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1914]
269
THE DIAL
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270
[March 16
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In the long and often hopeless-seeming strug-
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gle against ignorance and passion and folly,
No. 667.
APRIL 1, 1914.
these lines of Clough have given new courage
Vol. LVI.
to many a soldier of the spirit. They remind
CONTENTS.
us that no effort for the right is really wasted,
WHEN SWORDS BECOME PLOWSHARES
and that, however the immediate aim may be
281
FRÉDÉRIC MISTRAL
missed, moral agencies are set in motion which
283
slowly but surely disintegrate inveterate prej-
CASUAL COMMENT
283
Slipshod English. – The beginnings of library
udices and dispel ancient illusions. The im-
schools. — The humor of Henry James, senior. - pulse toward righteousness may for years work
Tendencies and achievements in contemporary Mex silently beneath the surface of things, and be-
ican literature. – How to get books to the bookless.
-A reader's hint to innkeepers. — The luxury of
come translated into effective action only after
rhetoric. – One way to praise a poet. - Antipodean a long series of disheartening setbacks. The
library activities. — The death of an accomplished
path of progress is by no means the straight
Greek scholar. – Local talent in the library.- A
proposed gift to the Harvard library.
upward-sloping line that its more noisy advo-
COMMUNICATIONS
287
cates would have us think, but a spiral in which
“ High-brow." R. S.
every inch of height is gained by a circuitous
Mr. Cotterill's “ Ancient Greece." H. B. Cotterill.
route, which often sags on the way. The forces
Pioneer Library Legislation in Illinois. Sarah W.
Hiestand.
that finally collect and break in some irresistible
GLIMPSES OF A GIFTED FAMILY. Percy F.
wave for the betterment of mankind have been
Bicknell
. 289 slowly gathering from many obscure quarters,
NEW LIGHT ON THE CIVIL WAR. Ephraim and their impact, when once focussed, surprises
Douglass Adams
291
us by the rush of its overwhelming energy. A
THE LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS OF LONDON.
case in point is afforded by the dark chapter
Clark S. Northup .
293
of recent history which records our ill-starred
WOMAN AND THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE.
T. D. A. Cockerell
296 experiment in imperialism. During the past
EVOLUTION OF HOUSEHOLD DECORATION. fifteen years the wisest of our leaders have ap-
Anna Benneson McMahan
. . . 298 pealed, apparently in vain, to the better angels
STRINDBERG IN ENGLISH, Aksel G. S. Josephson 300 of our nature for a repudiation of this monstrous
The Red Room.-Married.-The Son of a Servant.-
negation of the most cherished principles of our
The Confession of a Fool. – By the Open Sea. -On
the Seaboard. -The Inferno.-Zones of the Spirit.-In
national life. Their voices seemed to be as of
Midsummer Days. – Miss Lind-af-Hageby's August those crying in a wilderness of self-seeking
Strindberg. - Plays by Strindberg, third series.
politics and smug hypocrisy, and yet they were
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. .
303
Literature and art in the late 19th century. - An
heard in the secret chambers of many a heart,
uncanonized Quaker saint. - English church archi and wrought so effectively for the restoration of
tecture. – A lawyer's anecdotal retrospections. –
our spiritual health that the revulsion is already
Wise counsels for daily living. – An interpretation
of Chinese Buddhism. — A bible of humanistic
at hand, and the day clearly in sight when the
religion. -Our sense of Beauty. - Hidden nooks patriotic American may again feel that his coun-
from Land's End to the Adriatic. -Studies in the
try has been restored to him. There are signs
evolution of the library.- A handbook to Haupt-
mann's life and work.
also that the two other wrongs that have more
BRIEFER MENTION .
. 307 recently made us hide our heads for shame
NOTES. .
308 the spoliation of Colombia and the violation of
TOPICS IN APRIL PERIODICALS
309 our plighted faith with England — are about to
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
be righted, as far as reparation or reversal can
.
. 310


282
[April 1
THE DIAL
right them, and that we may soon feel free to or such victories as Germany's spoliation of the
look our sister nations in the face.
Danish and French provinces, or Russia's
“ Norman Angell,” in a recent essay, gives us crushing of the liberties of Finland, or the
an illustration of the slow and subtle processes atrocity of the partition of Poland ? Such
that, in the course of time, operate a radical things are not even of immediate material bene-
change of outlook in men's minds, so that a new fit, when the balance of profit and loss is fully
view, once rejected, becomes not merely accepted, made up, and they leave running sores in the
but taken for granted by that unconscious or international body politic, bequeathing to after
instinctive self that is the mainspring of most generations a legacy of wrongs that can be
human action taken in the mass. Speaking of righted only by other wars.
the once world-wide prevalence of the belief in “ Just as Galileo knew that the real justification of
witchcraft, he reminds us that no ten-year-old his attempt to correct prevailing error was not a trivial
boy of our time “ thinks it likely that an old point as to the exact place or shape of the planet on
which we live, but the right understanding of the
woman would or could change herself into a
physical universe, its laws and nature, so do we know
cow or a goat.”
that our case is bound up with the destruction of mis-
“ You say it is the instinct of the boy. But the conceptions which distort and falsify the fundamental
instinct of the seventeenth-century boy (like the learn principles on which human society is based and inci-
ing of the seventeenth-century judge) taught him the dentally render insoluble those problems on behalf of
exact reverse. Something has happened; what is it? the solution of which force is generally most readily
We know, of course, that it is the unconscious applica-
invoked."
tion on the part of the boy, of the inductive method of - The
power
of destruction serves no purpose
reasoning (of which he has never heard, and could not
at all.” This is the gauntlet boldly flung in
define), and the general attitude of mind towards
phenomena which comes of that habit. He forms by
the faces of the advocates of militarism, and the
reasoning correctly on the promptings of parents, principle is defended, not by the sentimental
nurses, and teachers) about a few simple facts - which plea of which too much is heard in the contro-
impress bim by their visibility and tangibility — a versy, but by an array of argument from analogy,
working bypothesis of how things happen in the world, from actual experience, from basic economic
which, while not infallibly applied-while, indeed, often
landing the boy into mistakes — is far more trustworthy principle, which is well-nigh incontrovertible.
as a rule than that formed by the learned judge reason “The idea that the struggle between nations is
ing incorrectly from an immense number of facts."
a part of the evolutionary law of man's advance
It is just this slowly-moving but in the end involves a profound misapplication of the bio-
irresistible force which works all the great logical analogy. The warlike nations do not
transformations of common opinion, which casts inherit the earth; they represent the decaying
long-accepted views into the rubbish-heap, and human element."
human element.” And yet the mad rivalry
makes each new generation wonder how on earth of armaments goes blindly on, plunging the
the earlier one could have held to its prejudices people of the most advanced countries every
and absurdities with a straight face. It is the year into deeper poverty and more appalling
agency before which the walls of feudalism went social distress, and all because men will not
down, at whose attack the principle of ecclesi- look the question square in the face, and weigh
astical authority crumbled, and the spirit of the enormous sacrifice of human welfare thus
democracy triumphed over the spirit of sub-certainly entailed against whatever probabilities
servience to absolutism.
there may be of sacrifice from a condition of
“ Norman Angell," as is well known, has unpreparedness from some contingency which
directed his efforts to an attack upon the falla- has perhaps one chance in ten of actually aris-
cies that have hitherto supported warfare, and ing. “ When the forts of folly fall," and the
particularly the warfare that is waged for con delusion of militarism is at last cleared away,
quest. Wars for the enlargement of a nation's how the world will wonder that it ever gained
territorial area have long been condemned in such a hold on men's minds, and that the
the forum of morals; it is the aim of the author nations so long submitted to its tyranny. Even
of “The Great Illusion" to show that they are in our own country, so long happily free from
also to be condemned in the forum of reason. its obsession, it has placed us in its bondage,
He maintains the thesis that no nation can really and exacts increasing tribute every year from
profit by even a victorious war upon its neigh our substance. The essay which is our present
bors, and the cold logic which he brings to the text is an open letter “to the American student,"
support of this contention is cogent and con and it is to him, before his mind becomes sealed
vincing. In the long run, what is gained by by prejudice and false pride, that the most
such a triumph as that of Japan over Russia, effective appeal may be made. All our hope


1914]
283
THE DIAL
energy. The 66
for the future is in the young people who in a gap in the literary world that will not easily be
our schools and colleges are now trying to puz-
filled. Mistral lived to his eighty-fourth year, and
zle out the meaning of life, and if we can keep
was one of the last of the great race of nineteenth-
their vision clear, the coming generation may
century artists for which the twentieth century thus
witness the “main” flooding in, “ through
far shows no signs of providing substitutes. He
creeks and inlets making.” There are many
was the leading spirit in the Provençal movement,
although such men as Jasmin and Roumanille must
indications that the dykes have about reached
not go unmentioned in this connection, and when
their breaking-point, indications that increase
the Nobel prize for 1904 was shared by him with
in number and significance as every year goes Echegaray, in accordance with its policy of reward-
by, and, despite the bristling array of weapons ing veteran service to letters rather than of encour-
now turned against the cause of pacificism, it aging new promise, it was universally felt that the
is making its way with constantly gathering
distinction was deserved. Born of peasant stock in
* yawp
” of the frenzied politician
1830, Mistral had the routine school education, fol-
and publicist has lost much of its power to
lowed by the study of the law. An enthusiasm for
frighten us, and the bogey which it evokes is Virgil led him to translate one of the eclogues while
seen more and more clearly as a mere scare-
a boy, and suggested to him the hope of becoming
the Virgil of his own people. This hope was realized
crow. The civilized world is slowly groping its
when, in 1859, he published “Miréio," that marvel-
way
toward organic unity of purpose; rivalry
lous rustic epic of Provençal life. This was followed
is giving way to coöperative action; and the
by other long poems: “Calendau "in 1867, “Nerto"
motives that precipitate nations headlong into in 1884, and “Lou Poèmo dou Rouse” in 1897.
conflict are visibly becoming weaker. In this Mistral also wrote “Lis Isclo d'or,” a collection of
connection a word must be said for the American shorter pieces; a play, “ La Reino Juno "; and “Lou
Association for International Conciliation whose Trésor dou Félibrige," a collection of proverbs and
pamphlet publications (one of which has supplied
legends illustrating the speech and folk-lore of the
the material for our present remarks), represent
south of France. The great poem, “Miréio,” is
a high order of ability in exposition and argu-
well known to English readers through the beautiful
yersion of Harriet Waters Preston, who has almost
ment, and are obtainable without price by all
made of it an English classic. Music-lovers know
who wish to have a share in the promotion of
the story part of it through Gounod's opera
the victories of peace.
“ Mireille." America has done much to spread
Mistral's fame, notably by the translation just men-
tioned, and by the labors of the late Thomas A.
FRÉDÉRIC MISTRAL.
Janvier, who was a devoted Félibre, and wrote
much about the activities of the society. Nor should
One of the most important literary movements of
we forget to mention Longfellow, whose translation
the last century was found in the efforts, made in
of a poem by Jasmin first brough the attention of
various parts of Europe, to revive for literary uses
the American public to the Provençal revival.
the languages — some of them dialects, and others
more sharply differentiated from the orthodox forms
- which survived on the lips of the people, but which
were in danger of becoming extinct through lack of
CASUAL COMMENT.
preservation in print. Instances in point are the
Provençal, the Platt-Deutsch, the Norwegian Lands SLIPSHOD ENGLISH is acknowledged to be one of
maal, and the Gaelic. The natural history of the the most considerable by-products, if not indeed one
mind rightly regards the loss of such forms of speech of the main products, of our educational system.
as a calamity analogous to that of the extinction of The faulty writing of college students and college
the bison, the passenger pigeon, the great auk, or graduates has become a reproach and a taunt unto
the dodo in the animal kingdom. They should be the teachers of English composition. At Harvard
preserved, not to compete with the normal types of an expert has for some time been engaged in search-
language, but to throw light upon them, and to per. ing for the causes of so much inability to express
petuate beauties that the latter do not exemplify. thought clearly and correctly on paper, and his report
The most remarkable and successful of these efforts is awaited with interest. In the April “Harper's
is that of the Félibrige, the society organized in the Magazine” Professor Canby of Yale writes with
fifties to keep alive the ancient langue d'oc, which force and feeling on this sad defect in the culture
once had almost as good a chance of becoming the of so many of those supposed to be liberally edu-
orthodox literary speech of Frenchmen as the cated, as well as in the preparatory equipment of
northern form which finally left its rival far behind entering college students. He well says that “words
in the race. The central figure in this Provençal indicate the man,” and that “the power to write
revival was that of Frédéric Mistral, whose death at well shows intellect, and measures, if not its pro-
Marseilles, on the twenty-fifth of last month, leaves fundity, at least the stage of its development.” At


284
[April 1
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the same time he believes that good literary expres of these records. The same is possibly true in some
sion can be taught; for “writing, like skating, or of the initiation ceremonies of primitive tribes where
sailing a ship, has its especial methods, its especial the young men are presumably taught the use of
technique, even as it has its especial medium, words, message sticks, secret languages, and the like. It
and the larger unities of expression. The laws which may fairly be said that these are remote in nature
govern it are simple. They are always in intimate as well as in time, and yet they are as truly the
connection with the thought behind, and worthless predecessors of the library schools of to-day, as these
without it, but they can be taught.” The best of to-day are of the library schools of to-morrow,
methods of this instruction, the times and the sea which are likely to differ very considerably from
sons for it, form the subject of further remarks and those of to-day." Five or six thousand years
hence
suggestions from Professor Canby. It is a refresh. will some scholar-librarian be searching the records
ment to follow his well-considered and scholarly dis of the past and trying to convince incredulous
course, 60 correctly and luminously unfolded; but readers that at Albany on the Hudson there existed,
more than one reader is likely to receive a perceptible as early as the nineteenth century A.D., an institu-
shock when the writer permits himself, not once but tion that might, without undue violence to language,
twice, to use a certain hardly defensible and surely be called a library school?
most uncalled-for colloquialism. Let us quote the
JAMES,
two instances: “It would be a comfort to blame it
THE HUMOR OF HENRY JAMES, SENIOR, gentle
all on the school; ... " " Again, it would be easy
and scholarly, cheerful and kindly, is delightfully
to blame much of the slipshod writing of the under presented in certain passages of his son and name-
graduate upon the standards set by the grown-ups
sake's latest book, reviewed on another page.
In
outside the colleges." The writer of this present
their school days the four James brothers were
comment well remembers the amusement and the frequently embarrassed, on being questioned by
parental reproof evoked, a third of a century ago,
their playmates as to their father's occupation, at
by a juvenile indulgence in the unclassical idiom not being able to say exactly what it was; and the
illustrated in the foregoing. Why is it not just as
boy Henry was on one occasion filled with envy of
easy, as well as less open to censure, to lay the blame a comrade who was in a position to make the proud
for an error on a person as to blame it on him? And announcement that his father was "in the business
finally, but without undue insistence, may it not be
of a stevedore”— fine and mysterious word. Some
as well, in a serious and scholarly essay, to let
such imposing term must be found for the hitherto
"grown-ups" give place to the less questionable
so lamentably nondescript occupation of the envious
and at the same time shorter and equally expressive youngster's father; but to all appeals that unsatis-
" adults”?
factory parent, with great apparent enjoyment of
the situation, put off the petitioners with strange
THE BEGINNINGS OF LIBRARY SCHOOLS are com and unheard of attributions that would have made
monly placed in the last quarter of the nineteenth them ridiculous to their school-fellows. His “say
century; but the diligent and scholarly Dr. Rich I'm a philosopher, say I'm a seeker for truth, say
ardson, of the Princeton University Library, pushes I'm a lover of my kind, say I'm an author of books
these beginnings back to a time some five thousand if you like; or, best of all, just say I'm a student,"
years earlier; and if instruction in the keeping of helped his offspring but very little toward a solution
tally sticks, for instance, or knotted strings, or of the perplexing problem. “Abject it certainly
scratched bits of stone, is to be considered as teach appeared,” now writes the author-son, “to be reduced
ing in library economy, one may consent to go all to the student' plea; and I must have lacked even
the way with Dr. Richardson in his burrowings the confidence of my brother Bob, who, challenged,
into the prehistoric past as illustrative of primeval in my hearing and the usual way, was ready not
practice in that department of education wherein only with the fact that our parent wrote,' but with
Mr. Dewey is generally regarded as the pioneer. In the further fact that he had written Lectures and
his recent book, “The Beginnings of Libraries,” | Miscellanies James.” A letter to a friend, Mrs.
the Princeton librarian asserts that the germs of the Caroline Tappan, from this lover of his kind and
modern library school are to be found “in the seeker for truth, we find beginning in this fashion,
schools of the Scriptoria of the middle ages, where not unsuggestive of a much more famous humorist:
librarians made as well as kept their books, and in “My dear Carry — Are you a carryatid that you
the temple schools of Greece and Egypt, where men consider yourself bound to uphold that Lenox edi-
were trained to all sorts of professions, including fice through the cold winter as well as the hot
the keeping of books. Such schools are alleged in summer? Why don't you come to town?”
Babylonia as early as 3200 B. C., and more primi-
tive still must be counted the schools for the training TENDENCIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN CONTEMPO.
in memorizing of ancient India. That some analo RARY MEXICAN LITERATURE are well summarized
gies to this training in the keeping of books existed in an article recently contributed to “La Revista de
in the collections of mnemonic books is not merely America” (published at Paris), by Señor Alfonso
inferred in general but found in the alleged train. | Reyes, son of the late General Reyes. Unlike laws,
ing of keepers of quipus in the use and publication arts are not silent amid the clash of arms. Wars
O


1914]
285
THE DIAL
even last
ena.
..
and poems, romances, pictures, and statues are as in the two years following 1910, and
year
coincident as sun spots and meteorological phenom the figure had not quite risen to that of 1910. Of
The Latin-American Republics, particularly course the necessity for judicious advertising is here
Mexico and Cuba, have been in a state of political apparent, and there are a multitude of other details
agitation or eruption for years. And these national to be considered. An early report from the Bureau,
birth-throes seem to have resulted in a great deal which has been investigating this whole question, is
of literary expression. Poetry seems to predomi- expected. Then perhaps we shall know more def-
nate in recent Mexican literature, as is natural in a initely why, among a people so rapidly growing in
dation struggling under great stress. The reign of number and so devoted to the cause of education,
the novel usually arrives in the piping times of the sale of books shows no corresponding vigor.
peace. Among the poets briefly reviewed by Señor
Reyes are Urbina, Diaz Mirón, Julio Ruclas, Jesus
A READER'S HINT TO INNKEEPERS who wish to
Valenzuela, Manuel José Orthon, Rafael López, increase the attractiveness of their hostelries, and
Manuel de la Parra, Eduardo Colin, and Roberto, thereby add to their revenue, is given in the corre-
Argüelles Bringas. Among prose writers and
Among prose writers and spondence columns of the London “Book Monthly."
critics, Señor Reyes cites Pedro Henriquez Ureña, The adoption of the suggestion might not contribute
whose influence he declares to have been incalcu to the greater comfort of a Falstaff taking his ease
lable, and Alfonso Craviolo, representative of the
at his inn, but it is conceivable that to a Shenstone
true literary feeling in prose. In philosophy there it might render still warmer that “warmest wel.
are named Gomez Robelo and Antonio Caso; and
come celebrated in the familiar quatrain. The
for the novel there is a champion in Carlos Gonzàles
words of the correspondent, who signs himself “A
Peña. Señor Reyes claims that Mexican literature
Travelled Reader,” are in part as follows: “I am
has widened its horizon of late years; that it no perfectly certain that an hotel would have an added
longer holds exclusively to French traditions and attractiveness for many people if it were known that
standards; that the younger men reflect the influence
it contained a decent library, with really readable
of some of our North American writers — Poe, Mr. books instead of hoary old yellow-backs' and still
Henry James, and Mrs. Edith Wharton. We own more boary works on subjects in which nobody is
we should like to see more of a blending together
interested whatever. I would not compel an hotel
of, and mutual admiration between, the Americas manager to read books, but I would point out that it
in literature; though of course racial instinct is
is to his interest to have in the house books which
stronger power than geographical contiguity. Señor the quiet customer, who is always the best customer,
Arturo de Carricarte, in his literary articles in “El would regard as friends. You will say that these
Figaro” of Havana, seems to be working to effect ideas, if they are not exactly Utopian, are raw - and
such an affiliation, though all the while championing that is true; but every idea is a raw idea before
the claims of Latin-American authors to place and somebody has reduced it to a successful state of
appreciation.
cooking.” Not so raw, after all, on this side of the
Atlantic. Mr. Arnold Bennett's pleased surprise at
HOW TO GET BOOKS TO THE BOOKLESS, who are finding in a certain Boston hotel an excellent library
counted even in this enlightened country by the tens with its own printed catalogue found expression in
of millions, is the present important problem with his late book on what he saw and heard in the United
those engaged in the publishing and the selling of States. But it is true enough that this Boston inn-
books. The still young but already vigorous Pub-keeper's praiseworthy example has not yet been fol-
lishers' Cooperative Bureau is now investigating lowed by many of his fellows even in this land of
existing conditions with a view to the adoption of libraries, while in other countries such an addition
methods that shall increase the sale of their wares.
to a hotel's equipment has scarcely been dreamt of.
In this broad land of ours only one person in about
seven thousand three hundred buys a new book in THE LUXURY OF RHETORIC is indulged in, more
the course of a year. The record in Great Britain or less, by most of us. A good mouth-filling oath
is reported as approximately one in three thousand is the plain man’s not infrequent testimony to the
eight hundred, the same in France, and what seems relief which language will sometimes bring to a
to be a much better record in Germany and Japan state of mental or emotional tension.
“Rien ne
(where, however, many pamphlets are classed as soulage comme la rhétorique,” declared a French
books), while in Switzerland there is the
very
credit master of the telling phrase; and a conspicuous ex-
able showing of one in eight hundred seventy-two. ample of the rhetorician addicted to unrestrained
Obviously, and as is maintained by the Cooperative indulgence in elaborate and vivid phraseology in
Bureau's manager, in many parts and over large our own tongue is, of course, the sage who preached
areas of our country not even the surface of book the virtues of silence. When he was in the throes
selling possibilities has been scratched. Some of literary composition he grumbled and groaned,
more thorough-going method of book-distribution, orally and in his letters, over the gigantic obstacles
as Edward Everett Hale long ago declared, is what to progress that he encountered; and when he had
the book-trade especially needs. It is significant no book on hand he was in even more wretched
that our book-production fell from 12,470 to 10,903 | plight. “Nevertheless, be complaint far from us,"
.


286
(April 1
THE DIAL
he writes in characteristic vein to his brother Alex. periodical, “The Library Miscellany,” of Baroda,
ander. “I am far sadder and gloomier of mind we find in the section devoted to India (and printed
than I used to be; but ought not to say that I am in English) the following: “At the suggestion of
to be called unhappy,— on the contrary rather. Mr. Govindbhai H. Desai, Subah of Kadi Division,
This wretched blockhead and beggar of a world can the Kadi Agriculturists' Association have organized
now do nothing for me, nothing against me; · a travelling exhibition of agricultural implements.
All is going (as you too feel) into unspeakable The Library Department has cooperated by sending
downbreak; and must either re-make itself on a an assistant who delivers lectures on library topics
truer basis, or die forever:- in either case with and social and moral questions. An assistant from
long misery and agony, sad to contemplate." To the Visual Instruction Branch, with a 'Kok'cinema,
Augustus Hare he bewailed in splendid rhetoric the sets of stereoscopes and stereographs, is also de-
hardship of his lot in having to endure the din of puted.” Do we see here the Oriental adoption of
the metropolis. “That which the world torments an American idea ? Another item may for more
me in most is the awful confusion of noise. It is
reasons than one prove interesting. “Mrs. Billious
the devil's own infernal din all the blessed day long, [one almost wishes the compositor had inverted the
confounding God's works and his creatures - a truly u], the widow of Mr. Billious, a Jew merchant of
awful hell-like combination, and worst of all is a Howrah, has declared her intention of making over
railway whistle, like the screech of ten thousand to the Howrah Municipality her palatial residence
cats, and every cat of them all as big as a cathe with about 150 bighas of beautifully laid out garden
dral.” But no compelling force obliged him to live situated in the heart of the town, to be utilized as a
Dearly half a century, as he did, in the heart of this public library. The deed of gift will take effect
uproar. What wealth of epithet should we not have after her death. The property is worth five lakhs
had from his lips and pen had he lived to hear the of rupees.” And will the institution thus generously
honk of the motor-car, the screech of the electric provided for be known as the Billious Public Library?
tram rounding a sharp curve, and all the other ear.
splitting inventions in the way of noise that the
THE DEATH
OF AN ACCOMPLISHED GREEK
twentieth century has produced !
SCHOLAR, such as Rufus B. Richardson showed
himself to be, is occasion for peculiar regret in
ONE WAY TO PRAISE A POET, a cheap and obvious these days of lessening regard for such scholarship.
way, is to belittle his rivals. Censure Homer for Theological studies seem to have claimed his devo-
his occasional nodding, and you thereby enhance tion in earlier life, his academic course at Yale hav-
the renown of Virgil -- or imagine you do. In the ing been followed by three years at the Yale Divinity
closing years of the last century William Vaughn School and further studies of the same nature at
Moody and those other gifted ones with whom he the University of Berlin. But in 1880, at the
associated at Cambridge decided among themselves sufficiently mature age of thirty-five, he accepted
that Tennyson lacked the spirit of true poetry; and the chair of Greek at Indiana University, whence
condemnation of a poet of Tennyson's fame must he was called to a like professorship at Dartmouth
carry with it a certain sense, innocent and harmless
two years later. There he remained until 1893,
enough, to be sure, of elation and superiority in the when he was appointed Director of the American
At a recent Chicago banquet of poets, School of Classical Studies at Athens, a post that
the guest of honor, Mr. William Butler Yeats, took
he held for ten years.
In his later retirement at
occasion to pay tribute to a brother poet, Mr. Nich Woodstock, Conn., be occupied himself chiefly with
olas Vachel Lindsay, in this wise: “I address Mr. writing and study. He was the author of many peri-
Lindsay because I have read his "General Booth odical contributions on archæological and classical
Enters Heaven,' and in it I recognize the work of subjects, and also of the books, "Vacation Days in
a brother poet. Before there can be great poetry Greece," "Greece through the Stereoscope," and
in any country the poets must be humble and sim "History of Greek Sculpture." Æschines's “Ora-
ple. The reason many of us have revolted against tion against Ctesiphon” was edited by him while
Tennyson is that he is too ornate. Paul Verlaine, he was at Dartmouth. He was born at Westford,
whom I saw in my youth, told me that he could not Mass., April 18, 1845, and died at Clifton Springs,
translate Tennyson because he was too 'English';
N. Y., March 10, of this year.
when he should have been bowed down with grief
he stopped for reminiscence. Mr. Lindsay speaks
LOCAL TALENT IN THE LIBRARY is commonly
the simple language of the humble people. He is a
preferred to imported. It is pleasant to deal with
truth-speaker." Why make invidious comparisons
an assistant whom one has known for years; it is
when it is sufficient to point out differences? There
sometimes embarrassing to go with one's questions
are diversities of poetic gifts, but the same spirit.
and complaints to an entire stranger behind the
delivery desk or in the reference room. Moreover,
ANTIPODEAN LIBRARY ACTIVITIES acquire for us tax-payers like to see their money circulate among
a certain peculiar interest from their very remote their own people, and not drained off by outsiders.
ness in geographical location. In the latest number Something may be read between the lines, as well
that has reached us of that enterprising trilingual as in the lines, of the announcement of the Cali-
censor.


