g. FS好 ​2308 LL - & THE DIAL A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME LVIII. JANUARY 1 TO JUNE 10, 1915 CHICAGO THE HENRY O. SHEPARD CO. 1915 . 051 D=4 V.58 1915 . 18 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDEX TO VOLUME LVIII. PAGE AMERICAN DISSENTERS, SOME Frederic Austin 099 114 AMERICAN LITERATURE, AN . 37 AMERICAN PRESIDENT, A HALF-FORGOTTEN W. H. Johnson . 262 ARCHITECTURAL CRITICISM, AN ICONOCLAST IN Sidney Fiske Kimball ARCTIC LANDS FORLORN, IN Lawrence J. Burpee . 117 ART, STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF Sidney Fiske Kimball 80 ART AND HISTORY H. M. Kallen 111 AVEBURY, LORD, THE VARIOUSLY ACCOMPLISHED Percy F. Bicknell 74 BELGIUM, THE POETS OF drthur L. Salmon . 69 BROWNING'S WOMEN Clark S. Northup 258 CANADIAN STATESMEN, Two Lawrence J. Burpee 380 CHARACTER-READING THROUGH THE FEATURES M. V. O'Shea 149 CHINA, RECENT VIEWS ON Olin Dantzler Wannamaker 19 Cosmic SOUL, THE . Henry M. Sheffer . 421 CRITIC'S CREDO, A Herbert Ellsworth Cory 375 DARKENED FOREGROUND, THE Charles Leonard Moore . 191 DOSTOIEFFSKY George Bernard Donlin. 5 DRAMA MOVEMENT, THE Grant Showerman 76 DRAMATIC PRESENTATION, THE NEW MOVEMENT IN Edward E. Hale 199 EDUCATIONAL CHIŅA-SHOP, A BULL IN THE 445 ELIZABETHAN TRAGIC TECHNIQUE . Garland Greever 335 ENGLAND AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Laurence M. Larson 14 ENGLISH DRAMA, A SKETCH OF THE Raymond M. Alden 151 ENGLISH LITERATURE, A COMPENDIOUS HISTORY OF Lane Cooper 15 ENGLISH LITERATURE IN THE ROMANTIC PERIOD Lane Cooper . 205 EYE-WITNESSES AT THE SHAMBLES Wallace Rice 208 FICTION, RECENT Lucian Cary 52, 118 FICTION, RECENT William Morton Payne 211, 263, 304, 344, 383, 424, 462 FRANCE, THE NEW James W. Garner . 78 FRENCH EXPLORATION IN AMERICA, THE EPIC OF Archibald Henderson 417 GENIUS, THE QUALITY OF T. D. A. Cockerell 203 GERMAN IMPERIALISM, THE ARCH-PRIEST OF James W. Garner . 256 GERMANY, THE CASE AGAINST W. K. Stewart . 302 HURRICANE LAND, Two YEARS IN Percy F. Bicknell 201 INDIAN, JUSTICE FOR THE Frederick Start . 458 LITERARY LIFE, CROWDING MEMORIES OF A Percy F. Bicknell . 456 MAGIC, OLD, IN A NEW CENTURY Thomas Percival Beyer 301 METRICAL FREEDOM AND THE CONTEMPORARY POET Arthur Davison Ficke MITFORD, Miss, AS A LETTER-WRITER Percy F. Bicknell . 415 Music, INTERPRETERS OF . . Louis James Block 82 NAMES, GOOD, A COMMODITY OF Charles Leonard Moore 325 NAPOLEON: How HE ORGANIZED VICTORY H. E. Bourne . NATURALIST, FRIENDLY LETTERS OF A WANDERING Percy F. Bicknell 294 OCCULT, THE NEW LITERATURE OF THE Charles Leonard Moore 405 ONE WHOM THE GODS LOVED Percy F. Bicknell . 143 :PAINTER, OUR, OF THE SEA AND THE SHORE Edward E. Hale 333 PLAY OR PAMPHLET? Charles Leonard Moore . 287 PLAY-MAKING, CLASSICS ON THE ART OF H. C. Chatfield-Taylor 145 PLAYS OF TO-DAY AND YESTERDAY Homer E. Woodbridge 47 PRESENT GENERATION, THE . Edward E. Hale 365 PSYCHOLOGY, SOME VARIED CONTRIBUTIONS TO Joseph Jastrow 340 REED, “ CZAR," SOME LESS AUTOCRATIC ASPECTS OF Percy F. Bicknell 42 61221 . . . . . . . . 11 . ... 259 . . . . . iv. INDBX PAGE . . . . . . SHAKESPEAREAN ACTORS, A VETERAN DRAMATIC CRITIC ON FAMOUS Percy F. Bicknell . SHAKESPEAREAN CRUXES, FANTASTIC SOLUTIONS OF SOME Samuel A. Tannenbaum . SOCIALISM, A DEFENCE OF Alex. Mackendrick SOLDIER-SURGEON'S REMINISCENCES, A Percy F. Bicknell . SOUTH AMERICA, THREE BOOKS ON P. A. Martin SOUTHERN HISTORICAL WRITING, THE New SPIRIT IN Benj. B. Kendrick TAGORE: POET AND MYSTIC Louis I. Bredvold THEATRE, DEMOCRACY AND THE THREE-PLY THREAD OF LIFE, THE Charles Leonard Moore . TRAVEL, AMERICAN, FROM CANOE TO AEROPLANE IN Percy F. Bicknell . TRAVEL, EUROPEAN, IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Clark S. Northup. VERBOTEN Z. M. Kalonymos . WAR, AMERICA AND THE GREAT Frederic Austin Ogg WAR, IN PRAISE OF T. D. A. Cockerell WAR, New BOOKS ABOUT THE Frederic Austin Ogg WAR AND POETRY William Morton Payne WELLS, MR. H. G., AND RECONSTRUCTION Edward E. Hale WEST, A SCIENTIFIC BAEDEKER OF THE Charles Atwood Kofoid WEST, FAR, AMERICAN EXPANSION IN THE William E. Dodd . WILLIAM II. OF GERMANY W. K. Stewart . WORRY AND MODERN LIFE M. V. O'Shea “ YELLOW BOOK, THE” YOUNG OF THE “ NIGHT THOUGHTS” Homer E. Woodbridge 373 297 377 109 381 422 459 3 101 254 147 448 337 295 44 133 247 461 336 418 50 67 81 . . . . . . . • 1915 . ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS - CASUAL COMMENT NOTES ON NEW NOVELS BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS BRIEFER MENTION NOTES TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS LISTS OF NEW BOOKS 219 7, 39, 71, 103, 135, 193, 250, 289, 327, 368, 408, 450 85, 264, 305, 346, 385, 425, 466 20,53, 86, 120, 152, 213, 266, 306, 347, 386, 426, 467 25,59,89, 216, 269, 390, 430, 471 25, 59, 90, 122, 156, 217, 270, 311, 350, 391, 431, 472 26, 90, 158, 272, 351, 473 26, 60, 91, 123, 159, 233, 272, 312, 352, 393, 432, 474 . CASUAL COMMENT PAGE 105 195 Advertising Page, Humors of the..... Anecdotes, The Periodicity of....... Artist, An, for Art's Sake... Arts and Letters, A Generous Benefaction to... Authorship, The Boundlessness of the Field of.. Authorship, The Pride of.. Authorship, The Road to... Battles and Books... Belgian Relief, Mark Twain's Contribution to. Bibliography, Common Sense in... Bibliopathology Biography, A Pleasing Prospect in. Book-borrower, A Delinquent.. Book-dealers, Encouraging to.. Book-lovers, A Promising Profession for. Book-reviewer's Chief Function, The.. Books, New, for Old.... Books, Second-hand Knowledge of. Books as Food for the Flames. Books for Specialists. Books “Never In By Way of Parenthesis. Canada's Contribution to Polite Literature. Carlyle Manuscript, A Forgotten.. Centenaries, Neglected Classic Author, A, in His Own Lifetime.. Classics, The Lost, of Ancient Greece... 104 253 453 135 104 411 138 40 253 9 196 290 453 252 370 138 194 139 250 292 196 412 454 368 PAGE Colonel Carter of Cartersville, The Creator of. 291 Copyright Differences, An Adjustment of.. 369 Criticism, Textual, The Passion for.. 136 Criticism, The Place of.... 137 Culture, A Get-Rich-Quick. 251 Culture, Aids to.... 105 Culture, The Increasing Cost of. 106 Culture, The Popularization of. 73 Drama, The, as an Instrument of Reform. 73 Edition de Luxe, The Lure of the.. 140 Editor, A Self-congratulatory. 72 Editor with an Ideal, An.. 252 Editorial Retrospect, An.. 106 Educational Problem, An.. 71 English, Underdone 194 Engrossing Theme, The. 71 Essay Competition, A Notable. 409 Fiction, The Catholicity of Popular Taste in. 72 Fiction, The Improbabilities and Impossibilities of...... 329 Fictive Teais, The Fount of... 328 Fortnightly," Fifty Years of the.. 450 French Appreciation of English Literature. 289 French Literature, A New Light in. French Poetry and German Poetry.. 137 French Press, A Renovated and Ennobled. 410 Gown to Khaki, From.... 331 Hispanic Society, The Late Librarian of the. ......... 193 06 71 - INDEX PAGE Illinois Public Libraries... 292 Indexers' Idiosyncracies 290 Information, Seekers after Curious and Rare Bits of. 135 Ireland, Reading in.... 290 John Carter Brown Library, The New Head of the..... 369 Journalist's Art, A New Variety of the.... 253 Juvenile Disrespect for Literary Property.. 136 Lawsuits of Fiction, One of the Famous. 138 Library as Pacificator, The.... 139 Library Building for Children, The First. 409 Library Laws, Obstructive... 453 Library Support, A Plea for.. 103 Literary Diplomats 189 Literature, Great, A Definition of, 370 Literature, Laxative 451 Lumber-camp Libraries for Wisconsin. 106 Man of Infinite Variety, A.. 195 Mark Twain of the Ghetto, A. 40 Mind's Gambol, The.... 39 Moribund Art, A Plea for the Revival of a.. 452 Nature-study Transmuted into Literature. 39 Nonagenarian, A Versatile.. 8 Novel-writing, After Forty Years of. 292 Obligation, An Embarrassing. 136 Periodical, A Broad-gauge. 104 Playfulness, The Perils of. 452 Poem, A Potent... 370 Poet, One Who Lived the Life of a. 327 Poetry and Efficiency. 103 Poetry in Wartime..... 73 Political Pamphlet, A Famous... 252 Printer, A, with the Spirit of an Artist. 329 Public Library, One Year's Work of Our Largest. 329 PAGE Reader's Appetite, Whetting the. 380 Readers, Greedy 330 Readers behind the Bars. 137 Reading, Heavy 291 Reading in the Trenches.. 196 Reference Room, One Day's Activities in a Busy. 369 Rejection, Sugar-coating the Pill of.. 195 Reprints, Cheap, The Publisher's Risk in. 410 Retrospects of a Quarterly Reviewer.. 411 Review, An Exiled.. 291 Russell, Clark, A Follower in the Footsteps of. 251 Russian Genius, A New.. 411 Russian Language and Literature, Revived Interest in.. 9 School Children, The Reading of.. 328 Scottish Logician, A.... 8 Shakespeare, Germany's Appreciation of. 328 Shakespeare, The Children's Need of. 412 “Shakespeare Every Day" 250 Short-story Harvest of 1914, The. 368 Simplified Spelling, A Set-back to.. 139 Speech-acquiring Years, The... 408 State Archives, A New Department of. 453 Style, The Quality of Naturalness in.. 7 Travesty in the Form of Fiction.... 451 University Printing House, A. 140 Vermonters, Literary Likings of the Serious.. 105 War, A Voltairean View of..... 7 War, An Addition to the Ephemeral Literature of the.. 412 War-historians, Data for Future. 9 Washington Irving Anecdote, A. 330 Williams, Ephraim, In Memory of.. 410 Williams College Library, A Notable Gift to. 412 Yiddish Literature, A Renaissance in. 292 AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED Abercrombie, Lascelles. The Epic.. 306 Adams, H. P. The French Revolution. 214 Allen, J. W. Germany and Europe.. 303 Allen, James Lane. The Sword of Youth. 211 "American Colleges and Universities Series ". 214 Andrews, Mary R. S., and Murray, Roy I. August First 306 Andreyev, Leonid. Savva and The Life of Man.... 49 "Art and Craft of Letters, The ". 306 Artzibashef, Michael. Sanine.... 118 Atkinson, Eleanor. Johnny Appleseed. 306 Bailey, H. C. The Gentleman Adventurer.. 304 Bailey, Temple. Contrary Mary.. 386 Bainbridge, W. S. The Cancer Problem.. 155 Baker, Arthur E. Concordance to the Poetical and Dramatic Works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson.. 59 Baldwin, Elbert F. The World War... 340 Bancroft, Hubert H. History of Mexico, revised edition. 154 Bancroft, Hubert H. Retrospection, revised edition..... 430 Bancroft, Hubert H. The New Pacific, revised edition.. 430 Barnard, Charles I. Paris War Days.. 209 Barr, Amelia E. The Winning of Lucia.. 425 Barrie, J. M. Half Hours.. 49 Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, tenth edition, revised and enlarged by Nathan Haskell Dole.. 25 Beck, James M. The Evidence in the Case.. 339 Bédier, Joseph. Romance of Tristan and Iseult. 216 Begbie, Harold. Kitchener, Organizer of Victory. 388 Benson, Arthur C. Hugh: Memoirs of a Brother. 426 Benson, E. F. Arundel.... 265 Benson, Hugh. Loneliness.. 346 Beresford, Admiral Lord Charles, The Memoirs of. 87 Bindloss, Harold. The Secret of the Reef. 264 Birkhead, Alice. Destiny's Daughter. 264 Bordeaux, Henry. The Awakening. 346 Bordeaux, Henry. The Will to Live.. 425 Boulenger, E. G. Reptiles and Batrachians. 429 Bourdon, Georges. The German Enigma. 45 Bradley, Mary H. The Splendid Chance. 465 Brady, Cyrus T. The Eagle of the Empire. 386 Bridges, Horace J. Criticisms of Life. 308 Brown, Alice. Children of Earth. 269 Brown, Helen D. Talks to Freshman Girls. 59 Brownell, Atherton. The Unseen Empire.. 47 Brownell, W. C. Criticism... 375 Browning, Robert and Elizabeth B., New Poems of..... 268 Bruce, H. Addington. Psychology and Parenthood. 390 Brunetière, Ferdinand. The Law of the Drama. 145 Bryant, Edward A. The Best English and Scottish Ballads 390 Buckrose, J. E. Spray on the Windows. 466 Burr, Amelia Josephine. A Dealer in Empire.. 347 Burr, Anna R. Religious Confessions and Confessants. 343 Burroughs, John. The Breath of Life. 468 Burton, Richard. How to See a Play.. 76 Calhoun, Mary E., and MacAlarney, Emma L. Readings from American Literature. 471 Calthrop. Dion Clayton. Clay and Rainbows. 86 Campbell, Oscar J., and Schenck, Frederic, Comedies of Holberg 20 “Can Germany Win?" 340 Canfield, Dorothy. Hillsboro People. 385 Cannan, Gilbert. Satire. 306 Cannan, Gilbert. Young Earnest. 119 Cannon, W. B. Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear, and Rage 468 Carey, Arthur E. New Nerves for Old.. 50 Carter, Huntly. The Theatre of Max Reinhardt. 199 Castle, Agnes and Egerton. The Haunted Heart. 264 Chamberlain, George A. Through Stained Glass. 263 Chambers, Robert W. Who Goes There!...... 345 “Channels of English Literature”. 151 Chapman, John J. Deutschland über Alles. Chapman, John J. Memories and Milestones. 266 Chase, J. Smeaton, and Saunders, Charles F. The Cali. fornia Padres and Their Missions... 471 Chatterton, E. Keble. The Old East Indiamen. 429 Cheney, Sheldon. New Movement in the Theatre.. 76 Chesterton, G. K. The Appetite of Tyranny.... 267 Chittenden, Hiram M, The Yellowstone National Park, revised edition 430 Christie, Dugald. Thirty Years in the Manchu Capital. 20 Chubb, Edwin W. Masters of English Literature. 154 Chubb, Edwin W. Sketches of Great Painters.. 470 Cobb, Irvin S. Paths of Glory..... 208 “ Columbia University, Publications of the Dramatic Museum of". 145 303 vi. INDEX 46 76 PAGE Comfort, Will Levington. Red Fleece... 304 Comstock, Harriet T. The Place beyond the Winds.... 85 Conrad, Joseph. Victory.. 383 Cooper, Clayton S. The Modernizing of the Orient.... 268 Corbin, John, The Edge. 466 Corson, Geoffrey. Blue Blood and Red.. 384 Coulevain, Pierre de. The Wonderful Romance. 470 Cox, J. Charles. The English Farish Church.. 216 Cox, Kenyon. Winslow Homer...... 333 Coxon, Stanley. And That Reminds Me.. 349 Cramb, J. A. Origins and Destiny of Imperial Britain. 295 Cressy, Edward. Discoveries and Inventions of the Twentieth Century 391 Croly, Herbert. Progressive Democracy. 114 Crooker, Joseph H. Shall I Drink?. 310 Cross, E. A. The Short Story.. 89 Curtiss, Philip. The Ladder. 384 Davis, H. W. C. Political Thought of Heinrich von Treitschke 256 Davis, Richard Harding. With the Allies.. 209 Dawson, William H. What Is Wrong with Germany ?. 303 Deeping, Warwick. Marriage by Conquest.. 424 “ Dehan, Richard." The Man of Iron. 212 Dell, Ethel M. The Keeper of the Door. 424 Devine, Edward T. The Normal Life. 469 Dickinson, Asa Don. The Kaiser. 419 Dickinson, G. Lowes. An Essay on the Civilizations of India, China, and Japan... 429 Dickinson, Thomas H. Chief Contemporary Dramatists. 430 Dimnet, Ernest. France Herself Again. 78 Doncaster, L. Determination of Sex.... 428 Douglas, George M. Lands Forlorn. 117 Doyle, Arthur C. The Valley of Fear.. 425 Du more, A. Radclyffe. Romance of the Beaver. 311 Dunbar, Seymour. A History of Travel in America. ... 254 Durand, Ralph. Handbook to the Poetry of Rudyard Kipling 216 Dyer, Walter A. Pierrot, Dog of Belgium. 467 Eaton, A. W. H. The Famous Mather Byles. 56 Eaton, Walter P. The Idyl of Twin Fires. 306 Elliott, Francis P. Pals First. 466 Elwood, Walter. Guimó.. 265 Embury II., Aymar. Early American Churches 53 Erskine, Payne. A Girl of the Blue Ridge... 385 Ervine, St. John G. Eight O'clock, and Other Studies.. 428 Ervine, St. John G. Mrs. Martin's Man... 265 Fabre, J. H. The Mason-bees.... 22 Fansler, Harriet E. Evolution of Technic in Elizabethan Tragedy 335 Farquhar, J. N. Modern Religious Movements in India. 388 Finley, John. The French in the Heart of America. ... 417 Fitch, Albert P. The College Course and the Prepara- tion for Life. Fleischmann, Hector. An Unknown Son of Napoleon.. 261 Foerster, Norman. Outlines and Summaries.. 471 Foord, Edward. Napoleon's Russian Campaign of 1812. 260 Forbush, William Byron. Manual of Play.... 390 Fosbrooke, Gerald E. Character Reading through Anal- ysis of the Features. 149 Foster, George. Canadian Addresses. 381 Fowler, Edith Henrietta. Patricia. 346 Francis, J. O. Change... 47 Freeman, R. Austin. A Silent Witness. 467 Freud, Sigmund. Psychopathology of Everyday Life... 341 Frobenius, H. The German Empire's Hour of Destiny.. 45 Frost, Robert. A Boy's Will, American edition.. 430 Frost, Robert. North of Boston, American edition..... 430 Galsworthy, John. The Little Man, and Other Satires.. 427 Gardiner, John Hays. Harvard. 214 Gaunt, Mary. A Woman in China.. 20 Gauss, Christian. The German Emperor as Shown in His Public Utterances. 418 Gehrts, M. A Camera Actress in the Wilds of Togoland 122 George, W. L. The Second Blooming. 52 “ Germany's War Mania" 303 Gerould, Katherine F. The Great Tradition, and Other Stories 466 Gerstenberg, Alice. The Conscience of Sarah Platt. 386 “Getting a Wrong Start" 390 Gibbons, Herbert Adams. The New Map of Europe. ... 46 Gibson, Rowland G. Forces Mining and Undermining China 19 Gilman, Lawrence. Nature in Music. 84 PAGE Goddard, Henry H. Feeble-mindedness.. 342 Goddard, Henry H. School Training of Defective Chil. dren 342 Gowans, Adam L. Selections from Treitschke's Lec- tures on Politics.. 44 Gowans, Adam L. The Twelve Best Tales by English Writers 390 Gray, W. Forbes. Some Old Scots Judges.*, 153 Greene, Francis V. Present Military Situation in the United States 338 Gretton, R. H. History. 306 Grey, Zane. The Lone Star Ranger. 264 Griffiths, Arthur. Life of Napoleon. 261 Haggard, H. Rider. Allan and the Holy Flower. 386 Hale, E. E., and Dawson, F. T. Elements of the Short Story 269 Hall, Holworthy. Pepper. 426 Handy Volume Classics 390 Harrison, Henry Sydnor. Angela's Business. 344 Hart, Albert Bushnell. The War in Europe. Hausrath, Adolf. Treitschke... Henderson, Archibald. The Changing Drama. Herzog, Rudolf, Sons of the Rhine.. 85 Heyking, Baroness von. Lovers in Exile. 425 Hollander, Jacob H. Abolition of Poverty 23 Holt, Henry. On the Cosmic Relations.. 421 Hooker, Brian. Fairyland. 348 Hopkins, Florence M. Allusions, Words, and Phrases.. 391 Hornaday, William T. Wild Life Conservation. 309 Hosking, W. H. The South African Year Book, 1914... 89 Hovgaard, William. The Voyages of the Norsemen to America 21 Howard, Bronson, The Autobiography of a Play. 145 Howe, Frederic C. The Modern City.... 266 Howe, Winifred E. History of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 215 Hull, W. I. The Monroe Doctrine.. 469 Hunt, Gaillard. Life in America One Hundred Years Ago 349 Hunt, Gaillard. The Department of State. 86 Hutchinson, Horace G. Life of Sir John Lubbock, Lord Avebury Hutchinson, W. E. By-ways around San Francisco Bay. 350 Hutchinson, Woods. Civilization and Health... 121 Jane, L. Cecil. The Nations at War.... 121 Jepson, Edgar. Happy Pollyooly.... 347 Jones, Henry Arthur. The Theatre of Ideas. 389 Jones, John P. India, new edition.. 471 “ Kaiser, The Real”. 44 Kauffman, Reginald W. In a Moment of Time. 349 Kilpatrick, James A. Tommy Atkins at War. 210 King, Charles. The True Ulysses S. Grant.. 391 Kittredge, George L. Chaucer and His Times. 467 Koldewey, Robert. The Excavations at Babylon. 347 Lange, Algot. The Lower Amazon... 382 Lawrence, D. H. The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyd.... 48 Leacock, Stephen. Arcadian Adventures with the Idle Rich 86 Learned, W. S. The Oberlehrer. 58 Lee, Elizabeth. Mary Russell Mitford. 415 Lehmann, Lilli. My Path through Life. 87 Le Queux, William. At the sign of the Sword. 464 Lieder, Paul Robert. Tegnér's Poems.... 21 Lippmann, Walter. Drift and Mastery. 116 “Loeb Classical Library " 89 Loti, Pierre. On Life's By-ways. 155 Lowell, Amy. Sword Blades and Poppy Seeds. 12 Lund, Kathleen A. Oliver in Willowmere. 467 Macaulay, Fannie C. The House of the Misty Star. 385 McCabe, Joseph. Treitschke and the Great War. 256 McCall, Samuel W. Life of Thomas Brackett Reed.. 42 McElroy, Robert McNutt. The Winning of the Far West 336 Mach, Edmund von. What Germany Wants. McKeever, William A. Industrial Training of the Girl. 58 Mackenzie, Compton. Sinister Street.. 53 MacManus, Seumas. Yourself and the Neighbours. 85 MacMechan, Archibald. The Life of a Little College... 24 Maeterlinck, Maurice. The Unknown Guest. 120 Mair, G. H. Modern English Literature.. 15 Markham, Edwin. California the Wonderful. 386 Markham, Edwin. The Shoes of Happiness. 310 Marsh, Richard. The Woman in the Car. 466 Martin, Helen R. Martha of the Mennonite Country... 385 122 46 - - - INDEX vii. 20 458 466 D 48 PAGE Matthews, Nathan Municipal Charters.... 387 Mawson, Douglas. The Home of the Blizzard. 201 Mayne, Ethel C. Letters of Dostoevsky... 88 Mayne, Ethel Colburn. Browning's Heroines. 258 Mead, William E. The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century 147 Melvin, Floyd J. Socialism as the Sociological Ideal. 377 Merwin, Samuel. The Honey Bee. 463 Miller, Elizabeth. Daybreak. 425 Millicent Duchess of Sutherland. Six Weeks at the War 210 Mills, Enos A. The Rocky Mountain Wonderland...... 469 Moderwell, Hiram K. The Theatre of To-day.. 199 Monroe, Harriet. You and I... 12 Montagu, Violette M. Napoleon and His Adopted Son.. 261 Monypenny, W. F. Life of Disraeli, Vol. III.. 308 Moorehead, Warren K. The American Indian in the United States Morgan, Morris H. Vitruvius. 156 Moses, Irene E. P. Rhythmic Action. 471 Moth, Axel. Glossary of Library Terms 216 Münsterberg, Hugo. Psychology.. 344 Münsterberg, Hugo. The Peace and America. 340 Muir, John. Letters to a Friend. 294 Muirhead, W. A. Practical Tropical Sanitation. 470 Munn, Charles C. The Heart of Uncle Terry.. 386 Mursell, Walter A. Byways in Bookland. 23 “My Ideas and Ideals”. 418 Nansen, Fridtjof. Through Siberia. 387 “ Nature and Science on the Facific Coast 461 Newman, Ernest. Wagner as Man and Artist. 21 Newmarch, Rosa. Russian Opera... 56 Nexö, Martin A. Pelle the Conqueror: Apprenticeship. 53 Nivedita, Sister. Footfalls of Indian History. 348 “ Northern Patagonia 381 Norton, Richard. Bernini.. 80 Ogden, R. M. Introduction to General Psychology. 344 Onions, Oliver. Mushroom Town.... 306 Oppenheim, E. Phillips. The Double Traitor. 463 Oppenheim, James. The Beloved.. "Oxford Editions of Standard Literature 89 Palmer, John. Comedy. 306 Pankhurst, Emmeline. My Own Story.. 57 Park, Roswell. Selected Papers, Surgical and Scientific 214 Parker, G. H. Biology and Social Problems.. 88 Parker, William B. Edward Rowland Sill. 143 Parrott, Thomas M. George Chapman's Plays, Vol. II., new edition 25 Pemberton, Henry, Jr. Shakespere and Sir Walter Raleigh 89 Pepperman, W. Leon. Who Built the Panama Canal ?.. 310 Peterson, William. Canadian Essays and Addresses.... 390 Phelps, William Lyon. Essays on Books..... 24 Phillipps, Lisle March. Art and Environment, revised edition 111 Phillpotts, Eden. Brunel's Tower.. 385 Pinero, Arthur Wing. Robert Louis Stevenson as Dramatist 145 Poe, Works of, Stedman-Woodberry edition, revised.... 216 Pollak, Gustav. International Perspective in Criticism. 426 Poole, Ernest. The Harbor... 211 Powell, E. Alexander. Fighting in Flanders, 209 Powell, E. Alexander. The End of the Trail. 88 Powys, John C. The War and Culture.. 25 Prentice, E. Parmalee. Pericla Navarchi Magonis. 348 Priest, George M. Germany since 1740.. 429 Reilly, Joseph J. James Russell Lowell as a Critic.... 388 Rhys, Ernest. Rabindranath Tagore... 459 Richardson, Ernest C. Biblical Libraries. 57 Ridge, W. Pett. The Happy Recruit. 264 Rinehart, Mary R. The Street of Seven Stars. 85 Robertson, J. M. Elizabethan Literature. 24 Robinson, Edwin A. Van Zorn... 48 Rohmer, Sax. The Romance of Sorcery. 301 Rohrbach, Paul. German World Policies, trans. by Edmund von Mach....... Rolland, Romain. Musicians of To-day.... 82 Roosevelt, Theodore. America and the World War..... 337 Roy, Basanta K. Rabindranath Tagore.. 459 Royce, Josiah. War and Insurance.. 215 Russell, Bertrand. Scientific Method in Philosophy. 55 Sadler, William S. Worry and Nervousness. 50 Sarolea, Charles. How Belgium Saved Europe. 389 Saunders, George. Builder and Blunderer.. 45 PAGE Scandinavian Monographs ” 20 Schelling, Felix E. English Drama.... 151 Schreiner, Olive. Woman and War, pocket edition..... 269 Scott, Geoffrey. The Architecture of Humanism....... 18 Seawell, Molly E. The Diary of a Beauty. 306 Selborne, John. The Thousand Secrets... 426 Seltzer, Charles A. The Boss of the Lazy Y.... 467 Shand, Alexander F. The Foundations of Character.... 340 Shaw, Stanley. The Kaiser, new edition............... 419 Sheehan, P. A. The Graves at Kilmorna.. 347 Shelley, Henry C. Life and Letters of Edward Young.. 81 Shortt, Vere. Lost Sheep.. 385 Sibree, James. A Naturalist in Madagascar. 155 Sihler, E. G. Cicero of Arpinum... 22 Singmaster, Elsie. Katy Gaumer. 265 Sladen, Douglas. The Confessions of Frederick the Great and Treitschke's Life of Frederick the Great. 309 Sladen, Douglas. Twenty Years of My Life.... 456 Snaith, J. C. Anne Feversham.... 85 Spencer, M. L. Practical English Punctuation. 23 Sterling, George. Beyond the Breakers. 13 Stevenson, Burton E. Little Comrade. 346 Stewart, Charles D. Some Textual Difficulties in Shakespeare 297 Stockton, Richard, Jr. Peace Insurance. 307 Stoothoff's, Ellenor. The Nightingale... 346 Stringer, Arthur. Open Water..... 11 Stringer, Arthur. The Hand of Peril. 424 Strunsky, Rose. Abraham Lincoln.. 152 Strunsky, Simeon. Belshazzar Court. 22 Studies in Southern History and Politics" 422 Sukloff, Marie. The Life Story of a Russian Exile. 54 Tagore, Rabindranath. Songs of Kabir.. 459 Tagore, Rabindranath. The King of the Dark Chamber 48 Tarkington, Booth. The Turmoil.. 265 Thomson, J. Arthur. The Wonder of Life. 213 Thorndyke, Russell. Dr. Syn : A Smuggler Tale of Romney Marsh 425 Thorne, Guy. The Secret Service Submarine. 464 “ Three Modern Plays from the French ” Thurstan, Frederick. Romances of Amosis Ra. 347 Tipper, Harry, and Others. Advertising.... 430 Todd, Millicent. Peru: A Land of Contrasts.. 383 Topham, Anne. Memories of the Kaiser's Court. 419 Treitschke, Heinrich von. Germany, France, Russia, and Islam 256 Trevelyan, George 0. George the Third and Charles James Fox, Vol. II... 14 Trevena, John. Sleeping Waters. 265 Türck, Hermann. The Man of Genius... 203 Tupper, Charles. Recollections of Sixty Years.. 380 Tupper, Frederick and James W. Representative En- glish Dramas from Dryden to Sheridan... 269 Tuttle, Florence G. The Awakening of Woman. 471 Tyler, Therese. The Dusty Road.... 264 Upton, George P. The Song.. 427 Usher, Roland G. Pan-Americanism. 338 Vachée, Colonel. Napoleon at Work. 259 Van Vorst, Marie. Mary Moreland. 462 Veer, Willem de. An Emperor in the Dock... 305 Vega, Lope de. The New Art of Writing Plays. 145 Vickers, Kenneth H. England in the Later Middle Ages 215 Villard, Oswald G. Germany Embattled... 302 Vizetelly, Ernest A. My Adventures in the Commune.. 58 Wallace, William. The Musical Faculty... 153 Wallas, Graham. The Great Society.... 343 Wallin, J. E. W. The Mental Health of the School Child.. 342 Walling, William English. Progressivism — and After.. 117 Ward, A, W., and Waller, A. R. Cambridge History of English Literature, Vol. XI...... 205 Warren, Maude Radford. Barbara's Marriages. 305 Watson, John B. Behavior... 341 Wead, Katharine H. List of Series and Sequels for Juvenile Readers... 216 Weatherley, Cecil. Routledge's New English Dictionary, second edition 430 Wells, Carolyn. The White Alley. 467 Wells, H. G. Bealby. 304 Wheeler, Howard D. Are We Ready?. 