book as a whole presented the strong, Professor Cross, Sweet Briar College, Va.; Dr. Wm.
crude coloring and rapid action of the melodrama of an Dillon, Chicago; Professor Dunn, Catholic University,
up-town theatre; or perhaps its breathless vividness Washington, D.C.; Professor Gayley, University of
might be aptly compared to the technique of a moving- California; Professor Nitze, University of Chicago;
picture show. And therein lay its power, — in the vivid-
Michael O'Gallagher, Chicago; Dr. Thos. O'Hagan,
ness of the human appeal, in the portrayal of the Editor “ New World,” Chicago; Hon. John Quinn, New
elemental human passions, the simple compelling strug York; Professor Robinson, Harvard University; Rt.
gles of the spirit with self and circumstance. This Rev'd Mgr. Shahan, Catholic University, Washington;
human struggle swept along from one intense moment D. B. Twomey, President Gaelic League of Chicago.
to another, accelerating the emotional reaction of the
ARTHUR C. L. BROWN.
susceptible reader, by a grand crescendo of melodramatic Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., May 8, 1912.


388
[May 16,
THE . DIAL
The New Books.
Times,” in five volumes, is really a history of En-
gland in our own times (from Queen Victoria's
accession to her diamond jubilee), and is an able
EARLY MEMORIES OF AN ILLUSTRIOUS
and interesting piece of narrative writing from
IRISHMAN.*
the Liberal standpoint. His history of the reigos
Justin McCarthy's volume of “Irish Recol- of the first four Georges and of William the
lections” makes its appearance almost simultane- Fourth, the latter half of which was written by
ously with his death at the age of eighty-one his son, and his “ Reign of Queen Anne,” with
years and five months, and helps to give some his biographies of Peel, Gladstone, and Pope Leo
thing like completeness to the autobiographical XIII., his "England in the Nineteenth Cen-
series comprising his “ Irishman's Story” and tury,” “The Epoch of Reform,” “British Polit-
his two volumes of “Reminiscences.”
ical Portraits," and “Modern Leaders," about
Born at Cork, November 22, 1830, the son of complete the list of his more serious and scholarly
Michael Francis McCarthy, chief clerk to the works. In rather lighter vein are his “Reminis-
local magistrates, the future parliamentarian cences” and “An Irishman's Story,” already
and historian of his own times was debarred by mentioned, “From Charing Cross to St. Paul's,
the then existing restrictions imposed upon Ro and Portraits of the Sixties," and, finally, the
man Catholics from certain educationaland other “ Irish Recollections” now fresh from the press.
privileges that he would have liked to enjoy. | As a novelist, Mr. McCarthy has written rather
*Private instruction and miscellaneous reading copiously and always with a graceful facility and
seem to have constituted his education after the
a ready fund of invention. His pictures of society
first school of his boyhood was left behind; then life are produced with something like Trollope's
came, at the age of eighteen, his entrance upon unfailing ease, and, like Trollope's Barchester
journalism, a calling pursued by him success portraits, they have brought gratifying monetary
ively, and successfully, in Cork, Liverpool, and returns without lifting their author to the pin-
London. After serving
After serving “ The Morning Star,"
“ The Morning Star,” nacle of fame. Among his best-known novels
of London, as parliamentary reporter for a few are The Comet of a Season," "The Waterdale
years, he became editor of that journal in 1864, Neighbours, “Red Diamonds,” “Miss Misan-
and held the position until 1868, when he yielded thrope," “ A Fair Saxon,”« Dear Lady Disdain,"
to a desire to visit this country and made the first “ Donna Quixote,” “Maid of Athens,” “The
of those three lecture tours which gave him so Dictator," and “Mononia." These and other
familiar an acquaintance with America. His stories of his present the passing show of human-
two other visits were in 1870–71 and 1886–87. ity as viewed by a good-humored on-looker who
He became a leader-writer to the London “ Daily has no intention of boring his readers with phil-
News” in 1870, and entered Parliament as mem osophical abstractions, moral reflections, or the
ber for County Longford in 1879. He was re niceties of psychological analysis.
turned by North Longford in 1885, by London Coming now to the final work of this unus-
derry in 1886, and by North Longford again in ually productive writer, we find it composed of
1892, closing his parliamentary service in 1900. a dozen chapters of such more vivid or more
As is well known, he was a Liberal in politics, fondly-cherished recollections of boyhood and
and a Home Ruler, and held the chairmanship youth as not unnaturally occupy the mind of
of the Irish Parliamentary Party from 1890 to one preparing, in ripe old age, to bid farewell
1896, though he could hardly be regarded as the to the warm precincts of the cheerful day. Cork
political leader of that party, his bent being far ways and Cork characters, with many a pleas-
more literary than political. His Nationalism ing glimpse of the writer's family circle in the
was of a temperate and orderly kind, and it was old home at the southern extremity of the city,
probably his distinction as a writer and public and with considerable disquisition on Irish traits
speaker that brought him into prominence in in general, make up the substance of the book.
the councils of his party.
Incidentally something of politics, of Irish his-
This brief account of his life and work, tory, of economic conditions in Ireland, and of
prompted by his recent death, would lack com the manifold benefits to accrue from Home Rule,
pleteness even as a summary outline without men is woven into the texture of the various chapters.
tion of his contributions to literature. His most The claims of Cork, too, as a seat of literary
considerable work, “A History of Our Own culture and connoisseurship in art are agreeably
IRISH RECOLLECTIONS. By Justin McCarthy. Illus-
voiced by the writer. Probably hundreds of
trated. New York: George H. Doran Co.
others would loyally assert of their native towns


1912.]
389
THE DIAL
him :
66
what Mr. McCarthy takes pride in saying of his father's verse reproduced by Mr. McCarthy,
his birthplace; but it is none the less worth how much more of a poet the magistrate's clerk
quoting.
was than the future povelist and historian. It
“I have seen many countries since those days of my had been Michael McCarthy's early ambition to
youth in Cork City, but I have never been in any place become a barrister, but the vexatious restrictions
where the love of literature was more warm, more sin, imposed upon those of his faith seeķing admis-
cere, and more general than in that community amid
which I was brought up. I have sometimes felt tempted
sion to the bar rendered the gratification of his
to describe my native city as another Weimar, but then
desire too difficult and too costly. But nothing
I have always remembered that it had no Goethe and could quench his passion for the best literature,
no Schiller, and that fact would certainly suggest to especially Greek literature. His son says of
the minds of my listeners a considerable difference be-
tween the two towns. However, I venture on making
the remark here, because it will in itself be to the credit
“ He was a man of highly cultured literary tastes, a
of my Cork abode that anyone could even for a moment
very accomplished Greek and Latin scholar, and espe-
have thought of venturing on such a comparison.”
cially given to the study of Greek. I have heard him
say more than once that on some occasions, when alone
He questions whether in England itself such and not occupied by any thoughts of official work, he
authors as Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, Mil- found himself almost coming to think in Greek. He
ton, Scott, Dickens, and Thackeray had a larger
was a great lover of English literature, and especially
proportion of enthusiastic admirers than in Ire-
of that which belonged to his own time.”
land; and with something of the large charity
Among the famous Irishmen of the author's
that marks his reflections on the English people youth, or a little earlier, of whom he gives rem-
in general, he adds:
iniscences, at first or second hand, are to be noted
I feel quite sure that such appreciation and admira-
Thomas Moore, Daniel O'Connell, Isaac Butt,
tion of great English authors helped us much towards Thomas Crosbie, John Mitchell, Sir John Pope
a recognition of the fact that England's ill-treatment of Hennessy, and Father Matthew. These and
Ireland was the work mainly of England's privileged other names of national celebrity furnish the
and ruling classes, and not in any sense of the English
writer occasion, now and then, to consider the
as a people.”