1914]
287
THE DIAL
fornia Board of Library Examiners, printed in the knowledge to the mind, it should be incorporated into
current issue of “News Notes of California Libra it: it must not be sprinkled, but dyed with it; and if it
ries,” to the effect that “for the present no exami- change not and better her estate (which is imperfect) it
nations will be given outside the State, for many
were much better to leave it." And living under the
shadow of such wise counsel, he was, though young,
reasons: (1) Experience has shown that only per-
already on a fair way to attaining that ripeness of just
sons who have lived in the State and have done
library work in a way to gain personal knowledge tains only to him who has to good purpose spent his
estimation, that mild sufficiency of mind, which apper-
of California conditions really understand the county years in loving contemplation of the heights of human
free library plan for California. The aim of the effort. Withal he was no self-conceited prig, formid-
examination is to see how thorough the applicant's ably strutting his little way about the earth; but he was
knowledge is of the conditions under which the of an excellent catholicity of judgment, fulfilled of too
county free library work must be carried on, and of much wisdom either wholly to condemn the prejudices
the problems to be met in the work as it is actually
and excesses of the vulgar, or to approve the rigors of
being done in this State. A real and sympathetic
the puritanical. In fine, this youth was learned and yet
understanding of the work in California is thus
not a pedant, virtuous and yet tolerant, seriously disposed
and yet gifted with a ready sense of humor, and, with
absolutely necessary. (2) The members of the
whatever failures and haltings by the way, yet in all his
Board feel that the oral examination is very impor actions and in all his thoughts he was
tant. They feel that they cannot fairly judge of an
“Fain to know golden things, fain to grow wise,
applicant's qualifications without meeting him in Fain to achieve the secret of fair souls."
this way.”
And of him, as of Cowley, it could be said: “His learn-
A PROPOSED GIFT TO THE HARVARD LIBRARY
ing sat exceedingly close and handsomely upon him: it
was not embossed on his mind, but enamelled.”
comprises nearly three thousand volumes of Mormon
This, then, is the type of man of whom it was said,
literature collected by a Salt Lake City business
“O, but you know, he is such a dreadful high-brow ! ”
man and now offered for sale, as a whole, at two
If this were a solitary instance it would still be deplor-
dollars and fifty cents a volume. Secretary Roger able, but it is more than that. The recollection of
Pierce, of the Harvard Alumni Association, is everyone will rise up in confirmation of the belief that
urging the Utah graduates of the university to fur it is typical, the type and norm of an attitude that pre-
nish the money necessary to secure this collection, vails with the vast majority of Americans. These (and
and to let it find shelter in the splendid library
the fact is so well recognized that it passes for common-
building now rising on the site of Gore Hall. That place and excites no comment) use constantly our quoted
Mormonism possesses so large a body of literature
expression to indicate a certain light and nonchalant
as twenty-eight hundred volumes (the number given
contempt for all that is best in human endeavor, for all
that is worthiest in human thought. Lightly and almost
in the current report) will be news to many. The
without reproof do our friends, and often enough even
claim that this is the best collection of the sort in
our relatives, thus betray their feelings as to man's all
the West is not likely to be contested. Although too wavering but yet never ending search for rounded
the Mormon Church wishes to buy five hundred perfection.
volumes of the collection to complete its own library, Surely we are in no danger of making, as the phrase
the owner prefers to sell the whole lot at once. goes, mountains out of mole-hills in our serious depre-
cation of this general attitude. For it is more than a
betrayal of meanness,— meanness of life and ignorance
in thought,— on the part of the countless many wbo
COMMUNICATIONS.
hold to it; it is more than a tacit confession of com-
placent slothfulness, of self-satisfied frittering away of
“HIGH-BROW."
mind and the moral fibre that makes for character. It
(To the Editor of The DIAL.)
is in all this a sign of our disbelief in that fundamentally
A young woman was speaking to me the other day of important thing, right reason, as an efficacious guide in
one who held her, as I knew, to be the best and truest the conduct of individual life, and as a preëminent neces-
of friends, a well-tried and trusted companion.
And as
sity for any real greatness of national life. But beyond
she talked she exclaimed, laughing the while: “0, but and behind all this it is a subtle indictment, coming out
you know, he's such a dreadful high-brow!” I fear no of the mouths of those who are its typical fruit, of our
words will suffice for expressing the regret with which present mode of life. “It's a free country,” we bear
these thoughtless words filled me, and yet I cannot resist it said. And again, “There's no accounting for differ-
making the attempt. For the attitude bere suggested ence in taste.” Here, perhaps, are the secrets of our
how frequently does one meet with it, and how far national loss of dignity and poise, our pursuit of — well,
reaching is the real and serious havoc which it plays it may not be the worst in literature, but at all events
with the best tendencies and aspirations of our life! the mediocre, our disbelief in intellect and in the impor-
The reference was to a youth, brought up in an tance of rigorous intellectual discipline. For by free-
atmosphere of plain thinking and high living, who had dom we mean freedom to do as we please, forgetting
yet managed, despite his parents, despite the environ that it means, in a government constituted as ours is,
ment and authorities of his preparatory school and his above all things a grave responsibility. And therefrom
fashionable college, to maintain an instinctive love of springs our precious maxim regarding taste. In this
the best that life affords. He held, with the good connection we use the word with a very wide latitude
Montaigne, that “it is not enough to join learning and indeed, applying it to many things which are really not


288
(April 1
THE DIAL
matters of taste at all, but primarily matters for the ing brigands — to judge from the fact that the diligenza
exercise of sober and measured judgment. In other had been robbed by these gentry only a few days
words, we have, in so far as we might (and we are busy previously.
even now attempting to extend the boundaries), banished As for mutules and guttae, perhaps I should have been
authority from our lives.
a little more explicit; but surely it is justifiable to
Perhaps the fact is sufficiently known; it is rather intimate that the band or bracket adorned with globules
one of the results of this process that we are here con- (i. e., the mutulus adorned with guttae) constitutes a
cerned with. Just what the result is, we have been at group of ornaments representing raindrops; and I find
the pains of seeing; but perhaps it is not so plain that a similar expression in Smith's “ Dictionary of Antiqui-
our light-hearted contempt for intelligence is really a ties,” viz., “sets of drops, called mutules."
result of our mode of life. Freedom, however, as we In regard to the “Corinthian order," I was aware
know, means freedom to do as we please; and that an that some have banished it as a mere variety of the
instinctive love of the best is not the inheritance of Ionic. I knew also that Ruskin, on tbe contrary, asserts
most of us, we know from our national attitude towards that there never was, and never “ till dooms-day” could
right reason. Then, too, our mischievous saying about be, any order except the Doric (convex capital) and the
taste, as if there never had been such a thing as an Corinthian (concave). But I did not think it necessary
educated taste or a cultivated taste, gives us an added to enter into polemics on the subject. Perhaps, how-
justification for what we already regard as the axiomatic ever, I may here add that I regard what some writers
first law of our being - the freedom to conduct our call the “æsthetic appeal ” of the Corinthian order as
lives as superficially or as ignorantly as we choose. I, specifically different from that of the Ionic.
for example, am as “good” as anybody else in this Lastly, Syracuse and Hyblaean Megara are certainly
broad land, and my opinion is as “good as anybody not in the “southwestern corner of Sicily; but seeing
else's. So there is not — and how can there be ? — any that a few lines later (p. 118) Selinus is also put in the
popular or widespread respect for the rigorous pursuit S. W., and seeing that a map faces the text and puts
of the best that life affords. We have deceived our everything in its proper quarter, perhaps it might have
selves into believing that in our most ordinary moments, been fairer not to have stigmatized a venial lapsus
in our instinctive feelings, in our most ignorant phases calami as an “inaccuracy.” H. B. COTTERILL.
of thought, we are “good enough.” And of all this
Freiburg, Br., Germany, March 16, 1914.
the result is (certainly it is plainly enough a result by
now) that we as a nation are not merely neglectful of
PIONEER LIBRARY LEGISLATION IN ILLINOIS.
the best in human thought, the highest in human
endeavor, but we are complacently contemptuous of
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
those strenuous paths which lead us towards, though
A sentence in
your “ Briefer Mention” in the issue
never quite to, a rounded perfection of mind and soul.
of February 16 has just come to my notice: “In referring
Surely, then, it is high time for us to undertake a little to library legislation in Illinois he [Mr. Samuel Swett
inward searching of our hearts: for us to come to some
Green] might well have supplemented his mention of
sort of a realization that right reason is of the utmost
F. H. Hild's name in that connection by noting the
necessity for controlling any life that is to be truly good,
earlier and more important work of another Illinois
and that there can be no real test of worth save it be
librarian, who drafted the library bill of 1872 and was
centred in authority, — the authority of the trained
instrumental in procuring its passage."
judgment of the wisest and the best.
Why not give the name of this librarian who did this
R. S.
“ earlier and more important work”?
Indianapolis, Ind., March 21, 1914.
Dr. Samuel Willard, who died about a year ago at
the age of ninety-one, was the founder of free libraries
MR. COTTERILL'S “ANCIENT GREECE.”
in Illinois, drawing up the bill providing for them and
arguing for its passage. He established the Public
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Library of Springfield at that time, the first library
While thanking you for the friendly notice of my under the new law.
“ Ancient Greece that appeared in your issue of Dr. Willard came to Chicago in 1870 to teach history
March 1, I should be much obliged if you would allow in the one high school in the city of that day, and con-
me to answer publicly the allegation of your reviewer tinued twenty-seven years in the service. Few in-
that I“ignore the temple of Demeter at Paestum" and structors have done more for Chicago than he did in
“call the Poseidon temple simply Paestum.” If he will sending forth class after class inspired with the love of
look at p. 215 and 216 n. he will see that I speak of study for its own sake and of good reading for the joy
" the great Paestum temple,” by which of course is and satisfaction it bestows. SARAH W. HIESTAND.
meant the Poseidon temple; and on p. 217 he will see Chicago, March 19, 1914.
that I speak also of the Demeter temple and the
“ Basilica"; and on p. 454 he will find a description of [The paternity of the Illinois library law seems
all three Paestum temples and the remark that the to be subject to dispute. Our reference was to Mr.
Demeter temple is a “splendid ruin.” It seems almost
E. S. Willcox, veteran librarian of the Peoria Public
as if he had not observed that at the end of my book
there is an Appendix that gives an account of all the
Library. His work in connection with the law
finest Greek temples.
passed in 1872 was fully described in the Peoria
It comes rather as a surprise to be told that I am
“Journal” of May 19, 1895; and the article has
ignorant of, or ignore, the existence of a splendid ruin
been reprinted in a leaflet obtainable from Mr.
my acquaintance with which was made some forty-three Willcox, who refers all doubters to “the House
years ago, at a time when the delights of a visit to Journal of 1871" for verification of statements
Paestum were enhanced by the possibility of encounter made in the leaflet.—EDITOR THE DIAL.]


1914]
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THE DIAL
The New Books.
amusing things, the tremendously interesting' in the
seen bit or caught moment, and the general unsayability,
in comparison, of anything else. He never would have
GLIMPSES OF A GIFTED FAMILY.* perched, it must be added, on Rosinante-- he was fonder
of horses than of the method of Couture, and though
Fulfilling the promise of his earlier autobi-
with a shade of resemblance, as all simple and imagi-
ographic volume, “ A Small Boy and Others, native men have, to the knight of La Mancha, he least
Mr. Henry James now gives to his readers, in suggested that analogy as he passed in a spinning buggy,
“Notes of a Son and Brother," those fuller bis beard flying, behind a favorite trotter.”
memorials of the late William James that have Under Hunt's tuition, and with John La
been awaited with no little eagerness, and at Farge as sole fellow-pupil, William James for a
the same time draws in considerable detail the brief space applied himself with characteristic
portrait of his gifted father, with less elaborate whole-heartedness to the development of his
delineations of the other members of this ex unmistakable talent for graphic art. A pencil
tremely interesting family, and passing glimpses portrait of himself, prefixed as frontispiece to
of many more or less famous persons outside the book under review, and other specimens of
the domestic circle but of some intimate asso his facility as draughtsman elsewhere in the
ciation with the writer or his household. The volume, notably his pen-and-ink sketches in
period covered by the narrative is more partic- letters reproduced in facsimile, show a liveli-
ularly the decade between 1860 and 1870, with ness and originality that for the moment almost
some backward glances at a remoter past, and induce regret at his having so soon forsaken
a few incidental references to later years.
art for other pursuits. What his brother, always
After an experiment of five years and a half his admirer and repeatedly representing himself
of Europe in search of the right environment to us as his humble imitator, has to say in this
and atmosphere for his own and his children's connection is worth quoting:
intellectual and spiritual well-being, the elder “ He at a given moment, which came quite early, as
Henry James returned with his family to completely ceased to ply his pencil as he had in his
America and there continued the endless quest this constitutes exactly the interest of his case.
younger time earnestly and curiously exercised it; and
No
for ideal conditions. New York and Newport stroke of it that I have recovered but illustrates his
and finally Cambridge seem to have found aptitude for drawing, his possible real mastery of the
most favor with him, and it is in Cambridge art that was yet, in the light of other interests, so utterly
that the closing years of the decade referred to
to drop from him; and the example is rare of being so
see him somewhat contentedly and fixedly set-
finely capable only to become so indifferent."
tled, with his eldest son at last on the way to Always master of the given situation, as the
that choice of a calling in which he was later to
writer says of him, “ whatever he played with
distinguish himself, and the next oldest tasting
or worked at entered at once into his intelli-
the delights of some little literary success and gence, his talk, his humour, as with the action
dreaming of greater achievement to come. The of coloring-matter dropped into water or that of
immediate and deciding cause of the family's the turning-on of a light within a window.”
repatriation seems to have been William's Still again, and with engaging modesty on the
temporary passion for painting and his father's younger brother's part, it is said of William :
decision to place him under the instruction of
“ Whatever he might happen to be doing made
the prospectively famous artist whom a few bold him so interesting about it, and indeed, with the
and vivid strokes thus picture to the mind's eye quickest concomitance, about everything else,
in the pages before us :
that what I probably most did, all the while,
“ William Hunt, all muscular spareness and brown was but to pick up, and to the effect not a bit
ness and absence of waste, all flagrant physiognomy, of starving but quite of filling myself, the crumbs
brave bony arch of handsome nose, upwardness of strong of his feast and the echoes of his life.” The
eyebrow and glare, almost, of eyes that both recognised indulgent father's attitude toward such rapid
and wondered, strained eyes that played over questions
as if they were objects and objects as if they were ques- changes of bent as showed themselves in his
tions, might have stood, to the life, for Don Quixote, if eldest son is finely described in the book.
we could associate with that hero a far-spreading beard Calmly philosophical, with abundance of toler-
already a little grizzled, a manner and range of gesture
ance and an enviable cheerfulness, he evidently
and broken form of discourse that was like a restless
reference to a palette and that seemed to take for
believed in allowing his children free scope for
granted, all about, canvases and models and charming,
the development of such germs of genius, of
whatever sort, as might discover themselves.
*NOTES OF A SON AND BROTHER. By Henry James.
Illustrated. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Even the following of mistaken promptings


290
[April 1
THE DIAL
he seems to have regarded as educationally and later the Harvard Medical School, while
beneficial, so that his son says of him : his next younger brother, shaping his course
“I am not sure indeed that the kind of personal somewhat after the elder's example, as was his
history most appealing to my father would not have wont, betook himself likewise to Cambridge and
been some kind that should fairly proceed by mistakes, attended lectures at the Harvard Law School,
mistakes more human, more associational, less angular,
where both he and the reader wonder at behold.
less hard for others, that is exemplary for them (since
righteousness, as mostly understood, was in our parent's ing him going with mechanical regularity to
view, I think, the cruellest thing in the world) than listen to teachings that had not the slightest
straight and smug and declared felicities. . . . He had interest for him. But the Cambridge life brought
a manner of his own of appreciating failure, or of not
him into pleasant and helpful relations with
at least piously rejoicing in displayed moral, intellectual,
or even material economies, which, had it not been that
scholars and writers of note, and recollections
his humanity, his generosity and, for the most part, his of these quickening influences furnish much
gaiety, were always, at the worst, consistent, might some readable matter for his present book. Charles
times have left us with our small savings, our little ex Eliot Norton and the long book-lined library
hibitions and complacencies, rather on our hands. As
at Shady Hill were not the least of these im-
the case stood I find myself thinking of our life in those
years as profiting greatly for animation and curiosity portant factors in the stimulating of his literary
by the interest he shed for us on the whole side of the genius. He speaks with reminiscent rapture of
human scene usually held least interesting—the element, one beautiful morning when he went out to
the appearance, of waste which plays there such a part Shady Hill and, “to the accompaniment of a
and into which he could read under provocation so much
character and colour and charm, so many implications
thrill the most ineffable, an agitation that, as I
of the fine and worthy, that, since the art of missing or recapture it, affects me as never exceeded in all
of failing, or of otherwise going astray, did after all in my life for fineness," drank - to the lees the
his hands escape becoming either a matter of real ex offered
cup
of editorial sweetness — none ever
ample or of absolute precept, enlarged not a little our
field and our categories of appreciation and perception.” sion of this intoxicating experience is thus
again to be more delicately mixed.” The occa-
The father's favorite adjective when he wished
described :
to express disapproval, in his mild fashion, of a
“I had addressed in trembling hope my first fond
restless son's abandonment of one pursuit for attempt at literary criticism to Charles Eliot Norton,
another, was “ narrowing." Each of the eldest who had lately, and with the highest, brightest compe-
son's successive shiftings from art to chemistry, tence, come to the rescue of the North American
then to anatomy and physiology and medicine, life, and he had not only published it in his very next
Review, submerged in a stale tradition and gasping for
later to psychology and philosophy, was held
number the interval for me of breathless brevity -
by him to be narrowing ; and, again, when the but had expressed the liveliest further hospitality, the
second son turned to writing, “it was breathed gage of which was thus at once his welcome to me at
upon me," says the one thus mildly censured,
home. I was to grow fond of regarding as a positive
consecration to letters that half-hour in the long library
“ with the finest bewildering eloquence, with a
at Shady Hill, where the winter sunshine touched serene
power of suggestion in truth which I fairly now
bookshelves and arrayed pictures, the whole embrowned
count it a gain to have felt play over me, that composition of objects in my view, with I know not
this too was narrowing.” One queries whether what golden light of promise, what assurance of things
any concentration of energy whatever would
to come: there was to be nothing exactly like it later
have commended itself to this large-minded fresh felicity, certain decisive pressures of the spring,
- the conditions of perfect rightness for a certain
father as free from narrowness.
can occur, it would seem, but once."
Perhaps it was the fear of narrowing their Of other Cambridge celebrities recalled by
view and cramping their minds that made the the author, and of notable persons elsewhere
elder James look with disfavor upon a college that lend interest and variety to his pages,
education for his sons, his own memories of there is here no room to speak. Of his emo-
Union College in its beginning years not being tions at the outbreak of our Civil War, and his
of the most roseate hue imaginable. At any longings to be a participant in the conflict in
rate, a picturesquely miscellaneous and decid which his two younger brothers acquitted them-
edly spasmodic course seems to have been fol- selves honorably, but from which physical frailty
lowed in the studies of the early-expatriated excluded him, he has considerable to say. In
children; and perhaps such desultoriness and short, there is a wealth of matter in the book,
variety and so great freedom of election were presented with all the elaborate artistry dear to
best in this instance. After the return to Mr. James's readers, that renders it a remark-
America, William, soon forsaking art for sci-able piece of autobiography and one of the most
ence, entered the Lawrence Scientific School | notable works of the season. Its style, that of
on


1914)
291
THE DIAL
some
the author at his most characteristic-
a mere domestic contest between North and
would say, at his best, others, perhaps, at his South, was in reality a world-event of moment-
worst— is a wonder and a delight to the reader ous importance, whose influence and results were
fond of intricacy, of delicate shadings, of occa felt, and still are felt, in England and all Europe.
sional tangled involutions.
Hence the title, which affirms so emphatic-
The book's illustrations, from the hand of ally the permanent and world-wide historical
the versatile William James, add to its interest. significance of the Civil War.
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
The four lectures in the volume are as follows:
I., Principia; II., The Confederate Cotton Cam-
paign, Lancashire, 1861–62; III., Dis Aliter
Visum; IV., A Great Historical Character and
NEW LIGHT ON THE CIVIL WAR.*
Vae Victis. The first lecture treats of the grow-
Two years ago at Oxford University an Amer. ing differences between the two sections of the
ican History Lectureship was established, - an United States, based upon a differing interpreta-
outcome of the Rhodes Scholarship Foundation. tion of the Constitution and differing economic
This lectureship, providing for a course of lec- conditions, and analyzes for the British listener
tures each year, was inaugurated in 1912 by the relation between State and National sover-
Mr. James Ford Rhodes. In 1913, Mr. Charles eignty. For Mr. Adams's audience, this subject
Francis Adams was invited to give the second was absolutely vital to a correct understanding
series. These addresses, delivered in the Spring of his later lectures.
term of last year, are now issued under the title, The second and third lectures, however, offer
“ Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity.” The matter of the first importance for American as
title does not explain itself, and only illustrates well as British readers, for in them we find
again Mr. Adams's penchant for the striking valuable material and suggestions now for the
enigmatic phrase that piques the curiosity of the first time given to the public. Mr. Adams is
reader.
the first historian to estimate properly, or to
Previously to leaving for Europe, Mr. Adams emphasize adequately, the Lancashire Cotton
discussed the subjects of his forthcoming lectures Famine in its intimate relation to the English-
with his friend Mr. Bryce, explaining that he American diplomacy of the period. Again, he
proposed to present to his Oxford audience cer is first in an exact analysis of forces for and
tain events and phases of the Civil War, and to against the North in England; and last, and
examine these from a novel point of view. He perhaps most acutely interesting of all his offer-
hoped to present a new picture, and in so doing ings, is his microscopic study of the inner work-
to justify certain new conclusions. To his sur- ings of the British Cabinet, and the accurate
prise, Mr. Bryce failed to express sympathetic balancing of men and measures in their official
accord with the plan, and in friendly but none attitude toward the crisis in America. If these
the less assured fashion warned the lecturer that lectures were notable in no other particular,
the American Civil War was not now vital his- they would claim a most respectful hearing
tory at Oxford ; that it was quite hopeless to because of the new light they shed upon these
expect to revive interest in a subject which had three subjects. The Cotton Famine in its
left no imprint upon England or the outside bearing upon the war has long been overlooked
world, — a subject, in a word, so essentially and or underestimated by historians; sources of
narrowly American as was our great conflict of British popular opinion upon the Civil War
the sixties. Conceding the deep and stirring have not been known or investigated; while
impression the war made upon England at the materials for an accurate knowledge of the
time, Mr. Bryce still maintained that for En processes of British official action have, until
gland to-day the subject is but “ remotely
remotely now, not been available.
historical."
As viewed by Mr. Adams, the real crisis of
The assurance that the present day Oxford the Civil War came in England, rather than in
student was certain to regard the Civil War as any military movements or series of events in
a dead issue, failed to deter Mr. Adams from this country. Had official England decreed in-
undertaking the subject, and led him to defend tervention, recognized the Confederacy, broken
with greater earnestness his positive contention the blockade, and made the Southern cause her
that the Civil War in America, far from being own, it is certain that history would have been
TRANS-ATLANTIC HISTORICAL SOLIDARITY. By Charles differently written. No more serious menace to
Francis Adams. New York: Oxford University Press.
Northern arms could be conceived than British


292
[April 1
THE DIAL
interference in behalf of the South, and Mr. counted for. Mr. Adams's explanation furnishes
Adams clearly shows by how narrow a margin extremely interesting reading.
that danger was averted. He analyzes the forces Briefly, Palmerston and Russell had agreed
effective in English government and policy, and during September, 1862, that the moment for
among the English people, as overwhelmingly recognition of the South was at hand. Glad-
in favor of the South.
stone and other Cabinet members were aware
"In aid of the defiant, slave-holding Confederacy of this opinion; and Gladstone, at least, had
came,
first, the great British and Continental commer expressed his emphatic approval of the plan. So
cial, financial, and cotton-spinning interests, with their heartily was he in sympathy with the proposal,
far-reaching political influence; next, the suffering and so eager to bring it about, that he committed
textile operatives, not only of Lancashire but wherever
throughout other countries cotton was woven into cloth
the now famous blunder of his Newcastle speech,
- they numbered millions; third, the entire governing and, upon October 7, proclaimed the Cabinet
classes, as they then were, of Great Britain, including policy of intervention as practically assured.
the great landed interest. These last also were voiced,
The announcement was premature; and Palmer-
and most persistently as well as powerfully voiced, by
the London Times, known as "The Thunderer, at the ston, between whom and Gladstone there was
acme of its great and memorable career. Finally, the
much friction, immediately seized upon his sub-
French Emperor, for Napoleon III., now at the height ordinate's officious announcement as a matter
of his prestige, for reasons of state to which I shall for public denial. It was promptly stated with
presently make brief reference, was disposed to put forth
Ministerial authority that Gladstone was in
on behalf of the Confederacy all the influence he could
exert. A powerful combination, it was one, in a worldly
error. Thus, according to Mr. Adams, the mo-
and political sense, wellnigh irresistible.
mentous matter of intervention was postponed
“ Opposed to it was an array so apparently meagre
at the favorable moment. The Prime Minister
as to be almost pitiable; and if the alliance of forces I deferred for the time all action louking toward
have just described recalled Homer, that set over intervention, but did so unquestionably with the
against it was not less suggestive biblically – it was
David again confronting Goliath. Strange, wellnigh expectation that within a “fortnight or a month”
inconceivable, when now asserted in the full light of the
the subject would again be taken up and carried
event, that opposing array consisted simply of John to its logical conclusion. He could not know
Bright, the Tribune in Great Britain of Political and that the matter, once deferred, was disposed of
Industrial Democracy, and behind him • a little bit of a
for all time; that the opportune moment which
woman,' as she at that time described herself, just as
thin and dry as a pinch of snuff,' holding in her hand a
was essential to successful intervention had
book; but the woman was Harriet Beecher Stowe, and passed and could not be recalled. The Premier's
the book was entitled Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life postponement for the fortnight or month proved
Among the Lowly."
fatal to any action whatever.
John Bright, then champion of Democracy “ Within that space of time, as events then indicated,
and spokesman of the English people, together he confidently believed some definite military result
with Harriet Beecher Stowe, typifying the great
would be reached in America. Under the vigorous lead
of Lee and · Stonewall' Jackson, the Confederate army
anti-slavery sentiment of the nation, were the
might not improbably occupy Washington. And within
two great vital forces in England fighting for the period assigned something did happen! — but not
the North. Official opinion was forming; the
what the British Premier had anticipated. At just that
Foreign Secretary had prepared a confidential
critical juncture, and by the merest chance as to time,
Cabinet circular asking definite expression upon place in America. On September 22, while the Prime
one of the great events of the nineteenth century took
the American situation. The Prime Minister Minister and the Foreign Secretary were corresponding
himself was distinctly favorable to intervention ; with a view to the immediate recognition of the slave-
and a special Cabinet meeting, called for Octo- holding Confederacy, the Emancipation Proclamation
ber 23, 1862, was to put the Ministry finally
of President Lincoln had been made public. That
African servitude was an issue in the American struggle
on record. Previous historians have noted, as
could no longer be denied; the attitude of the national
does Mr. Adams, that this Cabinet meeting was administration could not be ignored. From that time
never held ; and that later, on November 13, the success of the Union cause meant the freedom of
when France had suggested to England joint regardless of the influence it would have on the immedi-
the slave. A conflict of Titans, in the conflict, wholly
action looking toward intervention, England ate European situation, the quondam Illinois rail-splitter,
declined the offer. That on November 13
by force of circumstances, and quite unconsciously to
England should decline any participation in an himself, became transfigured into a trans-Atlantic Jove,
intervention which, beyond a doubt, was practi- | had launched an unmistakable thunderbolt.
cally scheduled but a very few weeks earlier, is
“At first, in Europe, and more especially in Great
Britain, the proclamation was not taken seriously;
surely surprising. This unexpected change in
dazed, apparently, men seem in no way to have realized
British policy has never been satisfactorily ac its import. On the contrary, it excited scorn and


1914)
293
THE DIAL
derision. I have not time here to give sufficing passages and sympathetic, and is characterized by the
from the speeches of British public men and the news same exhilarating directness and virility that
paper editorials of the period; though they to-day read
mark the entire volume.
curiously. I must confine myself to a few brief extracts.
Mr. Beresford-Hope, for instance, a highly respectable
Since the publication of the present work,
member of Parliament, energetically characterized the Mr. Adams has been extremely fortunate in
proclamation as “This slavish type of weak yet demo acquiring additional material bearing upon the
niacal spite, the most unparalleled last card ever played
English Cabinet at this time. Some of this new
by a reckless gambler.' And a Mr. Peacock, the mem-
ber for North Essex, at a great Conservative demon-
material is incorporated in an amplification of
stration at Colchester towards the close of October, the Oxford Lectures now in course of delivery
declared that if the proclamation was worth anything at the Johns Hopkins University. In these lec-
more than the paper on which it was inscribed, and if
tures, which it has been the reviewer's privilege
the four millions of blacks were really to be emanci-
to hear, Mr. Adams makes it clear that his later
pated on January 1st (then two months only distant),
we should be prepared to witness a carnage so bloody
findings materially alter certain conclusions in
as that even the horrors of the Jacquerie and the mas the present volume. Whether this latest gather-
sacres of Cawnpore would wax pale in comparison' ing of new material from England is to appear
and so forth and so on. Furthermore, the proclamation,
in print as a result of the Baltimore Lectures,
he declared, was one of the most devilish acts of
fiendish malignity which the wickedness of man could
or whether it is to be reserved for later publi-
ever have conceived.' And the London organ of the
cation, the lecturer has not stated. In
any case,
Confederacy spoke within limits when it declared that historical students will look forward with eager-
while every organ of a considerable party pronounced
ness to its appearance in print.
the edict infamous,' a “similar opinion of it was enter-
Here, then, are four wholly delightful lectures
tained by every educated and nearly every uneducated
Englishman.
upon the Civil War. They discuss details of
“ Viewed in the cool, clear perspective of history and
events and intricate steps of diplomatic pro-
through the half-century vista of subsequent events, cedure that might easily make dull or difficult
there is indeed now something distinctly humorous in reading, while much space is given to minute
the simple and honest, but altogether complete self-
deception in which the educated' Englishman then
and painstaking analysis. But the lectures are
nursed himself. What he really objected to, and for wholly enlivening and stimulating. There is in
the best of reasons from his point of view, was the each chapter a thread of narrative which holds
onward movement towards • Democracy'— that he felt the attention of even the casual reader; while
in the very marrow of his bones.”
for the student of the period, the volume is
The favorable chance for intervention rested certain to be read with care and genuine satis-
not so much upon American conditions as upon faction.
EPHRAIM DOUGLASS ADAMS.
the attitude of the British public. And all the
virulent speeches in condemnation of the Eman-
cipation Proclamation to the contrary not-
THE LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS
withstanding, the British public would never
OF LONDON.*
support the Government that should interfere
to perpetuate the slave-holding Southern Con One has only to glance through the two
federacy. By the end of 1862, the democratic
volumes cited below to be deeply impressed with
instinct of Great Britain, inspired by John
the part which London has played in our litera-
Bright's assertion that the North was fighting
ture. A large number of English authors were
the cause of Democracy, and thoroughly aroused
born in London; many others sooner or later
by Lincoln's Proclamation, which also Bright migrated to London; and the London back-
applauded, had created upon the Government grounds have always been most attractive to
such pressure that, in spite of its inclination, it
literary men. The thought of London as a
dared not consider any step that might bring it
microcosm has been familiar to us at least since
into conflict with the North. In these two chap-
Ackermann's time, more than a century ago.
ters Mr. Adams opens new ground. The reader Here have always congregated those types dear
will be convinced that in the story of the Lan-
to the heart of the novelist, the playwright, and
cashire Cotton Campaign there is here sketched,
the satirist - Pendennis, and Colonel Newcome,
for the first time adequately, the crisis of the and Nigel Oliphant, and Micawber, and Sam
Confederacy.
Weller, and Sir Harry Wildair. It is some-
Upon the fourth lecture, “A Great Historical *THE BOOKLOVER'S LONDON. By A. St. John Adcock.
Character,” it is unnecessary to comment. Mr.
With twenty illustrations by Frederick Adcock. New York:
The Macmillan Co.
Adams's presentation of General Lee, and of
LONDON IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. By Percy H. Boynton.
the conditions at the close of the war, is broad University of Chicago Press.