338 Whelpley, James D. American Public Opinion.. 121 Whipple, Wayne. Story-life of Napoleon.... 261 Whitridge, Frederick W. One American's Opinion of the European War 340 ..... 303 viii. INDEX PAGE “ Who's Who" (in England), 1915.. 269 Wiley, Harvey W. The Lure of the Land.. 120 Williams, Charles R. Life of Rutherford Birchard Hayes 262 Williams, Jesse L. “And So They Were Married ”. 48 Williams, Sidney. A Reluctant Adam... ...... 305 Willsie, Honoré. Still Jim..... 466 Wilson, Harry Leon. Ruggles of Red Gap... 348 PAGE Winter, William. Shakespeare on the Stage, second series 378 Wolseley, Viscount Decline and Fall of Napoleon, third edition 261 Wright, Willard H. What Nietzsche Taught. 267 Wyeth, John Allan. With Sabre and Scalpel.. 109 Young, F. E. M. Valley of a Thousand Hills.... 306- MISCELLANEOUS ... 218 Adams, Charles Francis, Death of.. 271 Anti-German Misconceptions Corrected, Some. Edmund von Mach 198 Appleton, Inc., Robert, New Publishing House of.. 157 Author's Protest, An. Kate Stephens.. 9 Cawein, Madison, Death of. 25 Christian Women's Peace Movement, Prize Contest of the. 392 Coman, Katharine, Death of....... 90 Cook, Edward, Death of.. 431 Correction, A, and Some Other Matters. Louis C. Marolf. 331 Crane, Walter, Death of... 271 Drama, “ Literary" versus “ Commercial." Helen McAfee 108 Dunlap Society, New Publications of the. 123 Explanation, A Word of. Arthur E. Bostwick.. 253 Flecker, James Elroy, Death of. 90 French Feminist of To-day, A. Benj. M. Woodbridge. 140 Genius Unawares, Entertaining. Robert J. Shores. 41 German and American." Wallace Rice.. 106 Henderson, Charles R., Death of...... 270 Index Office, One Year of the. Japanese Poetry, Imperial. Ernest W. Clement. 142 Jefferson's Architectural Work. Fiske Kimball.. 332 John Crerar Library, 'Twentieth Annual Report of the... 473 Journalistic Jest, An Ancient. Walter Taylor Field.. 372 La Salle, A Spurious Derivation Attributed to. J. Sey- mour Currey 870 Latin Americas, Literary Reciprocity with the. C. L. M. 332 “Le Muséon" 482 London, A Blast from. Ezra Pound. 40 Lounsbury, Thomas R., Death of.. 312 Meyer, B. M., Death of..... 25 Milton, A Textual Difficulty in. Louis C. Marolf. 197 Milton Did He Nod? W. F. Warren... 142 Mommsen and the War. F. H. Hodder.. 10 “Mommsen and the War.'' O. E. Lessing. 73 Muir, John, Death of.. 26 New Rochelle, Library of. 270 New York Public Library Lists of Noteworthy Books. Novel - - When It Is Not a Novel. W. M. P.. 142 “Peace Insurance," Thé Fallacies of. Richard Stock- ton, Jr. 371 Pickard, Samuel T., Death of... 157 Present Generation, Some Thoughts on the. A. O.. 414 Ritson, Joseph Henry A. Burd.. 10 Ruskin and War. Ralph Bronson. 141 Shakespearean Commentator, An Aggrieved. Charles D. Stewart 454 Slavonic Publishing Co., Publications of the.. 351 Sophocles, A Quotation from, in Meredith's Letters. Wm. Chislett, Jr. 382 “Special Libraries 472 State Documents for Libraries 472 Stickeen," John Muir's. 158 Studies in Philology Thomases, In Praise of. Thomas Percival Beyer... 413 “ Tristram Shandy," The Doctor" and. Russell Osborne Stidston 293 War and Poetry. Ralph Bronson.. 197 War Poetry in Germany. Arthur Howard Nou. 414 432 6. ..... 271 THE DIAL -- - A Semi-flonthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. PAGE . . . THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 18t and 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in DEMOCRACY AND THE THEATRE. advance, postage prepaid in the United States and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian postage 50 cents per year extra. RE- We all wish art to be appreciated by every- MITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. Unless otherwise ordered, subscrip body. The chief difference of opinion is over tions will begin with the current number. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of subscription is re- the question whether art should be brought ceived, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is down to the many or the many brought up to desired. ADVERTISING RATEs furnished on application. Published by THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY, art. Most artists are earnest propagandists 632 So. Sherman St., Chicago. of beauty, especially of the beauty they are best able to see and record, but they rarely Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879. believe that it is given to more than a few to see beauty in any form. They are only less Vol. LVIII. JANUARY 1, 1915. No. 685. cynical than those popular purveyors of “amusement” who despise the public in order CONTENTS. that they may not despise themselves. But occasionally there comes an artist, or, if not DEMOCRACY AND THE THEATRE 3 an artist, a playwright, or a critic of the DOSTOIEFFSKY. George Bernard Donlin 5 drama, who believes not merely that art and CASUAL COMMENT 7 democracy can meet and understand each A Voltairean view of war. The quality of naturalness in style.—A versatile nonogena- other but that they have already done so. rian.-An artist for art's sake. A Scottish Mr. William C. de Mille, the author of a num- logician.- Data for future war-historians. ber of popular melodramas, is such a one. In Revived interest in Russian language and lit- erature.—A delinquent book-borrower. the current issue of “The Yale Review” he COMMUNICATIONS maintains the thesis that the drama is a demo- 9 An Author's Protest. Kate Stephens. cratic art, “whose first essential is the power Mommsen and the War. F. H. Hodder. of reaching the mass," and, hence, that the Joseph Ritson. Henry A. Burd. receipts of the box-office are a measure of the METRICAL FREEDOM AND THE CONTEM playwright's skill and power: PORARY POET. Arthur Davison Ficke 11 Stringer's Open Water.— Miss Lowell's Sword “ Other arts are for the select few, each appeal- Blades and Poppy Seed.- Miss Monroe's You ing to its own comparatively small circle of fol- and I.- Sterling's Beyond the Breakers. lowers. But the drama is for the many; it is born ENGLAND AND THE AMERICAN REVOLU- not in the academy but in the heart of the great TION. Laurence M. Larson 14 social centre; it is shaped not by the critic but by the demands of the audience; it is supported not A COMPENDIOUS HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. Lane Cooper by endowment and private subscription but by 15 the people acting collectively; it is housed not in AN ICONOCLAST IN ARCHITECTURAL CRIT- the museum but in buildings maintained by the ICISM. Sidney Fiske Kimball . 18 public for this one purpose. It is the only art RECENT VIEWS OF CHINA. Olin Dantzler which the people themselves control, and, through Wannamaker that control, direct; it is essentially of the people, BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 20 by the people, and for the people; and we should take this function into consideration in any dis- Scandinavian literature in English.-A new portrait of Wagner.— Insect biographies, new cussion of the art; for if the drama is to fulfill and old.-An ambitious book on Cicero. this basic condition it must be expressed in a form Observations of a flat-dweller.-A useful book that the mass will accept and support. on punctuation. The adventures of a book “... Because the drama is the art of the lover.-A thoughtful discussion of poverty. whole people, it is the art of all arts which can A brief survey of the Elizabethans.— Essays act most strongly upon the people for their devel- academic and literary.- Literary talks by opment; the one art which can really be a great Professor Phelps. force in the social and intellectual progress of the BRIEFER MENTION 25 Indeed, the efficiency of drama to accom- NOTES . 25 plish results is absolutely conditional upon its being directed and governed by the mass; and it TOPICS IN JANUARY PERIODICALS 26 follows necessarily that any influence which tends LIST OF NEW BOOKS 26 to take the government of drama away from the 19 . race. . . 4 [Jan. 1 THE DIAL whole people is an unhealthy influence in that it is the guests of the management are chiefly citi- undemocratic." zens of New York who are willing and able to It seems perfectly clear that Mr. de Mille pay $2 to see a play about which very little is believes that the drama is not only relatively known. No one imagines that these persons democratic, as compared with such other arts are representative of America, of a democ- as prose fiction or music, but absolutely racy in which the average head of a family democratic. The only danger to the theatre enjoys an income of perhaps $600 or $700 a that concerns him is the presence in the com- year. munity of a class which, “were it powerful Can anyone contemplate the process by enough, would menace the democracy of dra- which a play finally reaches a considerable matic art as any hierarchy of brains tends to number of the more prosperous of those limit progressive thought: Americans who live in or near the cities, and “ The highbrow' would take from the people seriously argue that it is a democratic process its right of democratic suffrage to compel the puh: by which is determined what sort of drama lic to vote for plays nominated by the 'machine'; and this method of selection would undoubtedly the American people most want? corrupt drama as it does politics." The case for the democracy of prose fiction, We are surprised that Mr. de Mille's politi or of music, is a good deal stronger. A novel cal metaphor does not in the least remind him is so much more readily accepted for publica- of the actual conditions which prevail in what tion than a play for production that many he ironically calls the commercial" theatre. young men who would rather be writing plays A play is seldom presented on the commercial turn to fiction on that account alone. For stage in this country unless one of the two one thing, a novel requires only one-tenth the score producing managers in New York is investment on the part of the entrepreneur. persuaded that it will pay him to spend A novel has a year, or even more, in which to $10,000 on it. Mr. de Mille may believe that find its audience as against the play's two these gentlemen, whose decision is so gener weeks, or three. A novel, when the fact that ally absolute that exceptions to it may be ig a copy can be read by several persons is nored as irrelevant, are peculiarly repre taken into account, costs the consumer far sentative of the American democracy. But less than seats in the theatre. For that mat- they suffer no such illusion; they are frank to ter, the magazines have made entertainment admit in their reflective moments that they in the form of prose fiction quite as cheap as cannot foretell the fate of a play one time out entertainment in the form of moving pic- of three; in a word, that when their sole con tures. The case of music is equally striking. cern is to choose the plays that the public Music in the form of grand opera visits only wants they fail far more often than they the half-dozen largest cities, and even there is succeed. offered only to those who have comfortable We might go on to ask Mr. de Mille how he incomes; but music travels wherever a piano, knows that the box-office receipts of a play or a gramophone, or a flute may go. It might are an index of the public's favor; how he well be argued that music is the most demo- can be certain that the money in the house is cratic of all the arts, and the one in which a tribute to the skill of the playwright and the masters are most generally appreciated. not to a matinée idol, or the leading lady's But no true art is in our day truly democratic. gowns, or a whim of public opinion. But Some day a great art and the great multi- there is a less doubtful point to consider. tude may come together in the theatre, which When a play has been accepted by a manager has now so little of either. In the meantime for production it is almost invariably pre it ought to be understood that no art which pared in New York and presented to a New requires the expenditure of any but the small- York audience those familiar visits to New est sums on the part of those who enjoy it, can Haven or Atlantic City being in the nature be truly democratic in its appeal. The art of of a dress rehearsal rather than of a pre the theatre among us is not of this descrip- mière. The first-night audience is notoriously tion and for that reason alone it does not a special one; and the audiences immediately exist for the majority of Americans. It is succeeding, which determine whether a play now, as it has always been except under the is to continue in the theatre or leave it for most extraordinary conditions in the past, the ever, are only less special; those who are not privilege of the few to go to the theatre. 1915] 5 THE DIAL DOSTOIEFFSKY. ate humility; utter renunciation of the self; the Christian virtues, in short! But we west- Those of us who feel that the best modern ern peoples have travelled by a very different fiction has been written in Russia are pro- road. We have achieved our destiny by an foundly grateful to Mrs. Garnett. She has She has active, not to say ruthless, assertion of the given us Tourgueniéff and Tolstoi; she is now will; and this seems to us necessary and even at work on Dostoieffsky, offering us the first right. We must admit that Dostoieffsky's version in easy, idiomatic English that we philosophy is deeply antipathetic. Only an have seen. Four volumes have appeared; art comparable to that of the Greeks and of others are promised, and we hope that she will Shakespeare can induce us to read him. not weary of her task until she has enabled us The paradox involved in this vehement con- to enjoy a complete view of this disturbing flict of opinion is not, after all, very difficult and impressive figure, the most deeply Rus- to resolve. We do not need to chatter of art sian of the Russians. Tourgueniéff and Tol- for art's sake. As it happens, the group to stoi we accepted at once, finding little to quar- which Dostoieffsky belonged never claimed rel about in our critical estimates ;; but with the least license on the ground that they were Dostoieffsky the case has been different. The artists. They only approached the moral prob- interval between those who praise and those lem in the peculiar Russian way, which is who depreciate is greater than with other vastly different from ours. It often occurs to writers; nor is this the most puzzling aspect us as we read the Russians that they would of the affair. We cannot foresee the reaction make uncommonly awkward dinner guests. of a given temperament. Thus, we hear They have not learned our caution, our conven- Nietzsche (obviously a little bewildered) con- tional reserves. Their conversational taboo fessing that the chief exemplar, in our time, covers an amazingly small area. They are of his “slave morality” is the only man who can teach him psychology. Yet Mr. Henry they will not put to themselves and to others. infinitely curious, and there is no question James, who is a psychologist or nothing, finds Nor do they see the least reason why the truth, “Crime and Punishment' so little to his mind once discovered, should be smuggled out of that he cannot finish it. If we turn to Amer- sight like a shameful thing. ica, we hear Professor Phelps asserting that This stubborn integrity of the Russian soul “of all masters of fiction, both in Russia and strikes us at once in Tolstoi and in Dostoi. elsewhere, he is the most truly spiritual.' On the other hand, Mr. Paul Elmer More plunges effsky. Tolstoi, in his old age, turns preacher. Very well, but Tolstoi the novelist remains to us at once into the abyss by simply recording the end a vigorous truth-teller. He envisages the impression he carried away from “Crime every form of meanness, lust, cupidity, in- and Punishment." trigue, hypocrisy. His vision for these things “Filth, disease, morbid dreams, bestiality, in- is not less sure than De Maupassant's. His sanity, sodden crime, these are the natural pathway testimony, in other words, is not in the least to the emancipation of the spirit; these in some mysterious way are spirituality. And the same les- invalidated by his peculiar notions of what son runs through Tolstoi and Strindberg and a constitutes a “good man. In Dostoieffsky, dozen other moralists who are, as it were, the too, we find this supreme disinterestedness of Prophets of our young." the artist, co-existing with a genuinely fanati- Mr. More not only brackets Tolstoi with cal view of things. His sense of evil is pro- Strindberg but throws in Mr. Shaw and Mr. | found; it obsesses and tortures him; he cannot Galsworthy also, by way of good measure. rest until he has sketched every detail of it His looseness gives us a clue. This, we see, is into his macabre design. Yet it requires no no mere æsthetic protest; it is a moral judg- power of divination to see how he loathes it. ment, delivered with all the heat our Amer He is appalled and sickened, but he persists. ican critics so often reserve for purely moral Even a careless reader can see that he is not judgments. It may occur to us that this is content to remain, like Balzac, the literary only the story of Ibsen over again. Not in the secretary of society - Balzac into whose com- least, since Dostoieffsky is orthodoxy itself, so plex nature there was kneaded, along with thoroughly in the tradition that Nietzsche transcendent genius, so much of the common places him beside Pascal, “the only logical Paris mud. We feel, as we read, how power- Christian." And if we turn to a Continental fully Balzac was seduced by wealth, luxury, critic like Herr Otto Julius Bierbaum, we find worldly success, the glittering and empty show him in an entirely different quandary. How of things. Dostoieffsky is not under the is it possible, he asks, for us modern men to dominion of such thoughts; but his intuitive read this "primitive Christian” with sympa- understanding of how they work upon and thy? What ideal does he offer us? Passion alter the minds of others is profound and even 6 [Jan. 1 THE DIAL the sea. unique. Perhaps this is not wholly intuition, served in the murderers of Siberia. He is as either. Knowledge may have come to him by unlike Bill Sikes as possible; he knows no more personal and direct ways, but with that remorse. But always there is the consuming we are not concerned. It is not easy to convey fear of detection, the terror of the law. And the peculiar quality of Dostoieffsky's work, above and beyond that, there is the fear of his though it is easy enough to feel it. After read own inadequacy to meet the test of character ing a single novel, you say at once: Here is a he has imposed; for his crime is, in a way, an writer who gives us something thrillingly experiment he is conducting on himself. He strange and new, a new kind of excitement of can continue to believe in himself only so long the nerves even - for the effect of his work is as he finds the courage and the skill to defy not wholly psychic. He communicates to us society. His pride fails; his life crumbles the fever that so often tortures his characters, about him, and he is obliged to reconstruct it and something, too, of their uncanny sense of on another plane. Siberia is thus but an epi- being on the verge of fresh and alarming spir- sode in the tale of his regeneration. itual discoveries. An ambiguous look, a sig If we turn from “Crime and Punishment” nificant silence, a chance word — these carry to "The Brothers Karamazov,” we find a book us at once out of our sunlit world into the at once more formidable and more truly typi- crepuscular depths of his strange creations. cal. Dostoieffsky here makes no concessions Below the smooth surface, so familiar to our to our laziness. It exhibits all his character- eyes, there lurk unguessed and awe-inspiring istic faults, of which we hear so much, on a possibilities, as monsters lurk in the depths of gigantic scale. It is appallingly prolix, and contains material (some of it superb) that is For Dostoieffsky there are no commonplace wholly extraneous. It exposes to our view souls; nor for us either,— while we read. His such an inferno of vice, squalor, bestiality, and people are rarely sophisticated in our western disease as Dante never imagined. The Kara- sense; they are often incoherent, wild, the mazovs are a group of a father and three sons. victims of a fixed idea, unable in spite of their The father and the eldest son are deeply incredible volubility to explain themselves marked with the characteristic Karamazov rationally. They live in their emotions with taint: sensuality has reached in them almost an intensity that seems strange to our intellec- the pitch of insanity. The book opens on the tualized habit. If we learn from them, it is struggle of these two to possess a prostitute; rather new ways of feeling than of thinking; murder is clearly in the air and is presently and that, at least, we do learn. The vulgar realized. The second son is at once subtler and and brutal murderers Dostoieffsky meets in more sophisticated than most of Dostoieffsky's Siberia teach him secrets, so that penologists people, but he, too, is evil. Only the youngest listen to him with respect. Each convict is an has escaped the Karamazov taint, and he, with individual in more than the statistical sense. the “Idiot” of another novel, serves to give Neither cunning nor swagger deceives him. us his creator's idea of a “good man. The real man, he knows, lurks uneasily below The method is that of drama; there is no and is something quite different from the description of motive, no explanation. Dostoi- morose mask he wears. Well, it is for this real effsky simply unrolls before us in a succession man that he lies in wait. The composite pic of superb scenes the epic conflict in this tragic ture of the criminal appears, in some sort, in family. After a few chapters, we fancy we “Crime and Punishment." know his people; but this is an illusion fos- In its machinery, this is but a sensational tered by the shallow judgments we allow our- police novel. Many persons, we are told, can selves. Dostoieffsky has a profounder sense see in it nothing more. Raskolnikov, the of spiritual values. Little by little, these youthful murderer of two old women, carries wretches reveal themselves, turning out under on his endless duel of wits with the police. our eyes the last secret folds in their depraved For some, possibly, the interest lies solely in souls. They are appalling, and yet they are the external problem. Will Raskolnikov suc not that alone. They must know the truth ceed in extricating himself? Will he ulti about themselves, for they are tortured both mately be caught in the cunning web that the by what they already know and by what they police magistrate (surely a great figure of his only suspect. The candor with which they kind) has spun? One ventures to say that, for confess the worst, has about it, after all, some- those who know how to read, the drama of thing not ignoble. thing not ignoble. The eldest brother calls “Crime and Punishment” is an inner drama himself an “insect, one of the noxious crea- wholly, a drama of almost unendurable in- tures cursed by God with the very delirium of tensity. Raskolnikov exhibits to the full the desire. He rails at himself endlessly; his self- singular insensibility which Dostoieffsky ob- | contempt is boundless; he exists in a perpetual 1915] 7 THE DIAL hell. Is it possible that he is at bottom if evil comes from matter, and more mind than hypocrite, shielding himself from the bitter we need if evil comes from mind. Do you ness of ultimate self-knowledge? And the know that at the present moment there are a fierceness with which the second son lays hold hundred thousand fools of our species, wear- of his conscience is a revelation in subtlety, for ing caps, who are killing a hundred thousand Dostoieffsky brings to bear on the problem of other animals wearing turbans, or who are moral casuistry an intellectual energy that themselves being massacred by the latter, and tries the brain like dialectics. that almost everywhere on earth this is the It has been urged that in all this we hear immemorial usage ?" The Sirian, properly not the talk of average men, but the inexorable shocked, demands the reason of these horrible whisperings of the accusing conscience. And encounters between creatures so puny. “It there are those who complain that this is not is all about a pile of dirt no bigger than your realism. But if realism is to concern itself heel,” is the reply. “Not that any one of with surfaces only, how can it minister in any these millions of men marching to slaughter satisfying way to our curiosity ? Surely the has the slightest claim to this pile of dirt; the easiest way for it to become false and mislead-only question is whether it shall belong to a ing, is to restrict its play too narrowly. At all certain man known as Sultan or to another events, Dostoieffsky has justified, for some of having the title of Czar. Neither of the two us, both his method and his material. The has ever seen or ever will see the patch of world he reveals to us may be peopled with ground in dispute, and hardly a single one of creatures mean, diseased, abnormal, drunken, these animals engaged in killing one another the prey of every evil passion and perversity has ever seen the animal for whom they are - it does not matter. We feel, as we read, thus employed.” Again the stranger ex- that they are proper subjects for tragedy, and presses his horror, and declares he has half a even for the greatest tragedy. mind to annihilate with a kick or two the One comes from this great Russian writer whole batch of ridiculous assassins. “Don't with an uneasy realization of the superficiality give yourself the trouble,” is the rejoinder; of our average judgments, the thinness of our 'they will accomplish their own destruction spiritual experiences. He increases our sense fast enough. Know that ten years hence not a of wonder and our capacity for awe. And he hundredth part of these miserable wretches adds immeasurably to our understanding of | will be left alive; and know, too, that even if the pathetic dignity of the downtrodden and they were not to draw the sword, hunger, oppressed. He has found for their dumbness exhaustion, or intemperance would make an a voice, poignant in its brooding sorrow and end of most of them. Besides, they are not the lovely in its rich compassion. He touches both ones to punish, but rather those sedentary the heights and the depths, remaining indif barbarians who, from the ease and security of ferent only to that middle ground on which their private apartments, and while their din- most of us choose, for our comfort, to live out ner is digesting, order the massacre of a mil- our lives. GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN, lion men, and then solemnly return thanks to God for the achievement." The visitor from Sirius is moved with pity for a race of beings CASUAL COMMENT. presenting such astonishing contrasts. A VOLTAIREAN VIEW OF WAR may be of in. terest at this time. Some one has called atten THE QUALITY OF