“Dead Dialogues” and “Di iniscent neutral tints and colors, brilliant yet minutive Dramas" a delight to the discerning, subdued. I have long wondered where the animates also the third number of the same old artists got their ideas for such color series, "Lost Diaries" (Houghton), which schemes, and have speculated much upon the comprises twenty selections from journals that question. I know now, for I have been in might have been written by as many celebri- the country when it rains." A rich harvest ties, historical and fictitious, had these illus- of the quiet eye is stored in Mr. Robertson's trious persons only been more alive to their book, to which the camera has contributed a opportunities. Among these potential dia- half-dozen beautiful views of rural scenes- rists are King Cophetua, Froissart, Wash- if one of them, showing a portion of the starry ington, Marcus Aurelius, Mrs. James Lee's heavens, can be called rural. any other. 1914 ) 431 THE DIAL BRIEFER MENTION. the World," and "The House of the Wolfings," each in a single volume. The books are faultlessly "A Stevenson Bibliography," by Mr. J. Herbert printed, of convenient size, and inexpensive in Slater, is the first volume of a forthcoming series price. “ News from Nowhere” and Mackail's Life which promises to be decidedly useful to collectors of Morris were published in the same series a year of books, as well as to librarians and booksellers. or so ago. Instead of the old chronological arrangement, the Street's “ Gothic Architecture in Spain," which titles are entered in alphabetical order. Each entry has held its own for nearly half a century as the is followed by a bibliographical note, giving fuil best work on the subject, is now republished by information about the size, the publishers, the dif Messrs. Dutton in two conveniently-sized and low- ferent editions that have been issued, and the pres- priced volumes, under the editorship of Georgiana ent auction prices. Goddard King. The revisions and additions are A valuable little introduction to the Swedenbor- not extensive, - as the editor remarks,“ Street was gian religion has just been issued by Messrs. Lip- very thorough, and Spain is very slow"; a few pincott, under the title, “ The Path of Life.” It is necessary notes on the “primitives," discovered à compilation from the writings of Swedenborg, since Street wrote, are included, and the material and represents much careful and loving research, is brought up to date in other respects. It was mostly on the part of the late John Curtis Ager. wisely decided to retain the author's own sketches, As the title indicates, emphasis is placed in the cut on wood for the original edition, rather than to selection upon the practical conduct of life, and so introduce photographic substitutes. These beauti- the volume should prove fruitful even to those who ful drawings are, indeed, an integral part of the are unable to make contact with Swedenborg's book. In its new form, Street's work belongs withi metaphysics. Baedeker in the equipment of every art-loving tour- ist in Spain. A study of “Cavour and the Making of Modern Italy, 1810-1861," by Pietro Orsi, forms the latest The translation of Mr. Max Rooses's admirable volume in the “Heroes of the Nations series little handbook on “Art in Flanders (Scribner) (Putnam). As its title indicates, the book is not gives one more proof of the cosmopolitanism of essentially a biography, but rather a history of the interest in art that is growing to be one of the period of Cavour. Though “ the father of modern strong ties binding European races together. This Italy” is the central figure of the work, his real particular volume belongs to a series written by character and personality are emphasized little, if well-known critics and published simultaneously, in any, more than in the corresponding sections of five languages, in New York, London, Paris, Stutt- general histories. In other words, we have here the gart, Bergamo, and Madrid. Each volume is illus- skeleton of the history of Italy in Cavour's time,- trated by hundreds of cuts, small but very clear, the externals of Cavour's deeds; Cavour himself is illustrating the architecture, painting, and sculp- lacking. But, as we have said, the volume does not ture of the country dealt with. Mr. Rooses makes pretend to be a biography, and it does well what it in addition a special effort to present the minia- sets out to do. tures and manuscript paintings of early Flemis The most famous bell in America tells, briefly art, thereby greatly enriching the history and clari- and simply, with a proper blending of chronology fying the evolution of his subject. For an under- standing of the racial conventions that are worked and sentiment, of history and patriotism, the story out before the great individualities of art can ap- of its origin and the record of its distinguished ser- pear, this small book furnishes excellent material. vice, in a little book entitled “A Silent Peal from Wise counsel to the young, especially to young the Liberty Bell ” (Jacobs), written by Miss Ada- students of the male sex, is offered in short, per- line May Conway. Five illustrations show the bell suasive, often unusually readable and richly sug- itself, the old State House where it once hung and where it is now preserved, the Declaration Cham- gestive form, in a book edited by Mr. Homer H. Cooper, superintendent of Spiceland Academy ber in that building, and portraits of John Nixon (delightfully alluring name) and a man who evi- and John Marshall. In closing its somewhat pa- dently knows the needs and temptations peculiar thetic tale, the cracked old bell pleads to be left in peace and not sent on any more journeys across the to adolescence. Eighty-seven bits of practical wis- dom from nearly as many educators, thinkers, country for exhibition purposes. It was a happy preachers, authors, reformers, and statesmen, are thought that gave rise to this attractive little book, collected under the title, “Right Living: Messages which is designed especially for young readers. to Youth from Men Who Have Achieved” (Mc- In adding the principal works of William Morris Clurg), and the greater number of these short arti- to their "Pocket Library," Messrs. Longmans are cles were prepared primarily for the Spiceland performing a service for which book-lovers gener students. Among the passages dealing more espe- ally will be heartily grateful. Fourteen volumes cially with literature, one notes with approval Rev. have recently appeared, comprising “ Poems by the Jenkin Lloyd Jones's commendation of Xenophon's Way” and “ Jason," "A Dream of John Ball," and “Memorabilia" as a better book for the beginner in seven of the prose romances, 66 The Well at the Greek than the same author's “Anabasis," a mili- World's End," "The Water of the Wondrous tary history unfruitful of good to the young reader Isles," " The Roots of the Mountains," and “The except as a dreary drill in grammar and syntax. Sundering Flood,” in two volumes each; and “The Mr. Cooper closes his book with some true words on Story of the Glittering Plain,” “ The Wood beyond “Practical Day Dreams." 432 ( May 16 THE DIAL 97 99 NOTES. “ Clark's Field,” Mr. Leroy Scott's “ No. 13 Wash- ington Square," and Miss Phyllis Bottome's “ Bro- “ Midstream " is the title of Mr. Will Levington ken Music.” Comfort's new novel, which the George H. Doran “Some Oxford Libraries,” by Mr. Strickland Co. will publish this month. Gibson, a little book mainly intended for those who “ The Wolf of Gubbio," a poetic comedy by wish to learn more about the older Oxford libraries Josephine Preston Peabody, is being translated into than may be gathered from books of reference or German by Mrs. Amelia von Ende. guide books, is announced for immediate issue by “ Henry of Navarre Ohio" is the title of a the Oxford University Press. story of college life and fun in a small town which A notable magazine feature is the “ Reminis- the Century Co. will publish in June. cences of Tolstoy,” by his son, the Count Ilya, “The Miscellany," a little quarterly devoted to which will appear in the June “ Century.” The books, book plates, and kindred matters, has just same issue will contain the beginning of Mr. Arnold been launched by Mr. H. Alfred Fowler of Kansas Bennett's “ From the Log of the Velsa," a narra- City. tive of cruising in the North Sea. A translation of Wolzogen's successful novel of In addition to the immediately forthcoming vol- German musical life is being made for Mr. B. W. ume of Mr. Bernard Shaw's plays (containing Huebsch by Messrs. Edward Breck and Charles “Misalliance,” “Fanny's First Play," and “The Harvey Genung. Dark Lady of the Sonnets "), still another volume Mr. Theodore Dreiser's new novel, “ The Titan," is in press, to contain "Androcles and the Lion," which was announced for publication some months "Pygmalion," and "Great Catherine." ago by Messrs. Harper, will appear this month with Mr. Arnold Bennett's new novel, “ The Price of the John Lane Co.'s imprint. Love,” will be published this month by Messrs. A new and revised edition of the late Holman Harper. The same house has also nearly ready Hunt's work on the Pre-Raphaelite Movement is “ The Seen and Unseen at Stratford-on-Avon," by announced by Messrs. Dutton. New matter and Mr. W. D. Howells, and two volumes of " Essays new illustrations have been added, and the price and Miscellanies," by Mr. Joseph Auerbach. reduced. “ The Return of the Prodigal," Miss May Sin- Miss Mabel Brailsford's book on the early Quaker clair's forthcoming volume, is a collection of sev- eral rather long stories. The Macmillan Co., who women, to be published in the autumn, deals with an aspect both of the feminist movement and of the will publish this book, plan to issue at about the struggle for religious liberty about which very lit- same time a new volume of stories by Mr. Jack Lon- tle has been written. don, to be entitled “The Strength of the Strong." A new novel by Mr. Eden Phillpotts, entitled Dr. C. W. Saleeby's forthcoming book on “The “ Faith Tresilion," is announced for publication Progress of Eugenics" gives a history of the Eu- Dr. this month by the Macmillan Co. It is a story of genic movement during the past five years. the early nineteenth century, the scene of which is Saleeby emphasizes the manner in which Mendelism laid in a remote village in Cornwall. has modified former views of heredity, and he also A volume dealing with “ Shakespeare's Country," lays stress on the changing attitude of public bodies towards the whole question of Eugenics. from the pen of Archdeacon Hutton, is about to be added to Messrs. Macmillan's well-known “High- Five novels to be published this month by the ways and Byways" series. Mr. Edmund H. New John Lane Co. are the following: “ The Trend," has supplied a large number of illustrations. by Mr. William Arkwright; “Macdonald of the Isles," by Mrs. A. M. W. Sterling; “The Purple Mr. Yone Noguchi has written a volume on “ The Spirit of Japanese Poetry” for Messrs. Dutton's Marriage," by Agnes Gordon Lennox; and "Curing Mists," by Miss F. E. Mills Young; “A Girl's “ Spirit of the East" series. The book will contain Christopher," by Mrs. Horace Tremlett. numerous renderings from Japanese poetry, both ancient and modern, and a chapter on the “No” The Phi Beta Kappa Society has delegated to a play. committee consisting of Professor Clark S. Nor- A volume on Princeton, by Professor V. C. Col- thup, of Cornell University, Mr. William C. Lane, librarian of the Harvard University Library, and lins, is now nearly ready in the "American College Mr. John C. Schwab, librarian of the Yale Univer- and University Series" published by the Oxford sity Library, the preparation of a volume of repre- University Press. Dean Keppel's volume on Colum- sentative Phi Beta Kappa orations. Since the bia, published recently, was the first title of the organization of the society in 1776, some scores of series. notable addresses have been delivered before the A third volume of Dr. David Jayne Hill's “ His various chapters. It is now proposed to publisin tory of Diplomacy in the International Develop fifteen or twenty of these in a volume of some five ment of Europe" is promised for immediate issue hundred pages, with a photogravure frontispiece, by Messrs. Longmans. This instalment will deal in a limited edition, through a house noted for the with “ The Diplomacy of the Age of Absolutism," excellence of its publications. As the committee 1648-1775. must guarantee the publishers a sale of five hun- Three important novels, hitherto unannounced, dred copies, they invite subscriptions, which may are to be published next month by Messrs. Hough be sent to any member of the committee. The price ton Mifflin Co. These are Mr. Robert Herrick's of the book will not exceed three dollars. 1914] 433 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 92 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES. Hail and Farewell: Vale. By George Moore. 8vo, 384 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.75 net. Daniel Webster. By Frederic Austin Ogg, Ph.D. With portrait, 12mo, 433 pages. “ American Crisis Biographies." George W. Jacobs & Co. $1.25 net. Joseph Pulitzer: Reminiscences of a Secretary. By Alleyne Ireland. With portrait, 12mo, 236 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.25 net. A Child of the Orient. By Demetra Vaka. 12mo, 298 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net. Great Men. First volumes: Charles Dickens and Louis Pasteur, by Albert Keim and Louis Lumet, translated from the French by Frederic Taber Cooper. Each illustrated, 12mo. F. A. Stokes Co. Per volume, 75 cts. net. HISTORY. Athanase de Mézières and the Louisiana-Texas Frontier, 1768-1780. Edited and annotated by Herbert Eugene Bolton, Ph.D. In 2 volumes, 8vo. Arthur H. Clark Co. $10 net. A History of the National Capital: From Its Foundation through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act. By Wilhelmus Bogart Bryan. Volume I., 1790-1814. Large 8vo, 669 pages. Macmillan Co. $5 net. Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, 1648-1706. Ed- ited by George Lincoln Burr, LL.D. Large 8vo, 467 pages. “Original Narratives of Early Amer. ican History." Charles Scribner's Sons. $3 net. Illinois Travel and Description, 1765-1865: A Bibli- ography. By Solon Justus Buck. With portrait, large 8vo, 514 pages. Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library. Dio's Roman History. Translated by Earnest Cary, Ph.D. 12mo, 518 pages. “Loeb Classical Li- brary." Macmillan Co. $1.50 net. GENERAL LITERATURE. Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists. By the Sister Nivedita and Ananda K. Coomaraswamy. Illus- trated in color, large 8vo, 400 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $4.50 net. The Letters of Richard Henry Lee. Collected and edited by James Curtis Ballagh, LL.D. Volume II., 1779-1794. Large 8vo, 608 pages. Macmil- lan Co. $2.50 net. The Comedies of Holberg. By Oscar James Camp- bell, Jr. 8vo, 362 pages. Yale University Press. $2.50 net. The Origin of Attic Comedy. By Francis Macdon- ald Cornford. 8vo, 252 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $2.40 net. The Ancient Irish Epic Tale: Tain Bo Cualnge. Done into English by Joseph Dunn. Large 8vo, 381 pages. London: David Nutt. The Secret Book. By Edmund Lester Pearson. 12mo, 253 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net. Great Poems Interpreted. By Waitman Barbe. 12mo, 368 pages. Hinds, Noble & Eldredge. $1.25 net. French Novelists of To-day. By Winifred Stephens. Second edition, revised; 12mo, 314 pages. John Lane Co. $1.50 net. FICTION. “ Unto Cæsar.” By Baroness Orczy. With frontis- piece in color, 12mo, 382 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.35 net. The Heart's Country. By Mary Heaton Vorse. Illustrated, 12mo, 291 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.35 net. Playing with Fire. By Amelia E. Barr. Illustrated, 12mo, 328 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.35 net. The Quarterbreed. By Robert Ames Bennet. With frontispiece in color, 12mo, 347 pages. Browne & Howell Co. $1.25 net. The Cost of Wings, and Other Stories. By Richard Dehan. 12mo, 313 pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.25 net. The Home of the Seven Devils. By Horace W. C. Newte. 12mo, 404 pages. John Lane Co. $1.35 net. The End of the Rainbow. By Marian Keith. 12mo, 352 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net. The Desert and Mrs. Ajax. By Edward Moffat. Illustrated, 12mo, 334 pages. Moffat, Yard & Co. $1.25 net. Glory of the Pines: A Tale of the Ontonagon. By William Chalmers Covert. Illustrated in color, etc., 12mo, 245 pages. Philadelphia: Westmin- ster Press. $1.25 net. The Secret of the Night: Further Adventures of Rouleta bille. By Gaston Leroux. Illustrated, 12mo, 376 pages. Macaulay Co. $1.25 net. The Blindness of Virtue. By Cosmo Hamilton. 12mo, 307 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net. Keeping Up Appearances. By Maximilian Foster. Illustrated, 12mo, 285 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25 net. The Shield of Silence. By M. E. Henry-Ruffin, L.H.D. 12mo, 463 pages. Benziger Brothers. $1.35 net. The Milky Way. By F. Tennyson Jesse. With frontispiece in color, 12mo, 335 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net. To-day. Novelized from the drama of George Broadhurst and Abraham S. Schomer by Richard Parker. Illustrated, 12mo, 304 pages. Macaulay Co. $1.25 net. The Yellow Angel. By Mary Stewart Daggett. Illustrated, 12mo, 235 pages. Browne & Howell Co. $1 net. The Marryers: A History Gathered from a Brief of the Honorable Socrates Potter. By Irving Bacheller. Illustrated, 12mo, 217 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1 net. The Wonderful Visit. By H. G. Wells. New edi- tion; 12mo, 245 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.35 net. Hyacinth. By G. A. Birmingham. New edition; 12mo, 316 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.20 net. The Bad Times. By G. A. Birmingham. New edi- tion; 12mo, 288 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.20 net. SOCIOLOGY AND ECONOMICS. Interpretations and Forecasts : A Study of Sur- vivals and Tendencies in Contemporary Society. By Victor Branford, M.A. Large 8vo, 411 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $2.50 net. Socialism: Promise or Menace ? By Morris Hill- quit and John A. Ryan, D.D. 12mo, 270 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net. Modern Industry: In Relation to the Family, Health, Education, Morality. By Florence Kel- ley.. 12mo, 147 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. Mountaineering and Exploration in the Selkirks: A Record of Pioneer work among the Canadian Alps, 1908-1912. By Howard Palmer. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 439 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5 net. Ten Thousand Miles with a Dog Sled: A Narrative of Winter Travel in Interior Alaska. By Hud- son Stuck, D.D. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 420 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $3.50 net. DRAMA AND VERSE. Florence on a Certain Night, and Other Poems. By Coningsby Dawson. 12mo, 130 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.25 net. Earlham. Poems by students and graduates of Earlham. 16mo, 43 pages. Richmond: John Dougan Rea. A Friend of the People: A Play in Four Acts. By Theodore Bonnet. 12mo, 115 pages. San Fran- cisco: Pacific Publication Co. 434 (May 16 THE DIAL Runsia: The Country of Extremes. By Madame N. Jarintzofl. Illustrated, large 8vo, 372 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $4 net. Modern Mexico. By R. J. MacHugh. Illustrated, large 8vo, 342 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $3.50 net. The Mexican People: Their Struggle for Freedom. By L. Gutierrez de Lara and Edgcumb Pinchon. Illustrated, 8vo, 360 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.50 net. BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG. The Owl and the Bobolink: Verses for Young Readers. By Emma C. Dowd. Illustrated, 12mo, 176 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.10 net. Harper's Gasoline Engine Book. By A. Hyatt Ver- rill. Illustrated, 8vo, 292 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1 net. Polly Day's Island. By Isabel J. Roberts. With frontispiece, 12mo, 234 pages. Benziger Brothers. 85 cts. net. The Ups and Downs of Marjorie. By Mary T. Wag- gaman. With frontispiece, 16mo, 208 pages. Benziger Brothers. 45 cts. net. SCIENCE. Memorabilia Mathematica; or, The Philomath's Quo- tation-Book. By Robert Edouard Moritz, Ph.D. 8vo, 410 pages. Macmillan Co. $3 net. Sun Lore of All Ages: A Collection of Myths and Legends concerning the Sun and Its Worship. By William Tyler Olcott, A.M. Illustrated, large 8vo, 346 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net. The Essence of Astronomy: Things Everyone Should Know about the Sun, Moon, and Stars. By Edward W. Price. Illustrated, 12mo, 207 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1 net. An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics. By Forest Ray Moulton, Ph.D. Second edition, revised; 8vo, 437 pages. Macmillan Co. $3.50 net. ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND MUSIC. The Dance: Its Place in Art and Life. By Troy and Margaret West Kinney. Illustrated in color, etc., large 8vo, 334 pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $3.50 net. Essays on the Purpose of Art: Past and Present Creeds of English Painters. By Mrs. Russell Barrington. 8vo, 421 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $2.75 net. Inside the House that Jack Bullt. By George Le- land Hunter. Illustrated, 8vo, 203 pages. John Lane Co. $1.35 net. Anthology of German Piano Music. Edited by Moritz Moszkowski. Volume I., Early Com- posers. 4to, 192 pages. “Musicians Library." Oliver Ditson Co. Paper, $1.50 net. A Guide to the Chassevant Method of Musical Edu- cation. By Marion P. Gibb. 8vo, 141 pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1 net. Sixty Musical Games and Recreations for Little Musicians. By Laura Rountree Smith. 8vo, 153 pages. Oliver Ditson Co. EDUCATION. From Locke to Montessori: A Critical Account of the Montessori Point of View. By William Boyd. 12mo, 272 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.25 net. Commercial Education in Germany. By Frederic Ernest Farrington, Ph.D. 12mo, 258 pages. Mac- millan Co. $1.10 net. The American College: What It Is and What It May Become. By Charles Franklin Thwing, LL.D. 8vo, 294 pages. New York: Platt & Peck Co. $2 net. American Literature. By John Calvin Metcalf, Litt.D. Illustrated, 12mo, 415 pages. Atlanta: B. F. Johnson Publishing Co. Field Crop Production: A Text-book for Elemen- tary Courses in Schools and Brief Courses in Colleges. By George Livingston. Illustrated, 12mo, 424 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.40 net. Easy German Conversation. By Philip Schuyler Allen and Paul Hermann Phillipson, 12mo, 229 pages. Henry Holt & Co. American Citizenship. By Charles A. Beard and Mary Ritter Beard. Illustrated, 12mo, 330 pages. Macmillan Co. $1 net. Die drei gerechten Kammacher. Von Gottfried Keller; edited by Harry T. Collings, Ph.D. With portrait, 16mo, 149 pages. D. C. Heath & Co. 35 cts. net. Selected Short Stories. Edited by Claude M. Fuess, Ph.D. With portrait, 16mo, 246 pages. Charles E. Merrill Co. 35 cts. net. Harvey's Essentials of Arithmetic. By L. D. Har- vey, Ph.D. Books I. and II. Each 12mo. Amer. ican Book Co. Beyond the Pasture Bars. By Dallas Lore Sharp. Illustrated, 12mo, 160 pages. The Century Co. 50 cts. net. PHILOSOPHY. Natural Law in Science and Philosophy. By Emile Boutroux; translated from the French by Fred Rothwell. 8vo, 218 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.75 net. The Problem of Human Life, as Viewed by the Great Thinkers from Plato to the Present Time. By Rudolf Eucken; translated from the German by Williston S. Hough and W. R. Boyce Gibson. Revised edition; 8vo, 614 pages. Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. $2 net. The Message of New Thought. By Abel Leighton Allen. 12mo, 283 pages. Thomas Y. Crowell Co. $1.25 net. RELIGION AND THEOLOGY. Zionism: Movements in Judaism. By Richard J. H. Gottheil. With portrait, 8vo, 258 pages. Phil- adelphia: Jewish Publication Society of Amer- ica. $3 net. Vital Issues in Christian Science, with Facsimile Letters of Mary Baker Eddy. Large 8vo, 405 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net. Christianity Old and New. By Benjamin W. Bacon. 12mo, 168 pages. Yale University Press. $1 net. The Happy Art of Catching Men: A Story of Good Samaritanship. By R. J. Patterson, LL.B. 12mo, 229 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1 net. A Man's Reach; or, Some Character Ideals. By Charles Edward Locke. 12mo, 278 pages. Eaton & Mains. $1 net. MISCELLANEOUS. Stammering and Cognate Defects of Speech. By C. S. Bluemel. In 2 volumes, 8vo. G. E. Stechert & Co. $5 net. The Deaf : Their Position in Society. By Harry Best. 12mo, 340 pages. Thomas Y. Crowell Co. $2 net. Letters from a Living Dead Man. Written down by Elsa Barker, with an Introduction. 12mo, 291 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.25 net. Toaster's Handbook: Jokes, Stories, and Quota- tions. Compiled by Peggy Edmund and Harold Workman Williams; with Introduction by Mary Katharine Reely. 12mo, 483 pages. New York: H. W. Wilson Co. Press Correspondence and Journalism: How to Write for Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals. 12mo, 62 pages. Washington: Eastern Publish- ing Co. Paper. What an Advertiser Should Know. By Henry C. Taylor. 16mo, 95 pages. “Practical Series." Browne & Howell Co. 75 cts. net. The Mining Advance into the Inland Empire. By William J. Trimble. 8vo, 254 pages. Madison: University of Wisconsin. Paper, 40 cts. net. The Agrarian Revolution in Georgia, 1865-1912. By Robert Preston Brooks, Ph.D. 8vo, 130 pages. Madison: University of Wisconsin. Paper, 40 cts. net. THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 18t and 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian postage 50 cents per year extra. RE- MITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. Unless otherwise ordered, subscrip- tions will begin with the current number. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of subscription is re- ceived, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. Published by THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY, 632 So. Sherman St., Chicago. Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. LVI. JUNE 1, 1914. No. 671. CONTENTS. PAGE . . worse A GREAT DANE 447 CASUAL COMMENT 449 The shame of the book tariff.- The joys of the literary artist.- Painless preliminaries to the enjoyment of a foreign literature.- First aid to the inquiring reader.— A thought for the commencement season.- Confusion confounded. - Triumphs of stage realism.— The most widely translated book in the world.— Cultivation of the inquiring mind.-A story of book-rescue work. - How one university library is strengthened. COMMUNICATIONS 453 Norway and an International Language. James F. Morton, Jr. Walter Pater and Bishop Berkeley. Wm. Chislett, Jr. Professor Neilson and Grimm's Fairy Tales. W. A. Neilson. TOWARD A BROADER TO-MORROW. F. B. R. Hellems 454 THREE NEW VOLUMES OF THE CAM- BRIDGE ENGLISH LITERATURE. Lane Cooper 456 AN ENGLISH STATESMAN'S REFLEC- TIONS ON POLITICS AND HISTORY. L. E. Robinson 459 THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR OF THE TER- ROR. Henry E. Bourne 461 THE PROBLEM OF THE PHILIPPINES. Wallace Rice 463 Le Roy's The Americans in the Philippines. - Worcester's The Philippines.- Chamber- lin's The Philippine Problem.- Williams's The Odyssey of the Philippine Commission. - Crow's America and the Philippines. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 467 A dubious introduction to literature.— Eu- rope in the seventh and eighth centuries.- Scandinavia's greatest writer.— Biological problems of to-day.-A Spanish painter of the 18th century.- With Shakespeare and Bacon at Stratford-on-Avon.-A plea for the poor immigrant.-A premature valedic- tory.-A town history of national interest. - Fruitless" psychical” " adventures. BRIEFER MENTION 472 NOTES 472 TOPICS IN JUNE PERIODICALS 473 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 474 A GREAT DANE. The present visit of Dr. Georg Brandes to the United States, although it is covering only a fortnight, is an event of the utmost impor- tance in our cultural annals. Dr. Brandes is one of the half-dozen most famous men of let- ters now alive and incomparably the greatest of living Scandinavians. We doubt if this country has ever entertained a more distin. guished representative of European letters. We have had of recent years, it is true, visits from M. Bergson and Lord Morley, we had about ten years ago the great Danish poet Drachmann, and thirty years ago the great Norwegian poet Björnson, and the visits of Matthew Arnold, Thackeray, and Dickens are marked by red letters in our calendar. The appearance of Dr. Brandes is at least as mem- orable as any of these, and will long be remem- bered by those who have come into contact with his vital and powerful personality. It has fulfilled a hope that we had cherished for many years, and almost abandoned as the flight of time brought him within measurable distance of the brink of years from which mor- tality takes its final plunge. We trust that the welcome accorded our guest has made him realize more fully than he could have realized it from a transatlantic dis- tance the strength of his hold upon all Ameri. cans who are interested in the greater problems of art and life, and who have found their way into the main stream of the world's mod- ern thought. No one has helped them more “ Im ganzen, guten, schönen Resolut zu leben," and their debt of gratitude is correspondingly great. For many years, a few of us have been reading him in his own tongue and many more of us in German translation, while dur- ing the last decade his major works have been reproduced in the English language. They have been to us a revelation of cosmopolitan thought, interpreted in the spirit of the broad- est freedom, and handled with deep penetra- tion and philosophical insight. Many are the minds that have found enfranchisement in his pages and learned from him that literary criticism, in a master's hand, may become com- . . 448 [ June 1 THE DIAL : prehensive enough to cover the whole of life. over these problems, and always championing Of what may be called creative criticism, Dr. the cause of justice and individual freedom, Brandes is the best example of our time. He and the emancipation of the soul from all the has the power which bestows upon this form degrading fetters of hide-bound prejudice and of writing the qualities which make it worthy inveterate superstition. He has been a fighter to be classed with the literary categories of for ideas all his life, a true Ritter vom Geist, belles-lettres, with fiction, the drama, and a doughty warrior for the cause upon which poetry. His work has made good this claim | Heine based his chief claim to the world's re- for literary criticism, in the sense in which it gard. Engaged in this conflict primarily for has been made good before him by Lessing and his fellow-countrymen, who seemed to him to Goethe, by Sainte-Beuve and Taine and Bru be living in the eddies and backwaters of netière, by Coleridge and Walter Pater and thought, he sought to drag them by pure force Matthew Arnold. of reason out into the main current, and han. What is needed to raise criticism from the dled them so roughly in his efforts for their status of a narrow discussion of technical salvation that they would have none of their æsthetic principles to the creative plane is a rescuer, and turned upon him, and drove him method which brings it into intimate relations from among them. Whereupon he went forth, with life. Such a method was boldly outlined lived in foreign lands for a term of years, and by Dr. Brandes in the second volume of his returned to his fellow-countrymen a world- “Hovedströmninger,” published in the early figure, with weapons freshly forged and tem- seventies : pered, and forced them to give him heed. “ First and, foremost, I endeavor everywhere to Meanwhile, his eloquence had evoked responses bring literature back to life. You already have in all the cultured nations of the earth, and he observed that while the older controversies in our was fast becoming the commanding figure literature - for example, that between Heiberg and Hauch, and even the famous controversy be- which he is to-day in the intellectual world. tween Baggesen and Oehlenschläger — have been What are the qualities that have made Georg maintained in an exclusively literary domain and Brandes thus preëminent! One of them is the have become disputes about literary, principles wide range of his knowledge, which has al- alone, the controversy aroused by my lectures not merely by reason of the misapprehension of the lowed nothing deeply significant in modern opposition, but quite as much by reason of the life to escape his attention. Another is the very nature of my writing, has come to touch upon possession of a clear-cut and incisive style a swarm of religious, social, and moral problems. . . It follows from my conception of the relation which makes the full weight of conviction tell of literature to life that the history of literature I in his thrust. The title of this article might be teach is not a history of literature for the drawing-flippantly taken to suggest what has been I seize hold of actual life with all the called “the big bow-wow style," than which strength I may, and show how the feelings that find their expression in literature spring up in the no comparison could be more absurdly inept. human heart. Now the human heart is no stagnant A third quality is a burning passion for intel- pool or idyllic woodland lake. It is an ocean with lectual freedom and social justice, coupled with submarine vegetation and frightful inhabitants. The literary history and the poetry of the drawing, eventually to prevail over error. As long ago an unfaltering belief in the power of truth room see in the life of man a salon, a decorated ball-room, the men and the furnishings polished as 1872, he said to the critics who were fero- alike, in which no dark corners escape illumination. ciously attacking him in the Danish press : Let him who will look at matters from this point of “I am treated as if the ideas which inspire me view; but it is no affair of mine." and which I express, were my own inventions. To this method the author has remained true They are the ideas of all intelligent Europe. If a all his life, and this is what makes of his work man is guilty for maintaining them, then the guilt one of the impressive monuments of modern is not mine, but that of European scientific thought. thought. A living literature, he says, “brings guilty, when they cherish these convictions, the real Or rather, if the men of the younger generation are problems up for debate,” and “ for a litera- guilt lies upon the men of the older generation. ture to bring nothing up for debate is the same Why did you not bring us up better? If these thing as to lose all its significance." ideas can be confuted, why did you not refute them Thus our author has found the literature of for us? If it were possible to equip the present modern times to be bristling with debatable generation for a victorious battle against free thought, why did you not thus equip us? You did problems, and he has stood in the arena for not do it, because you could not do it, because these nearly half a century engaged in the struggle | ideas are not to be confuted." room. 1914] 449 THE DIAL A fourth quality, which is perhaps little more up our heads and claim a place among the than an amplified statement of the second one nations enlightened enough not to lay a pen- mentioned, is the possession of that incom- alty on the acquisition of knowledge. Fifty municable gift of genius to give interest to per cent higher now than before the Civil War, any subject under discussion, to present even the present duty on imported English books familiar matters from such unexpected points fails ridiculously to yield any considerable of view and with such exquisite turns of revenue or to foster home industry in the manufacture of books. Our annual publishing phrase as to make them seem fresh and new. statistics show a production of only six per This is the gift that makes us feel that even cent of the total book-publication of the world. the most hackneyed themes, in his handling, In proportion to population, Switzerland is- will acquire a vital significance hitherto un sues each year ten times as many books as we; realized, that we may go, for example, to a lec- the Scandinavian countries six times as many; ture upon Shakespeare or Napoleon, with the Germany, France, the British Empire, Hol- assurance that we will bring from it something land, Italy, Austria, and Japan, each from that we did not take to it, however familiar we three and one-half to five times as many; Rou- were with the subject. This power of giving Russia, even with its arbitrarily censored mania more than three times as many; and interest and charm to simple and commonplace matters is what makes the autobiography of book-product amounting to more than one and press, manages to put on the market a yearly Dr. Brandes a work comparable with “Dich one-half times our own - in proportion to tung und Wahrheit." population, as already indicated. With Spain The better part of the work of Dr. Brandes and Portugal (grouped together) somewhat is now to be had in English translation. We ahead of us, we seem to hold the humiliating have the monumental “Main Currents in the position of tail-enders in this procession. As Literature of the Nineteenth Century," in to annual revenue accruing from “ the tax on six volumes, the “William Shakespeare," in ideas” (to quote the heading of Mr. Ander- which a Dane has done for the creator of son's paper), our treasury is enriched to the “Hamlet” what a Frenchman did for the his- extent of about half a million dollars by those who each year pay for the privilege of helping tory of our literature, the Beaconsfield, the to keep this country among the best educated, Lassalle, the Björnson, the Ibsen, the fascinat the most enlightened, of the nations. If, then, ing study of Poland, the “Recollections of as a tariff for revenue, the book-tax yields only Childhood and Youth," already referred to, a negligible return compared with our total and the essays upon the “Moderne Gjennem-revenue, and if as a protective tariff it fails to brudsmænd”—the men of the modern “break- protect, or, at most, furnishes ignoble shelter ing through.” It is to be hoped that the pres- to an unworthy few, why suffer it to remain on ent visit, now so nearly ended, of their dis- the statute-book? Mr. Anderson says, “We tinguished author may send thousands of new put a tax on the enlightenment of all the peo- readers to these works, which are among the ple to serve the selfish interests of the few.” But even these few, or those of them whose most significant and influential that our age utterance on the subject commands a respect- has produced. And it will be the hope of all ful hearing, announce their entire willingness, of his friends that his ripened wisdom may as one of their number, Mr. George Haven continue to be poured out for many years to Putnam, has repeatedly declared, that the come, for our helpful guidance and spiritual book-duty should be removed. Our copyright refreshment, and for the furthering of the laws furnish such protection to both author great cause of intellectual freedom, and publisher as to render a tariff on books as needless as it is stupid. It is well to have, in Mr. Anderson's address, a formal and em- CASUAL COMMENT. phatic statement of the American Library THE SHAME OF THE BOOK TARIFF, an imposi- Association's position on this question — a tion endured by only two of the great powers fessionally, the librarian is unaffected by the position all the more significant because, pro- of the world, our own country and Russia, was mercilessly exposed by Mr. Edwin H. Ander- tariff. son in his presidential address before the THE JOYS OF THE LITERARY ARTIST, more American Library Association at Washington particularly the newspaper artist, are splen- last week. Of course it is an old story, but it didly painted by Mr. Charles Edward Russell is likely to be considerably older before the in the closing chapter of “These Shifting disgrace is wiped out and we are able to hold | Scenes,” an admirable piece of journalistic 450 [June 1 THE DIAL no autobiography recently noticed in these pages. in part: “One speaks first of the 'beginners' After a quarter-century of newspaper expe- because teachers of Latin so often declare the rience he feels himself justified in declaring first-year work to be the most critical. The that “the best job on earth is that of the city most difficult it is necessarily; the most bene- editor of a New York daily. Other employ- / ficial and the most loved it is if so made by ments are but rubbish in comparison.” For, the teacher. But commonly this first-year observe, “the city editor is an artist. As a work on which so much depends is horribly painter before his easel, so sits every day the mismanaged. Year after year, one may go city editor before the paper he is to make. into these classes and see the same old meth- Here in his hand he holds all the colors of all ods — work too hard for the pupils, too little the news of the day; upon his schedule as understood, and stupid, dry, tiresome beyond upon canvas he lays them to suit the taste expression. Any boy or girl of spirit is justi- before mentioned [that is, the New York fied in getting out of it, as a very large num- reader's taste]. He can lay on the crimes and ber of them do, in the course of the first give to his paper a red hue; he can develop half-year — many before the end of the first the humorous side of a day's life in the city; month. Break away from these methods, one he can seize a story in low tones from the longs to urge upon every beginners' Latin heart of the lost-and-found advertisements; teacher (only exceptionally capable teachers he can work out every contrast of scarlet and