294
(April 1
THE DIAL
what surprising, then, that notwithstanding the otherwise, is there not truth in this view?
large number of works on the antiquities of Shakespeare is a shadowy figure at best, so
London, there should be few or none dealing shadowy that certain vandals have sought to
generally with the literary atmosphere of the deprive him of his fame and give it to Bacon or
great city, or in which a comprehensive attempt some other impossible person ; but how real is
is made to set forth the literary use made of the Falstaff, and the young Henry V., and Richard
various streets and buildings and localities of III.! Thackeray, too, and Dickens will in time
what De Quincey called “the nation of Lon become mere names, except to the few who read
don."
their biographies; but Becky Sharp and David
The two volumes before us in a way comple- | Copperfield and Sydney Carton will live for
ment each other. Beginning with Chaucer's many generations.
day, Mr. Boynton gives us a series of ten pic This, then, is the point of view taken by Mr.
tures of London, based as far as possible on Adcock. Acting as a cicerone, he takes us here
contemporary evidence. He shows us the city and there through the city in a succession of
of Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden, Ad-walks, pointing out who in fiction have lived in
dison, and Johnson, thus giving two chapters this or that place, and how the scene has changed
each to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; since their time. It is surprising how much he
then he writes three chapters on the nineteenth finds in every part of the city. Take, for ex-
century, and one on the twentieth ; a justifiable ample, South London. Passing down Borough
proportion. Appended is a representative list High Street, we come to Lant Street, where Bob
of about fifty novels, with references to the Sawyer, the medical student in “ Pickwick,”
parts of the city of which the authors treat.
first encountered Sam Weller. Across stood the
This list might have been considerably extended, the King's Bench Prison, to which the officers
but is good as far as it goes. Mr. Boynton's brought Mr. Micawber from Windsor Terrace;
narrative of the development of the city is well and further down stood the Marshalsea, full of
balanced ; and armed with his references, one memories of Little Dorrit and her family. Then
can go on almost indefinitely reading about the there is St. George's Church, of which William
city as it figures in drama and fiction. One Halliday, in “The Orange Girl," was the organ-
must add with regret that the volume is disfig- ist. Round the corner of Horsemonger Lane,
ured by some bad misprints.
John Chivery, lover of Little Dorrit, had a
Mr. Adcock pursues a different plan. He is tobacco business. Beyond Camberwell Green
interested not in chronology or in topograph- lived Wemmick and The Aged, in “ Great
ical development, but in septimental journeys Expectations.” Mr. Adcock is not concerned
to places peopled by the novelists. Going up
with the fact that Browning was born in Cam-
Cornhill, for example, he recalls the fact that berwell — he might at least have referred to it,
near by was
but he knows that Nancy Lord of Gissing's
“ The court in which Scrooge, of Dickens's Christmas
“ In the Year of Jubilee" lived in Grove Lane,
Carol, had his home and business premises, and that
coming from his bleak tank of an office one cutting,
and that Samuel Barmby lived in Cold Harbour
wintry night Scrooge's clerk, Bob Cratchit, was so Lane before he prospered and went to live in
carried away by the joyous spirit of the season that he Dagmar Street. At Brixton, Osmond Waymark
"went down a slide on Cornhill, at the end of a lane of in Gissing's 6. The Unclassed
was a teacher.
boys, twenty times in honour of its being Christmas
Vauxhall Station and Park recall the fact that
Eve'; and somehow Bob Cratchit became as real to
me in that moment as were any of the obvious people
Evelina used to go to the famous gardens, and
swarming on the pavement around me.
that Boz described them. Lambeth is full of
He is not therefore concerned so much with memories of Gissing's
memories of Gissing's " Thyrza”; while Lam-
where Shakespeare and Fielding and Gray and beth Marsh recalls the complaint of Luke in
Thackeray lived and what they saw in walking Massinger's “The City Madam” that his gentle-
through the streets; but he is deeply interested men apprentices wasted their time in its evil
in the “Grecian " as being connected with Fal haunts. Bethlehem Hospital or Bedlam recalls
staff and Shallow, and in the “ Bull and Gate” Totty Nancarrow, who passed it on her way to
in Holborn, where Tom Jones put up on his St. George's. Hereabouts, too, the Gordon
first visit to London, and in the Charterhouse rioters in “ Barnaby Rudge” used to gather.
as the old school of the Newcomes, father and Finally, the Bankside recalls « The Bell of St.
son, and of Pendennis. These men are for him Paul's,” to say nothing of the Elizabethan
the realities of life rather than are the authors theatres.
of their being. And much as we may wish it Mr. Adcock's book would have been perhaps


1914]
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>>
less interesting but certainly more useful if he under royal auspices, vice and vicious luxury
had omitted some of the long quotations and have seldom flourished more arrogantly than at
had included a full topographical index, in addi- that time.”
tion to the somewhat meagre general index which The Plague and the Fire changed the map of
is provided.
London. Although the old street lines were
Turning from these suggestive volumes to the preserved, in four years a new city arose on the
city itself, it may be worth while for us to glance ashes of the old — a city on the whole far plainer
at the successive stages of London's growth as and more severe than the old, relieved only by
related to literature, noting some features on the noble architecture of Wren.
which Mr. Boynton has dwelt, and calling atten When Addison settled in London, the town
tion to some others. In the walled London of
In the walled London of had swallowed up forty-seven outlying villages,
Chaucer's day, with its forty thousand inhabit- and had a population of three-fourths of a mil-
ants, the chief sights were the Bridge and old lion. After the reckless profligacy of the Stuart
St. Paul's. The narrow, irregular streets, full times, London was inclined to sober down and
of the smells of garbage and offal, were roughly reflect upon its ways, in which “ The Spectator.
paved with large stones, and were lined with helped. The great growths of the time were
small wooden houses. Morris's “ London small the coffee house, the club, and the periodical
and clean and white ” scarcely existed except press; Mr. Boynton perceives also a new atti-
in romance. The various handicrafts were pretty tude of respect toward women.
well segregated. The rich preyed on the poor: By Johnson's time the territory of Southwark
a good picture of a poor man is seen in “London was almost as large as the City had been in
Lyckpeny” (which, by the way, is not by Lyd- Chaucer's day. “Between 1750 and 1765 new
gate : both our authors here follow a tradition houses are said to have gone up at the rate of
no longer accepted among scholars). The re over a thousand a year. Yet though London
ligious life was much in evidence. Of Chaucer's was growing rapidly, it lost none of its charm.
twenty-nine pilgrims, ten had something to do “ Johnson explained that it was in the multiplicity
with the church or the great orders; and all of
of human habitations which are crowded together, that
them were performing a religious task.
the wonderful immensity of London consists.' Boswell
endorsed both himself and his subject when he said:
When Shakespeare went to London in 1586, • The intellectual man is struck with it, as comprehend-
the population had increased to about a hundreding the whole of human life, in all its variety, the con-
thousand, and many houses now stood outside templation of which is inexhaustible.' To Burke it was
the walls. The city had become secularized ;
an endless addition of littleness to littleness,' yet clean,
commodious, neat.' Gibbon, more candid, wrote: Never
the religious orders had disappeared, and men,
pretend to allure me by painting in odious colours the
turning from morbidly anxious attempts to save dust of London. I love the dust.' The great city was
their souls, had developed a deep interest in the all things to all men, a center of learning, a well-spring
affairs of the present world. As Mr. Boynton
of intellectual pleasures, a vast market, an assemblage
points out, this is well illustrated by the growth
of taverns, a breeder of strong men, a heaven upon
earth.' Johnson, as usual, gives us the conclusion of
of the theatres, the performances in which now
the whole matter: "No, Sir, when a man is tired of
consumed much of the Londoners' time. Paul's
London, he is tired of life; for there is in London all
Walk continued to be a chief. rendezvous. that life can afford.'"
Cheapside was unchanged. The Thames was a One of the chief amusements of this very
noble stream, an important highway for business satisfactory city was gambling. Mr. Boynton
and pleasure, on which some have estimated that recalls the fact that the British Museum was
forty thousand persons earned a living. There begun with a lottery whose sponsors were the
was such extravagance in food and dress that Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancel-
the cost of living must have been relatively very lor, and the Speaker of the House of Commons,
high; all of which sounds strangely modern. and by means of which £100,000 were raised.
The youthful Milton beheld the growth of At Almack's (later Brooks's) and other similar
Puritan opposition to the stage which resulted places play ran high. For other diversions one
in the closing of the theatres for eighteen years. went to Vauxhall, reopened in 1732 after nine-
When they re-opened, conditions were, as Pepys teen years of disuse; to Ranelagh, established
remarks, 6 a thousand times better and more in Chelsea in 1742; to Marylebone Gardens; or
glorious than ever heretofore." The Puritan to Bagnigge Wells. Roystering and mob vio-
restrictions upon conduct, as is well known, led lence were much in evidence; the latter culmi-
to the most violent reaction. Mr. Boynton puts nating, one may say, in the Gordon Riots, so
it mildly : “ It is not too much to say that, I vividly portrayed in “ Barnaby Rudge.”


296
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THE DIAL
In Lamb's time the City had become almost Here let us take leave. With the London
depopulated of residents-a London de-London-
a London de London. of tubes and motor busses and evening papers
ized. Lamb himself frequented the district and luxurious hotels we will here have nothing
between Ludgate Circus and Charing Cross; to do. That belongs to the next century, for
while Byron, between 1808 and 1815, was to which the London of to-day will doubtless have
be found between Trafalgar Square and Hyde the same charm which Johnson's London has
Park. It is interesting to compare the impres- for us.
CLARK S. NORTHUP.
sions London made upon the two. For Lamb,
the city was a never-failing source of delight,
with its streets, markets, theatres, churches, WOMAN AND THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE.*
its lamps, its coaches, its midnight cries of
“Fire!” and “Stop thief !” its Inns of Court,
Whether we consider that ability for scien-
its old book-stalls. Place by the side of this
tific research arose as a by-product of human
Don Juan's first sight of the city:
evolution, or in some other way, it has become
an asset of the first importance to our species.
“A mighty mass of brick, and smoke, and shipping,
Dirty and dusky, but as wide as eye
The history of nations and the experience of
Could reach, with here and there a sail just skipping individuals alike indicate that prosperity and
In sight, then lost amidst the forestry
progress must come through new ways of util-
Of masts; a wilderness of steeples peeping
izing inherent abilities, the discovery of self
On tiptoe through their sea-coal canopy;
A huge, dun cupola, like a foolscap crown
being the first step toward the discovery of the
On a fool's head - and there is London Town!"
laws and potentialities of nature. It is prob-
And this was typical of Byron's attitude toward to-day resemble the steam engine in the small
able that the most highly civilized nations of
London in general.
The London we see through Dickens's eyes
proportion of useful work done in comparison
with the energy expended; so that the social
was a grim one. Of course there were slums
before Dickens's time; only they did not get conservation and utilization, of the avoidance
problem, like that of the engineer, is one of
into history and literature. Thackeray's Lon-
of waste.
don was naturally different. It “started with
It is, therefore, extremely interesting to
social position and used Bohemia as a back. inquire whether the commonly received opinion,
ground as naturally as Dickens's started with
that women are less competent than men to
poverty and resorted to the West End only by
in research, has
engage
any
foundation in fact.
way of contrast." Yet it was still an old.
The answer, if it can be found, is no longer a
fashioned city,
matter of mere sentimental interest, but involves
“Untouched by the march of comfort. There were no
the most practical considerations.
telephones, nor telegraphs, nor railways above or below
ground. There were no electric lights, nor motor through the organization of society, and in con-
busses, nor elevators; no department stores nor penny sequence of our customs and prejudices, pre-
post. . . . Old cities are like old houses. You cannot venting the development of an enormous amount
introduce all the modern conveniences without changing of intellectual ability, which might be of incal-
the looks of things."
culable value to our species? That this ques-
In the Victorian era the clubs came into full
tion is not inherently absurd, is shown by the
flower. Pall Mall is a creation chiefly of the history of science as cultivated by men: the
reign of Victoria ; so are many of the Govern- long periods of stagnation and infertility, cer-
ment buildings. As a literary centre, Chelsea tainly due to nurture rather than to nature.
now assumes importance, with the Carlyles,
Dr. Mozans, in a work of over four hundred
Leigh Hunt, Rossetti, George Eliot, Swinburne,
pages, seeks to show that women not only are able
and Meredith. “There must have been abundant
to engage in severe intellectual labor, but that
ozone in the Chelsea atmosphere.". Yet the they have done so in very numerous instances
whole London atmosphere was stimulating.
in the past, with the most brilliant results. He
“Seldom has there been deeper breathing, heartier begins with a discussion of woman and education
joking, more uproarious laughter, or sterner invective.
in ancient Greece, and after a short chapter on
The general discontent that prevailed in Victorian
London belonged to the spirit of the age, which was an
woman's capacity for scientific pursuits, describes
age of transition. If the early century was troubled,
in detail the achievements of women in mathe-
as it surely was, it was by the cheerful trouble of
*WOMAN IN SCIENCE. With an Introductory Chapter
change.' And if the adjustments which were incessantly
on Woman's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind. By
taking place made more for chaos than order, it was H. J. Mozans, Ph.D. With frontispiece. New York: D.
because the creed of humanity was on its honeymoon.'' Appleton & Co.
Are we,


1914]
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THE DIAL
This no
matics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, judgment, after teaching both men and women
medicine, archæology, and invention. Then for many years, is that not even this difference
follows a chapter on women as inspirers and exists. As a matter of fact, when I have men
collaborators in science, and a final one on the and women undergraduates in the same class,
future of women in science, with a summary of the women always average better, generally
the argument. There is a good bibliography. considerably better, than the men.
The author has been indefatigable in search more proves that the female sex is inherently
ing the records of the past, and has assembled superior, than the reverse is proved by the argu-
a surprising amount of information. When, ments one often hears. The reasons for this
however, the reader has recovered from his state of affairs are complicated; but college
first astonishment at the array of illustrious women have on the whole fewer outside activities
names, he is likely to reflect that after all, when than the men, and are not so likely to be taken
these are spread out over the length of history up with purely “professional” courses. It is
and the breadth of civilization, they are as rare also probable, since the women at college are in
as comets in the sky. He is likely to note that a minority, that they represent a more selected
one comparatively small volume is needed to group. John must go to the university, to get
recount the scientific deeds of women, whereas ready for law, or medicine, or what not; but it
nobody would think of writing such a book on is not worth while to spend money on Mary
“Men in Science.” In all probability, he will unless she is clever. In some cases, I believe
also remark on the extremely eulogistic phrases that women gain an advantage from the way
used to describe the women whose brief biogra- they approach intellectual subjects. The boy,
phies are given, and recall that the usages of mixing with other boys, has acquired certain
society have sanctioned every kind of gross active prejudices; the girl, coming into contact
exaggeration and flattery in descriptions of with a new world of thought, naïvely appreciates
women by men. It will occur to him that the things more nearly according to their real merits.
author has assiduously and quite uncritically Some people call this “feminine intuition”;
collected all these sayings, with perhaps no but is it not rather lack of social inhibition ?
Dr. Mozans remarks on the multitudes of
who might endeavor to picture the personal unmarried women,— necessary multitudes, be-
appearance of Queen Elizabeth from the letters
cause of the numerical excess of their sex in
and addresses delivered to her during her life-civilized countries. Why should not they be
time.
contributing to the advancement of knowledge ?
All these reflections are obviously tinctured It is, however, extremely undesirable to hinder
with ancient prejudice; we will not say mascu the ablest women from getting married, and
line prejudice, for women are as likely to feel equally undesirable to leave scientific research
it as men.
It does appear, however, that the in the hands of any but the able. Madame
author's narrative requires to be taken with a Curie is said to be an expert on babies as well
certain amount of salt, and especially to be as on radium; and when we have discarded
supplemented by some other considerations. some hoary notions, and have found really edu-
The book is rather weak where it might have cated husbands for our brilliant women, it will
been strong, in its treatment of the woman of probably not appear that marriage is a fatal
to-day. There are two rather distinct questions obstacle to scientific activity. Dr. Mozans does
involved: whether women in general are intel- not so consider it, of course; but we protest
lectually inferior to men, and whether it is against the idea of presenting to a young woman
possible for women to exhibit very high mental the alternatives of science or marriage, as may
powers. The latter point must certainly be easily be done with the best intentions. It is
conceded, even if we temper the glowing pages not long ago since university fellows were re-
of history, and confine ourselves to the most quired to remain celibate; and very good argu-
authentic cases. Everything Dr. Mozans has ments can be adduced in favor of this rule, until
recorded might be literally true, and yet it we begin to look at things in a larger way.
might be true that the female sex was appre Among men and women, there will arise a
ciably inferior to the male in intellectual powers, certain number of individuals endowed with
taken as a whole. Dr. Mozans, in his concluding such remarkable powers that they become ex-
chapter, suggests that the sexes have substan- ceptions to ordinary rules, and require special
tially equal powers, but men, as Etienne Lamy environments. If a teacher finds one such during
said, prefer analysis, women synthesis. My own a lifetime, he is fortunate, and it is his duty to


298
(April 1
THE DIAL
cance.
do everything in his power to bring about the enough, he could and would evolve beauty. For
fruition of so rare a plant, throwing all consid people without money the case was hopeless, and
erations of time and academic technicalities to beauty in the home out of the question. But
the winds. He is, however, mainly and essen we have now renounced that belief; though
tially concerned with the normal person of good we accept hints from the professionals, we have
ability, who should lead a normal life, and con discovered that no home is really beautiful unless
tribute his share to the progress of the world. it expresses, to some extent at least, the individ-
I believe it is perfectly practicable for the uality of the family that occupies it. We know
majority of such people, let us say a fourth or better than anyone else our own desires, our
a sixth of the adult population, to serve at least own limitations, and what minor things we are
as privates in the intellectual army, and in the willing to sacrifice in order to secure our chief
course of a lifetime to make positive contribu wants. Fortunately, the money side of the
tions to human thought or knowledge. It is question has faded into comparative insignifi-
doubtless possible for a very much larger num-
So many beautiful patterns and colo
ber to have intellectual interests of some kind, are now offered in inexpensive fabrics, so many
though not actually engaged in consecutive work. charming designs in simple but graceful and
This means a great extension of “amateur" honest furniture, that even the household of
activities, and a great increase in general cul- limited purse need not despair. In what we
ture; not only fruitful in itself, but furnishing refrain from buying, quite as much as in what
a public well able to appreciate and utilize the we buy, do we proclaim the quality of our taste.
greater labors of the genius. So far as history This means that household decoration, like
and experience show, there is absolutely no rea all art, requires education in its fundamental
son why women should not share equally with principles. While good taste comes more natu-
men the glories of such a renaissance.
rally to some persons than to others, there are
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
few who do not need a certain amount of train-
ing,- at least enough to save them from the
dictum of the decorator or the follies of the
faddist. A right and necessary use of books on
EVOLUTION OF HOUSEHOLD DECORATION.*
the subject is apparent here. If we want an
Thirty years ago when Oscar Wilde came to
eighteenth century house (and it happens that
America, he hastened to tell us what he thought there is a growing revival of fondness for eigh-
of our houses. Most of them, he said, were th century work) let us by all means consult
“illy designed, decorated shabbily and in bad the English books devoted to this period. But
taste, filled with furniture that was not honestly the number of people who build their own
made and was out of character.”
At first we
houses is very small compared with those who
were indignant; when we had calmed down a
live in houses or apartments built for them by
bit and looked about us, we found the charges others; to adapt and furnish to their own taste
to be true; then we said to each other, “What these ready-made habitations is the main con-
can we do about it?” Soon came individual
cern of the large majority.
efforts at reform, and later, magazine articles While the character of the house must of
and books pointing out the ways we should go. course dominate the situation in considerable
Now we have arrived at a stage where pub part, it cannot be allowed to do so entirely. All
lishers' lists show a somewhat appalling array the conditions of modern life have changed so
of books on household decoration. These books completely in the last two decades, that a house
are of wide appeal, since there are few persons older than that presents a very stubborn face.
who do not at some time in their lives plan to Suites of gilded and high-ceiled rooms in which
build or to furnish a home. During the reign the more formal etiquette of an earlier day
of the ugly, now commonly known as the mid- delighted
delighted are quite out of key with the mood of
Victorian period, the whole business of house the “tired business man” in his American
decoration was turned over to the professional home or apartment. What he and his family
decorator; the theory being that, given money want is something as far removed as possible
*HOME FURNISHING. By George Leland Hunter. Illus from artificiality and affectation ; to banish the
trated. New York: John Lane Co.
old traditions and to create the proper atmos-
THE HOUSE AS HOME. By Mrs. Arthur Stallard. Illus.
phere in the modern home are the chief aims in
trated. New York: James Pott & Co.
THE HOUSE in Good Taste. By Elsie de Wolfe. Illus-
our new art of house decoration. Accordingly,
trated. New York: The Century Co.
it is not surprising to find in the three recently-


1914]
299
THE DIAL
66
published books on the subject, with which we to bring about the unhappy state wbich now
have here to deal, an emphatic refusal to remain obtains in domestic service as the supplanting
imitative and an earnest effort to become crea of carpets by rugs and hardwood floors. The
tive.
daily care of these doubles the work even in a
Moreover, many new appliances of science small house.
call for a new art in their use. Electricity has Of the other books before
us,
it
may
be said
come to supplant the candles, lamps, and gas of that their essential difference is well indicated in
the earlier times; hence arise entirely new their respective titles, “The House as Home"
problems in residence illumination. Compara- and “The House in Good Taste.” The first-
tively little attention has been given to this named is by an Englishwoman, Mrs. Arthur
problem by illuminating engineers, their efforts Stallard, whose qualifications are suggested by
having been concentrated on the larger and her certificates and diplomas from schools of art
more lucrative contracts for commercial and and of cookery. Her book
and of cookery. Her book goes into much detail
public buildings. Our new books wisely devote concerning such subjects as kitchens, basements,
considerable space to the subject of lighting stores, cookery, children, servants, etc. It is
fixtures, In Mr. Hunter's volume occurs this illustrated by twenty-four plates from photo-
instructive passage:
graphs by the author, mainly views in her own
Light is the most beautiful thing in the world. It home; but these are so commonplace as to
is not only beautiful in itself, but upon it depends the detract from the book rather than add to it. The
beauty of all beautiful objects. Without light they might
as well be nonexistent. Carefully to conceal light sources
text is more convincing than the pictures.
is deliberately to abandon the greatest decorative possi-
Miss Elsie de Wolfe's volume wil be likely
bilities. The work of the illuminating artist is to place to attract considerable attention, not only be-
and so shade the lights correctly that they glow with cause the writer is well known as a professional
gentle, grateful radiance. ... I cannot sufficiently decorator, but because her publishers have made
emphasize the difference that exists between the simple
rooms in light colors and the elaborate rooms in dark
such a beautiful book of it. Moreover, Miss
colors. The latter take from two to five times as
de Wolfe writes in an easy and intimate way,
much light without being satisfactorily illuminated. .. telling of what she has herself done in recon-
Frosted bulbs are one of the most blessed inventions of
the age. They absorb 10 or 15 per cent of the light, structing three old houses for her own use, two
but increase the amount of effective illumination. With
in New York City and one in Versailles, France.
85 per cent of the light, the eye can see better than it
All of these houses she adapted for exclusively
could with 100 per cent. For the burning of the eye feminine occupancy,—though the writer need
by the filament closes the pupil and makes it inefficient. hardly have mentioned that fact, for in all three
Frosting also tones the light slightly toward the cream."
cases the details show most of the features that
In Mr. Hunter's comments on the subject of the average man most detests. Miss de Wolfe
rugs, tapestries, draperies, etc., we find much remarks in her opening pages: “Men are for-
valuable counsel. Best of all is a chapter of ever guests in our homes, no matter how much
good sense on a subject so long treated with happiness they may find there. . . . Man con-
open abuse or silent contempt by writers on ceived the great house with its parade rooms,
interior decoration, — the subject of carpets its grands appartements, but woman found
covering the whole floor.
eternal parade tiresome, and planned for herself
“ Many persons undoubtedly use rugs where carpet. little retreats, rooms small enough for comfort
ing would be much more attractive decoratively as well
and intimacy.” Granting these premises (which
as much more comfortable. ... The more I think about
carpets and carpeting, the less defense they seem to need.
the present reviewer by no means can do), the
The vacuum cleaner removed any objection that could book contains many feasible and artistic sug-
be made against them as dust collectors. And the fact gestions. One of the best chapters is that on
that they do collect and hold the dust instead of leaving 6 The Effective Use of Color." Has not the
it to float loose in the air every time a door or a window
is opened, is a strong argument in their favor as well as
time come when we are ready to hear a strong
in favor of textiles generally. ... Certainly, in halls plea for more color in our houses? Are we
and on stairways and especially in dining-rooms they not all a little tired of neutral backgrounds,
are not only more comfortable but they are often more patternless wall-papers, grey paint, etc.? Futur-
decorative. Rugs break up a room and make it look ism, Cubism, Synchromism, clamoring to be
smaller, carpets pull it together and give the maximum
appearance of size. A long, narrow hall looks much recognized as art, have many sins to answer for ;
better proportioned with a full carpeting than with a
but they serve one good purpose, at least, in
runner.”
calling anew our attention to the glory that lies
Had Mr. Hunter been a housekeeper he might in color. The fact that strong tints are now
well have added that nothing has done so much so generally demanded in pictures, wall papers


300
[April 1
THE DIAL
and costumes, seems to indicate that we are at
the beginning of an age of color.
The boast of the nineteenth century home was
that it made prompt use of the latest discoveries
and inventions of science; perhaps we of the
twentieth century may yet boast that we are
making good use of art, especially in the place
where it has been neglected longest — the decor-
ation of the home.
ANNA BENNESON MCMAHAN.
comes.
STRINDBERG IN ENGLISH.*
“The new American literature gave his skepticism an un-
expected support, about the time when he took up newspaper
work. American humorists began to be translated and seem
to have struck some highstrung chords in the hearts of his
contemporaries. The public accepted their jokes as jokes,
but Johan took them seriously — for they were serious.
They treated and analyzed everything from a modern stand-
point, and, consequently, everything was bosh! The Amer-
ican's sense for the real had discovered the real import of
life in the struggle for existence; purified from all hallu-
cinations, all ideals, and all romanticism, he understood the
relative nothingness of life and the absolute nothingness of
heaven, and he smiled a broad smile at the whole old civil-
ization. Neither rank, nor greatness, nor talent, nor wealth
could fool him into admiration; nothing old, nothing of the
past, inspired him with reverence. Napoleon and Wash-
ington, Michael Angelo and Beecher Stowe were treated as
saloon cronies; revolution and reaction, reformation and
renaissance were movements only, whether forward or back-
ward did n't matter; neither the subjugated woman nor the
subjugated negro drew tears from anybody; the newspaper
press, from which these authors had emanated, was treated
with the same contempt as any other business; dogmas and
art theories, contributions to the lynch laws, were taken all
*TAE RED ROOM. By August Strindberg. Authorized
translation by Ellie Schleussner. New York: G. P.
Putnam's Sons.
MARRIED. Stories of Married Life. Containing also the
tragicomedy, “Creditors." By August Strindberg. Author-
ized translation by Ellie Schleussner. Boston: John W.
Luce & Co.
THE SON OF A SERVANT. By August Strindberg.
Translated by Claud Field. With an Introduction by Henry
Vacher-Burch. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
THE CONFESSION OF A Fool. By August Strindberg.
Translated by Ellie Schleussner. Boston: Small, Maynard
& Co.
BY THE OPEN SEA. By August Strindberg. Authorized
translation by Ellie Schleussner. New York: B. W. Huebsch.
ON THE SEABOARD. A Novel of the Baltic Islands. By
August Strindberg. Translated by Elizabeth Clarke Wester-
gren. Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd Co.
THE INFERNO. By August Strindberg. Translated by
Cland Field. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
ZONES OF THE SPIRIT. A Book of Thoughts by August
Strindberg. Translated by Claud Field. With an Introduc-
tion by Arthur Babillotte. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
IN MIDSUMMER Days, and Other Tales. By August
Strindberg. Translated by Ellie Schleussner. New York:
McBride, Nast & Co.
August STRINDBERG: THE SPIRIT OF REVOLT. Studies
and Impressions. By L. Lind-af-Hageby. New York: D.
Appleton & Co.
PLAY8 BY AUGUST STRINDBERG. Translated by Edith
and Warner Oland. Third series. Boston: John W. Luce
& Co.
in a lump; no regard for personality existed; the faith in
court justice and the love for the common weal were blown
away to be replaced by the pocket revolver. It was the
portent of that anarchy of thought which was to burst forth
later on, it was the balance sheet of the old view of the
world, the beginning of the demolition.”
This passage from August Strindberg's autobi-
ography is significant and to American readers in-
teresting. It shows one of the sources from which
grew the spirit of “The Red Room.” The founda-
tion was laid long before: when the boy found that
he could not win his mother's love; when he was
punished for a theft of which he was not guilty,
while his aunt, who was the real culprit, calmly sat
by. Another stone was laid when he walked the
streets of Upsala with a backgammon box under his
arm, trying to find a friend who would help him to
kill the time which he, without books and without
money, could not spend in study; and again, in
Stockholm, when he did not know where he should
get food for the next day; finally, when the master-
piece of his youth, "Master Olof,” was refused by
the Royal Dramatic Theatre. Hence the motto
which he placed on the title-page of “The Red
Room”: “Rien n'est si désagréable que d'être pendu
obscurément,” — which motto the translator of the
English edition, probably not understanding its sig-
nificance, has omitted. “When I get to be thirty
I will write a novel,” he used to say
in his
younger
days. When his friends asked what the book would
be about, he answered: “We'll see when the time
When the time came he wrote “The Red
Room.” It is a large social canvas in which the
author shows society in cross sections, its tendencies,
its main figurants. He had discovered Dickens,
and here he had found his form. But when the
book appeared everybody cried“ Zola!” “L'assom-
moir" had just appeared in a Swedish translation;
and though there is nothing in Strindberg's book
that could be traced to the French author, the spirit
of revolt was evident in both works, and was recog.
nized by the champions of the existing order. Strind-
berg had as yet read nothing by Zola. But now he
began to read the Frenchman's works, and found
that he was superseded; the other had already said
all that he wanted to say. Strindberg then returned
to his “learned idiocies,” and began to delve in the
archives and libraries. The result was an historical
work, “The Swedish People,” heterodox as every-
thing he wrote; heterodox then,—but now the others
have caught up with him!
In 1884 appeared the book which should make
August Strindberg's name known far and wide:
•Giftas,” i. e., “To Marry,"— not “Married,” as
all the stories are not of married life, but all deal
with the problem of marriage.* Of this book the
author himself says: “He went to work with his book
on marriage with much sympathy and much old-
fashioned reverence for the mother, and he had his
ears full of talk about the subjugation of woman;
*Strindberg had actually considered the title, “Married
Folks,
," but instead selected "To Marry," for the above-
mentioned reason,


1914]
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THE DIAL
himself one of the subjugated, he wished to think out of omitting the first three paragraphs, which give
and experiment with means to save her and all others the historical and social setting to the book. One
that were oppressed.” After be had written some of the may hope that this translator will refrain from
stories he stopped to look over what he had written. attempting the remaining three parts of Strindberg's
The result was not what he had expected. He lived great autobiography; it is quite enough that he has
at this time with his family in a pension in Switzer- spoiled the first part, which, with its most interest-
land, a house full of women whom he met "at every ing story of the life of a boy and youth of unusual
meal, between meals and everywhere, idle, preten. sensitiveness, will always command a high place in
tious, pleasure-seeking.” Then he wonders where the autobiographical literature of the nineteenth
the husband might be, and " discovers the supporter century, and which should have been given to the
of the family.” In the preface to the first collection, English-speaking public in something like a faithful
the sociological viewpoint which ruled Strindberg is and spirited rendering.
very clearly brought out. Here he criticises Ibsen,
We
may be permitted here to correct a statement
who in “ A Doll's House” has a described an excep in Mr. Edwin Björkman's “Voices of Tomorrow,"
tional case and made it stand for a universal idea.”
where he says that Strindberg's mother was “a
And he shows how the ideal of womanhood has
barmaid who had brought three children into the
changed with the generations. The ideal of the world before her relations to their father was legiti-
eighteenth century is not the same as that of the
mized by marriage." Strindberg's mother was never
middle of the nineteenth.
a bar-maid; she was waitress in a restaurant, and
“To remove the woman question now, under present later his father's housekeeper and what we would
conditions, from its connection with other problems is impos-
call his common-law wife. The union was legiti-
sible, to attempt it dangerous. Woman's desire for libera-
tion is the same as man's unruly strife for freedom. Let us
mized a few months before August Strindberg's
therefore emancipate the men from their prejudices and the birth. He was not a welcome child, and was always
women will also be liberated. But towards this goal we conscious of this fact. Still, he always felt tied to
must work together, as friends, not as enemies.”
the mother with the strongest of ties. Before he
To quote from Strindberg's programme for the
was ten years old he and his older brother were
liberation of woman which follows this passage
sent to the country to a sort of summer boarding
would be interesting and instructive, but space for school. The steamer has left Stockholm and is far
bids. It should be read in its totality. This whole
out on the Baltic. He cannot return home; and in
preface has, however, been suppressed by the trans loneliness he thinks of his mother.
lator. Nor will the reader of the English version "He sees her picture before him, serious, mild, smiling.
realize that the volume consists of two collections He hears her last words: “Be obedient and polite to every-
of stories, written at different times, and the second body; be careful about your clothes, and do not forget to
in a quite different spirit from the first. This is say your prayers.' He thinks of how disobedient he has
been toward her, and wonders whether she is ill. Her
emphasized in the original by the preface to the
picture appears purified, transfigured, and draws him on
second collection, which the trauslator has also sup with longing's never-breaking ties. This longing and lone-
pressed. Without these prefaces, and with no dis liness after the mother followed him through life. Had he
tinction between the two original collections, and
come too early to this world? Was he an abortive? What
held him so tied to the mother trunk ? ':
further with some of the more significant stories
omitted, the present volume presents a distortion of
In “The Confession of a Fool," Strindberg gives
the original that should not have been allowed to
his own version of his first marriage. How much
be printed*; the more so as the translation itself is of this version is true, how much based on a dis-
on the whole unsatisfactory.
eased imagination, it is difficult to say. That there
However, the “prize” is taken by the translation
was a substantial basis for his accusation against
of “Tjänstekvinnans Son,” 66 The Son of a
his first wife is probably true; but it is no less true
Servant,” as the English version has it, or “The
that he imagined much that had no foundation in
Servantgirl's Son,” as a more faithful translation
fact. But whether true or not, he believed it to be
would read. That the translator has only a limited
true, and suffered from his imaginings as much as
knowledge of Swedish is very clear, or he would
from the actual reality. The book was written in
not have translated "gå i vägen" as "go in the
French, but a German translation appeared in 1893,
street" instead of “get in the way”; he would not
-a year before the French original was printed.
have translated “kryddkrämaren’ as “sbipping
No authorized Swedish edition has ever been pub-
agent" instead of "grocer”; he would not have
lished, though a spurious one from the German
made the man servant of the General walk about in
appeared serially in a Stockholm weekly in spite of
“skull-cap and large hedge-scissors" instead of
the author's protest. The book will, however, be
helmet and saber! All this may be found on the
included in Strindberg's collected works now in
first page. In addition to making a miserable
course of publication. But no matter how revolting
translation, Mr. Claud Field has taken the liberty make a deep impression as explaining much that
some parts of the story are, the book cannot fail to
* That the translator has added one more to the transla-
would otherwise seem puzzling in the author's
tions already existing of “ Creditors" and tacked it on to
this volume of stories gives the whole a rather commercial writings, and it must awaken a deep sympathy for
aspect.
him. To a man who has suffered as Strindberg