NATURALNESS IN STYLE is tion to the illuminating discourse between something that defies analysis. Let one writer Micromégas, gigantic dweller on one of the express himself with a certain degree of what planets revolving about Sirius, and a company may be called elegance, and the artificiality of our philosophers, as reported in the seventh of it is at once apparent, whereas the same chapter of the amusing fantasy bearing the measure of rhetorical finish and ornament in name of the above-mentioned Sirian visitor. another writer will seem entirely natural. A free translation of a part of this conversa The first writer calls up the image of a per- tion is here offered. After congratulating his son dressed in his seldom-used and carefully terrestrial hearers on being so small and add brushed best clothes; the second represents ing that, with so manifest a subordination of the man who is habitually well-dressed and matter to mind, they must pass their lives in always at ease in his perfectly fitting raiment. the pleasures of intellectual pursuits and Just what it is that constitutes the “Sunday- mutual love-a veritable spiritual existence go-to-meeting” character of the one suit of -- the stranger is thus answered by one of the clothes, and the every-day-in-the-week look of philosophers: “We have more matter than the other, even though both be equally correct we need for the accomplishment of much evil, | and stylish, it is impossible to say. Probably 8 [ Jan. 1 THE DIAL there is something in the manner of wearing too, he made it a point to write something, not the clothes that makes the difference. Dr. necessarily for publication, we infer, but Garnett makes use of this sartorial simile in rather to keep his pen from rusting. For the closing his interesting Remarks on American last eight years he had lived with his son, Mr. and English Fiction" in the December "At Harlan H. Ballard, librarian of the Berkshire lantic Monthly." He says: "Another simile Athenæum, which is Pittsfield's public library. that obtrudes itself in reading many Ameri- can novels is that of a visit from kindly folk who have come to a gathering in Sunday AN ARTIST FOR ART'S SAKE is revealed, unex- clothes and with Sunday manners. The peo- pectedly to some, in the banker, philanthro- ple's week-day spontaneity is replaced by a pist, and veteran of our Civil War, Major cautious preoccupation with their deport- | Mr. M. A. De Wolfe Howe's history of “The Henry Lee Higginson, as briefly portrayed in ment, as to how they are expected to behave, Boston Symphony Orchestra." In his early and everything that they say is a little forced. Even in the admirable novels of Mrs. Wharton twenties this octogenarian lover of music and and Anne Douglas Sedgwick the conflict so generous provider of the best in that art for often depicted between the idealism of the his city wrote to his father from Vienna, after characters and their ordinary earthly motives referring to the possibility of adopting music- gives one an odd feeling that both their morals teaching as a calling: “But the pleasure, and their manners are like tightly cut clothes pure and free from all disagreeable conse- in which people cannot be quite at ease.” quences or afterthoughts, of playing and still In more of singing myself, is indescribable. Whether or not this is harsh criticism, it is Rome I took about eight lessons of a capital enforced by an almost ludicrously apt quota- master, and I used to enjoy intensely the tion from one of our leading novelists. singing to his accompaniment my exercises and some little Neapolitan songs. My rea- A VERSATILE NONOGENARIAN, remarkable for sons for studying harmony are manifest. I the range and variety of his scholarly tastes cannot properly understand music without and literary accomplishments, died recently at doing so; moreover, it is an excellent exercise Pittsfield, Massachusetts. The Rev. Dr. Addi- for the mind. As to writing music, I have son Ballard, who was born at Framingham nothing to say; but it is not my expectation. ninety-two years ago last October, held from It is like writing poetry; if one is prompted first to last so many professorships in so many to do so, and has anything to say, he does it. colleges and universities, east and west, that But I entirely disavow any such intention or a list of them would only be a bewilderment aim in my present endeavor, and this I wish to the reader. Suffice it to say that at Wil- to be most clearly expressed and understood, liams College, where he took his bachelor's should any one ask about me. I am studying degree at the age of twenty, he taught rhetoric for my own good and pleasure. . . . It is only in his early life, and at the New York Uni- carrying out your own darling idea of making versity he held the chair of logic in the last an imperishable capital in education. My years of his teaching, from 1893 to 1904, with money may fly away; my knowledge cannot.. professorships of mathematics, astronomy, One belongs to the world, the other to me. Latin and Greek, moral philosophy, and other The accident, a bodily injury grievous for the branches scattered in between. His long young man to bear, which later led to Mr. course of teaching furnished him with mate Higginson's devoting himself to business rial for a book entitled “Arrows, or Teaching | rather than to music, adds a pathetic interest a Fine Art," and his experience as pastor of to the too brief biography forming the open- churches in his native state and Michigan ing chapter of Mr. Howe's book. qualified him to write “From Talk to Text" and “From Text to Talk," also “Through the Sieve," and other contributions to serious lit A SCOTTISH LOGICIAN of more than Scottish erature of a reflective or moral tone. A val fame, successor to Sir William Hamilton as iant pedestrian, he accomplished the feat of professor of logic and metaphysics in Edin- climbing Monument Mountain (which in- burgh University, and author of many books spired Bryant's poem of that name) in his relating to his department of study, died a eighty-ninth year, and up to the very end he few weeks ago, rich in honors and full of set a pace in the streets of Pittsfield that many years. Alexander Campbell Fraser was born a younger man might have found it difficult to September 3, 1819, and finished his education equal. One likes to hear of his daily walks at the university where he was to help educate and his daily practice of memorizing some others for almost half a century. He was pro- classical phrase or some bit of verse. Daily, fessor of logic at New College, Edinburgh, 1915) : 9 THE DIAL from 1846 to 1856; editor of the "North British ies at Liverpool University, and has been made Review” from 1850 to 1857; professor of logic an assistant professor at his home university, and metaphysics, in succession to Hamilton, with the Russian language and institutions as who had just died, from 1856 to 1891; profes- his special department. The new courses will, sor emeritus after closing his active labors in it is expected, begin with the winter quarter, the university; and throughout his years of and in the spring there will probably be maturity he wrote philosophical essays, biogra- offered courses in Russian literature and his- phies of noted philosophers, and other bookstory. Books and periodicals relating to all of some note. His “Life and Letters of Berke these courses will be added to the library, and ley," published in 1871, was his first consid additional lecturers from Russia will be en- erable work, and he also wrote the life of gaged. Mr. Harper has devoted himself since Thomas Reid, contributed the volumes on graduation to Russian studies, much of the Locke and Berkeley to the series of "Philo time in Russia itself, and has edited a Russian sophical Classics," put forth a two-volume reader, a substantial volume of about four “Philosophy of Theism,” and at eighty-five hundred pages issued by the University of gave to the world his “Biographia Philo- Chicago Press. sophica, a Personal Retrospect." His recrea- tions, says "Who's Who," were country life A DELINQUENT BOOK-BORROWER is the heavi- and visits to scenes of biographical or histori ness of the too-trusting lender. From West- cal interest." A fine example he certainly was boro, Massachusetts, comes the report of a of the scholarship of the northern Athens. library book taken out more than a century ago — in 1811, to be exact — and only the DATA FOR FUTURE WAR-HISTORIANS are being other day returned, whether by the great- systematically collected and preserved by the grandchild or great-great-grandchild (or still Harvard University Library, which appeals to more remote descendant) of the borrower, we alumni and others to aid in the work. Books, cannot say. But there is cheer to despairing of which already there are more than a few, librarians in this remarkable recovery of what war maps, files of newspapers from the war must have been long ago entered on the rec- zone and from neutral countries, official de ords as a hopelessly lost volume. Paraphras- spatches, and other like material are included ing the good old hymn, the worried head of in the collection, which already is at the the circulation department can henceforth service of students. Among newspapers, the comfort himself (or, more often, herself) library is receiving the London "Times,” with the assurance that while the lamp holds Westminster “Gazette,” the Paris “Temps” out to burn, the long-lost volume may return. and “Figaro, the Milan “Corriere della Sera," the Vienna "Neue Freie Presse," the COMMUNICATIONS. Berlin “Allgemeine Zeitung," and the Mu- nich “Neueste Nachrichten." The American AN AUTHOR'S PROTEST. colony at Munich, or some of its members, (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) made notes of the earlier events of the war, In a recent issue of THE DIAL, in a paragraph and these notes have been given to the library, speaking of my book, " The Greek Spirit,” are together with daily papers from Lucerne, many misrepresentations in point of fact. Four Zurich, and Geneva. These and other for of the misrepresentations prompt me to send you eign journals are regarded as especially im the following: portant sources of information. But what a First: Your reviewer writes, “We find an mass of mutually contradictory and often American thumb-print in the use of humans in the unblushingly false information the future sense of men and women.” Humans, “ in the sense historian will have to sift as he wades through have met it, I think, in a black-letter Holinshed of men and women,” is an old English word. I all this accumulation of reading matter! printed in London in 1584-5; certainly in other old English books. The reason of the use of the REVIVED INTEREST IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND word in old times and now is clear - it has the LITERATURE seems to be indicated by recent advantage of connoting what no other word in our action at the University of Chicago, where, noble English speech explicitly connotes. If your under the terms of a gift from Mr. Charles reviewer will turn to the word in "A New English R. Crane, instruction in these branches is Dictionary,” edited by Sir James Murray, he will find a quotation from Lowell to the effect that about to begin. In other words, Mr. Samuel George Chapman, contemporary of Shakespeare Northrup Harper, eldest son of the late Presi- and Ben Jonson, habitually used “humanes," in dent Harper, and graduate of the University its common meaning, in his translation of Homer. in the class of 1902, has been called from his Your reviewer will also find humans,“ in the sense post as lecturer in the School of Russian Stud of men and women," in writings of the Scottish 10 (Jan. 1 THE DIAL " " art Robert Louis Stevenson and of Englishmen of our Roman world. But even this important object was day. not the highest and ultimate reason for which Gaul Second: Your reviewer also finds 66 an unhy- was conquered by Cæsar. When the old home had become too narrow for the Roman burgesses and they phened, half-German locution in the ugly words were in danger of decay, the senate's policy of Italian their art gift.” Most excellent publications in conquest saved them from ruin. Now the Italian England as well as in this country have used such home had become in its turn too narrow; once more words as art, race, without hyphen, adjectively, the state languished under the same social evils re- these past fifty years; centuries longer, if the peating themselves in similar fashion upon a grander phrase art magique is included. Art has even scale. It was a brilliant idea, a grand hope, which come into such popular uses as art union, led Cæsar over the Alps — the idea and the confident squares." expectation that he should gain there for his fellow- Third : Subjects and predicates do not gener- burgesses new boundless home, and regenerate the state a second time by placing it upon a broader ally play hide-and-seek with the reader as in this: basis." Cereals grew in sunlit tillage, the grape sacred “For Rome alone history not merely performed through its use in the religions of many peoples, miracles, but also repeated its miracles, and twice the gray-green olive, other esculent fruits, and cured the internal crisis, which in the state itself was horned cattle grazed in meadows dotted by bene incurable, by regenerating the state. There was factive forest trees.'” Subject and predicate play doubtless much corruption in this regeneration; as no hide-and-seek in this quoted sentence. It is the union of Italy was accomplished over the ruins of the Samnite and Etruscan nations, so the Mediterra- plain, legitimate, parsable by a schoolboy. Fourth: Your reviewer speaks of competition nean monarchy built itself upon the ruins of count- less states and tribes once living and vigorous; but with others. My book strives with none. Its plan it was a corruption out of which sprang a new and its philosophy, its content determining dis growth. .. What was pulled down for the sake of tinctive features of a race spirit and tracing the the new building, was merely the secondary nationali- evolution of that race spirit from earliest begin ties which had long since been marked out for de- nings to the end, show that the book is different struction by the levelling hand of civilization." from what he terms my, or its, “ dangerous rivals." Much could be said in comment upon these ex- As to Professor Basil Gildersleeve's beautiful tracts but their application is sufficiently obvious. “ Hellas and Hesperia,” your reviewer should re- Repeatedly does Mommsen assert the right of con- call that, upon its publication, a paragraphing quest that belongs to the union of superior organi- fellow of his pronounced upon it with all the zation in the state and superior “kultur” in the fatuous impertinence of incompetents of his craft. people. The relation of the war to the subjective KATE STEPHENS. desire to check the growth of social democracy I New York City, Dec. 15, 1914. leave to the reader. Mommsen's “ History completed in 1857. In his later life he deprecated MOMMSEN AND THE WAR. the growth of militarism, but the harvest was the (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) legitimate fruit of the seed that he had himself Much has been written of the influence of At the annual meeting of the American Nietzsche, as adapted and popularized by Treit- Society of International Law last April, Mr. schke, in creating the conditions out of which Charles Francis Adams quoted the first of the sprang the present war. While that influence passages given above and christened its content « Mommsen's law." He remarked that it mas- undoubtedly has been great, it by no means marks the beginning of German aspirations to world queraded under various aliases, such as “ manifest hegemony. When the development of this motive destiny” and “ benevolent assimilation," and he shall have been traced, I venture to predict that might have added "peaceful penetration” and Mommsen's glorification of Roman imperialism “international right of eminent domain." As will be found to have been an important factor. Viscount Bryce has recently said: “The war is a From many passages in his “ History of Rome,"' struggle between ideals the ideal of a military which might be quoted in illustration of this point, state resolved to dominate all the neighboring I select three, which may be found on pp. 3, 6, countries and the ideal of peaceful communities and 440, respectively, in Vol. V. of the American dwelling in tranquillity under the protection of edition of 1900: treaties.” The fact that British interests are bound “By virtue of the law, that a people which has up in the triumph of the latter ideal does not alter grown into a state absorbs its neighbors who are in the case. So are the interests of civilization. political nonage, and a civilized people absorbs its F. H. HODDER. neighbors who are in intellectual nonage — by virtue Lawrence, Kan., Dec. 19, 1914. of this law, which is as universally valid and as much JOSEPH RITSON. a law of nature as the law of gravity — the Italian nation (the only one in antiquity which was able to (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) combine a superior political development and a supe I am preparing what I hope to make an exhaus- rior civilization ...) was entitled to reduce to sub- tive treatment of Joseph Ritson's life and work. jection the Greek states of the East which were ripe If any of your readers have knowledge of unpub- for destruction, and to dispossess the peoples of lished letters to or from Ritson, or of any Ritson lower grades of culture in the West. . . “ There was a direct political necessity for Rome manuscript whatever, I should esteem it a great to meet the perpetually threatened invasion of the favor if they would communicate with me. Germans . . . beyond the Alps, and to construct a HENRY A. BURD. rampart there which should secure the peace of the University of Illinois, Urbana, Dec. 18, 1914. was sown. 1915) 11 THE DIAL - The New Books. The objection to Mr. Stringer's plausible theory lies in his own admission that formal rhythm and rhyme supply “definiteness of METRICAL FREEDOM AND THE CONTEMPORARY POET.* outline" and "give design to the lyric. Without the agency of a fixed rhythm, it is Poets have grown either less bold or more almost impossible to achieve those recurrences, courteous than they were in the days when pulses, waves, and echoes whose function in the authors of “The Dunciad” or of English poetry is no adventitious or superfluous one. Bards and Scotch Reviewers” blackened À fixed cadence alone can serve as a base for many a fellow-writer's face with adroit mud. all the musical variations that the poet may One need hardly bemoan the fact, since the wish to employ; and his success here is vital. admirable wit of those productions barely Deprive “Lycidas” of its antiphonal organ- compensated for their execrable taste. But roll of sound, its great succession of mounded enthusiasm for even impersonal literary con harmonies, and it would be nothing. The troversy seems lacking to-day; and differ- design is the poem. The metrical form is the ences of opinion so sharp that they might once very condition, the true means, of the poet's have divided the poets into two hostile camps success. That spontaneous expression of emo- now scarcely serve to embroil them with their tion for which Mr. Stringer pleads is not next-door neighbors. likely to result in poetry at all; what turns Only thus can one explain the fact that open raw feeling into poetry is precisely the com- warfare has not broken out between the pro- pression of the material into an artful pat- ponents of the lately resurrected theory of tern, an expressive structure, an intelligible vers libre and the adherents of the orthodox design. Not sobs, but music whose tone has type of regularly rhythmical metres. A genu sobs buried in it, - not laughter, but the song ine difference of opinion and of temperament that dances with winged feet,— come within is involved. On the one side stand the writers the categories of art. In the process of turn- who demand complete freedom of rhythm as a ing emotion into art, some loss has to be suf- requisite for expressing the free and irregular fered; but the loss is not so large as Mr. contours of emotion; and on the other side Stringer would have us believe. To sacrifice stand those who regard metrical regularity as content for form, as he tells us we now do, the sole instrument by which high emotion can would indeed be lamentable; but on the other be given successful expression. hand, to sacrifice form for content means sim- Mr. Arthur Stringer, in the Foreword of his ply to break the bottle that might have held new volume, “Open Water,” states the first at least a part of the wine. The competent of these positions with some elaboration. The craftsman does not, however, have to choose traditional technique of rhythm and rhyme is, between these evils. Form is his opportunity, he believes, as hampering and anachronistic as not his prison, — as some of Mr. Stringer's the chain-armour of the Middle Ages would own earlier lyrics prove. Most writers would be to a modern soldier; the poet of to-day is agree that the exigencies of rhyme suggest unable to achieve natural expression under felicitous excursions of thought far more fre- such a handicap. Mr. Stringer points out quently than they inhibit the exact statement very truly that the almost boundless liberty of an idea in all its original integrity. The afforded by blank verse is not available to the practiced poet learns not to formulate his idea poet except for large, almost epical, themes; too rigidly in advance, but to let it develop therefore, in actual practice, rhymed verse and grow like an unfolding vine over and alone remains to him for “the utterance of through the lattice of his metrical trellis. those more intimate moods and those subjec After all, the sole criterion by which any tive experiences which may be described as artistic theory can be judged is its success in characteristically modern." But rhymed practice. Mr. Stringer's practice of vers libre verse forces him to “sacrifice content for is not a convincing exemplification of the vir- form," and has “left him incapable of what tue of his theory. One of the best, and also may be called abandonment." Even regular- one of the most regular, of his poems is the ity of rhythm, where no rhyme is present, following, entitled “The Wild Swans Pass”: “crowds his soul into a geometrically designed “ In the dead of night mould." You turned in your troubled sleep By Arthur Stringer. New York: John As you heard the wild swans pass; Lane Co. And then you slept again. SWORD BLADES AND POPPY SEED. By Amy Lowell. York: The Macmillan Co. YOU AND I. By Harriet Monroe. New York: The Macmillan You slept - Co. While a new world swam beneath BEYOND THE BREAKERS. By George Sterling. cisco: A. M. Robertson. That army of eager wings, * OPEN WATER. New San Fran- 12 [Jan. 1 THE DIAL While plainland and slough and lake so irk a writer, it would be better to follow Lay wide to those outstretched throats, Mr. Stringer's example and use vers libre While the lone far Lights allured only. In "unrhymed cadence," Miss Lowell's That phalanx of passionate breasts. cadences are sometimes extremely delicate, as “ And I who had loved you more in “The Captured Goddess'': Than a homing bird loves flight,- “ Over the housetops, I watched with an ache for freedom, Above the rotating chimney-pots, I rose with a need for life, I have seen a shiver of amethyst, Knowing that love had passed And blue and cinnamon have flickered Into its unknown North!” A moment It is hard not to feel that even this finely con- At the far end of a dusty street. ceived picture needs the melody of a more defi “ Through sheeted rain nitely patterned form, that we shall forget Has come a lustre of crimson, this nebulous strain to-morrow, but that if it And I have watched moonbeams had been woven through the rhythm of a true Hushed by a film of palest green. music, however hesitant its beat, we could “ It was her wings, never forget it. Goddess ! Miss Amy Lowell, also, has provided her Who stepped over the clouds, volume, “Sword Blades and Poppy Seed," And laid her rainbow feathers with a Preface in which she raises the question Aslant on the currents of the air. ..." of metrics. "Unrhymed cadence," as she But to some readers, this passage will be prefers to call vers libre, differs from the merely an added proof of the fact that good rhythms of ordinary prose “by being more vers libre is absolutely not so expressive as curved, and containing more stress.” This good rhythmical verse. Several passages on a statement justly suggests that it is to prose similar theme in Shelley's “Prometheus Un- and not to regularly rhythmical verse that we bound" confirm such an opinion; nor is the must look for the prototype of vers libre. Miss comparison an unfair one, since every writer Lowell has used “unrhymed cadence" for must endure the rivalry of the whole body of many, but not all, of her poems; and she ex- his predecessors. “Unrhymed cadence" at its pressly disclaims being an exclusive partisan best can hardly convey that intensity of effect of either form. Technique of versification is which is poetry's peculiar function; certain only one of many techniques that interest her. clear emotional heights are as impossible of Her most notable quality appears in the open attainment by it as by prose. ing passage of the volume. Not so pliant, not so accurate, not even so “A drifting, April, twilight sky, free a medium for expression as the old A wind that blew the puddles dry, rhythms! To say a thing directly,- to cry it And slapped the river into waves out,-- is not necessarily to express it. The That ran and hid among the staves Of an old wharf. A watery light complexities of rhythm and rhyme are not Touched bleak the granite bridge, and white always a hindrance to the expression of com- Without the slightest tinge of gold, plex thoughts. The poet's need is sometimes The city shivered in the cold. best served by that great world of musical All day my thoughts had lain as dead, signals and emotional calls which is at the Unborn and bursting in my head. disposal of him who accepts the convention From time to time I wrote a word that governs rhythmical verse, and employs With lines and circles overscored. this very convention as the instrument for My table seemed a graveyard, full evoking emotions that could never be evoked Of coffins waiting burial by naturalistic means. The supreme element The sharply etched tones and contours of this of poetry comes into being only with that picture are characteristic of the author's work. peculiar lift and flight which the disembodied Sometimes, however, an extreme carelessness, imagination can take on the wings of formal very different from that painstaking care geometrical beauty. which she praises in the "clear-eyed French- Miss Harriet Monroe, in her newly collected