should be in charge of this class, of course); purple, for every variety of tint is supplied whatever you do, don't start another class by the events before him. He has but to with the first lesson in a book, by making the choose, to combine, and to study the results. pupils learn paradigms, whole ones — stupid And all the time he can derive from his weav things - with a lot of new English words so ings the satisfaction that pertains only to the captivating as ‘paradigm,’ ‘inflection,' de- exercise of art, which is now and always clension,' 'genitive,' dative,' “accusative,' means to transfer a feeling. Provided, to be ablative,' etc. . . . Use book for at sure, he is blessed with reporters that in their least a month — preferably two — possibly six turn have the instinct of artistic craftsmen; months. This is, of course, perfectly prac- for when reporting is true and free from the ticable with a class of reasonable size, as is taint of advertising and the business Office done to some extent in America, to great ex- and allowed to deal according to its princi tent in Germany. Then can class-work be ples, it is an admirable art.” Editor-in-chief made suitable, appealing, inspiring, the class and managing editor and editorial writer are interested, eager, confident or gladly, persis- poor creatures compared with the city editor, tently plucky, able to work hard out of class thinks Mr. Russell. “The editorial writer without help or lamentations. .. This is emits great thoughts for the exclusive perusal simply to say that the study must be alive of the proof-reader," he tells us. The obvious enough for very live boys and girls – a na- weakness in the city editor's position as above tional pursuit, spirited, full of sense; at pres- pictured, the drop of bitterness in his goblet ent, the study is commonly irrationally dull, of nectar, is the confessed necessity he is quite too dead for Young America. May under “to suit the taste before mentioned,” to teachers and pupils soon very generally enjoy please the sensation-loving throng "that the first-year Latin - find it the favorite class- newspaper must please if it is to succeed,” as work, such as it certainly can be made.' Mr. Russell views the matter. Preferable, by far, is the part played by him who, as we are FIRST AID TO THE INQUIRING READER is freely told but are not bound to believe, “emits great and expertly rendered by most librarians, thoughts for the exclusive perusal of the though some insist that the visitor should proof-reader.” reach the end of his own resources in cata- logue and reference-book consultation before PAINLESS PRELIMINARIES TO THE ENJOYMENT soliciting professional assistance. Probably OF A FOREIGN LITERATURE are surely a desid- a judicious mixture of self-help and expert eratum in the educational world, though their aid is wisest as a general rule. In sharp con- possibility may be doubted by those who hold, trast to the Lethbridge plan (described in our rightly enough, that there is no royal road to last issue) of mechanizing the public library learning. Some recent paragraphs in these by bringing it into gear with the post-office columns on the subject of Latin will perhaps machinery, thus eliminating much waste, in- have prepared the reader to receive without cluding that of time taken up in personal too great protest the remarks of a veteran intercourse between librarian and patron, an teacher of that language on the right way to "ex-librarian” has something to say, in the initiate a pupil in its mysteries. Writing May “Public Libraries,” in favor of extend- anonymously to a prominent journal, he says, ing that personal side of library work which 1914] 451 THE DIAL . the Lethbridge scheme would abolish. We story in a hundred different forms. The good quote a few sentences: “With no reflection people behind the desks in these public places upon any library in particular, it is the expe are fond of repeating that they can hardly rience of many readers that the atmosphere keep up with the intellectual demands of their among the assistants of the average free immigrant neighbors. In the experience of library is of a forbidding type. Many library the librarians it is the veriest commonplace helpers seem to be so afraid that they will that the classics have the greatest circulation give an inquirer one word too many in in the immigrant quarters of the city; and extending information. Perhaps the writer the most touching proof of reverence for erred in the other direction; but in her expe- learning often comes from the illiterate rience in library work she was never so happy among the aliens. On the East Side of New as at the time when an earnest reader made York, Teacher' is a being adored. Said a inquiries, and an opportunity presented itself bedraggled Jewish mother to her little boy to gather together all the literature upon a who had affronted his teacher, ‘Don't you specified subject which might be found in know that teachers is holy?' Perhaps these indirect ways - hidden chapters of books with are the things the teachers have in mind when irrelevant titles, etc. Certain experiences in they speak with a tremor of the immense library work in one of the largest libraries in reward of work in the public schools." this country, together with two seasons of lecture-recital programmes, have brought to CONFUSION WORSE CONFOUNDED is the pros- vision the possibility of broadening the influ-pect avowedly confronting the misguided ence of the free library as an educational "reformers' of our spelling. A communica- centre - in all branches.'' Of course there is tion sent out by the secretary of the Modern liability of imposition upon a too complaisant Language Association of America to all its librarian: he may find that he is expected to members notes the action of that body in write club papers, prepare outlines for de- adopting, two years ago, “the rules and rec- bates, decipher difficult manuscripts, trans ommendations of the Simplified Spelling late whole books from the lesser-known foreign Board as the norm of spelling in the tongues, and in other similar ways occupy his official publications and correspondence of the supposedly abundant leisure; but the compe Association,” and now invites an individual tent and tactful librarian will know how to expression of opinion on the whole question decline an unreasonable request and at the of joining the simplifiers, whole-heartedly, same time maintain his reputation for urban half-heartedly, or not at all. It is known that ity and omniscience. at least a strong minority still preserves its sanity on this subject. Among other observa- A THOUGHT FOR THE COMMENCEMENT SEA tions of the secretary, our attention is arrested son, now upon us, is offered in the following by the following: "The official spelling does extract from “They Who Knock at Our not call itself reformd; it is at most in process Gates,” which receives more particular notice of reformation, or of simplification; and, as on another page. “Next after liberty,” writes ‘simplified,' it is not at ‘simplified,' it is not at a stage that any body the author, in considering the quality of our regards as final.” Too true; and will it ever alien element, the Puritans loved education ; reach that stage, or will not rather the tin- and to-day, if you examine the registers of kering process, once begun, be considered per- the schools and colleges they founded, you missible on the part of anybody and everybody will find the names of recent immigrants to the end of time? Will the genie so reck- thickly sprinkled from A to Z, and topping lessly released from the bottle ever be got the honor ranks nine times out of ten. All back into it again? A questionnaire appended readers of newspapers know the bare facts,- to the circular letter contains three interro- each commencement season the prize-winners gations as to the degree in which the receiver are announced in a string of unpronounceable of the letter favors the new forms of spelling, foreign names; and every school teacher in with two blank columns for replies, headed, the immigrant section of the larger cities has “Anser,” and, immediately beneath, “Yes," a collection of picturesque anecdotes to con “No.' A cross in the proper place is all that tribute: of heroic sacrifices for the sake of a is required. Honest Dogberry was inconsola- little reading and writing; of young girls ble because he had not been writ down an ass. stitching away their youth to keep a brother The Modern Language Associate of anserine in college; of whole families cheerfully starv- predilections will have only himself to blame ing together to save one gifted child from the if he is not now writ down an anser. factory. Go from the public school to the public library, from the library to the social TRIUMPHS OF STAGE REALISM meet with a settlement, and you will carry away the same popular acclaim absurdly disproportionate to 452 [ June 1 THE DIAL their real artistic worth. What did the Greeks be really read and appreciated an author of Sophocles's time care for the paltry details should appear in only strictly limited editions. of realism? How much did realism have to do with the success of Æschylus's Oresteian CULTIVATION OF THE INQUIRING MIND is evi- trilogy? How meagre was the setting of an dently not neglected in Atlanta, as may be Elizabethan drama! Shakespeare's art knew inferred from a significant paragraph in that nothing of realism. But to-day the play-goer city's current library Report. A single sen- demands that nothing shall be left to the tence will make this sufficiently evident. "Dur- imagination; he delights in such products of ing the year, " writes the librarian, “17,284 stage-carpentry as Mr. Simeon Strunsky de- (nearly 5,000 more than in 1912) sought here scribes in the current “Atlantic Monthly." information on subjects varying from cor- Concerning one very popular play he writes: poration tax laws, Dingley tariff, telephotog- “For weeks, the author, the producer, and raphy, German Hussar uniform, Easter hare, several assistants (I am now quoting press picture suitable for soft drink poster, laundry authority) had been searching the city for the machinery, social work of the Church, modern exact model of a hall bedroom in a theatrical novelists, tension on the strings of a piano, boarding-house such as the playwrights had Polish costume, census reports, Yazoo fraud, in mind. They found what they were looking wireless stations of the world, pictures of for. When the curtain rose on the opening Lookout Mountain for the local theatre, pic- night, the public, duly kept informed as to tures for the mural decoration of the Ansley the progress of the quest, naturally rose with | Hotel, statistics of the production of tin, to enthusiasm to the perfect picture of a mean the Potsdam Giants, blue sky laws, and the chamber in a squalid boarding-house. The address of many people of note." All these scene was appalling in its detail of tawdry inquiries, made by frequenters of the refer- poverty. Except for the fact that the bed ence room ranging “from the Governor of the room was about sixty feet long, forty feet State, who has been a frequent visitor, to wide, and fifty feet high, the effect of destitu- mechanics, seeking latest developments in tion was startling. And all the time no one electric elevators,” were, we doubt not, disputes that the highest art achieves its re promptly and intelligently answered. sults with the severest economy of means. A STORY OF BOOK-RESCUE WORK on the part THE MOST WIDELY TRANSLATED BOOK IN THE of an alert and faithful janitor contributes an WORLD is, of course, the Bible. This fact is element of novel interest to the “Thirteenth impressed upon us anew by the statement of Annual Report of the Brumback Library of the secretary of the New York Bible Society, Van Wert County.” Van Wert County is in at its recent quarterly meeting, that the scrip-Ohio, as nearly everyone knows, and it was tures are now being distributed in fifty-three the Ohio flood of 1913 that imperilled the languages in the city and harbor of New York. government documents and other less-used Nearly a thousand vessels at that port have books stored in the basement of the aforemen- been visited in the last three months by a tioned library. First those on the floor and missionary of the Society for purposes of lowest shelves were moved so that no volume Bible-distribution, a work that is also exten was within a foot of the floor. But the water sively carried on at Ellis Island, where every rose, inch by inch, compelling a further rais- immigrant is sure to find at his disposal at ing of the literary level, until high-water least one book in his own language amid the mark was reached at twenty-three inches, with Babel of tongues that there assails his ears. all books safely above that limit; and then, Among other items of interest in the secre after remaining stationary for some anxious tary's report, we note that nearly a thousand hours, the ebb began and the flood subsided, copies of the Bible were lately placed in the doing no further damage than the warping of hands of those connected with the circus. the basement cupboard doors, the extinguish- Whether half a thousand will be read by the ing of the furnace fire, and the suspension of devotees of the sawdust ring may be doubtful. the library's usefulness for a day. The jani. A like query arises in connection with the tor himself writes the account of the occur- several hundred copies bestowed upon the per rence in the library report, and it is safe to formers in the Wild West show. conclude that he is worthy of the position he amination of the figures showing the many holds in the library world. editions and the wide circulation of Shake- speare and the Bible, and a comparison of that HOW ONE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY IS STRENGTH- circulation with the acquaintance that the ENED is explained in a recent news item from people seem to have with Shakespeare and the New York, where a branch of the great public Bible, might induce a belief that in order to | library of that city has just been established An ex- 1914] 453 THE DIAL at Columbia University, in a room of the Low not dream of dispensing. The people of Norway Library Building, for the benefit of Columbia will in no way be cut off from the world by the professors and students. A first instalment exclusive use of the Norwegian tongue for domestic of books, three thousand in number, is placed purposes, if they are wise enough to supplement it in the care of an experienced library assistant, by the general adoption of Esperanto for interna- tional relations. and additions to this supply will be made as JAMES F. MORTON, JR. needed. By the inter-branch loan system a New York City, May 20, 1914. total of about thirty thousand books is at the command of those using this branch, an auto WALTER PATER AND BISHOP BERKELEY. mobile delivery system facilitating the trans- (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) mission of any desired volume from its place of deposit to the branch where the request is While comparing FitzGerald's “Euphranor” recently with Berkeley's “Alciphron," as suggested made. by Mr. Gosse in the Variorum Edition of the Works of Edward FitzGerald (Introduction, Vol. I., p. XXVI.), I came upon a remarkable state- COMMUNICATIONS. ment of the doctrine which spelled “ success in life” to Walter Pater (see his Conclusion to “ The NORWAY AND AN INTERNATIONAL Renaissance"). LANGUAGE. According to us,” says Alciphron in the First (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) Dialogue, “every wise man looks upon himself, or The letter of Lewin Hill, in your issue of May 1, his own bodily existence in this present world, as will hardly be accepted as a complete refutation of the centre and ultimate end of aïl his actions and the objections raised against the adherence by Nor regards. He considers his appetites as natural way to a language unintelligible to the rest of the guides, directing to his proper good, his passions world. The unwholesomeness of the hermit life, and senses as the natural true means of enjoying for an individual or for a nation, is no longer il this good. Hence, he endeavours to keep his matter of doubt, in these days of enlarged interna- appetites in high relish, his passions and senses tional interests. Narrowmindedness and a mere strong and lively, and to provide the greatest blind devotion to the forms and ideas of the past quantity and variety of real objects suited to do not make for the nobler kind of race building. them, which he studieth to enjoy by all possible On the other hand, the argument for the pre- means, and in the highest perfection imaginable. servation of the lesser languages and even dialects And the man who can do this without restraint, as permanent and ever living forms of expression remorse, or fear is as happy as any other animal is entirely unanswerable. Every race, to whom the whatsoever, or as his nature is capable of being.” call has not come too late, does well to resist the Opponents of Pater's epicureanism, materialism, tendency toward linguistic amalgamation with any “sentimental Platonism,” and religious and philo- other people, however closely related by blood or by sophical skepticism may also be reminded that, political connection. The many reasons for this The many reasons for this throughout "Alciphron," Berkeley “ criticises the are too familiar to require enumeration. prevailing materialism, and presents his spiritual Here, then, is an apparent dilemma, for which philosophy in aspects fitted to restore faith in the there is but one possible solution, which will stand omnipresence of Omnipotent Spirit, in the moral the acid test. To save the small languages from order of the universe, and in the Christian revela- destruction, on account of the need of mutual com- tion of God.” (Alexander Campbell Fraser, prehension, between the few who cherish them and “Berkeley and Spiritual Realism,” 1908, p. 11.) the immense number who use the few dominant WM. CHISLETT, JR. tongues, a simple and easily acquired means of Stanford University, May 20, 1914. international communication must provided as supplementary to the mother language. There are PROFESSOR NEILSON AND GRIMM'S numberless other valid grounds for the develop- FAIRY TALES. ment and use of an international auxiliary lan- guage; but I venture to rank its service to the (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) weaker peoples and the saving of the lesser lan- A completely misleading account of an address guages as among the strongest. I recently made on “What children should read" It is fortunate that such an instrument already has been widely circulated in the newspapers. I exists, and that it has been proved by all conceiv- have thought it futile to attempt to have the able tests, over a long period of years, to be fully mistake corrected; but my respect for THE DIAL capable of meeting all the requirements. Esper- impels me to inform you that the chief point of anto long since passed from the domain of theory my remarks was the value and importance of to that of actual and habitual use for international imaginative literature such as Grimm's Märchen in the education of children. The words quoted purposes of every character, by a large number of persons in all parts of the earth. It is almost in your note of April 16 are not mine; and I am incredibly easy to learn, and is flexible and expres- in general agreement with the attitude to which sive to a degree which staggers the belief of those you give expression in your criticism of what I not familiar with it. Those who have fairly tested am reported to have said. W. A. NEILSON. its advantages find it a help with which they would Harvard University, May 20, 1914. 454 [June 1 THE DIAL coarseness The New Books. linquish so many judgments, even the stern, impartial years. For the present, however, I think we may safely rank him with the most TOWARD A BROADER TO-MORROW.* delightfully vigorous and helpfully prescient. In Mr. Wells's new volume are twenty- Now whoso loveth the peace of established order and hath set his heart upon things as eight papers of varying length and merit. they are to-day, must never be lured into the They represent gleanings from the last five restless, forward-sweeping pages of Mr. H. G. years, and range from “ The Coming of Wells. He is so mercilessly disturbing, this Blériot” to “The Contemporary Novel." un-English Englishman. He assails without Now if Mr. Wells were asked to give the chem- pity and questions without ruth. Perhaps ical formula for the reaction of sulphuric acid because he loves his own countrymen best on zinc, I am perfectly sure he would include (although I fear his love is not very generally in his correct answer at least two paragraphs reciprocated) he goads and flays them most on the unsatisfactory conditions of human life persistently, declaring them to be formal, at present and the possible betterment thereof stupid, ill-read, unscientific, unenterprising, tachable tendency of our author and the in the future. Accordingly, with this unde- unthinking, unimaginative, and un-every- thing-else requisite for real progress. Nat- avowedly social or economic subjects of many urally, the institutions of such an impossible of the chapters, we are prepared for a volume nation must be belated and benighted to treating scores of vital topics in the spirit correspond to the stupidity and blindness of suggested by our first two paragraphs. its citizens. However, we in America cannot Obviously, then, it would be better not to complain of neglect, for we come second in attempt to notice each of the papers, but to his conscientious flagellation and presumably, set forth our author's present general attitude therefore, also in his affection. In his latest and then take up a few particular points. novel he generously concludes that “ the As to the former we may first quote a force- United States of America remains the greatest fully worded passage from “ The Passionate country in the world and the living hope of Friends,” a novel that must have been in Mr. mankind”; but it is in spite of “ Wells's mind concurrently with the matter and blundering and rawness and vehemence presented in many of these essays. It will be and a scum of blatant, oh! quite asinine recalled that Stephen Stratton, an English- folly." man, and Gidding, an American, both "want Yet, with all his relentless assailing of what to do something decent with life," and that is wrong in the world, Mr. Wells is constantly the former records for his son their profession of faith: constructive in spirit: so far from being merely a Genius of Storm, he holds that Faith “And it is not only a great peace about the can and should create what Love desires. earth that this idea of a World State means for And in this belief he is willing to have his us, but social justice also. We are both convinced most serious arguments refuted, his brightest of toil, for hardship, poverty, famine, infectious altogether that there survives no reason for lives Utopias demolished, if haply in the useful disease, for the continuing cruelties of wild clashing of mind stuff there may emerge some beasts and the greater multitude of crimes, but vital spark of truth to light us on the upward mismanagement and waste, and that mismanage- way. A prolific writer, animated by such a ment and waste spring from no other source than spirit, must naturally make many mistakes. ignorance and from stupid divisions and jealousies, But even when we convict him of incon base patriotisms, fanaticisms, prejudices and sus- sistency, we remember that such is the in- | picions that are all no more than ignorance a evitable penalty of growth; and when we are little mingled with viciousness. We have looked confident his predictions are wrong, we often closely into this servitude of modern labor, we feel a tiny ghost of doubt within our hearts, have seen its injustice fester towards syndicalism and revolutionary socialism, and we know these or an unvoiced choking prayer that he may things for the mere aimless, ignorant resentments be right. Along with the countless would be they are; punishments, not remedies. We have prophets among the present generation of looked into the portentous threat of modern war, authors one may find a few genuine seers, and it is ignorant vanity and ignorant suspicion, and to this distinguished group Mr. Wells as the bargaining aggression of the British pros- suredly belongs, although his relative place perous and the swaggering vulgarity of the Ger- therein can only be decided by that imme- man junker that make and sustain that monstrous European devotion to arms. And we are con- morial tribunal to which we reluctantly re- vinced there is nothing in these evils and conflicts By H. G. that light may not dispel. We believe that these Wells. New York: Harper & Brothers. things can be dispelled, that the great universals, * SOCIAL FORCES IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. 1914) 455 THE DIAL moves Science which has limitations neither of race nor family, a mutual alliance in the place of sub- class, Art which speaks to its own in every rank jugation, is perhaps the most startling of all and nation, Philosophy and Literature which the conceptions which confront us directly broaden sympathy and banish prejudice, can flood we turn ourselves definitely towards the Great and submerge and will yet flow over and submerge State." But his positive proposals are des- every one of these separations between man and man." perately irresolute; and one begins to draw a Of course it is as impossible to find the real picture of a respectable paterfamilias who has been given furiously to think by the colossal Mr. Wells in any one page as it is to depict him in any one review; but I think the foregoing On two points, however, he is perfectly clear. stature of the little things of everyday life. is perhaps the most enlightening single excerpt One is that the cruel and pitiless sex-jealousy that could be made for our purpose. To it I that thwarts so many thousands of lives to- would add the following considerations from two of these papers, “ The Great State day must be replaced by something higher. and The other is that motherhood should be pub- The Human Adventure.' licly endowed. In the former, the great central belief is " Then he goes on to insist that wealth must that" a state may solve its economic problem be watched, and the legislator no less. Books without any section whatever of the people must be made common as air, a proposal being condemned to life-long labor.” This is developed at greater length in "The Passion- based on the tenets that “the absolutely un- ate Friends”; and criticism upon all con- avoidable labor in a modern community in temporary institutions and processes must its ratio to the available vitality must be of have the utmost liberty. Education must be very small account indeed,” and that " there made a vital, pulsating force. “Whatever exists a real disposition to work in human increases thought and knowledge beings." For the small irreducible residue of towards our goal." undesirable toil, our radical falls back on a Clearly it is with this generalizing Mr. suggestion of the late Professor William Wells that we are primarily concerned; but James, and inasmuch as this seems to me it is a pleasure to note that many of the more about the most important point in the whole specifically directed papers also offer a val- book, I again quote verbatim: uable and enjoyable pabulum. Thus, “The “He [Professor James] was profoundly con Common Sense of Warfare " fights with both vinced of the high educational and disciplinary slashing sabre and piercing foil for a sane value of universal compulsory military service, view of world peace. Again, in “The Philos- and of the need of something more than a senti- mental ideal of duty in public life. He would He would opher's Public Library,” he delicately en- have had the whole population taught in the forces the truth that the essentials of a library schools and prepared for this year (or whatever are books, not bricks. In “The Disease of period it had to be) of patient and heroic labour, Parliaments” he presents a telling and care- the men for the mines, the fisheries, the sanitary fully elaborated plea for an intelligent system services, railway routine, the women for hospital, of elections, based on the single transferable and perhaps educational work, and so forth. He vote. And so our commendations might run believed such a service would permeate the whole on through various titles. state with a sense of civic obligation." On the other hand, the reader will note As to the few creatures actually unwilling many evidences of fallibility in our author. to work, a type almost inconceivable to our I suppose one man can only be one man, so energetic reformer, he takes the bull by the we must not rage when even Mr. Wells is horns with perfect composure and firmness, inaccurate about his facts, half-hearted in his and declares they may remain idle, subsisting conclusions, or misguided in his criticisms. on their presumptive rights as shareholders in We must even be patient when his venerable the State. Touching the much stressed dan- prophetic mantle opens to reveal, for the mo- ger of the disappearance of individual free ment at least, a mere ephemeral journalist. dom, he insists that all men, women, and Yet it is provoking to read such a feeble piece children must be given every opportunity, of hackwork as “The Possible Collapse of even every inducement, to work out their Civilization” Civilization” when one is cherishing the finest potentialities. On the question of the memory of that striking passage in “The family, always the most delicate problem in Passionate Friends” where Stratton is con- any communistic or socialistic scheme, and sidering the same question. Again, the paper perhaps the most difficult, Mr. Wells is ob- on “ Doctors ” and that on “ Divorce” are served to hedge in a manner that suggests undeniably weak, the former being superficial many mental reservations. He ventures the and the latter inconclusive. For the author's innocuous suggestion that “ a new type of | insistence on education we must be grateful; 456 [ June 1 THE DIAL but he really progresses no farther than a mean that we can tarry where Fabianism thousand other interested and intelligent ob seems to be resting,— or where anything else servers who see in a general way what is amiss seems to be resting, for that matter; I only but cannot prescribe a practical remedy. mean that something is gained when we merci- Herewith I have left myself no space for fully allay a particular hunger or justly smite differences about details; but I cannot help a particular wrong. It is well to peer eagerly wondering how the greatest believer in the down the widening vista of the future; it is ill modern annihilation of space can think that to miss the evils before one's feet. However, it the mere geographical location of our national would be unfair to impute to Mr. Wells any capital must inevitably prove a serious ob- remissness of practical attitude, and I have stacle to progressive government. Nor can I introduced my plea only because I believe so accept the placidly recorded verdict that thoroughly in the union of a self-sacrificing many of our State Universities are no “ more effort to meet the specific evils of to-day with than mints for bogus degrees.” I am bitterly a keen-eyed vision that is set upon a better aware of weaknesses in our State Univer- and brighter to-morrow. sities; but they do not deserve this particular In conclusion, I would say that this book condemnation, with its horrible connotations. deserves a wide circle of thoughtful readers. - Again, the declaration that “America cher But even as I write, there arises the irritating ishes the rights of property above any other reflection that where it is needed most it will rights whatever" is well worth weighing; be read least. but our Civil War would seem to suggest that The binding is simple and the type legible. we have been capable of other ideals. How- | There are very few slips in the four hundred ever, I may cheerfully leave his readers to do and fifteen pages of text; and I suppose their own quarrelling with Mr. Wells. It is “jerrymander” is a deliberate English spell- half the fun of reading him. ing, but it spoils a delightfully picturesque In The New Machiavelli," which Mr. American word. The “Synopsis,'' which was Walter Lippmann calls the spiritual biog- evidently prepared for the original title, “An raphy of a searching mind, we read the fol- Englishman Looks at the World,” makes a lowing account of the progress from being a crude misfit in its present connection. And, reformer of concrete abuses to being a revo- to end with a complaint that is really a com- lutionist in method: pliment, I am sure many readers will share “You see, I began in my teens by wanting to my regret that the volume has no index. plan and build cities and harbors for mankind; I F. B. R. HELLEMS. ended in the middle thirties by desiring only to serve and increase a general process of thought, a process fearless, critical, real-spirited, that would in its own time give cities, harbors, air, happiness, THREE NEW VOLUMES OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH LITERATURE.* everything at a scale and quality and in a light altogether beyond the match-striking imaginations The great “ Cambridge History of English of a contemporary mind." Literature ” is rapidly marching to its goal; On the whole, it is this more advanced for Volumes VIII., IX., and X. bring it Mr. Wells that is represented in the new col- almost within striking distance, as it were, of lection of essays, as well as in his later novels. the end at first proposed. However, in addi- Indeed, such a development is the normal tion to Volumes XI.-XIV., which are needed thing in all reformers and prophets who are in order to fill out the original plan, we still not carried away by the inner force of some expect two supplementary volumes of illus- persistently brooded special idea; and gen- trative extracts; and yet two other volumes, erally speaking it is to be desired. With it, it is now understood, are to be devoted however, comes the danger that the broaden- to American literature a welcome after- ing seer may see so broadly as to lose his thought. perspective on modest specific reforms. It is The general characteristics of the work as so easy to think for Man and forget men. it has progressed have been sufficiently dis- Mr. Wells may speak lightly in disparagement cussed in our previous reviews. Accordingly, of what he considers the misdirected efforts of we may take up the present three volumes in the Fabians; but the work of Mr. and Mrs. order, dwelling upon one point and another Sidney Webb deserves unstinted praise, and in a running comment. Volume VIII. begins may live to be blessed by posterity when some * THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. of Mr. Wells's most resplendent vaticinations by A. W. Ward and A. R. Waller. Volume VIII., The Age of Dryden. Volume IX., From Steele and Addison to Pope are either forgotten or cherished only as a and Swift. Volume X., The Age of Johnson. quaint source of quiet amusement. I do not England: University Press. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Edited Cambridge, 1914] 457 THE DIAL : 66 The with an able chapter on Dryden, not by Pro on Congreve, Farquhar, and Cibber, and later fessor Saintsbury (as one might have pre on the Court Poets.' Mr. J. Bass Mullinger dicted), but by the Master of Peterhouse him-does not write so well on “Platonists and self. Needless to say, the treatment of Dryden Latitudinarians." The trouble is not so much by this celebrated historian of dramatic litera- with what the erudite gentleman says as with ture is competent and readable; though he his way of saying it. his way of saying it. Here, for example, is has permitted himself many long sentences a passage that almost defies interpretation. with parenthetical qualifications, and has a After a long quotation from Whichcote, we trick of using French words, such as venue, revue, revanche, and remaniement, when there is no adequate ground for not writing English. Tuckney believed that whichcote, when at Em- "The drift of the above passage is unmistakable. Morigeration, too, on p. 39, would seem to be manuel, had come under the influence of certain an unnecessary freak of style. And for “less students and admirers of Plato, not that he had rigidly adhering to . . . rules,” may an influenced them; had he done so, indeed, it is American suggest less rigorously,” etc., as difficult to understand how the fact could have better usage! As for substance, it is unde failed to attract the notice of his former tutor, sirable to speak of “the conclusions reached” and the latter have omitted to make any reference in "An Essay of Dramatick Poesie," where, to the same in the above controversy." according to Dryden, all he has said “is This actually means : At Emmanuel Col- problematical " -- that is, tentative, and in lege, so Tuckney believed, Whichcote had keeping with the nature of a dialogue. Since been influenced by certain enthusiastic stu- the chapter, all things considered, though dents of Plato, not they by him. Indeed, had sound and true, is not inspired, one might the influence come from Whichcote, how could supplement the good things in it with the it have escaped the notice of his tutor there, following little-known but vigorous criticism and what would keep the tutor from men- of Dryden by Wordsworth, who writes to tioning it in the subsequent controversy ? Scott concerning the latter's great edition: Substance and form considered, the best “I was much pleased to hear of your engage- chapter in the volume is the last, on ment. with Dryden; not that he is, as a poet, any Essay and the Beginning of Modern English great favorite of mine. I admire his talents and Prose,” by Mr. A. A. Tilley. This writer is genius highly, but his is not a poetical genius. fond of expressions like “ a lucid survey,” a The only qualities I can find in Dryden that are “ straightforward and simple style," essentially poetical are a certain ardor and im- petuosity of mind, with an excellent ear. clearness and readableness of diplomatic dis- seem strange that I do not add to this, great com- patches," and a writer of clear and agree- mand of language; that he certainly has, and of able prose able prose”; and similar terms are applicable such language, too, as it is most desirable that a to the chapter and its writer. poet should possess, or, rather, that he should not Volume IX. we must pass over rapidly. It be without. But it is not language that is, in the opens with an interesting account of Defoe highest sense of the word, poetical, being neither by Professor Trent, containing various refer- of the imagination nor of the passions - I mean of the amiable, the ennobling, or intense passions. ences, naturally, to “ Robinson Crusoe. There is, however, no exhaustive treatment of I do not mean to say that there is nothing of this th in Dryden, but as little, I think, as is possible, this masterpiece in itself, and but passing considering how much he has written. You will allusion to the literature of travel and dis- easily understand my meaning when I refer to covery to which it is heavily indebted. Some- his versification of 'Palamon and Arcite,' as con thing was said on this topic in THE DIAL for trasted with the language of Chaucer. Dryden Dryden October 1, 1907; but the whole subject still has neither a tender heart nor a lofty sense of awaits a patient investigation. Light is moral dignity. Whenever his language is poeti- needed also on the relations existing between cally impassioned, it is mostly upon unpleasing 66 Robinson Crusoe and subsequent narra- subjects, such as the follies, vices, and crimes of tives like " Gulliver's Travels " and the fas- classes of men or of individuals. That his cannot be the language of imagination must have neces- cinating “ Peter Wilkins ” of Robert Pal- sarily followed from this, that there is not a single tock; and between all of these and the sources image from Nature in the whole body of his they may have in common. If the indexing works; and in his translation of Virgil, whenever is complete, the only reference to Paltock in Virgil can be fairly said to have his eye upon his the present three volumes of the Cambridge object, Dryden always soils the passage." History is in one of the bibliographies (Vol. In the same volume, Professor Schelling con X., p. 478). No censure of Professor Trent tributes one chapter out of three on the drama is implied in the foregoing remarks; a sep- of the Restoration, paying due attention to arate chapter for the discussion of the in- French influences. Mr. Whibley writes well fluence of geography upon literature in the k the It may 458 [ June 1 THE DIAL ܕܕ England of the eighteenth century would have fessor John Edwin Wells to write on Fielding. fitted well enough into the scheme of the gen Of the many valuable studies in Fielding by eral editors. Still another desideratum would Professor Wells, Mr. Harold Child seems to be the separate treatment of the character be quite unaware. In Chapter IV. Professor sketch and its influence throughout the cen Nettleton has given in advance the main con- tury; an influence which was exerted not clusions of his more recent book entitled least upon the literary periodicals, their “ English Drama of the Restoration and very titles betray it: “The Tatler, “ The Tatler,” “ The Eighteenth Century." Mr. A. Hamilton Idler, “ The Rambler," “ The Spectator," Thompson writes of “ Thomson and Natural and so on. (The subject has been dealt with Description in Poetry," not uninterestingly, by Professor Edward Chauncey Baldwin in though there is little that is new in his way the Publications of the Modern Language of looking at things, and something thread- Association ” for 1903-4.) In this volume we bare in the talk about “nature,'' — but for have twenty-eight pages on Defoe, forty-three the democratic use of “ lower case through- on Steele and Addison, twenty-seven on Pope, out the Cambridge History, the magic word and forty-four on Swift, - no unfair division would doubtless be spelled with a great N. of space, as it seems; in English scholarship The chapter is unexpectedly severe in its generally Swift has not of late received the strictures upon Thomson's “Castle of In- attention he deserves. The chapter on Swift dolence." A melancholy interest attaches to here is very matter-of-fact, especially at the the chapter on Gray, the last contribution of beginning. One could wish for as many pages, the late Duncan C. Tovey to the study of a had they come from Dr. Elrington Ball. poet he had made peculiarly his own. From What we have from Mr. Aitkin makes better beginning to end it is vital. Unfortunately, reading toward the close, partly because of the author did not live to correct the proofs, the quotations from his author. In Chapter or, it would seem, to compile a bibliography XIII. (“ Scholars and Antiquaries") the that would match the excellence of the chap- first section, on the “ Scholars," was not in ter. The final touches, then, are wanting, trusted to Professor Sandys, who could have though there is no lack of essential finality in written in masterly fashion on Bentley; for the substance. A slight omission may be the section on the "Antiquaries," by Mr. noticed: there is no reference to Isola, assist- H. G. Aldis, no substitute could be desired. ant to Gray, and subsequently Wordsworth's In the last chapter, XV., on the history of instructor in Italian. In Chapter VII. the education from the Restoration through the Panurgie Mr. Saintsbury discusses after his reign of George the Third, there is an allusion cwn fashion“Young, Collins, and Lesser Poets to the anonymous Latin book “Nova of the Age of Johnson." His own fashion, as Solyma’ (1648).” Mr. Adamson is safe in usual, is distinctive enough; one is forced to not mentioning the attribution of this work borrow a word from the style itself to describe to Milton. As a writer in “ The Library it, that is, “journalese." The lesser poets (July, 1910) has proved almost beyond doubt, are familiar domain to Professor Saintsbury; the author was a contemporary of Milton at but it appears that he is in sympathy with Cambridge, Samuel Gott. No chapter in this none of them save Collins. That the others or the next volume deals with the history of minor " is assumed in the title; why, literary criticism during the period concerned, then, reiterate the notion in the text? “A — something really more needful under the true critic,” says Addison, ought to dwell circumstances than a history of education. rather upon excellencies than imperfections, To tell the truth, the development of criticism to discover the concealed beauties of a writer, in the eighteenth century, except for Addison, and communicate to the world such things as Johnson, and one or two others, is imperfectly are worth their observation." Chapter VIII. known. The course of many critical ideas is on Johnson and Boswell. Is it difficult or must sometime be traced in the thought of easy to write on Johnson ? Many have written authors who are now well-nigh forgotten, well besides Boswell, many ill besides Macau- With Volume X. we come to a period which lay. On the whole, since the researches of in some sense is our own, and to men like Birkbeck Hill, there is no good reason for mis- Richardson, Fielding, Smollett, and Sterne, understanding either Johnson or Boswell. who belong to a literature with which we feel Professor D. Nichol Smith has done superla- ourselves akin. The authors of several chap- tively well with both. So, too, has Mr.Austin ters have not previously distinguished them Dobson with Goldsmith. Of the more general selves in treating the subjects now allotted chapters, one may single out for approbation them. It might have been better to select that of Professor Ker on The Literary In- Professor Cross to write on Sterne, and Pro fluence of the Middle Ages"; that of Dr. are 1914] 459 THE DIAL. ܕܙ His re- Henry B. Wheatley and the Ven. W. H. ter had very little to do with the bibliog- Hutton on the “Letter-writers’’; and the sec raphy; he may have furnished some of the ond of the two essays on the “Historians, titles, but we owe it to his memory not to that is, the chapter on Gibbon by Sir Adolphus hold him responsible for the final form. Ward. The sketch of Gibbon's life, in the LANE COOPER. main, it seems, extracted from his autobiog- raphy, is followed by an illuminating account of his critics, and this by an estimate of his style and personality, thus: “But it is quite AN ENGLISH STATESMAN'S REFLECTIONS obvious to any candid student of 'The Decline ON POLITICS AND HISTORY.