Every member of the author's social circle in political and social and economic conditions of
his native country, and to dwell on some of the
those golden days seems to have been something
more glaring instances of unwise administration
of a poet and romancer, as well as a musician
of her affairs. In a chapter lauding the many
and a person of polite accomplishments gener- good qualities of the sons and daughters of Erin,
ally. But these instances of early promise he writes:
somehow failed in the end to result in any
uncomfortable congestion on the heights of Par-
“I have met with many and many an Englishman in
Ireland during the early fifties, who expressed to me his
nassus. Some few modest contributions to news-
perfect amazement at the fatuity with which English
paper verse, and perhaps a few volumes of
statesmen, accepted as qualified makers of laws, could
creditable prose, were commonly the utmost
have persisted so long in the maintenance of penal codes
outcome of such proudly confident assumption and religious disqualification for a country like Ireland,
which could have been so easily ruled and made so peace-
of the literary rôle. Of course the author of
ful, prosperous, and happy by a system of civil and relig-
the “Recollections” had his fling, with the rest, ious equality for all orders and denominations and classes.
as a composer of rhymes. Possibly the reason I always remember, with much satisfaction, how many
why he did not ultimately become famous as a
Englishmen I used to know in those far-off days who
had become from their own observation and experience
poet may be discovered in the following stanza
convinced believers in the principle that Ireland's one
from his “Poor Charlie Gray," an effusion com great want was merely such an enlightened system of
memorating the melancholy fate of a boyhood government as England and Scotland and Wales were
friend, and printed in full by Mr. McCarthy then enjoying.”
for the entertainment of his readers :
The book as a whole is of the richly reminis-
“ Poor Charlie Gray! The heavy tears
cent, kindly, mellow, anecdotal, wisely reflective
Fell from these lids, I must acknowledge; sort that might have been expected, and was
I knew him well in earlier years,
certainly desired, from its octogenarian author.
And we were steady friends at college. Our earliest memories are our fondest ones in
We parted -- when I met him here
He had grown yellow, thin, despondent,
old
age, and over these recollections of his life's
A Garibaldian volunteer,
beginning Mr. McCarthy has delighted to linger
And I a Special Correspondent.”
as that life drew to its close.
It is interesting to note, from specimens of
PERCY F. BICKNELL.


390
[May 16,
THE DIAL
sense.
metrical note upon exotic lyric forms would have
A TREASURE-HOUSE OF GERMAN
proved helpful even to cultured readers.
POETRY,*
One naturally compares this collection with
7 The “Oxford Book of German Verse" Professor Manly's admirable anthology of “En-
worthily supplements its English, French, and glish Poetry,” which covers almost precisely the
Italian predecessors in the same compact and same period of time. The Oxford Book holds
dignified series. The whole work breathes that not more than one-third the material, but it
distinction which is “ academic” in the best surpasses the “English Poetry” in tastefulness
It offers a considerable volume of lyric and grace of form. It contains by no means so
verse: 536 selections, covering 532 pages of large a proportion of “winged words,” which
thin but opaque paper. Professor Fiedler has is in itself a strong testimony to the force and
a fine sense of the typical and significant; and constancy of English poetic tradition. We are,
if all the numbers be not “ household words," however, very forcibly struck by the compara-
they have all some meaning and place in this tive crudity of English poetry before Chaucer,
anthology. The editor has happily liberated by its deadly saturation with sterile theology;
himself from that super-discreet timidity which while the lyric sun of mediæval Germany is at
so often inhibits freedom of choice in British its glorious zenith in the thirteenth century:
collections.
what spontaneity, eloquence, grace, heartiness,
It is most gratifying to bear witness to Pro-depth of meaning, intensity of feeling! What
fessor Fiedler's careful and scholarly piety brave brocade of chivalry, what flowers of fairy
toward the texts, a trust which many com-
fancy! In Tudor times the tables are turned,
pilers of popular anthologies have treated with for Germany, long since settled down to a
an almost criminal levity. The plan is chrono- deadly bourgeois level, is torn by doctrinal and
logical, and the grouping is entirely by authors. political cataclysms ; while England, in joyful
We have a fair view of some eight centuries of ebullience, is warbling native wood-notes wild,
varied poetry, from “Him of Kürenberg” to soon to be succeeded by the exuberant outburst
Richard Schaukal, presenting a large variety of the full renaissance under Elizabeth, with its
of backgrounds, epochs, and colorings. The sweeping plenitude of life, its noble eloquence,
poems of the Middle High German period have and its grandiose sense of form—a period which
been felicitiously rendered into modern verse by fixed our English ars poetica upon a base which
Dr. Fiedler. The excerpts from the great treas has never been removed, in spite of the stiffening
ury of the German Volkslied, from different of verse into rigid classicism, and the conformity
periods, are fresh and typical of its many-sided of art to the demands of polite society.
content; nor must we omit mention of the race Fortunately for Germany, the Volkslieder,
old gnomic verse, of which German poetry pre-
those fresh flowers of nature, continued to
serves a much larger store than our own, blossom in humble places. The Renaissance
represented by many names, from Freidank to came late, and to a poorly-prepared soil. There
Heyse, and including Logau, Goethe, Schiller, was a painful lack of noble content to life: war,
Rückert, Hebbel, and Geibel.
vulgar luxury, pompous orthodoxy, the decline
The compact notes, covering forty-five pages, of spirituality and native feeling — these com-
are all in German — in fact the only English bined to bring in the most barren period of mod-
about the book is found in the title on the out ern German letters. The French mode, itself
side cover.
Professor Fiedler's residence and artificial and sophisticated, led to an aridly self-
labors at the centre of English civilization have conscious art, in the midst of which a few true
fitted him to supply just such brief comments
native tones assert themselves—in the heartiness
as are most needed by cultivated English- of Dach, the heart-felt piety of Gerhardt, the
speaking readers. Much general intelligence searching wit of Logau. First in the unhappy
is assumed : the book is no vade-mecum for Günther do we discover the assertion of a simple,
analphabetes. The notes are concerned with glowing passionateness; the great birth of Ger-
sources, occasions of writing, and the explana man poetry begins with the rediscovery of the
tion of difficult matters of detail, while especial quickening value of ancient art, the first-hand
place is given to musical compositions (only three understanding of the essentially religious import
are mentioned for the Lorelei!). An occasional of letters to the Greeks. From this soil of a
sincere study of classical antiquity sprang the
* THE OXFORD BOOK OF GERMAN VERSE. Edited by
H. G. Fiedler. With an Introduction by Gerhart Haupt-
revival which led directly to Goethe, into whom
mann. New York: Oxford University Press.
entered those myriad elements that made him


1912.]
391
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come.
the height of modern letters: noble eloquence, coined. With all its reality, the very best part of such
clarity, sincerity, mastery of form and content;
a collection cannot be made tangible, and least of all by
and Schiller, rhetorical, full of energy and motion
those who have really entered into its domain.