302
[April 1
THE DIAL
suffered during the last years of his first marriage, development. Portions of the first two volumes are
much may be forgiven. Besides, the book is written now translated under the title, “ Zones of the Spirit,”
with a force which carries the reader away as does, and make very curious reading. They form a col-
perhaps, no other work by this author.
lection of jottings, notes, studies in little, reflections
During his sojourn in Switzerland in the middle on science, denunciations of modern science and
of the eighties, Strindberg had been imbued with
philology. Most of them have a distinct interest
socialistic ideas, which found in his mind a fertile
as human documents, but others have not even that
soil. He never lost his sympathy for the down-
much interest.
trodden or his interest in socialism; but there came
The volume of collected tales published in En-
at one time a reaction from the enthusiasm with glish under the title of the one placed first, “In
which he had embraced the socialistic tenets. One Midsummer Days” (in Swedish called simply
outcome of this individualistic swing of the pendu “Sagor"), is, like too much of Strindberg's later
lum was the novel “I havsbandet," of which two production, uneven. Some of the stories are quite
translations have appeared: “By the Open Sea”
commonplace; others, for instance, “Half a Sheet
and “On the Seaboard,” — the former, like the other
of Foolscap, "* and “The Story of St. Gotthard,”
translations under consideration, by an English
are among the finest he has written.
translator, the latter by an American. There is All of these books, with the exception of “Zones
more than a touch of Nietzsche in the delineation of the Spirit" and some of the tales, belong in their
of the chief character, Axel Borg, the Inspector of original form to the most forceful productions of
Fisheries, — neither “Fish Commissioner" as the modern workmanship in the Swedish language.
American translator has it, nor “Superintendent of But the translations! There are parts of “The
Fisheries,” according to the English. Strindberg Confession of a Fool" and of “The Inferno" where
had been in correspondence with Nietzsche for a one is reminded of Strindberg's language; but in
short time in the later eighties, not long before general the renderings are flat,— when they are
Nietzsche's final collapse; and the correspondence not worse. This is hardly to be wondered at.
has recently been printed in a German literary Strindberg is one of the most individual and there-
journal. It is as a conversation between Die Jung fore one of the most trying authors for the trans-
frau and Finsteraarhorn! Axel Borg is the super lator. It is probably not yet time for a uniform
man who is above the rest of humanity, a sort of edition of a selection of Strindberg's work in En-
scientific Sherlock Holmes. He finally succumbs glish. When the time comes, it would be well to
because the delicate machinery of his brain and take the existing translations and place them in the
nerves is unable to withstand the double pressure hands of an editorial board of persons who know
of sexual excitement and intellectual loneliness. both languages and represent both literary skill
After the dissolution of his first marriage, Strind-
and philological learning. With such a board, but
berg lived for some years in high tension, during scarcely in any other way, will it be possible to
which he produced a number of short dramas, essays,
get an adequate rendering of August Strindberg's
and sketches, --- the former of a rather misogynic writings in English.
character, the latter gradually culminating in a sort The question will of course arise, Cui bono? Is
of scientific mysticism. In the meanwhile, he mar-
it all worth while? If it were only for the enrich-
ried for the second time, and after a couple of years
ment of the language by characteristic and neces-
this marriage also was dissolved. About this time, sarily unconventional phrases, the rendering of the
Strindberg went through the experience which he spoken language in printed form, the gain would be
has so faithfully described in “The Inferno." Dur great. But also as a contribution to literature, the
ing this period, most of which he spent in Paris, he literature of power, it would be more than worth
was as near to real insanity as is possible without
while. Because a study of Strindberg's writings
actually overstepping the bounds of reason; that he
and the remarkable thread of self-revelation that
did not overstep these bounds, but still held his mind runs through all he has written will help men better
under control, is shown by his narration of what he to understand themselves and the hidden motives
went through, probably on the basis of minute diaries. that guide their thoughts and actions. As no mod.
During this period Strindberg experienced one of ern literature now is complete without a rendering
his many religious crises, - the last one,— and he of Ibsen and Nietzsche, so will the time surely come
came out of it not only a theist, but a believer in
when a knowledge of Strindberg will be regarded
every word in the Bible, though not as an orthodox as necessary by anyone who lays claim to a many-
in the usually accepted meaning of the word. He
sided intellectual equipment.
said later that, in order to be able to hold himself Miss Lind-af-Hageby's excellent and interesting
upright, he found that he must have an infallible study should contribute to a deeper understanding
authority, outside of himself to lean upon, and he of Strindberg's life and writings,— in his case the
took the Bible, which he chose to accept as true two are interwoven as with few writers. Strindberg
in its smallest details. The three stout volumes wrote, if anyone did, with his beart's blood. There
published in 1907 and 1908 under the title, “En
* Why "foolscap”? The original title is “Half a Sheet
Blå Bok," are a curious manifestation of this spiritual of Paper."


1914)
308
THE DIAL
is little in his writings that was not experienced by and to any reader it will be somewhat overpower-
him, and there is nothing that has not been felt by ing, with the recurring long lists of names and the
him just as deeply as if it had been part of his own conscientious attempt to be complete at all costs.
life.
We miss the sympathetic spontaneity of Mr. Jack-
Mr. and Mrs. Oland have added a third volume to son's earlier and more casual studies of men and
their series of translations of Strindberg's dramatic books. Nevertheless, “The Eighteen Nineties” is
writings, containing three plays from his later good work, worthy of the fine setting and copious
years,— all three touched by his peculiar mysticism: and interesting illustration that the publishers have
“Advent," with the dark mysticism of the Inferno provided. Sympathetic studies of the arresting
year; “Swan-white,” in a lighter vein, like the phases of the yellow nineties” are common enough;
fairy play it is ; “The Storm,” with the spirit of old Mr. Jackson has found his opportunity in showing
age hovering over the scene. These translators, how regenerate forces mingled there with degenerate,
the one a Swede, the other an American, have and in calling attention to the date of much fine
succeeded better than others in giving not only a work — Mr. Shaw's plays, for example, — that was
faithful, but a spirited, rendering of Strindberg in the true fruit of the nineties, though it waited until
something like his own language.
the twentieth century for popular understanding and
AKSEL G. S. JOSEPHSON. acclaim.
If the Quakers thus magnified their
An uncanonized
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
purest spirits, John Woolman would
Quaker saint.
be a saint. But the Quakers have a
Persons who open Mr. Holbrook
Literature and
way, unfortunately, of keeping many of their best
art in the late Jackson’s new book of essays, “The things to themselves; and had it not been for the
19th century. Eighteen Nineties” (Kennerley), recognition accorded by Charles Lamb and Presi-
anticipating merely a lively account of “purple dent Eliot and other men of the “world,” Wool-
patches,” too-amorous minor poetry, fin de siècle man's name would hardly be known outside of the
epigrams, and decadent "yellowness” in art and Society of Friends. As it is, many well-read people
letters, -readers cherishing such anticipations are know John Woolman's meagre Journal to be the
doomed to disappointment. Mr. Jackson is too record of one of the most remarkably consistent
serious a critic to devote himself to fripperies. He lives ever lived on the pattern of Christ's. As liter-
is attracted to the last decade of the nineteenth ature, it is one of the precious documents of the
century because, like the ends of many centuries, it American colonial period. To rehearse Woolman's
was a big, vital, dramatic epoch. To be sure, its life with the help of his Journal, fortified by con-
bigness often bedizened itself in bizarre and tawdry temporary testimony, was well enough. But the
trappings. Its splendid vitality was sometimes world to-day wants to know whether this Christ-life
splendidly misdirected. Its dramatic fervor, its led under the sole dictates of the Voice within is
zest for novelty, its eagerness to taste life, led to practicable. Is it possible for a man to be in the
inevitable indiscretions, indigestion and remorse, world and yet not of it, as was Woolman? A tailor
due to its having tasted more life than was good for of Burlington, New Jersey, he supported a family,
it. But one should not, on this account, Mr. Jackson paid his bills, directed by spoken and written word
thinks, over-emphasize fin de siècle decadence, or the trend of contemporary Quakerism, travelled re-
set up Aubrey Beardsley as the type of the period. peatedly on horseback from New England to Virginia,
Beardsley's strange exotic genius was but one visited England in the love of the gospel, and died of
expression of the questing spirit of the time. He small-pox at York in 1772 in the fifty-third year of
challenged the world for individual freedom. Oscar his
age. So much Mr. W. Teignmouth Shore relates
Wilde, writing “The Soul of Man under Socialism,” well enough, in his volume entitled “John Wool-
showed himself awake to the equally novel and man: His Life and Our Times” (Macmillan); but
equally insistent demand for social freedom: a he misses the chance to present Woolman effectively
crusade that engaged the art of William Morris. as a prophet of our times. See what this Quaker
Meanwhile Mr. Kipling was preaching a noble stood for in the middle of the eighteenth century:
imperialism; Mr. Shaw was insisting that facing anti-slavery in the Colonies, a just treatment of the
the facts of life is the only road to salvation; Francis Indians and a lively solicitude for their moral wel.
Thompson turned to mysticism; John Davidson fare, temperance in the use of liquors, peace among
analyzed the difficult present and hailed the dawn the nations, improvement in the condition of certain
of a splendid future; while an impressive array of oppressed laboring classes, simplicity of life and
lesser geniuses wrote and painted, dreamed and modesty in expenditure, sharing the lot of the unfor-
discussed, gaily defying old customs and solemnly tunate, the responsibility of wealth. This sounds
inaugurating a new, and on the whole a better, modern enough to arouse the curiosity of our gen-
order of things. To those who, like the present eration to know more of such a life. Speaking only
reviewer, grew up
in the nineties and were absorbed at the irresistible dictates of his Master, letting his
in one or another of its many trends, the complexity example speak louder than words, by the modesty
of Mr. Jackson’s analysis will prove astonishing; and gentleness of his love for all sorts and condi-


304
(April 1
THE DIAL
anecdotal
architecture.
tions of humanity he drew all men unto him. The
If all extant stories of the bench and
A lawyer's
idiosyncrasies into which he was led by the logical
bar were gathered into one volume,
expression of his ideals seem not to have interfered retrospections.
how elephantine would be its pro-
a whit with the great influence that was diffused by portions! The professional memories of even a
his personality. There is a place for a book which single lawyer or judge are frequently packed with
shall study this life from the standpoint of present enough choice anecdotes to fill a book of good size.
day society; but in the meantime we do well to Rich in entertaining matter of this sort is the
ponder the secret of Woolman's power. His Journal reminiscent volume, “Landmarks of a Lawyer's
cannot be lightly read by any serious man. It Lifetime" (Dodd), from the pen of Mr. Theron G.
contains the most vital message that Quakerism has Strong, of the New York bar. With modest self.
brought to the modern world.
effacement he touches but lightly and incidentally
Mr. Francis Bond's imposing book on
on the facts of his own history, but discourses at
length and with generous tribute of praise concern-
English church
“ English Church Architecture"
ing the leaders of his profession whom he has known
(Oxford Press) is popular in intent;
in the course of more than forty years' practice in
whereas his earlier work, “Gothic Architecture in
the courts of New York. A justifiable pride is
England," was confessedly technical. It is ques-
manifested by him, at the opening of his book, in
tionable, however, whether the intention is well
his descent from the Connecticut Strongs, among
kept. In mere point of size, with their thousand
whom have been many distinguished lawyers and
pages and their fourteen hundred illustrations, the
judges. He does not, however, weary his readers
new volumes are somewhat discouraging. Mr. Bond
calls attention, for instance, to the individual analy. done, from the John Strong who came to this coun.
by tracing that descent, as he probably could have
ses of fifty-seven vaults which he expects will refresh
the jaded reader who has just finished a systematic
try in 1630 and, if genealogists are to be trusted,
was the progenitor of the Connecticut Strongs with
discussion of vaulting. Perhaps Englishmen with a
whom this bearer of the name claims kinship. In
hobby for ecclesiastical architecture can enjoy this ; fact, John is not mentioned at all; but the names of
but most other people would prefer some selection.
Judge Martin Strong, Mr. Justice William Strong,
When it is understood that the author has avoided
Judge Theron R. Strong (the author's father), and
duplicating illustrations which were included in the
others, suffice to attest the more than common ability
earlier book, itself containing over twelve hundred
of this branch of the Strong family. Among the
of the most significant examples, it may be doubted
famous jurists whose achievements and peculiarities
whether the volumes are supremely adapted for
are made to lend interest to the writer's pages are
popular reading. The student, of course, will wel.
William M. Evarts, Justice Field, Charles O'Conor,
come the rich publication of new photographic George F. Comstock, John K. Porter, Mr. Joseph H.
material and comment, which must really have fur.
Choate, and many others. Illustrations of Evarts':
nished the chief motive for issuing the work.
In
ready wit are given in abundance, and among them
his general and special publications, Mr. Bond is in
this brief message accompanying a present to Ban-
effect gradually supplying a corpus of English
church architecture, not in the best organized form, pig-pork and my eulogy on Chief Justice Chase,
croft: “I am sending you the usual half-barrel of
perhaps, but rendered accessible by the very excel.
both the products of my pen." In a book so large
lent indexes. In the new book the text is admittedly
as Mr. Strong's, and presumably written rapidly in
subsidiary to the illustrations, yet it contains matter
scant moments of leisure, errors of inadvertence are
of very great value. Its principal service is in
all but inevitable. Upon careful revision he would
bringing church architecture into close relation to
doubtless correct such slips as “laid awake,” and he
ecclesiology, which has been much neglected in
would alter the wording of the clause in which he
architectural books. The relation of the plan of the
says of Justice Clifford, of the United States Supreme
churches to the varied ritual under monastic, can-
Court, that he “rarely began a sentence with the
onical, and parochial use, is set forth in the most
definite articles 'a' 'an' or 'the,' or with a personal
illuminating fashion, and goes far to explain many
differences which have seemed arbitrary. The
vexed questions of the origins of ribbed vaulting,
Dr. Richard C. Cabot's happily-
of the apsidal aisle, and of French flamboyant for daily living.
Wise counsels
conceived and happily-named vol-
tracery are treated with refreshing common sense
ume,
“ What Men Live By”
and freedom from national bias. The student, for (Houghton), belongs to a type of book periodically
whose benefit such questions are really discussed, launched by the moralist, and usually varying from
may be amused by the popular analogies drawn the dismal and feeble to the mediocre relieved by
from millinery and gastronomy, and possibly a bit streaks of insight. The prejudice against books
irritated by didactic reiteration, but will welcome of this type is for the most part justified; but we
the book as a useful addition to his resources. In- should be sorry if it lost Dr. Cabot a single reader.
deed, were it not for the uncertainty of aim which So much depends upon how a task is conceived, and
has been noted, one might recommend the work how it is met. To begin with, Dr. Cabot speaks with
without qualification.
a fulness of many-sided knowledge and a geniality
pronoun.”


1914]
305
THE DIAL
of outlook that may well claim kinship with the Johnston has shown his “grateful appreciation of
spirit of the two great medical men of letters of our the unvarying courtesy and hospitality extended to
land: the Autocrat still speaking to twentieth him by the abbots and monks in whose romantic
century breakfast tables, and Weir Mitchell, whose mountain-homes he has spent the happiest days of
loss carries the sorrow of a recent memory. The his fifteen years" by not only studying with pains-
four arms of the cross that support the burden of taking interest the religion embodied in these placid
life are Work, Play, Love, and Worship. Very old mountain temple retreats, but also by imbibing that
themes, but set in a modern key; readily bandied spirit and transferring it to the pages of this book in
as words, repeated as cant, circulated by the solemn which he sets forth Chinese Buddhism to Occidental
with a self-righteous complacency, and by the frivo- readers. His study is a very pleasing example of
lous in a Pickwickian sense : it is no slight under that sort of scholarly work which, instead of destroy-
taking to put new wine in old bottles and risk the ing the object of its analysis, really succeeds in con-
odium of abused labels. The legacy of Puritanism, veying that object in essence to the reader. Free
despite the sturdy virtues that give it an enduring of all conscions struggle to express the romantic and
place in American loyalty, has rested heavily on the poetic, the deep and the childlike, spirit of Chinese
land. It is redeemed, in what measure it needed Buddhism, Mr. Johnston's interpretation, neverthe-
redemption, by the ability with which its distin- less, does express just these well-nigh inexpressible
guished descendants have met the new obligations essences that float about the precincts of a Buddhist
with the new insight. It is as a contribution to monastery in the mountains of China. He has evi-
the values of life that this readable volume, aptly dently " fallen under the potent witchery of Chinese
phrased and well sustained, deserves a popular career. landscape painting,"and has “found his way into the
It is sound doctrine for the body, good wholesome treasure house of Chinese poetry.” If the statement
sense for the mind, a balanced and not a specious of Fenollosa, quoted in the preface of this study, that
optimism for the soul. Here and there the critical "a very large part of the finest thought and standards
reader will find things that he would have said dif of living that have gone into Chinese life and the
ferently, and some that he would not have said at finest part of what has issued therefrom in litera-
all. There is no preaching by intent, but only by ture and art, have been strongly tinged with Bud-
implication. If anyone wants good advice or good dhism,”— if this is true, then so competent and so
stimulus to fair thinking on vital subjects, he will sympathetic a treatment of Chinese Buddhism as
find it here. If there could be disseminated a knowl. the one before us ought to do much to introduce to
edge of how to work and how to play, how to get Europe the spirit of Chinese art. To one who knows
the blessing of personal giving and receiving, how something of that art it appears likely to be a mere
to be staunch and yet gentle, responsive to the matter of a quarter-century before Chinese art will
big things as well as to the little things, life would be as popular among persons of taste in America as is
be more worth living, and the limitations of our Japanese art to-day; and its influence will be equally
influential neighbors less distressing. It is a fine wholesome and refining. Such books as Mr. Johns-
thing to have this demonstration that a man may ton's “ Buddhist China” will hasten that day.
be as discriminating as the best of us and yet retain
an enthusiasm of interest and a sane perspective of
The most elaborate, and in many
A bible of
values. Those who have avoided books of this genus
ways the most interesting, compila-
tion that has come to our notice for
because they did not care to expose themselves to
the insult of a complacent optimism that made all
a long time past is Dr. Stanton Coit's “Social Wor-
things good because it saw all things with a com-
ship" (Macmillan), published on behalf of the West
prehensive immunity to their real significance, may
London Ethical Society as a memorial of its twenty-
take up Dr. Cabot's volume without apprehension.
first anniversary. In fixing upon this publication as
They may not like all of it; but they will like much
the most appropriate and useful form which their
of it. Everyone knows many people who should
memorial could assume, the members of the Society
read this book.
(as we are told in the Introduction) " felt that the
Religion of Science, Democracy, and Personal Re-
An interpretation Among the many publications of the sponsibility in the Service of Humanity must become,
of Chinese past few years dealing with various like Buddhism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism,
Buddhism.
phases of Chinese civilization, it is a a religion of a book. ... Our ambition has been,
rare pleasure to find a book at once so scholarly to do — so far as could be feasible, after only twenty-
and so sympathetic as is Mr. Reginald Fleming one short years of organized effort-for the enthu-
Johnston's “Buddhist China” (Dutton). The early siasms, visions, and motives which have drawn us
chapters discuss the origin and development of char. into religious fellowship, what the writers and
acteristic features of that form of Buddhism known compilers of the New Testament did for their own
as the Mahayana, especially in its Chinese type. religious experiences and those of their immediate
The later chapters deal with religious pilgrimages in predecessors, in collecting the sayings and traditions
China, and treat with especial fulness two of the current among them; or what the editors of the Old
four sacred mountains of Chinese Buddhists. A Testament did for the moral idealism of their race.”
sojourner for fifteen years among the Chinese, Mr. The result of this ambitious purpose, embodied in
humanistic
religion.


306
(April 1
THE DIAL
Hidden nooks
upwards of 650 double-column quarto pages, is a may be allowed to voice our belief that the final
gleaning from the entire field of world literature, be- chapter might have given us a little more help in
ginning in point of time with the Eastern Scriptures answering the important question, How has sensi-
and coming down to President Wilson’s Inaugural tiveness to Beauty contributed to the survival of
Speech, — with a range of sources as various as these mankind? It is true that “æsthetic preference must
two instances suggest. In the selection of matter remain only one degree less mysterious than the
for inclusion, as well as in all other details of editor-genesis and evolutional reason of its psychological
ship, the religious motive has been predominant; components”; but even so there are a few established
spirit and substance, rather than form, are counted features that might have been adduced. As a matter
the essential thing. So far, indeed, are literary con of sociological interest we quote the author's state-
siderations subordinated to the compiler's purpose, ment that "æsthetic contemplation, instead of mak-
that in not a few cases famous originals have been ing an exception, a kind of bank holiday, to daily
adapted and even largely rewritten to bring them into life, is in reality half of daily life's natural and
harmony with the ethical concept. The aim through healthy rhythm." It may be true of the readers
out has been to produce, not a literary anthology, kept in mind by our enviable connoisseur of the
subjectively chosen and arranged, but rather a litur. fine arts; but what about the millions in Europe and
gical manual for social worship, whether in the America for whom life is almost wholly squalid
family, the school, or the church. Such a work has grief and sordid toil? In fulfilment of our duty as
long been needed, and it is certain to fill a large a conscientious reviewer, we must protest against
place and to exercise a very great influence in an “these kind of cases ” (p.140), and one or two minor
age when religious creeds of every sort are shaping slips of presentation. (Putnam.)
themselves more and more to the insistent human
demand for social brotherhood and righteousness.
Mr. Robert Shackleton's “Unvisited
We predict, too, that a wide circle of individual
from Land's End Places of Old Europe” (Penn Pub-
readers will be grateful for such a splendid body of to the Adriatic. lishing Co.) is a revelation of how
inspirational, humanistic literature, presented in 80
many odd and interesting and well-nigh unknown
beautiful a typographical setting. A supplementary spots may be found by the curious traveller in
volume, under the editorship of Mr. Charles Kennedy regions of Europe commonly held to have been
Scott, is devoted to music, - canticles, hymns, re-
scoured clean of all mystery and romance by the
sponses, and anthems, all especially arranged for this friction of assiduous tourists.
friction of assiduous tourists. Mr. Shackleton, a
publication.
traveller of experience and not lacking initiative
Not many students are qualified to and originality, has sought and found the unfamiliar
of Beauty.
treat the psychology of æsthetics for and the piquantly attractive in the Scilly Islands,
the lay reader; and the editors of Guernsey, the less-frequented portions of Normandy,
the Cambridge manuals were fortunate in securing in the Ardennes, Holland, Luxembourg, the prin.
“Vernon Lee” (Miss Violet Paget) to write their cipality of Liechtenstein, the anomalous little town
volume on “The Beautiful.” The plan of the little of Moresnet, owing allegiance to two sovereigns
book is delightfully simple. “It takes Beauty as and governed alternately by a Belgian and a Prus-
already existing and enjoyed, and seeks to account sian burgomaster, the old red city of Rothenburg,
for Beauty's existence and enjoyment.” In pursuit the St. Gotthard pass in winter, the Dolomites in
of this aim, the author leads us through chapters the same bracing season, the real Naples of the
of varying difficulty on “Elements of Shape,”
“ Elements of Shape," Neapolitans, and along the river Brenta to the Bride
“Empathy," "The Aims of Art," “ Co-operation of the Adriatic. The author has a keenly observant
of Things and Shapes,” “ Æsthetic Irradiation and eye and an aptly descriptive pen. In the little-
Purification,” and kindred topics. The subject is visited Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg he is agreeably
bound to be thorny, if it is approached conscien- surprised to find, but slightly removed from the
tiously. The physiological basis of æsthetic prefer-beaten tracks of travel, "isolated villages, of houses
ence is no simple problem, nor is anything to be gleaming white against the glaring green of hill-
gained by complacently disregarding its funda- sides, where the landlord of the little inn will evince
mental complexity and inevitable difficulty. More a desire to shake your hand on arriving, but— to
thorough and patient investigation of details by the use an expressive Americanism for which there is
psychologists will help toward clarity; but in the really no capable substitute — not to pull your leg
meantime we may be sagaciously suspicious of any on leaving." At Sedan, he tells us, “ I noticed that
general treatment that presents the appearance of not a man, woman, or child dogged my steps to sell
smoothness and finality. In this respect Miss mementoes of that bitter battlefield, and that if I
Paget's volume is admirable; for it does not blink spoke in German to one of the townsfolk who was
the hard points, while the presentation is as clear not in a business demanding the pleasing of strang-
and as free from technicalities as the nature and ers, I was told, with dry disrelish, that German was
status of the subject will allow. All in all, one is not understood." Mr. Walter Hale furnishes a
glad to predict that the readers of this tiny book colored frontispiece to the book, with numerous line
will be well repaid. After this commendation we drawings in the printed page, and Mr. Ralph L.
Our sense


1914]
307
THE DIAL
Boyer contributes tinted views from photographs. gives the crisis in his life. “Hannele,” the first of
In handsome binding and large type, the work in the dream-plays, bewildered the critics by its deeply
its present edition makes a fine appearance, in har- religious symbolism. Later, “When Pippa Dances”
mony with the excellence of its contents.
was the subject of mystified comments. Professor
Holl elucidates the symbolical dramas for English
He will be difficult to please who
Studies in the
readers in an admirable manner, and he succeeds
evolution of shall complain that Dr. Ernest C.
the library.
in bringing out the sheer poetic beauty of realism,
Richardson, in his book on “The
when it serves truth,— as it does in all that Haupt-
Beginnings of Libraries” (Princeton University
mann has written. (McClurg).
Press), has not pushed his researches sufficiently
far back into the prehistoric past. The Vedas say
that book-collections existed even before the Creator
created himself, writes Dr. Richardson, and the
BRIEFER MENTION.
Koran maintains that such a collection coexisted
from eternity with the uncreated God. He decides
“Readings in American History" (Scribner), by
Professor James Alton James, is a companion volume
that it is idle to try to discover earlier traces of
to the historical text-book of Messrs. James and Sand-
libraries. On another page he writes, quite seriously: ford. There can be no doubt, as the editor urges, that
“If it is true that the animals do make conscious such a selection of source-material “adds life and real-
marks to guide them back to hidden objects, or even ity to historical study" in the secondary schools, and
that they do have memory for facts, which is true we trust that the day is not far distant when every stu-
memory, then possibly the beginnings at least of dent shall be required to obtain a book of this type for
memory libraries and perhaps of external records
use in connection with his narrative text. The selec-
must in the future be sought in the animal world.”
tions are of widely varied interest, and seem to us excep-
Even the possibility of plant libraries is hinted at.
tionally well chosen.
Under primitive libraries in the world of man are
As a companion volume to similar works covering
considered collections of message sticks, fetishes,
Europe, Asia, and America, the projectors of "Every-
man's Library” (Dent-Dutton) now give us “ A Lit-
personal ornaments, skin calendars, totems, votive
erary and Historical Atlas of Africa and Australia,”
objects, etc. In fact, what most of us would regard | edited by Dr. J. G. Bartholomew. With upwards of
as an anthropological museum, the writer chooses to one hundred
pages
of
maps and plans (for the most part
consider a library; and therefore he illustrates his in colors), besides a gazetteer, index, and other text
book with wampum belts, Peruvian quipus, message
material, the book is a marvel of value for the price.
sticks, leopard's teeth, tattoo marks, and picture writ-
The four volumes, as a set, present a graphic survey of
ing. Fanciful and strained must seem to the general
the world's historical and cultural development, from
reader, if he should read the book, some of the ideas
earliest times to the present.
Mr. W. E. Carson's “ Mexico: The Wonderland of
it contains. But its nucleus was an address before
the South” (Macmillan), first published in 1909, is
library school pupils, and to library workers chiefly
now issued in a revised edition, with new chapters
its present elaborated form is likely to appeal. It
summarizing the political history of the country from
shows scholarship and curious research, and is a the accession of Diaz in 1876 to the present adminis-
fitting addition to the author's earlier studies on tration of Huerta, together with an account of existing
“Antediluvian Libraries,” "Mediæval Libraries,"conditions based on the author's recent visit to the
“Some Old Egyptian Libraries,” etc.
republic. In its new form, this work embodies as
entertaining and instructive an account of Mexico as the
In his small volume on the life and
A handbook to
general reader is likely to want. There are numerous
Haupimann's works of Gerhart Hauptmann, Pro-
illustrations from photographs, excellently reproduced.
life and work.
fessor Karl Holl succeeds in trans-
Woman's achievements in literature, art, science,
posing the challenging tones of the sunken bell, that
finance, philanthropy, music, and education- as exem-
ring through all of Hauptmann's dramas, into notes
plified in the persons of seventeen eminent women of the
of universal compassion. He shows us this poetic
present day — form the subject of Miss Lois Oldham
Henrici's well-conceived and handsomely-made book,
Teuton dreamer, Germany's greatest living dra-
« Representative Women,” which bears the imprint of
matist, as the most potent force in the new idealism
“ The Crafters," of Kansas City. From Madame Curie,
that is leavening our literature. The autobio at the head of the list, to Miss Ellen Key, at the foot,
graphical note is interestingly emphasized. When the names are those of women in whom we are all
Hauptmann placed the early drama, “Lonely interested; and the short biographical sketches, with
Lives,” in the hands of those who have lived it,” accompanying portraits, help to a clear conception of
he saw no other way for the hero to end the conflict
their several kinds and degrees of genius or talent. A
in his soul than to seek peace in death. “Man must
six-page alphabetical list of other notable women is ap-
justify his vision of life and make, not accept, des-
pended, and an Introduction by Miss Ada M. Kassimer
is, prefixed.
tiny,”— this expresses the individualism of Haupt-
mann's later heroes, and the influences that shaped
To the numerous series of handbooks dealing with
serious topics on a scale somewhat between the average
his own course. The soul-baring exposition of the
encyclopædia article and the exhaustive special mono-
eternal problem of one man claimed by two women graph is now added “The National Social Science
in the gripping drama, “Gabriel Schilling's Flight,” Series" (McClurg), issued under the general editorship