men," mars her verse. “Were” does not re- volume, “You and I," experiments with vers spectably rhyme with “where, nor “vault” libre; but the pieces written in this style are with "tumult," nor "Max" with "climax," few in number. Modernity in other nor "time" with “thyme”; yet this entire metrical matters chiefly marks her ambitions. group of deformities occurs within the space In many of her poems she attempts with of nineteen consecutive lines. This is no mere seriousness and devotion to consecrate poetry breaking of technical rules; it is the destruc to the task of expressing modern industrial tion of beauty. If the requirements of rhyme | life. "The Hotel," "Night in State Street," ܕܕ 1915 ] 13 THE DIAL - yo ho! - yo hay! “The Turbine" are the titles of the first three Miss Monroe has no difficulty in aptly turning poems in the book; and their names indicate conventional rhyme and rhythm to her own something of the author's aim. It is not fantastic and original uses : wholly demonstrable that so specifically pur- “How wild, how witch-like weird that life should posed an interest in the concrete and not be! always significant aspects of modernity is the That the insensate rock dared dream of me, best way of attaining this end. There is in And take to bursting out and burgeoning - such an effort too much of the conscious intel- Oh, long ago ligence and too little of those blind tides of And wearing green! How stark and strange a thing That life should be! passionate understanding which alone pour greatness into poetry. Yet these are rather “Oh, mystic mad, a rigadoon of glee, well-known poems, which have given pleasure That dust should rise, and leap alive, and flee to many "people of high degree"; and it is Afoot, awing, and shake the deep with cries — perhaps a work of supererogation, - or worse, Oh, far away of arrogance,— to criticize unfavorably cer What moony masque, what arrogant disguise tain conceptions that find place in them. The That life should be!" critic must, however, unsociably go his own Mr. George Sterling, an experienced metrist, chosen way, lighted by his own lantern. In trained in the great lyric tradition of the past, some instances he may find himself unable to is wholly faithful to rhythmical verse in his follow Miss Monroe. To view the turbine, new volume “Beyond the Breakers.” All the its purring revolutions, its hidden lightnings, freedom that he needs he takes for himself its moods and rebellions,— as a proud tempes within the compass of regular rhythms. How tuous woman, seems an example of that kind of little cramped he is, a passage from his poetic imagination which does not interpret “Browning Centenary Ode” may attest: but rather encumbers the true essence of its “ O vision wide and keen! theme. In the poem “Our Canal,'' also, the Which knew, untaught, that pains to joyance are lines As night unto the star “O Panama, O ribbon twist That on the effacing dawn must burn unseen. That ties the continents together.” And thou didst know what meat are surely a bad, a false, a really unimagina- Was torn to give us milk, tive way of seeing the world of things as they What countless worms made possible the silk That robes the mind, what plan are. Drew as a bubble from old infamies Miss Monroe's best work is not in this vein. And fen-pools of the past Here she seems like a Christina Rossetti led by The shy and many-colored soul of man. an infelicitous chance into an alien and un Yea! thou hast seen the lees mastered world of modern mechanics, where In that rich cup we lift against the day, her very genuine powers are largely useless. Seen the man-child at his disastrous play- Her best accomplishment is in the vein of less His shafts without a mark, ambassadorial utterance,- in personal poems His fountains flowing downward to the dark, where she subdues a smaller world more per- His maiming and his bars, Then turned to see fectly to the service of poetry. Take the fol- His vatic shadow cast athwart the stars, lowing sonnet: And his strange challenge to infinity. ..." “Look on the dead. Stately and pure he lies It is interesting to speculate as to how the Under the white sheet's marble folds. For him The solemn bier, the scented chamber dim, devotee of vers libre would have gone about The sacred hush, the bowed heads of the wise, attaining this lift and soar of flight. It may The slow pomp, the majestical disguise be doubted if he could possibly do so except by Of haughty death, the conjurer - even for him, falling back upon that fairly regular variety Poor trivial one, pale shadow on the rim, of free metre which Matthew Arnold and Whom life marked not, but death may not despise. Milton sometimes employed. To achieve that Now is he level with the great; no king Enthroned and crowned more royal is, more sure peculiar thing which we call poetry, a sus- Of the world's reverence. Yesterday this thing taining, emotion-heightening recurrence of Was but a man, mortal and insecure; rhythm is as indispensable as music is to opera. Now chance and change their homage to him bring The sole debatable question is, how regular And he is one with all things that endure." must the recurrence be to produce the desired This dignified passage, written probably some trance-like effect ! Vers libre often comes time ago, may serve to remind the reader once perilously near to the less insistent rhythms of more of the value of the very old and, as Miss | prose, and loses the characteristic power of Monroe herself now believes, “exhausted" poetry thereby. sonnet form. In “The Wonder of It" also, ARTHUR DAVISON FICKE. 14 (Jan. 1 THE DIAL ENGLAND AND THE AMERICAN The cause of English liberty was victorious REVOLUTION.* on American battle-fields. In 1834 George Bancroft published the first A work of this type would naturally meet volume of his "History of the Colonization of with much criticism from both English and the United States," which was followed eigh-have insisted that the work is really a history American reviewers. American reviewers teen years later by a "History of the Revolu- tion in North America. For a long time the of England during the period of the American spirit of George Bancroft animated the writing little originality, being chiefly a compilation war; and that on the American side it shows of American history, and even after two gener- from older American sources. These critics ations the influence of his early pioneer work feel that the author has not attempted to is still to be reckoned with. Bancroft came fathom the deeper problems of our history well prepared to his work and while in the during and immediately before the Revolu- diplomatic service had unusual opportunities to collect materials for the continuation of his tion. English reviewers, on the other hand, have insisted that, while the American patriots great undertaking; but in the first half of the nineteenth century, when the memories of two may have had the right on their side, they were not so virtuous (nor the English states- wars with England were still fresh in the men so villainous) as Sir George would have popular mind, it was scarcely possible to view us believe. It has also been charged that his the events of the later colonial period in their statements are not always accurate and that true light. In recent years the researches of his emphasis is often misplaced. There is Professor Osgood, Mr. G. L. Beer, and others some truth in the charge that the author does have in a large measure discredited the con- clusions that Bancroft stated with such patri- not always distinguish nicely between impor- tant and unimportant matters: in his last otic fervor: it has come to be seen that there volume, for instance, he describes in great were deeper causes than the quarrel over taxa- tion for the separation from England, and detail two duels, one between Fox and Adam and the other between Shelburne and Fullar- that it was probably the complexities of the ton, -"affairs' which may have furnished in- imperial problem rather than mean-spirited politics that led the English government to teresting gossip at the time but seem to have take the unfortunate course of action that it had no appreciable influence on the course of followed in 1765 and the succeeding years. English history. It is therefore strange to find Bancroft's It seems quite evident that the author feels discredited viewpoint taken by a most re- that in these fearful days of 1914 there will be those who will feel that his work and par- spectable historian from across the seas. About a dozen years ago Sir George Otto ticularly the last volume, containing, as it Trevelyan began to write a history of the does, much bitter criticism of the administra- American Revolution, of which the sixth and tion of the Lord North régime, is wanting in last volume has just been published. For no patriotic spirit. In an inserted "address to very good reason, it seems, the last two vol the reader” (clearly an after-thought) Sir umes have been called “George III. and George informs us that the volume was Charles James Fox.” George III. is no more already in print some weeks before the out- prominent in these than in the earlier ones break of the German war” and that there is and the same may be said of Charles Fox. It “no allusion whatever to passing events." He is true, however, that Sir George regards the also assures us that “there is nothing in the English phase of the conflict as a struggle be- book which the author desires to correct or tween the opposing political systems that alter; and the subject matter is not inappro- these two stood for; and in tracing this con priate to the soul-stirring period in which we flict the author does not attempt to conceal the are living." Continuing he says, fact that his sympathies are wholly on the side “The story of the manly and chivalrous spirit in of Fox and the Whigs. Whatever the merits which, four generations ago, the two great English- of the American Revolutionary movement, and speaking nations fought out, and ended, their Sir George believes in the essential justice of famous quarrel is a story that an Englishman need have no scruple about telling even at a moment the American cause, the Revolution, and espe- when his country, with a steadfast and grounded cially its outcome, had great importance for belief in the justice of her cause, is in the throes of the history of constitutional government by war.” rendering impossible the plans of George III. In this connection one is tempted to quote from his characterization of Frederick II. of GEORGE THE THIRD AND CHARLES JAMES Fox. Being the Concluding Part of “The American Revolution.” By the Prussia, some of the sentences of which might Right Hon. Sir George Otto Trevelyan, Bart. In two vol- Volume II. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. also be used in giving expression to the aver- umes. 1915] 15 THE DIAL In a age Englishman's view of the present German tion, the county associations, the Gordon riots, Kaiser. The author believes that Americans and the movement for economical reform are generally have an unwarranted opinion of the some of the larger topics that the author has services that the great Frederick rendered to discussed. While Sir George can scarcely find the Revolutionary cause. terms strong enough to express his condemna- " The gratitude of Americans toward Frederick the tion of the ministry, especially Lord North, Great was cheaply earned, and has lasted to this Lord Sandwich, and Lord George Germaine, very hour. He ran no risks, and made no sacrifices, the last two having charge of the admiralty for their cause, and he was apt to forget their very and the war office respectively, he is very chari- existence as soon as they had ceased to serve his table in his treatment of the British generals. purpose; and yet room has been found for his Howe, Clinton, Cornwallis, Carleton, Rawdon, statue at Washington, while the unfortunate King were all excellent soldiers; their failure to of France, who went to war for America with con- sequences which ultimately were fatal to his own conquer the Continentals the author attributes life, and his own dynasty, has no monument erected chiefly to the blunders of the English war to his memory in any American town or city.” office, from which they received iron-clad and In his estimates of American generals and impossible instructions. Howe and Clinton statesmen Sir George is as a rule very favor- also lost ground through their failure to ap- able, sometimes using stronger terms than an preciate the value of civil government in the American writer would care to use. conquered or loyal sections; the military gov- casual reference to General Philip Sheridan ernment that they did provide Sir George he speaks of him as “the greatest captain of finds to have been unspeakably corrupt. Of mounted infantry that the world has seen. General Burgoyne he has this to say: He is much impressed with the strength and “Seldom, except indeed in the legend of Belisarius, abilities of the Adams family: was a general worse used by his official superiors than John Burgoyne. Acting under iron-bound in- “For there is perhaps no other instance on record structions, with a far less than sufficient force of of a family which, over the space of a century and troops, he had displayed on several occasions the a half, has produced, in direct descent from father professional skill of a veteran commander, and on to son, four generations of men of such strong and every occasion the heroic courage of a perfect sterling character, such remarkable and recognized soldier.” talents, and such vigorous longevity." Aside from his estimate of men and meas- We are reminded of recent events when the author tells us that John Adams ures Sir George has contributed little that is new or original. Whether his opinions will “scrupulously returned the visits made to Passy find a very wide acceptance is matter of by American gentlemen resident in Paris, who had already begun to complain, as American gentlemen great doubt. All historians are willing to have complained ever since, that they did not re- grant that the government of England during ceive due attention from the diplomatic representa- the first two decades of the reign of George III. tives of their country in a foreign capital.” was most of the time as corrupt and inefficient His estimate of the military abilities of Gen- as Sir George asserts it to have been; but the eral Greene is probably somewhat lower than causes of the American Revolution probably that of some American historians: “Nathan- | lay in America rather than in Westminster: iel Greene was not a general of the first order the forces that work for nationality were at but he had mastered the practice and had work in the western world, and America could sedulously and clearly thought out the princi- not be expected to continue much longer as ples of war.” the willing subject of a distant government. The volume covers in a general way the last But whether the author's conclusions be ac- two years of the war, beginning with a dis- cepted or rejected, all will admit that he has cussion of the state of English opinion after produced a work of singular charm; our it was understood that the European powers only regret is that his style and his art have enshrined a mistaken view of American his. were preparing to fight England and closing tory. with the downfall of the Lord North ministry LAURENCE M. LARSON. a few months after the surrender of Corn- wallis at Yorktown. On the American side A COMPENDIOUS HISTORY OF ENGLISH the work gives fairly satisfactory accounts of LITERATURE.* the activities of the American diplomats Teachers and publishers are ready to wel- abroad, of the war in the Carolinas, and of the come the effort of that scholar who shall pro- siege of Yorktown. The bulk of the volume, duce an ideal history, in one volume, or at however, is devoted to English affairs: the most two, of English literature from Beowulf Irish volunteer movement, the menace of the • MODERN ENGLISH LITERATURE, from Chaucer to the Present League of Neutrals, the parliamentary situa- Day. By G. H. Mair. New York: Henry Holt & Co. .. 16 (Jan. 1 THE DIAL down to the present time. Nor are signs alto- beth, which Ten Brink some twenty years ago gether wanting that the appearance of the felt unprepared to treat with precision, and so desired book is near at hand. Good models are omitted from his plan. Yet from the Eliza- to be had in works of the right proportion on bethans on, the historian will find many serious other literatures both ancient and modern. gaps in our knowledge, and more than one One thinks of the “Abridged History of Greek well-nigh incredible defect in the necessary Literature” by Alfred and Maurice Croiset, apparatus. The prose of Milton, for example, with its relation to their larger French work has never been properly edited; and there is in five volumes, this latter being perhaps the no satisfactory edition of Burke. Under these best history of any literature in any language. conditions, the historian must divine the hid- Or one thinks of Mr. J. Wright Duff's most den course of events through the force of a admirable "Literary History of Rome," mar trained sympathetic insight; an insight into vellous for its fulness, accuracy, and conden the nature and genius of the English language sation, and for a grace and interest that never and literature as a whole; an insight nour- fail; or of Lanson's “History of French Lit- ished in the best traditions of English scholar- erature," which merits a similar description. ship, and rigorously disciplined in those parts Indeed, we may recall the noble work of Ten of the subject--for example, in Old English- Brink on English literature itself, regretting where the need of precision is most obvious, if that no one has seen fit to revise the transla not also most attainable. To those who know, tion, and to complete the whole, in English, in it is obvious that the first requisite in the way the light of our present knowledge -- in which of external acquirement for the historian of case the demand for an ideal book would be English literature is a thorough knowledge of satisfied. Wülker's volume ("Geschichte der Old and Middle English. Englischen Litteratur von den Aeltesten Mr. Mair's book, in spite of more than one Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart''), so far as I am excellence, is not of the sort we have in mind. aware, is the only work on the subject, by a It is the outgrowth of his handy little volume, recognized scholar with a technical training, “English Literature: Modern,' in the Home that is intended to be popular, and at the same University Library," which followed a supe- time follows the entire course of English rior work in the same series, “English Lit- literature from the beginnings down to Tenny erature: Mediæval,” by Professor Ker. Mr. son and Browning. Wülker was not an in- Mair's present work begins with Chaucer, and spired literary critic, as Ten Brink was; his the author undertakes to defend what is not illustrations, and his estimable motives, defensible, the old notion that English litera- hardly make up for the lack of attractiveness ture begins with “The Canterbury Tales." in his pages; nevertheless in scope his book He is at some pains not to be caught saying supplies a model. just that, but it is the idea he would like to In addition to models, the trained linguist convey. “For the scholars," he remarks, and literary student, who alone could produce “our literature may begin earlier; for the the desired work, would have a few literary poets it began with him (Chaucer]." Is Mr. histories of particular epochs to rest upon, Mair also among the poets? And does he among them the exceptionally good account of think that students of Old English have no Middle English literature by Professor Brandl feeling for literary and historical values ? in Paul's “Grundriss”; and he would have Does he forget, too, that, among the poets, Ben at his command the “Cambridge History of Jonson, Milton, Wordsworth, and Tennyson English Literature" (with its bibliographies), showed some interest in the earliest stages though the several parts of this must not be of the language and literature, and were employed without discrimination. Nor should variously indebted to the study of it? His one forget Professor Northup's forthcoming general mistake, perhaps, lies in uncritically bibliography of bibliographies for the study following Professor Legouis, and in coming by of English, which will be indispensable to himself to project Chaucer on a French and every scholar in this and related subjects. Italian background; — on this rather than on But the ideal historian of English literature the entire background of mediæval ideas, En- will not possess every advantage enjoyed by glish as well as Continental, and in Latin as Lanson, Duff, and the brothers Croiset: he well as in the vernacular literatures. But will not find the wheat for his cake so thor in particular one cannot agree with him when oughly ground and bolted as are the materials he says that, if we go no farther back in for a literary history of France or Rome or England than Chaucer, “we shall certainly Greece. Much scholarly attention, it is true, lose nothing which affects what is to come has of late been devoted to the period, or afterwards." We should miss the Old En- periods, subsequent to the accession of Eliza- | glish "Battle of Brunanburh," which seems to : 1915) 17 THE DIAL have affected Tennyson, since he modernized would have been serviceable; not that I regret the it. And when Mr. Mair says that Old English absence of such labor, because no poem contains is as distinct from Modern as Modern English more proof of skill acquired by practice." is from German, he must mean superficially Nor would better critics, I believe, go so far as as it were, to a schoolboy's vision. Neither to say with Mr. Mair that Milton “devised his a scholar nor a poet who really knew and loved own subjects, and wrote his own style,” or Old English would say so. We suspect Mr. that "he stands alone, and must be judged Mair's attainments in this part of the field alone"; Mark Pattison, indeed, says some- from the time he alludes in his Preface to "the thing different. Granting that Milton's soul philologist” (meaning student of linguistics) was like a star, and dwelt apart, we cannot and 'the professor of dead dialects'', and we judge the poet by himself, since there is no therefore suspect his ability to judge after the astronomy, or other science, of the individual. fashion of Ten Brink whether the study of His subjects were the common property of Chaucer is much or little dependent upon the England, Holland, and Italy, and his treat- study of Old and Middle English. ment of them was profoundly influenced by Before proceeding to the praise which on the Italian interpretation of ancient poetical some accounts we wish to accord to Mr. Mair's theory. volume, let us attend to a few other strictures. To tell the truth, Mr. Mair, as his over- His plan, he says, praise evinces, is not in sympathy with Milton, “aims at maintaining an individual point of view, but with traditional notions about the poet, at laying stress on ideas and tendencies rather than unrectified by scholarly observation and com- at recording facts and events, and it does not hesi- parison of the facts. As a result, coming to tate to draw generously on standard works of criti the point in Milton's biography where sympa- cism and biography with which students are thy is most needed, he rashly declares that familiar.” “Milton always argued from himself to man- If in several cases the author derives his kind at large,'' and falls into the vulgar error opinions from excellent studies, such as the of associating the Miltonic writings on divorce work on Chaucer by Professor Legouis, never- too closely with Milton's private life. Are theless he cannot be termed discriminating in they not, rather, singularly objective, and is the matter of authorities. Thus he is capable there anything better on the subject in En- of naming as the "two best critics' of Milton glish? The spirit of them is altogether in one who is good, but not best, Mark Pattison, keeping with the ideal of good manners rep- and “Professor” Walter Raleigh, who is resented in the speeches of Adam and Eve, negligible. Where in his hierarchy would Mr. almost constantly, in “Paradise Lost,” and Mair put Addison and Dr. Robert Bridges ? constantly in the words and actions of the And where would Osgood, Masson, and Verity Hero in “Paradise Regained.” “Manners,” come in? This lack of discrimination as to we recall, are one of the gifts which Words- books is on a par with several other uncritical worth, good poet and scholar, thinks to be in utterances. For example, Milton “never vio- Milton's keeping for England. lates the harmony of sound or sense." Is that Turning to Shakespeare, we again find Mr. an echo of Matthew Arnold's description, “In Mair using that dangerous word "never": the sure and flawless perfection of his rhythm “A study of the plots of either the comedies or the and diction ...''