“ As for all the rest, one can only hope that the book
and youthful eloquence, the untiring student of
may find for its judges such warm friends as the great
philosophy and antiquity. Then comes the chap- George Meredith, akin and susceptible to the German
ter of German romanticism, with its background temperament; good spirits to whom it is given to unlock
of castle, forest, and legend; Uhland and Eichen- the inspired content of these manifold creations, to pene-
dorff, the highly-wrought delicacy of Hölderlin,
trate to their very roots and to reach up into the atmos-
phere which envelops them. With such sponsors, these
Rückert's wealth of thought and language, children of the German soil, even though separated from
Müller's pure lyric and gift of dramatic person their native earth, will not be uprooted, but in the midst
ification, Heine's ironic melody and sensitive of a kindred people will enjoy, as it were, the rights of
responsiveness, Lenau's reserved melancholy, those native to the soil.”
Mörike's Attic distinction, Geibel's serenity and Judgment upon matters of detail in such a
culture, Meyer's grandiose depth, and the rest, collection is almost sure to be warped by sub-
down to the representative verse of our own jective presumptions, and no conceivable an-
times, noticeable for its fastidiousness and its thology could possibly include all the poems
implacable craving for the gratification of the which any given reader would desire to find.
senses.
Admitting the danger of personal bias, there
All of this, and much beside, is faithfully illus are still some considerations which may be fairly
trated in this well-chosen treasury of German presented. One of Luther's simpler, more spon-
lyrics, whose fanciful, heart-felt music sings and taneous hymns (particularly Nun freut euch,
charms, soothes and stirs.
lieben Christen g'mein) would be very wel.
The collection opens with an appreciative in-
The scanty fragments of Günther's
troduction by Gerhart Hauptmann, Germany's verse do not fairly represent the forerunner of
first man of letters, — the first German poet, by the modern German lyric of passion ; Klop-
the way, who was ever given the honorary degree stock’s An Fanny and Haller's Doris surely
of Doctor of Letters by an English university. deserve a place, both for their intrinsic worth
Hauptmann discovers a close resemblance be and for their historic interest. Some of the dry
tween this collection and that which Goethe bones of poetry (notably, in this sense, Zed-
called for in 1808, in his “ Plan for a Chap-Book litz’s Nächtliche Heerschau), and certain of the
of Lyrical Verse.” “ The hardest thing to find,” feebler productions of Schiller's muse, might
wrote Goethe, “is the Excellent (in whatever well have been spared to give place to Uhland's
field) that shall be popular at the same time. gallant Taillefer, Heine's Ein Jüngling liebt
One should search this material out, first of all, ein Mädchen, and Und wüssten’s die Blumen,
and make it the foundation of such a collection." die kleinen. In admitting some of the newest
“The present book," Hauptmann goes on to say, poets, whose vital air is essentially that of the
“ is « popular and German’ in the noblest sense of both cabaret, the editor has emphatically not reported
words. Such a truly catholic and national collection will that elemental atmosphere; nor can one content-
make the most direct appeal to a kindred nation, and edly forego some representation of the Harts,
more particularly to that element in the nation which
Conradi, Busse, Hartleben, and George.
cherishes most loyally its own great stock of poetry.
“ All these flowers, culled from the gardens of many
The fine scholarly accuracy and purity of
centuries, make their appeal not merely by their indi text displayed throughout the work are worthy
vidual form, fragrance, and color; they fill the mind with of all praise, and make one the more regret cer-
visions of bygone ages, of those broad domains out of
tain indefensible arbitrary liberties: two-thirds
which they grew, and of which they remain the last sur-
viving witnesses; or they are linked with names of per-
of Walther's short Halmorakel are sacrificed,
sonages, each of whom has become by himself a theme
without any intimation, and with decided detri-
of never-ending interest and importance.
ment to the text. The poem representing the
“ This collection, which is brought down to our own work of Friedrich von Spe suffers the omission
day, also contains more recent, and most recent examples.
of a very significant title, and appears (with no
Only an age which teems with a fulness of native
energy, which grows and presses on to the light, is worthy
hint to this effect) only as a fragment, in such
of a great historic past, and is really able to take pos a way as completely to change its essential char-
session of it. Here it is precisely as in nature: harvest acter; a similar result is achieved by dropping
follows seed, and seed harvest, and all by means of the off (with Herder) the significant closing verses
vital power inherent in the basal soil. ...
of Dach's Aennchen von Tharau, which Long-
“ Who should presume to make definite appraisal of
such a fund of culture as is hoarded up in this book ?
fellow had the courage to reinstate. Likewise,
... This great treasure, by its very nature, resists being the bitter closing stanza of Chamisso's Weiber


392
[May 16,
THE DIAL :
von Weinsberg has been quietly suppressed. gone to Rome for the purpose of observing the
This sort of thing may pass in merely popular Montessori method in the Casa dei Bambini,
collections, but it has no place whatever in and some of them have returned to their native
an academic publication. Schiller's Bürgschaft land convinced that they have observed work with
has come off particularly ill in lapses from children which has never been attempted before
the standard text: in stanza8, am Mittag in any country. These American observers have
for im Mittag ; stanza 12, Räuberhand for been describing in the magazines what they saw
Räubershand ; stanza 14, Laufs for Laufes ; in Rome; but now we have from Madame Mon-
and in the seventh stanza the unfortunate sub- tessori herself an account of her system. She
stitution of Fischer for Schiffer. In the Graf first gives a critical discussion of the relation
von Habsburg the editor alters the overwhelm- of modern science to education. She has been
ingly attested glaubigem into the everyday trained as a physician, and she has had a practical
form gläubigem ; similarly, in Mörike's Schön- interest in anthropological studies.
For some
Rohtraut the good old characteristic einsmals time she was engaged in teaching feeble-minded
must be salonized into einstmals. The form children; and while in this work she made a
geringe in No. 271 differs only by one syllable study of the methods of Seguin, Lombroso,
from gringe, but the latter is the only reading Sergi, and others, all of whose work is well known
in any original text, and such a syllabic dif- in America. These studies prepared Madame
ference is not altogether a negligible quantity Montessori for “natural” or“ rational” methods
in Heine's art. Geibel's Der Mai ist gekom- of dealing with normal children. Wherever she
men appears according to an earlier text, in- went in her own country she saw the pupils in
ferior to the author's final revision. In No. 519 the schools sitting in hard and fast seats, learn-
Ahren appears in place of Aehren, and on page ing words, being deprived of freedom of move-
533, iibersetzt for übersetzt. The Gothic form ment, and restrained and restricted in every
adopted for the “s-z” character does not har-
way.
So she started a school of her own for poor
monize perfectly with the Latin letters of the children in Rome, and it was in this Casa dei
text; and in spite of the great technical beauty Bambini that she applied her scientific knowl-
of the little volume, there is occasionally an edge of child nature to early work in education.
unevenness in the printing which is a keen The fundamental principles upon which the
disappointment.