* and Fall’ that its author had no sympathy with In a delightful essay, “On Old Men in human nature in its exceptional moral devel- Public Life,'' Plutarch remarks that states- opments in a word, that his work was manship is the career of a civilized being written, not only without enthusiasm, but with a gift for citizenship and society, and with a conscious distrust, which his age shared with a natural disposition to live a life of to the full, of enthusiasts." public influence, worthy aims, and social Herewith we must close these casual re helpfulness for as long as occasion calls." marks upon three volumes which it is vir- Among the few modern instances of those tually impossible to describe in a general way who fit into this high conception of the Greek apart from those that have gone before. One biographer is Lord Morley. At the age of thing, however, at least to the present re seventy-six he is still contributing to a long viewer, is very evident. Though the editors career of public influence and social helpful. do not ignore the existence of American ness, and any utterance from him suggests a scholarship in the field of English, and in pause for thoughtful consideration. general have chosen their American collabora cent volume, “Notes on Politics and History, tors with skill, many of the bibliographies the expansion of an address which, as Chan- appended to the separate chapters show a cellor, he delivered last year before the Uni- lamentable want of information concerning versity of Manchester, is the application to special books and articles that have been pro some public questions of the same admirable duced in this country. It was to be expected temper which his readers are familiar with, that a careful scholar like Professor Ker for example in “Compromise" and the biog- would know such things as Farley's “ Scan-raphies of Rousseau and Gladstone. Lord dinavian Influences in the English Romantic Morley's ideas in this new book, though some- Movement”; and so he does; his list of what detached, are, as what detached, are, as we should expect, books is admirable. But in other cases, as heightened in their effect of fruitfulness by the bibliography of Gray, the omissions pass choice illustrations out of his treasures of belief. Professor Cook's Concordance, indis- knowledge both new and old. pensable in the apparatus for a study of the This essay, invoicing the author's reflec- poet, is not mentioned; nor is Professor tions upon a variety of political subjects, Northup's edition of “Gray's Essays and possibly invites a wider appeal by virtue of Criticisms,” in spite of the favorable review its possessing an oral style. Its value is in the London Times (Aug. 24, 1911), undoubtedly enhanced by the historic view not to speak of his article on “Addison and from which its topics are considered and Gray as Travellers” in the Hart memorial appraised. The writer reminds his reader volume. More astonishing yet is the reference that the national atmosphere, as well as the to translations and parodies of Gray; for machinery of government, undergoes change. these, so we read in the Cambridge History, This does not imply instability, for it is also “see Bradshaw’s bibliography.” Bradshaw's true that the “national character is slowest edition of Gray appeared in 1891; Professor of all things to alter in its roots.” However, Northup's far more extensive list of adapta- believing that respect for law and its admin- tions appeared in “Notes and Queries" just istration is the keystone of all civilized gov- twenty years later. Under Biography and ernment,” Lord Morley notes with some Criticism we are referred to an appendix on seriousness the "latter-day antinomianism," “Gray's Knowledge of Old Norse” in a vol- which he regards as a decline of popular ume of selections bearing the date 1894, and reverence for institutions as such. He ob- not to Farley's “Scandinavian Influences," serves that this attitude toward law affects which appeared in 1903. Rolfe's edition of both England and America. He concludes Gray is nowhere included. In view of these that, although loss of confidence in Parliament omissions, which are chance discoveries, it is * NOTES ON POLITICS AND HISTORY. A University Address. obvious that the talented author of the chap- | By Viscount Morley, O.M. New York: The Macmillan Co. 460 0 [June 1 THE DIAL would be “formidable,” and loss of respect natures, narrow are the windows of the for courts of justice would be “taking out mind.” the linch-pin," the popular sense of political How, then, shall we estimate the conception obligation has not declined. So far as the of History? Lord Morley speaks luminously greatly increased number now sharing the of the historic method": electoral privilege is a test, the feeling of "Its sway is now universal in the field of social political obligation is stronger than ever, and judgment and investigation. It warns us that we the sense of social duty “has vastly grown cannot explain or understand, without allowing alike in strength and range." for origins and the genetical side of the agents and conditions with which we have to deal. It This extension of privilege and social feel- substitutes for dogmas search for two things. ing has remote beginnings. It does not date, The first, the correlation of leading facts and social we are reminded, merely from Rousseau's ideas with one another in a given community at a time, nor yet from that of Milton. The given time. The second, the evolution of order suc- civilized European of the present day repre-ceeding to order in common beliefs, tastes, customs, sents a birth two thousand years old. The diffusion of wealth, laws, and all the arts of life. feud between History, or established institu- Stripped of formality, this only expands the famil- tions, and the Law of Nature and Rights of iar truth that laws and institutions are not made Man carries us back many centuries. Deeper but grow, and what is true of them is true of ideas, than men's opinions is the complex of moral language, manners, which are in effect their source and touchstone." feelings and character out of which opinions grow. Events, more than books and doctrines, indispensable as that of course must be, and what "Inquiry what the event actually was, vital and determine the course of human life. Is there, its significance and interpretation, becomes sec- then, such a thing as political science? Are ondary to inquiry how it came about. Too the methods and processes of politics com- exclusive attention to dynamic aspects, weakens the parable with those of biology ? Many readers energetic duties of the static. More than one of Lord Morley's book will recall at this point school thus deem the predominance of historic- the plausible analogy between the life-history mindedness excessive. It means, they truly say of social organisms and the forms of organic in its very essence, veto of the absolute, persistent life presented in Mr. Benjamin Kidd's “Social substitution of the relative. There is no more Evolution." Lord Morley finds himself in conscience in your comparative history than there is in comparative anatomy. You arrange ideals in agreement with the late Professor Maitland classes and series, but a classified ideal loses its in the belief that, despite the politician's use spark and balo. Every page abounds in ironies of biological terminology, we are far away talk of eternal political truths,' or 'first prin- from the creation of an “inductive political ciples of government,' has no meaning. Stated science.' The atmosphere of what we call summarily, is not your history one prolonged such a science is, in its present state, as becoming' (fieri, werden), an endless sequence rarefied as that of economics in the earlier of action, reaction, generation, destruction, reno- years of the nineteenth century. It is still vation, a tale of sound and fury signifying very artificial. The tests and standards of a nothing'?" real knowledge of history and its actors are Every reflective reader of history has many relative; and to interpret matters by political a time felt the force of the question of his- mechanics instead of by the varieties of social toric truthfulness. Lord Morley quotes Free- impulses behind them is to miss their driving man, whom he regards as the most "learned force. and laborious" historian of our time, as With the judgment that “the value of having come to doubt whether there “was political forms is to be measured by what such thing as truth in the world." Freeman they do," the Pragmatists, at least, will be in had found that no two people, though eye- hearty accord. It is good democratic philos-witnesses, exactly agreed except when they ophy that holds that political forms “must copied from one another. This, he observes, express and answer the mind and purposes of gives some support to Goethe's dictum that the State, in their amplest bearings," if we "the only form of truth is poetry." It would mean by "State" the people. Yet, as the be difficult to find elsewhere an epitome of author feels, the Weltanschauung, or world historians and historic theories at once so outlook, of men in general is vague. In the instructive and readable as is contained in world-changes that arise men still “live but Lord Morley's volume. One rises from read- in a corner.” In men's creeds, forms, and ing it with the feeling that history has its own habits it is the Weltanschauung that "fixes troubles, clear enough. One agrees heartily vision, moulds judgments, inspires purpose. that “we have no business to seek more from limits acts, gives its shades, colors, and texture the past than the very past itself?'; that to common language. Even for superior | Cicero is indisputable when he says, “Who >> 1914] 461 THE DIAL does not know that it is the first law of history at a given time, of the sombre feeling, Quota not to dare a word that is false? Next .not pars omnium sumus,— how small a fraction is a to shrink from a word that is true. No par- man's share in the huge universe of unfathomable tiality, no grudge." But there's the rub! But there's the rub! things! It depends on no single element in social Again, shall the historian, as Treitschke main- / being, but on the confluence of many tributaries in a great tidal stream of history; and those tides, tains, find his surest aim by sticking close to like the ocean itself, ebbing and flowing in obe- the State; or, as Burckhardt has done, and dience to the motions of an inconstant moon." Mr. Gooch of England asserts is proper, admit From the summit of his long experience a large sympathy for Kulturgeschichte? Lord and ripe scholarship, Lord Morley speaks Morley speaks with true vision, no doubt, nowhere in this book with more effective calm when he gives to the history of the Church the than, in its concluding pages, on the two immense force of political reality,- when he divergent schools of modern statesmanship. insists that “contemporaries and historians, Treitschke in the nineteenth century, answer- more often than they suppose, miss a vital ing to Machiavelli in the fifteenth, represents point, because they do not know the intuitive one school in his bristling phrase, “The State instinct that often goes farther in the states is Force." This is the theory of bureaucracy; man's mind than deliberate analysis or argu that “right and wrong depend on ... what ment.” He gives a telling illustration of this is done by other people.” As one of its in Bismarck's own words, and concludes that champions has put it, “War and brave spirit “Improvisation has far more to do in politics have done more great things than love of than historians or other people think. your neighbor.” This political practice, freed This view raises afresh the persistent ques from the “wholesome exigencies” of debate tion whether history does or does not make and compromise, is more depressing for po- a clear case for human progress. Is progress litical energies than parliamentary discussion. a spontaneous force or a fixed historic law? The other school has a great spokesman in Of course, as Lord Morley says, progress may Burke, whose political wisdom stands high in stand for a hundred different things. If by Lord Morley's affections. In Burke's view, the word we mean “progress in talents and “The true lawgiver ... ought to love and strength of mind” the case is doubtful, for respect mankind, and to fear himself.” (This many thinkers find these as much, often more, is thoroughly Wordsworthian also.) “Political in evidence in ignorant as in cultivated times. arrangements, as a work for social ends, are Among such thinkers is John Stuart Mill, but only to be wrought by social means. Mill nevertheless believed in human progress Time is required to produce that union of and saw a great advance “in feelings and minds which alone can produce all the good opinions." Mill challenged the contention we aim at." that mechanical inventions had improved the In “Politics and History," Lord Morley lot of the workers. This recalls Ruskin's has contributed one of those delightfully rare misgivings on the same subject. Although the books that no reader can afford to take up in author sees beneficence in the abolition of a hurried state of mind. It is a small volume, child labor and the restrictions that guard | but one that must be given a place among the labor of men and women, he thinks that, the well-prized acquisitions of the library. as a “universal law, for all times, all States, L. E. ROBINSON. all Societies, Progress is not." Many of his readers will probably regard his intimation of the “decline of the Latin race in the southern THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR OF half of the American hemisphere" as open to THE TERROR. * serious argument. All will assent to the “ma- terial prosperity and mental vigor of the It was a singular fate that gave the man- English, Scotch, Irish, and French stocks agement of the most redoubtable tribunal in among their northern neighbors,” but must history to a broken-down attorney. Fouquier- think it curious that the list does not include Tinville was one of those whom the insur- the German. He finds a common ground for rectionary torrent of August 10, 1792, rolled both optimists and pessimists in the view that up from the deeps of Paris life. He seems to “progress is no automaton, spontaneous and have owed his first official position to Camille . self-propelling,” but “depends on the play Desmoulins, the journalist, the friend of of forces within the community and external Danton, the chief personage of the new revo- to it." lution and now minister of justice. Fouquier “ It depends on the room left by the State for PUBLIC PROSECUTOR OF ANTOINE QUENTIN FOUQUIER-TINVILLE. Translated from the French the enterprise, energy, and initiative of the indi- of Alphonse Dunoyer by A. W. Evans. vidual ... on the absence from the general mind, 1 Putnam's Sons. * THE THE TERROR: New York: G. P. 462 [ June 1 THE DIAL was made one of the directors of the jury months. There is so much testimony from which was to indict those accused of the all · sorts of persons,— ushers, registrars, "crime of August 10," that is, of having jurors, judges, and a few of the rare victims attempted to save the monarchy. He was that escaped the guillotine,- that the figure grateful for the appointment, for he had of the terrible prosecutor is outlined with seven children to support and was poor. In remarkable clearness. this way his connection with Revolutionary M. Dunoyer divides Fouquier's career as justice was begun; and when in March, 1793, prosecutor into two parts. During the first the Extraordinary Criminal Tribunal, com- year he “ drew up his indictments conscien- monly called the Revolutionary Tribunal, was tiously enough and in accordance with the created, he was chosen assistant prosecutor, cross examination of the accused persons and and finally public prosecutor, as the man ap- the documents which had been transmitted pointed to that office had the good sense or to his office. . . . He did not discuss the the good fortune to decline the honor. component parts of the accusation that he No one in the Spring of 1793, while the had in his hands. He criticized neither their Girondins were still influential in the Conven- value nor their origin. . . . He admitted in tion, dreamed of the rôle which the new its entirety the most questionable evidence. tribunal was destined to play a few months He adapted himself exactly, with ac- later. Fouquier, like any job-hunter of the tivity, zeal, and application, to the designs present day, might well have congratulated and intentions of the legislators,” in other himself upon his success. He was now to words, of the Jacobin rulers of France during stand elbow to elbow with the most notable the Reign of Terror. Just before the Danton politicians who ruled the Republic. This was trial in April, 1794, a change took place in certainly better than moving from apartment Fouquier's attitude. "Now," as M. Dunoyer to apartment to escape one's creditors. says, “ he was to give proof of initiative, to In reality Fouquier's appointment was for play a personal part, to show himself. him, as well as for France, a calamity of He would suggest to his chiefs of the two tragic magnitude. He had done nothing Committees of General Security and Public hitherto which deserved more than continued Safety that the powers at his command were obscurity. His new position was, however, too small, that it was possible, by decrees soon to bring him days and nights of labor adapted to circumstances, to go farther, to and anxiety, eventually a terrible punishment strike conspirators and suspects more surely.” for the errors or crimes of which he was Thus Fouquier came quite naturally to“ sym- guilty, and an immortality of infamy. The bolise Terror and Dismay, at first almost fundamental cause of his ruin is to be found insensibly, then in crescendo to the final in his lack of character. It is the study of butchery." It is the study of butchery.” In the last forty-nine days of such a personality under the extraordinary the Tribunal before the overthrow of Robes- strain to which it was subjected that gives M. pierre, 1,366 were condemned to death. Dunoyer's book its unusual interest. It is not surprising that as the activities This is not the first time that M. Dunoyer, of the prosecutor's office assumed the propor- who is a distinguished Paris lawyer, has tions of a great business operation Fouquier attempted to throw light upon the operations acquired a frightful notion of efficiency. If of the Revolutionary Tribunal. A few years any prisoners were acquitted, he fell into a ago he published biographical sketches of fury, especially if he had had too much wine Vilate and Trinchard, two typical jurors. In at dinner. He would demand the names of reading these sketches, as well as the study of the jurors, and would exclaim“ Things must Fouquier-Tinville, one is reminded of Eva move. There must be 400 or 450 this decade; riste Gamelin, the hero of Les Dieux ont soif for the next one so many are always to be by Anatole France. M. Dunoyer has treated had." In important cases he selected the his subject with the thoroughness of the sci- | jurors himself, his “ solid men, firers of entific historian and with the skill of the uninterrupted volleys," as he called them. lawyer long accustomed to weigh evidence in “ Pass through it” was one of his favorite the court-room. His aim is not to give a phrases for obtaining the condemnation of a history of the Tribunal, but simply to show prisoner. “Make them mount" was another the part taken by Fouquier in its manage-choice bit of official slang. His idea of effi- ment. In order to define this more exactly ciency is also illustrated in his practice of he has presented analyses of all the evidence ordering the carts for the condemned before given both at the preliminary examination the opening of the trials. and at the trial. Fouquier's dossier was un Fouquier and his associates considered usually full, for the hearings lasted several l themselves men of esprit. One of the judges 1914] 463 THE DIAL showed Fouquier a caustic letter from the advanced, we have assumed duties toward Comte de Fleury, a prisoner, and remarked, the various peoples of the archipelago on one “Does it not seem to you that this fine fellow hand, and toward the family of nations on is in a hurry?” Fouquier replied, “ Yes, he the other, which are not now to be avoided. appears to me to be in a hurry, and I am Few of the writers seem in any degree con- going to send for him." The prisoner was vinced that we shall ever be able in the future accordingly added to a group charged with to disregard these obligations, internal and conspiring against Robespierre's life and was external, to the islands themselves, and they condemned to die in the red shirt of a par place the time when the Filipinos shall be ricide. capable of self-government generations, if not The most serious accusation against Fou- centuries, hence. It may also be noted that quier was that of grouping persons absolutely all five writers regard this state of affairs with strange to one another under the same charge. complacency, if not with pleasure. This was the famous amalgamation. Fouquier The books are written either by former defended himself on the ground that he was office-holders under Republican appointments authorized by a decree passed on the 23rd in the Philippines, or by those who are in Ventôse. His fault in this case, as in the sympathy with and have obtained their facts equally execrable case of the conspiracy of and opinions from Republican appointees. the prisons, was that he gave the most sinister In so far as they touch upon the Anti-Im- interpretation to the decree. Towards the Towards the perialistic movement in this country and the last his indictments were vague, made up of position assumed by the Democratic party in turgid Jacobin phraseology, and names were the campaign of 1900, they regard both as erased or inserted upon the lists of those unmixed evils, leading to an extension of the indicted without any change in the indict movement for national independence in the ment. He did not even take the time to archipelago and to a lengthening of the time obtain the full names of those sent before the required to bring our new subjects under the Tribunal. As a result in two or three cases yoke. It is notable that, while varying ac- the wrong person was condemned. On one counts of the preliminary dealings between occasion he sent for a Castellane, and when the United States through its consular and the usher reported that there were two in naval officers are given, all tending to show prison, he retorted: “Bring them both, they that these officials quite effectually misled the must both pass through it." revolutionary Filipino chiefs into the belief After all, it was certain members of the that independence awaited them on the ex- governing committees that were responsible pulsion of the Spaniards, there is nowhere in for such villainies, rather than a wretched any of the books either a word to indicate the pettifogger like Fouquier. He only erred He only erred complete break with our own wise traditions through excess of zeal. His conduct and or any attempt to justify our actions subse- theirs are fine examples of what happens quent to the victory of Commodore Dewey in when revolutions are directed by men who Manila Bay by an appeal to principles recog. have neither strong character nor clear intelli nizable as American. Expediency, the god of gence. HENRY E. BOURNE. the Republican Party from the moment the War between the States ended, is still the one divinity worshipped here. There is positive insincerity in one or two THE PROBLEM OF THE PHILIPPINES.* of the books regarding the price we have had In five recent works devoted to informing to pay for this experiment in governing with- the American people in regard to their Asiatic out the consent of the governed. From none possessions, one sentiment is predominant: of the books is it possible to obtain facts or Whatever other facts or theories may be figures regarding our expenditures in money or in blood. The nearest approximation to a * THE AMERICANS IN THE PHILIPPINES. A History of the fact is the round statement that $300,000,000 Conquest and First Years of Occupation, with an Intro- ductory Account of the Spanish Rule. By James A. LeRoy. has been expended from the national treasury With an Introduction by William Howard Taft. to reduce the Filipino people to such a point volumes. Illustrated. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. of exhaustion that our rule had to be accepted; THE PHILIPPINES, PAST AND PRESENT. By Dean C. Worces- In two volumes. Illustrated. New York: The Mac and there goes with this statement nothing to indicate that the money has not been well THE PHILIPPINE PROBLEM, 1898-1913. By Frederick Cham- berlin. Illustrated. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. used. Bearing in mind that the $300,000,000 THE ODYSSEY OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. By Daniel admittedly spent in bringing an alien and R. Williams. Illustrated. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. distant population under subjection has been THE PHILIPPINES. By Carl Crow. Illus- trated. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. raised largely by taxation bearing far more In two ter. millan Co. AMERICA AND 464 [ June 1 THE DIAL heavily upon the poor than upon the rich being much more prosperous than any similar among us, and it would seem that a paragraph number of human beings in the continental or two in these various books which urge us United States. He is, in places, rabidly par- to keep our hold upon the islands might have tisan, inevitably discrediting his own narra- been devoted to an apology for our seizure of tive by ill temper. His criticisms of the them. Democratic administration in the islands, Much the fairest and best of the volumes based upon newspaper rumors that he should under consideration are the two which com be the last to place reliance upon, are in the prise the late James A. LeRoy's “The Ameri- worst possible taste, especially in light of the cans in the Philippines.' The author was extravagances of his own administration for two years officially connected with the which have recently been brought to light. United States Philippine Commission, which To bring home to Americans the excesses of established such civil rule as the islands now the guerrillas during the war, he writes as possess. Seized with a fatal illness, he wrote follows: the greater part of his history while in our "In a letter. Legarda complained that a consular service in Mexico, receiving every bad impression had been produced by the news assistance possible at that distance from the from Dagupan that when the Insurgents entered archives at Washington. His preliminary there, after many outrages committed upon the survey of the condition of the islands under inmates of a girls' school, every officer had carried off those who suited him. Spanish rule is a marvel of compact and lucid “What should we say if United States troops statement, and the book is uniformly well entered the town of Wellesley and raped numerous written. Unfortunately the story ends with students at the college, subsequently taking away the reëlection of President McKinley in 1900, with them the young ladies who happened to suit and so we are denied the satisfaction of fol them?" lowing the account of so conscientious and Mr. Worcester has a pleasant fancy; but well-informed an historian into the present. Mr. Le Roy, with more fairness, devotes a The writer devotes comparatively little space large part of one of his chapters to a recital to the dealings between Aguinaldo and his of the evils done by our own United States junta with American officials, though he troops, due in part to the reprisals which brings out clearly enough the bringing of the guerrilla warfare brings out at all times and Filipino leader to Cavite by Commodore places, but still more to a lack of proper Dewey and the subsequent armament of Agui- discipline. After describing the prevailing naldo's followers with American rifles. The conditions, Mr. Le Roy writes as follows: shifting and indeterminate policies at Wash “Unless every American command was offi- ington following the capture of Manila, the cered by prudent, humane, and vigilant men, final steps which led up to the Treaty of the contagion of guerrilla methods would Paris and our succeeding to the ill-starred spread from the Filipino to the American Oriental empire of Spain in consequence, and camp. And in many, indeed, almost certainly the mistakes made by us in our relations to most, places it did infect American officers, the friars, are all told with candor. The both high and low, and their soldiers.'' It evils and absurdity of the military censorship, would seem hardly necessary to intrude an the backing and filling of the military govern-American woman's college into the discussion ment, and the errors of its chiefs are made in view of the facts which Mr. Worcester clear. The chapters relating to the military prefers to suppress. It is even more in- movements in scattering the Filipino armies structive, after Mr. Le Roy's account of the and pursuing Aguinaldo are as interesting as shuffling policy of Washington, before the fiction. The book abounds in notes, often cheerful phrase “benevolent assimilation” containing information as important as that had been invented, to learn from Mr. Worces- in the text, and it is buttressed everywhere ter about “a divine Providence that is all- with citations to original documents. The seeing, all-wise, and inexorable." But im- attitude of the writer throughout is, of course, perialism and the cant of religion and patriot- that of the imperialist. ism have always been near of kin. Former Civil Commissioner Worcester, who Mr. Frederick Chamberlin, a Republican has also required two volumes to express him- | campaign speaker, presents in “The Phil- self regarding "The Philippines, Past and ippine Problem” a Republican campaign Present," writes to tell of the enormous ad- speech. His conclusions are remarkable for vance made by the Filipinos in good govern their frankness, and deserve quotation. After ment under his paternal administration of discussing, in his final chapter, the Oriental their affairs. From this account it appears characteristics of the Filipinos, he observes : that the islanders are being put in the way of “We must know, then, once for all, that there 1914] 465 THE DIAL It cer- will never be a real United States of the Phil- ippine Commission,”' a pleasant and cheerful ippines, no matter when we turn the Islands back|| account of the efforts made by the commission to their people. to fit the Filipinos for self-government. Spe- “And more, there is no assurance that we ever cifically, it tells of the travels of the Com- shall turn them back. Indeed, there is consid mission to establish such measures of local erable probability that the gente illustrada and the autonomy as it deemed expedient, of the American Anti-Imperialists are correct in assert- ing that if Americans invest heavily in the Phil- formulation of laws and procedures, or the ippines, the United States will never relinquish cheerfully endured hardships it went through, the Islands." and of much else that is readable and interest- ing. The office-holder, as such, speaks little A page further on contains this extraor- until the final chapter. From that chapter dinary paragraph: we learn of the “somewhat wobbly Monroe “If stay there we do, there are some results Doctrine," without drawing the conclusion that can now be foretold with considerable accu- that the wobbliness proceeds chiefly from racy. For one thing, there is to be faced the continual murmur of the word “Independence,' American occupancy of the islands. There- that ever since Aguinaldo's rebellion has been in upon ensues this remark: the mouths of the gente illustrada. The English “As to Neutralization'- the granting of inde- and other European colonizing peoples know what pendence under an international protectorate they are talking about when they criticise us for the scheme is wholly chimerical and impossible. telling the Filipinos that we shall set them free, It would require, for success, the unanimous con- that everything we are out there for is to prepare sent of the world powers, for which consent there them for that state, and that we are giving them is neither motive nor moving necessity.” schools because that will make them our equals. These foreign critics have always said that the Even Mr. Chamberlin did not venture to natives would some day rise against us. differ from Mr. Moorfield Storey, whom he tainly is extremely probable, considering the resil- describes as “one of the ablest lawyers in the iency of that term Independence. It acts like English-speaking world," on this important a germ that never leaves any system it enters. It point, but contented himself with inferring multiplies_until the fever of it possesses men that a people requiring neutralization could utterly. It grows by what it feeds upon. It not maintain a stable government, forgetting seems endowed with magic and boundless power. that the Monroe Doctrine, which has effectu- It possesses immortality." ally neutralized Latin America, has been able Yet this extraordinary something, so mys to point to a number of stable governments teriously veiled by this candid American there. But Mr. Williams does believe in of presumably Revolutionary descent under Filipino autonomy, and ventures to look for- the quoted term “Independence," seems to ward to a time when the situation shall be be what our forefathers understood as nothing relieved from "personal prejudice and the more or less than freedom and liberty, to baneful influence of party politics,” without which independence was the first step. That setting any time when that point will be Mr. Chamberlin should now be confused by it reached. But such books as his and Mr. need surprise no one, for it is precisely that LeRoy's will make toward that end, which is mysterious somewhat which has brought man more than can be said for the others. The up from the beasts, and will carry him to question will be removed from partisanship greater heights. Note, too, the weasel" only when Americans are educated to the words, “since Aguinaldo's rebellion,” which point that permits them to follow their oldest do not refer to the revolt against Spanish and best traditions, without losing them misrule in 1896, two years before America through the desire to exploit a subjugated knew of the Philippines, but to the war for people. independence against the United States. Note, Mr. Carl Crow's “America and the Phil- too, the sensitiveness to European opinion, ippines” deserves careful reading, for it ap- against which our forefathers so carefully pears to be not the work of an office-holder, warned us, and against which, and to baffle past or present, but the conclusions of an which, by affording the Latin republics to the American who is proud of what we have been south their chance for independence, the able to do toward elevating a strange and Monroe Doctrine was formulated. Surely if distant people, and who believes that this “Independence” is a germ, imperialism is a people can be brought within a reasonable specific poison. time to complete autonomy. For example, Mr. Daniel R. Williams, who has been con- while most of the other writers assume that nected with the civil government in the one solution of the problem will come through islands from its beginnings, transcribes from the investment of American capital, he says his letters home “The Odyssey of the Phil. | frankly: 466 [June 1 THE DIAL “ But should the agricultural development of the vidual education; he states with far too much islands by Americans be encouraged? A few who certainty that the Filipino is able to show have established themselves successfully on planta- marked intellectual status only when he has tions have added to the country's prosperity by been ancestrally crossed with other races, their improved methods of cultivation. ... But each one has added to the number of tenant farm- white or yellow. The case of the American ers and unskilled laborers. If this development Negro is brought up to show a similar state by Americans is good for the islands, then we of affairs at home. But it is submitted, with should hope that, say, 5000 Americans, each sup full consciousness of the room for vast differ- plied with a liberal amount of capital, would ences of opinion, that the Negro in Massa- go there and engage in the profitable business of chusetts, under that state's admirable school raising hemp, copra, sugar, or tobacco. .:If system, is better educated than the Caucasian all remained and all prospered, we would at, in the black belts of the South, and is quite as once have an enormously increased production. well fitted for self-government. Railways would be built; new steamship lines would run to Manila; that and every other Phil- Mr. Crow, too, has a fear that every evil ippine city would thrive; there would be new will result from the falling of the government banks, an increased revenue, and the Philippine under Filipino autonomy into the hands of Islands would be the busiest and most prosperous the gente illustrada, the educated and astute place in the far East. But in the meantime, what natives, who are estimated at one-tenth of the of the Filipino? What benefit would he derive whole population. Without minifying the from this development? He would be drawn from evils that have resulted in the United States his little farm to work on the big farm of the from a similar state of affairs, it should be American, and even then the demand for labor would not be satisfied. With every