? It was Huxley, was it tragedies will convince the reader that the orderly not, who imagined that Herbert Spencer's faculty of marshalling events has never been so definition of tragedy would be, "a generaliza- completely shown in the work of any other writer.” tion killed by a fact”? Enter Mr. Mair's un- What about Sophocles? But perhaps we are guarded "never" followed by this irrecon- to understand: any other English writer. cilable fact from the Ninth Book of “Paradise Well, what about Thackeray in "The Rose and Lost” (11.41. ff.): the Ring," or Fielding in "Tom Jones'' ? · Mee of these “What a master of composition Fielding Nor skilld nor studious, higher Argument Remaines, sufficient of it self to raise was!" says Coleridge. “Upon my word, I That name, unless an age too late, or cold think the ‘Oedipus Tyrannus,' The Alchem- Climat, or Years damp my intended wing ist,' and `Tom Jones' the three most perfect Deprest, and much they may, if all be mine." plots ever planned." No Shakespearean Yes, the good Milton sometimes nods, as his scholar would have expressed himself as does best critic, Wordsworth, frankly admits, Mr. Mair; in the first place, none would put stating the matter thus: most of the comedies, in the matter of con- “I could point out to you five hundred passages in struction, on as high a level as most of the Milton upon which labor has been bestowed, and tragedies. And to sum up in the words of twice five hundred more to which additional labor Mr. A. C. Bradley on Shakespeare: 18 [Jan. 1 THE DIAL “ Nine-tenths of his defects are not .. the errors Though he now and then lapses into an of an inspired genius, ignorant of art, but the sins overfamiliar style, and though, as we have of a great but negligent artist." seen, his judgments lack finality, Mr. Mair on Turning to the pages on Wordsworth, we the whole is naturally alert, and expresses discover the same bent for overstatement, things for himself, often with vigor, and and for essentially the same sort of thread- sometimes with felicity. He duly insists upon bare comment as is passed along in certain looking at the history of literature in the light handbooks of criticism and biography with of fundamental principles, and on occasion which students are familiar. Thus: Words- enunciates such doctrine as the following worth is a complete innovator"; "he found (pp. 47-48): his subjects in new places”; in his earlier "The unit of all ordinary kinds of writing is the years he had a vision of “nature," which word, and one is not commonly quarrelled with for eventually faded, so that only “a few fine using words that have belonged to other people. things fitfully illumine the enormous and But the unit of the lyric, like the unit of spoken dreary bulk of his later work"; "if we lost all conversation, is not the word but the phrase. Now in daily human intercourse the use, which is uni- but the 'Lyrical Ballads,' the poems of 1804 versal and habitual, of set forms and phrases of (misprint for 1807], and the ‘Prelude,' and talk is not commonly supposed to detract from or the 'Excursion,' Wordsworth's position as a destroy sincerity. In the crises, indeed, of emotion poet would be no lower than it is now.' Does it must be most people's experience that the natural Mr. Mair realize that he has included three speech that rises unbidden and easiest to the lips is quarters of the poet's work? The bulk of what something quite familiar and commonplace, some is left is not enormous. The other assertions form which the accumulated experience of many also need reconsideration. Wordsworth is not generations of separate people has found best for such circumstances or such an occasion. The lyric a complete innovator: in part he harks back to his favorite "elder poets" - more especially more especially ened and emotional moment ... This is not to say is in the position of conversation at such a height- to Spenser and Milton. Substituting England that there is no such thing as originality; a poet is for Sicily and the Mediterranean, one may say a poet first and most of all because he discovers that Wordsworth finds his subjects where The truths that have been known for ages, as things that ocritus found them; and that is just what he are fresh and new and vital for himself." tells us in the Eighth Book of the “Prelude.' A word of praise must be given to the six- In his earlier period his imagination was teen portraits scattered through the volume. tinged with a neo-Platonism which, while not The one of Wordsworth (p. 220), reproducing very good of its kind, still counts as “poetry” the sketch by Pickersgill in the Library of St. with the average reader of the present. That John's College, Cambridge, though not well is, when Wordsworth talks about a motion and known, is a fortunate choice. a spirit"rolling” through various things, peo- LANE COOPER. ple think him inspired, though they may not care for his translation of Michael Angelo's address "To the Supreme Being," which AN ICONOCLAST IN ARCHITECTURAL contains a very different form of teaching. CRITICISM.* Wordsworth gradually outgrew his crude naïve philosophy, and, drawing his inspira Mr. Geoffrey Scott's “The Architecture of tion less and less from neo-Platonism, and Humanism: A Study in the History of more and more from Christianity, produced a Taste” breaks sharply with the traditions body of verse that in workmanship is superior of English criticism by attacking the formule to his earlier attempts. Much of it is likely to on which the apotheoses of Greek and of attract well-educated readers of subsequent Gothic art have been based and boldly cham- generations, when the doctrine of divine imma- pioning the architecture of the Renaissance. nence gives way, as it gave way in Words In the mind of the author the book is an at- worth, to a more artistic conception of the tempt to formulate the chief æsthetic princi- universe. There are not "a few," but many ples of classical design in architecture, and to “fine things” in the “Ecclesiastical Sonnets,” trace the history of our critical canons; in that most important of his later writings; it reality it is a violent polemic against earlier is a body of work that naturally falls into its opinions and a dogmatic apologia for a style place with the writings of Herbert and Keble; deified in advance. and a critic who aims at maintaining an indi In so far as the author makes clear the vidual point of view (which means observing development and points out the inadequacies and comparing for himself) cannot afford to of nineteenth century critical theory he does treat it as it is treated in ordinary books of * THE ARCHITECTURE OF HUMANISM. A Study in the History criticism and biography. of Taste. By Geoffrey Scott. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. - 1915) 19 THE DIAL a needful service. The working belief of the mass, line, and space is recognized by aesthetic contemporary artist and critic of art is too philosophers whose systems are most diverse often a jumble of incongruous fragments from or antagonistic. Even one who has given such earlier systems, patched together without ap a wide extension to the æsthetic field as Signor preciation of their inconsistency or true his-Benedetto Croce sees in them the channels for torical relations. The text in hand brings those expressions peculiar to architecture, in- order into this confusion, distinguishing, very capable of translation into other media. The justly, successive phases in the development idea that they exhaust its values, however, is of critical dogmas. On the academic method an intolerable limitation, and one which, un- of imitation of the antique and search for per- just to other styles, does Renaissance archi- fect mathematical proportions, followed the tecture itself less than justice. We must turn romantic idealization first of Greece and then against the author's dogmatic assertions, his of the Middle Ages, passing over into the cult own protest against earlier apologies: “Con- of the natural and the picturesque. Then fol- ducted without impartiality, arguments such lowed the ethical evaluation of styles by as these are but the romance of criticism; Ruskin and his followers, the mechanical or they can intensify and decorate our preju- structural evaluation of Violet-le-Duc, and dices, but cannot render them convincing. finally the biological, evolutionary explana- It is true that a sympathetic estimate of tion of compulsion from environment which Renaissance architecture must depend on an still dominates criticism. Obviously any of appreciation of abstract, spacial qualities, but these interpretations singly, or all of them it is equally true that an extension of the together, cannot exhaust the æsthetic values abstract criterion to other styles as the one of architecture. There will still remain purely principle of judgment would be as illegiti- spacial relationships, eluding even the aca mate as similar extensions of mechanical or demic formulæ. To call all previous views biological criteria. “fallacies" out of hand, however, as does Mr. Perhaps Mr. Scott's brilliant and forceful Scott, betrays a failure to realize their par- rhetoric, in spite of the over-emphasis which tial validity, as well as a lack of historic arouses protest at almost every page, is the modesty. only weapon by which popular prejudices, The substitute which he has to offer, the themselves partly rhetorical in origin, can be “humanist” evaluation, is not, we find the beaten down. It is a pity, though, if the theory of the humanists themselves, but a rhetorical bias of English criticism is so strong modern psychological doctrine, humanist only as to deprive us permanently of discussion in a curious sense Professor Lipps's theory which is measured and temperate. of Einfühlung. This familiar hypothesis, SIDNEY FISKE KIMBALL. which Mr. Bernhard Berenson has already ap- plied to Renaissance painting, explains our æsthetic sensations as unconscious projections RECENT VIEWS OF CHINA.* into the external world of our own bodily movements and tensions. To illustrate, arches The conflagration now consuming the visi- seem to “spring," domes to “swell, and ble fabric of civilization in Europe, from spires to "soar, ” because we identify ourselves which brands have already been carried by with their apparent states. If one were dis- Japan to the northeast corner of China, gives posed to jest, one might say that Mr. Scott's increased importance to all questions concern- own fallacy had been added in advance, by his ing the future of the Chinese people. Consti- own arch-villain, Ruskin, to the romantic, the tuting so large a fraction of the population of ethical, the mechanical, and the biologic falla- the globe, and inhabiting territory immensely cies which he himself has condemned. It is wealthy in undeveloped resources, this people the pathetic fallacy, a poetic animism, digni- seems to be destined to play either a great or fied by a modern and philosophic garb. With- a very pitiable rôle in the history of the pres- out entering seriously upon its merits, we may ent century. The decision of Fate between suggest that its truth or falsity is really irrele- these two possibilities rests upon external and vant to Mr. Scott's more concrete propositions internal forces still difficult to gauge. If the that mass, space, line, and coherence are the present stupendous conflict in Europe deter- true language of architecture, and that Renais- mines whether the leading nationalities of the sance architecture, which speaks this language world are to be military and conquering in with least restraint, is the style in which archi * FORCES MINING AND UNDERMINING CHINA. By Rowland G. tectural principles can most fruitfully be Gibson. New York: The Century Co. THIRTY YEARS IN THE MANCHU CAPITAL. By Dugald Chris- studied. tie. New York: McBride, Nast & Co. A WOMAN IN CHINA. By Mary Gaunt. Philadelphia: J. B. The importance of abstract qualities like Lippincott Co. 20 [Jan. 1 THE DIAL ܙܕ temper, or commercial and increasingly fra Inner Mongolia, the ancient hunting palace ternal, it will turn the scales one way or the and grounds of the Manchu emperors. Her other for China. But the internal forces to opportunity for forming an independent im- be estimated are complex, subtle, and in pression of the Chinese was, thus, very differ- transition, so that they are now scarcely capa ent from that of the ordinary tourist, and her ble of certain analysis and are treacherous training as a writer has enabled her to pro- material for prophecy. With all that has been duce one of the most entertaining and pleas- written about China and the Chinese, the ing of books on the subject. Artistic by tem- Occident is by no means of one mind concern perament, Mrs. Gaunt has filled her pages ing the traits of the race and its capabilities. with sketches from life, vivid and delightful. There is need just now for much thorough- Her appreciation of Chinese architecture and going study of the Chinese. landscape gardening is more earnest and out- Three recent books add each something of spoken than that of any writer we recall. In- worth to the material upon which we must deed, "A Woman in China" is a rather base our forecast of China's future world rela unusual blend of keen observation, humor, tionships. The three authors, fortunately, see sympathy, and artistic sense. their subject from three distinct points of An artist, however, is a delineator and in- view. Mr. Gibson is a "military interpreter terpreter of the static present, not a guide or in the Chinese language”; Dr. Christie is a a prophet. Possessed completely by the sem- medical missionary who has spent thirty years blance before the eyes and concerned in its in Mukden, Manchuria; Mrs. Gaunt is a pro- reproduction through the medium of art, the fessional writer of fiction and stories of travel. artist lacks a sense for the future, as yet invisi- “Forces Mining and Undermining China" ble and wholly unpicturesque. In spite of her is, we regret to say, lacking in that orderly evident good judgment, Mrs. Gaunt is, first of analysis and mastery of material which wins all, an artist. The China which seemed to her the confidence of the reader in the judgment antique and static, ancient Babylon still sur- of the writer. The book contains valuable viving in the midst of a novel and alien world, information concerning mining, railways, does not thus appear to Dr. Christie, who has labor, finances, and concessions in China, and witnessed the changes of only three decades. is well worth a rapid survey; but it lacks Even the most gifted observer may be so maturity of judgment and dignity of expres- engrossed by the quaint and outré in features, sion. costume, manners, and age-long habits that he “Thirty Years in the Manchu Capital” is, requires years, rather than weeks, to penetrate on the other hand, a work of unusual merit. behind these veils which conceal the essential A simple, unpretentious account of events that human spirit. Diversity in outward mani- have come under the author's personal ob- festations does not disprove the unity of the servation and experiences through which he human soul in all the races of men. The civ- has passed, the book throws much light upon ilization of any race may be slowly trans- two wars fought on Chinese territory — the formed by the working of new forces brought Chino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese conflicts to bear upon it, and such forces are now at - and gives the reader definite impressions of work in China. Chinese character through sketches of various OLIN DANTZLER WANNAMAKER. individual Chinese known to the author. The method and style of the book are natural and BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. entertaining. The author wins without effort the confidence and respect of the reader, and One of the main purposes of the Scandinavian his kindly and favorable estimate of the Chi- American Scandinavian Foun- nese carries a high degree of conviction. There English. dation, established in 1911 by is, however, very little effort at generalizing, the generous bequest of Niels Poulsen, is to so that the book furnishes evidence rather publish English translations of important than argument in connection with the problem Scandinavian literary works. That purpose of China. has now become achievement to the extent of Among recent publications dealing with three interesting volumes that offer us the this problem no book we have seen possesses first fruits of this aspect of the Foundation's the literary merit of Mrs. Gaunt's “A Woman enterprise. Two of the volumes, devoted to in China." Entering the country by the Sibe-Holberg and Tegnér, are entitled “Scandina- rian Railway in mid-winter shortly after the vian Classics"; the third, “The Voyages of Revolution, the author spent some weeks in the Norsemen to America,” is the first issue Peking observing and studying, and then trav of a series of “Scandivanian Monographs.” elled without companion by cart to Jehol, | The Holberg volume is singularly welcome literature in 2 1915] 21 THE DIAL - no bet- and opportune. It offers three of the come with actual parts of the American continent. dies, in a translation made by Dr. Oscar The whole question is bewildering and baf- James Campbell and Mr. Frederic Schenck. fling, and Commander Hovgaard has probably Dr. Campbell, it will be remembered, gave us done all that is scientifically possible to shed last spring a study of Holberg which was the light upon it. He has no hobbies, and this is first work in the English language upon the perhaps the most important prerequisite for greatest of all Scandinavian authors. We the handling of the whole complex problem. now have three comedies representing the playwright who completes the great trinity of Mr. Ernest Newman in his book modern writers of comedy — Molière, Goldoni, A new portrait “Wagner as Man and Artist” of Wagner. and Holberg. The selection is the best pos- (Dutton) gives us a full length sible — “Jeppe paa Bjerget," "Den Poli- ,” “Den Poli- | painting of the remarkable musician and kiske Kandstöber,' and “Erasmus Mon dramatist. He says in his Preface: “In tanus," a selection in striking contrast to that spite of the size of this volume, many readers made a year or two ago by a retired English will no doubt feel that it either discusses army officer, who gave us three of the least inadequately several aspects of Wagner's significant and characteristic of the comedies work and personality or it passes them over in a singularly wooden translation. Dr. altogether. I plead guilty; but to have fol- Campbell's three represent Holberg at his lowed Wagner up in every one of his many. best, and his version is nervous, colloquial, sided activities in all his political, ethical, and faithful.— The Tegnér volume, edited by economic, ethnical, sociological speculations - Mr. Paul Robert Lieder, offers a reprint of would have necessitated not one book but old matter — Longfellow's “The Children of four.” And yet he says farther on: “While the Lord's Supper" and W. L. Blackley's there is at present no adequate life of Wag- "Frithiof's Saga' – the latter first printed the latter first printed ner, there is probably more biographical mate- in 1857. This is a fair translation rial available in connection with him than ter than several others of the score or more with any other artist who has lived; and on that exist, but it has the distinction of having the basis of this material it seems justifiable been the first to be printed in this country. now to attempt - what was impossible until Commander William Hovgaard's treatise on the publication of Mein Leben in 1911-a “The Voyages of the Norsemen to America” complete and psychological estimate of him." is planned on a large scale, and makes a vol-'We do not feel that the two statements can ume of three hundred pages, abundantly illus be made to agree, and we find, indeed, that in trated. So much work has been done in this the long discussion of “Wag er as a Man,” field of recent years that a comprehensive there are principally presented the relations statement of the theories and conclusions of of Wagner with his wife, Minna, and the modern scholars is a very desirable thing to other women who contrived to make his life have, and the author is well equipped for the disappointing and miserable until Cosima performance. He treats of his subject as an Wagner made her appearance. A treatment historical critic, a naturalist, an archæologist of Wagner's relations to politics, government, and ethnologist, and especially as an expert economics, might have been undertaken with- in nautical matters and geography. The out detriment to a subject like friendships treatment of all these matters is minute and with the other sex, which ought in every case exhaustive. With regard to controverted to be kept within the limits which belong to points, it may be said that he regards the it. Mr. Newman could have compressed the saga narratives as essentially historical, in love episodes, and enlarged the consideration opposition to Nansen's belief in their legen- of other sides of Wagner's character without dary character; that he believes the Skræl becoming prolix or lessening the value of his ings in some instances to have been Indians picture. He could have led up to his superb and not Eskimos; that he holds the vinber summary by a completer exposition of the to have been grapes rather than currants or varied interests of this restless and cosmopoli- cranberries, and Vinland (with the long tan artist. We also question the advisability vowel) to have really meant Wineland; and of considering the form, to the exclusion of he offers evidence that the site of Leif's set the content, of Wagner's works. We see this tlement may well have been as far south as course taken and advocated in the second the coast of Massachusetts. Perhaps the most part of the book, "The Artist in Theory." valuable part of the work is its detailed de It would seem that a discussion of Wag- scription of the Atlantic coast from Baffin ner's power of character representation, his Land to the Hudson, and its attempts to mastery of material, his immense advances identify the shores described in the sagas in technique, would be enhanced by adequate 22 [Jan. 1 THE DIAL and old. statements of his intent and purpose. Such tographer and the engraver have succeeded was undoubtedly the opinion of the com exceptionally well in their work. Intensive poser, and the reproduction of his idea in study directed to a few carefully selected completely congruous music was his great types and carried to a high degree of com- effort and purpose. It is unquestionably in pleteness characterizes this work and lifts it the third part of his volume, "The Artist in above the level of the ordinary "nature Practice, " that Mr. Newman finds himself study” treatment of entomological topics. most at home, and it is here that the reader will find him most convincing and authorita- It is always an unwelcome task tive. Whatever our views may be of Wagner An ambitious to question the value of an ex- book on Cicero. and his work, we must take into account this tended work written by a con- book of Mr. Newman's. All the great ques scientious scholar of mature years; but a tions in regard to Wagner's achievement are dutiful reviewer is bound to ask what useful here considered with insight. We may not end can be served by Professor E. G. Sihler's agree with Mr. Newman's conclusions, but we large volume on “Cicero of Arpinum" (Yale must concede his knowledge, his depth of University Press). The gifted Tully, SO appreciation, his eloquence of expression. No unanimously lauded as an orator, so bitterly book on the subject will appeal to a larger debated as a statesman, has been the subject circle of readers, nor give a more vivid con- of many pens, and a new treatise on a large ception of the whole movement. scale can be justified only by unique historical acumen or some singular felicity of presenta- The charm of M. J. H. Fabre's Insect biog- tion. To the latter qualification our volume raphies, new “Souvenier Entomologiques, can make no claim whatever; in fact, a rigor- published in 1882 and now ous effort is necessary to hold oneself to the translated by Mr. Alexander Teixeira De task of reading it, so dispiriting is the style Mattos, has its origin in the author's enthusi even to the most loyal student, so painful to asm for his researches, in his skill in building any reader with the least literary feeling. If up the reader's interest in his observations the editors of a great university Press, like and experiments, and in a certain naive un that of Yale, cannot ensure a passably good sophisticated simplicity. The translator has general presentation, they might at least pre- preserved the latter admirably in “The clude annoying violations of elementary gram- Mason-bees" (Dodd, Mead & Co.) the latest mar and punctuation. Naturally, however, volume in the series of translations of M. almost any failure in English would be gladly Fabre's work. This deals with the habits and forgiven if the work were distinguished by an instincts of certain solitary mud-working unusually keen sense for human character bees of southern Europe and touches upon the and motives, by some fine gift of perspective, operation and origin of such fundamental bio some compelling profundity of judgment, logical phenomena as the homing instinct in some comprehensive faculty of grouping the bees, ants, and cats, and the origin of the semi-particular and universal together, in short, parasitic habits of those bees which, like the by some exceptional power of dealing with cuckoos among birds, lay their eggs in nests history in biography. But, unfortunately, not their own. The author is a keen observer, one misses these high essentials, and finds in- with an experimental turn of mind, and puts stead average ability, unsparing toil, and to test his theories of sight and memory as meticulous scholarship. However, we are glad guiding factors in the homeward movements to accord most unstinted praise to one noble of insects. The translation is excellently done quality,- an absolute honesty of purpose save for a few lapses into archaic terms. that shines from every page. There is a care- While M. Fabre depends wholly upon word fully arranged bibliography, followed by an pictures to charm his reader, Ward's “Insect index. Biographies with Pen and Camera" (Stokes) supplements these by plates in color and That quality of lyric poetry heliotype and excellent half-tones. The book Observations of which lies in the unquestioning aims to present the life histories of certain of assumption that the reader is as the representative insects, such as the lace much interested in the poet's private affairs wing fly, various moths and butterflies, the as the poet himself, reveals itself quite en- “death watch” beetles, the hover-fly, and the gagingly on every page of Mr. Simeon flea, and adds to these some account of mites Strunsky's “Belshazzar Court” (Holt), the and spiders. The photographs are nearly all supposed account of the family affairs and from life, and the attitudes of the subjects por certain other intimate concerns of a young trayed are therefore normal. Both the pho- | married couple and their two children in their a flat-dweller. 