Montessori method is based are, (1) individual
Heine's reference to Goethe’s Mignon in the training; (2) freedom of action and of initiative
Reisebilder (note to No. 123) is not in chapter on the part of the children; (3) the training of
“ xxi,” but in chapter xxvi. The possible in the senses; (4) physical training in connection
fluence of Bunyan's “ Pilgrim's Progress” on with intellectual education; and (5) social train-
Schiller seems more than problematical. It ing as a part of regular school activities. A
would be most desirable, for practical reasons, special set of apparatus has been devised for
to incorporate the titles of the poems into the training the senses, and for teaching reading
alphabetical index of first lines.
and writing. This consists of dressing frames,
Most grateful thanks are due from all lovers color boxes, cloth boxes, and formal geometrical
of German poetry for this precious, accurate, insets and designs, resembling in a way the
and beautiful book.
Frobelian gifts, and based upon the same con-
JAMES TAFT HATFIELD. ception of child nature and education.
As one reads Madame Montessori's exposi-
tion of her method, one wonders why Americans
THE MONTESSORI METHOD OF TEACHING.* should have become so interested in it, except
American newspapers and magazines have as an evidence of new life in the educational
recently shown great interest in the Montessori work of a people whose schools have continued
method in education. Many writers have given down to our own day to be almost mediæval in
the impression that Maria Montessori has made character. But that any American teacher, ac-
a discovery which will revolutionize the teaching quainted with the history of our own methods,
of young children. American teachers have should think the Montessori system offered much
* THE MONTESSORI METHOD. Scientific Pedagogy as
if anything of value to us seems remarkable. In
Applied to Child Education in “The Children's Houses," this country we have long recognized that the
with Additions and Revisions by the Author. By Maria child should take the initiative in his work, as
Montessori. Translated from the Italian by Anne E. George.
With an introduction by Professor Henry W. Holmes. New
far as this is possible under the limitations of
York : Frederick A, Stokes Co.
group education. We have long been struggling


1912.]
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against the evils of education en masse, and we The Italians excel in minute, analytic work.
have been endeavoring to give prominence to In early teaching they begin with the simplest
individual needs. But we have been compelled structural elements in everything. This used to
to educate all the children; and our methods be universally the method of teaching reading,
have been determined partly by our ideals, and writing, spelling, music, and the like; but in
partly by the actual conditions of free, universal America we have grown through that into a
education.
synthetic method, in which a beginning is made
We long ago passed the point where we with the largest unities which the child can
thought there was particular value in mere grasp and which have definite meaning. An
formal sense training with conventional objects. isolated letter has no meaning, and is psycho-
This sort of thing was in vogue years and years logically difficult to acquire. It has been dem-
ago; but we have progressed to the point where onstrated in America time and again that a
we now aim to give children sense-experience, not child can learn a word, or even a short sentence,
in a formal and conventional way, but in direct when it is directly associated with content, more
contact with the natural objects which are of in- readily and economically than he can learn an
terest and concern to the individual. We now isolated lettter. We have several volumes pre-
think that the typical child who has contact with senting the results of elaborate experimental
nature gets vastly better sense-training, even if studies in this field, but evidently Madame
wholly undirected, than he could ever get in the Montessori and her American representatives
formal way adopted by the Montessori system. are not aware of what has been accomplished in
Of course, this latter method is a great improve this direction.
ment upon sitting in seats and learning words, The whole Montessori method is about where
and so it is to be praised as an advance upon
the American system was twenty-five years ago.
prevailing Italian methods; but American edu- It is a great improvement upon general Italian
cation has grown through and beyond this static practice in Rome, but it does not give the
method of teaching. To illustrate with a quota American teacher a new point of view which
tion, —Madame Montessori says (p. 173): “The will be of service to him in solving his present
education of the senses has, as its aim, the refine- problems. Take one further illustration, -a
ment of the differential perception of stimuli by typical one,- showing how lessons are given in
means of repeated exercises.” Now, modern the Montessori system:
American psychology maintains that the differ-« Let us suppose, for example, that the teacher
entiation of stimuli is made possible, not through wishes to teach to a child the two colours, red and
mere repeated stimulations, which have no sig-
blue. She desires to attract the attention of the child
nificance, but only when the objects affording Then, in order to teach the colours, she says, showing
to the object. She says, therefore, Look at this.'
the stimulations are of interest to the individual,
him the red, This is red,' raising her voice a little and
and in order to learn them it is necessary that pronouncing the word 'red' slowing and clearly; then
he should discriminate the stimuli received there showing him the other colour, • This is blue.' In order
from. He must have vital relations with them
to make sure that the child has understood, she says to
before he can effectively discriminate them, and
him, Give me the red,' --.Give me the blue.' Let us
suppose that the child in following this last direction
sound teaching will always try to establish such makes a mistake. The teacher does not repeat and does
relations.
not insist; she smiles, gives the child a friendly caress
The Montessori system proposes to teach
and takes away the colours."
children to read and write at the age of four. Now, in no good American school would a
In times past, American education taught the teacher try to develop a difference between two
child in the very beginning of his school life to colors merely by holding them up, and giving the
read and to write; but through years of trial and names. A capable teacher here would not try
struggle, we have developed a method which to teach distinctions between objects of
puts emphasis upon concrete and motor expe- simply by having them looked at, and attaching
rience in the first years of schooling, and defers names to them. An American teacher would
reading and writing until the child is six, seven, have an object used until the child gained an
or eight years old. Anyone could teach a child appreciation of the nature of the thing through
to read and to write at four if he thought it desir what he could do with it, and how it reacted to
able; but we now think it is not wise to do so. his experiments with it. Then the name would
In teaching reading, the Montessori method be attached to it; and if the child failed to make
begins with the isolated letters, which method the right connection between name and object,
has been discarded in America for a generation. | the teacher would not leave it, but would re-
any sort


394
[May 16,
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present the thing to him in such a way that he of “wearing, daily steadfastness” that makes up
would correct his error. It is impossible that martyrdom. And each went down, finally, to
a child should make progress simply by drop- seeming defeat.
ping a subject when he makes an error, and “Men fight to lose the battle, and the thing
come to it again sometime in the future. they fought for comes about in spite of their
It should be said that the book is attractively defeat, and when it comes it turns out not to
written; and throughout it reveals an earnest be what they meant. When Gordon walked
and intelligent seeking for natural and effective forth to his death in the gray desert dawn at
methods of training the young. Considering Khartoum, it was with the bitter knowledge that
the practice and traditions of Madame Mon- for him the battle was indeed lost; yet the thing
tessori's environment, she has really made a he fought for has long since come about. With
revolutionary advance; but if she had lived in Mazzini, victory and defeat were strangely
America, she would be thought to be behind blended: his long fight for Italian unity seemed
the times in advocating some of the methods at last successful, but the actual result was far
which are presented in this volume.
other than he meant or expected it to be. He
M. V. O'SHEA. had dreamed of an Italy that should be free as
well as united ; and he beheld a Frankenstein
creature, a body without a soul, which still en-
NEW MEMORIALS OF MAZZINI.*
slaved its subjects. With unlessened zeal he
In the retrospect of history, certain minor fig. again took up the fight, and through a long
ures of every age stand out with ineffaceable quarter-century of exile and sickness and ever-
glamour, outshining often their mightiest con-
increasing discouragements of every sort he
temporaries. The saint, the martyr, the de-
labored literally without pause toward the real-
feated hero seem to speak more eloquently and
ization of his hopes for a free Italy. With a
insistently out of the past than do the states-price upon his head in nearly every European
man and the conqueror.