American who fair to quote once more the late Pierpont goes to the Philippines to plant sugar, cocoanuts, Morgan's observation to Senator Cummins, to tobacco, or hemp, the number of small farmers the effect that the time was at hand when a who help to build up a conservative community dozen men in America could sit about a table would decrease. [Mr. Crow forgets the lesson in and settle the affairs of the nation. Senator this regard taught us by New Zealand.] With the Cummins replied, so the report runs, that he natives all employed by Americans, America might was afraid such a plan would not work unless add to her prosperity and to the prosperity of the God Almighty sat with them as chairman. islands, but where then would be our high ideals The point is that we in the United States are about building a nation for a dependent people ?" prone to view with complacency our own This is a spirit too seldom shown in these shortcomings, while we point with alarm to volumes. The other writers have not learned precisely the same state of affairs in aliens. the sad chain set forth by Byron, “Wealth, Yet, to take a minor instance, the temperate vice, corruption, barbarism at last,” which we Filipino is able to survive the consumption are so earnestly struggling against; Mr. Crow of certain native beverages, which the exist- has. Yet he can write, in all seriousness, of ing government has had to prohibit to the “the American bromide about ‘governments intemperate American because they killed ... deriving their just powers from the him. The trade of the archipelago doubled consent of the governed.' If America has the year after the American Congress estab- any characteristic policy, or if there is any lished free trade between the States and the feeling in the breasts of its people to set them islands; yet it took thirteen years to bring apart from Europe, that is not derived from this about. Is the Filipino government ever the Declaration of Independence, it has been going to follow a more foolish course than we unknown to every great statesman we have did in this respect from 1896 to 1909! It is produced. doubtful. A chapter of the book entitled “Pesos and Let it be said in conclusion that all the books Centavos” sets forth a most interesting under consideration here convey between their account of tariff manipulation in favor of the lines, even when it is least in their lines, the harvester trust, whereby American purchasers fullest promise of a complete autonomy for of hemp for binding twine secured all the the Filipino people within a time greatly less benefits of a high duty and the Filipino pro than they report as possible. Every American ducer rather less than none. This account is school-teacher in the archipelago is a force commended to the consideration of those who making for the independence which some as- wondered at the masterly silence preserved by sume to dread; but the innate native feeling the Progressive Party two years ago regard for independencë is a still greater force. ing the whole question of the Filipino people. Every American who retains his self-respect Mr. Crow, like most of the other writers, in the presence of a people he realizes to be as falls into the palpable error of regarding as human as himself is also such a force, because essential to freedom a high degree of indi- l of the universal acceptance among us of the 1914 ] 467 THE DIAL as spirit of equality of the great Declaration, al- which makes no mention of Beowulf, Alfred, most unknown to the peoples of Europe, albeit Piers Plowman, Smollett, Jane Austen, or it is the reading of the Golden Rule into prac- Matthew Arnold (we select almost at random tical politics. a few of the omitted great). We find, too, The relief is coming from the common peo some rather absurd literary judgments, such ple of the islands, and not from the gente illus as the characterization of the style of Thu- trada, just as it is coming in Mexico from the cydides as limpid, and the remark that Klop- same source. The United States seized the stock's 'Messiah'' is one of the finest products Philippines when at the nadir of their political of the human mind. It is difficult to see why idealism. We have travelled an enormous dis such a volume should be translated into tance since toward the stars of a destiny suffi- English at all; it is more difficult to see how ciently manifest to all not blinded by the any reputable publisher could have put out merest materialism. The fundamental criti. so schoolboyish a version as Sir Home Gor- cism against our occupation comes now from don's, published under the title, “Initiation President Wilson himself, in words recently into Literature” (Putnam). An idea of the spoken of another situation but capable of baronet's quality as a translator may be universal application; and they are words too gained from the fact that he renders truthfully hopeful to be omitted here: “fabliau' as “fable," “insaisissable” “I challenge you to cite me an instance in all the “insatiable,” and “Trouvère” as found- history of the world where liberty was handed downling.” Not only is he guilty of these and from above! Liberty always is attained by the other gross blunders as to the meaning of forces working below, underneath, by the great words, but he utterly perverts and destroys movement of the people. That, leavened by the the sense of whole sentences. One instance sense of wrong and oppression and injustice, by must stand for many. Speaking of the nine- the ferment of human rights to be attained, brings Freedom.” teenth century novel, M. Faguet writes: WALLACE RICE. "Il arrivait même qu'un esprit, né pour voir d'une manière admirablement juste la réalité, la voyait en effet, mais, à cause du temps, ou en BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. partie à cause du temps, l'associait à une imagina- A dubious Last year M. Emile Faguet pub- mégalomanie littéraire et ce fut le cas d'Honoré tion grossissante et déformante, à une sorte de introduction lished a little volume (“Initia- Balzac." to literature. tion Littéraire') intended as a guide to literature for beginners, in the form This Sir Home Gordon transmogrifies as follows: of a summary outline of literary history from the time of the Vedas. Such a volume, if "It even happened that a mind born to see thoroughly well done, would be convenient reality in an admirably accurate manner, saw it so only by reason of the times, or at least partly for reference; but its value to a beginner may due to the times, associated it with a magnifying be doubted. Almost necessarily it must but deforming imagination converting it into a employ critical terms which are beyond a literary megalomania; and this was the case of beginner's understanding; M. Faguet's sur Honoré de Balzac." vey abounds in such terms. The quality of The book abounds with minor errors and the book suggests that the author regarded inaccuracies, not all of which can be charged it as a piece of hack work. Writing for to bad proof-reading. Thus we find "Perseus" French readers, it is proper enough that he for "Persius," "Lucian" for "Lucan," should have given most space to French litera- “Philostrates” for “Philostratus, “Ana- ture; but he should have paid more attention creonotic," “Gower's Speculum Medi- to proportion and accuracy in dealing with tatus,'" etc., etc. The title-page announces other literatures. Some slips are plainly due "additions specially written for the English to carelessness; such is the remark that one version," but these consist only of a few of Xenophon's principal works is the Mem- sentences. It is a pity that so wretched a orabilia of Plato. Others seem to be due to travesty should thus seem to have the authori- plain ignorance; such is the observation that zation of M. Faguet. The adage "Traduttore, Bacon was perhaps a collaborator of Shake-traditore” has seldom been better exem- speare, and the surprising information that plified. the Lake poets were so called because they were Scotch! The last error is omitted in the * Cam- Europe in the The second volume of the " English translation; but the others stand. bridge Medieval History" (Mac- As to proportion, it is astonishing to find eighth centuries. millan) “covers the stormy per- most of a paragraph devoted to William iod of about three hundred years from Jus- Habington in an outline of English literature | tinian to Charles the Great inclusive." These > seventh and 468 [June 1 THE DIAL three centuries are among the most important While the work is chiefly concerned with the in the world's history: during this period the new peoples of Western Europe, an attempt Germans who had invaded the Roman Empire has been made to comprehend all the Medi- were settling down among the conquered terranean and European countries: more peoples; new states were being created; new than one-third of the space is given to the languages were in formation; a new civiliza- Byzantine and Saracenic empires and civiliza- tion was being developed; the foundations tions. Like all the Cambridge volumes, the of modern Europe were being laid. The story work is a vast storehouse of information; but of this interesting but imperfectly known age the editors have succeeded in producing more is told after the Cambridge fashion in a series readable accounts than was the case with the of monographs by scholars who have achieved heavy and detailed narratives of the “Cam- distinction as investigators in various sections bridge Modern History.” The bibliographies of the mediæval field. Most of the contrib are of the usual complete type, and the maps utors are from Great Britain, but other will prove of particular value. nations have also been drawn upon. Among the better known continental contributors are At last there is a book in the French professors, Charles Diehl, who Scandinavia's English on the greatest of all writes on the age of Justinian, Christian greatest writer. Scandinavian writers. Hitherto, Pfister, who deals with the Merovingian students of literary history, knowing Ludvig period, and Camille Julian, who discusses Holberg by name, and knowing that he is to Celtic heathendom; Dr. Gerhard Seeliger, Scandinavian literature what Shakespeare is who contributes two chapters on the Caro- to English, and Molière is to French, have lingian monarchy; Dr. Rafael Altamira, the been unable to find in the English language noted Spanish historian, who writes on the any extended account of his life and work. Visigothic kingdom; and Professor Paul Vino- The fullest statement accessible has been the gradoff, who discusses the origins of Feudal- monograph of Dr. William Morton Payne, ism. Our own country is represented by published in the “Warner Library,” and, Professor George Lincoln Burr, who con- with additions, in “The Sewanee Review.” tributes a chapter on the reign of Pepin and Beyond this, a few passages in the essays of the Frankish intervention in Italy. Professor Boyesen, Mr. Gosse, and Dr. Brandes, together Burr's chapter is of the suggestive type, and with a few scant pages in Mr. Oliver Elton's his account has certain stylistic graces that “The Augustan Age” have provided about are not general in the volume as a whole. the sum total of information upon the subject. Worthy of particular mention is the chapter Yet Holberg was so towering a genius that he on the expansion of the Slavic peoples by transcended the parochial limits of Denmark Dr. T. Peisker of Graz, whose discussion of and Norway, and has even been characterized the Huns and kindred Mongol tribes was one as an intellectual force second only to Vol- of the more important contributions in the taire in the eighteenth-century European first volume of this history. On the English world. The work which we now welcome is side the volume contains an important chap- Professor Oscar James Campbell's “The ter by Mr. W. J. Corbett, in which the author Comedies of Holberg," published as one of sums up what is known about the Anglo- the “Harvard Studies in Comparative Litera- Saxon kingdoms in the seventh and eighth ture." Its title shows it to be of restricted centuries. In this account, as generally scope, and there is still a place and a need throughout the volume, minor details are for the comprehensive work that will survey suppressed and the space devoted to a dis. Holberg's career in all its aspects - for he cussion of the larger aspects. The subject of was at once the Molière, the Voltaire, and heathendom and conversion is split up into the Montaigne of Denmark; but we are thank- five sections, each of which has a separate ful for what we have, and also for the pros- author. This is scarcely a satisfactory plan; pect of a translation of the best of the when several writers deal with closely related Holberg comedies, now nearly ready under themes, there is likely to be an overlapping the auspices of the Scandinavian-American and often a difference in viewpoint and con Foundation. Professor Campbell's work, as clusions that are confusing to the general far as it goes, is done with scholarly thorough- reader. However, it must be said that Miss B. ness. It includes a biographical chapter, a Phillpotts's discussion of German heathen- section devoted to the plays, and a series of dom, though all too brief, is excellent and special studies of Holberg's relations to Mo- unusual in that it takes into account the rich lière, to the Commedia dell'Arte, and to sources of the heathen North and the writings English, French, and classical literature. of Scandinavian scholars on this subject. I chapter on “Holberg's Genius," with a bibli- 1914] 469 THE DIAL ography and notes, rounds out the volume. tures deal with cytomorphosis, by which term The chapter on Holberg's relations with of the author's earlier invention are denoted English literature is probably the most inter the transformation of cells incident to the de- esting in the volume. The two years. (1706-8) velopment, growth, and senescence of the in- that he spent in London and Oxford had a dividual; with immortality and the evolution marked influence upon his creative develop- of death; and with the determination of sex, ment, as Olsvig pointed out several years ago. It is of interest to note the matured opinion Holberg borrowed many ideas from Jonson, of so acute and critical an investigator as Dr. and the influence of Farquhar is seen in Minot on one of the most doubtful questions “Erasmus Montanus,” while “Jeppe paa of heredity. He says: “We must admit that Bjerget" makes it fairly evident that he saw the protoplasm also participates in heredity. a performance of “The Taming of the I do not see how we can accept the theory Shrew.” But the most important influence that the nucleus is exclusively the organ of of all was that of the English essayists — the heredity. On the contrary we must say that “Tatler" and the “Spectator" —and much the essence of reproduction is the continua- of his satire of social foible is clearly trace- tion of the growth of immortal protoplasm. able to those papers as a source. It is also The history of protoplasm is uninterrupted, interesting to note that Goldsmith knew of and therefore we say: the immortality of the Holberg's tramp through Europe, and prob protoplasm and of the nucleus is also the ably undertook his own peregrinations in explanation of heredity.” The chapter on imitation of that example. In closing his sex-determination reviews rather fully the discussion, Professor Campbell justly says: cytological evidence that sex is an inherited “He will prove a source of delight because character. The final chapter deals with “The he was able to make his vividly realized facts Scientific Conception of Life.' The author concerning Danish life of the eighteenth cen concludes that it is still open to question and tury typical of universal human experience. investigation as to whether all the phenomena Thus Holberg's laughter, evoked by the folly of life can be explained mechanistically. This of mankind two hundred years ago, bids fair conclusion is one which would probably be to be immortal.” subscribed to by the majority of conservative biologists. This book throughout is marked by the distinction of manner and absolute Biological The Harvard exchange profes precision and clearness of statement which are problems sor at the University of Berlin characteristic of its author. of to-day. in 1912-13 was the distinguished embryologist, Dr. Charles Sedgwick Minot. By special request of His Royal Highness, A Spanish As a rule, histories of Spanish the Grand-Duke of Saxe-Weimar, Dr. Minot painter of the art have always shown a tend- 18th century. was invited to lecture at Jena as well as Ber- ency to exalt a few great names lin. The six lectures delivered in response at the expense of lesser artists. A school to this invitation have been put together in relatively so unimportant as the School of a small volume under the title, “Modern Aragon has, indeed, been entirely ignored by Problems of Biology" (Blakiston Co.). The some writers. Nevertheless, this provincial problems dealt with by Dr. Minot either cen- school contains works of art as interesting as tre in and about the cell, or at least are ap- any in Spain, and it produced one of the proached by the cytological pathway. This most original and distinctive of artists, not is entirely proper and to be expected consid- simply in Spain but in all Europe -- Fran- ering what the author's life work and interest cisco Goya. His position as an artist, how- have been. The viewpoint is altogether mod- ever, has suffered somewhat from the fact ern, however, as is indicated by the conclusion that (except for a few scattered examples) of the first lecture on "The New Cell Doc-only in Spain can his pictures be found; and trine,” which is stated in the following terms : that, only in Madrid can his peculiar char- “The living substance is more important to acteristics be examined and appreciated. biologists than its tendency to form cells. Moreover, English appreciation has been still Hence we consider the chief problem of biol further hampered by the fact that hitherto ogy to be the investigation of the structure no real study of the work and personality of and chemical composition not of cells, but of this eighteenth century Spanish painter and the living substance. The new conception has satirist has been offered in the English lan- won its way gradually. It corresponds to so guage. This lack is now remedied by Mr. fundamental a change of our views that we Hugh Stokes's large and copiously illustrated are justified in describing the new conception volume. Although extending to nearly four as the new cell doctrine.” Succeeding lec- l hundred pages, these are none too many for 470 [June 1 THE DIAL the poor So our enjoyment, dealing as they do with an Shakespeare nor Bacon trouble themselves in art and a personality of such engrossing fas the least about “that silly superstition" (the cination. Although in his own land Goya Baconian theory), but are now, as heretofore, founded no school and left no pupils, and the best of friends. Bacon himself takes occa- although his career did not signalize a renais sion to maintain, reinforcing his argument by sance of Spanish art, his influence upon the citing. Andrew Lang's “Shakespeare, Bacon, art of Europe has been very great indeed. and the Great Unknown," that, contrary to He refused to bow down to tradition, and the accepted view of the matter, there is far used to say, “My only masters have been more known of his famous contemporary's Nature, Velasquez, and Rembrandt." ; Mr. life than of most authors' lives; to which the Stokes classes Goya as "the link between the poet merrily replies: “There's more known art of Velasquez and the art of the future," in some particulars than I would have allowed and counts Sargent as “one of Goya's artistic if I could have helped it," for he admits that descendants." Dying in 1828, at the age of he was “a wild enough boy” in his youth. eighty-two, Goya is not only the last great But Bacon defends him. “Will, here, prob- Spanish painter, but, judged by his best ably played his wild pranks, as he would own, works, one of the great masters of art. He but the man who ended as he did never went caught a peculiar quality of existence and far in that way.” The modernity of phrase vitality which no other artist in the history in which Shakespeare is made to express him- of painting has ever surpassed. This gift of self in these talks is accounted for, or apolo- energy and life was his supreme talent, and gized for, at the very end of the book. "Mr. he possessed it because he worshipped life and Howells has seldom if ever written in happier the joy of living. Despite his apparent cyni- vein than in this fantasy. cism and his avowed materialism, he had an intense sympathy for his fellow-men. Added If there is anyone qualified to A plea for to this, he had a rare psychological insight speak on the immigration ques- immigrant. and a depth of fantastic imagination which tion with intelligence and fair- is one of the rarest gifts of the gods. ness, it should be the author of "They Who industrious and fertile was his life that the Knock at Our Gates” (Houghton), she who mere catalogue of his paintings, etchings, is known in the world of letters by her maiden lithographs, etc., occupies fifty pages, forming name of Mary Antin, and whose earlier vol- by itself a valuable handbook of reference for ume on “The Promised Land” attained so students of this remarkable master in many wide and deserved a popularity. Herself an kinds of art. (Putnam.) immigrant from Russia and therefore under- standing perfectly the immigrant's point of With Shakespeare Shakespeare-lovers have a treat view, she has adopted this country with a and Bacon at before them in Mr. Howells's passionate devotion to the ideals it represents Stratford-on-Avon.genial and witty fantasy, “The in her eyes, and with a loyalty to its best tra- Seen and the Unseen at Stratford-on-Avon” ditions that would jealously guard it from (Harper), wherein he describes a visit to the corrupting influences. Her treatment of her great poet's birthplace at the time of the theme divides itself into three parts, which annual Shakespeare pageant, and reports his answer successively the three questions: Have talks and walks with the shades of both Shake we any right to regulate immigration? What speare and Bacon. The book is a pleasant is the nature of our immigration? Is immi- mingling of Stratford topography, bank-holi- gration good for us? gration good for us! To the first question day customs, Shakespeare lore, good-natured she replies, with appropriate amplification ridicule of the Baconian theory, ripened re and illustration : “Whatever limits to our flection on pertinent topics, just a sufficient personal liberty we are ourselves willing to touch of mysticism to heighten the interest endure for the sake of the public welfare, we and add to the spiritual reality of these re have a right to impose on the stranger from markable communings with the illustrious abroad; these, and no others.” In answer to dead, and, here and there, a not unaccountable the second she believes, and gives reasons for tinge of Swedenborgianism. Lightness of her belief, that "what we get in the steerage touch and fertility of invention give the is not the refuse but the sinew and bone of humorous-fanciful narrative a movement and all the nations,” arguing soundly enough a sparkle that insure the reader against any that it is enterprise and not indolence that thought of weariness, which is rendered still cuts loose from the old and makes its way further impossible by the writer's refusal to to the new world. As to the third question, exhaust his theme and by the division of the she feels that it is good for us both materially reading matter into short chapters. One is and spiritually to welcome the alien, and she glad to learn, early in the book, that neither quotes from another to show how fortunate 1914] 471 THE DIAL it is for America that great numbers are every men are not neglected. Yet it is not quite year coming to remind us of the promise of plain just how this work is "the turning American life, "' and insisting that it shall not point in Ireland's destiny." That remains to be forgotten. The author's love for her be revealed. adopted country is beautiful to behold, her Americanism is as thorough-going as any true A town history Sparing neither labor nor ex- of national pense, the Lexington (Mass.) patriot could wish, and her enthusiasm in interest. espousing the cause of both the immigrant revised and enlarged edition of Charles Hud- Historical Society has issued a and the new land to which he is hastening, is son's history of that famous town, continuing contagious. And, with it all, her command of the chronicle from 1868, when Hudson her adopted language is remarkable. Mr. dropped it, to 1913, the close of the second Joseph Stella contributes three good drawings century of Lexington's history as an incor- of immigrant types. porated town. In its present form this Mr. George Moore's “Vale," “History of Lexington, Massachusetts" A premature being part three in his auto- (Houghton) fills two octavo volumes, the first valedictory. biographic trilogy, “Hail and being devoted to the history proper and run- Farewell” (Appleton), need not by any means ning to nearly six hundred pages, the second be his last word to his readers; for he is still confining itself to genealogies and falling only in the prime of his powers, and it is unbe- three pages short of nine hundred. The lievable that he will shake off the habit of excellence and accuracy of Hudson's work, the years and deny himself the pleasure of fur- more commendable because of the difficulties ther literary production, even though that he had to contend with half a century ago pleasure in this instance is pictured to the in preparing his book, are appropriately recog- reader as nothing short of positive pain. "It nized by the revisers, who take occasion to say was between Mullingar and Dublin,” he con- in regard to the historian's account of the fides to us in his closing chapter, “that I most memorable occurrence in Lexington's realized, more acutely than I had ever done annals: “Special care has been taken to before, that this book was the cause of my examine the many volumes dealing with the being. I have been led to write it by whom Battle of Lexington, with the result, how- I know not, but I have been led by the hand ever, of proving that, while some new light like a little child.' It was borne in upon me has been thrown upon that event by modern at the same time that a sacrifice was de historians, few, if any, narrations of the manded of me, by whom I knew not, nor for Battle are so comprehensive, so well balanced, what purpose, but I felt I must leave my and so accurate as is Mr. Hudson's.” Ham- native land and my friends for the sake of matt Billings's drawing of the historic en- the book; a work of liberation I divined it counter appears in engraved reproduction as to be - liberation from ritual and priests, a frontispiece to the first volume, while the book of precept and example. I knew this portrait of Theodore Parker, grandson of the book to be the turning point in Ireland's des- Captain John Parker who covered himself tiny and yet I prayed that I might be spared with glory in that encounter, adorns in sim- the pain of the writing it and permitted in- ilar manner the second volume. Numerous stead to acquire the Clos St. Georges, a wife, other views and portraits are supplied, with and a son. But no man escapes his fate. interesting notes concerning them in the list One who takes his mission as a writer so seri of illustrations. Printed in clear type on ously as that is not likely to throw down his durable paper made especially for the work, pen in thoughtless haste. As in the two pre these two substantial volumes give promise of ceding volumes of the trilogy, so in this there a permanence befitting their subject. The is a rich (not to say riotous) mingling of edition is limited to one thousand copies, and fragmentary autobiography, odds and ends of is printed from type. criticism and theory, studies of human nature, graphic character sketches, more or less racy Mr. H. Addington Bruce con- anecdote, and miscellaneous matter not easy psychical" tributes some further “Adven- adventures. to classify, but seldom failing to hold one's turings in the Psychical willing attention. The author's pursuit of The author's pursuit of (Little, Brown & Co.) to the series of books art in Paris, up to the point when he became of similar import and equal inconsequence convinced he was not born to be a painter, already available. It is difficult to under- with sundry incidental experiences in the gay stand why further volumes repeating the capital, fills a considerable portion of the familiar accounts of ghosts and telepathy and book; but the “Irish Literary Movement” | clairvoyance and mediums and singular cases and other themes of peculiar interest to Irish- l of personally puzzling incidents continue to Fruitless 472 ( June 1 THE DIAL attract readers. Books of this kind are made NOTES. on the basis of a dramatic interest which is well enough for a journalistic pen, but which Miss Katharine Tynan's new book, a collection of seems quite out of place in book form. Mr. short stories, is to be entitled “Lovers' Meetings." Bruce's mind is of that extremely tolerant Wassili Kandinsky's "The Art of Spiritual Har- kind that can entertain antagonistic explana- mony" will be published this month in an English translation. tions at the same time. If the familiar saying of Voltaire that incantations together with a Mr. R. A. Douglas-Lithgard has written “ Nan- sufficient amount of arsenic will undoubtedly tucket: A History," which Messrs. Putnam will publish shortly. kill your neighbor's sheep could be applied Mr. W. L. George, English novelist and propa- to the present volume, it would be indicated by saying that Mr. Bruce believes in both gandist of feminism, has written a study of mod- ern drama, “ Dramatic Actualities." arsenic and incantations. When the one Mr. Edward Sheldon has made a play of the applies the other is unnecessary, and vice English version of Sudermann's novel, “ The Song versa. On the whole, books of this type do a of Songs," for Mr. Charles Frohman. considerable harm in spreading the notion The second volume of Andersen Nexö's trilogy, that the chief business of psychology is to which began with “ Pelle the Conqueror,” will not investigate happenings of this order; and they be published in this country until November. do further harm in spreading the belief that Monsignor Robert Hugh Benson has written a many men of science are seriously concerned new novel, to be called “ Oddfish,” which Messrs. with this type of matter as evidence of the Dodd, Mead & Co. will publish in the autumn. scientific principles that control thought. Miss Ethel M. Dell, author of " The Way of an Eagle ” and “ The Rocks of Valpré,” will soon pub- lish a volume of short stories under the title of one BRIEFER MENTION. of them, “ The Swindler." A book on “ Juvenile Courts and Probation" by Palgrave's “Golden Treasury," with a liberal Messrs. Bernard Flexner and Roger N. Baldwin, of selection of additional poems, and some 250 pages the National Probation Association, will be issued of notes by Mr. C. B. Wheeler, is published by the this month by the Century Co. Oxford University Press in a volume whose attrac Mr: Yoshio Markino, the Japanese artist whos? tive and convenient form will commend it to many observations on life in London were so amusing, besides the young students for whose special use it has written a new book, “My Recollections and has been prepared. The additional poems are se Reflections," which will be published shortly. lected with excellent judgment. We are glad to Mr. Graham Wallas's new book, “ The Great see Matthew Arnold given the largest amount of Society," is to be published in July by the Mac- space, with Browning, Tennyson, and Swinburne millan Co. It is described in its sub-title as "A following in the order named. Time's ultimate ver- Psychological Analysis.” Mr. Wallas will be re- dict on the chief Victorian poets is not unlikely to membered as the author of “Human Nature and agree with this sequence. Mr. Wheeler's notes are Politics." in the main purely explanatory, and are full enough to satisfy the needs of even the dullest student of A new and interesting series of essays on “ The Art and Craft of Letters" literature. is announced in Mr. Moritz Moszkowski has edited for the England. “Comedy" by John Palmer, “Satire " “ Musicians' Library” (Ditson) the first volume of by Gilbert Cannan, “History” by R. H. Gretton, an “Anthology of German Piano Music," devoted and “ The Epic" by Lascelles Abercrombie, are now ready." Parody” by Christopher Stone, to the early composers. The introductory essay is • Criticism" in English and German, in parallel columns. The P. P. Howe, “ The Ballad " by frontispiece groups the five portraits of Bach, Young will be published shortly. Frank Sidgwick, and “Punctuation ” by Filson Händel, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. These five represent the peaks of creative achievement illus Dr. William Aldis Wright, for nearly twenty- trated by the collection. The other names are little five years past Vice-Master of Trinity College, known except to special students. There are eleven Cambridge, died in London last week. As editor of these others, from Froberger (1605-67) to of the “ Cambridge” and “ Globe” editions of Hässler (1747-1822). Of Beethoven's later works Shakespeare, Dr. Wright is known to every stu- the writer says: “It is not to be denied that his dent of the dramatist. He also edited the letters latest compositions reveal at times perhaps an and miscellaneous writings of Edward FitzGerald, increase of geniality and sublimity of thought; but and a long list of English classics. Dr. Wright was I cannot rid myself of the impression that, owing to secretary to the Old Testament Revision Company, Beethoven's deafness, his inner musical hearing 1870-85, and joint editor of the “ Journal of Philol- was more and more withdrawn from the tones of ogy” from its beginning in 1868. the outer world, and there resulted a certain ab Jacob A. Riis, the author and social worker, stractness of musical thought in which fruits of died May 26 at his summer home in Barre, Mass. the spirit grew to ripeness upon which no real sun He was born in Denmark in 1849, and came to this had ever cast its rays." country at the age of twenty-one. After six years 1914] 473 THE DIAL . O of poverty and struggle, he secured a position as TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. reporter with a New York news bureau, and for June, 1914. more than a quarter-century thereafter he gave his remarkable energies to journalistic and social work Acheson, Edward G. J. M. Oskison World's Work American Parties. William M. Sloane in New York. His principal published books are Harper Americanisms, First Dictionary of. Thomas R. the following: “ How the Other Half Lives," “ The Lounsbury Harper Atlantic Children of the Poor," “ The Making of an Amer- Andalusia, Sunday in. Grant showerman Art: Real and American. Gutzon Borglum World's Work ican ” (his autobiography)," The Battle with the Bernard, Claude D. W. Wilson Pop. Sc. Mon. Slum," ,”'“ Children of the Tenements," “ The Old Borglum, Gutzon. George Marvin World's Work Business and the Weather Map. Allan P. Town," “ Theodore Roosevelt the Citizen," and Ames World's Work “Hero Tales from the Far North." Byron, Gex " Portrait of. c. w. Macfarlane Century Camaguëy of Spain. Julius Muller Century The latest Bulletin received from the Philippine Capital, Social Gradations of. A. W. Small Am. Jour. Soc. Library — the issue for March Scribner - has a noteworthy Chamois-hunting in Switzerland. P. Kühner Chestnut Tree, Future of the. A. H. Graves Pop. Sc. Mon. article in Spanish, by the head of the Philippine Child Welfare W. L. Dealey Am. Jour. Soc. Division, on the importance of Philippine periodi- Constitution, Judicial Bulwark of. 'F. E. Melvin Am. Pol. Sc. Rev. cals and newspapers in the study of the history of Consumptive, Confessions of a. William G. Brown Atlantic those islands. Not far from a score of these pub- Conversation. Brander Matthews Scribner Coöperative Living. R. S. Bourne Atlantic lications are nan amed, the earliest having its origin Country Life, Teaching. W. A. Dyer World's Work in 1779 and confining itself to some meagre ac- Development, Facts of. E. G. Conklin Pop. Sc. Mon. Dewan-i-Khas. E. F. Benson Century counts of native depredations and the punishment Dogmas and Christian Belief. H. D. Sedgwick Atlantic administered to the marauders. The writer is a Equality, Struggle for. C. F. Emerick Pop. Sc. Mon. specialist in this department of Philippine litera- Geographic Conditions and Social Realities. E. C. Hayes Am. Jour. Soc. ture, and speaks with authority, but is debarred by Hadley, President, of Yale. B. J. Hendrick World's Work limitations of space from a full treatment of his History, Mendacity of. J. W. Thompson No. Amer. Holland. Arnold Bennett Century subject. In the same issue are lists of recent gov Huerta, Victoriano. Louis C. Simonds Atlantic ernment publications (insular), of books and arti Illumination, The New. Clara B. Lyman World's Work Immigration Question, Crux of. A. P. Andrew No. Amer. cles on the Moros, and of late accessions to the Indian, Assimilation of the Fayette A. library. McKenzie Am. Jour. Soc. Industrial Relationships, Functional. P. L. Inadequacies will reveal themselves in any Vogt Am Jour. Soc. scheme of book-classification for libraries, all the International Settlements. 'William Crozier No. Amer. Judges, Removal of, in Massachusetts. L. A. more so. because different libraries specialize in Frothingham Am. Pol. Sc. Rev. different departments. Perhaps the best that can Justice, A Constructive Department of. George Harvey No. Amer. be done is to adopt as far as possible a standard Law Making, Neglected Factors in. Ernest system like the Dewey Decimal, and to modify and Bruncken Am. Pol. Sc. Rev. elaborate as special needs require. What has been Liszt, Days with. Madame de Hegermann- Lindencrone Harper done of this sort at the University of Illinois, espe Logan, Dr. 0. T., Work of.' w. w. Peter : World's Work cially in the ancient classics and in German litera Marine, The American. A. G. McLellan Atlantic Medical Profession, Need for a Salaried. P. L. ture, is clearly set forth by Mr. Philip S. Goulding, Vogt Pop. Sc. Mon. “ Catalogue Librarian” at that seat of learning, in Medical Science, American Contributions to. B. I. Hendrick Harper a paper, “ The Classification of Literatures in the Monroe Doctrine, The. Elihu Root No. Amer. University of Illinois Library," read some time ago Monroe Doctrine, The. T. S. Woolsey No. Amer. Montessori Method, The. F. P. Graves Pop. Sc. Mon. at a joint meeting of the Illinois and Missouri Motion Picture Industry, The. H. W. Lanier World's Work Library Associations, and lately published in "The Municipal Affairs, Current. Alice M. Holden Am. Pol. Sc. Rev. Library Journal,” from which it is reprinted in Newspaper Morals. Ralph Pulitzer Atlantic separate form. Normandy, Elections in. Frances W. Huard Century Orphans, Care of. Alden Fearing World's Work The London “ Times” finds in the discovery of a Paraguay, Headwaters of the. Theodore Roosevelt Scribner new fragment of Sappho's lyric poetry an earnest Parcel Post, The. James Middleton World's Work Party Organization. Frances A. Kellor No. Amer. that we shall eventually recover most of her work. Pastures, Upland, of New England. W. P. Eaton Scribner l'he new fragment is thus rendered in Part X. of Philippines, Assimilation in the. A. E. Jenks Am. Jour. Soc. “The Oxyrhynichus Papyri": Playground Survey, 'The.' H. S. Curtis Am. Jour. Soc. “Some say that the fairest thing on the dark earth Public Lands, Passing of the. W. J. Trimble Atlantic is a host of horsemen, others of foot, others of Recreation, Sociology of. J. L. Gillin Am. Jour. Soc. Redwood Canyon. H. S. Canby Atlantic ships; but I say that is fairest which is the object Relaxation, Psychology of. G. Ť. w. Patrick Pop. sc. Mon. of one's desire. And it is quite easy to make this Religion from Another Angle. W. P. Hall No. Amer. Rodin's Note Book — II. Judith Cladel plain to all: for Helen, observing well the beauty Century Rose Glacier, Karakoram. Fanny B. Workman Harper of men, judged the best to be him who destroyed Scandinavians in America. E. A. Ross Century the whole majesty of Troy, nor bethought herself Sea-shore, The. Harrison Rhodes Harper at all of child or parents dear, but through love Simple Living. Maurice F. Egan Century Cypris led her astray. .. Even so have I called Sleep. Frederick Peterson Atlantic Spanish America, Government in. Bernard to mind Anactoria, though far away, whose gracious Moses Am. Pol. Sc. Rev. step and flashing glance I would rather see than the Staël, Madame de. 'Florence L. Ravenel No. Amer. chariots of the Lydians and the charge of footmen Stimulation in Living Organisms. R. S. Lillie Pop. Sc. Mon. in armour. We know that all things may not come Tariff and Politics. James D. Whelpley Century to pass amongst men; but to pray for a share. .. Tenniel, Sir John. Frank Weitenkampf Scribner “ The Oxyrhynichus Papyri” is edited, with trans- Tolstoy, Reminiscences of. Ilya Tolstoy Century Treaty-making Power, The. E. S. Corwin No. Amer. lations and notes, by Messrs. Bernard P. Grenfell Villon, François, l. George Bronson-Howard Century and Arthur S. Hunt, and published by the Oxford Wages and Capital. Ray Morris Atlantic Washington Manor of Northamptonshire. 'Anne H. University Press for the Egypt Exploration Fund. Wharton Scribner . 474 (June 1 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 112 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES. With Walt Whitman in Camden. By Horace Trau- bel. Volume III. Illustrated, large 8vo, 590 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $3. net. Cesare Borgia: A Biography. By William Harri. son Woodward. Illustrated, 8vo, 477 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50 net. The Golden Age of Prince Henry the Navigator. By J. P. Oliveira Martins; translated by James Johnston Abraham and William Edward Rey- nolds. Illustrated, large 8vo, 324 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50 net. Shakespeare Personally. By David Masson; edited and arranged by Rosaline Masson. 