308
[April 1
THE DIAL
“camp
of Dr. Frank L. McVey of the University of North
Dakota. A promising beginning has been made with
three volumes," Money” by Professor William A.
Scott, “ Taxation" by Mr. C. B. Fillebrown, and “The
Family and Society” by Professor John M. Gillette.
The treatment in each case seems to be thorough and
authoritative without sacrifice of popular appeal. In
view of the marked present interest in social and eco-
nomic affairs throughout America, we can imagine a
very wide field of usefulness for this enterprise.
Mr. G. W. Hinckley has a pitying scorn for the
weaklings who indulge in a summer outing in a so-called
of comfortable and even luxurious appoint-
ments, including porcelain bath-tubs and electric lights,
and call it “camping out.” His conception of the real
thing in this branch of healthful recreation is presented
in the various chapters of his book, Roughing it with
Boys” (Association Press), in which it is made plain
that he is a camper-out of the good old-fashioned sort,
and also a pedestrian of excellent staying powers. Fur-
thermore, he evidently knows boys and how to handle
them. On his title-page he describes himself as
“General Supervisor, Good Will Association, Hinckley,
Maine." This is plainly the book, or one of the books,
for boys to read in preparation for their summer's
camping. It is well illustrated in half-tone.
For well over half a century, Roget's “Thesaurus"
bas been to countless literary workers a very present
help, second only in usefulness to the dictionary itself.
Of the long series of reissues since its first appearance
in 1852 the latest is a “ large type edition” (Crowell),
revised and brought down to date by Mr. C. 0. S.
Mawson. The large type is an actuality, and the
revision is of a very substantial sort — consisting in the
judicious addition of numerous slang and cant expres-
sions, Americanisms, and various new phrases and quo-
tations. The use of thin paper reduces the 650 pages
of the book to a thickness of less than an inch. Alto-
gether, this seems to us the very best edition of the
« Thesaurus now available. An interesting minor
feature is the frontispiece portrait of Roget, which
shows us a countenance as modest and as winning as
Charles Lamb's.
An addition to Messrs. Little, Brown & Co.'s Spring
list is announced in « The Lone Wolf," a new novel by
Mr. Louis Joseph Vance, which will appear in May.
An addition to the list of Spring books already an-
nounced by Houghton Mifflin Co. is a volume by Mr.
A. Wyatt Tilby on South Africa, in “ The English
People Overseas” series.
Mr. Robert W. Neeser, author of that entertaining
chronicle, “ A Landsman's Log," has in course of prep-
aration with the Yale University Press a work entitled
“Our Many-Sided Navy."
Early this month the Macmillan Co. will publisb
Volume I. of Mr. W. B. Bryan's “ History of the
National Capital,” the first adequate survey of the rise
and development of the District of Columbia.
Mr. Henry James's forthcoming volume entitled
“ Notes on Novelists” will range in subject from Stev-
enson to Matilde Serao, taking in Flaubert, Zola,
George Sand, Balzac, and d'Annunzio by the way.
We learn by way of the London “ Nation" that Mr.
George Haven Putnam, the well-known publisher, has
completed a volume of personal reminiscences, soon to
be published under the title, “ Memoirs of My Youth,
1844-1865."
Professor Sir Arthur T. Quiller-Couch's lectures
“On the Art of Writing,” recently delivered before the
University of Cambridge, will be published shortly
in book form by Messrs. Putnam as agents for the
Cambridge University Press.
The first publication of Messrs. Vaughan & Gomme
of New York is a volume of short stories, entitled
“John Silence,” by Mr. Algernon Blackwood. This
will be followed at intervals by reprints of other of Mr.
Blackwood's fiction, in uniform style.
A little book that will be widely read and discussed
is the English translation of M. Bergson's lecture on
Dreams, which Mr. B. W. Huebsch will publish this
month. The translation is the work of Dr. Edwin E.
Slosson, who also supplies an Introduction.
Mr. Paul Elmer More has retired from active editor-
ship of “The Nation" in order to devote his time
wholly to independent critical work. He is succeeded
by Mr. Harold De Wolf Fuller, who has been the
assistant editor for three or four years past.
Coleridge and Wordsworth in the West Country:
Their Friendship, Work, and Surroundings," by Pro-
fessor William Knight, is an interesting announcement
from Messrs. Scribner. Mr. Edmund H. New will
contribute a number of drawings to the volume.
Dr. Paget Toynbee's well-known “Dante Dictionary"
has now for some years been out of print. “A Concise
Dante Dictionary" by Dr. Toynbee, announced by the
Oxford University Press, is designed to serve as a con-
venient handbook and a companion to the Oxford Dante.
Volumes on Walt Whitman, Henry James, and Mr.
Robert Bridges are soon to be added to the series of
critical studies published by Mr. Martin Secker of
London. The three volumes are the work of, respect-
ively, Mr. Basil de Sélincourt, Mr. Ford Madox Hueffer,
and Mr. F. Brett Young.
Everyman's Irish Library” is the title of a new
series to be published under the supervision of Mr.
Alfred Perceval Graves by the Talbot Press, a Dublin
firm of publishers. The first volumes to appear will
include “ Selections from the Prose and Poetical Works
of Thomas Davis" by Mr. T. W. Rolleston, « The
66
NOTES.
Still another book about Shelley is announced in Mr.
A. H. Koszul's “The Youth of Shelley.”
Miss May Sinclair is at work upon a new novel, the
scene of which will be laid in Yorkshire.
A volume on Poetry by Sir A. T. Quiller-Couch will
soon be added to Messrs. Dutton's attractive little
series of « Fellowship Books."
“ From Connaught to Chicago" is the title of the
forthcoming volume of American impressions by Canon
Hannay (“G. A. Birmingham ”).
Australia is the scene of Miss Doris Egerton Jones's
“ Peter Piper,” a novel which Messrs. George W.
Jacobs & Co. will publish early this month.
A study of “ Corporate Promotions and Reorganiza-
tions,” by Professor Arthur Stone Dewing, will be
published at once by the Harvard University Press.
A revised edition of Dr. Edwin R. A. Seligman's
standard work on the income tax is in press. An en-
tirely new chapter has been added and many minor
alterations made.


1914]
309
THE DIAL
.
O
Parliaments of Ireland” by Mr. J. G. Swift McNeill,
“Grattan" by Lord Castletown, “The Mind of Burke"
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
by Professor Magennis, “A Paradise of Irish Poetry,
April, 1914.
Old and New," compiled by Mr. A. P. Graves, and a
Aeroplane, The, and War. E. A. von Muffling Lippincott
selection from Miss Edgeworth’s novels containing un Agricultural Credit. R. B. Van Cortlandt North American
published material, edited by Mr. Malcolm Seton. America and Americans. G. A. Birmingham Everybody's
An important series of art books is being projected American Literature. Edwin Björkman
Century
by Messrs. Scribner in Professor John C. Van Dyke's Anti-trust Programme, The. Samuel Untermeyer No. Amer.
« New Guides to Old Masters." There are to be twelve
Art, A Distinctively American. J. W. Alexander Century
volumes in all, dealing with all the important art mu-
Art, The "Moderns” in. Walter Pach
Century
Artist and Public. Kenyon Cox .
Scribner
seums of Europe. The National Gallery and Wallace
Automobiles in America. R. Mcl. Cleveland World's Work
Collections of London form the subject of the initial
Baker, Newton D., Mayor of Cleveland. B.J.
volume, to appear immediately.
Hendrick
World's Work
“ Arms and Industry: A Study of the Foundations of Brazilian Wilderness, In the. Theodore Roosevelt Scribner
International Polity,” by Norman Angell, will be issued Business, New Morals of. C. M, Keys World's Work
at once by Messrs. Putnam. In this book the author of
Canadian Construction Camps, Education in.
“ The Great Illusion” shows systematically and scien-
Alfred Fitzpatrick
World's Work
tifically the nature of those forces which are transforming
Celtic Immigrant Tide, The. Edward A. Ross . Century
the relationship of states and, indeed, to some extent
China, Revolutionary - II. B.G. Yung World's Work
" Christianity, Twentieth-Century.'
" A. T.
the mechanism of organized society as a whole.
Mahan
North American
The subject of Signor Guglielmo Ferrero's new book, Coastwise Toll Exemption. E. R. Johnson No. American
which will be published soon by Messrs. Putnam, is a Cubism, Ancestry of. Jay and Gove Hambidge Century
comparison between the morals and manners of ancient
Denmark, Court of. Madame de Hegermann-
Rome and those of modern America. Signor Ferrero
Lindencrone
Harper
is now engaged on a more extended work which he
Diplomacy, Adventures in - 1. F. T. Hili Atlantic
Diplomatic Service, Standardizing Our. D. J. Hill Harper
hopes to make the most comprehensive and searching
Drama of Sincerity, The American. Sheldon Cheney Forum
study of the modern and ancient worlds that has yet
East, Problem of the. J. Ingram Bryan
Forum
appeared.
Editors. Adventures with. Henry Sydnor Harrison Atlantic
Still another periodical consecrated to poetry has Education, The Gary System of. A. J. Nock American
been launched in England. “ New Numbers is its English, The. James D. Whelpley
Century
title, it will appear quarterly, and its sponsors are four
English, Writing. Henry Seidel Canby
Harper
poets—Messrs. Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, Rupert Brooke,
Ethics, The Fallacy of. H. Fielding-Hall
Atlantic
Lascelles Abercrombie, and John Drinkwater. Sixty
Eugenics, Progress of. C. W. Saleeby
Forum
Europe : What It Thinks of Us-1. David S.
pages of verse by these writers make up the first issue.
Jordan
World's Work
It now only remains for some enterprising poet to pub Everlasting Life, Art of. Thomas P. Beyer Forum
lish a magazine devoted exclusively to his own writings. Fairs, County, in the West. W. H. Dunton Scribner
“ Ernest Dowson: Reminiscences, Unpublished Let-
Fort, Paul. J. K. Rooker
North American
ters, and Marginalia," by Mr. Victor Plarr, is soon to be
Fourth Dimension, The. Frederick A. Rudd Forum
Frazer's "Golden Bough.” George Hodges Atlantic
published by Mr. Elkin Mathews of London. It will
deal incidentally with the history of the Rhymers' | Gambling, American. Hugh S. Fullerton
Furness, Horace H., Letters of. F. N. Thorpe . Lippincott
American
Club and the group at whose meetings, in Mr. Arthur
Government, Good, in New England. Lincoln
Symons's description, “young poets, then very young, Steffens
Metropolitan
recited their own verses to one another with a desperate Gravity – What It Is. Sir Oliver Lodge
Harper
and ineffectual attempt to get into key with the Latin Greek Feasts, H. G. Dwight
Scribner
Quarter."
Grotesque, Riddle of the. May Ellis Nichols Forum
Harry Thurston Peck, author, editor, and classical
Immigration. Mary Antin
American
Industrial Relations Commission. W. Lippmann Everybody's
scholar, committed suicide March 23 at Stamford,
Iwahig Penal Colony, The. Lyman B. Stowe World's Work
Conn.,—the city in which he was born fifty-eight years Jordan, David Starr. Isaac Russell
World's Work
ago. Soon after his graduation from Columbia he Matriarchy, A Survival of. Carrie C. Catt
Harper
became a tutor in that university, and from 1904 to Men, Fashions in. Katharine F. Gerould
Atlantic
1910 he held the Anthon chair of Latin language and Meunier, Constantin. Cornelia B. Sage
Scribner
literature. He was editor of « The Bookman” from Mexico, With La Tropa in. John Reed Metropolitan
1895 to 1902, and literary editor of the New York
Mormons, Calling on the. Elinore R. Stewart Atlantic
“ Commercial Advertiser," from 1897 to 1902. He
"Movies," Forerunner of the. Brander Matthews Century
North Africa, Deserts of. G. E. Woodberry Scribner
also edited a number of important publications, includ-
Painting of To-day. E. H. Blashfield
Century
ing “ Harper's Classical Dictionary,” the “ International Painting of To-morrow. E. L. Blumenschein Century
Encyclopædia,” the New International Encyclopædia," Panama Canal, Value of. T. P. Shonts World's Work
the “Library of the World's Literature," and the Profit-sharing, Mr. Ford and. E. A, Rumely World's Work
Columbia University “Studies in Classical Philology." Profit-sharing Plan, The Ford. Garet Garrett Everybody's
Among his miscellaneous writings are the following:
Protestant Paradox. Zephine Humphrey
Atlantic
“ The Semitic Theory of Creation,” Latin Pronuncia-
Railroads, Government, in Alaska. C. Weems N. American
tion,” “ The Adventures of Mabel,” « The Personal
Railroads, Valuation of. C. A. Prouty World's Work
Railway Mail Pay. William J. Showalter
Forum
Equation,” “What Is Good English ?” “Greystone
Railways, American. Slason Thompson North American
and Porphyry” (a volume of poetry), “ Life of Pres Redmond, John. L. G. Redmond-Howard
Forum
cott,” “The New Baedeker," « History of Classical Rihbany, Abraham Mitrie, Autobiography of Atlantic
Philology,” and a translation of Petronius's “Trimal Road, The. Winifred Kirkland
Atlantic
chio's Feast."
School-days. Margaret Lynn
Atlantic
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.


310
[April 1
THE DIAL
.
.
.
Shavian Religion. P. Gavan Duffy
Century
Singing-Teacher, The. Francis Rogers
Scrübner
Single Tax, The. Evans Woollen
Atlantic
Smith, Goldwin. James Bryce
North American
Socialism. Morris Hillquit and J. A. Ryan Everybody's
Supreme Court, Men of the. E. G. Lowry World's Work
“Tiger”: Mr. Bynner's Play. Gertrude Traubel . Forum
Travel. Louise Collier Willcox
North American
Treaty-making Power. H. St. George Tucker No. Amer.
Vigor or Decadence ? Carl S. Downes
Forum
War, The United States and. Harry A. Austin Forum
Wilson, An Appeal to. George Harvey North American
Wireless, Romance of the. Walter S. Hiatt Scribner
Woman Problem, The. Elisabeth Woodbridge Atlantic
Yucatan Ruins, The. Ellsworth Huntington Harper
.
.
.
Lost Diaries. By Maurice Baring. 12mo, 215 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
Second Nights: People and Ideas of the Theatre
Today. By Arthur Ruhl. 12mo, 374 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net.
Men and Matters. By Wilfrid Ward. Large 8vo,
451 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $3.50 net.
Latin Songs: Classical, Medieval, and Modern, with
Music. Edited by Calvin S. Brown. Large 8vo,
135 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2. net,
Viennese Idylls. By Arthur Schnitzler; translated
from the German by Frederick Eisemann, With
portrait, 12mo, 182 pages. John W. Luce & Co.
$1.25 net,
Princess Russalka. By Frank Wedekind; trans-
lated from the German by Frederick Eisemann.
With portrait, 12mo, 138 pages. John W. Luce
& Co. $1.25 net.
The Humour of Homer, and Other Essays. By
Samuel Butler; edited by R. A. Streatfeild. With
photogravure portrait, 12mo, 313 pages. Mitchell
Kennerley. $1.50 net.
The English Moralities from the Point of View of
Allegory. By W. Roy Mackenzie. 8vo, 278
pages. Ginn & Co. $2. net.
Chaucer and the Roman de la Rose. By Dean
Spruill Fansler, Ph.D. 8vo, 269 pages. Columbia
University Press.
A Childhood. By Joan Arden; with Preface by Gil-
bert Murray. 12mo, 100 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1. net.
Introduction to the Study of English Literature.
By W. T. Young, M.A. 12mo, 238 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. 75 cts. net.
Matthew Arnold on Continental Life and Literature.
By Alexander P. Kelso, B.Sc. 12mo, 52 pages.
Oxford: B. H. Blackwell. Paper.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 193 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its issue of March 1.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Notes of a Son and Brother. By Henry James. Il-
lusrated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 515 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net.
Forty Years of It. By Brand Whitlock. 12mo, 374
pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50 net.
Landmarks of a Lawyer's Lifetime. By Theron G.
Strong. Large 8vo, 552 pages. Dodd, Mead &
Co. $2.50 net.
More About King Edward. By Edward Legge. Il-
lustrated in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 388
pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $4. nel.
The Autobiography of Charlotte Amélie, Princess
of Aldenburg, 1652-1732. Translated from the
French and edited by Mrs. Aubrey Le Blond.
Illustrated in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 367
pages. McBride, Nast & Co. $4. net.
The Empress Frederick: A Memoir. Illustrated
in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 379
pages.
Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.50 net.
Beaumont, the Dramatist. By Charles Mills Gay-
ley, LL.D. Illustrated, 8vo, 445 pages. Century
Co. $2. net.
Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1790, to-
gether with a Summary of the Chief Events in
Jefferson's Life. New edition; with Introduction
and Notes by Paul Leicester Ford, and Foreword
by George Haven Putnam. With photogravure
portrait, 8vo, 162 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50 net.
Rosa Bonheur: Ein Lebensbild. Von Theodore
Stanton; übertragen von E von Kraatz, Illus-
trated, 8vo, 409 pages. Halle: Edgar Thamm.
Paper,
Paul Verlaine. By Wilfred Thorley.
With por-
trait, 16mo, 107 pages. Houghton Miffin Co.
75 cts. net.
HISTORY.
Two Historical Studies. By James Bryce. 8vo,
138 pages. Oxford University Press. $1.90 net.
Magna Carta: A Commentary on the Great Charter
of King John. By William Sharp McKechnie.
Second edition, revised; 8vo, 530 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $4.25 net.
Virginia under the Stuarts, 1607-1688. By Thomas
J. Wertenbaker, Ph.D. Large 8vo, 271 pages.
Princeton University Press. $1.50 net.
Our Navy. By Archibald Hurd; with Preface by
the Earl of Selborne. 16mo, 270 pages. Fred-
erick Warne & Co. 50 cts, net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Cambridge History of English Literature.
Edited by A. W. Ward, Litt.D., and A. R. Waller,
M.A. Volume X., The Age of Johnson. Large
8vo, 619 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
Monologues. By Richard Middleton, 12mo, 287
pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50 net.
Little Essays in Literature and Life. By Richard
Burton, 12mo, 356 pages. Century Co. $1.25 net.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
Pocket Edition of the Works of William Morris.
Comprising: The Roots of the Mountains,
2 vols.; The Sundering Flood, 2 vols.; The Water
of the Wondrous Isles, 2 vols.; The Well at
the World's End, 2 vols.; The Wood Beyond the
World; A Dream of John Ball; Poems by the
Way; The Story of the Glittering Plain; The
Life and Death of Jason; The House of the
Wolfings. 16mo. Longmans, Green
Co.
Per volume, 75 cts. net.
Loeb Classical Library. New volumes: Suetonius,
translated by J. C. Rolfe, Ph.D., Volume I.;
Horace's Odes and Epodes, translated by C. E.
Bennett; Cicero's De Officiis, translated by
Walter Miller, with frontispiece; Dio's Roman
History, translated by Earnest Cary, Ph.D.,
Volume I. Each 12mo, Macmillan Co. Per
volume, $1.50 net.
DRAMA AND VERSE.
The Tragedy of Pompey the Great. By John Mase-
field. With frontispiece, 12mo, 137 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $1.25 net.
In the High Hills. By Maxwell Struthers Burt.
16mo, 76 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1. net.
Chitra: A Play in One Act. By Rabindranath
Tagore. 12mo, 85 pages. Macmillan Co. $1. net.
Auguries. By Laurence Binyon. 12mo, 97 pages.
John Lane Co. $1. net.
Nowadays: A Contemporaneous Comedy. By
George Middleton, 12mo, 218 pages. Henry
Holt & Co. $1. net.
Sanctuary: A Bird Masque. By Percy Mackaye;
with Prelude by Arvia Mackaye. Illustrated in
color, etc., 12mo, 71 pages. F. A. Stokes Co.
$1. net.
Three Plays. By Bernard Sobel. 12mo, 79 pages.
Richard G. Badger.
Love and the Universe, The Immortals, and Other
Poems. By Albert D. Watson; with Introduction
by Katherine Hale. 8vo, 191 pages. Macmillan
Co. $1.50 net.
Belshazzar: A Drama. By Gertrudis Gomez de Avel-
laneda; translated from the Spanish by William
Freeman Burbank. 12mo, 64 pages. San Fran-
cisco: A. M. Robertson, Paper. 50 cts.


1914]
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THE DIAL
Saint-Gaudens: An Ode, and Other Verse. By
Robert Underwood Johnson 12mo, 361 pages.
Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.50.
Little Wax Candle: A Farce in One Act. By Louise
Norton, 12mo, 38 pages. New York City: Claire
Marie. $1.25 net.
Atil in Gortland, and Other Poems. By Henry
Ransome. 12mo, 106 pages. Oxford: B. H. Black-
well.
The Tale of Florentius, and Other Poems. By A. G.
Shirreff. Illustrated, 16mo, 61 pages. Oxford:
B. H. Blackwell. Paper.
Abraham Lincoln: A Story and a Play. By Mary
Hazelton Wade. 12mo, 84 pages. Richard G.
Badger.
'Prentice Songs. By George M. P. Baird. Large
8vo, 58 pages. Pittsburgh: The Aldine Press.
Omar or Christ. By N. B. Ripley. 16mo, 20. pages.
Eaton & Mains. Paper. 25 cts. net.
FICTION.
Dodo's Daughter. By E. F. Benson. 12mo, 389
pages. Century Co. $1.35 net.
Black Is White. By George Barr McCutcheon. Il-
lustrated in color, 12 mo, 389 pages. Dodd, Mead
& Co. $1.30 net.
The Congresswoman, By Isabel Gordon Curtis.
12mo, 505 pages. Browne & Howell Co.
$1.35 net.
Cap'n Dan's Daughter. By Joseph C. Lincoln. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 390 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.35 net.
The White Gate. By Warwick Deeping. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 352 pages. McBride,
Nast & Co. $1.25 net.
The Governor of England. By Marjorie Bowen.
12mo, 376 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.35 net.
Carmen and Mr. Dryasdust. By Humfrey Jordan.
12mo, 404 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net.
The Intriguers. By Harold Bindloss. With frontis-
piece in color, 12mo, 305 pages. Frederick A.
Stokes Co. $1.30 net.
The Lodger. By Mrs. Belloc Lowndes. 12mo, 306
pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
Dlane of the Green Van. By Leona Dalrymple.
Illustrated, 12mo, 441 pages. Reilly & Britton
Co. $1.35 net.
Vain Oblations. By Katharine Fullerton Gerould.
12mo, 324 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1.35 net.
Overland Red: A Romance of the Moonstone
Cañon Trail. Illustrated in color, 12mo, 349
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.35 net.
Victory Law, By Anne Warwick, 12mo, 316 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.30 net.
The Man Inside. By Natalie Sumner Lincoln. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 303 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.30 net.
The Reconnaisance. By Gordon Gardiner. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 328 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $1.35 net.
The Making of an Englishman. By W. L. George.
12mo, 424 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.35 net.
Shallow Soll. By Knut Hamsun; translated from
the Norwegian by Carl Christian Hyllested.
12mo,
339
pages. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1.35 net.
Mrs. Brand. By H. A. Mitchell Keays. 12mo, 375
pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $1.25 net.
Anthony the Absolute. By Samuel Merwin. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 360 pages. Century Co. $1.35 net.
Simple Simon: His Adventures in the Thistle Patch.
By A. Neil Lyons. Illustrated, 12mo, 344 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
Silent Sam. By Harvey J. O'Higgins. 12mo, 390
pages. Century Co. $1.25 net.
Initiation. By Robert Hugh Benson. 12mo, 447
pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.35 net.
The Peacock Feather. By Leslie Moore. 12mo, 312
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
The Strong Heart: Being the Story of a Lady. By
A. R. Goring-Thomas. 12mo, 365 pages. John
Lane Co. $1.25 net.
The Pillar of Sand. By William R. Castle, Jr.
12mo, 403 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.30 net.
Bat Wing Bowles. By Dane Coolidge. Illustrated
in color, etc., 12mo, 296 pages. F. A. Stokes Co.
$1.25 net.
When William Came: A Story of London under the
Hohenzollerns. By H. H. Munro (“Saki"). 12mo,
322 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
The Iron Year. By Walter Bloem; translated from
the German by Stella Bloch. 12mo, 400 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
Cleek of Scotland Yard. By T. W. Hanshew. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 358 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co.
$1.25 net.
The Full of the Moon. By Caroline Lockhart. II-
lustrated in color, 12mo, 267 pages. J. B. Lippin-
cott Co. $1.25 net.
The Marriage of Cecilia. By Maude Leeson, With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 387 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net.
The Blue Buckle. By William Hamilton Osborne.
12mo, 440 pages. McBride, Nast & Co. $1.25 net.
Anybody but Anne. By Carolyn Wells. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 309 pages. J. B.
Lippincott Co. $1.25 net.
Jean and Louise: A Story of Auvergne. By An-
tonin Dusserre; translated from the French by
John N. Raphael. With portrait, 12mo, 322
pages.
George H. Doran Co. $1.20 net.
East of the Shadows. By Mrs. Hubert Barclay.
12mo, 305 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net.
The Red Tavern. By C. R. Macauley. With frontis-
piece, 12mo, 414 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.30 net.
Barnabetta. By Helen R. Martin. 12mo, 340 pages.
Century Co. $1.30 net.
A Doubtful Character. By Mrs. Baillie Reynolds.
12mo, 301 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net.
The King Who Came: A Tale of the Great Revolt.
By Joseph W. Sharts. 12mo, 293 pages. Duffield
& Co. $1.25 net.
The Hour of Conflict. By Hamilton Gibbs. 12mo,
296 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net.
Letters from La-Bas. By Rachel Hayward. 12mo,
289 pages.
John W. Luce & Co.
Somebody's Luggage. By F. J. Randall. 12mo,
314 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
John Silence, Physician Extraordinary. By Alger-
non Blackwood, New edition; 12mo, 390 pages.
New York: Vaughan & Gomme. $1.35 net.
Over the Hills. By Mary Findlater. New edition;
12mo, 304 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.35 net.
The Green Graves of Balgowrie. By Jane Helen
Findlater. New edition; 12mo, 341 pages. E. P.
Dutton & Co. $1.35 net.
The Loves of Ambrose By Margaret Vandercook.
Illustrated, 12mo, 233 pages. Doubleday, Page
& Co. $1. net.
Our Mr. Wrenn: The Romantic Adventures of a
Gentle Man. By Sinclair Lewis. With frontis-
piece, 12mo, 254 pages. Harper & Brothers.
$1. net.
The Dog and the Child and the Ancient Sailor Man.
By Robert Alexander Wason. With frontispiece,
12mo, 209 pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $1. net.
Maje: A Love Story. By Armistead C. Gordon. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 119 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. 75 cts. net.
A Woman of To-day. By M. L. Nutt. 12mo, 202
pages. London: David Nutt.
The Things He Wrote to Her. By Richard Wight-
man. 16mo, 108 pages. Century Co. 60 cts. net.
Coming Back with the Spitball: A Pitcher's Ro-
mance, By James Hopper. Illustrated, 16mo,
70 pages. Harper & Brothers. 50 cts. net.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Japan's Inheritance: The Country, Its People, and
Their Destiny. By E. Bruce Mitford. Illus-
trated, large 8vo, 384 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co.
$3. net.
Some World-Circuit Saunterings.
By
William
Ford Nichols. Illustrated, large 8vo, 207 pages.
Paul Elder & Co. $2. net.