Their memory is a
country, he was yet to be found wherever there
heritage which posterity preserves the most zeal-
was work to do now in Paris, now in Swit-
ously from diminution or detraction; their names
zerland, now in London, now (“ like a thief in
serve always to awaken in generous natures the
my own land,” as he said) in Italy. And at
highest enthusiasm and the deepest reverence.
the last, a year or so before his death, there is
Whether their actual achievement, as history that poignant picture of him, forced in changing
records it, was great or little, does not greatly trains to pass through the side-streets of Rome,
matter; it is in what they were, and what they yet closing his eyes that he might not see the
tried to do, rather than in what they did, that city of his dreams “profaned by monarchy.”
their glory lies. Among this shining company,
It is with the Mazzini of these later years
Joseph Mazzini holds a conspicuous place.
the period from 1864 to his death in 1872—that
When, in 1849, the heroic but short-lived de-
Mrs. Hamilton King has to do in her volume of
fence of the Roman Republic came to an end,
"Letters and Recollections of Mazzini.” As a
Mazzini, the soul of the defence, and irreconcil young girl, generous and romantic in spite of
able
up to the very last to the idea of surrender, home surroundings that must have been even
lingered on in the captured city, almost inviting more smug and oppressive than the average
assassination. “One thinks of Gordon," says
of those early-Victorian days, the author came
his biographer. Indeed, one thinks of Gordon strongly under the spell of the “ Young Italy”
many times in considering Mazzini's life. In movement. She knew nothing of Italian his-
all the main attributes of character the two men
tory, nor had she ever spoken with or even seen
were greatly alike; the hero soul in its most any of those to whom the cause of Italian unity
authentic aspects was common to both. In each
was sacred.
But the nobility of Mazzini and
a deep religious faith was the well-spring of ac-
his followers spoke irresistibly to the nobility in
tion; they were both men of the simplest nature,
her own nature, and she resolved to dedicate
wholly devoid of selfish motives, stainless in pri- herself to their aims and purposes. Letters to
vate conduct, scornful of luxury, not to be over-
Mazzini brought prompt responses ; but out-
borne in any test of elemental character; each raged parental authority placed a ban upon the
was a spirit self-dedicated to duty, living the life
intercourse almost in its incipiency. With the
* LETTERS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF MAZZINI. By Mrs.
young girl's marriage, a few months later,
Hamilton King, author of "The Disciples." With portrait.
the correspondence was renewed. A visit to
New York: Longmans, Green & Co.
Mazzini in his dingy London lodgings was


1912.]
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THE DIAL
arranged; other visits followed at long intervals, black velvet waistcoat buttoned up to the throat, which
and once Mazzini stayed overnight with the
was his distinctive costume. I have no recollection of
what was said. I could only utter a few words of de-
Kings in their country home in Essex. But for
votion and thankfulness: and though Mazzini himself
the most part the intercourse was epistolary. was a fluent and eager talker, I do not remember that
In addition to the letters of Mazzini given in he said much, nor anything that he said.”
these pages, Mrs. King includes several of her Three months later, Garibaldi made his
own, besides some written by Madame Venturi brief visit to England. Mrs. King saw him pass
-one of the Ashurst family of London, and through the London streets, standing bareheaded
Mazzini's most intimate friend. All of these let- in an open carriage, garbed in the historic red
ters are of great interest, not least Mrs. King's. shirt and gray mantle, gravely acknowledging
If to present-day readers the passionate outpour- the tumultuous greetings of the people. On the
ing of devotion in the young girl's first letter | evening of the same day she saw him again, at
to Mazzini reads strangely, it is only because the opera ; and shortly after there was a memo-
the language of nobility has become so largely rable meeting with the old lion at a breakfast
a foreign tongue.
party, Mazzini also being one of the company.
“ It seems almost sacrilegious, after nearly fifty years, “We were very hospitably received, and presented to
to expose these letters, warm from living hearts, to the Garibaldi. There was a large gathering, and breakfast
mockery of a sceptical and materialistic world. Yet in
was announced almost immediately. Garibaldi offered
those days, the world was equally sceptical and materi me his arm, and led me to the place of honour, at the
alistic, and it was even harder, and pervaded by a vice head of the table, and seated me beside him on his right
which has now disappeared — hypocrisy. But after all, hand. It was the place properly belonging to the hostess.
truth is best. There are warm hearts still, though not
I was young and shy, and I felt much embarrassed by
so burning with hope; all things are greyer; but it is the marked attention and the notice it excited: my atti-
good to have lived in this experience. My own letters tude to Garibaldi was to admire, not to be admired !
are long-winded and perhaps pragmatical; but they were and his evident homage of gallantry only confused me.
not written in such a hurrying age, and the passion I do not remember any of our attempts at conversation.
throbs through, though the phrases are not curtailed. I could read Italian, but had no practice in speaking it,
But as empty words they are of little value. Their value and I was shy, and did not know what to say, and Gari-
is especially this: they are the testimony of a host of baldi was habitually taciturn, so that it did not amount to
devoted lives. They have been sealed with blood in much. Mazzini did not make himself at all conspicuous."
prisons, on scaffolds, and on battlefields. These men
did not speak: they acted, and fought, and suffered, and
The conception of Mazzini as a “pestiferous
died, leaving home and family, comfort and security, conspirator,” ruthlessly sacrificing the lives of
for the fatal and glorious cause."
his followers to achieve his own fanatical pur-
It is that testimony, more than any other, of poses, has long since become obsolete. But it is
which our self-centered and self-seeking lives are nevertheless good to have Mrs. King's whole-
most in need to-day.
hearted testimony to the tenderness and gentle-
The record of Mrs. King's first visit to Maz ness and generosity of Mazzini's nature.
zini, during the London exile, is well worth “He was the gentlest of human creatures, and the
kindest.
quoting
The little birds, that flew about his room,
nestled on his shoulder, and fed from his hand, were
“Mazzini lived then, and during all the years I knew
one proof of this, shut out as he was from the comfort
him, in a house called 18 Fulham Road. It was one
of human relations. His love and tenderness to children
of a row of small, three-storied houses, standing a little
were also touching and wonderful. He could be bitterly
way back from the road, with, in front, a little iron gate indignant against wrong, oppression, and cruelty; but
and a small grass plot. I believe the whole place has
his indignation itself, though fiery, had never anything
long been demolished. He occupied the first floor of
violent or cruel. He could not be other than gentle in
two rooms, and his landlady's name was Mrs. France.
every action, word, and tone. In all his gentleness there
He went by the name of Signor Ernesti, and his letters
was a deep note of melancholy; and this was not merely
were so addressed. This was a quite transparent dis-
for the sorrows of his country and of humanity, and for
guise, as he was perfectly well known to the police; but
his own deceptions and disappointments; for those who
it was probably convenient. I do not remember if we
knew him, there might be perceived a perpetual mourn-
had previously announced our visit; but we found him at
ing for those lives which had been sacrificed in following
home. He was in the small front sitting-room, so filled him, and whose martyrdom was a perpetual weight upon
with books and papers there was hardly room to move,
his heart. . . . But through all the storm and sorrow of
and with his little canaries and greenfinches fluttering
his life there shone a divine light of childhood. Anguish,
about the room. He had been smoking, but had put
care, and labour could not dim the essential simplicity,
away his cigar. At last we stood face to face. I had a
innocence, gaiety, and charm of nature, that made his
photograph of him, but a small and poor one, and it was
the radiant presence of a child. Joy was his element,
with an indescribable emotion that I saw before me the
and he carried joy; although he himself was a martyr,
slender emaciated form, the noble face and brow, and
suffering in body, heart, and soul.”
the great dark, liquid velvet eyes, with their wonderful
fire and depth, and heard the gentle, caressing voice.