8vo, 243 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. net. MacDonald of the Isles: A Romance of the Past and Present. By A. M. W. Stirling. Illustrated in color, etc., 8vo, 295 pages. John Lane Co. $4. net. 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By Bret Harte; compiled by Charles Meeker Kozlay. Tlustrated in photogravure, large 8vo, 429 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $6. net. Walt Whitman: A Critical Study. By Basil de Selincourt. With photogravure portrait, 8vo, 251 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $2.50 net. 'The Seen and Unseen at Stratford-on-Avon: A Fantasy. By William Dean Howells. 8vo, 112 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1. net. The Comedies of Holberg. By Oscar James Camp- bell, Jr. 8vo, 362 pages. Harvard University Press. $2.50 net. In Cheyne Walk and Thereabout: Containing Short Accounts of Some Ingenious People and Famous Places that were by the Riverside at Chelsea. Illustrated, 8vo, 322 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. $3. net. Essays and Miscellanies. By Joseph S. Auerbach. In 2 volumes, 12mo. Harper & Brothers. $3. net. Where No Fear Was. By Arthur Christopher Ben- son. 12mo, 256 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50 net. Lectures on Dryden. Delivered by A. W. Verrall, Litt.D.; edited by Margaret de G. Verrall. 8vo, 271 pages. G. P. 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Putnam's Sons. $1.50 net. Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1913. Volume I., 8vo, 931 pages. Washington: Gov- ernment Printing Office. A Source Book of English History, for the Use of Schools. Edited by Arthur D. Innes, M.A. Vol- ume II., 1603-1815 A. D. Illustrated, 8vo, 282 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Essays of Elia. By Charles Lamb; edited by A. Hamilton Thompson, M.A. First Series. 12mo, 336 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. The Last Essays of Elia. By Charles Lamb; edited by A. Hamilton Thompson, M.A. 12mo, 301 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. A Book of English Prose: Arranged for Prepara- tory and Elementary Schools. By Percy Lub- bock, M.A. In 2 volun 16mo. G. P. Put- nam's Sons. Cranford. By Mrs. Gaskell; edited by Helen Eliza- beth Davis, A.B. With portrait, 16mo, 302 pages. Charles E. Merrill Co. 40 cts. net. Shakespeare's Hamlet. Edited by John Livingston Lowes. Illustrated, 16mo, 252 pages. Henry Holt & Co. Principles of Composition and Literature for Stu- dents and Readers of English. By Robert Hunt- ington Fletcher, Ph.D. 8vo, 355 pages. A. S. Barnes Co. 476 (June 1 THE DIAL WAR BORDWELL'S LAW OF WAR BETWEEN BELLIGERENTS Read up on the laws of war. Intensely interesting. Giving history of war practice between nations. Commencement of war. Opening hostilities. Effect of war. Franco-German war. Russo-Jap- anese war. War in South Africa, etc., etc. 1 volume-bound in Buckram-$3.50. CALLAGHAN & COMPANY, CHICAGO. F.M. HOLLY AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS' 156 Fifth Avenue, New York (Established 1905) RATES AND FULL INFORMATION WILL BE SENT ON REQUEST Genealogic-Heraldic MRS. RACHEL WEST CLEMENT Experienced Authors' Agent, Reader and Critic Short stories a specialty. Reading includes short criticism. 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Sherman St., Chicago. Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. LVI. JUNE 16, 1914. No. 672. CONTENTS. PAGE WHAT CHILDREN SHOULD KNOW . . . 483 THE A. L. A. AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. Aksel G. S. Josephson 485 CASUAL COMMENT 487 How Jacob Riis became an author.- Sur- reptitious reading.-- Temptations to misquo- tation.- Opinions that one would like to have expressed differently. - Literary expres- sion of the "American spirit.”- Drama for the rural districts.—Polyglot puzzles.—Lorna Doone's narrow escape. COMMUNICATIONS 490 Language of the Unlettered. Mrs. 1. s. Heidt. “The Pilgrim's Progress ” in Moving Pic- tures. E. W. Clement. An Interesting Literary Resemblance. G. H. Maynadier. American Poets and English Traditions. Robert J. Shores. AN AGED POET IN HIS DAILY TALK. Percy F. Bicknell 493 THE HEART OF SHAKESPEARE'S MYS- TERY. Samuel A. Tannenbaum 494 BARTHOU'S LIFE OF MIRABEAU. Fred Morrow Fling 499 THE MEXICAN SITUATION. Wallace Rice 501 RECENT FICTION. Lucian Cary 504 Dreiser's The Titan.- MacGill's Children of the Dead End.- Tressall's The Ragged- Trousered Philanthropists. Oppenheim's Idle Wives.— Johnson's The Salamander.- Ben- nett's The Price of Love. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. 506 New aspects of English governance. The stage of to-day.-- The story of man's evolu- tion simply told.—A Norwegian dramatist in translation.- Psychology and the manage- ment of labor. - The most democratic of democracies.—A case of learned precocity.- Studies in the early history of the Northwest. The fever of love in the animal world.- Poe as reflected in his poems.- Two hand- books of heraldry.--Ancient Rome and mod- ern India.— The fairies in present-day life. M. Bergson on dreams. BRIEFER MENTION 511 NOTES 511 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 512 WHAT CHILDREN SHOULD KNOW. The summer months have long been known to English journalism as "the silly season. This is the time when inane discussions are carried on in the newspapers by self-impor- tant and fussy contributors, burdened with the weight of ideas that they feel must find expression in print. The subjects range from veracious accounts of the sea serpent to proofs of the Baconian theory of the authorship of Shakespeare for which Dr. Brandes the other day found exactly the right epithet when he called it “that woeful hallucination" based upon the kind of buttons figured in the portraits of the dramatist, or upon a count of the letters in carefully selected passages of the text. In our American journalism, it is doubtful if any season of the year may be specially designated as "silly," so uniformly are communications and discussions upon such vital subjects distributed through the months, and made to enliven the columns whose avowed purpose is to provide the dear public with whatever pungent stimulus it is believed will provoke a reaction. Nothing could be more characteristic of a "silly season” than a recent ripple in the American newspaper sea. Dr. Charles Wil- liam Eliot, whom we are accustomed to regard as one of our sages, the other day innocently put forth the opinion that every child should know such poems as “Abou Ben Adhem,' “The Village Blacksmith," and the chaste lines “To a Waterfowl.” Acting upon this cue, the reportorial tribe was let loose upon all sorts of persons who happen to be in the public eye, to elicit their views upon the pro- nouncement. It was assumed to be of pon- tifical character, and editors took it up with a pontifical sense of their public responsi- bility, reminding us once more how “God sends country lawyers, an' other wise fellers, To start the world's team wen it gits in a slough.” What business had Dr. Eliot thus to single out these poems for such distinction? What wretched judgment it showed thus to call attention to such duffers as Hunt and Long- fellow and Bryant, when Messrs. Walt Mason and James Whitcomb Riley were passed by in 484 (June 16 THE DIAL What ignorance of the mission of ing. There is an admirable series of books art was revealed when a mere pedagogue, thus devoted to the “Things That Every Child pedagogically discoursing, ventured to sug Should Know," but it needs only a very slight gest that certain poems were peculiarly fitted acquaintance with the equipment of our boys for the child's reading because of their and girls to convince us that very few chil- didactic qualities and their “uplifting" dren really do know more than a small frac- power! Thus sapient souls, tion of the things thus specified. This series “Prerogatived, represents the veriest counsel of perfection, With reason, reasoned," as far as the average child is concerned, al- and the hapless cause of all this pother must though its standard falls far short of that have rubbed his eyes to find out if he were embodied in Macaulay's famous schoolboy. awake or dreaming. When a boy or girl is old enough to be in a So much for the incident that has pro- high school, there are some things that have vided us with a text. The subject of “what to be taken for granted by both teachers and children should know” is a large one, and writers of text-books. These people ought to may be viewed from many angles. The be able to assume that the children with whom French, for example, have their ideas about they are concerned know, for example, within it, and the contrast between what they think a century or so, when Socrates and Shake- children (especially girls) should know and speare and Napoleon lived; that Havana is in what they really do know is rather startling. Cuba and the Philippine Islands in the Probably the same condition obtains in other Pacific; that the Great Lakes flow through countries, and with us, but we do not go quite the St. Lawrence into the Atlantic and not so far with the smug pretence that the child- the Atlantic into the Great Lakes; but, as a ish mind mind is uncontaminated with evil matter of fact, our high schools are filled with thoughts. We know too well what sort of children who do not know these things, or things he picks out from the newspapers, others of equally elementary character. There what sort of revealing suggestions he gets is next to nothing that the teacher can take from the popular songs, vaudeville shows, and for granted about their knowledge, and the moving-picture displays, of which his opening text-books placed in their hands are almost and curious intelligence is made free by the invariably above their heads. There ought to indulgence or criminal negligence of his par- be a considerable body of simple knowledge ents. Some of the more portentously serious acquired in childhood by the mere process of among us even take the bull by the horns, absorption, by hearing it talked about, rather and, adopting the false psychology of the than by the painful methods of study; in couplet, reality, a large proportion of our children “ Vice is a monster of so frightful mien, reach high school age without having learned As to be hated, needs but to be seen," anything worth mentioning by this process, while ignoring the couplet that follows, insist and without having retained ten per cent of that it is our duty to bring childhood face to what has been taught them in their earlier face with evil in the bluntest form of state- For this deplorable condition the ment, and seem to believe that the right sort responsibility rests, first, with the lack of any of moral reaction will ensue. Under the spe- stimulus or guidance in the home; second, cious name of "sex hygiene," these misguided with the senseless way in which children are doctrinaires seek to introduce into public edu-passed from stage to stage through the public cation the discussion of subjects that demand school mill without undergoing any real test for their treatment not only the utmost deli- of their capacity for promotion. cacy, but, above all things else, privacy - Taking the example most frequently ad- which qualities are entirely incompatible with duced in illustration of the vacant minds of such a scheme of exploitation. our boys and girls, we find that their ignorance Turning now from the consideration of a of the Bible is simply appalling. Now we precocity which is undesirable, to the consid hold no brief for the Bible as the bulwark of eration of the lamentable ignorance of our any form of religious belief, but we do hold children concerning elementary matters in the a brief for it as an indispensable component stock of common human knowledge, we find of culture. The meanings of history and lit- a condition of things that is absolutely shock erature and ordinary speech are absolutely years. 1914] 485 THE DIAL sealed to the child who is not familiar with sessions and affiliated associations held their the Book which has, beyond all others, pene- meetings, but did not seem to be as much in trated the recesses of the English mind, and evidence as usual.* As a matter of fact the colored every mode of its expression. Yet the whole A. L. A. was not as much in evidence as most commonplace Scriptural allusions evoke when it invades and occupies for a week a whole hotel on a countryside. Even no response in the minds of most children for meeting other librarians, renewing old to-day; they are received merely as meaning- acquaintances and forming new, there was less mystifications, because the soil has never less opportunity even than at Ottawa. How- been prepared for the seed. We do not mean ever, it is to be hoped that the young librarians trifling and tricky matters like those of a embraced the opportunity to see the Library recent questionnaire over which many biblical of Congress and other government libraries students stumbled, but the stories which chil at work and to make themselves acquainted dren would eagerly grasp and safely hold in with the resources at Washington. memory were they only made accessible at the At the general sessions of the Association right time, and imparted with the right touch the usual reports were made, and at the open- ing session the President, Mr. Edwin H. of sympathy. Anderson of New York, delivered the annual What children should know and do not address which already has been noted in these know is a theme upon which every teacher columns. The speaker gave a cursory view of can wax eloquent. And the occasion for such the history of the tariff on books and of the eloquence will continue to exist until we have agitation for its abolishment. He showed the courage to reform our demoralized public very clearly that there can be no argument in educational system altogether, to sweep the favor of this tariff, if it be not that the im- Augean stables clean of kindergarten methods portation of Bibles printed in England might and the fads and fancies of sentimentalism, deprive certain American “manufacturers” and to restore most of the conditions of a of part of their profit and lower the price of this Book - hardly a worthy reason. Mr. generation ago. For the simple and indis- Anderson demonstrated that this particular putable fact is that the old ways produced tariff does not give the national government more substantial results than the new ones any revenue to speak of, does not protect any- now produce, and that without one-half of body who needs protection, and (with the the modern pother and palaver. The home above mentioned exception) is not desired, factor and the school factor are the prime either by publishers or by authors. Verily, elements of the problem, and probably share it is a tariff of stupidity! about equally in the present disgraceful out Mr. Anderson opened his address with the come. The school factor, at least, is in the enumeration of the countries that do not hands of the public, and may be put upon a impose any tariff on books, showing that in rational basis by concerted effort. The home this respect the United States, in spite of its factor must be left to individual parents; if boasts, is on a par with Russia, Brazil, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and some lesser countries. that has gone so far along the downward path Professor J. Franklin Jameson, of the Car- that no return to sane and wholesome ideals negie Institution of Washington, similarly is possible, then our civilization is indeed un opened his paper, 'On the Need of a National done. Archive Building," with a list of names of countries that possess archive buildings. It THE A. L. A. AT THE NATIONAL would seem that in this respect the United CAPITAL. States stands nearly alone. This country has It was predicted that the Washington con- no central repository for its official records. ference of the American Library Association But he has hopes. In Great Britain the would be a sightseeing conference; perhaps first suggestion that such a building be it did not require much prophetic vision to erected was made in 1616, though it was not until 1838 that the Public Record Office was predict it. The programme committee had evi- dently done its part to promote sightseeing by erected in London ; so, if it does not take our cutting down the number of general sessions government any longer to wake up to its needs from five to four, and by planning a pro- in this respect, we might have such a building gramme that would not necessarily attract in the year 2118! In the meantime our manu- great crowds from the rank and file. Still, the * For the papers read at the meetings of the Special Libraries Association I would refer to the June number of general sessions, three of which were held in its organ, ' Special Libraries," which contains advance issues the evening, were fairly well attended. The of them. 486 [June 16 THE DIAL he ܕ script records will rot in cellars, dry up to a Interesting as these addresses were and im- crisp under roofs, disappear from under stair-portant as were the subjects dealt with, the ways, and other open spaces, and lie in ware most notable utterance during the conference houses where nobody knows where anything was undoubtedly the address on "Prestige" is to be found! And the government will go by Mr. W. N. C. Carlton of the Newberry on paying in rent for such warehouses more Library. Prestige, he said, “is an intangible than the interest on the capital needed for the quality the possession of which brings recog- erection of a building large enough to hold nition and power. Its dictionary definition, all its present collections; and soon there will which is “ascendancy based on power, be no room for the officials of the Treasury finds somewhat incomplete. “During the past Department, the Pension Office, the General few years,” Mr. Carlton said, “I have found Land Office, etc., properly to perform their myself asking, Do librarians possess Prestige? duties: all space within the walls of these For what kind of 'ascendancy based on buildings will be filled with documents. This power' are they notable? With what tradi- is the result of what might be called the tions and ideals are they associated in the bureau system of archive management, by public mind of our time? To what extent are which each department, each bureau, each they influencing men and opinions of the office takes care (?) of its own documents. day?” And he is constrained to answer: “I do For example, papers on the government of not feel that we possess an 'ascendancy based territories are scattered so that they cannot on power' of any sort; or that we exert a large be found without a special guide; some of influence on contemporary thought. The these documents have gone to the Library of remedy for this condition he sees in a liberal, Congress; and so far, so good; these are or rather, a humanistic education, a recur- available for public use in a proper manner. rence to the ideal of a “classical” education, But the rest? They are found in the Stygian the subjects being: Greek, Latin, Mathe- darkness of the General Land Office files,” in matics, Modern Languages, Philosophy, His- the Indian Office, the offices of the Adjutant tory, and Literature. It is quite possible to General, of the Inspector General of the U. S. disagree with this choice of subjects, without Army, in the buildings of the State, Interior, denying the fundamental truth of Mr. Carl- and Treasury Departments. In the Treas ton's thesis that “the ancient heritage with ury building several miles of wooden shelv- which the library profession should unmis- ing contain old Treasury papers, closely takably connect itself, and association with packed together and dry as tinder, which up which would give it a lasting prestige, is no to the present time have not succumbed to other than Humanism and the Humanities : spontaneous combustion under our August those precious depositories of what is best in sun. In the basement of the old Corcoran man's past, and matchless instruments for up- Art Gallery is “a body of government records lifting him in the present. “Ideals derived so stored that in a dry season they can be from the Humanities, Mr. Carlton con- consulted by any person wearing rubber over-tinued, “should inspire our daily work; our shoes, while in a wet season they are accessible object should be to inculcate a desire for them by means of some old shutters laid on the in the minds of the people, they should color basement floor." The worst case of all is the every activity with which we are concerned. General Land Office; here we find “a body Unless we make this the very heart and center of archives representing the titles to four of our striving we shall never be other than hundred million acres of formerly public but a petty office-holding class, a bureaucracy em- now private lands, stored in a place, I think, balmed in a dull, uninspiring routine. With- as fit for the purpose as the average libra out Humanistic ideals and learning we can rian's coal cellar." not have prestige truly worthy of our work.' Neglect is not the only or the worst feature Graduates of library schools requiring a of the manner in which invaluable records preliminary education covering the above are kept. “There are half a dozen places in mentioned field, Mr. Carlton believes, would Washington where, if an extensive fire should begin library work with a prestige fully break out, it might in a few hours, by burning equal to that with which the graduates of the up documents with which claims against the Harvard Law School, the Johns Hopkins government are defended, cause the govern- Medical School, the Union Theological School, ment to lose several times the cost of a good the Massachusetts Institute of Technology national archive building." enter upon their several professions. Add Under such circumstances, search and use gifts of personality to this mental equipment, of these records is sometimes impossible and and the individual would inevitably be a always difficult. dynamic influence within the institution or 92 1914] 487 THE DIAL community whose service he enters.” Words prestige in the public mind”; and he added, to ponder for the directors of our library “Great librarianship implies sound scholar- schools. Their graduates do not now possess, ship, and the courage to proclaim the highest nor have they ever, as graduates, possessed intellectual ideals.” It is not enough for a anything near the prestige of the graduates librarian to be a scholar in general, a mere of other professional schools. The reason for The reason for “educated man.' He must “seek by long this is not only lack of mature scholarship in and continuous study to make himself an those who are admitted. authority and recognized expert in some The “classical” curriculum might be varied special branch of knowledge." More than somewhat: it may be said that the “freedom that, librarians should be men who, to quote from convention, the bold experimentation, Mr. Wells again, “will have the knowledge, and the discipline of sanity and good taste" nerve and courage to do splendid dangerous which is said to be the result of the study of things." Greek might be attained just as well from a I have given so much space to consideration study of Greek literature in translations. of Mr. Carlton's address because it carries a Knowledge of Latin would seem to give rather wide application and exemplifies a character- a technical than a cultural equipment, in that istic attitude. It is quite true that in this even a reasonably fair knowledge of it gives country we have no such respect for learn- an understanding of the meaning of many ing as the Germans have, and no such respect technical terms which without some knowledge for literature as characterizes the French." of Latin we would regard as akin to magic | The attitude of too many librarians toward formulas; but the “wide view” which Schop- their calling is only a reflection of the general enhauer claims for the Latinist will surely be attitude of the public toward them, and not attained as well through the study of German. only toward them, but toward the teaching As to modern languages, it is, of course, profession and everything that savors of non- absurd for anyone to take up library work utilitarianism. without a thorough knowledge of German Whether the young librarians of the present and at least some familiarity with French, generation will improve by Mr. Carlton's ex- not only because, as Mr. H. G. Wells says, hortation and turn to the scholarly rather “half the good things of the human mind than toward the executive side of librarian- are outside English altogether," while most ship depends in a large degree on the attitude of the important books of all kinds in other of the chief librarians. In their hands lies languages are to be found in German transla- the power to raise or lower the future stand- tions, but also because the most important ing of real librarianship. professional publications without the knowl- AKSEL G. S. JOSEPHSON. edge of which a librarian can not follow the movements in his profession, are in German. As for history, I would broaden its field to CASUAL COMMENT. include not merely the history of the activities How JACOB RIIS BECAME AN AUTHOR is told of the human race “during holidays and in characteristic manner by Mr. Riis himself workadays, in peace and war," but the his- tory of science, arts, and industry as well. A ing of an American,” a book that now gains in his admirable autobiography, “The Mak- true humanistic education cannot in our days an added interest from the recent lamented omit a knowledge of the advancement of sci- death of its author, the most energetic, re- ence, nor of the progress of the arts, both sourceful, and efficient social worker the city “fine" and "useful." A narrow classical of New York has ever seen, as well as one education, it may be feared, might breed a of the most genuinely eloquent and persua- feeling of contempt for "science" as it is sive speakers and writers of our time. “For usually termed, and for the “useful” arts. more than a year, he says, in the twelfth Not until he has conquered this contempt can chapter of the above-named book, "I had a librarian — or anyone else, for that matter knocked at the doors of the various maga- on himself use Terence's words, “Homo zine editors with my pictures, proposing to sum; humani nihil a me alienum puto.' tell them how the other half lived, but no To those filled with the ambition to become one wanted to know.” Then he names a cer- executives the speaker addressed a warning tain prominent publishing house that "took that a victory of this tendency “would lower to the idea,” but the editor to whom he was what ought to be a learned profession to a sent treated him “very cavalierly.” “Hear- 'line of business' such as that of the departing that I had taken the pictures myself, he ment store or mail order house.” “Utility, proposed to buy them at regular photog- he said, “however excellent, does not carry | rapher's rates and 'find a man who could 488 [ June 16 THE DIAL near write' to tell the story. We did not part with rower of books who always fetches and car- mutual expressions of esteem. I gave up ries them carefully concealed in a market writing for a time then, and tried the church basket; for “in some of the poorer districts doors. That which was bottled up within me reading is looked upon as a luxurious in- was, perhaps, getting a trifle too hot for pendulgence, something for the rich. This is and ink.” He had magic-lantern slides made especially true in the case of the women. A from his negatives, and on February 28, 1888, woman who reads a book or two a week is in the Broadway Tabernacle, he told the story supposed to be lax in her housekeeping — a they illustrated. Thereafter things mended sort of pampered good-for-nothing who neg. somewhat. “I had had my say and felt bet- lects her family duties in order to read worth- ter,” he tells us; and further: “The thing less novels.” This discovery came to the I had sought vainly so long came in the end person here quoted when she noticed the care by another road than I planned. One of the with which a certain poor woman always editors of Scribner's Magazine saw my pic-wrapped and covered the books she borrowed tures and heard their story in his church, and returned, always stowing them out of and came to talk the matter over with me. sight in a basket. “I do it on account of my As a result of that talk I wrote an article that neighbors,” explained the woman when ques- appeared in the Christmas Scribner's, 1889, tioned. “If they knew that I managed to read under the title “How the Other Half Lives, two books every week they'd talk about me, and made an instant impression." In the and the talk would more than likely reach very week of its publication there came a let my husband's ears. They'd think I was n't ter from Miss Gilder, of “The Critic,” ask- doing my duty by him if they saw me coming ing if he had thought of extending his article in and out of the house with books. They'd so as to make a book. If so, she knew a pub-say I could n't feed him right or keep his lisher. After that it was comparatively plain clothes mended. And he might believe it, too. sailing, though the publisher's reader and And so, Miss, I don't say anything at all after him the proofreader came to about it. I just get up early mornings and wrecking the book; but the author joined have my washing and ironing and cleaning battle at first sight of the blue pencil, had all done before some of them are out of their a heart-to-heart talk with the firm, and the beds. And then when I'm going to the store volume was finally printed as it had been or on some other errand, I stop by here and written. In telling the story of its publica- get my books. They'd make my life miserable tion the writer records sundry amusing ex if they knew I was reading a lot. They'd say periences and indulges in occasional sage I was getting above them and thought myself reflections. Of luck he says: “I hear peo- something. Do you blame me for keeping ple saying once in a while that there is no quiet about it? It's my only pleasure, read- such thing as luck. They are wrong. There ing. I don't think I could live without it. is; I know it. It runs in streaks, like acci- It is rather a pathetic story. Pathetic, too, dents and fires. The thing is to get in the in a different way, is the glimpse one gets, way of it and keep there till it comes along, both at this library and at others, of the then hitch on, and away you go. His own human derelicts who use the reading-room in hard experience had taught this sturdily self-other ways than to feed their hunger for lit- reliant, self-made American that “as to bat erature. With no less stealth and artifice than tling with the world, that is good for a young that employed by the woman with the basket, man, much better than to hang on to some they convert the library to their uses as a dor- body for support. A little starvation once mitory, a lunch-room, an intelligence office in a while even is not out of the way. We for those seeking employment (this without eat too much anyhow, and when you have stealth except in the occasional cutting-out of fought your way through a tight place, you help-wanted advertisements from the reading- are the better for it. I am afraid that is not room newspapers), a dressing-room, and, in- always the case when you have been shoved credible though it sounds, a laundry. Truly, through.” As a story of hard-won and highly the public library is the place of all others in honorable success on the part of a poor im which to study both books and human nature, migrant with all the odds apparently against both literature and life. him at the start, Mr. Riis's autobiography is one of the great and lasting books of its kind. TEMPTATIONS TO MISQUOTATION are many, and of diverse character. For example, the SURREPTITIOUS READING is not all done under strict grammarian is sorely tempted to cor- shelter of the school desk. A member of the rect Macbeth when he says, “I'll make assur- Enoch Pratt Free Library staff tells in the ance double sure, and take a bond of fate," Baltimore “Sun” of a certain regular bor- | by substituting the regular form of the ad- 1914) 489 THE DIAL ܕܝ or to SO verb in place of “double.” In the editorial run over once more the long and distinguished columns of a leading metropolitan journal list of near-failures that have ultimately been now open before us the eye catches this sen converted into brilliant successes. The list tence: “The one person who in his heart is all but endless; a few titles, however, will of hearts must be opposed to the spread of occur to any reader, such as “Jane Eyre, civilization is the anthropologist." Probably "John Inglesant,' “East Lynne,” “We not one writer or speaker in a thousand who Two,” “David Harum,” and “The Broad are commonly rather accurate in their quota- | Highway." The late Mr. Arrowsmith, a pub- tions would be found to give Hamlet's exact lisher not often caught napping when writers words in the foregoing familiar phrase. Ham of genius knocked at his door, made one colos- let says, addressing Horatio : "Give me that sal mistake when he rejected the manuscript man that is not passion's slave, and I will of an unknown young man in India and, con- wear him in my heart's core, ay, in my heart ceiving his tone to be a little conceited (which of heart, as I do thee." Obviously the heart's in truth it may have been), refused to have core is the very heart of the heart, not the anything to do with the youth. A later and heart of hearts. The latter is a manifest ab somewhat similar experience with a New York surdity, but, perhaps after the analogy of publishing house did not by any means suffice such phrases as “king of kings,” is the ex to silence the pen of the future author of pression that comes most readily to the lips. “Kim” and “Captains Courageous, Another familiar quotation, "Be it ever so suppress his endeavor to make himself heard humble, there's no place like home,” holds in the great world of books. An interesting out to the careful writer and speaker a temp query prompted by a consideration of such tation to put “never” in place of the illog- | instances as the foregoing is this: How many ical though popularly sanctioned "ever" - a literary masterpieces, thrust with insufficient temptation all the stronger because in John persistence upon the publishers, have perished Clarke's “Paræmiologia” occurs the proverb, | unprinted? “Home is home, though it be never homely." In like manner, the common mis LITERARY EXPRESSION OF THE AMERICAN quotation, “Pride goeth before a fall," may SPIRIT” will by one critic be found in one have won its place in our every-day speech author, by another in another, because no partly by reason of an early familiarity with two will exactly agree as to what really is the proverb (given in Heywood's collection), the American spirit. “the American spirit.” Is it something dash- "Pryde will have a fall.” In Heywood also ing and reckless, like our express trains; or is another well-known saying that is some something spontaneous and original and wil- times misquoted, — “She looketh as butterful, like the supposedly typical American would not melt in her mouth.” It is a rather child; or something vigorous, masterful, self- absurd bit of imagery, but somehow it appeals controlled, like the latest dreadnought added to the fancy and one likes to use it, except to our navy ; or all of these combined; or that it is often difficult to remember whether none of these? The eminent Danish critic, the butter should be represented as melting Dr. Georg Brandes, was lately interviewed or refusing to melt in the mouth of a person in characteristic newspaper fashion before he of certain supposed characteristics. On the had fairly set foot on our shores, and was whole, it is the hope of bettering the original represented as singling out Mr. Jack London that probably causes the greater number of among contemporary American novelists as our misquotations. When we speak, as we are distinctively representative of the American tempted to, of grappling a person to our soul spirit, while places close to him were assigned with "hooks' of steel, we certainly use a to Mr. Upton Sinclair and the late Frank more appropriate word than the authorized Norris. Incidentally Poe was named as the “ hoops. Here, as in many other instances, foremost American poet. It would have been one is torn by conflicting desires, wishing to just as easy and just as natural for Dr. be scholarly and accurate and at the same time Brandes, with his eyes open to certain other vivid and forceful. qualities undeniably possessed by us, to name Mr. Howells as our greatest and most truly OPINIONS THAT ONE WOULD LIKE TO HAVE representative living novelist, and Whitman EXPRESSED DIFFERENTLY are, in not a few in or even Emerson as the true type of the stances, as all the world knows, the opinions American poet. Probably the truth of the of publishers' readers on manuscripts sub matter is that, just as in human experience mitted to their criticism. To the patient vic- whatever is most poignantly and peculiarly tim of repeated rejections it is consoling, in individual in our joys and sorrows turns out those bitter moments that so often follow the to be most universal, so whoever expresses postman's ring or the expressman's call, to himself most faithfully and fearlessly in lit- 490 (June 16 THE DIAL erature will be found to have best expressed Russian, Polish, Italian, Danish, Hebrew, the thought and feeling of the millions within Dutch, and Lithuanian; and the cataloguing reach of his book. In other words, the gen- of these was necessarily more of a task than uine American spirit is not so much a the similar treatment of a like number of En- parochial or provincial spirit as it is one of glish books. Few outsiders realize how many wide and universal appeal. entries a single work may require, whatever its language. Schmidel's "Histoire Véritable DRAMA FOR THE RURAL DISTRICTS is chiefly d'un Voyage Curieux, d'un Voyage Curieux,” for example, called conspicuous by its absence; but the accepta- for fifty-eight cards, under as many headings, ble presentation of good plays by local talent, from the cataloguer, to ensure its greatest use- even in a small town, is not an impossibility fulness to the public consulting the catalogue ; To prove this the North Dakota Agricultural and 5,696 books added to other departments College has turned its attention — a part of than fiction demanded collectively the addi- its attention, rather--to amateur dramatics, tion of 26,132 cards to the catalogue. But the with results as noteworthy in their way as champion trouble-maker seems to have been a the achievements of Harvard and Columbia volume of pamphlets on the Bangorian con- and other large universities in the same de troversy, which necessitated the writing of partment of liberal education. One of the 243 separate cards. Was the book worth it? rooms in its administration building has been equipped with a stage and stage accessories, LORNA DOONE'S NARROW ESCAPE from an and with seats for about two hundred per-early and unmerited oblivion is told by Mr. sons; and here have been successfully pro- T. Herbert Warren, of Magdalen College, duced half a score of plays, such as “Miss Oxford, who contributes an introduction to Civilization, “Cherry Tree Farm,” and “A the “World's Classics” edition of Black- Fatal Message," all short and requiring no more's masterpiece. When the novel was elaborate properties or costumes. Most of the first published, in the day of three-volume actors have been country-bred youths and fiction at the price of a guinea and a half, it maidens, and what they have shown them- naturally took that time-honored form; and selves capable of in this branch of art at the in that form and at that price it found no college is no more than the young folks of large number of purchasers. But the edition almost any rural community could achieve in was at last sold out, and then arose the ques- their own town hall or high school or other tion whether the work should be reissued in public building of moderate size and seating a single volume or gently dropped out of capacity. The city theatre has long been an sight altogether. Finally Mr. Sampson Low attraction luring the young men and women put in a good word for its author: “Black- from their country homes. It is now high more is a good fellow and an old friend. Give time for the country to exert a counter him the benefit of the doubt." Such inci- attraction, which the North Dakota Agricul-dents as this help to confirm belief in the part tural College is trying to show it how to do. that luck and chance, as well as merit, have played and are still playing in the winning of POLYGLOT PUZZLES for the expert cataloguer popular literary success. seem to have presented themselves in plenty at the Brooklyn Public Library during the past year. The accomplished superintendent COMMUNICATIONS. of the cataloguing department of that institu- LANGUAGE OF THE UNLETTERED. tion calls attention, in the library's current (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) Report, to some of the difficulties encountered The article, " The Language of the Unlettered," in handling books in little-known foreign lan- in your issue of May 16, recalls an occurrence of guages. Bibles in strange tongues, about one interest which came to my attention recently. hundred and fifty in number, caused much The proprietor of a small store near a summer- time-consuming labor and research. “To resort hid away among the East Tennessee moun- quote just a few of the languages and dialects: tains was staggered by the demand of a youthful Rarotongan, Greenland, Eskimo, Malay, Ma- “ clod” from the back hills for a " of chew- layalim, Gaelic, Manx, Chinese, Modern Greek, ing-gum. No- a package of gum would not an- Maori, Persian, Bulgarian, Servian, Russian, swer; a race was what he wanted. After prolonged Bhugelkhunda, Manchurian, Mpongwe, Ga, inter-interpretation, the boy's meaning was made clear, and the satisfied “brother to the insensible Tahitian, and many others in the American rock” departed with only a single layer of the Indian dialects and the dialects of India, etc.” desired article. Investigation among the summer The total number of books in foreign lan guests discovered one of professorial acquirements guages added during the year was 2,354, who recalled having seen in some out-of-date including works in Yiddish, German, French, English dictionary the word "race," defined as “a race 1914] 491 THE DIAL 6 that very mio caro, layer, as one layer of soap-cakes in a box," or husband is carried off to a debtor's prison, though words to that effect. in “Marriage” without the connivance of his Now, as the chief point of interest of the story, wife. Henry Douglas, after his release, is sent arises the query: Where did the boy get the away to end his days with a regiment of the line word? The prevalence of English surnames in India, a position secured for him by the in- among those mountain folk would give authority | fluence of his brother-in-law, who has now become to the historic statement that during Revolutionary Earl of Courtland. In “Vanity Fair” the influ- times many of the royalists sought refuge among ence of the Marquis of Steyne sends poor Rawdon the mountains. The word “ race in the above to end his days in the tropical island which Thack- signification may also serve as a pinnacle of eray aptly names Coventry. And in each novel some submerged civilization." the wife, quite at her ease, sends her husband, in MRS. I. S. HEIDT. the midst of his difficulties, a supposedly com- Nashville, Tenn., June 5, 1914. forting letter. Lady Juliana's is short enough to quote entire: “THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS” IN MOVING “ Dearest Henry - I have been received in the PICTURES. kindest manner imaginable by Frederick, and have been put in possession of my old apartments, which (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) are so much altered I should never have known them. In “ Casual Comment,” on page 334 of the April They were furnished by Lady Lindore, who really 16 issue of THE DIAL, in discussing "literary has a divine taste. I long to show you all the delights classics on the moving-picture screen,” the follow- of this abode. Frederick desired me to say that he ing appears: “Perhaps, too, the bíll-boards will expects to see you here at dinner, and that he will some day announce the presentation of Bunyan's take charge of paying all our bills whenever he gets money. Only think of his owing a hundred thousand 'Pilgrim's Progress.?” That prophecy has been ful- pounds, besides all Papa’s and Lady Lindore's debts! filled in Tokio; I have seen the advertisement of I assure you I was almost ashamed to tell him of " classic in the tram cars; and was ours, they sounded so trifling; but it is quite a relief only sorry that I did not have a chance to see the to find other people so much worse. Indeed, I always pictures. E. W. CLEMENT. thought it quite natural for us to run in debt, con- Tokio, Japan, May 9, 1914. sidering that we had no money to pay anything, while Courtland, who is as rich as a Jew, is so ham- pered. I shall expect you at eight, until when, adieu, AN INTERESTING LITERARY RESEMBLANCE. Your Julie. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) “I am quite wretched about you." Has attention ever been called to a resemblance Becky's letter to Rawdon, sent to him in prison, between Thackeray's “ Vanity Fair" and the first is longer, and moister with crocodile's tears: part of Miss Ferrier's “ Marriage "? “Mon pauvre cher petit, Henry Douglas, the hero of this part of “Mar- riage," is, like Rawdon Crawley, a dashing young “I could not sleep one wink for thinking of what had become of my odious old monstre: and only got guardsman. Like Crawley, too, he makes a secret to rest in the morning after sending for Mr. Blench marriage, though in this case with opposition more (for I was in a fever), who gave me a composing from the bride's people than the bridegroom's. draught and left orders with Finette that I shoulă The Douglases, like the Crawleys, establish them be disturbed on no account. So that my poor old selves after a while in London. The wife is man's messenger . remained in the hall for socially ambitious; the couple live far beyond some hours waiting my bell. You may fancy my state their means. Financial ruin follows, and then when I read your poor dear old ill-spelt letter. “Ill as I was, I instantly called for the carriage, separation. In each case the woman is more to and as soon as I was dressed ...I drove ventre blame than the man. à terre to Nathan's. I saw him — I wept - I cried Though there are these resemblances between I fell at his odious knees. Nothing would mollify the stories, there are also differences. Henry the horrid man. He would have all the money, he Douglas's wife, Lady Juliana, is a silly woman; said, or keep my poor monstre in prison. I drove Becky Sharp emphatically is not. Becky is home with the intention of paying that triste visite socially ambitious because, having no position at chez mon oncle (when every trinket I have should be all, her only way to get one is to conquer it. The at your disposal .) and found Milor there who had come to compliment me upon last night's position of Lady Juliana Douglas, daughter of performances. . . the Earl of Courtland, is assured; she wishes to “I went down on my knees to Milor; told him shine in society because she is too frivolous to have we were going to pawn everything, and begged and other ambitions. Her debts accumulate because prayed him to give me two hundred pounds. He she has no idea of the value of money; whereas pish'd and psha'd in a fury - told me not to be such Becky's grow because she knows the value of a fool as to pawn — and said he would see whether he money - that is, ready money — much too well to could lend me the money. At last he went away, waste it in paying bills that may in any way be promising that he would send it me in the morning; when I will bring it to my poor old monster with a put off. And in “Marriage” there is no Lord kiss from his affectionate Stevne. Becky. But these differences are not so striking as the “I am writing in bed. Oh, I have such a head-' ache and such a heartache!” resemblances, which once or twice are remarkable even in detail. In both novels the matrimonial These letters differ not so much in spirit as in crash is coincident with the financial. In both the the greater brilliancy of Mrs. Rawdon Crawley's. . 492 (June 16 THE DIAL or In both are the same sort of protestation, the and even today is regarded by the Russians as the same reference to irrelevant matters, the same greatest English poet. Of the two Irishmen, Moore affectation of foreign phrase (to be sure, in the and Goldsmith, Goldsmith is certainly the greater, one Italian, in the other French), the use of the though he wrote as an Englishman. nickname in the signature, and finally the signifi Among our own poets those who have followed cant postscripts: “I am quite wretched about the English tradition have enjoyed the greatest you.” “I am writing in bed. Oh, I have such a popularity and the greatest reputation, not only headache and such a heartache!" at home, but abroad. Poe, to be sure, is an excep- If all of these resemblances are the result of tion to this rule, but though Poe was not English, coincidence, it is remarkable enough to be noted. he was not American either. He had more sym- But may they not be more? Thackeray, we know, pathy with the French manner of thought than he was an eager novel-reader; and it is but natural had with either the English or the American, and that traces of his reading should appear in what he it is only natural that the French should have been wrote. The death of Colonel Newcome is reminis- the first to appreciate his genius. Bret Harte was cent of the death of Leatherstocking in “ The an American poet. So was Field, and so is Riley; Prairie,” whom Thackeray as late as when he but can any of these be ranked with Longfellow? was writing the “Roundabout Papers,” thought Among our prose writers Washington Irving one of the great prize-men of fiction.” Was and Mark Twain represent the two extremes, and Thackeray in some period of his reading so deeply it is safe to say that Irving will outlast Twain, impressed by Miss Ferrier's “Marriage” that for Mark Twain is not representative of the America of to-day; he is, rather, representative of conscious unconscious reminiscences of it the America of the sixties, seventies, and eighties. appear in “ Vanity Fair”? If such is the fact, at But Irving represents the traditions of English least it is not widely known by people who write literature. He wrote for all men and for all histories of literature or biographies of Thackeray. times. His humor does not depend upon current G. H. MAYNADIER. customs or current jests for its point. Now, what Harvard University, June 8, 1914. is true of prose writers in this regard is also true of poets. The poet who aims to represent his own country in his own day, speaking only to his AMERICAN POETS AND ENGLISH countrymen, is doomed to neglect in the future. TRADITIONS. His interest for posterity is purely antiquarian. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) The writer of the article in “Poetry and A reviewer in a recent number of “ Poetry and Drama " is mistaken in supposing that the resem- Drama," the English quarterly, berates certain blance of American poetry to English poetry is American poets because, as he says, they are imi- due to servile imitation. Americans are taught tative; they write to fit the English standards English literature before they are taught American and there is nothing distinctively American in literature, and they are trained to regard the their works. For this reason, he declares, America latter as being merely a continuation of the produces no great poetry. Is this a fair criticism? former. As long as American writers are grounded And is it true that poetry, to be great, must be in English literature (and God help us if the national? time ever comes when they will not be!) they Looking back upon English literature, we find will continue to write much like the English, and but few English poets who could be called typi- 1 of the standard English authors, the more nearly the more nearly their work approaches the work cally English. Shakespeare, the greatest of all, that work conforms to the ideal which they have chose foreign scenes and foreign stories for most of his plays, and even in those plays in which the always before their eyes. Our whole life is colored by English traditions. We not only begin our scene was laid in England, he did not deal with the England of his own day. Chaucer, perhaps, English history, but our clothing is English cloth- reading with English books and our history with was English, but this is not the reason why his ing, our law is English law, and our customs are poetry appeals to us today. Spenser was not chiefly English customs. We have taken from English; he was Norman-French in his atmosphere. other races practically nothing but people. We Dryden, Pope, and all of the classical and meta- are, in short, transplanted Englishmen, and though physical poets modelled their work upon that of our population is largely made up of people from the Greeks and the Romans. Byron was so un other countries, these are Anglicized in the second English that the English could not endure to have generation, having Shakespeare for their premier him in England. Keats and Shelley were surely poet and King Alfred for their earliest boyhood not typical Englishmen. Scott was more English hero. It would be absurd to expect us to be than Scottish. Burns stands alone as the national totally unlike the English in our literature. Robert poet of Scotland, and for that reason, perhaps, Louis Stevenson lived in the South Seas, but he has been rated greater than he might have been was not therefore expected to write like a South had he had rivals. But Burns is not read by any Sea Islander. Neither should the English expect but English-speaking people, and his reputation us to evolve a unique literature in a country which scarcely penetrates beyond the boundaries of was inhabited by savages four hundred years ago. English-speaking countries, whereas Byron has en- ROBERT J. SHORES. joyed a vogue in Germany, in France, in Italy New York, June 3, 1914. 1914) 493 THE DIAL me a con- The New Books. convictions and could never quite decide what they ought to think about his work, the following passage is significant. Whitman AN AGED POET IN HIS DAILY TALK.* speaks : “ 'It is with The Literary World much as with With more than Boswellian faithfulness Mr. The Tribune: they occupy the same comparative Horace Traubel reports his revered master's position. For instance, let me give you a case. daily talk and minutest actions in a third Whitelaw Reid — I have spoken to you of it volume under the now familiar title, “With was, years ago, exceedingly well disposed towards Walt Whitman in Camden.” The period cov towards Leaves of Grass, it was said, too: ered by the nearly six hundred ample pages greatly so: personally he was always very kind of the book is but half a year, and five days to me. When I was in New York -- the trip over, so that no reasonable reader will com- seven or eight years ago — he called on me, put plain of insufficient industry on the reporter's a cab at my disposal: was courteous in that way, part. It must be added, however, that con- in other ways: I was lame: he respected it. Yet in spite of this apparent good feeling, when siderable space is occupied by the many letters the change in ownership came Reid's father-in- printed from the poet's correspondence. The law becoming a heavy owner — - the stock running time of this intimate intercourse between into a million or millions, I should say Whitman and his disciple falls in the spring ference of the staff was called: it was decided that and early summer of 1888 and, after an inter the paper should pursue a certain policy: that val of three and one-half months, in the any tendency towards too great a freedom - autumn and winter of that and the following social, sexual, religious freedom - should be year. frowned down, should not be encouraged: that the In this most truthful biography in the Mrs. Grundyisms should be cultivated — the con- language, as it has been called, there is no ventional, traditional, appealed to. He knew this doubt that we have Walt Whitman drawn to was not a novel procedure.' 'I was informed the very life, with no previous posing of the that among other things it was asked how Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, the man, his writings, subject for his portrait. Every page of the were to be treated. It was then settled that Reid's book makes this apparent, as where we open favorability should be toned down greatly — that at random and read : while nothing should be said absolutely adverse, “W. suddenly took a notion to get up. I neither should anything positive be said in the helped him to the chair. His legs are little good. way of applause.' He leans heavily on you. Yet he on his own In the selections from Whitman's wide cor- plane is comfortable just now. One thing is respondence we note especially letters from gone utterly and forever my agility,' he said A. Bronson Alcott, Mr. John Burroughs, Mr. as we walked across the room. Sat down. Stirred the fire. 'I will get you to hand me the poker,' ward Dowden, John Hay, Lord Houghton, Edward Carpenter, Moncure D. Conway, Ed- he said. Then worked for fully ten minutes likes it — with the embers, talking meanwhile Joaquin Miller, William M. Rossetti, Mr. leisurely and at perfect ease. Turned up light, Frank B. Sanborn, Charles Warren Stoddard, too: brushed his hair back from his face and John Addington Symonds, John T. Trow- brow. Did he nap it always so in the evening as bridge, and John Russell Young. Letters and Ed said? •No: I have no rule: I live, move, other writings of Whitman's are also given just as the spirit directs.' He had read some- in abundance, in a few instances in facsimile. where of Humboldt's informal mode of life while in Paris — eating, sleeping, etc., not by hours, Mr. Traubel has some light thrown on it by The relation existing between Whitman and but by instinct. W. liked the idea." In this there is, of course, much more of the the following inscription in a copy of the minute and unsparing fidelity of the photo poet's complete works presented by the author graph than of the broader treatment of the to his future literary executor (or, more accu- portrait-painter; but as we are at perfect rately, co-executor): liberty either to take it or leave it there is * To Horace Traubel no occasion for adverse criticism. Whatever from his friend the author else may be said, there is material here, in WALT WHITMAN abundance, for the future portrait-painter of & my deepest heartfelt thanks go with it to H T an undeniably picturesque subject. in getting this book out — it is his book in a sense for I have been closely imprisoned & pros- As an example illustrating how Whitman trated all the time (June to December 1888) by was repeatedly falling into and out of favor with critics who lacked the courage of their sickness & disability — & H T has managed it all for me with copy, proofs, printing, binding, &c. * WITH WALT WHITMAN IN CAMDEN. (March 28-July The Volume, & especially November Boughs' & 14, 1888.) (November 1, 1888-January 20, 1889.) By the portraits, could not now be existing formu- Horace Traubel. Illustrated. nerley. lated as here, except thro’ his faithful & loving New York: Mitchell Ken- 494 [June 16 THE DIAL kindness & industry, daily, unintermitted, unre flights — the latest plays — in which the breadth munerated- “W W Dec: 1888-" is so great — so unmistakably phenomenal. But he must still state his dissent even from S. A letter from Edward Dowden, written in 'Shakespeare, however, is gloomy, looks upon the Dublin in 1871, closes thus: “We have heard people with something like despair: does so espe- that Mr. Tennyson has asked you to come to cially in his maturer plays: seems to say: after him. I hope you will come. And if to En all the human critter is a devil of a poor fellow — gland — to Ireland too. And if to Ireland, full of frailties, evils, poisons — as no doubt he would you not come to this house if you had is if you concentrate your light on that side of him not pleasanter quarters? Your welcome, at consent that this, this alone, is the man least, would be very sincere.” Commenting are determined to take the pessimistic view. But his own deep impressions run counter to such on Dowden's cordial friendliness toward him, lack of faith." Whitman said: It is a richly human and also somewhat " " I confess men like Dowden, Rossetti, Symonds tenderly pathetic picture Mr. Traubel has (there are others too of the same stamp) surprise given us of the aged and physically failing me -- almost upset my applecart: they are schol- poet. These chapters seem rather superior to ars, in certain ways classicists, yet they are the promptest sort possible in analyzing and rightly nity and seemly reserve in their presentation the earlier ones in a certain increase of dig- estimating new things: it seems natural for men like O'Connor, like Ingersoll, to like me: they are of the poet's daily doings and informal chats; my kind through and through: but those other not that there is any apparent curtain of fellows have been trained in other schools — as a concealment or any perceptible trimming of rule we expect, in fact get, other things from the homely actualities, but there is something them. Thank God I don't have to solve all the less of undignified unrestraint than seemed to mysteries: I am satisfied to have Dowden's love, make itself felt in the first volume. The whole satisfied for him to have my love, without trying story goes along, as the poet said, “with the to match pennies with him." history of those times — with the fortuitous From bits of talk so fragmentary and mis career of 'Leaves of Grass. In its pictorial cellaneous and, necessarily, so frequently of equipment of likenesses, early and late, of a rather unimportant nature, it is difficult to Walt Whitman and some of his friends, the select for quotation passages of a striking book does not disappoint expectation, though character and at the same time suitable for the rough plaster model of the sitting poet the purposes of such a review as this. Flashes chosen for reproduction in the frontispiece of truth and gleams of beauty and poetry suggests rather an amorphous mass of putty light up the page here and there, but it is all or clay than a close likeness of Walt Whit- so disjointed and informal - Só faithful to man. The index of proper names proves the reality of the unpremeditated give and itself a useful and generally reliable way. take of every-day conversation - that a re finder to the miscellaneous wealth of material viewer is at a loss how best to make the qual- | in the preceding pages. Our present parting ity of the book apparent to the reader without with the poet leaves him with three years and being guilty of inadvertent misrepresentation more of life before him. Shall we have still or incurring the charge of doing less than further chapters from this sunset period ? justice to the author. Among references to PERCY F. BICKNELI.. men of note whom Whitman had met in his goings and comings, we find more than one mention of Lincoln, of whom he declared that there never had been a good portrait, “never THE HEART OF SHAKESPEARE'S MYSTERY.* a real portrait: there were certain ones of us agreed on that." But, when asked the But, when asked the Of books and essays on Shakespeare's Son- reason, he could not tell, “none of us could: nets the cry is “still they come”; and if they all we knew was, it was not there: had we added even a jot to our knowledge of the poet seen it, had it been there, we should have or threw the faintest ray of light on the been mighty happy, you can well believe.' many enigmas associated with those one hun- He spoke of Lincoln's “wonderful reserve, dred and fifty-four poems, we should be restraint, of expression — fine nobility staring amongst the first to say, “Damn'd be him at you out of all that ruggedness." In a who first cries, 'Hold, enough!'” But the mood of self-appraisal Whitman is reported two latest books dealing with the subject can- as saying: not, even by the widest stretch of the imag- “ 'I feel that at many points, in essentials, I • MISTRESS DAVENANT. The Dark Lady of Shakespeare's share the Shakespearean quality - except, he Sonnets. By Arthur Acheson. Chicago: Walter M. Hill. THE SONNETS OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. New Light and apologized —' of course' - here again a reflect- Illustrated. ing moment — as to the last point — the highest New York: Old Evidence. By the Countess de Chambrun. G. P. Putnam's Song. 1914] 495 THE DIAL ination, be said to have contributed anything sequently drawn into the quarrel which of value to the solution of any one of the per- developed into the so-called "Poetomachia” plexing problems that we associate with the or “war of the theatres." It was in the sonnets and their cryptic dedication. After interests of this feud that, according to Mr. à careful study of the two volumes, we are Acheson, Roydon published the “Avisa” as far as ever from knowing when and to under the pseudonym of “Henry Willoby.' whom the Sonnets were written, who the Those not acquainted with this poem may be poet's “friend” was, who the Dark Lady who interested to know that it is an account of enthralled Shakespeare's heart was, why the the licentious wooing of Avisa, a simple, pious, poems were published without their author's beautiful country maid of low birth and hum- supervision, how Thomas Thorpe obtained ble estate, by several sorts and conditions of them for publication, how they came to be men, all of whose suits she scornfully rejects. arranged as they are, who the rival poets In the second half of the poem one "H. W., were, etc. It may be said without fear of Henry Willoby himself, after some advice by contradiction that satisfactory solutions to his familiar friend “W. S.," attempts the these riddles would go a great way to clear seduction of Avisa, who is now married, and up the mystery surrounding the man Shake is repulsed. The initials “W. S." and speare and to throw interesting and valuable “H. W.” are responsible for the identification light on some of his other poems. of these two characters with Henry Wriothesly Mr. Arthur Acheson sets himself the task and William Shakespeare. of "demonstrating" the following proposi The burden of Mr. Acheson's book is that tions: that the long poem “Willobię his if he can prove that Roydon, the anonymous Avisa," published in 1594, had a satirical in- | author of “An Elegie, or Friends Passion tention regarding Shakespeare and Henry for his Astrophell" (1595), wrote the pseu- Wriothesly, the Earl of Southampton; that donymous “Willobie his Avisa, or the true “Henry Willobie” was a pseudonym adopted Picture of a modest Maid and of a chast and by Matthew Roydon, the intimate friend and constant wife,” it must follow that this poem associate of the poet Chapman; that the Dark is a satire on the drama of love and betrayed Lady of the Sonnets was Jane, the wife of friendship unfolded in Shakespeare's Son- John Davenant, an innkeeper at Oxford; that nets, and that Avisa is Mistress Jane Dave- the Sonnets were private epistles written to nant, “H. W.” (cantos 48 to the end) is the Earl of Southampton and to Mrs. Dave Henry Wriothesly and “W. S.” (cantos 45 nant, and were not intended for publication and 47) is William Shakespeare. Let us say and sale; that they were written between the at once that not only does Mr. Acheson fail years 1592-3 and 1598-9; that they are in to prove his proposition, but that he does not complete and out of their sequential and even create the suspicion of a likelihood that chronological order; that some of them are Roydon had anything to do with the author- not by Shakespeare; "that the Sonnets were ship of “Willobie his Avisa." We read much obtained and published surreptitiously by per- of evidence” in Mr. Acheson's book, but of sonal enemies of our poet, in the endeavor to that commodity we find not enough to choke revamp an old scandal which was first circu a daw withal. And yet Mr. Acheson has lated in 1594.” As corollaries to these prop reasons, pretty ones, for his conclusions. ositions, Mr. Acheson sets up a large number (1) Roydon had the habit of publishing of bold assertions not one of which has a par- anonymously or pseudonymously; "Henry ticle of evidence to support it. He begins with Willoby, ” it is generally conceded, was not the statements that some time about 1594 the the author of the poem; “Hadrian Dorrell,'' Earl of Southampton had shown Shakespeare the self-styled editor of the poem, is probably some signal favor and that Chapman, with a pseudonym; hence (!) Roydon is Henry his eyes on the young Earl's liberal purse, Willoby alias Hadrian Dorrell. (2) In style, sought to ingratiate himself with him by sub-metre, language, figures of speech, etc., Wil- mitting to him for his patronage the "Hymns loby's “Avisa” exhibits the same character- to the Shadow of Night”; that Shakespeare istics as does Roydon's “Elegie"; hence read this poem and prevailed on Southamp- Roydon wrote the "Avisa.” A single reading ton to refuse sponsorship for it, and that of these two productions will convince anyone thereupon Chapman conspired with Roydon, with even only half an ear for poetry that the to whom he dedicated the rejected poem, to "Avisa" and the “Elegie" could not have disrupt Shakespeare's relations with his pa- emanated from the same pen. Mr. Acheson's tron and, by means of new matter, to win parallel passages would move an Egyptian Southampton's favor for themselves. After mummy to laughter - could it read English. this it was war between Shakespeare, Chap- The “Avisa” is in many respects poetry of man, Roydon, and others who were sub a high order; whereas the "Elegie" is the 496 (June 16 THE DIAL wretched, stilted, artificial contrivance of a scene of action of the poem must have been stupid and unimaginative versifier. (3) Mr. Oxford (because the poem is dated from that Acheson has a very naive way of assigning all place), and because there were scandalous “poems" written toward the end of the six stories afloat about Sir William Davenant teenth century in stanzas of six iambic tetra- being Shakespeare's bastard son (Mr. Acheson meter (not “pentameter”) verses, rhyming rejects this story, because it conflicts with his ababcc, to Roydon; and inasmuch as "Avisa dating of the Sonnets, but retains the scan- is so written it must, according to Mr. Ache-dal). The objections to this identification are son, have been written by Roydon. It is numerous. Shakespeare's sweetheart was not really amusing to see how Mr. Acheson accom a beauty, according to the Elizabethan ideal, plishes this feat. “A new Sonet of Pyramus was not clever or witty, was not an innkeeper's and Thisbie” (1584) is subscribed “I. Thom- wife, was not poor and of low estate, and her son, ” and inasmuch as Shakespeare may have busband's name was “William.” From in- glanced at this poem in “Midsummer Night's ternal evidence it is certain that Avisa in 1594 Dream,” Mr. Acheson finds it perfectly evi was at least thirty years of age (she was mar- dent that “I. Thomson” was one of Roydon's ried at twenty and had been married some pseudonyms. “The Sturdy Rock" (1596), a nine years when assailed by her post-nuptial little poem by “M. T.," written in the verse wooers), exactly Shakespeare's age, and we above described, he attributes without any have good reason to believe that the Dark hesitation to Roydon because he knows of no Lady was much younger than the poet. And poet with these initials and because “M. T." it is almost certain that the Davenants were may be a misprint for "M. R.” So, too, not married as early as 1585, the year of “Penelope's Complaint” (1596), by “Peter Avisa's marriage. Avisa's marriage. It is certain, therefore, Colse," must be by Roydon because “Peter that Avisa was not the Dark Lady, Mrs. Dave- Quince" is, to Mr. Acheson, a parody of nant was not Avisa, and the Dark Lady was "Peter Colse," and Shakespeare must have not Mrs. Davenant. had Roydon on the brain while writing “A In a supplementary pamphlet, "A Woman Midsummer Night's Dream." A MS. play in Coloured Ill," Mr. Acheson gravely an- Latin on Pyramus and Thisbie in the Brit nounces, in absolute confirmation of his ish Museum is attributed to “N. R.”; and of theories, some very important recent Shake- course this too must be Roydon, the N stand spearean "discoveries. First, that a certain ing “for Nathaniel, the more classic form | Professor Bang has discovered that in Spen- of Matthew.' “The Shepherd's Slumber" ser's “Colin Clout's Come Home' “Rosa- (1600), a composition of considerable poeti- linde” is an anagram for “Els Roiden” (sic), cal excellence to which Shakespeare alludes, a sister of Matthew Roydon of whose exis- subscribed “Ignoto,” is also attributed to tence we have no record; second, that “Ha- Roydon, although it bears absolutely none of drian Dorrell” is an anagram for “Harrolld the earmarks of his invention. There is more (sic,= herald) Roidan”; third, that “Vigi- of this kind of stuff, but one who has not been lantius Dormitanus”? (the signature to the convinced by these arguments will not be by poem prefixed to “Willobie his Avisa”') is an those we omit. anagram for "Vigilant Mt. Roidan." Not to The evidence to prove Mrs. Jane Davenant be outdone by Professor Bang, Mr. Acheson the poet's dark-eyed and dark-haired siren is quite accidentally “discovered that the first of a quality with that proving Roydon the thirteen letters ("In Lavine Land t”) in the author of “Avisa." To save any possible first verse of this introductory poem are an reader the depressing task of hunting out Mr. anagram for “Ill In (=Jn=Jane) Dave- Acheson's reasons we shall summarize them. nant’!! If we remember that Shakespeare Avisa is beautiful, clever and witty; she was applied the word “ill” to the Dark Lady married to an innkeeper (one of her wooers it follows that Mr. Acheson's theories are asks for wine and her house displays the badge “proved.” It may be only a trifling coinci- of St. George); her initials are given as dence, but it is at least curious, that in Spen- “A. D.” (it was very unkind of Mistress ser's “Rosalinde” I “discovered” “Ros Davenant that her name did not begin with Daniel,” an actual personality, the sister of an A; but Mr. Acheson gets around this very the poet Samuel Daniel, and that in "Hadrian neatly: A is the initial letter of “Avisa" or Dorrell" I discovered, also quite accidentally, "avis,” a bird; a Mr. Byrd is mentioned in Ilarrrold Daniel.” The three growling r's John Davenant's will; the word “bird” is in “Harrrold” (=herald) are really no objec- always spelled with a capital B in "Avisa” tion to the anagram; on the contrary, their - it is not, but Mr. Acheson says it is,- hence presence is a very subtle way of informing the A stands for "Byrd," which must have posterity that in publishing the wickedness of been Mrs. Davenant's maiden surname!); the English ladies to the world, Daniel, whom we ܕܙ 1914) 497 THE DIAL was . must now consider the author of “Avisa," was later output); that “an old tradition” iden- performing a dog-like office. It strikes me tifies the Earl of Southampton with the youth that Mr. Acheson's anagram would gain tre of the Sonnets (this “identification' mendously in value if we substitute John" first made by Drake in 1817); that the poet instead of "Jane' for the "In." The change was one of ten children; that John Shake- would explain why so many men expected to speare had difficulty in supporting his family; overcome Avisa's virtue, why her husband that several editions of “Venus and Adonis' nowhere interferes, why “H. W." assures her were printed in 1593; that the critics do not (canto 53) that her husband is “, a worthlesse read Shakespeare; that the "first Eliza- thing that no way can that pleasure bring bethan sense of the word “begetter' is 'one your flowring yeares desire to find," and it who procured documents for publication'" makes her resistance to their love suits the (the New English Dictionary records no such more commendable; besides, it is not at all definition); that “all comparative analytical likely that she would have been wooed so criticism places the date of composition of the ardently and persistently, or that she would earliest Sonnets contemporaneously with the have had the physical strength to resist her publication of publication of Venus and Adonis'' ; that the suitors, had she been ill. It will surely prove “Passionate Pilgrim” contained three “son- a task congenial to Mr. Acheson's talents to nets” from “Love's Labor's Lost”; that ferret out the nature of Avisa's husband's “Willobie his Avisa” was ordered out of illness. print because it was libellous to some great person (this is only one of Mr. Acheson's After the perusal of Mr. Acheson's book, the guesses); that there are more than a hun- Countess de Chambrun's study is almost posi- dred pages" to Willoby's “Avisa" (there are tively pleasurable. Her publishers have co only seventy-seven pages to the first edition); operated with her in producing a large and that “H. W." in the "Avisa” is “a dissolute attractive volume by a liberal supply of blank nobleman” (he is described as a new actor”; pages, wide margins, large print, and an the dissolute nobleman wooes her before her abundance of portraits (some of which are marriage); that H. W.'s verses “always" end not at all germane to the matter). Although with Italian phrases; that Willoby exclaims the ostensible purpose of the book seems to against the wickedness of the world “in a have been to discuss and rearrange the Son note” (this occurs in a long introductory nets and to prove Mrs. Davenant to be Shake apology to the 1596 edition; the Countess, speare's Dark Lady, the Countess also reprints we fear, has not even examined the “Avisa”); Rowe's Life of Shakespeare, discusses the that H. W.'s verses in cantos 44 to 46 were Baconian theory, Shakespeare's legal knowl the lines that were censored out of press; edge and religious convictions, and gives us that Mr. Acheson “has proved” that the liberal extracts from Stowe's “Annals,” Row- Davenants’ Inn bore the ensign of the Cross land Whyte's correspondence, John Aubrey's of St. George in 1594 ; that when Shakespeare “Lives,” etc. returned to Stratford he “lifted the mort- For a book that pretends to offer a serious gages from his father's property” (there were scientific contribution to the study of the none to be lifted); that all the rival poets are most perplexing literary problems concerning satirized in “Love's Labor Lost’; that actors Shakespeare, the volume now under review were then “denied the privilege of Christian is marred by an exceedingly large number of burial”; that the Shakespeare coat of arms wholly inexcusable errors of fact. It is not was granted under James I. (it was granted true that Massey was "the pioneer Sonnet in 1596); that Minto and Acheson identify critic”; that Lee is the “generally accepted “Marlowe, Chapman, Greene, Nashe and authority on the time of Shakespeare''; that Florio" as the rival poets (especially as Rowe's Life is “the chief source from which Greene was dead before the Sonnets were we draw our knowledge of the poet and his written and Florio was not a poet); that works” (Rowe is not the independent author- according to "an old tradition" Holofernes ity for a single fact concerning Shakespeare) ; is drawn on the pattern of Florio (the “tra- that the Countess has found “much that is dition" had its origin in the horrible imagin- new” concerning the Sonnets (she has not en ings of Warburton); that Shakespeare used riched our knowledge by a single fact); that his art to shape the political destinies of Dowden's views coincide with hers on the England; that Fulman's is the earliest bio- arrangement of the Sonnets; that Shake graphical record of Shakespeare (he was pre- speare's character is to be found only in his ceded by Fuller, Aubrey, and Ward); that early poems and comedies (a poet can never Dyce is the only Shakespearean commentator eliminate himself from his work, though it sincere enough to mention Fulman's state- may be more difficult to discover him in his ment that the poet died a Papist (many 498 (June 16 THE DIAL mention and discuss it); that the Earl of Pem the Lord's "Honourable Disposition,' not on broke would never have been accounted beau his love, for the acceptance of the new poem. tiful (we have the positive testimony of There is absolutely no reason why a poet Francis Davison that he was beautiful), etc., might not pledge his love and duty to each etc. It is quite evident that very little re new patron just as a lover to a new love. The liance can be placed in the Countess's state fact that the poet employs some words and ments in matters pertaining to Shakespeare, ideas in Sonnet 26 that occur in the 1594 and that she lacks the fundamental pre- dedication, apart from the fact that love and requisite of sound scholarship - accuracy of duty are conventionally mated, would rather detail — without which all the superstructure show that they were not addressed to the same topples to the ground. person. Even if Shakespeare did pledge him- The Countess's identification of the Fair self to dedicate all his future work to one Youth of the Sonnets with the Earl of South- patron that did not impose on him the obliga- ampton rests upon the following grounds: tion of making that patron the object of his that in the dedication prefixed to the “Rape love and the subject matter of his poems. For of Lucrece" Shakespeare pledged all his the truth is that the Fair Youth was not the future literary work to Southampton; that poet's “patron," but his love. Besides, the Sonnet 26 is only a rhapsodized paraphrase Sonnets are in many respects wholly inap- of the 1594 dedication; that the “W. H.” of plicable to Southampton. There is nothing Thorpe's sphinx-like dedication to the Son in them to show that the youth was the only 'nets are only the initials of Southampton in son of a widow. In the judgment of many reversed order for the purpose of disguise; excellent Shakespearean scholars a much bet- that the physical charms of the patron are ter case can be made out for William Herbert. those of the young Earl; that, like the Fair The first folio (1623) was dedicated to him; Youth, Southampton was "the only son of a he prosecuted the poet and his works with widowed mother”; that the rival poets "can favor; he was beautiful and dissipated; many be identified with men who eagerly sought poets sought his patronage and dedicated their Southampton's favor"; that the subject mat books to him; he was averse to marriage; ter of the Sonnets pertains to incidents in the initials of his name are those of Thorpe's Southampton's career, e. g., refusal to marry dedicatee; if Shakespeare needed a living Elizabeth Vere, his dissipated life, his mar model for some of his romantic heroes Pem- riage to Elizabeth Vernon, his liberation from broke would have answered the purpose as prison; that Shakespeare's heroes, Hal, well as Southampton; etc. From the so-called Romeo, Bassanio, Benedick, and Florizel, are “Will Sonnets" it is certain that the Chris- all one and the same and all that one Henry tian name of the youth beloved of Shakespeare Wriothesly, and the Desdemonas and Ophelias was William, and this alone is sufficient to are Elizabeth Vernon; that the testimony of disprove the Southampton theory, though of Rowe, “a contemporary” (!), shows that course it does not establish the contention of Shakespeare and Southampton were friends; the Herbertists. To my thinking neither that “Willobie his Avisa” is a satire on the Herbert nor Wriothesly was the fair youth Sonnet drama and that “the dissolute young of the Sonnets, the master-mistress of Shake- nobleman Harry W." who there wooes Avisa speare's passion, the object of his sublimated is Henry Wriothesly; that Shakespeare fre- homosexuality. Who he was we may never quently alludes to tennis, a game at which know, and it does not much matter whether Southampton was adept, and often quotes from Florio, Southampton's Italian tutor! Like Mr. Acheson, the Countess tries to Most of these "proofs," which the Countess prove that Mrs. Davenant was the Dark Lady considers sufficiently good evidence to be ad- of the Sonnets. There are ten counts in her missible in a court of law, are of too trivial indictment of the wealthy Oxford vintner's and light a nature to merit serious considera- wife. (1) Anthony à Wood records that tion. The 1594 dedication is a purely formal Mrs. Davenant"was a very beautiful woman, and conventional epistle repeating the phrases of good wit and conversation very agreeable, of self-depreciation and exaggerated praises and that Shakespeare "frequented” her house of the dedicatee that we find in the “Venus in his journeys between London and Strat- and Adonis” dedication and in other dedi- , ford. (2) At the age of eleven William Dave- cations to noble patrons; both bear the for nant wrote an ode on Shakespeare's death. mal address to the “Right Honourable Henry (3) A mid-seventeenth century wit ridiculed Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton and Baron Sir William's pretensions to noble Norman Titchfield,” and both are subscribed “in all descent by remarking that remarking that “every "every one dutie.” In the second dedication the poet knows that d'Avonant comes from Avon. speaks of his love and duty, but he relies on (4) Oldys records that one day when young we do. 1914] 499 THE DIAL William Davenant was running to see his with Mr. Acheson and Professor Minto, the "godfather Shakespeare'' he was admonished Countess devotes her talents to “proving" not to take the name of God in vain. (5) Sir that John Florio - one of the most versatile William's vanity permitted him to give his Englishmen of his day - was the original of contemporaries the impression that he was the pedant "Holofernes." Her main argu- Shakespeare's son. (6) Aubrey heard Parson ment is the strange coincidence," discovered Robert Davenant, William's elder brother, say accidentally, that the letters H-o-1-0-f-e-r-n-e-s that he had received a hundred kisses from can be arranged so as to spell“ John Florio"! Shakespeare. (7) The description of the To get this wonderful result she, with hostess of the Crown Inn tallies with that of the liberty accorded to all anagrammatists, the hostess in the “Comedy of Errors” (“A changes “Holofernes” to “Hioloferne" and wench of excellent discourse, pretty and witty, then omits an o and an i and inserts two e’s! wild, and yet too gentle”). (8) The Garrick Holofernes has, as we know, also been identi- bust of Shakespeare was discovered (in 1845) fied with Curate Hunt, Thomas Jenkins, and in the wall of a warehouse which had been Richard Mulcaster, and as all these "identifi- erected on the site of a theatre built by Dave cations" were made in all seriousness and upon nant in 1660, and the Chandos portrait of indisputable evidence by allowed scholars, we the great poet was at one time the property must conclude that Shakespeare must be cred- of Sir William. (9) Mr. Acheson has ited with the invention of composite pho- “proved” that Avisa and Mistress Davenant tography. were one. (10) And this above all: in 1599 Of the Countess's rearrangement of the the Lady Southampton wrote her husband Sonnets, as of that of every other meddler that "Sir John Falstaff” (=Shakespeare) since Thomas Thorpe, including Mr. Acheson, is by his mistress Dame Pint-Pot" (=Mrs. we must say that not only is it wholly un- Davenant) “made father of a goodly Miller's necessary, but that no one ever takes the trou- thumb, a boy that is all head and very little ble to read them in the proposed order. As body. It is somewhat of a surprise that so with emendations to Shakespeare's text: indefatigable an investigator as the Countess they satisfy no one but the emendator. should have overlooked two very significant SAMUEL A. TANNENBAUM. contemporary references to the Shakespeare- Davenant scandal. One is a six-line poem published in 1655 and the other an allusion BARTHOU'S LIFE OF MIRABEAU.