312
[April 1
THE DIAL
The Craft of Hand-Made Rugs. By Amy Mali
Hicks. Illustrated in color, etc., 12mo, 250 pages.
McBride, Nast & Co. $2. net.
Terry's Guide to the Japanese Empire, Including
Korea and Formosa. By T. Philip Terry. With
maps, 16mo, 798 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$5. net.
Mexico: The Wonderland of the South. By W. E.
Carson. Revised and enlarged edition; illus-
trated, 8vo, 449 pages. Macmillan Co. $2.50 net.
The Two Americas. By General Rafael Reyes;
translated from the Spanish with added notes,
by Leopold Grahame. Illustrated, large 8vo, 324
pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $2.50 net.
Out of Egypt. By M. Elizabeth Crouse. Illustrated,
12mo, 239 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1.50 net.
Latin America. By William R. Shepherd. 16mo,
256 pages.
"Home University Library." Henry
Holt & Co, 50 cts. net.
PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY.
The Unconscious: The Fundamentals of Human
Personality, Normal and Abnormal. By Morton
Prince, LL.D. 8vo, 549 pages.
Macmillan Co.
$2. net.
The Backward Child: A Study of the Psychology
and Treatment of Backwardness. By Barbara
Spofford Morgan; with Introduction by Elizabeth
E. Farrell. 12mo, 263 pages. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.25 net.
Minds in Distress: A Psychological Study of the
Masculine and Feminine Mind in Health and
Disorder. By A, E. Bridger, M. D. 12mo, 181
pages. John W. Luce & Co. $1.25 net.
Continuity: The Presidential Address to the British
Association for 1913. By Sir Oliver Lodge.
12mo, 131 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1. net.
A New Conception of Relativity and Locke. By
Henry G. Hartmann. 8vo, 96 pages. Cincinnati:
University of Cincinnati. Paper, $1. net.
Studies in Bergson's Philosophy. By Arthur
Mitchell, Ph.D. 8vo, 115 pages. Lawrence: Uni.
versity of Kansas. Paper, 75 cts. net.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS-POLITICS, SOCIOLOGY, AND
ECONOMICS.
The Passing of Empire. By H. Fielding-Hall. 8vo,
307 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $2.50 net.
Where and Why Public Ownership Has Failed. By
Yves Guyot. 8vo, 459 pages.
Macmillan Co.
$1.50 net.
The Influence of the Gold Supply on Prices and
Profits. By Sir David Barbour. 8vo, 104 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
The State: Its History and Development Viewed
Sociologically. By Franz Oppenheimer, Ph.D.;
translated from the German by John M. Gitter-
man, Ph.D. 8vo, 302 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co.
$1.25 net.
A Theory of Interest. By Clarence Gilbert Hoag,
A.M. 12mo, 228 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
Railway Misrule. By Edward Dudley Kenna.
12mo, 163 pages. Duffield & Co. $1.25 net.
A Handbook of Stock Exchange Laws, Affecting
Members, their customers, Brokers, and In-
vestors. By Samuel P. Goldman. 12mo, 290
pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.50 net.
The Financial History of New York State from
1789 to 1912. By Don C. Sowers. Large 8vo, 346
pages. Columbia University Press. Paper.
$2.50 net.
A Model Housing Law. By Lawrence Veiller. Large
8vo, 343 pages. New York: Survey Associates,
Inc.
The Tariff History of the United States. By F. W.
Taussig, Ph.D. Sixth edition, revised and en-
larged; 8vo, 465 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.75 net.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
Social Worship: For Use in Families, Schools, and
Churches. Compiled and edited by Stanton
Coit; the Music edited by Charles Kennedy
Scott. In 2 volumes; with photogravure frontis-
piece, 4to. Macmillan Co. $12.50 net.
Hebrew and Babylonian Traditions. By Morris
Jastrow, Jr., Ph.D. 8vo, 376 pages.
Charles
Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net.
Religion and Life. By Elwood Worcester. 8vo, 264
pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.25 net.
Apples of Gold. Compiled and arranged by W. B.
Trevelyan, M.A.; with Introduction by H. C.
Beeching, D.D. 12mo, 204 pages. E. P. Dutton
& Co. $1.25 net.
The Carpenter and the Rich Man. By Bouck White.
12mo, 339 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co.
$1.25 net.
A Bishop among His Flock. By Ethelbert Talbot,
LL.D. With portrait, 12mo, 202 pages. Harper
& Brothers. $1. net.
The Fair Haven. By Samuel Butler; edited, with
Introduction, by R. A. Streatfeild. 12mo, 285
pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50 net.
The Workingman's Christ. By Craig S. Thoms.
12mo, 292 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25 net.
The Mystics of Islam. By Reynold A. Nicholson,
Litt.D. 12mo, 178 pages. “The Quest Series."
Macmillan Co. $1. net.
The First Chapter of Genesis as the Rock Founda-
tion for Science and Religion. By Albert L.
Gridley, A.M. 12mo, 216 pages. Richard G.
Badger. $2. net.
Journeyings With Jesus. By Charles William Elsey.
Illustrated, 12mo, 307 pages. Richard G. Badger.
$1.50 net.
Down the Year. By C. DuFay Robertson. Illus-
trated, 8vo, 156 pages. Eaton & Mains. $1. net.
Comity, Concord, and Communion. An Appeal to
Anglicans. By C. R. Davey Biggs, D.D. 12mo,
23 pages.
Oxford: B. H. Blackwell. Paper.
SCIENCE AND NATURE.
The Courtship of Animals. By W. P. Pycraft. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 318 pages. Henry Holt & Co.
$1.75 net.
The Thresholds of Science Series. First volumes:
Zoology, by E. Brucker; Botany, by E. Brucker.
Popular editions; each illustrated, 12mo. Double-
day, Page & Co. Per volume, 50 cts. net.
The Bodley Head Natural History. By E. D.
Cuming. Volume II., British Birds. Illustrated
in color, etc., 16mo, 122 pages. John Lane Co.
75 cts. net.
Forest Neighbors: Life Stories of Wild Animals.
By William Davenport Hulbert. Illustrated,
12mo, 241 pages. Doubleday, Page Co.
50 cts. net.
ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND ARCHÆOLOGY.
Antiquities of India. By Lionel D. Barnett, Litt.D.
Illustrated in color, etc., 8vo, 306 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $4, net.
Manual of Egyptian Archæology, and Guide to the
Study of Antiquities in Egypt. By Sir G.
Maspero; translated and enlarged by Agnes S.
Johns. Sixth English edition; illustrated, 12mo,
385 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.25 net.
Gothic Architecture in Spain. By George Edmund
Street; edited by Georgiana Goddard King. In
2 volumes, illustrated, 12mo. E. P. Dutton
& Co. $2. net.
BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
A Bibliographical Catalogue of the Printed Works
Illustrated by George Crulkshank, By Albert
M. Cohn. Large 8vo, 226 pages. Longmans,
Green & Co. $5. net.
Who's Who in Science: International, 1914. Edited
by H. H. Stephenson. With frontispiece, 8vo,
662 pages.
Macmillan Co. $3.25 net.
A Glossary of Tudor and Stuart Words especially
from the Dramatists. Collected by Walter W.
Skeat; edited with Additions by A. L. Mayhew.
8vo, 461 pages. Oxford University Press.


1914]
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Le Curé de Village. By H. de Balzac; edited by
Stanley L. Galpin, Ph.D. With portrait, 12mo,
365 pages. Oxford University Press. 75 cts. net.
A Catalogue of the Collection of Persian Manu-
scripts, Including Some Turkish and Arabic,
Presented to the Metropolitan Musem of Art,
New York, by Alexander Smith Cochran. Pre-
pared and edited by A. V. Williams Jackson and
Abraham Yohannan. Illustrated. 8vo, 187 pages.
Columbia University Press. $1.50 net,
Writings on American History, 1911: A Bibliog-
raphy. Compiled by Grace Gardner Griffin. 8vo,
814 pages.
Washington: American Historical
Association,
Parliamentary Law and Rules of Procedure. Ву
Mary Belle King Sherman. Sixth edition, re-
vised and enlarged, 16mo, 180 pages. Browne
& Howell Co. 75 cts, net.
The Rand-McNally Pocket Map and Shippers' Guide
of Illinois, Corrected to Date. 16mo. Rand,
McNally & Co. Paper.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Arthur Rackham's Book of Pictures. With Intro-
duction by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch. Illustrated
in color, 4to. Century Co. $ 4. net.
Training the Girl. By William A. McKeever. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 342 pages.
Macmillan
Co.
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Fires and Fire Fighting: A History of Modern
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ment from Earliest Times. By John Kenlon.
Illustrated, large 8vo, 410 pages. George H.
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Expectant Motherhood: Its Supervision and Hy-
giene. By J. W. Ballantyne, M.D. 8vo, 288
pages. Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1.50 net.
The Power of Mental Demand, and Other Essays.
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Paul Elder & Co. $1.25 net.
Athletic Training. By Michael C. Murphy; edited
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Tait McKenzie. Illustrated, 12mo, 174 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1. net.
Young Boys and Boarding School. By Horace
Holden. 12mo, 197 pages. Richard G. Badger.
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Love. By Mildred Champagne. With portrait,
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The Fairies Here and Now. By S. R. Littlewood.
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Eugenics Record Office Bulletins. No. 10 A and
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Co.
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ander Smith. Illustrated, 12mo, 439 pages. Cen..
tury Co. $1.25.
The Practical Methods of Organic Chemistry. By
Ludwig Gatterman, Ph.D.; translated from the
eleventh German edition by William B. Schober
and Vahan S. Babasinian. Illustrated, 12mo,
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A Book of Prose Narratives. Chosen and edited
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The Anabasis of Xenophon. Edited by Augustus
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Selections from Classical German Literature: From
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teenth century. By Klara Hechtenberg Collitz,
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University Press. $1.50 net.
Freshman English. By Frances Berkeley Young
and Karl Young. 12mo, 679 pages. Henry Holt
& Co.
English Oral and written for High Schools. By
A. R. Brubacher, Ph.D., and Dorothy E. Snyder,
B.A. 12mo, 392 pages. Charles E. Merrill Co.
$1. net.
The Mill on the Floss. By George Eliot; edited by
J. Milnor Dorey. With portrait, 12mo, 554 pages.
Ginn & Co. 50 cts. net.
Ein Charakterbild von Deutschland. Compiled and
edited by M. Blakemore Evans, Ph.D., and Elisa-
beth Merhaut. Illustrated, 12mo, 237 pages.
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Der grosse Preussenkönig. Von D. Bernard Rogge.
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160 pages.
D. C. Heath & Co. 45 cts. net.
Der Zwerg Nase, Von Wilhelm Hauff; with Intro-
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314
(April 1
THE DIAL
READ
The Southern Sportsman
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Binding Goes on Forever!
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CHIVERS' BINDERY, Brooklyn, N.Y.
FOR STUDY CLUBS: Study-Guides arranged for use with
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Novels and Plays of Shakespeare, Idylls of the King, etc.
FOR USE IN HIGH SCHOOLS: The Study of Ivanhoe, The Study
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A DELIGHTFUL OUT-OF-DOOR ANTHOLOGY
THE
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WALT WHITMAN'S writing of nature, whether in
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AND THOUGHTS
FROM THE
WRITINGS OF
WALT WHITMAN
COMPILED BY
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THE DIAL
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Published by THE DIAL COMPANY, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 668.
APRIL 16, 1914.
Vol. LVI.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
BEASTS OF BURDEN
327
Charles Leonard
THE JUPITER OF NOVELISTS.
Moore
329
erson,
CASUAL COMMENT
331
A mine of manuscripts. - A passing glimpse of Em-
- Recovered portraits of the Brontë sisters.-
The soul of a librarian's wit. — The function of the
fairy tale.- A Japanese acrostic. The secret of an
author's strength. – A great newspaper's bid for
popularity.-Mathematical determination of a libra-
ry's usefulness. — Literary classics on the moving-
picture screen. — Instances of editorial fallibility.-
This year's library conference.
THE HUMAN NATURE OF A NATURALIST.
Percy F. Bicknell .
335
BEASTS OF BURDEN.
“ A righteous man regardeth the life of his
beast.” The wisdom of this proverb finds uni-
versal assent, but to admit it in theory and dis-
regard it in practice are courses that often go
hand in hand. • The last straw that broke the
camel's back” is too often exemplified in the
industrial, the political, and the educational
fields of activity. The consequent collapse might
easily have been foreseen and avoided, and yet
when it comes, the theorists who have prepared
the way for it are eloquent in expressing their
pained surprise at the catastrophe. Allowing
the theme to be metaphorically extended, there
is no end to the illustrations of it that present
themselves for our prayerful consideration, and
all these cases of malpractice shelter themselves
behind the blessed shibboleth of “efficiency."
Efficiency applied to industrialism can easily
make a showing of physical gains, but the
“speeding-up” of the work involves mental and
nervous strains that are lost sight of because
they are not susceptible of mathematical com-
putation. Political efficiency is often attained
through the disregard of principles that are more
fundamental than any matters of technical pro-
cedure, and educational efficiency is fondly
thought to be promoted when it really means
the sacrifice of hygienic and social principles
more important than any questions of adminis-
tration or curriculum.
In the political sphere, nothing is more desir-
able in the larger interests of society than the
preservation of the principle of representative
government, probably the most important of all
political inventions, the invention which it took
civilization some thousands of years to make,
for lack of which the society of the ancient world
crumbled away. And yet one of the favorite
nostrums of our time is a movement to reform
that principle altogether, and offer the most
complicated problems of government to the direct
arbitrament of voters in the mass. The refer-
endum has worked admirably, no doubt, in the
New England town-meeting, the Swiss canton,
and the Russian mir, because the simple affairs
of those communities were easily intelligible to
untrained minds, and directly affected the in-
terests of every individual who was called to
pronounce upon them. It seems so reason-
AN INTERVIEW WITH THE MUSE OF HISTORY.
Carl Becker.
336
TRAGEDY AND TREASON IN EDUCATION.
Thomas Percival Beyer
338
.
ESSAYS OF RICHARD MIDDLETON.
Foerster
Norman
339
FORT DEARBORN AND THE OLD NORTHWEST.
William V. Pooley
341
.
THE MEANING OF ART. Louis I. Bredvold
343
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
345
An addition to Chaucerian criticism, - New text-
books for studying the short story. – Two months
alone with nature. - Queen Victoria and the Prince
Consort. - Memories of a Southern girlhood. — Sir
Thomas More's house at Chelsea. - Everyday psy-
chology.-Judicial power over legislation in Amer-
ica. - English and French colonies in America. -
An admirable handbook on Greek Art. — What's in
a name?
BRIEFER MENTION
319
.
.
.
.
NOTES.
350
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
351
.


328
(April 16
THE DIAL
able to refer the intricate and technical affairs and educational administrators, we must endure
of the larger community to the same court of the consequences of our folly. And yet, such is
appeal, while in reality it is imposing upon the the inconsistency of human nature, the advocates
average intelligence a burden too great to be of the short ballot are often the very ones who
borne. Some of the recent fruits of the refer- will raise their voices in demanding that special
endum method in legislation must have given additions be made to the already swollen lists.
pause to the most ardent advocates of that The demand for elective school boards in cities
policy. What they conceive as a means of get is the supreme instance of this sort of folly. A
ting a direct expression of public opinion upon specious plea for such a policy, considered by
the larger issues of politics becomes in practice itself, may easily be made; but the proposition
a bewildering array of propositions presented to should not be considered by itself, but only in
the voter when he spends his legal allotment of the light of the whole question of elections,
five minutes in the poiling-booth. Shall he vote when its ill-advised character becomes at once
'yes” or “no” upon “ An act to amend the act apparent.
entitled . . . concerning the incorporation of Perhaps the most long-suffering of our modern
cities and villages”? How many voters will beasts of burden are those who, as teachers and
take the pains beforehand to inform themselves students, are engaged in the work of education.
as to what the proposition really means, and as The constant tendency is to load them with
to what the dozen or score of other and equally greater and greater weights, in the extension of
mystifying propositions upon his ballot really supervised school activities, and in the increase
mean? When we think how little trouble they of work, measured both by quantity and by
will take to vote intelligently when they are hours. The recent increase of the amount of
asked to do more than make a choice between work in the Chicago high schools is a case in
man and man for a few offices, the notion that point. There was no respectable argument in
they will put themselves to vastly greater pains its favor; in fact, most informed opinion held
to become competent legislators as well as electors that the amount was already too great, and that
is seen to be grotesquely inconsistent with what there was a crying need for its reduction, in the
we know of
average
human nature.
interests of the health of all concerned. But
Elections are perplexing enough as they now the increase was made, despite all the counsels
are without saddling upon the poor voter a series of sobriety, and without any attempt to learn
of propositions of a strictly legislative character. the wishes of the children's parents. And so it
If he cannot select his representatives with judg- goes all over the country. There is an ominous
ment, how on earth can he be expected to vote undercurrent of sentiment among educators,
upon the questions that should be decided upon demanding now longer days, now shorter vaca-
the basis of expert knowledge? The responsi- tions, now fewer holidays, and now increased
bility of choosing aldermen and assemblymen requirements for diplomas. Every now and
and members of Congress is staggering enough then this sentiment gets itself translated into
without adding to it the responsibility of shap- specific action, and the cumulative effect of these
ing the laws that they are to make. After all, measures constitutes a veritable menace to child-
we get from our legislators, in the long run, hood. The simple truth that intensive rather
the kind of laws that we really desire, and if we than extensive work is to be desired is about
complain about them, we are complaining about the last one that has any chance of prevailing
our own inefficiency as voters. Representative in these days of educational tinkering. Miss
government, conscientiously applied, will be good Mary Hinsdale, in a paper just published in the
or bad according to our own pains or slothful- Journal of the Association of College Alumnæ,
If we think the result is farcical, we have makes a vigorous protest against thus convert-
the remedy in our own hands, and our first step ing schools into beasts of burden, and utters
should be to reduce to a minimum the voting some very striking and pertinent truths. “The
burden we place upon our own shoulders. The same mother who declares at five o'clock tea
short ballot offers the solution to more political that the schools are “just killing the children'
problems than we imagine, because it means the circulates a petition the next week to have some
fixing and concentration of responsibility upon a new subject introduced.” “The American high
small number of persons, and the number may school child has mental shortness of breath.
readily be made small enough to offer no excuse The contents of his mind are as a badly focussed
for careless or unintelligent selection. But if moving picture show." Everywhere there is
we insist upon electing judges and court clerks a notion that every probable, or even possible,
ness.


1914]
329
THE DIAL
activity of life ought to be anticipated at school. MacIvor, Meg Merrilies, Balfour, Norna of the
The simpler aim of putting the child in posses-
Fitful Head, it is hardly necessary to catalogue
sion of his powers and leaving their special the instances of his employment of wonder-working
applications to the great school of the world is agencies. And though sometimes, as in “Wood
suspended for a while.” “Some aspects of the
stock," he explains away his “spiritings,” he is
conversion of the school into a social beast of
usually far more serious and thrilling and profound
than Burns, for instance, in his playful “Halloween”
burden are so contrary to nature that they would
or his half grotesque “Tam O'Shanter.” As for
grow less if enthusiasts would stop to think.”
meditations on fate and human destiny, whole novels
These random extracts illustrate the general like “Old Mortality,” “Heart of Midlothian,” and
sanity of the paper in which they are included.
in which they are included. “The Bride of Lammermoor” are imbued with
But the voice is of one crying in the wilderness. them. It is true that Scott did not project a Hamlet.
We have practiced our educational experiments Nobody else has in modern times. “Faust” the
now for many years of coddling children and poem is profound enough, but Faust the character
catering to the unscientific demands of the is pretty feeble.
ignorant, until a whole generation now bears
The objection of Carlyle that Scott is not high-
witness to the demoralizing results of the pro-
soaring or deeply penetrant is negatived by the
critics of the modern realistic school, who find that
cess. The volume of our educational chatter
he is too romantic, that his creations are made out
has multiplied many fold ; our expenditure on
of the whole cloth, that he is lacking in observation
education has grown enormously lavish, and and truth. Now I do not believe that there are two
the net result is a flabby mentality and a low ways of creating. The distinctions between romantic
ered efficiency that would have shamed us had and realistic and naturalistic methods are all futile.
it been the outcome of the limited resources and The only real difference is in the creative artists’
appliances of thirty or forty years ago. It is intensity of power and the direction in which they
time to call a halt, but the process of getting exercise it. The searchlight of genius may flash
back to the simpler and saner practices of an
on mountain peaks, or wooded hills and glens, or
earlier generation will be no easy one. It must
crowded city streets, or quiet little hamlets; it may
reveal the action and agony of battle or a circle
be accomplished, if at all, by a regression as
gossipping around a tea table; its X-rays may show
gradual as the rake's progress of our recent minds starred with a universe of thoughts or may
educational years. Little by little, painful step glimpse others which stir only with an animal exist-
by step, lopping off here one thing and there But in every case the searchlight brings as
another, and encountering the stubborn oppo much as it finds,- it colors and creates. Here is
sition of the interested at every point, the work a passage from the autobiography of Anthony
must be accomplished, until the demands now Trollope, - certainly a typical realist, if there ever
made upon both teachers and students are again
brought within tolerable limits. The beast of
" I never lived in any Cathedral city except London, never
knew anything of any close, and at that time had enjoyed
burden now staggers helplessly along the road; no particular acquaintance with any clergyman. My arch-
to lighten his load should be the imperative deacon, who has been called life-like, was I think the simple
educational demand of the coming years.
result of an effort of my moral consciousness. It was such
as that, in my opinion, an archdeacon should be, or at any
rate would be with such advantages as an archdeacon might
have; and lo! an archdeacon was produced who has been
declared by competent authorities to be an archdeacon down
THE JUPITER OF NOVELISTS.
to the very ground. And yet, as far as I can remember, I
had not then even spoken to an archdeacon.
Jupiter among the minor planets — such surely is Scott, the arch romanticist, did not go about his
Sir Walter Scott's place in the world of novelists. business in this fashion. It was late in life that
There are a few works of prose fiction in the whole he began novel writing, and his knowledge and
extent of literature which surpass any single one of experience of life in all its varieties was prodigious.
his; but in mass, variety, and power he stands alone. Probably no one's powers of observation ever sur-
The charge of externality and lack of profundity passed his. As far as art can or cares to reproduce
which Carlyle brought against his greater fellow- truth and reality he went, and humanity recognizes
countryman falls to the ground with a moment's itself in his portraitures.
examination of the novels. No creative artist, ex Scott shared with Shakespeare in a certain aris-
cept Shakespeare, has given us so many men of the tocracy of temperament and aim. He wanted to be
hermit heart, who react against the facts of life, among the privileged of the earth. This sets him
who reenact the Promethean rebellion. No one has somewhat apart from the modern current. In their
given us so many sybils, seers, prophets,— victims different ways Dickens, Hugo, Tolstoi, even Balzac,
of second sight and superstition. Scott's mind was believed in the divinity of the people. They hank-
literally haunted by the supernatural. There is an ered after the martyrdom of the multitude, even if
element of this in almost every one of his novels. they hesitated to share it personally. Yet no one has
ence.
was one:
"


330
(April 16
THE DIAL
moor.
So ex-
had a keener or more manly sympathy with the poor ern efforts are hidden to the world. Scott's English
than Scott. It was not a maudlin pity, - the Scotch may sometimes be languid or careless, but he hardly
character forbade anything of the kind. “ That for ever writes a speech in his own Scottish dialect
your
dommed luxury!” says
the Scotch father in which is not racy and terse and vivid. As to fitting
“Punch’s” picture, as he kicks from under the head together of parts and creation of atmosphere, we
of his son the snow pillow which the latter has rolled may point to “The Bride of Lammermoor” as one
up to make more comfortable his bed on the open of the great tone poems of the language. And
This toughness of fibre is present in all of “Old Mortality” and “Ivanhoe” are as perfect in
Scott's poor people, and it is perhaps a better thing their different ways.
than Dickens's happy sentimentalism or Tolstoi's “ Which is the greatest play of Shakespeare ? In
frustrate pity.
which aspect do you like the sea best ?”
It is claimed for the Russian novelists, Dostoi claims Keats in one of his letters. We may echo
effsky in particular, that out of their overflowing the saying in regard to Scott. There are about a
love for disinherited and outcast humanity, they dozen of his novels so even in their diverse excellence
have penetrated into the heart of criminal men and that there can be no real precedence given to any
women,- have shown the necessity for evil, and one of them, — there can only be preference in the
the good that is wrapped up with it. Of course this individual reader's mood. To Waverley " belongs
is an untenable proposition. Every great artist the right of primogeniture, and it has a certain state-
since the beginning of time has recognized that evil liness and splendor, a richness of material, which
is his most powerful ally, – that it puts the most support this right. It may dispute with Marmion"
vivid colors on his palette, draws the strongest lines the honor of being the Scottish Iliad, - or, rather,
on his canvas. Indeed, it may be said that a great it has no rival, for the poem is mainly English in its
artist must be in love with evil as far as his work characterizations, as it is in the victory it celebrates.
goes. Certainly the man who drew Dirk Hatteraick, To my mind, however, “Guy Mannering" is a more
Človeland, Nanty Ewart, Balfour, the Templar, important book. Meg Merrilies is Scott's greatest
Louis XIII., and innumerable other black sheep, creation, —a figure so great indeed that it gave a
need not yield to any more recent creator in his bias to Scott's mind and compelled him to reproduce
knowledge of and sympathy for errant human it in many subsequent shapes. Then the variety of
nature. Nor, though he altered and nearly ruined other comic and eccentric characters in the piece are
the plot of “St. Ronan's Well” to please the pru remarkable, as are the variety of scene and incident.
dishness of Ballantyne, bas he any particular scru I should say it has the best opening of any novel I
ples about the young person's" supposed needs. know. On the other hand, there is more bad con-
Indeed, there is much breadth of theme and racy struction and more really insipid writing than in any
coarseness in his books, — more, I think, than could other of the novels of the first rank. In mere delight-
be gathered out of Shakespeare.
fulness, “ The Antiquary” is perhaps supreme. But
Objection has always been taken to the insipidity Edie Ochiltree is a male Meg Merrilies; Sir Arthur
of Scott's heroes and heroines. The heroes of most Wardour is an inferior copy of Sir Robert Hazlewood.
novels may be relegated to the limbo of the null Jonathan Oldbuck himself and the group of fisher
and indifferent, and Scott's are generally no excep people are the novel elements of the piece. “Old
tion to this law. But for his heroines a better case Mortality” is more closely wrought than “Waverley,”
may be put up. Certainly Flora MacIvor, Di with a high excellence of tragic and comic character,
Vernon, Clara Mowbray, and Rebecca are clearly yet it seems a trifle more remote from our sympathies
entitled to a place in the legend of fair women. a trifle academic. Not academic at all is “The
We now come to a great stumbling block to many Legend of Montrose,” but overflowing with hunian
of the late critics of Scott,— his lack of style. It is interest. Dugald Dalgetty may almost dispute with
rather difficult to know exactly what this objection Meg Merrilies the primacy of Scott's people. Beauty
means, but it seems to divide into two parts, — want and pathos and tragedy have set their seal on ". The
of distinctive and perfected wording in the language, Heart of Midlothian.” But, fine as are the delinea-
and want of highly-wrought form and tone in the tions of Jeanie and Effie Deans, to me those quali-
whole compositions. As to the first, Scott wrote ties seem more perfectly blended in Madge Wildfire,
with incredible rapidity, and there are plenty of who is absolutely Shakespearean. I should not do
careless slips and many dull and sprawling pages. battle with anyone who unfurled the banner of either
But when he is interested, which is almost always, Rob Roy ” or “Redgauntlet." For all me, Di
he carries the interest of the reader along with Vernon may ride down to posterity at the head of
unparalleled vivacity. And whenever the character Scott's procession, with Nicol Jarvie on one side
or the situation needs it, he rises to the heights of and Andrew Fairservice on the other. And - Red.
expression. If any of the modern stylists bave gauntlet” is the very pattern and paragon of ro-
written better things than Meg Merrilies' farewell to mantic novels. It has hurry, bustle, change, enchant-
Ellangowan, or Mucklewrath's denunciation of ment from start to finish. Something thrilling is
Claverhouse, or the latter's speech to Morton, or happening every minute, and we have Wandering
Jeanie Deans's appeal to Queen Caroline, or a hun Willie's tale thrown in as a makeweight.
dred other passages of the kind, such superior mod Bride of Lammermoor” is set apart in Scott's work,
- The


1914]
331
THE DIAL
unique in its gloom and tragic singleness. “St.
“St. Library by the State Auditor.” Accumulated state
Ronan's Well” has been accounted one of his fail and county papers and record books for almost a
ures, but it seems to me in the first rank. He wrote century and a half had been lying disregarded in
it in good-natured rivalry with Jane Austen. It is the basement of the library until Mr. Swem's energy
certainly not an Austen novel, but it is perhaps a and enterprise were brought to bear upon their sift-
better thing. With all respect for Miss Austen's ing and sorting and the preservation of such con-
inimitable genius, with a full appreciation of her siderable portion of them as are of value to history
mastery in every stroke, one may still feel a sym. students, genealogists, statisticians, and others. “An
pathy with FitzGerald when he likened her work estimate of the total number of pieces retained and
to gruel. “St. Ronan's Well” is unequally con deposited,” says Mr. Swem in his prefatory note,
trived. The villain and his machinations are taken “is between 650,000 and 700,000, of which 10,000
direct from “ Clarissa Harlowe.” Some of the are records in book form. The documents were at
people at the Spa are dropped there out of a Sheri once roughly grouped and their titles written in the
danic comedy. But Clara Mowbray is so fine and accession book. The list printed in the present
true to nature and the highest art that it does not Bulletin is based upon this hasty and preliminary
need to say that she has stepped out of Shakespeare. classification, and is not presumed to be final. It
And as Meg Merrilies is the progenitor of a long was thought advisable to give to students at once
line of strange or wandering beings, so Meg Dods some knowledge of what had been deposited.”
is the culmination and summing up of Scott's many Many records examined were returned to the audi-
landladies and “ douce Scotch bodies" in various tor's office, as properly belonging there, but the
walks of life. “Ivanhoe ” and “Quentin Durward” series designated as "personal property books" -
complete the list of Scott's greatest novels. Each is that is, lists of owners of taxable personal property,
somewhat of a tour de force, and though in each with enumeration of such property - was deposited
case the effort is successful we feel more than in the in the library, and is believed by Mr. Swem to con-
Scottish novels that there is an effort.
stitute "the most authentic and comprehensive
Scott's novels of the second rank, “The Pirate," source material for the study of the economic and
“Fortunes of Nigel," " Kenilworth,” “The Talis social history of Virginia from 1782 to the close of
man,
,” “Woodstock," "The Monastery,” “The Ab the War between the States." Genealogists, too,
bott,” and “The Fair Maid of Perth,” are generally will find much material of value to them in the col-
so good that one hardly knows why they should be lection. But probably the most generally interesting
separated from the first flight. There is a differ item in the catalogue is the following: “Clark,
ence, yet any one of them may ride forth with their George Rogers. 70 packages of letters, vouchers,
master's pennon and blazon and do him no discredit. accounts, orders, captured papers and miscellaneous
Even his failures,—“The Black Dwarf,” “Peveril of documents concerning George Rogers Clark and the
the Peak,” “The Betrothed,” “Anne of Geierstein," Illinois country. 1778–1783. 300 pieces per pack-
and “Count Robert of Paris," — have so much of age.” The magnitude of the task undertaken and
good in them that they would furnish forth a toler carried through by Mr. Swem, and the inconveni-
ably first-rate reputation.
ences attending it, together with the obvious uncer-
When we take into account the fact that at least tainty whether the work would ever have been
three of Scott's metrical tales hold their own in any entered upon if he had not had the courage for it,
assemblage of English narrative poetry, and when all tend to increase respect for his zeal as well as
we add to this that his profusion of lyrics in their gratitude for his timely service to the cause of his-
melody, ringing lilt, perfection of wording, and torical study
grace or depth of meaning are with the best in the A PASSING GLIMPSE OF Emerson in an attributed
language, we may realize that he was a wholesale rôle not the most frequently associated with his name
dealer in great literature. Many writers since bave is obtained in turning the pages of the richly en-
equalled or surpassed him in quantity; but it seems to joyable “ Notes of a Son and Brother,” Mr. Henry
me that all his novel-writing successors at least must James's current contribution to good literature. In
give place to him for novelty, variety, vitality, and a letter of his father's, written just after the writer
energizing power. CHARLES LEONARD MOORE. had been to Concord to "bury” two of his children,
as he expressed it- meaning that he had placed his
two youngest sons in Mr. Frank Sanborn's school
“ Then we drove to Emerson's and waded
CASUAL COMMENT.
up to our knees through a harvest of apples and pears,
A MINE OF MANUSCRIPTS relating to the early which, tired of their mere outward or carnal growth,
history of Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, and had descended to the loving bosom of the lawn, there a
the Old Northwest, has recently been opened and or elsewhere to grow inwardly meet for their heavenly
four months spent in exploring its riches by Mr. rest in the veins of Ellen the saintly and others ;
Earl G. Swem, assistant librarian of the Virginia until at last we found the cordial Pan himself in the
State Library, who now issues a report of his dis- midst of his household, breezy with hospitality and
coveries in a bulletin entitled “A List of Manu- blowing exhilarating trumpets of welcome. Age
scripts Recently Deposited in the Virginia State has just the least in the world dimmed the lustre
he says:


332
[April 16
THE DIAL
we once knew, but an unmistakable breath of the succinct record of yearly progress is its second. But
morning still encircles him, and the odour of prim. terseness of statement need not indicate paucity of
eval woods. Pitchpine is not more pagan than he achievement, any more than prolixity should be taken
continues to be, and acorns as little confess the gar to stand for great things accomplished. “This re-
dener's skill. Still I insist that he is a voluntary minds us,” says Mr. Yust, the librarian (but he does
Pan, that it is a condition of mere wilfulness and not say it in his Report), “ of a story in the Book
insurrection on his part, contingent upon a merci of Books. In Matthew 25: 14-30 we are told of
lessly sound digestion and an uncommon imaginative three servants who had received talents, five, two
influx, and I have no doubt that even be, as the years and one respectively. On the Master's return they
ripen, will at last admit Nature to be tributary and all rendered account of their stewardship. The first
not supreme. However this be, we consumed juicy two had doubled their capital. Each of them said
pears to the diligent music of Pan's pipe, while Ellen so in fourteen words, and their work was pronounced
and Edith softly gathered themselves upon two low • Well done, good and faithful servant.' Servant
stools in the chimney-corner, saying never a word number three had accomplished absolutely nothing,
nor looking a look, but apparently hemming their but he made a full report in forty-two words, three
kerchiefs; and good Mrs. Stearns, who sat by the times as long as the other reports.” Rochester is
window and seemed to be the village dress-maker, building up its library system from the broad base
ever and anon glanced at us over her spectacles as of its numerous and widely-scattered branches and
if to say that never before had she seen this wondrous distributing centres — four hundred and forty-eight
Pan so glistening with dewdrops.” After enjoying in number - instead of downward from the pinnacle
that flight of playful fancy can one be surprised that of a main library. This main library, still in more
two of the writer's sons attained distinction with or less distant prospect, will, it is hoped, be a fitting
the pen ?
consummation to all the effort and accomplishment
RECOVERED PORTRAITS OF THE BRONTË SISTERS,
that have preceded it; and the trustees are now
Charlotte, Emily, and Anne, in a group painted by watchfully waiting for a million-dollar building fund
their brother, together with a profile sketch of Emily - and a site for the building, we infer. Most
from the same amateur band, have by a fortunate
creditable is the circulation record published by Mr.
chance been acquired by the National Portrait | Yust, — 274,372, with a total collection of 38,321
Gallery and will be hung in the so-called Modern volumes, or more than seven lendings of each volume
Literature Room. These pictures, good likenesses, owned.
according to Mrs. Gaskell, though leaving much to THE FUNCTION OF THE FAIRY TALE in developing
be desired as works of art, had long been given up
the young reader's imagination is highly esteemed
as lost, and their recent discovery brings joy to the
by some educators, and as severely condemned by
hearts of Brontë enthusiasts. The canvases had others; and the reasons for each of these opposing
been taken by Charlotte's widowed husband, the judgments are obvious. Professor William A.
Rev. A. B. Nicholls, to his home in Ireland when
Neilson, of Harvard, at a recent meeting of mothers
he left Haworth, and beyond that nothing was known gave his opinion of the Grimm tales and similar
of them. A few weeks ago, however, the surviving juvenile works. “The stories by the brothers
second wife of Mr. Nicholls, still living in the house Grimm,” he said, “were written many years ago,
that was his home at the time of his death, directed and perhaps the most charitable way of dismissing
a servant to clear out an old cupboard or wardrobe them would be to say that for their time they were
that had remained undisturbed for many years;
all right. The fact remains, however, that they are
and among the objects disinterred were two parcels standard and classic, and that there is still a profit-
in brown paper. On being unwrapped they proved
able business in publishing them. Sooner or later
to be the long-lost portraits, the canvas having the they fall into the hands of our little folk. I believe
group being folded in four, to its obvious detriment. that these stories should be discarded because their
This was the very painting held up by Charlotte suggestion to the childish mind is that every wrong
for her future biographer to admire, as is related in was avenged. Revenge is a bad enough vice to
the “Life”; and how Charlotte's bereaved husband exist in any of us, without being suggested and
could have brought himself to treat so barbarously inlaid in the childish mind by a fairy tale." True,
this memorial of her - if indeed his was the ruthless in part. In an ideal world, with an ideal system of
hand that did the deed — one is at a loss to under-education, the child would be taught to turn the
stand. But perhaps he took this means to show his other cheek; but in an ideal world there would be
little esteem for the vainglorious Branwell and all no cheek-smiting to begin with. In the actual
his works. If so, one can rather easily forgive him.
world the situation is more complex. In the actual
world, too, it is very improbable that any child not
THE SOUL OF A LIBRARIAN'S WIT, like that of wit an imbecile ever takes the Grimm tales literally.
in general, is not seldom to be found in its brevity. When Hansel and Grethel shove the wicked witch
The current annual Report of the Rochester (N.Y.) into the oven, slam the door, and run away to leave
Public Library resembles the history of that insti her to her merited cremation, the young reader
tution: it is very short. Three years ago there takes a wholesome pleasure in this vivid illustration
was no Rochester Public Library, and its present of poetic justice, without incurring any serious risk


1914]
333
THE DIAL
of imitating Hansel's and Grethel's example. At main things about the common ones.
I had uncon-
any rate, if our little folk are to have nothing given sciously absorbed the knowledge that gave the life
them to read more highly-spiced than “Sandford and warmth to my page. Take that farm boy out
and Merton” and the Rollo books, they will never of my books, out of all the pages in which he is
develop much love for literature.
latent as well as visibly active, and you have robbed
them of something vital and fundamental, you have
A JAPANESE ACROSTIC, the “I-Ro-Ha" hymn of taken from the soil much of its fertility.” On a
Kwai Han, a famous poet who lived more than a
later page this is significant: “From the impromptu
thousand years ago, forms the subject of some inter character of my writings come both their merits
.esting remarks by Dr. Clay MacCauley in “The
and their defects — their fresh, unstudied character,
Japan Magazine," of Tokyo; and the poem itself, and their want of thoroughness and reference-book
consisting of forty-seven verses, each verse beginning authority. I cannot, either in my writing or in my
with one of the syllables of the Japanese alphabet, reading, tolerate any delay, any flagging of the
in abecedarian fashion, is translated, or paraphrased, interest, any beating about the bush, even if there
by the writer. Kwai Han's self-imposed task was is a bird in it. The thought, the description, must
more difficult, or more considerable, one infers, than move right along, and I am impatient of all footnotes
that of the Hebrew poet who composed the 119th
and quotations and asides." First and last, it is
Psalm, the Hebrew alphabet having but twenty-two
made very evident that, though other nature-writers
letters to be worked into the acrostic, while the may need to lay in a store of material by journeying,
Japanese has forty-seven characters, or syllables. gun in hand, to South Africa of South America, no
“The Dominant Note of the Law” is Dr. Mac such premeditated course would ever have furnished
Cauley's rendering of the title of the hymn, and of the books that now delight the thousands of Mr.
course his translation of the lines retains nothing of Burroughs's readers.
their acrostic character, but merely reproduces in A GREAT NEWSPAPER'S BID FOR POPULARITY has
substance the poet's tribute of praise and thanks been known to work its own undoing in the long run,
giving to Buddha. Concerning this Japanese alpha or even in the surprisingly short run. Fortune loves
bet, or “Hiragana syllabary,” as it is called, Dr. not to be truckled to, but has a way of bestowing her
MacCauley has also something to say. The Buddhist favors most lavishly on those who scorn them. The
saint, Kukai, later known as Kobo Daishi, or “the London “ Times” at threepence had so long been a
great Teacher who spread the law abroad," invented national institution that its change to a lower price
the syllabary about twelve hundred years ago, and could not fail to shock the conservative Englishman
at the same time devised a metrical arrangement of and to seem indicative of a lowering of its tone. A
the syllables in eight lines, "in which the conviction tuppenny “Thunderer" fails to be as impressive as
fundamental in Buddhism is graphically concen a sixpenny "Thunderer”—for the journal had been
trated.” Like our mnemonic lines, "Thirty days sold at sixpence, fivepence, and fourpence, before
hath September,” etc., these eight verses are readily it settled upon its long-familiar price of threepence.
learned by the child, and they constitute the “ABC” | And now we have the spectacle of a “Times” sold
of Japanese school children. Here is Dr. Mac on the street at the same paltry price at which the
Cauley's English paraphrase of them, in the original | hot cross buns of about this season are being cried
metre:
through the purlieus of London. Of course the
“E'en though clothed in colors gay-
rivalry of competitive journals, notably the “Morn-
Blossoms fall, alas !
Who then in this world of ours
ing Post" and the “Daily Telegraph," is at the
Will not likewise pass ?
bottom of all the plausible professions made by the
Crossing now the utmost verge
“Times” in justification of its descent to the penny
Of a world that seems,
standard - or, at least, to the penny price. Perhaps
My intoxication fails
Fade my fleeting dreams."
the threepenny standard can be maintained even by
a penny paper, but the course of journalism in our
THE SECRET OF AN AUTHOR'S STRENGTH prob-
own country has not been such as to create expecta-
ably lies much oftener than is suspected in those
tion of highest excellence in cheapest journals. It
seeds of character that were sown in his earliest
is a significant fact that the three newspapers gen-
years. Those who profess to see the man indelibly erally acknowledged to be the best in America are
outlined in the boy of five will not be surprised at
sold at three times the price asked for the (at
Mr. John Burroughs's ascription of his success as
present) immensely popular sheets that flaunt their
an author to the unconsciously-acquired nature-lore flaming headlines in every street-car and ferry-boat
of his childhood. In the autobiographic fragments
in the land.
that give so much of life and charm to Dr. Clara MATHEMATICAL DETERMINATION OF A LIBRARY'S
Barrus's “Our Friend John Burroughs" (reviewed USEFULNESS must be appreciably more difficult than,
on another page) he says: “When I began, in my for instance, the determination of the amount of
twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth year, to write about salt in a gallon of sea water; but the librarian of the
the birds, I found that I had only to unpack the Gary (Indiana) Public Library proposes a system
memories of the farm boy within me to get at the for registering, in terms that he calls “units,” the
very


334
(April 16
THE DIAL
ON THE MOVING-PICTURE
quantity of service of all sorts, and of each separate article, “Adventures with Editors," in the current
sort, rendered by a library in any given time. “Atlantic Monthly.” Entering upon "a reëxami-
Frankly acknowledging the impossibility of gauging nation of an ancient inquiry: Why are manuscripts
such an institution's total influence for good through- rejected ?” the writer offers some good advice to
out its community, he still believes it possible and editors who would save themselves from the embar-
advisable to ascertain in mathematical terms just rassment of discovering, too late, that they have
how great its activity in each of several directions, curtly dismissed an embryonic genius – such embar-
and in all these directions, really is. Counting as rassment as must have been felt by the unnamed
a unit each lending of a book, attendance of a editor mentioned in the following anecdote, quoted
reader in the reading-room, circulation of a picture by Mr. Harrison : “The first real literary success
or of a piece of music, presence of a person at a of Kathleen Norris, author of "Mother' and “The
library lecture or club meeting or entertainment, Rich Mrs. Burgoyne,' was the acceptance of a story
reference question answered by telephone or mail, by the Atlantic Monthly. “This story,' she says,
and so on, the statistically-inclined librarian should had been the rounds of the magazines, but when it
be able at the end of the official year to report, with finally appeared in the Atlantic I received four
professional pride and self-congratulation, that his letters from editors, to whom it had previously been
library had rendered public service to the extent of submitted, complimenting me upon my work and
(let us say) 343,761 units, with the separate items asking the privilege of considering my next story.
of tbis service duly tabulated. And when a rival | One of these was Mr. of ——'s Magazine. I
library reports a total greater by fifty or sixty units, wrote him thanking him for his praise, and told
what incentive there would be to beat that record him that the story had been submitted to him on
next year! Ways of more sorts than one by which such and such a day, and had been returned with
this might be effected will readily suggest them a printed note of thanks a fortnight later."" How
selves. But is all this counting and classifying and many a still unrecognized literary genius, with a
tabulating worth the brain tissue it consumes? Per trunkful of rejected manuscripts, would rejoice to
haps it is.
find himself placed in a position similar to that of
Miss Norris, and how few of them, probably, would
LITERARY CLASSICS
exercise her forbearance toward the self-stultified
SCREEN will never, it is to be hoped, cause the same
editor!
classics to be ignored in book form. As an incentive
THIS YEAR'S LIBRARY CONFERENCE will be held
to reading rather than a substitute for reading, these
breathless glimpses of a great author's conceptions
in Washington, D.C., May 25-30, with headquarters
might accomplish much good. A recent news item
at the New Willard Hotel, and with accompanying
under the general heading, “Music and Drama,"
sessions of the various affiliated and subordinate
announces that “Thomas Bailey Aldrich's • Judith
organizations of the American Library Association.
of Bethulia’ and Richard Harding Davis's “Soldiers
Announcement of the order of exercises, the post-
of Fortune,' in motion pictures, are filling Proctor's
conference plans, and other details, is now awaited ;
Fifth Avenue Theatre at every representation."
but meanwhile a brief glance at the many
attractions
These are not exactly to be counted among the
Washington offers to those engaged in library work
classics of all time; but Homer's “Odyssey," which
must at least induce a strong desire to be present at
has been epitomized in moving-picture form, is
the coming convention. The Library of Congress,
certainly a classic; and who knows but we may yet
the Library of the Bureau of Education (recently
have, for instance, Milton's "Paradise Lost” offered strengthened and made more widely useful), the
to an eager public in the same manner? That great
various department libraries, the Library of the
epic has obvious possibilities in the way of spectacular
District of Columbia, the museums and collections
of different kinds — all these contribute to both the
scenes and theatrical situations. Perhaps, too, the
bill-boards will some day announce the presentation pleasure and the profit of such an occasion as the
of Bunyan's “Pilgrim's Progress," of Spenser's forthcoming. Only once in its history has the
“Faery Queene," and even of Chaucer's “Canter-
A. L. A. held its annual convention in this city of
bury Tales," as the latest attraction to lovers of the
libraries, and the home of our chief library; and
“movies”; for even the heedless throng tires in time
that was thirty-three years ago, when seventy, out
of the vulgar inanities that are reeled off by the
of a membership of more than four hundred, came
thousand yards at so many show-houses throughout together to discuss topics of professional interest.
the land.
Probably one reason for the rather small attendance,
the fourth-smallest in the Association's history, was
INSTANCES OF EDITORIAL FALLIBILITY in the the time chosen for the conference — early February,
rejection of manuscripts that afterward and else when libraries generally are at their busiest and the
where demonstrate both their commercial value and conditions for travelling least inviting. Certainly
their literary excellence are numerous enough in a much larger attendance is to be expected this year,
the annals of periodical literature. A few nota when it is hoped there will be present a considerable
ble illustrations, chiefly from his own experience, delegation from Canada in return for our own hearty
are given by Mr. Henry Sydnor Harrison in an response to the invitation to Ottawa in 1912.


1914]
335
THE DIAL
The New Books.
was only after twelve years' acquaintance with
his books that Miss Barrus yielded to her im-
pulse and sent Mr. Burroughs a letter telling
THE HUMAN NATURE OF A NATURALIST.* him what a joy his writings had been to her.
Many of Mr. John Burroughs's readers must
Later there came to her a gracious invitation to
visit him, and so close a friendship was formed
have interrupted their reading more than once
to ask themselves why it is that everything he that for the past twelve years she has had the
writes has so unquestionable a reality, so in-
enviable privilege of helping him with his corre-
evitable an interest, so inescapable à charm. spondence, which, in respect to letters received,
Scrutiny and analysis fail to reveal in his page
at least, is of no small proportions. Following
any rhetorical trick or other device that can be
this admirable presentation of the naturalist in
made to explain the secret, nor does the thought counted the best part of the book, bits of auto-
his woodland retreat comes what must be ac-
which his language clothes attain to such stu-
pendous heights or depths as shall account biography sent in the form of letters to Miss
for his unfailing command of our attention.
Barrus at her request, and pieced out with fit-
Finally, therefore, the conclusion is reached ting additions of her own or selections from the
that it is the man's personality itself that speaks three parts, dealing with his ancestry and family
autobiographer's other reminiscent writings. In
to the reader so compellingly, though so quietly life, his childhood and youth, and an inquiry
and unassumingly. One is made to live the
writer's own life and think his own thoughts
into the origin and nature of his own distinctive
with him in his books. How then can they depicts himself and his environment, exciting
peculiarities, he most frankly and engagingly
fail to be alive with meaning and pregnant with
admiration for the noble candor to which
reality? As supplementary to these master-
any
concealment or disguise is so utterly foreign.
pieces of intimate self-portraiture, such a vol-
ume as Dr. Clara Barrus's “Our Friend John
Like Franklin, he unhesitatingly tells the worst
that can be told about himself; but unlike
Burroughs," with its passages of autobiography
from the naturalist's own pen
Franklin he has nothing that is morally repel-
and its
scraps
of
familiar talk from his lips, must be very wel-
lent to reveal. Like Franklin, again, he was
come to the less fortunate thousands of his ad-
one of a large family of brothers and sisters,
none of the rest of whom attained to distinction.
mirers who have never enjoyed Miss Barrus's
A chapter is next devoted to Mr. Burroughs's
good fortune in being invited to visit him at
Slabsides and Woodchuck Lodge, or to travel early writings, with illustrative extracts. In
with him and camp with him in Colorado and
the formality and comparative heaviness of those
California and the Hawaiian Islands.
first ventures into print, philosophical or didactic
The book's first chapter, bearing the same
in tone as they mostly were, there showed itself
title as the book itself, attempts to show why very little of the man as he soon afterward
Mr. Burroughs is “our friend,” and says, among
became when he really began to find himself
other things, that “it is the child in the heart,
and his true place in the order of things. Even
in that first “Atlantic” essay (“Expression ")
and, in a way, the child' in his books, that
accounts for his wide appeal. He often says he
which Lowell so promptly accepted and pub-
can never think of his books as works, because
lished — it was in 1860, when its writer was
twenty-three
so much play went into the making of them.
old
years
- there was, uncon-
He has gone out of doors in a holiday spirit, has sciously to the essayist, so much more of Emerson
than of the future author of 6 Wake Robin'
had a good time, has never lost the boy's relish
for his outings, and has been so blessed with
that the piece was generally ascribed to the
the gift of expression that his own delight is
Concord sage. Indeed, it may be found indexed
in “ Poole" as of Emersonian origin, and the
communicated to his reader.” Then follow
instances and letters and anecdotes illustrating footnote quoting a line from it and assigning it
earlier editions of Hill's “ Rhetoric" have a
the large, generous friendliness of the man.
to Emerson.
“ The Retreat of a Poet-Naturalist,” as the
It was Miss Barrus herself, it
next chapter is called, shows the “Sage of
now appears, who called the Harvard professor's
attention to the error.
Slabsides" under his own rustic roof-tree. It
“A Winter Day at Slabsides” shows Mr.
*OUR FRIEND JOHN BURROUGHS. By Clara Barrus. Burroughs in the youthfulness and high spirits
Including autobiographical sketches by Mr. Burroughs.
With illustrations from photographs. Boston: Houghton
of seventy-four years, roasting a duck in a pot
for his invited guests and giving them such a
Mifflin Co.


336
[April 16
THE DIAL
feast of reason together with the products of his White, Thoreau, and Richard Jefferies, she not
culinary art as may well excite the reader's unnaturally finds him greatly superior in some
envy of those favored banqueters. Then comes respects to the three others. For example:
a view of the naturalist restored to the scenes “Mr. Burroughs puts his reader into close and sym-
of his boyhood, in the town of Roxbury, Dela- pathetic communion with the open-air world as no other
ware County, New York, where he has reclaimed
literary naturalist bas done. Gilbert White reported
with painstaking fidelity the natural history of Selborne;
an abandoned farmhouse half a mile from the
Thoreau gave Thoreau with glimpses of nature thrown
old homestead where he was born, and has in; Richard Jefferies, in dreamy, introspective descrip-
christened it "Woodchuck Lodge." It is here tions of rare beauty and delicacy, portrayed his own
that he has the “hay-barn study” so pleasantly mystical impressions of nature; but Mr. Burroughs
takes us with bim to the homes and haunts of the wild
familiar to readers of his later essays, and it is
creatures, sets us down in their midst, and lets us see
here that he now spends his summers, wonder-
and hear and feel just what is going on. We read bis
ing at the perversity that kept him so long books and echo Whitman's verdict on them: “They
estranged from this beautiful Catskill country take me outdoors ! God bless outdoors !' And since
of his childhood. In her penultimate chapter, Burroughs for taking us out of doors with him!””
God has blessed outdoors, we say, .God bless John
perhaps her best, Miss Barrus relates what must
have been the event of her life,
Of Whitman and of Mr. Burroughs's in-
a camping
trip (with one other of her own sex) with the timacy with and admiration for him, the book
two Johns," "John of Birds” and “ John of
has considerable to say, as it also has of other
Mountains." The latter – Mr. John Muir, of
men, famous or obscure, whose lives or writings
course — joined the party in the Petrified For-
or personalities have been in some way signifi-
ests of Arizona, showed them the wonders of
cant in the naturalist's life-history and the ma-
the Grand Cañon and the Mojave Desert,
turing
the
of his
The
powers.
and method
purpose
of the entire book are well conceived, and the
beauties of Southern California and the sublim-
ities of the Yosemite, and only parted with them
author's success in bringing before us a very
when they embarked for Hawaii. The striking real and living and lovable Mr. Burroughs is
contrast between these two nature-lovers and old worthy of warm praise, even though she must
friends is excellently brought out in the lively share that praise largely with Mr. Burroughs
chronicle of the memorable excursion, as, for himself, whose own pen has contributed not the
She
instance, in this passage:
least valuable portions of the volume.
“Mr. Muir talks because he can't help it, and his
writes in a style not unworthy of the master
talk is good literature; he writes only because he has
whose manner, admirable for its clearness and
to, on occasion; while Mr. Burroughs writes because he simplicity, she so justly commends. Good por-
can't help it, and talks when he can't get out of it. traits and views show the naturalist in a number
Mr. Muir, the Wanderer, needs a continent to roam in; of his favorite haunts, and an unusually full and
while Mr. Burroughs, the Saunterer, needs only a
accurate index makes quickly available any part
neighborhood or a farm. The Wanderer is content to
scale mountains; the Saunterer really climbs the moun-
of the riches which it so handily unlocks.
tain after he gets home, as he makes it truly his own
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
only by dreaming over it and writing about it. The
Wanderer finds writing irksome; the Saunterer is never
so well or so happy as when he can write; his food
nourishes him better, the atmosphere is sweeter, the
AN INTERVIEW WITH THE MUSE
days are brighter. The Wanderer has gathered his
OF HISTORY.*
harvest from wide fields, just for the gathering; he has Mr. George Macaulay Trevelyan has pre-
not threshed it out and put it into the bread of litera-
ture – only a few loaves; the Saunterer has gathered pared an interesting book by writing the essay
bis harvest from a rather circumscribed field, but has which gives the volume its title, and printing
threshed it out to the last sheaf; has made many loaves; with it a number of articles which have already
and it is because he himself so enjoys writing that his appeared in various periodicals.
Of the re-
readers find such joy and morning freshness in his
books, his own joy being communicated to his reader, printed pieces, the most notable are those on
as Mr. Muir's own enthusiasm is communicated to his George Meredith and “Poetry and Liberty.'
hearer. With Mr. Burroughs, if his field of observa Admirers of Meredith will wish to read the
tion is closely gleaned, he turns aside into subjective former; while the latter is commended to those
fields and philosophizes - a thing which Mr. Muir
who do not realize how far England was, dur-
never does."
ing the period from 1796 to 1820, from pos-
Miss Barrus's closing chapter is devoted to
an appreciation of Mr. Burroughs as a nature-
* Clio, A Muse, and Other Essays, Literary and Pedes-
trian. By George Macaulay Trevelyan. New York :
lover and a writer. Classing him with Gilbert Longmans, Green, & Co.


1914]
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THE DIAL
were in
sessing the freedom which tradition is fond of is said that Macaulay's history was on all the
attributing to her. It need scarcely be said young ladies' dressing tables. Now, I do not
that all of the essays are charmingly written. suppose it was really on all of them. In any
The style is clear without being unpleasantly case, fewer young ladies had dressing tables in
crisp and businesslike; its leisurely urbanity those days, and I have sometimes wondered how
and relaxing humor are most engaging. And effectively the book in question “entered into
this is particularly true of the new essay, “Clio, the thought and feeling” of those who had.
a Muse," which Mr. Trevelyan describes as Thousands of young ladies and young men who
“a delicate investigation” into the nature of nowadays read nothing more weighty than the
history.
Saturday Evening Post” would not have
Within fifty years, you must know, there read anything at all in the days of Macaulay.
have been “great changes in the management If, therefore, these young people do not read,
of Clio's temple. Her inspired bards and I will not say the Cambridge Modern History,
prophets have passed away and been succeeded but even Mr. Trevelyan's fascinating Life of
by the priests of an established church; the John Bright, historians cannot be held wholly
vulgar have been excluded from the Court of responsible. If as great a book as Macaulay's
the Gentiles; doctrine has been defined ; heretics history should appear to-morrow, these young
have been excommunicated; and the tombs of people would not read it.
the aforesaid prophets have been duly blackened Still, it is undoubtedly true that as able and
by the new hierarchy. While these changes well written a history as Macaulay's, if it should
process the statue was seen to wink an
appear to-morrow, would not create a tithe of
eye.” The Muse, it seems, knew all the time the interest, or exert anything like the influence
that history could never have a direct practical upon the thought and feeling of the readers of
value like the exact sciences, or ever succeed serious books, that Macaulay's work did in his
like them in deducing the laws of cause and day; and not Macaulay's only, but Ranke's
effect; she knew that its chief value must always and Giesebrecht's and Thiers’s and Michelet's
be educational, its chief business to “educate and a bost of others.
and a host of others. The truth is that in
the minds of men by causing them to reflect on Macaulay's day books on history commanded
the past." A great mistake it was, therefore, the interest of thinking people in a way which
for the friends of history to "proclaim it a they no longer do, and the difference is not
science' for specialists, not • literature' for the merely a matter of their being well or ill writ-
common reader of books." For while we all ten. In politics and morals the Revolution
share in the benefits of chemistry even if we unsettled all the old foundations, and after the
never read chemistry, we cannot profit from Napoleonic era men turned to the past with
history unless we have some acquaintance with immense enthusiasm in order to rediscover there
it. It is true there must be critics and spe- the principles of ordered social life. To reconcile
cialists for investigation; but the final aim authority and liberty was the primary need;
must be “not merely the accumulation and and when both divine and natural right had
interpretation of facts, but the exposition of failed, historic right seemed the only recourse.
these facts in their full emotional and intel But in our own day, when we are again, some-
lectual value to a wide public by the difficult what as men were in the eighteenth century,
art of literature." This is what the Muse seeking “new freedom,” when we are less
meant when she winked.
intent upon stability and more insistent upon
The Muse was unquestionably right in wink “social justice,” the past seems unable to fur-
ing; the proof of which is that the thought nish us what we want. The past seems to be on
and feeling of the rising generation is but little the side of vested interests. Behind the mask
affected by historians." The responsibility for
The responsibility for of historic right, many people think they can
this situation, Mr. Trevelyan lays to historians discern the old familiar features of divine right.
themselves; for when they proclaimed history a And so the authority of tradition grows as
science for specialists, not literature for the burdensome as the authority of kings.
common reader of books, “the common reader If serious people read books on history less
of books accepted his discharge." There is than formerly, it is due partly no doubt to the
truth in this, but are we not likely to be a little fact that not many are well written ; but it is
deceived by this very term, “the common due quite as much to the fact that the orthodox
reader of books"? The common reader of method of interpretation, surviving from an age
books is a much larger class than formerly. It when men feared revolution more than they do


338
(April 16
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<<
now, no longer ministers to the rising demand Inspector of Elementary Schools in England.
for social regeneration. The men who fifty But, fortunately, his practical contact has not
years ago read history are now reading social spoiled him for philosophical analysis ; rather
philosophy and books on religion. Mr. Ber it has supplied him with the most pertinent ma-
nard Shaw is on all the dressing tables. Many terial for criticism. “Tragedy" is not too heavy
there are who prefer Maeterlinck to Mommsen. a term for the situation as he depicts it:
The most serious minded read William James For, with the best intentions, the leading actors in
or Bergson, or if not the very works of Bergson, it, the parents and teachers of each successive genera-
at least books which endeavor to explain how
tion, so bear themselves towards their children and
pupils as to entail never-ending calamities on the whole
with logical precision he denies the validity of human race - not the sensational calamities which dra-
intellection. Nevertheless, it would be well if
matists love to depict, but inward calamities which are
more historians wrote as well as Mr. Trevelyan; the deadlier for their very unobtrusiveness . . . such
for in that case I am sure they would not lack
as perverted ideals, debased standards, contracted
readers.
horizons, externalized aims, self-centered activities,
CARL BECKER.
weakened will-power, lowered vitality, restricted and
distorted growth, and (crowning and summarizing the
rest) a profound misconception of the meaning and
value of life."
TRAGEDY AND TREASON IN EDUCATION.*
The three chapters of the book, entitled re-
This age has a habit of asking of itself search- spectively “The Poison of Dogmatism,” “The
ing questions. And it is a most hopeful sign that Malady,” and “The Remedy,” differ not so
it also strives, almost agonizingly sometimes, to much in material as in emphasis. The follow-
answer these questions fairly and squarely with ing will serve as a brief summary: The adult's
intellectual honesty. The mere fact that the assumption that the child wants toys, prizes,
world is so solicitous in regard to its pathological distinctions, and the like is fundamentally
symptoms offers perfect inherent proof that it wrong. Before perverted by education the
has some serious mental ailments.
child simply wants to “energize and grow.'
The growing interest in the problems of edu- Dogmatism does, or tends to do, three things,
cation has been for some years an out-standing devitalize, vulgarize, and demoralize his life (the
phenomenon. So far, many students feel, the last, by “substituting drill for self-discipline”).
science of education has usurped the lime-light The teaching profession is no more responsible
too exclusively, while the art of education bas for the “follies and failures" of education than
suffered comparative neglect. Now when the
Now when the is the army " for the horrors and miseries of
accent, either grave or acute, is placed on science war.” Society and world-tendencies are the
the result is dogmatism ; and dogmatism in villains. Man comes under the law of growth;
education is the most complete and wholesale education should be growtb-craft.” Western
form of race suicide imaginable. Unless edu education is based on distrust of the child (the
cation educes the individual, or, as Professor "original sin ” notion). The teacher is expected
James put it, “organizes resources within the to obtrude himself as an ideal,-—"what I think,
human being,” it is treason. And the betrayal you are to learn to think,” and so on. The
of the children of every generation is inexpres child's weakness is postulated at every turn,
sibly more disastrous than the betrayal of a and his food peptonized. The examination sys-
nation.
tem fosters show against reality. Competition
Those who have felt the stunting power of
is disastrous.
all the educational and social and religious forces “ To invite the child to regard his classmates as rivals
around them which make for dogmatism — and
instead of as comrades is to do him a great and far-
who has not? — will welcome Mr. Edmond
reaching wrong. It is to dam back the pure current of
Holmes's new book entitled “The Tragedy of
unselfish sympathy at or near its source. It is to unseal
the turbid fountain of vanity, of selfishness, of envy,
Education." It would not be easy to speak of jealousy, of strife. It is to make the child an egoist,
with too great enthusiasm concerning this heart without his consent and almost against his will."
searching little volume. The author, unlike the Now for the remedy. The child must be
proverbial spinster who knows all about rearing given the maximum instead of the minimum of
children, and laymen who lay down the law in freedom. “The child is born good," and can
various fields, has had long official connection best point the way to its fullest development.
with education, having served indeed as Chief (Here is the inestimable service of evolution as
THE TRAGEDY OF EDUCATION. By Edmond Holmes.
against the " special creation” theory.) “ There
New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
is a potential Christ in every new-born babe.