1915] 23 THE DIAL The adventures life on the third floor of a mammoth apart fine index, the presswork is very satisfactory, ment house in the far up-town regions of and typographical errors are notably absent. New York. As in Mr. Edward S. Martin's The volume should largely realize the hope “Reflections of a Beginning Husband,” which expressed in the Preface that it “may be the book strongly resembles in some of its found to be a compact, convenient, and rea- features, it is the young head of the family sonably full compendium of rules for the who acts as scribe, and who realistically pic- guidance of all persons who have need to tures the pleasures and a few of the vexations write." (Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate of domestic life in a household just a little less Press.) prosperous, pecuniarily, than its tastes, its refinement, its ideals, might have rendered Mr. Walter A. Mursell knew desirable. The entrance hall of Belshazzar himself at the age of ten to be of a book-lover. Court has handsome electroliers in imitation a book-lover, and at twelve be- cut glass, a magnificent marble fireplace in gan to be a book-buyer, taking delight in which the effect of a wood fire is simulated by browsing about old bookshops. To him “they electric bulbs under a sheet of red isinglass, are what form and outline and color are to the while the heat is furnished by a steam radiator artist, what beauty is to the poet, what close by, and the floor has two large Oriental springtime is to the lover, what summer rugs of American manufacture. What the meadows are to the child." That such a person humorously communicative young father has should write well about books is no cause for to say about his irrepressible son Harold and surprise. “Byways in Bookland” (Hough- the latter's baby sister, about his wife Emme ton) consists of a series of “confessions and line, and, not least of all, about himself, his digressions," informal and intimate and alto- interests and diversions, his views of things gether delightful. In a chatty, autobiograph- metropolitan and cosmopolitan and miscella ical fashion Mr. Mursell tells us of the birth neous, will be found entertainingly set forth of a book-lover, his first footsteps in bookland, in the eight discursive chapters of the book, the comradeship of books, the green pastures which, it will be discovered by magazine read and still waters of bookland, its valley of twi- ers, is not an entirely new production, though light, the spurs of Parnassus, a brown study, none the worse for that fact. Mr. Strunsky has a recent byway, and, finally, emerging from in the last few years made a name for him- byways, he pays tribute to two great writers self as a humorist of decidedly original qual who hold first place in his heart,— Dickens ity, and “Belshazzar Court” sustains this and Stevenson. After a page of almost ex- reputation. travagant eulogy of Mr. Ambrose Bierce, and more especially of his book, “In the Midst of Mr. M. L. Spencer's "Practical Life," he shows his imperfect acquaintance A useful book English Punctuation" contains on punctuation. with that author by saying, “I believe this is much more matter than its title his solitary book: at any rate, on this side the implies; it is really a compendium of direc Atlantic." One might object to his spelling tions for the preparation of almost any kind in the chapter where he glows with enthusi- of manuscript. It has no discussion of the asm for “The Arabian Nights” and writes of principles of punctuation, and presents noth- “Sinbad” and “Scheherezade." Mr. Mur- ing new in organization or arrangement; for sell's “confessions and digressions" are all the sake of brevity the directions are usually excellent, largely because they are sincere and given as dogmatic rules. The basis of these unpretentious, and are written, not to make rules is the practice of the more conservative a book, but because the mere writing is a magazines and the more careful writers of the pleasure. present day, and wherever usage varies, what appears to be the preferred practice is indi- “Now, in our own day, the A thoughtful cated. Of course the first edition of such a conquest of poverty looms up as compendium provokes some adverse criticism. economic possibility, defi- The specimen sheet of corrected proof with nitely within reach — if only society desire it the accompanying explanation is not so ser sufficiently and will pay enough to achieve viceable as it should have been made, some of it.” Such are the heartening words that the statements are very awkwardly phrased close the tiny volume, “The Abolition of Pov- or are capable of misinterpretation, and occa erty" (Houghton), wherein Professor Hollan- sionally the rules are too broadly stated. But der of Johns Hopkins University treats the such defects are not numerous. The rules are problem that he regards as the heart and generally sound and clearly illustrated, the centre of social disturbance. He believes that material is made readily accessible through a poverty is needless, and this hopeful tenet discussion of poverty. an 24 [Jan. 1 THE DIAL brightens a sane and succinct discussion of divergent minds or temperaments of the two such topics as “The Distribution of Income,” nations”; but that “the very freedom of “The Rate of Wages," "The Underpaid," action in the French popular drama, trans- and “The Unemployable.” On the whole gressing all bounds of decency, ... made our economist is “unwilling save as a last possible the reaction to strict classicism. resort to venture upon the uncharted sea of Sometimes Mr. Robertson is incautious in socialism,” and seeks a solution of the prob- statement, however, as when he says that lem in constructive social regulation.' Here Marlowe “was more than audacious in his with he proposes to "retain the competitive free thinking,” and that Lyly "showed the system of industry, both as to production and way" in delicate lyrics. And when in his distribution, but to impose thereon, by re bibliographical note he refers to the “careful straint of law and by pressure of public opin texts” of the Globe and Craig editions, but ion, such limitation and control as experience ignores the Neilson edition, we wonder demonstrates to be necessary for the largest whether he is really unaware of so notable an social interest.” However, the academic achievement of American scholarship. socialist, at least, need worry but little over this formal repudiation; for our author Under the title "The Life of a really believes in drastic measures, and with Essays academic Little College (Houghton), reasoned warmth expresses approval of not a and literary. Professor Archibald MacMechan few specific remedies that would have been has collected a number of papers dealing decried as the rankest of socialism only a with such themes as, “Little College Girls, decade or two ago. If you get old-age pen “The Vanity of Travel," "Tennyson as sions, a minimum wage, insurance against Artist,” “Child of the Ballads," "Every- unemployment, and half a score other amen body's Alice, and “Virgil.” All of the datory measures, and if these operate success essays are pleasing for their reflection of a fully along with state postal systems, state well stocked mind and amiable personality, telegraphs and telephones, state canals, state as well as for their well ordered English, education, and what not, it will rapidly become which a college instructor would characterize less difficult to look upon the ever chang as having an agreeable literary flavor with no ing proposals of socialistic thinkers with fear- disturbing smack of pedantry. Probably the less eyes. In any event, such books as the most valuable chapter bears the caption modest study before us deserve the warmest “Evangeline and the Real Acadians”; al- welcome. In fact, we are even prepared to though old Toronto men will enjoy the pic- hope that some day “The Abolition of Pov- ture of the unique bedel, McKim, and the erty” will be available at bout a third of the full-hearted eulogy of Professor Young in present price, although this is by no means “This is Our Master." To one who remem- unreasonable. bers the less mature views of Professor MacMechan on the worthlessness of classical “Elizabethan Literature" by A brief survey studies, it is joyous to read his graceful Mr. J. M. Robertson has just Elizabethans. palinode in the closing pages. Most of the been added to the “Home Uni- versity Library,” published by Messrs. Henry enjoyed many of them as they are now pre- papers have appeared before, and we have Holt & Co. It presents logically and as com- sented; but it would be too much to say that prehensively as the two hundred and fifty there is enough matter of exceptional value or pages will permit the multiform activities of profundity in the individual essays to com- the age. Mr. Robertson has a first-hand ac- pensate for their lack of unity and make them quaintance with Elizabethan writers. Apart widely acceptable to the reading public in from Middleton, whom he barely mentions their collected form. among the later dramatists, he slights none of them; and he gives much space, too much A new collection of essays by perhaps, to the smaller fry. In a work of Literary talks by Professor William Lyon Phelps this kind, do Phaer, Twine, Fleming, and Professor Phelps. is always welcome. The latest Stanyhurst, those wretched translators of one, “Essays on Books” (Macmillan), though Virgil, deserve attention ? Will not Surrey perhaps less solid than some of its predeces- suffice for the man whose university is at sors, makes quite as pleasant reading. The home? In matters of opinion Mr. Robertson opening chapter, “Realism and Reality in is nearly always safe and usually forceful. Fiction," enforces with apt concrete illustra- He argues vigorously, for example, that "the tion a distinction that ought to be, but is not, vital divergence" between English and a literary platitude; realism represents a frac- French drama is not “an expression of the tion of life, reality represents life as a whole. of the 1915) 25 THE DIAL 66 All of the dozen essays that follow have to do NOTES. with single writers, six English writers, two American, four German. The most preten- Mr. Enos A. Mills is the author of “ The Rocky tious are those on Richardson and Jane Aus- Mountain Wonderland,” which Messrs. Houghton Mifflin Co. announce. ten; the slightest are those on Whittier and Paul Heyse. Almost all of the essays may be Sir James Barrie's new play “Der Tag," which termed insubstantial but highly agreeable. was produced in London December 21, 1914, is One of the most agreeable is that entitled announced as immediately forthcoming by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. “Conversations with Paul Heyse,” in which “ The Second Blooming," by Mr. W. L. George, Heyse is recorded as saying that he "read “ The Turbulent Duchess," by Mr. Percy J. Breb- with the most conscientious attention every ner, and “Mr. Grex of Monte Carlo," by Mr. E. word of 'Huckleberry Finn.' I never laughed Phillips Oppenheim, are three novels which Messrs. once. I found absolutely not a funny thing Little, Brown & Co. announce for publication next in the book." week. Dr. Harvey M. Wiley's new book, " The Lure of BRIEFER MENTION. the Land," will be published early in the year by the Century Co. This company also announces a The second volume of the new edition of George book on “ Child Training,” by Mr. V. M. Hillyer, Chapman's plays and poems, published by Messrs. head master of the Calvert School, Baltimore, and Dutton in the “Library of Scholarship and Let Mr. Harvey J. O'Higgins's “ Detective Barney.” ters" series, contains eleven comedies, of which A series entitled “ The American Books," three are not included in the edition of 1873 and which will deal with contemporary American prob- one,“ Sir Gyles Goosecap," originally publishedlems, is announced by Messrs. Doubleday, Page & anonymously, has never before appeared under Co. Among the titles soon to be issued are The Chapman's name. The editor, Dr. Thomas Marc University Movement,” by Dr. Ira Remsen; “The Parrott, has edited the text with great care, and American Indian," by Mr. Charles A. Eastman; furnishes elaborate notes and cross-references, the “A History of American Literature," by Profes- latter being particularly valuable in determining sor Leon Kellner; “ The Cost of Living,” by Mr. disputed or anonymous authorship of the comedies Fabian Franklin; “Socialism in America," by in question. Mr. John Macy; “ The Drama in America," by Mr. John Cowper Powys has written “ The War Mr. Clayton Hamilton; “ The American College, and Culture: A Reply to Professor Münsterberg," by Mr. Isaac Sharpless; “The American School,” (Valhalla, N. Y.: G. Arnold Shaw) for the purpose by Mr. Walter S. Hinchman, and “ The American of pointing out the essential differences in the ideas Navy,” by Rear Admiral French E. Chadwick. behind the great war, rightly considering these fundamental in any consideration of the struggle. Madison Cawein, who died December 14, 1914, Germany embodies itself in the conception of a at the age of forty-nine, was a poet richly endowed state machine, the Allies in that of human liberty with the gift of interpreting nature in verse. The and the freedom of little states. Behind the aspects of nature presented in his verse were English-speaking nations stands also the idea of those of his native State of Kentucky, where he law, not to be lightly cast aside lest all civilization lived all his life. Exuberantly productive from be imperilled. One extended chapter, which deals his early manhood to the time of his premature with “German vs. Russian Culture,” is especially death, Cawein published more than a score of enlightening. books of verses. Eight years ago a complete edi- Unrevised for twenty-three years and passing tion of his poems, which was published with an through nine editions, Bartlett's “Familiar Quo- Introduction by Mr. Edmund Gosse, required five tations: A Collection of Passages, Phrases, and substantial volumes. Since then the additions to Proverbs Traced to Their Sources in Ancient and his poetic produce have been considerable. A se- Modern Literature” has become accepted as the lection of his poems with a sympathetic Preface standard reference book of its kind. Now, nine by Mr. William Dean Howells was recently pub- years after the compiler's death, a tenth edition, lished. revised and enlarged by Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole, has been issued from the press of Messrs. Little, In the recent death of Professor B. M. Meyer Brown & Co. About three hundred additional of the University of Berlin, literary scholarship pages are included; selections from Matthew lost one of its most brilliant exponents. He began Arnold, Keats, and many others are judiciously his career in 1886 by a study in comparative lit- amplified by twice the original space; names like erature: “Swift und Lichtenberg. In the same Ibsen, Tolstoi, Nietzsche, Maeterlinck, Rostand, or year appeared his “ Grundlagen des Mittelhoch- George Meredith (names that, naturally enough, deutschen Strophenbaus," and three years later are unfamiliar in the original edition) here appear. “Altgermanische Poesie.” From the study of the A revision, bringing the work to date, was essen older period he now turned to modern times, pub- tial, and Mr. Dole's faithful effort to preserve the lishing in 1896 his famous Goethe biography which spirit of the original will ensure for his compila- | established him in the front rank of historians of tion a warm welcome from those who are familiar modern German letters. A collection of essays, with the work of Bartlett. “ Deutsche Charaktere," proved merely a prelude 26 [Jan. 1 THE DIAL » « Our . . to what was perhaps the most important of Feminism and Socialism Unpopular French, Soul of the. Samuel P. Orth Century Meyer's works: “ Die deutsche Literatur des Front, My Day at the. Henry Beach Needham Everybody's neunzehnten Jahrhunderts." Geological Methods in Earlier Days. J. J. Stevenson Pop. Sc. German Economics and the War. H. C. Emery Yale German Point of View, The. J. H. Robinson Century John Muir, who died December 24 at Los Ange- Germany, In. Frederick Palmer Everybody's Germany and Islam. Ameen Rihani World's Work les, was a geologist, naturalist, and explorer whose Good Feeling, A New Era of. L. Ames Brown Atlantic personality endeared him to a large circle of Harbor Voyages around New York. W. M. Thompson Harper Hawthorne, Fifty Years of. Henry A. Beers Yale friends, as well as to the many who knew him only Hoof and Mouth Plague, The. R. W. Child Metropolitan through his books. He was born at Dunbar, Scot Hunt, W. M., Works of. Philip L. Hale Scribner Irish Literary Movement, The. Padraic Colum Forum land, April 21, 1838, and came to America with Japan, Our Relations with. J. H. Latané Am. Pol. Sc. Rev. his parents in 1850, to settle in the Wisconsin Lithuanians in Chicago. Elizabeth Hughes Am. Jour. Soc. W. P. wilderness near the Fox River. ' Movies," Class-Consciousness and the. Muir's first Eaton Atlantic botanical and geological excursions were made in Municipal Affairs, Current. Alice M. Holden Am. Pol. Sc. Rev. the Great Lakes region, in Wisconsin, Indiana, Nature, From the Book of. w. K. Stone and Michigan, and Canada. His first trip to Califor C. L. Bull Century nia, where he arrived in April, 1868, was made by Naval Conflicts, The. j. M. Oskison World's Work Nietzsche in Action Unpopular way of Cuba and the Isthmus of Panama. There Nikolas, Grand Duke. Basil Miles World's Work after he devoted himself chiefly to a study of the Panama, South of — III. Edward A. Ross Century Papua : Cannibal Country. Norman Duncan Harper Sierras, though he made more than one journey Paris in Wartime. Estelle Loomis Century into arctic regions, and discovered in Alaska the Paris in War Times. Mary K. Waddington Scribner Pasha, Enver, of Turkey. A. R. Bey World's Work great glacier which bears his name. Muir worked Peace, Democracy and. Elihu Root Rev. of Rev. hard for forest preservation and it was largely as Profession, The Choice of a. Robert L. Stevenson Scribner Progress What It Is Unpopular a result of his writings that the present national Psychical Research — II. Unpopular parks and reserves were established. Among his Public Service Commissions. C. S. Duncan Forum “ The Mountains of California," Reform, America and. Walter Lippmann Metropolitan books are 8vo. New York: Graphic Text Book Co. Paper. National Parks," " The Yosemite," and, of especial Religion and the Schools. Washington Gladden Atlantic Rheims during the Bombardment. R. H. Davis Scribner interest, his autobiographical chapters published Russia and the Open Sea. E. D. Schoonmaker Century under the title of " The Story of My Boyhood and Russia's Armies, Leaders of. Charles Johnston Rev. of Rev. Youth." Russian History, Geography in. William E. Lingelbach. Pop. Sc. Russian Problem, 'The. P. 'Vinogradoff Yale TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. Sanitation, World, and the Panama Canal.' R. P. Strong Yale January, 1915. Shakespeare, Worst Edition of. c. s. Brooks Yale Shaw, Anna Howard, Autobiography of — III. Metropolitan Action, Training for. H. W. Farwell Pop. Sc. Slavonic Ideals. C. G. Shaw Forum Albert, King, of Belgium. Granville Fortescue Metropolitan Socialism and War – II. Morris Hillquit Metropolitan America - On Guard! Theodore Roosevelt Everybody's Sociology, Scientific Method in. F. S. Chapin Am. Jour. Soc. America's Achievement Europe's Failure. J. A. Southey as Poet and Historian. T. R. Lounsbury Yale Macdonald Rev. of Rev. State, An Endowment for the. Alvin S. Johnson Atlantic America's Future Position. Joseph H. Choate Rev. of Rev. Trade Commission Act, The. W. H. S. Antwerp, The Fall of. E. E. Hunt Metropolitan Stevens Am. Econ. Rev. Antwerp, The Taking of. E. A. Powell Scribner Transportation Companies. 'H. G. Brown Am. Econ. Rev. Balkans, The, and Peace. A. W. Spencer Am. Pol. Sc. Rev. Treitschke, Political Teachings of. A. T. Hadley Yale Belgian vs. German Efficiency. Emil Vander- Tsingtau, The Sequel to Port Arthur. Gustavus velde Metropolitan Ohlinger Atlantic Belgians, Helping the. J. M. Oskison World's Work Turkey and the War. Roland G. Usher World's Work Belgians, Literature of the. C. C. Clarke Yale Turkish Army, The. George Marvin World's Work Belgium, Impressions of. N. M. Hopkins World's Work Unemployed, Problem of the Unpopular Belgium, Last Ditch in. Arno Dosch World's Work Variability of Sexes at Birth, Comparative. Helen Botanical Station, The Cinchona. D. S. Johnson Pop. Sc. Montague and Leta S. Hollingworth Am. Jour. Soc. Brumbaugh, Governor, of Pennsylvania. E. P. Wages, Trend of Real. I. M. Rubinow Am. Econ. Rev. Oberholtzer Rev. of Rev. War, After the.. G. Lowes Dickinson Atlantic Capitalization versus Productivity. F. A. War, America and the. “ Norman Angell " Yale Fetter Am. Econ. Rev. War and the Artist. R. F. Zogbaum Scribner Censorship, Our Prudish. Theodore Schroeder Forum War, British Policy and the. H. W. Massingham Atlantic China, The Parliament of. F. J. Goodnow Am. Pol. Sc. Rev. War, Christianity and. Agnes Repplier Atlantic City Manager Plan, The. H. G. James Am. Pol. Sc. Rev. War, Course of, in December. Frank H. Simonds Rev. of Rev. College and Society Unpopular War of 1914, The Peace of Ghent and. D'Estournelles Dancing Mania, The Unpopular de Constant Rev. of Rev. Darwinism, Ethnic Unpopular War, Philosophy of the Unpopular Defence, National. Harrington Emerson Rev. of Rev. War, Physical Geography of the. c. F. Taiman. Rev. of Rev. Delcassé, Theophile. W. M. Fullerton World's Work War, Scientific. H. G. Wells Metropolitan Delusions. S. I. Franz Pop. Sc. War, The Press as Affected by. o. G. Villard Rev. of Rev. Democracy, Academic Superstition and." Florence v. War-" Thou Shalt not Kill." W. M. Collier Forum Keys Yale Weather, Work and. Ellsworth Huntington Harper Democratic Party, Decline of the. Ė. Ė. Working-man, The. Hayes Robbins Am. Jour. Soc. Robinson Am. Jour. Soc. Diplomatic Service, Our.' David J. Hill Harper Disarmament, International. Arturo Labriola Forum LIST OF NEW BOOKS. Divorce Laws, Our Chaotic Unpopular Dollar, A Compensated. Irving Fisher Am. Econ. Rev. Drama, Our "Commercial.” William C. de Mille [The following list, containing 114 titles, includes books Yale Dramatic Art. Thomas H. Dickinson Forum received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] Dramatic Mob, Parables of the Unpopular Ductless Glands. Fielding H. Garrison Pop. Sc. BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES. Educated Man, The Passing of the Unpopular Emile Verhaeren. By Stefan Zweig. With photo- Education, The Nation's Adventures in Unpopular gravure portrait, 8vo, 274 pages. Houghton England, France, Russia, Germany What You Mifflin Co. $2.net. and I Owe to Them. William Hard Everybody's Life of Sir John Lubbock, Lord Avebury. By Hor- Escapes. Arthur C. Benson Century ace G. Hutchinson. In 2 volumes; illustrated Europe's Dynastic Slaughter House. w. j. Roe Pop. Sc. in photogravure, 8vo. Macmillan Co. $9. net. Expansionist Fallacy, The Unpopular The Life of Thomas B. Reed. By Samuel W. Mc- Experimentation, Animal – What it Has Done for Call. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 303 Children. H. D. Chapin Pop. Sc. pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $3. net. . . . . 1915) 27 THE DIAL GENERAL LITERATURE. 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FREDERIC FAIRCHILD SHERMAN 1790 BROADWAY NEW YORK CITY The choice and deliver trengerechte ho ho "HE confidence of its readers in both the editorial and advertising sections of The Dial is assured by careful supervision and discrimination of its managers over what ever appears in its columns. THE DIAL A Semi-fonthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. PAGE . 39 THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 18t and AN AMERICAN LITERATURE. 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian postage 50 cents per year extra. RE Professor Brander Matthews is of the opin- MITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, ion that American literature has no existence payable to THE DIAL. Unless otherwise ordered, subscrip- tions will begin with the current number. When no direct apart from English literature. His opinion, request to discontinue at expiration of subscription is re- ceived, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is since he is nothing if not orthodox in his view desired. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. of literature, is probably that of the majority Published by THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY, of those who have considered the point. We 684 So. Sherman St., Chicago. are inclined to agree with him as to the fact. Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879. But Professor Matthews offers an explanation which is something more than an interpreta- Vol. LVIII. JANUARY 16, 1915 No. 686 tion of history. It is a bold prophecy of the future. And who agrees with a prophet! CONTENTS. Professor Matthews says, in his Introduc- AN AMERICAN LITERATURE 37 tion to "The Oxford Book of American CASUAL COMMENT Essays," that: Nature-study transmuted into literature.- The mind's gambol.-A Mark Twain of the “Of course, when we consider it carefully we Ghetto.- Bibliopathology. cannot fail to see that the literature of a language COMMUNICATIONS 40 is one and indivisible and that the nativity or the A Blast from London. Ezra Pound. domicile of those who make it matters nothing. Entertaining Genius Unawares. Robert J. Just as Alexandrian literature is Greek, so Amer- Shores. ican literature is English; and as Theocritus de- SOME LESS AUTOCRATIC ASPECTS OF mands inclusion in any account of Greek literature, “ CZAR” REED. Percy F. Bicknell 42 so Thoreau cannot be omitted from any history of NEW BOOKS ABOUT THE WAR. Frederic English literature as a whole. The works of Austin Ogg 44 | Anthony Hamilton and Rousseau, Mme. de Stael Gowans's Selections from Treitschke's Lec and M. Maeterlinck are not more indisputably a tures on Politics. — Hausrath's Treitschke.-- part of the literature of the French language than The Real Kaiser.- Saunders's Builder and the works of Franklin and Emerson, of Hawthorne Blunderer.-Frobenius's The German Empire's and Poe are part of the literature of the English Hour of Destiny.-- Bourdon's The German Enigma.— Von Mach's What Germany Wants. language." - Hart's The War in Europe.- Gibbons's The In other words, American literature is a part New Map of Europe. of English literature and must always and PLAYS OF TO-DAY AND YESTERDAY. Homer inevitably continue to be so — unless we on E. Woodbridge 47 Brownell's The Unseen Empire.- Francis's this side of the Atlantic should develop a new Change.- Lawrence's The Widowing of Mrs. language. Holroyd.— Williams's “And So They Were Married.” — Robinson's Van Zorn.— Tagore's It is only fair to add that after having thus The King of the Dark Chamber.- Clark's denied the possibility of nationality in litera- Three Modern Plays from the French. ture (within the same language), Professor Andreyev's Plays.- Barrie's Half Hours. WORRY AND MODERN LIFE. M. V. O'Shea . 50 Matthews goes on to admit that owing to a RECENT FICTION. Lucian Cary 52 slight difference in the social atmosphere and George's The Second Blooming.-- Mackenzie's the social organization of the United States Sinister Street.- Nexö's Pelle the Conqueror. there is “an indefinable and intangible flavor BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 53 which distinguishes” Franklin, Emerson, A richly illustrated history of Colonial churches.-Autobiography of a woman terror- Walt Whitman, and Mark Twain from Steele, ist.- The romise of Mr. Bertrand Russell's Carlyle, Browning, and Lamb; that the writ- philosophy. -An American Tory and wit.- The ers of this country “cannot help having the music of Russia.- Mrs. Pankhurst's apologia pro vita sua. - Book-collections in earliest note of their own nationality.” But it is evi- times.- Paris in time of anarchy.-- The dent that he considers the difference subtle teacher of the German secondary school.