All lovers of Italy and her story are familiar
He was dressed, as always, in the deep mourning, the with Mrs. King's eloquent poem entitled “The


396
[May 16,
THE DIAL
a minor one,
Disciples," dealing with Mazzini and his follow- executives, and courts. It is an easy step from the
ers, and written mainly in the author's youth. lobby to the editorial sanctum, and Mr. Weyl
She has now placed us under a double debt of contends that it is hardly necessary to prove,
gratitude by giving us, in her old age, these let at this late day, that plutocracy seized upon
ters and recollections of her hero. It is a volume the press during the later years of the last cen-
that will do much to enhance the ever-increasing tury; and, wherever it was essential to its pur-
lustre of Mazzini's name, and one in which every poses, succeeded in controlling most of the great
generous-hearted reader must rejoice.
daily papers. But he admits that this control
In closing, a word may be said concerning is uncertain, and is constantly shifting from one
Mazzini's place in history. Some of the chron group to another of our larger journals. This
iclers of the movement for Italian freedom would is due to the fact that the reading public soon
have us believe that his part in that struggle was " catches on," and a new device must be in-
that the glory of victory belongs | vented; for a paper must have readers, else it
rather to the sword of Garibaldi and the brain cannot sell either advertising space or editorials.
of Cavour. But the great achievement of his Secure in its power over legislatures, execu-
tory,” Lord Acton has told us, " is to develop, tives, and courts, and reasonably sure of guid-
and perfect and arm conscience "; and in that ing the organs of public opinion, plutocracy
faith we prefer to believe that Cavour and Gari- undertakes to improve the productive powers of
baldi were but the devoted reapers of a harvest the nation it controls, first through the organiza-
that Mazzini had prepared to their hands. tion and perfecting of the so-called trusts which
WALDO R. BROWNE. regulate output, distribution, and prices; and,
second, through “business efficiency," which
has found of late such vogue in all quarters.
All this is the very negation of democracy, which
VISIONS OF AN IDEAL DEMOCRACY.* assumes independent action, waste, inefficieney
As its sub-title indicates, Mr. Walter E.
in a certain economic sense,
Weyl's “ The New Democracy” is a study and
Finally, this systematic scheme leads to pro-
an analysis of present-day conditions in the test, — to the upbuilding of a new democracy,
United States. Unlike Mr. A. M. Simons's he “new democracy” of the book, which is to
book of recent date, this is not based upon a
be real and not“ on paper,” as was that of 1776
study of American history. It is also more
and after. It is to be a “plenary, socialized
optimistic, perhaps for that reason; for nothing democracy forcing its ideals into industrial and
goes further than the study of history to dispel economic affairs.” This is to be done not through
the view that all the ugly problems of a given class war, nor after Karl Marx's method of brutal
country at a given time are new and unique. In force ; but through universal education, the grad-
comparison with Mr. Simons, Mr. Weyl appears
ual but increasing public control of business,
to slight disadvantage, though neither of these
and finally the appropriation of the enormous
social analysts seems to the reviewer to have surplus social product which “big business
said the last word on their theme.
has taught us is possible. Thus will all men rise
In Mr. Weyl's first chapters, “ Disenchant- to economic independence, or at least to equality
ment of America” and “Shadow-Democracy of of opportunity; and plutocracy is to be driven out
1776," the point is raised that there has never
of existence. Such a democracy, instead of head-
been a democracy in the United States. Then ing directly to decivilization, as did the olden
follow two or three chapters on the essential
Jeffersonian system, will be lasting and benefi-
individualism of the pioneers and of the sover-
cent; under its aegis we shall no longer know the
eign States of the early decades of the nineteenth crimes of poverty, but only those of prosperity.
century. Having cleared the ground, so to speak,
This is a beautiful scheme. It is optimistic,
the author enters upon his main theme, — the
and Americans love an optimist. But does it
portrait of American plutocracy, its organiza-
“square" with the historic facts? The Marx
tion in the years following the panic of 1873,
theory of an inveterate war of classes waged until
its social
pressures and assumptions, its entering
one or the other submits and accepts slavery in
upon the field of politics definitely and finally
one form or another, is in accordance with the
with the purpose of controlling legislatures,
history of mankind from the beginning; this
theory of change and perfection which Mr. Weyl
* The New DEMOCRACY. An Essay on Certain Political
and Economic Tendencies in the United States. By Walter
offers rests, to be sure, upon some new factors —
E. Weyl, Ph.D. New York: The Macmillan Co.
a higher standard of education for all, and most


1912.]
397
THE DIAL
remarkable proximity of all parts of the civilized few workers in the history of science who have had
world due to recent inventions. These new facts 80 wide an acquaintance with the obscure, out-of-the-
may justify the hopes of the “new democracy," beaten-path, literature of their subjects as did Darwin.
but the studentof the past, though willingenough, What a mischance, under such circumstances, that he
cannot readily accept them as realizable. One
should have overlooked the one paper that was most
might offer many programmes, many speeches important of all! Had Darwin become familiar with
Mendel's work in the late sixties, while he was still
of the days when Andrew Jackson fought the
active and able to repeat those famous experiments
“ Monster Bank,” which sounded the same note
with peas (as he surely would have done), and con-
and portrayed the same ideal state of things firm Mendel's results completely, as others did many
here set forth, --for example, the appeal of Silas years later, biological research in the last quarter of
Wright and his colleagues in Congress to their the nineteenth century would have been quite differ-
constituents in 1833.
ent from what it actually was.
Without denying that this book offers much The story of the "re-discovery" of Mendel's work
that is interesting, and much that commends by three European investigators at about the same
itself to legislators and leaders, the reviewer
time (1900) is familiar to everyone. In the twelve
fears that the same old struggle for privilege, years that have passed since that time the study of
genetics has developed rapidly. It is gaining more
the same snobbishness of all classes of society,
and more the attention and interest of biologists all
and the same exploitations of the helpless will
over the world. It is a conservative statement to say
continue for countless years. The distance be that in these twelve years a broader comprehension
tween the weaker element and the stronger in of the meaning of heredity, and a deeper insight into
each community is likely to remain as great as the laws of inheritance, have been gained than from
that between the slums and the “west sides” of all the previous investigation and speculation about
each of our great cities. There will be improve-
these basic problems.
ment, there will follow reactions in the future as
Pawlow, the great Russian physiologist, has some-
in the past; but the saying of the great Hebrew
where said that every advance in knowledge rests
teacher that “the poor ye have with you always"
upon the discovery of a new technique- a new way
of attacking old problems which everyone thinks of
is likely to be as true in the year 2500 as in the
as either solved or insoluble, and certainly quite de-
WILLIAM E. DODD. void of untouched sources of knowledge and inspira-
tion. No better example of the truth of this idea than
the recent history of the science of genetics could be
found. For it is certain that the highest significance
of Mendel's work is to be found, not in his actual con.