1914]
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ish
Whatever is born carries with it in em The dogmatic Froebellian kindergarten laxity
bryo the perfection of its own generic nature.” has achieved doubtful results. Teachers have
Pioneers of the right sort are Dr. Montessori, dogmatized in their handling of the novel
Mr. George and Mr. Lane of the "Junior methods of freedom. The reign of love has in
Republic," and the author's own character, some instances run riot and grown gouty. The
“Egeria,” in his “Utopian” school.
child is too frequently taught that he is merely
And now what is the teacher to do? Mr. to follow his inclination in all things. Selfish-
Holmes must, of course, not be dogmatic. This ness easily follows; but it is not so easy to
is the teacher's task:
develop reverence or a regard for duty under
“To efface himself as much as possible, to realize this “sweet” system. Of course the warning
that not he, but the child, plays the leading part in the holds only when the "sweet " system is in fool-
drama of school life. . . . To provide outlets for his
ish and unskilled hands.
healthy activities. To place at his disposal such
materials as will provide him both with mental and
But the attempt to unseat dogmatism can be
spiritual food. ... To do nothing for him which he made and must be made. The challenge comes
can reasonably be expected to do for himself. . . . To like a trumpet-call to the teachers. They will
foster his natural sincerity and keep far away from find their work becoming more subtle and
him whatever savours of make-believe, self-deception,
and fraud. . . . To discourage competition. ... To exacting ; in compensation more honorific (they
foster the child's cominunal instinct, his spirit of com-
of course will not expect it to become more
radeship, his latent capacity for sympathy and love." remunerative). They can no longer depend
Mr. Holmes realizes that he is setting a stiff upon a “chief,” a “principal,” or a “system,"
pace for the teacher. The good will be unat and content themselves with oiling the machinery
tainable for generations,— but it is a glorious from day to day. In order to efface themselves
goal. And in straining toward it, the spirit of and permit the new generations educational
the teacher will bathe in the fountain of per- freedom, the teachers will need to become much
petual youth.
greater and more potent personalities than ever
“ The bastard self evolves itself in twenty or thirty before; for they will be on tap, to run where
or forty years, and then grows old and decrepit. If the they are needed and to sit tight when they are
real self is in a sense our unapproachable ideal, it will
not needed. In short, they must add art to
keep the soul that strives to realize it everlastingly
their science. If such a race of super-teachers
young. Education can but help the evolving life to
make a happy start; but a happy start, as Plato says, is
can be developed, - teachers who can be trusted
the most important stage towards ultimate perfection.” to permit the stream of life to develop and
While much of this is not new (it is of course
swell, ebb and flow, flood and enrich, in accord-
thoroughly in line with the Montessori methods),
ance with the laws of life which we have not
we believe that it is the most fundamental yet learned, — they will be more truly than
critique from this point of view so far made. ever the highest benefactors of the human race.
The position and experience of the author, They will be the right hand of providence.
moreover, give his utterances impressive weight.
THOMAS PERCIVAL BEYER.
Others have remarked on this same proselytiz-
ing tendency in our own and every age. “We
are all deaf men with big voices; but instead ESSAYS OF RICHARD MIDDLETON.*
of getting ear-trumpets we get megaphones and
That Richard Middleton was more than a
proclaim our gospel.”
The tendency to prose-
lytize is without doubt one of the most persistent tained excellence of his work; that he was not,
clever journalist is indicated by the fairly sus-
and malignant temptations mind is heir to.
In modification, not objection, two things be reckoned with in all sobriety and critical
however, a creator of pure literature who must
might be said: First, the good-will in teachers deliberation, is evident from the absence, in the
will itself make self-effacement difficult. Seeing five volumes of his collected work, of remark-
the young about to fall into the same errors
(in their judgment) that they have fallen foul of, ing to his own dictum, he is hardly a poet at
able merit in verse or story or essay. Accord-
the natural instinct of love will call forth many
all; one could not venture to call him more than
hortatory pleadings and injunctions, well-advised
and ill-advised, necessary and unnecessary.
a minor poet, and the minor poet is, according to
Middleton, a creature that never did and never
Second, the method of this new evangel has
been tried out, not very wisely in most instances, *WORKS OF RICHARD MIDDLETON. Comprising: The
Ghost-Ship, and Other Stories; The Day before Yesterday ;
in America to a much greater extent than in
Poems and Songs; Monologues. In five volumes. New
England, and so far not with complete success. York: Mitchell Kennerley.


340
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(April 16
evolved a civilization, or a barbarism, which is An Enchanted Place,” he tells of an attic
could exist. His stories, though they exhibit the lips of women red, and set the stars moving
ingenuity and power, tend to the ugly, even the over all.” Common-sense and reason come in
hideous. As for his essays, even though they for the usual modern indictment, and fancy and
contain his most interesting work, one would the love of beauty are extolled. The following
certainly not care to give them a place in the sentence states the issue with capdor:
tradition of the English essay; but they are “ Sometimes, looking at the sky on a fine night, and
interesting, and it seems worth while to say remembering how Coleridge was able to see a star within
something about them.
the horns of the moon, a feat no longer possible to well-
In style, they are obviously of our own day, revolution may not be directed against facts."
informed persons, I wonder whether the next intellectual
- which is equivalent to saying that they are
not free from the taint of journalism. They
In an essay on “ Traitors of Art,” he sets forth
his creed :
move nimbly, if not gracefully; they proceed in
“We are born to starve and shiver for a while in the
a straight line, and disdain embellishment, for
gutters of life and presently we die. But beauty is
the epigrams and paradoxes with which they eternal, and it is only by means of our appreciation of
abound are meant to produce an intellectual beauty that we can bear with our clumsy, rotting bodies
shock rather than æsthetic surprise and satis-
while our life lasts. All other creeds seem to me for-
lorn and self-destructive."
faction; they are without leisure and poise and
dignity, but they are also honest and direct, free
The true attitude toward life, Middleton sug-
of elaborate posing; they are at the same time gests, is a combination of that of the Bohemian,
smartly irresponsible and terribly in earnest.
who sucks joy from the passing moment; of the
Here is the style at low ebb:
rebel, who hates passionately what is not beau-
" It is hardly necessary to remind readers that Carlyle, tiful; and of the pirate, whose enfranchised
the Scotchman who wrote a fine romance about the spirit breathes diviner air than it is the general
French Revolution but generally preferred to write in lot of mankind to enjoy. Middleton himself had
broken German, once devoted a book to the considera in his veins wbat he termed "priceless piratical
tion of Heroes and Hero Worshippers.”
blood” transmitted from an ancestor whose dis-
These are fairer illustrations :
tinction it was to be hanged as a pirate by the
“ To-day we are so sure of ourselves that we are
prepared to classify miracles as they occur.”
Spaniards at Port Royal.
“Our poets have always been underfed, and, in con-
Because childhood knows not disillusion, be-
sequence, they have given us a great account of life, like cause it is naïve, and because the child is at once
the hungry boy who flattens his nose on the cook-shop Bohemian, rebel, and pirate, Middleton yearned,
window and thinks nobly of sausages."
in his weariness of soul, for "The Day before
For his style at its best, we must go to his Yesterday.” The volume of this title is given
essays on childhood, extracts from which are
up entirely to autobiographic essays, and in-
given below.
cludes what is perhaps Middleton's best writing.
The burden of all the essays, whether they Typical chapters are on “An Enchanted Place,
deal with dreams, or politics, or editors, or “ The Boy in the Garden,” “Street Organs,"
gambling, or “ The New Sex,” is one: that all · On Digging Holes.” To illustrate the quality
that is lovely and of good report has drooped of these chapters, one need but quote a passage
and faded away, and that in its stead we have or two at random; where all is good, it is need-
less to seek isolated excellent passages.
In
the reign of the prosy, the humdrum, the un-
spiritual, the ugly. The dominant mood in the "mouse-cupboard” which served sometimes as
essays is that of disillusionment, with a nostalgia
a cave, oftener as a boat:
that accompanies it as its shadow. Seeking to
“ The fact that our cabin lacked portholes and was
predict who, of this era, will receive the plaudits of an unusual shape did not trouble us. We could hear
of posterity, he can find only five writers, two the water bubbling against the ship's side in a neigh-
painters, and no politicians at all; it may well bouring cistern, and often enough the wind moaned and
whistled overhead. We had our lockers, our sleeping-
be that, “like the majority of our countrymen, berths, and our cabin-table, and at one end of the cabin
the age to come will esteem professional cricket
was hung a rusty old cutlass full of notches; we would
and football above art, and we may not make have hated any one who had sought to disturb our illu-
so bad a showing after all!” “The present-day sion that these notches had been made in battle. When
Englishman is afraid of the big thought, the
we were stowaways even the mice were of service to us,
big emotion, the big love.” “A cold scepticism rats, and trembled when we heard them scampering
for we gave them a full roving commission as savage
is burning the hearts of men and women to ashes among the cargo.
of that desire that painted the trees green and
If any of us had any money we would carouse


1914]
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THE DIAL
terribly, drinking ginger-beer like water, and after too extensive a period to be treated adequately
wards water out of the ginger-beer bottles, which still
in so small a space, if the chapters dealing with
retained a faint magic. Jam has been eaten without
Fort Dearborn and the massacre are to be ac-
bread on board the Black Margaret, and when we fell
across a merchantman laden with a valuable consign- cepted as the standard by which the book shall
ment of dried apple-rings — tough fare but interesting be judged. It seems to us that the author might
- and the savoury sugar out of candied peel, there better have followed one of two definite courses :
were boisterous times in her dim cabin. We would
sing what we imagined to be sea chanties in a doleful
either he should have given a more condensed
voice, and prepare our boarding-pikes for the next
treatment of those events most closely connected
adventure, though we had no clear idea what they with the early history of Chicago, as introductory
really were."
to the account which follows; or these chapters
Or take this, from “A Railway Journey”: should have been expanded into a more intensive
“ Then something surprising happened. I saw the study,-a separate volume, perhaps,-growing
earth leap up and invade the sky and the sky drop out of the same careful investigation which
down and blot out the earth, and I felt as though my marks the excellent narrative dealing with Fort
wings were broken. Then the sides of the carriage
Dearborn. The question of perspective, how-
closed in and squeezed out the door like a pip out of an
orange, until there was only a three-cornered gap left.
ever, is always an open one.
The air was full of dust, and I sneezed again and It must also be said that the Introduction, as
again, but could not find my pocket-handkerchief. it stands, shows too little regard for the sources.
Presently a young man came and lifted me out through Beyond doubt the narrative is readable; but an
the hole, and seemed very surprised that I was not
hurt. I realized that there had been an accident, for examination of citations to authorities used in
the train was broken into pieces and the permanent
the chapter on “ The Fight for the Northwest,
way was very untidy. Close at hand I saw the little for instance, reveals a free use of secondary
girl sitting on a bank, and a man kneeling at her feet works, a course which the author does not fol.
taking her boots off. I would have liked to speak to
low in discussing that phase of Chicago history
her, but I remembered how she had refused the offer
of my magazines, and was afraid she would snub me
in which his chief interest lies.
again. The place was very noisy, for people were Furthermore, what is included in the term
calling out, and there was a great sound of steam. I old Northwest" is not always clear. The au-
noticed that everybody's face was very white, espe thor speaks of “the region tributary to Chicago,
cially the guard's, which made his beard seem as black
as soot. The young man took me by the hand and led
since known as the old Northwest” (p. 79)
me along the uneven ground, and there was so much to
and of the old Northwest, to which Chicago
see that my feet kept stumbling over things, and he belonged” (p. 81); so it seems reasonable to
had to hold me up. On the way we passed the body of assume that his “ old Northwest” is more limited
a man lying with a rug over his head. I knew that he
in extent than that which is generally understood,
was dead; but I had seen drunken men in the streets
lie like that, and I could not help looking about for a
and comprises what may
be termed the frontier
policeman."
of the Upper Lakes. Where it becomes neces-
NORMAN FOERSTER. sary for the author to widen its limits in order
that the reader may more fully understand cer-
tain events significant in the evolution of this
FORT DEARBORN AND THE
frontier, he very properly allows himself that
OLD NORTHWEST.*
privilege. What slight confusion may arise con-
Dr. Quaife's large volume on “Chicago and cerning his use of the term “old Northwest”
the Old Northwest” is divided into two distinct
is in all probability due to this fact.
parts: (1) an Introduction of 125 pages giving
Dr. Quaife does his best work in the chapters
a description of the Chicago Portage and a
dealing with Fort Dearborn and the Chicago
massacre. Here he has reconstructed the bis-
sketch of the history of the old Northwest”
from the time of the earliest French Explora- tory of this period, and there is abundant
tions to the end of the eighteenth century; (2) his careful and critical appraisement of their
evidence of his diligent search after the sources,
a careful history of Fort Dearborn and the
Chicago massacre, written from the sources.
value, his practical sense in their use, and his
instinct for the essentials of historical investi-
In some respects, the Introduction is the
least satisfactory part of the book. It covers
gation. He has brought to light much material
hitherto unknown, or at least unused, and with
more than a century and a quarter of time,-
patient care and unquestioned skill has sifted
*CHICAGO AND THE OLD NORTHWEST, 1673–1835. A this material and built up an account unham-
Study of the Evolution of the Northwestern Frontier,
together with a History of Fort Dearborn. By Milo Milton pered by tradition.
Quaife, Ph.D. Illustrated. University of Chicago Press. It is a difficult, and not always a pleasant,
7


342
(April 16
THE DIAL
process
task to turn the light of historical criticism
upon Heald's judgment and his reputation as a sol-
popular tradition, and to bring to the view of dier. Dr. Quaife likewise interests himself in
readers who have accepted that tradition as the case of Isaac Van Voorhis, and by a sym-
authentic the knowledge that in many details pathetic interpretation of the scanty information
it lacks the accuracy demanded of true historical at hand does much towards wiping out the stain
writing. This is the task which Dr. Quaife has of cowardice which has been so long attached
found it necessary to undertake. In doing it to Van Voorhis's memory.
he makes no attempt to suppress evidence, but The pathetic and tragic story of the hard-
lays it all before his readers, and in addition ships and horrors of Indian captivity which
gives them the benefit of his own sound scholar. befell the survivors of the massacre is told in
ship for the solution of difficult problems. When detail, and with a vividness which almost makes
the work is viewed in the broadest light, the one feel that the victims whose bodies lay on
author must be commended for his building ; the sand dunes of the Lake Michigan shore
although here and there in the
of sorting after the bloody work of the day was over were
out and weighing materials he has used a direct more fortunate than those who were carried
ness of method and expression which may not away into captivity by the savages. The picture
meet with the approval of those who support the of the dreariness and emptiness of garrison life
accepted tradition.
in the frontier posts is of more than passing
In the course of his investigations Dr. Quaife interest. By his practical handling of this sub-
has been compelled to call into question some ject the author has removed much of the romance
of the statements made in “ Wau-Bun,” the which both pleases and misleads the general
work upon which most writers of the early reader.
history of Chicago have depended for their Three chapters round out the narrative to
accounts of the massacre; and in the light of 1835: : one treats of the Winnebago and Black
new sources he has arrived at conclusions which Hawk Wars as they affected Chicago; another
differ materially from those generally accepted. discusses the treaties by which the Indian land
In such cases it appears that he has not been titles to northern Illinois were extinguished;
intent upon lessening the glory of any of the and the third gives a suggestive account of the
participants in those stirring events, but that he fur-trade of the Chicago post. This field Dr.
has been desirous of stating the events in their Quaife has not worked exhaustively, as he him-
true proportion and in gaining for all partici- self admits ; but the brevity of his discussion is
proper
share in whatever glory was to be regretted rather than criticised.
Where, in his estimation, new evidence In the appendices, nine in all, may be found
necessitated a re-statement of an incident, or a material of exceptional interest. Some of the
series of incidents, he makes that re-statement documents are given here for the first time in
“ without fear or favor from any source.” In print: Captain Heald's Journal, which in one
this, however, less positiveness of expression brief paragraph tells the events of the fateful day
might have been desirable, since it would not when the garrison of Fort Dearborn marched
have weakened the author's conclusions and to its doom; Darius Heald's Narrative as told
would have precluded the possibility of any to Lyman C. Draper in 1868; and the Muster-
charge of contentiousness.
Roll of Fort Dearborn. Other documents
In recounting the story of the massacre, which have appeared before at different times
which he does in a direct and impressive way, are given again. Of the two appendices which
free from the rhetorical embellishment which so are the author's own contributions, the one
often leads a writer into inaccuracies of state entitled “ Sources of Information for the Fort
ment, Dr. Quaife has made sure that Captain Dearborn Massacre" will prove of the greater
Nathan Heald shall receive justice from the pens interest. Here we have a critical appraisement
of future historians. In defence of Captain of the source material available for the study
Heald, upon whose shoulders it has been custom of this dramatic episode, as well as a searching
ary
to heap all the responsibility for the evacua analysis of previous accounts. The study is an
tion of the fort, is quoted General Hull's order. illuminating one, and worthy of the highest com-
It states in language not to be misunderstood mendation. It will, in all probability, provoke
that the fort is to be evacuated. It leaves no discussion of a more or less earnest nature, but it
choice to the commandant. The order was not must be admitted that the author speaks “as one
"to evacuate the fort, if practicable,” as has been having authority." The critical bibliography
commonly quoted to the detriment of Captain I will be of service to students of the period.
pants their
won.


1914)
343
THE DIAL
In a study possessing so many excellent
THE MEANING OF ART.*
features as this one, it may seem almost hyper-
critical to call attention to minor errors. Yet One of the many manifestations of the prag.
some of these will not escape the notice of
matic and purely experiential tendency of our
careful reader. The footnotes, for instance, culture, is the sort of response to art that is
are not always serviceable. On page 58, one
content with "soul-wandering” among master-
finds the following quotation from Dubuisson's pieces. In art, as in life, we do not seek a quiet
account of the attack on Detroit by the Fox appreciation and understanding of permanent
Indians in 1712: “ In this manner came to an
aspects so much as sensation and novelty.
end, Sir, these two wicked nations, who so We are forgetting amid the restless changes of
badly afflicted and troubled all the country...”
fashion that the appreciation of art requires
No footnote marks the quotation; and if the intelligence and discrimination, that a relation
reader wishes to locate it in the source, he must
exists between thoughtfulness and taste.
grope through two pages of text and notes to Fortunately, as every age has its adventurous
find the citation, and when found it is so indefi-
seekers after novelty, so it has also many who
And for those
nite that seventeen pages of Dubuisson's report aspire to the saving remnant.
must be searched before the quotation is exactly who wish to be students of art as well as tasters,
located. One specific footnote would have saved Mr. Edward Howard Griggs has written an
all this search. A note (p. 316) which reads introductory volume. The book is a summary
“Wisconsin Historical Collections, narrative of of much of the recent literature on the principles
Hezekiah Cunningham, in • Fergus Historical of the major fine arts, and the method of treat-
Series,' No. 10, 47 ff." must confuse any reader.
ment shows the skill derived from long experi-
Professor James's article, “ The Significance of
ence on the platform. It is comprehensive, as
the Attack on St. Louis,” is carelessly quoted
an introductory book should be, covering such
(p. 95) as published in the “Turner Essays in
matters as art as an expression and interpreta-
American History.” There are frequent varia- tion of human life; the three forces behind art:
tions in capitalization and punctuation in direct
the artist, the epoch, and the race; the meaning
quotations, and in some instances the spelling of
and function of sculpture, music, and painting;
words varies from that in the originals. Words
the relations of poetry to the other arts; and
have been substituted in, and phrases omitted
other similar subjects.
from, direct quotations, without indication of Being very readable, and presenting a multi-
such changes to the reader. In no instance, plicity of ideas, such a book cannot fail to
however, does it appear that any change has been
stimulate thought. A timely application of the
made with the desire to modify the evidence.
law of restraint
may be quoted:
Most of these defects, as has already been “When art attempts to do everything for its audi-
suggested, occur in the introductory chapters.
ence the effect is tawdry. That is one trouble with the
This leads one to surinise that the more careful
theatre to-day. The effort by skilful scene painting
and other sensational effects to accomplish everything
work on Fort Dearborn was completed first, for the jaded senses and sluggish imagination of the
and that later the author conceived the plan of spectator, tends to make him sit back in a semi-somnolent
expanding this into a narrative of more impres-
fashion merely to be played upon from without; while
sive proportions,—hence the introductory study
the challenge to the actor is almost equally wanting.
of the old Northwest.” Whatever may be the
The result is that, with no active coöperation between
artist and audience, the characters fail to impress
facts regarding this, Dr. Quaife bas given us a themselves.”
book which is of more than ordinary interest But the author has not confined himself to
throughout, while in his study of Fort Dearborn making valuable distinctions. There is a great
and the Chicago massacre he has made a sub- deal of "inspirational ” interpretation, confes-
stantial and illuminating contribution to the his- sions of personal responses to certain famous
tory of the West.
WILLIAM V. POOLEY. works of art. And these parts of the book
*THE PHILOSOPHY OF ART. The Meaning and Relations
“THE SCOTTISH REVIEW,"which was founded in 1882 of Sculpture, Painting, Poetry, and Music. By Edward
but suspended publication in 1900, has now been revived Howard Griggs. New York: B. W. Huebsch.
for the purpose of supplying the Scottish people at THE SIGNIFICANCE OF Art. Studies in Analytical
home and beyond the seas with a high-class quarterly
Esthetics. By Eleanor Rowland, Ph.D. Boston: Houghton
periodical of really national aim and significance. The
Mifflin Co.
first issue of the new series makes a very handsome
THE MEANING OF Art. Its Nature, Rôle, and Value.
external appearance, and presents an interesting array
By Paul Gaultier. Translated from the third French edition
of contributions.
by H. and E. Baldwin. With a Preface by Emile Boutroux.
Illustrated. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Co.


344
(April 16
THE DIAL
>>
might better have been omitted. These inter such. Man himself is more than anything he
pretations are, as Mr. Griggs repeatedly admits, does. Our separate actions are, after all, two-
purely personal, depending upon what of life thirds fussiness; and the superb dignity of
and knowledge we bring.” The train of thought these sculptured maidens who clasp a belt or
suggested by a work of art is not part of its bind a sandal, the repose
of those serene athletes
significance, is not expressed by it; and it is who stand or bend so easily, and who refuse to
confusing to dwell upon that sort of response commit themselves to more, is an eternal proud
in a work dealing professedly with principles. assertion that life itself, not its pursuits, is the
Here Miss Eleanor Rowland's new book is greatest reality.
an excellent corrective. As a “humble disciple The same illuminating method is pursued
of Aristotle's method ” she has been scientific through the chapters on the other arts, until
and objective. The aim of the volume is “ to one comes to realize that the “ Aristotelian
limit the provinces of certain arts, the ideas method” not only informs us, but performs the
which these arts, better than any other of man's high service of disciplining the taste.
creation, can express, and the characteristic Perhaps the last chapter, on “Art and Na-
mental states that are aroused in appreciating ture,” suggests a limitation of the analytical
them — states which, like the pity and fear of method. This chapter is an attempt to show
tragedy, must be aroused if an object is to fulfill the naturalness of art. “Art is the great sen-
the demands of its own particular art.” This sitive intelligence. Science tells us what things
method is applied to sculpture, painting, music, were, and what they shall be ; but art tells us
and such " minor arts as wood-carving and what they are." While this observation may
terra-cotta, coins and mosaics, glass-work and be wholly true, it does not appear central. For
metal-work.
art is distinguished from nature precisely by its
Beginning with the material of each art, the art, which means its consistency and complete-
author discusses the nature of this material as ness. Art, amid every disorder and ugliness
a means of art, its peculiar fitness for expressing and incompleteness, is the world's sweet inn
certain states of mind, and the province which from pain and wearisome turmoil," where the
in consequence belongs peculiarly to each art. spirit finds rest and nourishment as well as
Thus sculpture, its material being stone or satisfaction. In the strength and poise which
bronze, impresses one by its weight and solidity. art gives, as also nature when appreciated as
The inherent permanence and dignity of the beautiful, is to be found the essential æsthetic
material rules out as in harmonious the expres- appeal. And this vision of beauty is not won
sion of violent and uncontrolled passions or by drawing distinctions after the Aristotelian
actions ; on the other hand, the apparent triv manner, but it belongs to the idealism of the
iality of situation in much of Greek sculpture complementary Platonic tradition.
nevertheless affects us like grandeur. “The
lack of occupation in these figures abashes us as of the most difficult problems of culture. There
no reproof for inaction has ever done, and our are those who do not consider beauty sufficient
separate restless efforts to understand, to in- in itself to merit serious attention, and who
vestigate, to be well informed — all these praise therefore seek some external purpose by which
worthy anxieties lose their customary respectable to justify it, such as its morality or its social
footing, and take on a reversed color of contempt. efficacy. There are others who isolate it from
Our activity becomes shamefaced before an idle every other department of life, and become
boy in stone who plays with an apple !
æsthetes and decadents. M. Paul Gaultier,
As the material of sculpture is heavy, still- whose little book on “ The Meaning of Art” is
life is not available for its purpose, except in now translated for us, has tried to rescue the
reliefs ; for the stone must be made to express true art experience from these false or partial
life. The idea, on the other hand, must not be modes of comprehending it; and it is only to
too animated, but must exhibit “just enough echo European praise to say that his volume is
of liveliness to spiritualize its mass, without brilliant and significant. Dedicated to M. Berg-
quarreling with it.” Sculpture, being more son, the book belongs with the anti-intellectualist
than any other art the expression of restraint, movement. In the appreciation of art the first
is the most classic of the arts. It emphasizes and last thing is sensibility and sympathy. The
least the individual variation; it is, in its beautiful, this is his main thesis, is æsthetic
essence, “the art expressive of typical values.” emotion and therefore subjective in its origin.
Its message is “the absolute dignity of life as This emotion is communicated by being object-
The To preserve intact this sense of beauty is one
.


1914]
345
THE DIAL
An addition
criticism.
ified in the arts, and the sympathetic observer by the intelligence alone, nor by the sensibility
of these again recreates in himself the emotion alone; we must choose the middle way. It is
first experienced by the artist.
the part of wisdom to understand the rôle of
But this is not to say that art is not concerned sensibility and the several rôles of the intelli-
with intellectual matters. M. Gaultier discusses gence, and permit each to play its part. M.
sanely and thoroughly the moral and social value Gaultier's book presents in an excellent manner
of art, admitting its unsocial developments, their complex interrelations, and by his delicacy,
marking its limitations, asserting the disinter- clarity, and sense, is saved from both dogmatism
estedness of art, and yet boldly insisting on its and impressionism. LOUIS I. BREDVOLD.
essential harmony with the moral and social life.
For disinterestedness is essential to art; and
because we are enchanted by art and lifted by
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
it to the plane of disinterestedness, we are lib-
Considering the vast amount of
erated from selfishness, narrowness, and preju to Chaucerian Chaucerian comment and criticism
dice, the great foes of morality. Likewise, as
by scholars and laymen through five
it is always sympathetic, art is social and useful centuries, it would be a notable achievement for
to the progress of societies.
anyone to find anything fundamental and new to
But these moral and social values of art are say about the past. Yet Mr. William George
only incidental. M. Gaultier nowhere lets the Dodd has recently accomplished something of the
reader doubt that beauty is its all-sufficient and
sort in his book entitled “Courtly Love in Chaucer
only legitimate aim. The role of intellectual
and Gower" (Ginn). Though there is nothing
analysis is subordinated : “There is no true art
sensational or indeed unusual in the style or con-
tents of the volume, the conclusion contains some-
criticism except that which strives to understand, thing of an iconoclasm. If Mr. Dodd's thesis is
and to make understood and valued, the degree true, then Chaucer is much less humorous than we
of art or of beauty which æsthetic works possess. had supposed. Instead of assuming that it is impos-
Furthermore, since beauty is essentially emo sible to fathom, much less exceed, his gentle irony,
tional, it can be appreciated and judged, as we must be on guard lest we read satire into the
Kant pointed out in his “Critique of the Judg. dullest conventions. In Chaucer's most character-
ment,' only through the æsthetic emotion which istic poems, such as “Troilus and Criseyde,” the
it arouses in us. The only true criticism of
“Parliament of Fowls,” the “Legend of Good
art, then, is felt.” But in the service of this Women,” “The Knight's Tale” of Palamon and
Arcite, even in “The Nunnes Priests' Tale” of
sympathy, to keep it from lapsing into mere
Chanticleer and Pertelote, - that is, wherever
impressionism, the intelligence can distinguish Chaucer touches upon the courtly element in love,
beautiful works by the presence or absence of
- we are to believe that he was following in plan
certain exterior masks, such as harmony and the most approved conventions, and that he did not
unity ; it is even possible to discuss tastes and question their validity any more, let us say, than
preferences and to establish a basis of normal Shakespeare questioned the social or political ideas
sensibility from which to judge them. And, of of his time. The establishment of this thesis was
course, “the ideas, the moral and social tenden- | by no means the author's main purpose in writing
cies, for which art often serves as a vehicle, his book; but nevertheless it is the most interesting
apart from its own inherent quality,” are subject chapter traces the origin of the system of courtly
thing he has done,-- or nearly done. The first
to examination by the intelligence. Learning love from the troubadours of the eleventh century,
and scholarship may thus be informing and illu-
in the south of France. Two books contain its prin-
minating to the sensibility, they may fortify and
ciples: the “Conte de la Charrette” by Chrétien
justify it.
But in spite of these resources, art de Troies, and “De Arte Honest Amandi" by
criticism depends at last mainly upon the per Andreas Capellanus. The remainder of the book
sonality of the critic, upon his sympathy with takes up in order the “Romance of the Rose" and
the beautiful. Works of art may reveal their other early French erotic poems, Gower's “Con-
whole power to the simple-minded but sensitive, fessio Amantis," and Chaucer's poems already men-
while their secrets may remain hidden from the tioned, so far as they treat of courtly love. The
learned; " because historical knowledge explains in setting and character of lady and lover as each
method followed, pointing out the same conventions
the work of art in another way than by itself;
it cannot aid us in penetrating to its secret and
new poem is named, grows very tedious; but that it
bears out well the author's purpose can hardly be
living soul.”
denied. The handling of “Troilus and Criseyde,"
The inconclusiveness of this position is per Chaucer's great dramatic poem, is especially good;
haps its great recommendation. We cannot live the characterization of Criseyde (pp. 154–178) is


346
(April 16
THE DIAL
alone with
nature,
in our judgment the most satisfactory that has yet to Hoffmann are given with no hint that scholars
been made of that baffling young woman. The differ regarding the whole question of German
comparison of Boccaccio’s “Teseide,” Chaucer's influence on Poe. All these are unessential matters,
original, with "The Knight's Tale," is also of value and the book might not suffer much if the bio-
and interest to the student. It must be said that graphical sketches were entirely omitted ; but it
the narrow range renders it impossible for this book is time American teachers demanded that textbooks
to create strong certitudes. It raises some questions should be edited with reasonable accuracy or not
i