* in an elegy occurring in Denham's poems (1668). Whatever these counts may "prove" The collocation of the names of these two as to Sir William's paternity they do not French statesmen is not without justification. prove that his mother was the missing Dark M. Barthou has written a life of Mirabeau. Lady. William Davenant was born in 1606 | To many American readers Barthou is known and his elder brother in 1604; and as his as a recent prime minister of France; but mother did not give birth to a son in 1599, who was Mirabeau? When it transpires that the Lady Southampton's letter could not have Mirabeau was also a statesman and a would-be referred to her. Nor does it seem consistent prime minister, it may create a presumption with delicacy of feeling and refinement of man in favor of his importance to know that ners to make Lady Southampton, the only M. Barthou has thought it worth while to begetter of the Desdemonas and Ophelias, write a book about him and that this book write her husband — the poet's quondam rival | has been translated into English. That Mira- for the illicit love of the Dark Lady — of the beau is not well known either to American or birth of that miller's thumb. And it is ex English readers is not the fault either of tremely improbable that Shakespeare was Mirabeau or of the readers. M. Barthou ever known as “Falstaff.” From the Will assures us that he was one of the most signifi- Sonnets, too, it is fairly inferable that the cant figures in modern French history, “a Dark Lady's husband's name was William; powerful realist, to whom destiny alone re- Davenant's name was John. The description fused, between Richelieu and Bonaparte, a of Shakespeare's Cleopatra does not tally with rôle fitting to his genius, a genius hardly in- what we know of Mrs. Davenant; she was ferior to theirs." Frenchmen have long not a beauty, was not distinguished for wit known this, and there is no dearth of good and did not excel in conversation. The affair biographies of Mirabeau in French, but none with the Dark Lady was probably done with of them has ever been translated into English. long before William Davenant was born. To be sure, these other volumes, although very The chapter on the rival poets is very amus good books, better in some respects than ing. Apart from asserting that in her opinion A Biography. From the French of Louis Marlowe was the rival poet, thus disagreeing New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. • MIRABEAU. Barthou. Illustrated. 500 ( June 16 THE DIAL M. Barthou's, were not written by prime min been one of the striking figures of the past isters. It is seldom that prime ministers can had he never been a member of the great spare the time from affairs of state to write French assembly. The criticism that occurred books about dead statesmen; but when they to us while reading the volume was that the do write, their utterances take on something second part (devoted to Mirabeau in the na- of a Delphic importance, and are listened to tional assembly) assumed too much knowledge with a respect such as the professional his on the part of the reader,– it did not supply torian can never hope to cominand. And this sufficient background to make the course of attitude of the public is not so irrational as events clear to one not acquainted with the it appears at first sight, for what the public French Revolution through some other work. would have from a prime minister who writes That may, however, be necessary in so short books - M. Barthou, for example - is not a volume. what he knows about Mirabeau, but what he The important chapters of the work are thinks of Mirabeau as a statesman. An opin- those dealing with the relations of Mirabeau ion upon such a subject from such a source, to the court and Montmorin, and with his although it may not be history, is well worth work as a statesman. Here M. Barthou is listening to; and if the historical part is not evidently working sources in hand; his inter- badly done, the public prefers a biography of pretation is careful, sympathetic, and impar- this kind to one of a more scholarly nature. tial. Especially valuable is his treatment of Apart from the peculiar value attaching to Mirabeau's ministerial aspirations and their it as the work of a practical statesman, the significance in the history of the Revolution. volume by M. Barthou is the best short life He stresses, as it has never before been of Mirabeau now available in English. The stressed, the fatal decree of November 7, 1789, bibliography in the French edition (omitted excluding all members of the assembly from from the translation) indicates that M. Bar- thou had at his command the larger part of the ministry, thus sealing the political doom of Mirabeau. In one of the most striking the published sources and the secondary works in French relating to the life of Mirabeau; passages in his book, M. Barthou indicates recent German and English studies were evi- what the course of the Revolution might have dently unknown to him. How thorough his been had that decree not been passed : use of this material was it is impossible to tell “ Camille Desmoulins distinguishes in Mirabeau from a short work of little more than three the tribune, whom he admired, and the consul, hundred pages; but there is evidence that he whose plans he feared. The time for a 'consul' had not yet come. But would it ever have come used his sources carefully and intelligently, when he did use them. if, in November, 1789, Mirabeau had been min- An additional and ister? It was the opportunity he needed. Fate rather unusual value is given to the volume withheld it from him. If he had been called to the by the incorporation into the narrative of ministry then, not only would his fate have been several letters, hitherto unpublished, written different, but it is not too much to say that the by Mirabeau and his father. These letters destinies of the country would have been changed. occupy a disproportionate amount of space, What Mirabeau, the secret adviser of the court, but this fact will call forth no criticism from could not accomplish at the time of his death, the student of Mirabeau's life, who had long Mirabeau, the responsible minister, would have supposed that these very important letters had attempted eighteen months earlier, and would no been destroyed. They will give a permanent doubt have succeeded in doing. By reconciling value to this short biography that even the the monarchy and the Revolution, the authority of the king and the liberty of the nation, the prestige of M. Barthou's name could not con- fer upon it. The book is well-proportioned principles of 1789 and the prerogatives of the and very readable, even in the translation, patrimony of the people,' he would have spared which is unusually good, although not the France the Terror, Cæsarism, and invasion. He most satisfactory substitute for M. Barthou's would have advanced by a quarter of a century charming French. In France, the reviewers the definite establishment of the political conquests have criticized the amount of space — about of the Revolution. : . Mirabeau had every quality half the volume — devoted to Mirabeau's life necessary for playing such a game and winning, before the meeting of the states general, claim general culture and familiarity with practical ing that the treatment of the last two years affairs, talent and audacity, skill and force, pas- sion and self-possession, conviction and co of his life was not adequate. This criticism courage, and also that desire for a personal rehabilitation does not seem to be sound. The French work which accorded well with the national reconstruc- formed one in a collection called “Figures of tion of which he hoped to be the architect. With- the Past.” It was not supposed to be a sim- out making any essential change in the general ple study of the statesmanship of Mirabeau, lines of the programme which he subsequently but a biography of a man who would have offered to the court, he would have aimed at its 1914] 501 THE DIAL realization by other means more worthy of him-heroes and saints of agitators and revolution- self and, it must be said, of the Revolution. The ists in popular causes. These two works are tribune would have taken the place of the pro- mutually corrective, in many matters almost posed police. There, in open debate, in the conflict mutually eliminative, like factors in an alge- of interests and parties, no man, in hours of crisis, braical equation. Mr. Fyfe is a newspaper could withstand him. . . . Lanjuinais was not mis- taken when he spoke of the influence that Mirabean correspondent of the usual sort, whose keen- as minister would have exercised over the assembly. ness of observation overrides any marked pre- He would have been its master. But the gain | possessions for either side of the present would have been as great for the country as for struggling forces, but who shows more regard Mirabeau. The decree of November 7 broke the for the facts on the surface than for under- only power which could consolidate the Revolution lying causes and for the state of affairs now by moderating it. It was on that day really, and and in the immediate future rather than for not on the day of Mirabeau's death, that the anything in a remoter past. The truth seems ruins of the monarchy became the prey of faction' to lie somewhere between Mr. MacHugh and and Revolution by way of the Terror won the Messrs. De Lara and Pinchon, and, on the first victory over Revolution by way of Law.” authority of Mr. Fyfe, rather nearer the so- The volume containing the English trans cialistic than the capitalistic writers. The lation is not as attractive or as artistic as the books by all three writers will be found inter- original French publication. The vignette on esting in direct proportion to one's interest in the title-page and at the end of the chapters, Mexico's problems, past, present, and future, reproducing a seal made by Mirabeau while and their perusal will add enormously to any in Vincennes, has been omitted; and the illus- interest now felt. trations are not as well done as in the original. "Modern Mexico" is, however, rather a Attention should be called to the exceedingly compilation than an organized and premedi- interesting reproduction of a crayon in two tated work on the subject of which it treats, - colors made from the death mask of Mirabeau. a series of disconnected articles written for The original drawing forms part of the val- independent publication and left unrevised uable Mirabeau collection of the late Paul when brought together in book form. This Arbaud of Aix en Provence, and was pub- lack of method permits the author to say lished for the first time in M. Barthou's book. everything more than once, and it is probable It will be a revelation to those who have seen that the volume's size might have been dimin- nothing but the reproductions of contem- ished by one-fifth to the benefit of everyone porary paintings or sketches of Mirabeau. It concerned. And, as there has been no appar- shows a strong face, the face of a genius; and ent attempt to reconcile conflicting accounts the geniality, to which all bore testimony who of the same fact, the result is rather discon- knew him well, has left its fascinating stamp certing. The Emperor Iturbide, for example, upon the face of the dead. It is a smile that is referred to as Augustin I.” on page 31 Leonardo da Vinci might have loved to paint. and on subsequent pages as “Augustus I.''; FRED MORROW FLING. a note on page 164 says, “The peso, at par, is worth almost exactly two shillings,” while on page 265 we are told that “the peso at par THE MEXICAN SITUATION.* is as nearly as possible the equivalent of 2s. id.”; on page 5 one reads “seventy thou- Three informing books about the situation sand human victims were annually offered,' in Mexico, brought almost up to the moment, but on pages 108 and 276 the number is given have appeared nearly simultaneously. Of their as twenty thousand. Other similar errors authors, it may be said that Mr. MacHugh is may be noted, such as that on page 63, where a traveller of the conventional sort, deriving General Reyes, already in his native land, is his information from the customary sources, dispatched to "Mexico”; and on page 108, largely official, and his book is certain to bring where the Aztecs are said to have adopted comfort to those conservative minds that be helmets “in recent times.” lieve in strong governments and the preser. The book is written for the British reader, vation of the public peace at the sacrifice of and the facts regarding the United States whatever ideals. Messrs. De Lara and Pinchon in their relation to Mexico have been taken are socialists, writing that disturbing sort of largely from the followers of Huerta. On history which makes villains of conventional page 173, after speaking of the “suspicion and lurking fear that that this country * MODERN MEXICO. By R. J. MacHugh. Illustrated. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. harbors ulterior designs against the sister re- Their Struggle for Freedom. By L. Gutierrez De Lara and Edgcumb Pinchon. Illustrated public, " the remarkable statement is made New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. that “This suspicion has been increased rather THE REAL MEXICO. A Study on the Spot. By Hamilton Fyfe. With map. New York: McBride, Nast & Co. than lessened by the attempt which, it is THE MEXICAN PEOPLE. 502 [June 16 THE DIAL rumored, President Wilson's Administration “ First - The United States, so long as Mr. has made to make Mexico pay for recogni- Wilson is President, will not seek to gain a foot tion." It is too much, apparently, to expect of Mexican territory in any way or under any a writer of this sort to acquaint himself with pretext. When we have finished with Mexico, President Wilson's express declaration against Mexico will be territorially intact. the acquisition of more territory; but it is “Second - No personal aggrandizement by difficult to see why a Briton should find any- American investors or adventurers or capitalists, thing mysterious in the refusal to acknowl- Legitimate business interests that seek to develop or exploitation of that country, will be permitted. edge Huerta, when Great Britain delayed for rather than exploit will be enco couraged. years in her recognition of a Balkan king “ Third – A settlement of the agrarian land whose throne was attained by assassination. question by constitutional means — such as those On page 285 one reads that “There are three followed in New Zealand, for example — will be parties in the United States actively concerned insisted on.” in the opposition to the Huerta Adminis It is this last clause that Mr. MacHugh has tration." Of these there is one "whose quite failed to discover in his investigations, opposition to General Huerta is based on the though it appears to be the chief reason for assumption that his Government was rendered General Carranza's uprising; which would possible by the support of British interest in have directed against Madero for his complete Mexico, and that they are bound, as a matter failure to deal with it, as it is now against of policy, to oppose it.”' Huerta, the successor of that Diaz whose “ The others are, first, those who desire to bring wholesale confiscations of private property in about military intervention at any cost; and, sec- the possession of the tillers of the soil raised ondly, the section who do not desire the United the question. States to intervene directly in Mexican internal But one must read with care, however affairs at first, but whose plan it is to induce some strongly in disagreement, the whole of “The of the Northern Mexican States, particularly Mexican People: Their Struggle for Free- Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and dom” in order to understand the situation. Tamaulipas, and possibly Sinaloa, Durango, and Being a socialistic work, it is written as an Zacatecas, to secede from Mexico to the United States." economical interpretation of history. It finds all of Mexico's many troubles to lie in the As a record of the sort of rumor Huerta and age-long struggle between the commonalty on his crew are spreading concerning American the one side, and the governing classes, the intentions, this possesses the value of news; landed aristocracy, the church, and the army, but Mr. MacHugh evidently believes it him in close alliance on the other. It boldly holds self, for he goes on to say: “If Mexico that what is called, with some confusion in allowed them to go peaceably, well and good, peaceably, well and good, terms, “industrial civilization," is not civi- but if an effort should be made to retain them lization at all, and hopes to carry Mexico to in their old allegiance then this third party the status of a coöperative commonwealth would require the United States to take up without having to pass through such a stage. arms and complete the severance. This To those who have assimilated Mill's dictum astonishing statement appears to be based regarding the failure of machinery to contrib- solely on the imaginative writings of the Texas ute to the happiness of the human race such newspaper correspondents, Mr. MacHugh be- views may still appear extreme, but to the ing probably the only person in the world who ordinary mind the failure to identify the fac- takes them seriously. As neither Democrats, tory system with progress must seem arrant Republicans, Progressives, nor Socialists have nonsense. Nevertheless, the facts of Mexican shown themselves willing to be enrolled as history interpreted from the point of view of members of any of these newly-discovered the proletariat,-in this case the oppressed American parties on the Mexican question, and dispossessed peon, whose name is officially, one is reduced to the belief that some regard- in this country at least, identified with that less countrymen of ours have been engaged of slave,- are too valuable to be ignored, how- in the national game of supplying the British ever little one sympathizes with a collectivistic tourist with exclusive information. government as an ideal step toward true prog- The author appears to be totally blind to ress. Especially informing in this connection the reasons for the present Constitutional is such a paragraph as the following: revolution in Mexico, and attributes its suc- “ Were we to compile a text-book for the Sci- cesses solely to the American refusal to ence of Government by a ruling class, for the use, recognize Huerta. President Wilson's recent for instance, of some young modern aspirant to declaration of intentions should enlighten him, power, the testimony of all history, from the most and they are so pertinent that they deserve remote times, would compel us to divide our work quotation: into three main chapters: the first, on the neces- 1914] 503 THE DIAL sity of religious instruction for the people; the basis for the moderation of the extreme state- second, on the necessity for the patriotic instruc ments found in both, and leaving a pleasant tion for the people; the third, on the necessity of flavor after it of the common humanity we diverting the revolt of the people by instituting a enjoy with the Mexicans, however they have campaign of foreign aggression, or by inviting the been debased by the ruling classes through invasion of the home country by a foreign army. Herein lies the entire science of government by angels of Messrs. De Lara and Pinchon, the centuries of oppression. If not the bright class rule." Mexicans are certainly not the black devils Those who have wondered at the insults of Mr. MacHugh. Every shade of opinion is offered the United States, leading to the seiz represented, but the writer himself has not ure of Vera Cruz by our army and navy, may been befooled by the suavity of the Latin- find an explanation here, in so far as such American official into acceptance of the be- insults are not merely the results of ignor- neficence of Diazism, even where so astute an ance or the legacy of hatred from our in- authority as Lord Bryce has proved amenable famous war of 1847. Carranza and Villa, as to their smoothness further south. we know both from this book before us and Constructive ideas, not merely conven- from authentic news sources, are dividing tional, are also advanced by Mr. Fyfe. The among those to whom they rightfully belong Mexican government in the near future must the estates stripped from the smaller land move against the drunkenness which has be- owners by means the most infamous. The mil sotted too many of the poorer citizens, just lions of acres brought under the control of as the Russian government has found the same General Felix Diaz by wholesale murder and course needful. The general schooling of the fraud are among those so apportioned. This, people, which Juarez began with such en- and the success of the Constitutionalista arms, thusiasm and Diaz stifled, must be rigorously made it necessary for Huerta to provoke the attended to; their childish characteristics are intervention of the United States, in the des- largely attributable to ignorance of books and perate hope of uniting under his administra- total lack of intellectual discipline. Mr. Fyfe tion all the forces now in field to fight a believes the future of the country to be well common enemy. Little in recent history is assured through the steady growth of the arti- more reassuring than Villa's, followed at an san class, almost wholly Indian, and he has interval by Carranza's, refusal to be diverted | little good to say of the half-castes, or Mes- from an honest purpose by such a pretext, tizos,- almost the sole components of the after the intentions of President Wilson had present futile middle class. He investigates been made clear to them; it means the possi- and throws aside as worthless the tale of the bility of a lasting and prosperous peace among present war being a struggle between the the United Mexican States, based upon the petroleum interests of the British Lord Cow- welfare of the submerged peon, who forms dray and the American Standard Oil Com- the huge majority of the Mexican nation. It pany,— though the Diaz family is profoundly even bespeaks, less remotely in the future, an interested in the former and the book pre- effort to prevent the submerging of the Amer- viously considered admits the receipt of help ican tiller of the soil, now drifting into ten to the Constitutionalistas from the latter. His ancy and a peasant state with alarming speed. chapter on Diaz, entitled “The Nemesis of It is, as President Wilson clearly sees, the Paternalism,” should dispose of the myth that only possible solution of Mexican troubles, as Diaz was a benefit to his country in any pos- it is the only basis for a lasting national pros sible sense of the word,-though here, again, perity. he does not go into such details as the social- This well-written book has other uses. It ists have to offer. He further suggests an will bring home to American readers the sorry efficient army as the only possible corrective part in Mexican affairs played by this gov- to the brigandage into which the landless ernment in the past. It will bring about a peons have been forced. sincere and intelligent sympathy for the real "Modern Mexico” is sparsely indexed, has aspiration of the Mexican people, and con a prefatory map, and a few reproduced photo- vince the reader that at last they are pre-graphs; “The Mexican People” is profusely paring themselves for self-government in a and interestingly illustrated by similar means manner impossible under the atrocities of the and has a large folding map, with smaller Cientificos, in part through the steady growth maps to illustrate historical periods, but it of an intelligent artisan class, but more sadly lacks an index; “The Real Mexico” through the founding of a class of small also has a large map, but lacks illustrations farmers. and an index — its lighter character and Mr. Fyfe's "The Real Mexico” well supple- briefer space not rendering this last any great ments the previous books, providing a sound loss. WALLACE RICE. 504 (June 16 THE DIAL RECENT FICTION.* he is no more a Superman than the barber around the corner. The distinction, so commonly attempted in But if Mr. Dreiser has failed to draw his newspaper offices, between reporters who “ write” good stories and reporters who figure he has done some astonishing things with his background. No other writer's view “ get” good stories is often applied to novel- of Chicago is so individual or so effectively ists. And though to press the point is to divorce form and material to a degree alto- ironies at the expense of the pillars of society, presented. / I confess, also, to enjoying his gether misrepresentative of the facts, the dis- tinction is a useful one. though it is silly to pretend that the liaison It was not artistry that made “Uncle Tom's Cabin” the flaming Drive of 1886 as it was in the French farce of was as well established in the Lake Shore document it was. Mrs. Stowe had a thumping the same period and tiresome to read so many story to tell, a story that circumstance had pages about dull creatures like Stephanie made so good that only her limited skill was Platow. needed to render it effective. On the con- Mr. Patrick MacGill ensured himself a trary, it was artistry that made “Mademoiselle story to tell by taking himself for hero: jf de Maupin” the book it was, and is. The there is a receipt for writing a novel worth story was nothing, or would have been nothing reading it is the autobiographical one. Mr. in the hands of a lesser writer than Gautier. MacGill has the advantage of being a navvy The case of Mr. Dreiser's new volume, the who until recently earned his living at the second of his "trilogy of desire,” is as far as aluminum works of Kinlochleven, in Scotland. possible from that of "Mademoiselle de Mau- How he learned to make use of this advantage pin.” My first feeling was that Mr. Dreiser is another matter. One might expect that a had as good a story as Mrs. Stowe's, and one navvy who learned to write at all would be a good deal more to my own taste, without the either helpless or academic. Mr. MacGill is art to tell it. But the truth is that Mr. seldom either. His is a stout narrative, some- Dreiser has, in the slang of the city-room, times boastful and sometimes tender, with a “fallen down on the story." He wanted to flavoring of folk-speech. His view of life is give us, against the background of that great, for the most part conventional. He believes new, struggling Chicago of the eighties and that the truth is not in newspapers; that men nineties, the figure of an adventurer without who work with their hands are much more master or scruple, a Superman. He has all the facts. I do not doubt that he could give travesty of Christianity; and that fighting genuine than others; that the Church is a names and dates for every incident in the book. Indeed, any one who knows Chicago and his fellow navvies : with the fists is a joy. He says of himself could come very near doing it without any assistance from him. The story is always “We never asked questions concerning the ulti- dangerously close to actual event; dangerously mate issue of our labors, and we were not sup- close because Mr. Dreiser has depended on posed to ask questions. If a man throws red muck a wall to-day and throws it back again this actuality to convey reality. He has so to-morrow, what the devil is it to him if he keeps many facts that he supposes he has done throwing that same muck over the wall for the enough when he has set them down. But rest of his life, knowing not why nor wherefore, outward facts are significant only when they provided he gets sixpence an hour for his labor? are the sign of an inward meaning. And Mr. There were so many tons of earth to be lifted and Dreiser simply does not know the inward thrown somewhere else; we lifted them and threw meaning. He has never for a moment stood them somewhere else; so many tons of iron-hard in Frank Cowperwood's shoes and looked out rocks to be blasted and carried away; we blasted upon the Chicago of twenty-five years ago and carried them away, but never asked questions and never knew what results we were laboring to with Frank Cowperwood's eyes. The result bring about." is that though Frank Cowperwood conquers a woman or a financier in every other chapter, The fact that Mr. MacGill came only the other day from such work cannot but add to the * THE TITAN. By Theodore Dreiser. interest of anything he writes; it should not The Autobiography of an be permitted to conceal the more important Irish Navvy. New York: E. P. fact that the author of “Children of the Dead THE RAGGED-TROUSERED PHILANTHROPISTS. Ry Robert End” is by way of being an artist. Tressall. Robert Tressall's autobiographical novel, By James Oppenheim. “The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists,” is Century Co. THE SALAMANDER. By Owen Johnson. Indianapolis : told with less art than Mr. MacGill's, but the The Bobbs-Merrill Co. story would carry larger headlines in a news- THE PRICE OF LOVE. By Arnold Bennett. Harper & Brothers. paper. Tressall was, as Miss Jessie Pope over New York: John Lane Co. CHILDREN OF THE DEAD END. By Patrick MacGill. Dutton & Co. New York: IDLE WIves. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York: The New York: 1914) 505 THE DIAL informs us in a prefatory note, a socialistic would welcome the sort of praise which may house-painter and sign-writer who gave up be bestowed on the few contemporary novel- the struggle to make a living. About half ists who have dealt frankly and artistically the manuscript that was found among his with life while continuing to sell his serial effects after his death makes the book now rights. At any rate Mr. Johnson has lately published. His Frank Owen is himself, but been defending publicly his conception of it is his indictment of the working-classes that “The Salamander,'' asserting he was justified dominates the book. Tressall's mood is that in making his Doré Baxter wicked because of Mr. Arturo Giovannitti's poem, the one in her wickedness is typical of a new but large which he represents himself as standing in class of American young women. His naïveté front of Tiffany's window, disheartened be- is revealed in his assumption that Doré is cause two men ask him, not for a stone but daringly unconventional and that she is for a nickel. peculiar to the present decade. As a matter Tressall's charge is the more credible of fact, Doré is a tolerable example of the simply because it comes directly from the parasite without any courage or special indi- ranks of those against whom it is made. Per-viduality. She lives, until she makes a suc- haps if he had been willing to let his facts cessful marriage, by enticing men while pre- speak for themselves there is no lack of serving her “virtue.' Hence the title of the circumstantial detail we should have been novel which presents her. compelled completely to accept them. Un Young women of her sort, it should go fortunately his tone is the tone of the propa without saying, are weak rather than daring, gandist. That gives the middle-class reader, conventional rather than unconventional, and at least it gave me, an excuse for refusing old rather than new. Mr. Johnson has no to believe that the British workman is of as perspective for viewing the phenomenon he poor stuff as Tressall has made him out to has isolated. It is as if the last twenty years be. Poverty-stricken he doubtless is: "ground of feminist and anti-feminist propaganda had under the iron heel of capitalism” he may never been. But this is of no consequence to be; but incapable of revolt he is not. Mr. Johnson's audience. Sophistication would One point, and Tressall has made it almost be a positive disadvantage to him. “The by the way, deserves mention. These painters Salamander" is rattling good magazine stuff care nothing about their work and take no and Doré is bound to be discussed wher- pride in it. They are not permitted to do ever high school misses gather. If it does good work. The whole trade is degraded by any harm it will be in persuading the inex- scamping and rushing. But when Frank perienced that it is easier to gain a living Owen has a solitary chance to exercise the without working or sinning -- in New York skill that is in him on a special contract he than they are likely to find it. can think of nothing else until he has finished. To turn from “The Salamander” to “The That incident is worth thinking about. Price of Love” is to turn from juvenility to Mr. James Oppenheim's novel, “Idle assured competence. Mr. Arnold Bennett is Wives,” is out of place among these others. the Admirable Crichton of contemporary It is abominably written. No sense of the novelists. He can do anything sufficiently well value of words restrains Mr. Oppenheim's to excite admiration, and though his willing- attempts at poetizing. Such a bath of senti ness to do just anything is hardly respectable, ment as he has prepared may be acceptable his adequacy to such occasions as he permits to the poorer magazines for women or to the himself is satisfying. moving-picture people, but elsewhere its day The present occasion is not a great one. is past. Incidentally, Mr. Oppenheim has | The story involves theft and a marriage. The passed by a case that could hardly fail, just figures are trivial. Its distinction is in its now, to arouse interest -- that of the woman workmanship—the sort of workmanship which who finds that the care of a small flat and a characterizes a double gun by Messrs. West- child or two to which she is confined takes all ley-Richards or a trunk by M. Vuitton. “The her time without using half her energy or Price of Love" is an excellent example of one-quarter of her capacities — in order to what a first-class craftsman may do with a devote all this bad writing to a case of no little material. Mr. Dreiser has collected ten particular consequence: that of the woman times as many facts and attempted an in- with plenty of servants whose husband objects finitely more important task than has Mr. to her activity on behalf of wayward girls. Bennett, but Mr. Bennett has done precisely Mr. Owen Johnson is another young Ameri- what he set out to do, which is more than any can writer who has not done all that has been one can say for Mr. Dreiser. expected of him. There is evidence that he LUCIAN CARY. 506 (June 16 THE DIAL New aspects governance. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. Canada, for example? This seems to point to the need of some other system of coördinat- The revised edition of Mr. Sid- ing the Empire than that in vogue. The of English ney Low's treatise on "The Prime Minister and the Cabinet should also Governance of England” (Put- be limited to some degree in their control of nam) is not, on the whole, greatly changed foreign affairs through the establish ent of from the original work, published nine years a Committee of Parliament, like the American ago. The new edition deals chiefly with the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, enti- "working constitution,” which, as every one tled to know the foreign problems and policies knows, is quite different from the formal and of the Cabinet. Finally, Mr. Low again de- conventional aspects of the English system. clares his conviction that some machinery of Dry legal discussions are accordingly unnec subordinate legislatures, some devolution on essary, and the book is correspondingly in a large scale, is required to relieve the central teresting to the layman -- a quality greatly Parliament of what are local questions, in enhanced by an admirably simple style. The order that all matters may be dealt with more author realizes that he is at a disadvantage carefully and effectually. in describing the actual government of En- gland just at a time when the Parliament Act has limited the power of the Lords, and Mr. Arthur Ruhl used to write The stage when the Home Rule Bill promises a funda- of to-day. about plays for “Collier's mental change in the relations of Parliament Weekly. But he did not write to the parts of the United Kingdom. These in the capacity of first-night critic: that and related topics find a place in the Intro “bored but witty person, with a black ribbon duction and in the final chapter, “Aspects to his eye-glasses, who descends to his seat of Change”; and the reflections of so eminent just before the curtain rises, and turns to a publicist as Mr. Low on these matters are survey the house ere he sits down." His was vastly more interesting and important than the more leisurely, less exciting, but no less the description of the English system, which exacting or important task of sorting out of is already fairly well understood. The Par- second nights - or second weeks or months, liament Act, thinks Mr. Low, adds to the as the case might be -- significant figures, strength of the Cabinet, by restricting the trends, and aspects of our contemporary power of the Lords over legislation. The theatre. Some of these impressions and opin- Quinquennial Act contributes to the same re ions fill his recent book, cleverly entitled sult, as it tends to establish regular elections, “Second Nights” (Scribner). There is noth- like those of the United States. Within the ing technical about Mr. Ruhl's criticisms; he Cabinet the Prime Minister's influence and leaves that to the astute first-nighters. He power are growing, as is shown by the royal views the theatre and its people as a side of proclamation of 1905 which gave precedence life, particularly interesting and significant to the Premier, next after the two highest during the period covered by his observation ecclesiastical dignitaries of the realm. There – that is, from 1905 to the present; and he is a danger in this growing power of the chief writes of such human and general considera- minister, in the authority it gives him—the tions as may have weight with the average leader of the dominant party in the United reader, whose interest in the stage is some- Kingdom over the British dominions. It what cursory, though genuine. No one can is pointed out that the colonial constitution complain that Mr. Ruhl's outlook is narrow. alists fear the Prime Minister more than the He appreciates all the phases of Mr. George M. King -- indeed, that they regard the latter Cohan, admits the “charm” of Miss Maude as their protector against Downing Street." Adams in Mr. Barrie's settings, and finds The control of the dominions by an elective “Sumurum” amusing; his review of Mr. Minister, who secures this control by effective Bernard Shaw's American nights is intelli- mastery of a political party in one part - gent, yet he is not above enjoying a vaude- though the central part of the British Em- ville turn or a Bowery burlesque; and he pire, seems to Mr. Low quite as hazardous interviews Mile. Genée, Miss Duncan, and as direct personal control by the King. To Miss St. Denis with absolute impartiality. be sure, the King cannot in these days reës- The lengths at which his kindly tolerance tablish unlimited monarchy, but must always draws the line are the “no quarter” school be influenced by the representatives of the represented by “Madame X” and the plays people. But what would result if the advice of Mr. Eugene Walter, and the plays with given the King by the elective English Pre sawdust insides and photographic exteriors mier should differ from that given by the by the ingenious Mr. Belasco. His warmest elective Premier of one of the Dominions -- admiration, on the other hand, is divided be- 1914] 507 THE DIAL on tween the best of the “new” drama as typi- dently attempts to combat the nihilistic pessi- fied by Mr. Galsworthy's “The Pigeon” and mism of some of his contemporaries and the the old-fashioned but perennially refreshing master morality” of others by the formula- melodrama, whether you get it glorified at tion of a more socially constructive interpre- a Drury Lane opening or merely what the tation of life and character. “Beyond Human public wants at the ten-twenty-thirties. How Might” is a powerful effort to argue the much of life of all sorts,— mere play and problem of Mr. Galsworthy's “Strife,”. "- the splendid earnest, besides some innocent and problem, that is, of the modern labor war some calculated affectation, there has been against capitalistic tyranny. The Norwegian behind the footlights in the last few seasons poet does not, like the Englishman, stop with will astonish many of Mr. Ruhl's readers. a picture of hopeless misery, a cul-de-sac for The truth is that most observers have axes to both sides; but after a rather over-melodra- grind, whereas Mr. Ruhl devotes himself tomatic climax of violence and sacrifice involv- seeing and passing on his observations; with ing innocent with guilty, he eloquently points the result that there is an amazing amount of the path to a better future to be achieved by information about the theatre to be had from science and by love. It is easy to cavil at the pages of 'Second Nights." the long speeches, often too heavily freighted with thesis, and at the tinge of a too pietistic Over forty years ago Mr. Ed- sentimentality at the close; yet in spite of The story of all this it must be admitted that the beauty man's evolution ward Clodd wrote a little book simply told. of the vision in this drama and the power of "The Childhood of the World” which contained a simple account of its grasp on life make “Strife" seem an ama- man's origin and early history freed from the teurish pamphlet in comparison. The other technicalities of science and set forth as a two plays in the volume, “Love and Geog- continuous story of progress. The book has raphy" and "Laboremus," are in them- been deservedly well received, having been selves less interesting than "Beyond Human translated into seven languages and printed Might," chiefly because they are not so mod- in raised type for the blind. The rapid prog- ern in theme; but they reveal very wonder- ress of the sciences has compelled a revision of fully the breadth and nobleness of Björnson's nature. Mr. Björkman, though himself a the text, which now appears in expanded form and with new illustrations. It tells the story with great fluency rather than with a fine Swede by birth, writes his adopted tongue of the evolution of life on the globe, but prin- cipally of man's origin from lower forms, the sense for the spirit and idiom of the lan- growth of human society and of the arts of guage; his work, therefore, while never halt- civilization. Man's migrations, the methods ing, never quite deludes the reader into by which his primal needs of food, warmth, forgetting that it is translation; a slight stiff- and shelter were met, his development of ness, an occasional jarring tone resulting tools, and the discovery and use of metals are sometimes from the juxtaposition of a too recounted and pictured. The origin of the colloquial beside a bookish expression, an various occupations, the development of lan- unequal success in keeping the speech of the different characters sufficiently individual, guages, the arts of writing, counting, and measuring, and the more social arts of sport the effect of plays which in the original are such blemishes of style must tend to lower and music, are traced back to their begin- nings. More attention, however, is paid to of high poetic quality. These blemishes are the growth of ideas and of myths interpre- not so many or so serious, however, as to de- tative of natural phenomena and leading to tract notably from the reader's interest and worship, magic, witchcraft, animism, and enjoyment. theism in its several forms, culminating in the sacred books of various peoples. A few words, With such slogans as efficiency Psychology and all too brief, are devoted to the growth of the management and conservation dominant in modern science and its bearings on race the world of material goods, it is inevitable that the same attitudes should progress. (Macmillan.) be transferred to the things of the mind. Psy- chology is summoned, though commonly less Mr. Edwin Björkman, who has as an expert physician than as a trained nurse, A Norwegian dramatist in already laid the American pub to minister to ills beyond the control of house- translation. lic under a heavy debt of grati- hold art. Mr. L. M. Gilbreth's “The Psy- tude for his translations from the modern chology of Management” (Sturgis & Walton Scandinavian literature, now gives us a second Co.) is one of a growing number of books series of Plays by Björnstjerne Björnson that aim to set forth the principles upon (Scribner). In these plays Björnson evi which work may be sustained with least waste, of labor. 508 (June 16 THE DIAL A case of learned and the human individual brought to the loans to farmers, state aid to immigration, highest efficiency as an operative with due and other measures of a more or less socialistic recognition that he is human. The laborer character which have attracted world-wide has a psychology of his own which determines attention to New Zealand. attention to New Zealand. His interpretation his work and how that work may be related of the results of such legislation is, on the to his individuality. That the alliance of alliance of whole, marked by singular good judgment, psychology and the management of labor is and his attitude is one of sympathy, insight, sound and well founded can hardly be dis- and breadth of view. During the ten years puted. The question of how this campaign that have elapsed since the publication of his of enlightenment and mutual support is to be book in French, some things have occurred, carried on, is less certain. Much crudity of however, to make his interpretation less ac- effort is inevitable; and it cannot be said curate now than it was at the time he wrote. that Mr. Gilbreth, any more than his col Thus his statement that the arbitration act leagues in the art, has succeeded in presenting had put an end to strikes is no longer true, more than a programme, and a rather didactic since in recent years there has been a recru- book of advice. The danger is inherent of descence of strikes, some of which have been relying upon method as a panacea, and still serious and prolonged; and it may be added more obviously of letting method obscure the that the people no longer have the same whole- importance of the end. Common sense and hearted confidence in legislative panaceas that the ordinary versatility of a "handy" mind they had ten years ago. But when due allow- and hand are assets that cannot be neglected ance has been made for these unexpected or overruled. Standardization is one of the results, the book remains one of the most bril- fetishes that may defeat its own end by the liant, sympathetic, and accurate studies of blindness with which its worship is pursued. the sturdy little democracy of New Zealand The present book suggests that the phrases that we have. (Macmillan.) in which a carter speaks to his horse may well be standardized in the interests of efficiency. But when all is said and done, the theme and In a volume entitled “The Ed- the policy remain; what is still in its infancy ucation of Karl Witte," Messrs. precocity. is the sense of perspective in which the values Crowell publish an English of one order or another find their proper translation of a record of the methods pur- places. Until this emerges, the art of scien- sued in educating the eminent German Dante tific management is likely to exterminate as scholar (1800-1883), who received the doc- well as to weed, even to throw out the child torate at the age of eighteen and a professor- with the bath. The appeal to psychology is ship at twenty-two. Wide public interest in welcome; gradually it will be more intelli- recent cases of precocity of learning furnishes gently addressed and its behests more sym an ostensible reason for introducing the vol- pathetically followed. ume to present-day readers. It has been the customary view of the parents of precocious boys that the system which they apply is re- Of books dealing with demo- sponsible for the results. The record of John The most democratic of cratic and socialistic experi- Stuart Mill remains the one of greatest inter- democracies. ments in Australasia, there is est and value. It may be recalled that Lord no end. One of the most brilliant studies of | Kelvin was another example of such precoc- the kind that has yet been written is M. André ity encouraged by the father; and the recent Siegfried's “Democracy in New Zealand, case of the son of Dr. Sidis and that of the published in French some ten years ago, and son of Professor Wiener of Harvard furnish now offered to the public in an English trans other examples. The present volume owes its lation by Mr. E. V. Burns. M. Siegfried translation to Professor Wiener, and thus is best known to American readers as the sponsored is presumably a document with author of a study on the race question in which he is sympathetic. The introduction Canada, published several years ago. In his by Mr. H. Addington Bruce contains a rather book on “Democracy in New Zealand,” he slight formulation of the educational princi- considers in turn such matters as the influ-ples involved. But cases of this kind, while ence of geographical factors, present political they carry a very real lesson, are not likely and social conditions, federation, imperialism, to be educationally convincing. To show how projects of expansion, etc.; but his principal far the forcing method may be carried in tra- theme is the working out in practice of the ditional fields of scholarship may be an inter- various legislative experiments in relation to esting demonstration. It is not the only or compulsory arbitration of labor disputes, old the most convincing proof that the pace set age pensions, land legislation, government by school systems and social expectations is 1914) 509 THE DIAL Northwest. too slow. Also it is important to have shown, | tle and the fighting instinct in some animals as has been done, that precocity within limits at least find their present use in the struggle is directly associated with more than aver for mates, and the theory of sexual selection age, even with exceptional ability,- popular seeks to explain much that is militant as well tradition to the contrary notwithstanding. as much that is beautiful in the animal world But the pros and cons of what is gained and as the result of capture by the victorious what may be lost by forcing are not thus dis suitor or of preferment of the most charm- closed. Such cases throw an interesting side- | ing one. Mr. W. P. Pycraft in his study of light upon the limitations and the possibilities “The Courtship of Animals” (Holt) decries of nurture when seconded by nature: beyond somewhat the efficiency of this theory, and that their utility is not notable. prefers the idea of "an inherent diathesis': which must work itself out in the evolution of To bring out the romance of ornament, a sort of physiological orthogen- Studies in the early history of history, without throwing the esis of animal decoration, or, as Professor background out of focus, is an Shaler was wont to put it pithily, a struggle · achievement as rare as it is praiseworthy. for beauty. The author discusses in an en- To a considerable extent Dr. C. B. Reed has tertaining way the really remarkable antics succeeded in doing this in his “Masters of attending the courtships of spiders and of the Wilderness" (University of (University of Chicago various insects, and especially the mating habits of birds whose evolution of decorative Press), which is issued as the latest volume in the "Fort Dearborn Series” of the Chicago tary instinct of display, as in the strutting feathers is usually attended by a supplemen- Historical Society. This attractive little book embraces three essays, the first, which gives of the peacock, or accompanied and to some its title to the volume, being a study of the extent even displaced by the development of Hudson's Bay Company; the second, a vocal powers, as in song. Following the fash- sketch of the old Beaver Club, of Montreal, biological themes, the author uses his biolog- ion of some other recent English writers on and its members the partners of the North West Company; and the third, a picture of ical data to point a moral as well as to adorn the romantic attempt of Frontenac, La Salle, generation in the animal world is marked by his tales. His thesis is that the path of de- Tonty, and Iberville to found a French Em- pire in America stretching from Quebec to the assumption on the part of the female and Louisiana. One notes an occasional slip. For of the young of structural features originally instance, the Saskatchewan and Red rivers characteristic of the male. The militant suf- were unknown except through vague Indian fragist, yea, the whole feminist movement, is report at the date of the treaty of Ryswick, therefore a solemn warning fraught with dir- 1697 (p. 11). Alexander Mackenzie never est threat of impending degeneration for the saw Great Bear lake; the reference (p. 37) future of our civilization and race,- if only is evidently to Great Slave lake. On the same our fearsome prophet's thesis be a general page, “Atabasca” should be “Athabaska.” biological law and his argument by analogy Fort William was one of the principal posts from biological structures to the field of of the North West Company, not of the con- social evolution be valid. federated companies (p. 40). York Factory, and later Norway House, were headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, where the To present the main facts of Poe's life, in particular those Governor and Factors met in annual council. Apropos of the reference on p. 27 to beaver that may be inferred from his as almost extinct, it may be interesting to poems, and in the light of these facts to in- note that the protection afforded by the terpret and appraise anew his poems, is the task that Mr. Lewis N. Chase has set himself Ontario Government in Algonquin Park has in the little volume, “Poe and his Poetry,' led to such an extraordinary increase that issued in the “Poetry and Life Series" (Lon- beaver have become almost a pest to the don: Harrap & Co.), under the general ed- farmers in the neighborhood of the park. itorship of Professor W. H. Hudson. This task Mr. Chase has performed in a manner Much of the elaboration of or in most respects satisfactory. The facts of The fever of nament and of the development | Poe's life he gives with unusual accuracy; of complicated instincts and Poe's character he interprets with admirable unusual types of behavior among animals sympathy and fairness; and so much of ap- have arisen in the course of the evolution of preciation as he attempts is in accord with the animal world in conjunction with the the views now generally held by students of function of reproduction. The organs of bat Poe. In reading autobiography out of Poe's Poe as reflected in his poems. love in the animal world. 510 ( June 16 THE DIAL ܕܕ. verses, moreover, Mr. Chase has proceeded man Empire and the British Empire in cautiously. As revelations of Poe's inner | India," the author traces a number of inter- life, he justly says, the poems are invaluable; esting and suggestive parallels between the but as reflecting concrete facts in his life, he ancient provincial system and the British oc- holds that they are not to be relied on im- cupation and administration of India. He plicitly, in view of Poe's well-known fondness also finds a number of notable differences, for mystification and hoaxing. Accordingly, some of which are more significant and fun- Mr. Chase ignores the traditional interpreta- damental than the similarities. The second tion of “Tamerlane” as adumbrating the essay, “The Diffusion of Roman and English poet's early love-affair with Miss Royster; Law throughout the World," deals particu- and in the case of “Ulalume," although he larly with the development of a new legal maintains that the poem is “allegorized auto system for the Orient. As the Hindu na- biography,” he is silent as to the possible allu tionalistic movement is attracting some atten- sion contained in it to the poet's infatuation tion at present, these essays make a very for Mrs. Shew. A number of the earlier and timely publication; they will do much to more personal poems are omitted altogether. clarify the mind of the average American The volume throws no new light on any of the reader on the subject of Hindu affairs. It obscure places in Poe's biography, but it pre- may be said in passing that Mr. Bryce does sents the case for the poet from a new angle, not believe in a speedy realization of the and hence will serve a useful purpose. dreams of the Hindu nationalists: the differ- ences of caste, religion, and race are too pro- An unusual number of books nounced and too dividing. Two handbooks of heraldry. published of late years on her- aldry would seem to indicate a revival of interest in that subject. Though Whether or not we sophisticated its vitality and meaning have departed, her- present-day life. twentieth-century grown-ups be- aldry is still of importance to the archæolo- happily without them: this is the thesis of lieve in fairies, we cannot get on gist and antiquarian, as well as to the student Mr. S. R. Littlewood's original little essay of history and art. Of the two most recent books on the subject, Mr. Francis J. Grant's Bride, Nast & Co.). Nowadays we like our entitled “The Fairies Here and Now” (Mc- “Manual of Heraldry” ." (Edinburgh: John Grant) is a revision of a former edition of a fairies to be little and good; we prefer the standard work, and contains all the technical familiar house-and-garden fairies to the more elusive sprites that inhabit inaccessible places. knowledge of the subject that the student would wish to possess, presented, through a Above all, our fairies must have charm, since to enchant us with gaiety and sweetness, complete dictionary of terms and 350 illus- trations, in such manner as to make it inval- daintiness and grace is the modern mission of the "little people.' There is a good deal of uable as a ready book of reference. The other volume, Mr. W. H. St. John Hope's “Gram- fairy history in Mr. Littlewood's book, and mar of Heraldry," in the “Cambridge Man- an alluring account of fairy land, - or shall uals of Science and Literature” (Putnam), been as many kinds of fairy worlds as there we say fairy lands, since there seem to have presents the subject in a far more attractive manner to the general reader, and goes far have been of fairy folk to people them. But Mr. Littlewood's original contribution to toward justifying the oft-repeated claims of heraldry to be a "science." fairy lore is his keen analysis of present-day Though the smallest book on heraldry that has come to conditions. Fairy stock is going up. We do our notice, Mr. Hope's manual is of value out want the fairies, and in spite of scoffers and unbelievers this drab old world is getting of all proportion to its size. The author The makes wise suggestions regarding the modern more and more fairylike all the time. use of heraldry and a revision of its archaic most hardened scoffer will be entertained by nomenclature. Mr. Littlewood's argument, equally with readers who already appreciate the fairies at Some years ago Mr. James their true worth. and modern Bryce published a series of essays under the title, “Studies With a very un-Bergsonian in- in History and Jurisprudence,'' two of which M. Bergson troduction, Mr. E. E. Slosson dealt with the government of India viewed in presents an English version of the light of the Roman imperial system. These M. Bergson's essay on “Dreams" (Huebsch). have recently been revised and republished in The essay, though slight in form and compass, a separate volume by the Oxford University is suggestive and penetrating. It is in ac- Press. In the first essay, “The Ancient Ro cord with the current interpretation of dream- Ancient Rome India. on dreams. 1914] 511 THE DIAL life by applying, with allowance for altered NOTES. condition of the apperceptive mind, the nor- mal processes and relations of perception. Mr. John Galsworthy's play, “ The Mob,” which Eliminate the sense of support as well as the was presented recently on the London stage, will consciousness that one is lying down, and the be published immediately by Messrs. Scribner. Mr. Irvin Cobb's humorous account of his ex- movement becomes one of flying or falling. Release the sense of directive guidance, and periences in Europe, “Roughing It De Luxe," will be illustrated by Mr. John T. McCutcheon. the mind lapses back to the natural romanc- The first volume of Professor Karl Pearson's ing of dreams and the relaxed material of biography of Francis Galton will be published casual attention. Dismiss the errand, and the immediately by the Cambridge University Press. walk becomes a stroll responsive to the in A collection of Mr. T. Sturge Moore's poems, vitations of the wayside. M. Bergson dips which will include a number not hitherto printed interestingly here and there into the mecha in book form, is to be issued shortly under the nism of dreams, brings in an apposite illus title “ The Sea Is Kind.” tration, and shapes the whole to a consistent Mr. Oliver Onions has undertaken the task of interpretation. As an aperçu, clear, succinct, condensing his trilogy of novels — “In Accord- to the point and purpose, the essay will de ance With the Evidence," "The Debit Account," light the attentive public which M. Bergson and “ The Story of Louie" –into a single volume. has made his own. “The Duchess of Wrexe," the novel by Mr. Hugh Walpole which so much interested Mr. Henry James when he made his recent survey of BRIEFER MENTION. " the younger generation," will_be published shortly in America by the George H. Doran Co. Mr. Herbert Cescinsky and Mr. Malcolm R. Mr. Stephen Phillips has undertaken to edit for Webster have written a book on “ English Do Mr. Erskine MacDonald a series of modern dramas mestic Clocks” (Dutton) which supplements the to be known as The Malory Playbooks, in which it former's authoritative work on “English Furni- is intended to include representative English ture of the Eighteenth Century.” It is a history, drama, irrespective of whether the plays have been elaborately illustrated from photographs and line produced. drawings, of English clocks from 1665 down to Mr. L. Hope Cornford is editing Lord Charles the present day. A list of English clockmakers is Beresford's autobiography, "A Sailor's Life.” A appended. full account is included of Lord Charles's recol- Mr. Ernest A. Baker has included in his "Alections of the Egyptian war and the Sudan cam- Guide to Historical Fiction” (Macmillan) many paign, and several chapters are devoted to his novels dealing with periods contemporary to their sporting memories. authors. Thus Fielding's, Jane Austen's, and A selection of Shelley's poems arranged in five George Eliot's novels are listed because “ they are parts by Mr. T. J. Cobden-Sanderson will be pub- the finest history of society available for the lished at The Doves Press, Hammersmith, next periods to which they belong,” even though they month. Mr. Cobden-Sanderson has in prepara- were not avowedly or intentionally historical. The tion for early publication the poems of Keats, to book is an elaboration of Mr. Baker's “ History be arranged in five parts, and Shakespeare's “The in Fiction” and a companion volume to his "A Rape of Lucrece,” to be printed from the text of Guide to the Best Fiction in English,” being in the first edition, 1594. dexed on the same encyclopædic system. A new edition of Miss Florence M. Hopkins's The autobiography of a manuscript, told in the “Allusions Which Every High School Student style and with the limitations that one may imagine Should Know" is in preparation. Each entry as belonging to a manuscript, comes to us from will be provided with a brief note telling what standard reference book or books to consult for Mr. Henry H. Harper, who chooses to call the little book "The Story of a Manuscript," though explanation of the allusion. That this aid is not the relation is, throughout, in the first person. It superfluous will be readily believed when we add, on Miss Hopkins's authority, that the allusion, is a rather pathetic little tale of a literary master- “ Dan to Beersheba,” brought forth from one pupil piece, unappreciated and unpublished in the the information that Dan was a man who was author's lifetime, but valued at an incredible price confined in a lion's den for mistreating his wife, a century later, when an American millionaire Beersheba; and that another pupil described collector got possession of it and gave it a place Canaan as the mother of Cain. of honor in his magnificent library. After his Professor Brander Matthews, writing in the cur- death it was returned to its English home, the rent “Scribner's," identifies the six masters of “humble cottage” of its author, which had been conversation whom Stevenson celebrated in * Talk restored as nearly as possible to the condition in and Talkers.” Burly was W. E. Henley; Spring which its now illustrious occupant had known it. heeld Jack was R. A. M. Stevenson, a cousin of The tasteful volume, with its excellent linen paper, Robert Louis Stevenson; Cockshot was Professor clear print, broad margins, and what has the Fleeming Jenkin; Opalstein was John Addington appearance of half-vellum binding, is “printed Symonds; and Athelred was, Professor Matthews privately for complimentary distribution only." believes, Stevenson's executor, Mr. Baxter. Pro- 512 (June 16 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 124 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES. Memoirs of Youth: Things Seen and Known. By Giovanni Visconti Venosta; translated from the Italian by William Prall, with Introduction by William Roscoe Thayer. Illustrated, 8vo, 463 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $ 4. net. Life of Walter Bagehot. By Mrs. Russell Barring- ton. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 478 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $4. net. Ralph Albert Blakelock. By Elliott Daingerfield. Illustrated in color, etc., large 4to, 40 pages. New York: Privately Printed. Brief Biography and Popular Account of the Un- paralleled Discoveries of T. J. J. See. By W. L. Webb. Illustrated, large 8vo, 298 pages. Lynn; Thomas P. Nichols & Son Co. $2.50 net. fessor Matthews on occasion talked with all of these except Symonds and Baxter. He ventures the opinion that, splendid talkers though they were, it would be possible to match them among their American contemporaries. As their equals he names Thomas B. Reed, John Hay, Clarence King, and Thomas Bailey Aldrich. The eighth annual Report of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching covers the year ending last October, and presents in considerable detail what has been accomplished in various fields of educational inquiry and encouragement. Especially noteworthy is the study of education in Vermont undertaken at the re- quest of the Educational Commission of that State, and made the subject of a separate report; also to be noted is the study of legal education, similar to that of medical education already completed, with encouraging results; and plans are perfected for the study of engineering education. “ The American Oxonian,” a semi-annual pub- lication edited by Professor Frank Aydelotte at Bloomington, Indiana, where it is also published, makes a hopeful start in its first issue, of April, 1914, in which the Senior Tutor of St. John's College, Oxford, presents “ Oxford's Opinion of the Rhodes Scholars," more particularly the American Rhodes scholars; two of these scholars contribute an article on “Athletics at Oxford: The New Rules”; a London “ Times article on “Rhodes Scholars and Athletics,” by the Oxford Secretary to the Rhodes Trustees, is reprinted; Dr. Henry Van Dyke's Thanksgiving sermon of November 27, 1913, before the Rhodes Scholars, is also given in full; and there are departments of "Oxford News” and “ Editorial Notes and News." This scholarly and interesting periodical is to serve as “the official magazine of the Alumni Association of American Rhodes Scholars," and is deserving of their hearty support, and, indeed, of a support not confined to American Rhodes Schol- The next number will appear in October. Dr. Oscar Levy, editor of the collected English edition of Nietzsche's works, writes as follows: “ In view of the seventieth anniversary of Fried- rich Nietzsche's birth, which falls on October 15, 1914, it is intended to raise a monument to his memory on the hill near Weimar in the neighbor- hood of the Nietzsche Archiv. A considerable fund has already been collected for the purpose, and any surplus that may accrue will be used for the support of the Nietzsche Archiv, which, under the guidance of Nietzsche's sister, Mrs. Förster- Nietzsche, has done and is doing so much good work for the study of Nietzsche. It is likewise proposed that this latter institution shall be con- stituted an intellectual centre for securing that cultural unity of Europe which must precede its political and commercial union. Contributions from all who ish to show their gratitude for the liberating genius of Nietzsche should be directed to Nietzsche's cousin, Dr. Richard Oehler, the librarian of Bonn University (70 Königstrasse, Bonn, Germany), or to the Nietzsche Monument Fund, care of London County and Westminster Bank, 109-111 New Oxford street, London, W." HISTORY. A History of Connecticut: Its People and Institu- tions. By George L. Clark. Illustrated, 8vo, 609 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50 net. The Hussite Wars. By the Count Lützow. With photogravure frontispiece, large 8vo, 384 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $4.50 net. My Days of Adventure: The Fall of France, 1870-71. By Ernest Alfred Vizetelly. With frontispiece, 8vo, 337 pages. London: Chatto & Windus. GENERAL LITERATURE. The Villain as Hero in Elizabethan Tragedy. By Clarence Valentine Boyer, Ph.D. 8vo, 264 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. net. Dramatic Portraits. By P. P. Howe. 8vo, 264 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50 net. The Spiritual Message of Dante. By W. Boyd Car- penter, LL.D. Illustrated, 12mo, 250 pages. Harvard University Press. The Continental Drama of To-day: Outlines for Its Study. By Barrett H. Clark. 12mo, 252 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.35 net. At the sign of the Van. By Michael Monahan. 12mo, 439 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $2. net. Nova Hibernia: Irish Poets and Dramatists of To- day and Yesterday. By Michael Monahan. 12mo, 274 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50 net. The Medieval Popular Ballad. By Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup; translated from the Danish by Ed- ward Godfrey Cox. 12mo, 269 pages. Ginn & Co. $1.75 net. Speculative Dialogues. By Lascelles Abercrombie. 12mo, 203 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. DRAMA AND VERSE. Misalliance, The Dark Lady of the Sonnets, and Fanny's First Play, with a Treatise on Parents and Children. By Bernard Shaw. 12mo, 245 pages. Brentano's. $1.30 net. The Drama League Series of Plays. New volumes: Mary Goes First, by Henry Arthur Jones, with Introduction by Clayton Hamilton; Her Hus- band's Wife, by A. E. Thomas, with Introduction by Walter Pritchard Eaton; The Sunken Bell, by Gerhart Hauptmann, with Critical Analysis by Frank Chouteau Brown. Each 12mo. Double- day, Page & Co. Per volume, 75 cts. net. Songs of the Dead End. By Patrick MacGill. 12mo, 167 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.25 net. Collected Poems. By Norman Gale. 12mo, 240 pages. Macmillan Co. $2. net. A Cluster of Grapes: A Book of Twentieth Century Poetry. 12mo, 108 pages. London: Erskine Macdonald. Rough Edges. By B. H. G. Arkwright. 12mo, 59 pages. Oxford: B. H. Blackwood. Eris: A Dramatic Allegory. By Blanche Shoemaker Wagstaff. With portrait, 12mo, 41 pages. Mof- fat, Yard & Co. $1. net. North of Boston. By Robert Frost. 12mo, 143 pages. London: David Nutt. Driftwood and Foam. By Cary F. Jacob. 12mo, 67 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net. Candle Flame: A Play. By Katharine Howard. 12mo, 32 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net. The Rift in the Cloud. By John S. Wrightnour. 12mo, 86 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net. Stage Guild Plays. By Kenneth Sawyer Goodman. New volumes: Barbara; The Game of Chess. Each 16mo. New York: Vaughan & Gomme. Per volume, 35 cts. net. ars. 1914] 513 THE DIAL Ballads of Childhood. By Michael Earls, S.J. 12mo, 80 pages. Benziger Brothers. $1. net. FICTION. You Never Know Your Luck. By Gilbert Parker. Illustrated in color, 12mo, 328 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net. Stories of Russian Life. By Anton Tchekoff; trans- lated from the Russian by Marian Fell. 12mo, 314 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.35 net. The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists. By Robert Tressall. 12mo, 385 pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.25 net. The Strength of the Strong. By Jack London. With frontispiece, 12mo, 257 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net. Midstream: A Chronicle at Halfway. By Will Lev- ington Comfort. 12mo, 320 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net. Idylls of a Dutch Village. By S. Ulfers; translated by B. Williamson-Napier. 8vo, 397 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.75 net. Broken Music. By Phyllis Bottome. 12mo, 348 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.35 net. At the Casa Napoleon. By Thomas A. Janvier. Illustrated, 12mo, 226 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.25 net. Set to Partners. By Mrs. Henry Dudeney. 12mo, 322 pages. Duffield & Co. $1.25 net. A Daughter of Love. By Mrs. K. J. Key. 12mo, 348 pages. Duffield & Co. $1.25 net. Cross Trails: The Story of One Woman in the North Woods. By Herman Whitaker. Illustrated, 12mo, 264 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.20 net. E: The_Complete and Somewhat Mad History of the Family of Montague Vincent, Esq., Gent. 12mo, 387 pages. Duffield & Co. $1.35 net. The Nigger of the Narcissus: A Tale of the Fore- castle. By Joseph Conrad. Illustrated, 217 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.20 net. Henry of Navarre — Ohio. By Harold E. Porter (“Holworthy Hall"). 12mo, 191 pages. Century Co. $1. net. International Law: Topics and Discussions, 1913. 8vo, 203 pages. Washington: Government Print- ing Office. The Profitable Wage: What is It? By Ed. E. Sheas- green. 8vo, 154 pages. Chicago: Standard Cost Finding Service Co. Efficient Causes of Crime. By Rufus Bernhard von Klein Smid. 8vo, 12 pages. Battle Creek; Paper. NATURE AND OUT-DOOR LIFE. Pot-Pourri Mixed by Two. By Mrs. C. W. Earle and Ethel Case. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 456 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50 net. Tree Guide: Trees East of the Rockies. By Julia Ellen Rogers. Illustrated, 22mo, 265 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1. net. The Natural History of the Farm. By James G. Needham. Illustrated, 12mo, 348 pages. Ithaca: Comstock Publishing Co. $1.50 net. ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND MUSIC. The Ministry of Art. By Ralph Adams Cram. 8vo, 246 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net. The Art of Spiritual Harmony. By Wassily Kan- dinsky; translated, with Introduction, by M. T. H. Sadler. Illustrated, 8vo, 112 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.75 net. What Sculpture to See in Europe. By Lorinda Mun- son Bryant. Illustrated, 12mo, 215 pages. John Lane Co. $1.35 net. New Guides to Old Masters. By John C. Van Dyke. New volumes: Berlin, Dresden; Munich, Frank- fort, Cassel. Each with frontispiece, 16mo. Charles Scribner's Sons. Per volume, $1. net. The History of the Dwelling House and Its Future. By Robert Ellis Thompson, LL.D. 12mo, 171 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1. net. The Conception of Art. By Henry R. Poore. Re- vised edition; illustrated, 8vo, 222 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2. net. Art and Environment. By Lisle March Phillipps. New edition; illustrated, 8vo, 343 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $2.25 net. The Making of Musicians. By T. H. Yorke Trotter. 12mo, 142 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net. RELIGION AND THEOLOGY. The Church Revival: Thoughts Thereon and Remi- niscences. By S. Baring-Gould, M.A. Illustrated, large 8vo, 415 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $4.50 net. Roman Ideas of Deity, in the Last Century before the Christian Era. By W. Warde Fowler, M.A. 8vo, 167 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.40 net. Religious Confessions and Confessants: With a Chapter on the History of Introspection. By Anna Robeson Burr. 8vo, 562 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $2.50 net. The Year of Grace: Trinity to Advent. By George Hodges. New edition; in 2 volumes, 12mo, 299 pages. Macmillan Co. Each $1.25 net. The Place of the Church in Evolution. By John Mason Tyler. 12mo, 198 pages. Houghton Mif- flin Co. $1.10 net. The Test. By Burt Estes Howard. 16mo, 130 pages. American Unitarian Association. $1. net. Thinking God's Thoughts after Him. By Henry Melville King, D.D. 12mo, 285 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1.25 net. TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. Highways and Byways in Shakespeare's Country. By W. H. Hutton. Illustrated, 8vo, 448 pages. Macmillan Co. $2. net. A Wanderer's Trail: Being a Faithful Record of Travel in Many Lands. By A. Loton Ridger. Illustrated, large 8vo, 403 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $3. net. The Upper Reaches of the Amazon. By Joseph F. Woodroffe. Illustrated, 8vo, 304 pages. Mac- millan Co. $3. net. Europe after 8:15. By H. L. Mencken, George Jean Nathan, and Willard Huntington Wright. Illus- trated, 12mo, 222 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25 net. Travel Notes of an Octogenarian. By W. Spooner Smith. Illustrated, 8vo, 215 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1.50 net. PHILOSOPHY. Clay and Fire. By Layton Crippen. 12mo, 178 pages. Henry Holt & Co. An Introduction to Kant's Critical Philosophy. By George Tapley Whitney and Philip Howard Fogel. 12mo, 226 pages. Macmillan Co. $1. net. PUBLIC AFFAIRS.- SOCIOLOGY, ECONOMICS, AND POLITICS. The Soul of America: A Constructive Essay in the Sociology of Religion. 8vo, 405 pages. Mac- millan Co. $2. net. The United States and Peace. By William H. Taft. 12mo, 182 pages. 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By Charles Francis Adams. 16mo, 43 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. 50 cts. net. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. Who's Who in America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women of the United States. Edited by Albert Nelson Marquis. Vol- ume VIII., 1914-1915. 12mo, 2888 pages. Chi- cago: A. N. Marquis & Co. $5 net. The New International Year Book: A Compendium of the World's Progress for the Year 1913. Ed- ited by Frank Moore Colby, M.A. Illustrated, large 8vo, 776 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. The Theory and Practice of Argumentation and Debate. By Victor Alvin Ketcham, LL.B. 8vo, 366 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net. Dictionary of the Organ: Organ Registers, Their Timbres, Combinations, and Acoustic Phenom- ena. By Carl Locher; translated from the Ger- man by Claude P. Landi. 12mo, 207 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25 net. 514 (June 16 THE DIAL The Comprehensive Standard Dictionary of the En- glish Language. Abridged from the New Stand- ard Dictionary by James C. Fernald. 8vo, 680 pages. 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Prices : in cloth, $6.50 : three-quarters Morocco, $8.50. Also Warne Arms and Lord Arms. $1.00 each. Address REV. GEORGE W. LABAW, R. R. No. 1, PATERSON, N. J. JUST PUBLISHED THE MECHANICS OF LAW MAKING By COURTENAY ILBERT, G.C.B. Clerk of the House of Commons. 12mo, cloth, pp. viii + 209. $1.50 net. This volume will appeal to all who are interested in improving the form of legislation. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS LEMCKE AND BUECHNER, Agents 30-32 West 27th Street NEW YORK CITY June Ten a Pet kerst $1.252 iatica Xorc Putoa Clo le De 0284 Pure 3 10 - ID:000020201395 051054 v.56 Jan. - June 1914 The Dial Browne, Francis F. (F route to: CATO-PARK in transit to: UP-ANNEX A000020201395 8/7/2005,8:11 Bldg. = AO00020201395 399