RECENT DISCUSSIONS OF HEREDITY.*
tributions to knowledge, brilliant as these were, but
In a letter to Hooker written in September, 1864, rather in the fact that he gave to biology a new way
Darwin said: “The tendency of hybrids to revert to
of looking and working at a world-old problem. The
either parent is part of a wider law (which I am fully Mendelian method of studying inheritance is vastly
convinced that I can show experimentally), namely,
more important than the results of Mendel's exper.
that crossing races as well as species tends to bring
iments with peas.
back characters which existed in progenitors hun-
With so much professional interest concentrated
dreds and thousands of generations ago. Why this
upon the subject of genetics, and as a consequence
should be so, God knows.” At the very time this of the easily perceived bearing of this study upon hu-
letter was written, Gregor Mendel, in his monastery
man affairs, both directly and in relation to agricul-
garden at Brünn, was actually working out "experi ture, it is to be expected that non-technical accounts
mentally” this “wider law” which Darwin felt must of what is going on in this field of biology will be
underlie the baffling phenomena of inheritance in forthcoming. Three of the books here under review
hybrids. Mendel published the account of his most (Darbishire's "Breeding and the Mendelian Discov-
important results in 1866. The paper was one of the ery,"Castle's “Heredity in Relation to Evolution and
relatively few on matters relating to evolution which Animal Breeding,” and Doncaster's “Heredity in
never attracted Darwin's attention. There have been the Light of Recent Research") are popular treatises
of this kind. Each of the authors has done notable
BREEDING AND THE MENDELIAN Discovery. By A. D. original work in genetics and is qualified to speak
Darbishire. New York: Cassell & Co.
HEREDITY IN RELATION TO EVOLUTION AND ANIMAL
with the authority which accompanies first-hand ac-
BREEDING. By W. E. Castle. New York : D. Appleton & Co. quaintance with the actual phenomena.
HEREDITY IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT RESEARCH. By Professor Castle's book, which is an expansion of
L. Doncaster, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
a series of lectures before an audience of teachers
UPON THE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS. A
and investigators in agriculture, explains with ex-
Hypothesis of Heredity, Development, and Assimilation. By
Eugenio Rignano. Authorized English Translation by Basil
treme clearness and simplicity, both of manner and
C. H. Harvey. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co. matter, the essential features of Mendelian inheri-
year 1912.


398
[May 16,
THE DIAL
notes and
comments of a
man of letters.
tance and the bearing of these facts upon some of
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
the problems of organic evolution and of practical
breeding. The examples and illustrations are taken Retrospective Mr. William H. Rideing's opportu-
largely from the author's own experiments with
nities for gathering material for such
guinea pigs, rabbits, and other small mammals.
a book as his “Many Celebrities and
The treatment of the subject is rather broader in a Few Others” (Doubleday) have been abundant.
Mr. Doncaster's book. The latter includes a discus A wandering life of journalism and editorship and
sion of the biometric treatment of the problems of book-writing has brought him in contact with many
inheritance in addition to the Mendelian work. men and women distinguished in letters or otherwise
Historically the account is much more adequate prominent and interesting, and a retentive memory
than Mr. Castle's. Furthermore, the illustrative (or notebook, or both) has made the production of
material which he makes use of includes a greater his “ bundle of reminiscences" an easy and doubtless
range of plants and animals. Both these books de congenial task. Wooed in his boyhood by the con-
serve to be widely read.
flicting charms of the stormy sea and the quiet walks
Mr. Darbishire follows a somewhat different plan
of literature, he chose the latter, largely, one gathers,
than either of the other writers. He confines his because a very disenchanting parental indifference
attention almost entirely to the actual material with
to his running away to sea took all the romance out
which Mendel worked, the garden pea. The simple
of that otherwise tempting career. To have one's
Mendelian experiments are described and illustrated
father and mother calmly discuss with one the best
in great detail and with much skill. Mr. Darbi.
way to perform the heroic act is certainly contrary
shire's technical papers have demonstrated his clever to accepted tradition. But the wanderlust had to
ness as a writer. The present work can only enhance be appeased, and so from Liverpool, his birthplace,
his reputation in this respect, for it is truly a bril. the youth made his way to New York and Boston
liant achievement in popular scientific writing. A
and Chicago and elsewhere. Service on the staff of
useful feature of the book is a chapter giving de-
such newspapers as the Springfield “Republican,'
tailed, but absolutely clear and simple, directions for
the New York “Times” and “Tribune,” and the
carrying out a Mendelian experiment on inheritance
Boston “Journal,” prepared him for more ambitious
in peas. From these directions any person, however undertakings in magazine writing and editorship.
unskilled in biological technicalitias, should have no
“The North American Review” was for eight years
difficulty in repeating in his own garden the experi-
under his control, or partial control, immediately
ments which marked an epoch in the history of our
after the untimely death of the versatile Allan Thorn-
knowledge of living things. Altogether, Mr. Darbi-
dike Rice. Of his books, such later ones as "Thack-
shire has given a fitting introduction to a fascinating eray's London,” “ At Hawarden with Mr. Gladstone,”
subject.
and “In the Land of Lorna Doone " are among the
Turning to Rignano's “ Upon the Inheritance of
best known. His long editorial connection with “The
Acquired Characters,” we find ourselves in a very
Youth's Companion,” a connection still existing, has
different sort of atmosphere. The author is by train opened the way to intercourse with many of that
ing and profession an engineer. What knowledge he periodicals noted contributors. Those about whom
possesses in the field of biology is obviously derived
he chats familiarly and entertainingly include Horace
from books rather than from living things. This Greeley, the elder Samuel Bowles, Richard Watson
leaves him quite free to settle the large” problems Gilder, Aldrich, Stockton, Stedman, Mark Twain,
of life without being in any way hampered by mean
James Payn, Wilkie Collins, Walter Besant, Mr.
facts. Out of his inner consciousness Rignano has
Gladstone, Dr. Holmes, Henry M. Stanley, Mr.
evolved an elaborate and purely metaphysical theory
Thomas Hardy, and others too numerous to mention.
to explain how acquired characters might be in-
Portraits abound, and no index or notes are present
herited. He brings forward no single bit of con-
to convey a false impression of seriousness to the
clusive evidence that they ever are inherited, nor
reader chiefly desirous of amusement.
has anybody else. Now who in the world cares
The most valuable pages of Dr.
whether such characters may be inherited? If it
A pioneer editor
and publisher
Earl L. Bradisher's monograph on
could once be shown beyond cavil that they are in of America.
“Mathew Carey: Editor, Author, and
herited, it would then be time to speculate as to how
Publisher" (Columbia University Press) are those
such a result was brought about. Thirty years ago that recount investigations in the archives of the
biologists hotly debated this question in a delightfully publishing house which Carey founded in Phila-
Pickwickian manner. No damage was done, and
delphia in 1787. This material is probably the most
happily biology has left this slough of metaphysical valuable of the kind in the country, and Dr. Brad-
despond. Rignano should have written his book then.
isher's careful and thorough study adds much to our
It would at least have escaped being an anachronism.
knowledge of book-publishing and bookselling in the
How far it is from being abreast of biological thought late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The
at the present time is indicated by the fact that
few sample bills, book orders, and letters between
Mendel's name is not even mentioned in the book.
authors and publisher are of especial interest. The
RAYMOND PEARL. only fault that can be found with this part of the


1912.]
399
THE DIAL
work is that there is too little of it. Most students thorough but popular fashion, and develops the idea
would welcome a fuller statement of deductions and of freedom which he has worked out for himself.
more illustrative documents, in exchange, if neces Freedom of the will in the sense of capricious inde-
sary, for the history of copyright compiled from termination he rejects utterly; and determinism, in
easily-accessible sources which occupies fifteen or the sense that every action is the lawful result of
twenty pages of the volume. There will be less
gen causes, he accepts. But he does not follow his
eral agreement as to the value of the comments on determinism to the extent of becoming a fatalist.
Carey as a man and as an author. This versatile Briefly stated, Mr. Palmer's argument for freedom
Irishman entered
upon his life in Philadelphia with rests on two main grounds. The first of these is
the same outspoken activity that had led to his exile that there are two kinds of causation. The car
from his native country. He was continually en which moves because a previous cause, the moving
gaged in personal controversies and in political and engine, pulls it, is an example of sequential causa-
civic movements. He fought a duel with a political tion. The man who runs from a burning building
opponent; he organized the first American Sunday acts as the sequential effect of an idea — the fear of
School Society. As an author he was eager to rush full fire. But the man who tells the truth because he
tilt into any controversy, and to express opinions on holds an idea of moral perfection is not acting from
any subject. He had much to say on political economy. the usual push of causation, because his moral per-
He wrote his Vindiciæ Hibernicce in an attempt to fection does not yet exist and so could not be a
prove-1
-Dr. Bradisher
says
he did
prove—that there
cause in the usual sense. Such causation by a
was no Irish massacre in 1641. He was a master of cause which does not yet actually exist, Mr. Palmer
the art of vituperation, called in his day political sat calls antesequential causation. As persons, he says,
ire. Dr. Bradisher prints some cordial letters writ we have the choice of acting from material, sequen-
ten by William Cobbett to Carey in 1815–17, when tial causation, or of acting from ideal motives, and
the two men had come into political agreement. To the choice of the latter method of acting is what
make these effective he might have quoted from confers freedom. There are obvious difficulties in
Carey's published attacks of some years earlier, in this view, and the author admits them frankly.
which, for example, he calls Cobbett “a wretch Of one, the translation of sense impressions into
accursed by God and hated by man, the most tre conscious motives, he writes at length, and shows
mendous
scourge
that hell ever vomited forth to curse how, under the term “parallelism,” the unknown
a people,” and “a blasted, posted, loathsome coward,” mode and place of the transformation from the
and adds “What pride! what pleasure! I should outer world of sense to the inner world of person-
feel in dragging you reeking from your den, and ality is a mystery which all schools of thought ques-
cow-skinning you till Argus himself should not be tion with equal lack of answer. As a complementary
able to perceive a hair's breadth upon your carcase to the question of choice by the individual there
but sore upon sore.” Those who have enjoyed, and must be chance in the outer world - or else our
in a way admired, Carey as a vigorous and pictur- choice would be meaningless. Professor Palmer
esque fighter, a devoted partisan, and a good hater devotes a chapter to proving that there is chance in
will be surprised at Dr. Bradisher's picture of a the cosmos — a chance made possible by the facts
mild philanthropist, who is praised for his "candor that independent chains of causation intersect at
and fairness,” “the judicial cast of his mind,” and unforeseeable points as when the chain of causa-
his “lovable nature.” There are a few slips. On tion which impels the stone from one's hand to
p. 7 reference is made to Noah Webster's “Progress hurtle toward the mark, and the chain of causation
of Dulness”; probably the satire by Webster's which impels the migrating bird, cross each other
friend, John Trumbull, is intended. On p. 50, a with a result which is as chanceful as it is unfor-
slightly obscure passage seems to imply that “Char tunate for the bird. In spite of this looseness in
lotte Temple” was written and first printed in his universe, the author avows himself a “moderate
America. On p. 65, Fessenden is referred to as one idealist” and a believer in the view that there is
of the Hartford Wits. Dr. Bradisher shows, how purpose in the universe.
ever, by many unobtrusive allusions, that he knows
the background of his subject better than the aver-
Ever since the appearance of Henry
An apologia for, D. Lloyd's
age author of a dissertation whose topic lies in an
“Wealth against Com-
*Big Business."
out-of-the-way field.
monwealth,” “Big Business” has
been pretty thoroughly exploited as the source of
Professor George Herbert Palmer, economic oppression and political corruption. That
A study
of human refusing to be satisfied with that there is another side to the question is the chief
freedom.
shallow psychology and ethics which burden of Mr. Charles Norman Fay's book entitled
agree to shelve the age-long problem of whether “Big Business and Government” (Moffat, Yard &
man is free or bound, lord of destiny or its slave, Co.). Mr. Fay believes that we exaggerate greatly
has tackled the problem anew, and attacked it front the monopoly element in “Big Business.” The great
ally rather than with any pragmatic indirection. In enterprise survives on account of its efficiency in
“The Problem of Freedom” (Houghton) he dis- competition, and must ever be prepared to fight for
cusses the whole question, for and against, in a its life. The really successful trusts produce cheaply


400
[May 16,
THE DIAL
small colleges.
and sell cheaply, earning merely good profits on an the one complete justification of secession was the
honest capitalization. Trusts that try to earn exces imperative necessity of saving the vast property
sive profits, or are burdened down by excessive of slavery from destruction; secession was a com-
capitalization, are forced to reform or die. What mercial necessity, designed to make these billions
monopoly we have is largely accounted for by the secure from outside interference. Viewed in this
tariff, which Mr. Fay would like to abolish, or by light, secession was right; for any people, prompted
the Sherman law, which prevents enterprising out by the commonest motives of self-respect and self-
siders from developing competition with trusts in the defense, and with no moral scruples against slavery,
hope of being taken into the combination. Mr. Fay would have followed the same course. . . . But
has had practical experience in Big Business, both the North was no less right in opposing slavery,
as insider and as outside competitor. In the former for theirs was a course springing from the natural
rôle his success was only moderate, since, as he promptings of morality. History, then, must adjudge
explains, a certain squeamishness deterred him from that both sides in the controversy were right, and
employing all available means — bribing of legisla- that the war was bound to come when the opposing
tures, for example - for compassing legitimate ends. sides conscientiously held, the one to the wrong, the
As an outside competitor he was unmercifully pun other to the right, of slavery.” The principal value
ished. Accordingly our respect for him is increased of the book is that it presents impartially and from
by the fact that he accepts without qualification the a modern viewpoint the essentials to an understand-
doctrine that the proper law of business life is ve ing of the campaign of 1860.
victis! To Mr. Fay the great popular movement
for the public control of great enterprise is nothing
Dr. Daniel Kimball Pearsons, of en-
A princely
but the envy of the unsuccessful and incompetent,
benefactor of viable distinction for his wise and
brought to expression under the tutelage of corrupt
generous gifts to innumerable col-
demagogy. The legislatures, the press, even the leges and seminaries, chiefly in the middle West,
courts are joined in a conspiracy against ability, and to other deserving institutions, died on the
which, left untrammeled, would achieve results of
twenty-seventh of April, intestate, it is said, as he
vast benefit to all mankind. Mr. Fay flatters him-
had disposed of practically all his wealth in his life-
self that he is a reactionary. A careful examination
time. He had had what we in America call a “good
of his work will show, however, that he quite mis-
time” in making his money, an