- The education of girls. rather than important. BRIEFER MENTION 59 Whether the difference is important or not NOTES 59 depends on whether it is now as great as it LIST OF NEW BOOKS 60 will ever be. It has not in the least occurred 38 (Jan. 16 THE DIAL to Professor Matthews that the time may come now. It could almost be said of the educated when life in the United States will be as differ classes. The proportion of English names in ent from life in the British Isles as life in a list of the undergraduates at Dartmouth or Russia now is. But that is among the possi- Princeton or Harvard is still large, though not bilities of the future. as large as it was. It is only when one exam- An identity of language may be the strong ines the roll of Columbia, where Jewish names est connection between two nations. Language are very numerous; or of Wisconsin, where it is the mother of ideas; indeed, words are is German names; or of Minnesota, where it is ideas. To own the same language has always Norse names, that the coming change is appar- meant to own the same feeling about funda ent. The immigrants from the south of mental things. However greatly the next cen Europe, even the Russians, will be slower to tury may change either the Americans or the send their sons and daughters to the universi- English, they will tend strongly to remain ties than the immigrants of Teutonic stock together in their conception of life, not have been. But whether they send them or merely because many of the same forces will not, they will need only to remain here to act upon both but because each will so easily modify us. communicate and exchange with the other. The battle of ideas is never still. We think Nevertheless, there are political, geograph- of the German citizens of this country as ical, and racial factors which may profoundly differing with the older American stock only modify our present likeness to England. The in respect to the institution of beer, of the case of politics, particularly of international Norse peoples as distinguished by no differ- relations, has been discussed so much that we ence of custom or ideas, of the Jews as a race need only mention it. The great war in Eu peculiarly adaptable; and as for the Italians, rope may not affect us in any direct or impor- the Greeks, the Slavs — we think they do tant way; it may not greatly affect the future not count at all. We should know better. of the British Isles. But the possibilities are We should realize that when "Who's Who's obvious enough. The effects of geographical no longer presents a preponderance of Brit- conditions on national character have only ish names, American institutions will have begun to be studied, and are little understood ; changed. but the idea that the climate of the United But in addition to the battle of ideas there States is producing an American type, distinct is the struggle of blood, which is only occasion- from the British, may be something more than ally fought out with rifles as it is now being an academic theory; and climate is only one fought out in Europe. All the white races of several aspects of geography. The part represented in America are beginning to in- which race plays in making national character termarry. But biology does not promise that is, of course, the most important; and nothing the result will be a composite type in which is clearer than that the blood of the American the characters we call · Anglo-Saxon will people is no longer the blood of the British predominate. We in America may remain Isles. descendants of British ancestors in those char- It is true that the English, Scotch, and Irish acters which we care most about, we may founded the republic; and their ideas-politi- continue our present institutions — though it cal, social, and moral -- still dominate it. The is to be hoped that we shall be able to ex- twenty or thirty American essayists whom change some of them for better ones — but we Professor Matthews has included in his an have no guarantee that this is in the nature of thology are those of men whose ancestors came things. Indeed, we know that there is no from the British Isles. And if two of the most assimilation of races without modification. inexcusable defects of his choice were cor We cannot be certain that so much as the rected, the omission of Mark Twain and the language will remain to us. Our vernacular inclusion of Mr. Nicholas Murray Butler, this may be so modified that there will be more fact would not be altered. Indeed, it is a typi difference between the speech of an American cal fact. American writers have so far been and an Englishman than there is now between quite as English in blood as they have been in the speech of an Italian and a Spaniard. language. The same could be said of nineteen But long before that happens we shall have out of twenty Americans distinguished by begun to produce an American literature dis- other than literary achievement from 1776 to tinct from English literature. 1915] 39 THE DIAL CASUAL COMMENT. father told him and his brother Davy that they need not learn their lessons for the next NATURE-STUDY TRANSMUTED INTO LITERA- day, for they were 'gan to America the TURE is what the reader finds, to his delight, morn,” looked forward with ecstasy to the in the books of such gifted naturalists as land where there was “no more grammar, but White of Selborne, Richard Jefferies, Tho- boundless woods full of mysterious good reau, Professor Fabre, Mr. John Burroughs, things, trees full of sugar, growing in ground and that other John so commonly associated full of gold; hawks, eagles, pigeons, filling with “John of the birds," namely, John the sky; millions of birds' nests, and no Muir, or "John of the mountains." Wide- gamekeepers to stop us in all the wild, happy spread is the regret caused by the death, on land.” the day before Christmas, of the famous dis- coverer of glaciers, explorer of the wilds of THE MIND'S GAMBOL is not the least of intel- many lands, geologist, naturalist, and writer lectual recreations. It is a pastime in which (of too few books). Mr. Muir was born at many a nimble-witted writer has found keen Dunbar, Scotland, April 21, 1838; received delight, to the no small enjoyment of his a Spartan upbringing at the hands of a readers. Walter Bagehot confessed his love father who belonged decidedly to the old for playing with his mind, as he phrased it. school; migrated with that parent and a Emily Dickinson's wit was what her sister, in brother and sister to this country in 1849, writing of her, soon after her death, called rural Wisconsin being the goal of their pil- “a Damascus blade gleaming and glancing in grimage; won for himself a university educa the sun.” Colonel Higginson, her correspon- tion, or such branches thereof as appealed to dent and trusted friend for a quarter of a him, at Madison; and thereafter became a century, wrote of her fondness for “phrases wandering student of the wonders of the uni so emphasized as to seem very wantonness verse as displayed in more or less accessible of over-statement, as if she pleased herself quarters of this planet. Honorary degrees with putting into words what the most ex- and society memberships and other distinc travagant might possibly think without say- tions came to him unsought, in sufficient ing." Her niece, in selecting and editing abundance, and his name as author is at some passages of intimate correspondence for tached to "The Mountains of California, the current “Atlantic,” says that “the joy of “Our National Parks,” “Stickeen, the Story mere words was to Aunt Emily like red and of a Dog," "My First Summer in the yellow balls to the juggler," and speaks felici- Sierra," "The Yosemite," and the extremely tously of “the gambol of her mind on paper, interesting account of his boyhood and youth and of her pen "scarcely hitting the paper which was the last book to come from his long enough to make her communication intel- hand, though his fertility in magazine and ligible." ligible.” One might liken her style to the other periodical articles continued to a later humming-bird, come and gone with a flash date. But he was too restless, too eager to be and a whir a resonance of emerald, a rush doing and seeing, to submit willingly to the of cochineal," as she herself expresses it in drudgery, as he regarded it, of authorship. some exquisite lines on that coruscating epi- Perhaps he acquired an early distaste for the tome of life and fire. Characteristic was her printed page, as contrasted with the mar shy way of communicating by little scraps of vellous book of nature, under the harsh letters with her brother's family next door, discipline of his Dunbar schoolmaster, who "a hedge away," as she put it, and separated compelled him to learn Latin and French and by a lawn “crossed by a ribbon path just wide English grammars by heart, and of his father, enough for two who love." From the above- who piled on top of that an immense amount mentioned epistolary fragments a few spark- of Bible-reading, making the boy commit to ling bits may here be not out of place. Their memory so many verses every day that, as epigram sometimes verges on obscurity; but the victim himself says, 'in terms that are to be obscure, argues Coleridge, is sometimes hardly credible, by the time he was eleven complimentary to the reader. Here is a cryp- years old he “had about three-fourths of the tic passage: "To do a magnanimous thing Old Testament and all of the New by heart and take one's self by surprise, if one is not and by sore flesh. I could,” he continues, in the habit of him, is precisely the finest "recite the New Testament from the begin of joys. Not to do a magnanimous thing, ning of Matthew to the end of Revelation notwithstanding it never be known, notwith- without a single stop”—which, if true, would standing it cost us existence, is rapture her- put even Macaulay's feats of memory in the self spurn." self spurn.” And again: “To the faithful, shade. But all this was a weariness and a vexa absence is condensed presence. To the others tion to the outdoor enthusiast who, when his but there are no others.” To an absent 40 [Jan. 16 THE DIAL friend she writes: “So busy missing you I BIBLIOPATHOLOGY, if the word is allowable, have not tasted Spring. Should there be was the subject of some characteristic re- other Aprils we will perhaps dine.” Hermarks from Dr. Samuel McChord Crothers in oddly apposite choice of adjectives is almost a recent talk before the Springfield (Mass.) startling. A little nephew is told by her that Women's Club. Playfully posing as the “Vinnie and Grandma and Maggie all give mouthpiece of his friend Bagster, founder of their love, Pussy her striped respects." Often the Bibliopathic Institute for the Book Treat- her little message takes the form of verse. ment, the speaker discoursed entertainingly Here is a picture of ineluctable fate: and wittily on “The Therapeutic Value of " It stole along so stealthy, Literature." A new definition of literature Suspicion it was done was, in passing, struck out somewhat as fol- Was dim as to the wealthy lows: "Literature is a vast stock of thoughts Beginning not to own." in a variety of forms that have been thought A MARK TWAIN OF THE GHETTO over by interesting people and have become - Solo- so organized that they are not only food but mon Rabinowitz is his name, Sholom Alei- medicine for others." Considering a book as chem his pseudonym — is writing for the a literary prescription put up by a competent Yiddish press of New York stories that are person, the lecturer goes on to say that "a said to be the delight of their readers; but proper prescription contains four constitu- Yiddish is so little familiar to the majority of ents,- a basis, or chief ingredient, an adju- New Yorkers, and of Americans in general, tant to assist the action, a corrective to lessen that it grieves one to think of the number of any evil effects, and a vehicle to make it suit- laughs and chuckles that will die unborn for able for administration and pleasant to the the lack of a wiser choice, on Mr. Rabinowitz's patient. These constituents may be used to part, in selecting his literary vehicle. From test the literary style of books. For instance, his home city comes the report that he found Henry James, one of whose sentences may be himself interned (to all practical purposes) read at one sitting, has a sound basis, with in Germany last summer by the outbreak of the war, and it was only when his admirers parenthetical clauses to provide the vehicle, a on Manhattan Island, learning of his plight the adjutant to quicken the action." corrective to lessen any evil effects, but lacks In and bewailing the enforced suspension of his similar pleasant vein the speaker observes that contribution to their merriment, clubbed to- “the young people of each generation are the gether and effected his deliverance, that he poison squad for the new books. If they sur- was able to return to these shores and resume vive, then the older people, whose maxim is his literary activities. In a passage, ostensi-safety first,' begin to take up the same books. bly autobiographic, translated for the Boston Then there are the counter-irritants, often “Transcript," he says: “I am a Droschnar, confused with true stimulants. A counter- which means I came from Droschna, a small irritant makes the patient forget irritation in town of the Poliver district - a very small To-day Droschna is already a city, in another part. În medicine, mustard and one part of the body by creating disturbance with trains and a railroad station. When it turpentine are counter-irritants; in literary became a railroad station the whole world values George Bernard Shaw is the best envied us. Just think! a railroad! Every counter-irritant. This is the type of book that body thought it was a godsend, a chance of makes you feel bad in a new spot. They making a living. We would all grow rich, all make you see yourself as those see you who begin shovelling gold. Jews from the sur- don't like you." rounding villages began pouring into the city. The inhabitants began rebuilding their houses and enlarging their stores; the tax on meat COMMUNICATIONS. was raised. We began to think of getting a new butcher, of building a new synagogue, A BLAST FROM LONDON. and of putting aside another field for a ceme- (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) tery. All in all, it was a great time." A It is interesting, as it is perhaps flattering, to see touch of Mark Twain makes itself felt in the myself bracketed with the late Lord Tennyson (in cemetery enterprise, but probably this author your leader of November 1 on “ The Younger Gen- would like better to be commended for his eration” as a sort of alternate cock-shy for warring own merits than for any borrowed (even un- poets, but I cannot admit that you have accurately defined the issue. This issue as I see it is not consciously borrowed) excellence. His fun whether young poets“ believe” in me or in Tenny- seems to be all his own, at times not over- son, but whether or no they believe that poetry had refined, but what great humorist has escaped traditions, even traditional freedoms before, say, that criticism? 1876; whether poetry is good or bad according to - 1915) 41 THE DIAL some standard derivable from the full mass of machine? And a machine for pleasing the popu- poetry of Greece and China and France and the lace at that! world generally, or whether poetry is good or bad No, cher monsieur, leave my name and my per- according to the taste of American magazine editors sonal reputation out of it. Ask whether the of 1876. younger generation wants America to produce real I still preserve the illusion that there once were literature or whether they want America to con- American magazine editors who cared for litera- tinue, as she is at the present moment, a joke, a ture, as they conceived it. It may be that I am byword for the ridiculous in literature, and the wrong, and that they have uniformly held the com younger generation will answer you. mercial viewpoint, which some of them now openly Investigate the standards and the vitality of the hold. It may be sheer idiotic idealism to contend standards of the “best editorial offices," and see that the editors of papers like “Harper's Magazine" | what spirit you find there. See whether they and “ The Century Magazine " are in positions of believe that art is, in any measure, discovery. See some power, and that their position entails some whether there is any care for good letters, even if responsibility both to the public and to creative they care enough for good letters to be in any way genius. In actual working I find that there can be, concerned in trying to find out what makes, and apparently, no truce between any of the honest what makes for, good letters. men of my generation and these magazines. One Beyond this it seems to me that you make a mis- finds editorial ignorance, and callousness to any take in dubbing Mr. Henry James, for instance, an standards save the fashion of 1876. One finds a European. A deal of his work is about American rooted prejudice, a sheer cliff of refusal, against subjects. Is a man less a citizen because he cares “ matter too unfamiliar to our readers." That enough for letters to leave a country where the phrase is used over and over again. A public that practice of them is, or at least seems, well-nigh took as much interest in good literature as it takes impossible, in order that he may bequeath a heri- in the tariff on wool, would drive out any editor tage of good letters, even to the nation which has who thus should set himself against all invention, borne him? all innovation, and all discovery. It is not that the younger generation has not There is no culture that is not at least bilingual. tried to exist “at home.” It is that after years of We find an American editor (whom it would, of struggle, one by one, they come abroad, or send course, be a breach of confidence to name) who their manuscripts abroad for recognition; that in 1912 or 1913 writes of Henri de Regnier and they find themselves in the pages even of the M. Remy de Gourmont as “ these young men.” “ stolid and pre-Victorian Quarterly 99 before The rest of his sentence is to say that their work is “hustling and modern America” has arrived at unknown to him. Note that this lacuna in his tolerance for their modernity. mental decorations does not in the least chagrin EZRA POUND. him. He has no desire to add to his presumably London, December 26, 1914. superabundant knowledge. To say that the letters of a certain editor now admitted incompetent (even in America) and after long years dismissed, ENTERTAINING GENIUS UNAWARES. used to be handed about London as examples of the (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) incredibly ridiculous, is putting it mildly. An employer, in search of clerks, looked through No, cher monsieur, you put it wrongly when you the “ situations wanted” column of a New York say the young poets seem to care whether one newspaper the other day and remarked, “ When I believe in me or in Tennyson. You should write, see the number of men who advertise for a position they care whether or no one has considered the at anything' and urge as a reason for their standards of excellence to be found in Villon and employment, the fact that they speak three or more the Greek anthology; they care whether the editors languages, I feel less ashamed of the fact that I am who criticize them have ever heard of Stendhal; a man of one tongue.” This is American reasoning whether one believe that verse should be as well right enough. right enough. If an accomplishment can not be written as prose; whether an author should be him converted into dollars and cents, it seems to us a self or a mimicry. useless possession. We prefer to read our foreign Anent which, take two sentences from the edito books in translation, and there is no doubt but that rials of " The Century Magazine.” Note that the the professional translator usually gets more out of “ new editor" of this magazine has been recom a foreign author than we ourselves could extract mended to me as a “ progressive.” Here are his with the aid of a phrase-book and a bi-lingual dic- words: tionary. There are times, however, when our igno- “ We wish to make the fiction in this magazine come rance of foreign literature becomes so obvious as to as near to truth as circumstances permit ..." be embarrassing. When Señor Ruben Dario ar- Shades of Flaubert, and Stendhal, and of every rived in New York not long ago, we went about honest creator in letters ! ! asking one another, “Who is this Dario, and what Second example: has he done?” And this same Dario is the fore- “ The contributors make the magazine and the most poet in the Spanish tongue to-day, author of magazine makes the contributors.” some twenty-odd books of poetry and prose, and There's another nice chance for literature to come acknowledged a classic writer by all Spanish- speaking peoples. through the magazines. Has any first-class work ROBERT J. SHORES. of any sort ever been done to the specifications of a New York City, January 2, 1915. 42 [Jan. 16 THE DIAL The New Books. Twain, with whom he enjoyed a close friend- ship in his last years. He had Mr. Clemens's habit of making his wife his confidant and SOME LESS AUTOCRATIC ASPECTS OF adviser in the larger affairs of his calling. “ CZAR" REED.* “She became his best critic, whose judgment It is twelve years since Thomas B. Reed's he sought and followed,” says his biographer. sudden and too-early death, and a few years “It was his habit to rehearse to her what- more since he ceased, by his own choice, to be ever he wrote or proposed to speak upon a conspicuous figure in our national govern- important occasions. Among his unpublished ment; but popular interest in his decidedly manuscripts is one, brilliant but rather de- original yet typically American personality nunciatory in tone, which bears upon it the is still strong enough to ensure a welcome to note in his handwriting, ‘Not published, by Mr. Samuel W. McCall's biography of the order of madam.'” How many a Mark man, which has just appeared under the Twain manuscript met with a similar fate at sanction and with the coöperation of sur the hands of the judicious Mrs. Clemens ! viving members of the Reed family. Mr. Curiously alike, also, the two men seem to McCall's twenty years in Congress and the have been in some of those minor preferences Maine statesman's term of service in the same that betray character. Mark Twain's fond- legislative body overlapped by six years; ness for his pet cats and kittens is notorious. the two represented the same political party Reed's relish for certain characteristic quali- and had much in common in their political ties in Tabby and Tom was evident. A paper views and their high ideals of national policy; prepared by him on “Our Cat" (Anthony, and therefore the younger is by no means originally called Cleopatra, until it was dis- unqualified to give a genuinely appreciative covered that this name was inappropriate) account of the other's achievements in public has passages that might have been written by life. It is this public rather than the more his illustrious contemporary. Like the au- personal and private side of Mr. Reed that thor of "The Innocents Abroad,” Reed was receives especial attention in the book, and an indefatigable sightseer,” with a lively such a survey naturally involves some discus interest in foreign lands and a zest for for- sion of the more important political questions eign travel. On one occasion at least the two with which he was concerned, though the men enjoyed an extended cruise in each biographer has shown commendable restraint other's company in domestic waters, at the in subordinating his own opinions to the invitation of their common friend, H. H. presentation of those held by the subject of Rogers, owner of the yacht“Kanawha.” For his biography. details see Mr. Paine's biography of Mark Reed's large and richly endowed nature Twain, and chapter twenty-two of the book had qualities that remind us now of one and under review. now of another illustrious character of his The record of Reed's college course at Bow- own or of an earlier time. In Yankee shrewd doin shows him to have been a good scholar ness, the apt use of homely illustration, readi- without strenuous effort, and a participant in ness with a timely Biblical phrase or allusion, all wholesome student activities, a member of and, with it all, a sturdy advocacy of fair his class crew, one of the editors of the college play, he was not unlike Lincoln, whom he was paper, active in a local chess club, and mighty fond of quoting, on occasion, as when, in argu in debate, being one of the leading spirits in ing against our Philippine policy, he cited the Bowdoin Debating Club as well as a Lincoln's “government of the people, by the prominent member of the Peucinian Society, people, for the people.” Like Lincoln, he Like Lincoln, he where this form of intellectual athletics was first made his mark as a country lawyer, and cultivated. Thrown partly upon his own he sat in his state legislature before passing resources for the payment of his college bills, to a more honored seat in Congress. Like he used to teach district school in the winter Lincoln, too, he served his country in time of vacation, as was then the approved custom of war - though it was in the navy, as acting impecunious and ambitious collegians. But assistant paymaster on board a gunboat, not even with the best of will to make his way in a land campaign against the Indians. through and win his diploma, he found him- and he likewise indulged in subsequent self so nearly stranded toward the end of his humorous reference to his martial exploits. senior year that he had accepted the necessity In certain other aspects, not those of the of leaving college without a degree when statesman, he irresistibly suggests Mark Mark assistance was offered by William Pitt Fes- senden, father of Reed's room-mate, and * THE LIFE OF THOMAS BRACKETT REED. By Samuel W. gratefully accepted. This timely provision of McCall. Illustrated. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1915) 43 THE DIAL you can do." funds was, of course, not forgotten by the “I do not believe in an Atonement, because I beneficiary, who early repaid the loan with cannot see its necessity. The whole idea strikes interest. School-teaching, law-study, and me as artificial. If all our sins and their effects naval service filled the first few years after are to be washed away by vicarious suffering and his graduation, but in 1865 he established we are to find ourselves pure and perfect when we himself in his native city of Portland as a touch the other shore, the problem of 'Recognition practising lawyer, and less than three years in Heaven' is going to be terribly complicated. It later entered upon that course of political of the fall of man’; and as for that apotheosis of is needless perhaps to say that I am not persuaded activity which was destined to extend nearly lounging, the life in the Garden of Eden, I believe to the end of his life. Successively repre- in it as little as I do in the Saturnia Regna. If sentative in the Maine legislature, senator in that Paradise had ever existed and man had grown the same body, and attorney-general, he re up in it, it would have been merely a Paradise of ceived the nomination and election to Con- fools. It is only by fighting the devil that we ever gress from his district in 1876, and continued get to be anything." to represent that district until 1899, when the In an address on the tariff question, given action of the administration in taking on the at Philadelphia in 1884, occurs a passage in “last colonial curse of Spain” found him so somewhat the same tone as the foregoing, little in sympathy with so un-American a which is separated from it by twenty-one course that he resigned his seat and retired to years in time. private life. Referring to the proposed plan “ The forces of evil are as continuous and deter- of subjugating the Filipinos, he said to his mined as the forces of right, and I am sorry to say trusted friend and secretary, Mr. Asher C. that right is only right by a very small majority Hinds: “I have tried, perhaps not always that has got to be kept up every day. This world unsuccessfully, to make the acts of my public is one where we cannot always have our own way. life accord with my conscience, and I can not There have been times when I have not been able now do this thing." This, too, when he had to have mine. Therefore a good many men that I would have liked to punish are still flourishing just been re-elected by the customary over- upon the earth. Life is a perpetual source of dis- whelming majority to the succeeding Con- appointment. You can never do what you would gress, and was sure of a renewal of the speak- like to do. You have always to do the best thing ership, an office of which he had once declared that it had but one superior and no peer. Among Reed's papers after his death was That one superior, of course, was the presi- found one on the subject of Imperialism, ap- dency, to which he came near being nominated parently written, says Mr. McCall, during the by the convention that finally gave its vote to negotiation of the Treaty of Paris and while McKinley in 1896. McKinley was touring the West and deliver- Without following more in detail the rise ing orations on “Destiny." Here is a frag- of Reed from a position of local to one of ment of that paper: national if not worldwide fame, let us add a “ Human selfishness pervades all human life. It few characteristic utterances of his, as re is the mainspring of human action. Any man's corded by his faithful biographer, and thus selfishness would wreck all his surroundings were fix in mind more clearly what manner of man it not for the antidote, which is the selfishness of he was in his thought and word and action. all the rest. Therefore if men are to be justly From an address delivered at Portland in his governed they must participate in government. earlier life, we select, partly for the benefit Do I mean to say that all men are of equal power? of young college graduates, the following: No, they cannot be. But give every man equal rights, and intellect and wisdom will justify them- “ Perhaps the most useless piece of furniture on selves by persuading where they have no power to the footstool for the first two or three years is the command." college graduate, whose scholarship was a comfort A good, what may even be called a breath- to the professors and an annoyance to his com- petitors. These years are a worry to the scholar ing, likeness of one eminent statesman by another is offered to the fortunate reader of himself. He has to take all that time to get right with the world, to find the other standards by this book. A more "intimate" biography which he must measure his efforts, and to realize will perhaps some day be prepared by another the nothingness of the honors he has won." hand; but meanwhile we are grateful for this To about the same period, or to one a little excellent presentation of the eminent Speaker. earlier, belongs a vigorous assertion of his PERCY F. BICKNELL. religious beliefs and disbeliefs, addressed to the pastor of his church in Portland. There The fifth volume of “The Dramatic Works of is something rather refreshing in such pas- Gerhart Hauptmann" will be published this month sages as this, for example: by Mr. B. W. Huebsch. 44 [Jan. 16 THE DIAL NEW BOOKS ABOUT THE WAR.* not be admonished too strongly to use the books of the past ten years liberally and those It is not too much to expect that the present of the past three months sparingly. war in Europe will afford inspiration and fur There is an opportunity for some one to nish subject matter for a large number of very write a substantial book in which shall be good books and for a few really great ones. traced the origins and development of the None, however, of the second category, and spirit of militarism in modern Germany. very few of the first, have as yet made their Until this task shall have been performed, per- appearance. In recent weeks there have come sons interested in this subject will be obliged into the hands of the reviewer more than a to search out the information they desire in dozen books whose publication is to be masses of documents, and especially in the vol- ascribed, with but an exception or two, en uminous writings of great German militarists tirely to the war. There is not in the lot one of the type of Nietzsche and Treitschke. Al- volume which does not bear evidence of haste ready the stimulation of interest in the subject in preparation, or in publication, or in both. has been considerable; and to meet the de- Some are written in English of which a good mand for information which has arisen, enter- journalist would be ashamed. Some are in- prising publishers have put on the market a complete and utterly superficial treatises upon number of books consisting of translated pas- their respective subjects. Not one of them sages from the writings of Treitschke. Of two contains that useful and in these days not at present on the reviewer's desk, the lesser in uncommon device known as an index. size and importance is "Selections from The country which to date has attracted the Treitschke's Lectures on Politics,” translated attention of writers and publishers chiefly is by Mr. Adam L. Gowans. The selections here Germany. Whether or not the Germans are given have the merit of following the original responsible for the war, their purposes, meth- very closely, and they cover a range of topics ods, and exploits comprise the most dynamic sufficiently representative to enable the hur- and interesting factors in the situation. Fur-ried reader to obtain from them a very fair thermore, the war literature which is printed idea of the trend of Treitschke's thought. in America or despatched across the Atlantic More important, however, because fuller and for American consumption emanates mainly accompanied by an extended study of Treit- from English or other quarters where the deschke's life and work, is Hausrath's “Treit- sire is to describe the ambitions, real or schke: His Doctrine of Imperial Destiny and assumed, of Germany in all their iniquity and of International Relations." The extracts to portray the German menace in all its sup here given relate exclusively to military and posed seriousness. Of authoritative and read international affairs, and, being fairly copious, able English and American books on Germany they serve very well to exhibit the great there were already, when the war began, apostle of Pan-Germanism at his best. Haus- many. There were studies of German policy, rath was an intimate friend of Treitschke, and surveys of German history, monographs on the his biographical sketch has the advantages and Kaiser, printed collections of the Kaiser's disadvantages which may be expected to arise speeches, and works on German sea-power, from such authorship. He depicts with militarism, socialism, government, and a host marked success the colorful personality of his of other concerns. The general reader who hero and incidentally gives a very good ac- would know Germany accurately – in so far count of the life of German university pro- at least as a country can be known accurately fessors a generation ago. But his enthusiasm through the reading of books about it - can for his subject leads to an estimate of Treit- * SELECTIONS FROM TREITSCHKE'S LECTURES ON POLITICS. schke's scholarship which is hardly borne out Translated from the German by Adam L. Gowans. at every point by the facts. York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. TREITSCHKE: His Doctrine of German Destiny and of Inter Of the making of books about the Kaiser national Relations. New York: G. P. there is no end. One of the many issued in THE REAL KAISER. An Illuminating Study. Anonymous. recent weeks bears the title “The Real Kaiser: New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. A Study of Emperor William's An Illuminating Study” and has been pub- Character and Foreign Policy. By George Saunders. York: E. P. Dutton & Co. lished anonymously, first in England and sub- The GERMAN EMPIRE'S HOUR OF DESTINY. By Colonel H. sequently in the United States. We are told With Preface by Sir Valentine Chirol. New York: McBride, Nast & Co. that the author has had exceptional oppor- THE GERMAN ENIGMA. By Georges Bourdon. New York: tunities to study his subject at close quarters. E. P. Dutton & Co. WHAT GERMANY WANTS. By Edmund von Mach. This may be true; and it cannot be denied Little, Brown & Co. THE WAR IN EUROPE : Its Causes and Results. By Albert that here and there he has a shrewd inter- Bushnell Hart. New York: D. Appleton & Co. pretation and employs telling phrases. He THE NEW MAP OF EUROPE (1911-1914). By Herbert Adams New York: The Century Co. relates a number of episodes that have not New By Adolf Hausrath, Putnam's Sons. BUILDER AND BLUNDERER. New Frobenius. Boston: Gibbons. 1915) 45 THE DIAL hitherto reached English readers. But inaccu- icy would be the subversion of Germany. It racies are numerous, notably in the chapter in was his opinion, however, that the British which an attempt is made to describe the would see the expediency of sparing the Ger- structure and operation of the imperial gov man army, to the end that Russia might be ernmental system; and the book is further held in bounds, and that the conflict between marred by an occasional unnecessary expres Britain and Germany would be exclusively, or sion of anti-German sentiment. at least primarily, naval. British troops A better piece of work is Mr. George Saun-might be expected to operate on land only for ders's "Builder and Blunderer." The author the purpose of driving the German warships of this book was for many years Berlin corre from protected ports to the open sea where spondent of the London “Morning Post” and they could be engaged by British vessels. of the London “Times," and his opportunity That war with both England and France was to go behind the scenes was without doubt coming was expressly predicted. Indeed, one exceptional. The book opens with a reason chapter was written to demonstrate that as a ably accurate description of the German posi- military measure France must declare war tion at the Kaiser's accession, and of the events against Germany in 1915 or 1916, and another attending the accession; but the major portion to show that the hour of the German Empire of it is devoted to an analysis of the Kaiser's and its allies might come as early as the spring foreign policy and of his “German world of 1915. That the conflict had not broken policy.” It is maintained that, despite con- much earlier, that "so favorable an oppor- trary appearances which deceived many, the tunity as the war in the Balkans did not fire Kaiser has been at all times since his accession the powder," and that it was only England the principal menace to the peace of the world, who held back her threatening allies, was and in substantiation of the view a long chain attributed principally to the “cold blooded of incidents in the diplomatic and political British commercial spirit.” There is nowhere history of the past quarter-century is re in print - not even in General von Bern- counted. The world, it is affirmed, has been hardi's writings -a more frank and forceful supremely disappointed in the development of statement of the point of view taken by the a character which originally seemed uncom German authorities in the present conflict. monly promising. In the autumn of 1913 one of the editors of Only a few days before the outbreak of the the Paris Figaro,” M. Georges Bourdon, paid present war there was published in Germany a visit to Germany with the express purpose a book written by Colonel Frobenius and bear- of ascertaining the actual sentiment of repre- ing a title which may be translated as “The sentative Germans toward the French govern- German Empire's Hour of Destiny.” The ment and people. Interviews were held with book won the unreserved praise of the German high officials, party leaders, university profes- Crown Prince, and of the Prussian militarists sors, literary men, and representatives of mili- generally. The author took as the basis of his tary and patriotic organizations, and the re- work a book written a few years ago by an sults were published in a series of articles in American student of politics, namely Mr. “Figaro. In English translation, these arti- Homer Lea's “The Day of the Saxon." In In cles, with additions, have lately been brought this volume Mr. Lea pictured the dangers out in London in book form under the title which threatened the British Empire, arising “The German Enigma.” M. Bourdon tells us from its decline in fitness for war, coupled that on his departure for Germany he made a with the growing ascendancy and lordliness determined effort to shake off all his precon- of Germany and Japan. Germany was con- ceived opinions, and he confesses freely that ceived to be the most dangerous opponent, and his experiences showed him the error of some the somewhat fantastic idea was exploited that of the opinions which, in common with other England's original mistake lay in her permit- Frenchmen, he had cherished. "We know ting the unification of Germany to take place. nothing of Germany,” he exclaims, “neither Mr. Lea's practical proposition was that Great does she know anything of us.” Few books Britain should create an adequate army and are written with loftier purpose, and it must proceed to the annihilation of her chief con be said that the spirit of fairness and of altru- tinental rival. Colonel Frobenius similarly ism with which the author begins is sustained maintained that a titanic conflict between to the end. The result is an objective, impar- Great Britain and Germany was inevitable, tial, and impersonal study. In only the last and he placed at the head of his first chapter chapter does the author obtrude his private the statement that “the British world empire views and seek to draw conclusions. His great can be saved only by Germany's overthrow," objective is an eloquent, although restrained, the inference being that Britain's natural pol- | plea for a Franco-German rapprochement on 46 (Jan. 16 THE DIAL the basis of continued German possession of the author to give some of his statements to- Alsace-Lorraine and the engagement of the day a different turn, but of course this was Berlin authorities to govern the Alsatians as a inevitable, and on the whole the book remains free, rather than a subjugated, people. Such a very fair and substantially accurate piece of a solution, it was maintained, would involve work. Eminently sensible are the suggestions no sacrifice of pride or of dignity by either which are offered concerning the necessary nation, yet it would heal a festering wound basis of a true and final peace. Stated briefly, and would deliver the whole of Europe from they are: (1) Europe must recognize the the crushing burden of military expenditure. blood kinship of people of the same race, and The picture drawn was roseate, but events must cease trying to destroy the language and have proved it only a fleeting vision. The traditions of race groups; (2) She must give book is of interest because it was written from up the idea of compelling large racial units to a viewpoint seldom assumed in recent years accept a government which is hateful to them; by European publicists. (3) A larger portion of the people must be In “What Germany Wants” Dr. Edmund admitted to a share in decisions as to their own von Mach has undertaken to supply a con destiny; (4) No peace can be durable that servative answer to a query which in these does not provide in some way against the days is on every one's lips. Dr. von Mach is causes which have brought about the present an American and a graduate of Harvard, al- war, chief among them being the feeling, fos- though of Prussian birth and, in the main, of tered by great armaments, that war is a proper Prussian training. He knows his America and manly way of settling national differ- rather better than do certain other German ences; and (5) War can be prevented only by apologists in this country, and the temperate some sort of world federation in which every ness of his arguments ought to ensure his book nation shall have an armed force upon a fixed a wide and thoughtful reading. The essential proportion, to be used as part of a contingent desire of Germany he defines as follows: of a world police. Germany wants to keep the confines of her It is just conceivable that the war may go home-land inviolate, but is not desirous of joining on undecisively until the nations, from sheer to them new lands of unwilling people. She wants exhaustion, shall become willing to terminate to develop her colonies and invest her money in the hostilities and to restore, as nearly as possible, building of extra-territorial railways which will ultimately bring her into relation with new mar- the conditions of July, 1914. But it is much kets. She wants to develop her home commerce more likely that one side or the other will be and industry, and increase the usefulness of her definitely victorious, and in this event the map agriculture that she may give employment to a of Europe will undoubtedly have to be re- population growing at the rate of about a million made. · Dr. Herbert A. Gibbons's “The New a year. ... Over and above these desires she has Map of Europe” was written in part before the very natural and proper ambition to be worthy the outbreak of the war. But chapters were of her great past and to make her own contribu- appended after the war began, and nowhere tions to the civilization of the world. She wants in English will one find as yet a fuller or better social justice, and she wishes to remove from her laboring classes the ills of poverty. Germany wants discussion of the political and geographical peace, for in peace only can she do what she has set changes which the war is capable of pro- out to do.' She wants an honorable and a stable ducing. Dr. Gibbons has been for some years peace, and in so far as the defects of her character a member of the faculty of Roberts College, have been contributory causes to misunderstand Constantinople, and he has had varied oppor- ings she wishes to eradicate these defects. She She tunity to acquaint himself with the political desires the good will of the world.” and military affairs of Europe, especially of A convenient handbook for Americans who Europe east of the Adriatic. His present wish to follow the course of the war intelli chapters cover a wide range- from the pass- gently is Professor Albert Bushnell Hart's ing of Persia and the problem of the Bagdad “The War in Europe.”. This book falls into railway in the east to Alsace-Lorraine and two parts. The first is devoted to a crisp Luxemburg in the west. The best are the description of the general international situa half-dozen or more recounting the military tion in Europe on the eve of the war. The and political happenings of southeastern second contains an account of the outbreak of Europe since the Turkish revolution of 1908, the war, with chapters on the psychology of for the author has been an observer of, and the war, the question of neutrality, modern even a participant in, many of the events of methods of warfare, the effect of the war on which he here writes. In his discussion of the the United States, and the possible terms of present conflict Dr. Gibbons takes the ground peace. Evidence which has come to light since that Germany forced war on Russia and the date of publication would probably cause France, that German ambition has long been 1915) 47 THE DIAL a menace to all Europe, that Great Britain mirror up to nature. mirror up to nature. But the out-of-date was fully justified in entering the contest, and dramatists who were expected to give pleasure that the violation of the neutrality of Bel- | by imitating human life in a manner presenta- gium was not the cause, but only the occasion, ble on the stage had an immense advantage in of British participation. The only way in knowing what was expected of them, and in which war could have been avoided last Au- general how they were expected to do it. gust, we are told, would have been “to allow Whether the modern dramatists, unguided by Germany to make, according to her own de-a tradition in these respects, will succeed in sires and ambitions, the new map of Europe. working out a satisfactory artistic form, is a FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG. hard question. There is no doubt that the drama, which had been slumbering in a sort PLAYS OF TO-DAY AND YESTERDAY.* of coma of conventionality, has been vitalized through the widening of its scope; and If we compare the publishers' lists of to-though many of the playwrights seem to day with those of fifteen or even ten years struggle vainly with their material, though ago, it is surprising to see how many more their utterance is stammering and eccentric, plays are now getting into print. And these most of them have something to say and are are not only plays which have been or might striving toward a comprehensible form. be successfully acted; many of them are in- Events have made a cruelly sardonic com- tended merely to be read, and could not be ment on the rather saccharine optimism of staged with any hope of interesting an audi “ The Unseen Empire. The youthful hero- ence. Not only does the printed play serve ine, Friderika Stahl, has been left sole owner as a platform, or at least a soapbox, for peo- of the Stahl Gun Works, the great manufac- ple who have a social or political message to turing centre of war material in Germany. deliver to the world; it has been seized upon Absorbed in philanthropic projects among even by the lyric poets as a medium for the her workmen, she has never realized the mean- expression of personal emotion. Thus we finding of the vast establishment built up by her in our list not only Mr. Brownell preaching father. Her eyes are opened through the pacificism, Mr. Francis preaching syndical attempts of the Emperor to gain more direct ism, and M. Andreyev preaching nihilism, but control of the works, first by marrying her to Mr. Robinson and Mr. Tagore translating a prince, then, when this fails and war is their favorite types of lyric, the puzzle lyric imminent, by forcibly seizing the plant. She and the mystical lyric, into what purports to defeats the second plan by the help of her be dramatic form. chief electrician, who is also her lover. The It is perhaps our misfortune that we live result is that the Emperor, who, it appears, in an age when nothing can be taken for has always objected to war, heads a movement granted. Of course our field of speculation is for a federation of Europe, and bestows the considerably widened; but this is a poor com Order of the Red Eagle on the young man pensation for the artistic formlessness and who thwarted the war plans. The lightning poverty which the dissolution of tradition change of Emperor and Chancellor from lion involves. We may smile at the simple-mind- to lamb would be merely comic if history had edness of Aristotle, who thought a play was not made it into a bitter caricature of pacifi- an imitation of action, or of Shakespeare, cist dreams. who thought a playwright ought to hold a Mr. Francis's "Change" has for its theme * THE UNSEEN EMPIRE. By Atherton Brownell. New York: the tragic clash of the new and the old in a Harper & Brothers. CHANGE. By J. 0. Francis. “ The Drama League Series of Welsh mining village. In 1911 it won a prize Plays." New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. offered for the best play by a Welsh author THE WIDOWING OF MRS. HOLROYD. By D. H. Lawrence. “Modern Drama Series." New York: Mitchell Kennerley. dealing with life in Wales. As is often the “ AND SO THEY WERE MARRIED.” A Comedy of the New Woman. By Jesse Lynch Williams. New York: Charles case with prize plays and stories, it is sincere, Scribner's Sons. The action VAN ZORN. A Comedy in Three Acts. By Edwin Arlington respectable, and rather dull. * Robinson. New York: The Macmillan Co. moves very slowly; there are three or four THE KING OF THE DARK CHAMBER. By Rabindranath Tagore. Translated into English by the Author. New York: moderately interesting characters, but none of The Macmillan Co. compelling interest; the play lacks focus. THREE MODERN PLAYS FROM THE FRENCH: Lavedan's The Prince D'Aurec, Lemaître's The Pardon, Donnay's The Other The writer seems to have been more inter- Danger. Translated into English by Barrett H. Clark and ested in a social condition than in any of his Charlotte Tenney David, with Preface by Clayton Hamilton. New York: Henry Holt & Co. characters; and this is to say that as a dra- SAVVA and THE LIFE OF MAN. Two Plays. By Leonid Andreyev. Translated from the Russian, with Introduction, matist he has failed. It is not hard to see by Thomas Seltzer. “Modern Drama Series." New York: why the play, to quote the Introduction, “met Mitchell Kennerley. HALF HOURS: Pantaloon, The Twelve-pound Look, Rosalind, with a most deplorable and undeserved re- The Will. By J. M. Barrie. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ception" in New York and Chicago. 48 (Jan. 16 THE DIAL With a somewhat similar setting — the from her incensed family, he has to defend mining region of Derbyshire — Mr. D. H. her plan. A clever old uncle who is a judge, Lawrence has written a vastly better play. taking unfair advantage of their excitement In “The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyd" he has and of the easy-going law of the state, mar- no social theories to expound, but he is pro ries them on the spot in spite of their teeth; foundly interested in Mrs. Holroyd, her chil but at the same time he warns Society that dren, her drunken husband, and her sober a general overhauling is inevitable. Various and hard-working lover, Blackmore. A de minor characters and incidents make it too cent woman with ideals of her own, she at plain that Mr. Williams is not intentionally first gives Blackmore no encouragement; but writing burlesque. things come to such a pass that she finally As the reader begins to turn the pages of consents to run away with him, taking her Mr. Edwin Arlington Robinson's “Van two children. Then comes an accident in the Zorn,” various questions rise in his mind. mine, in which her husband is killed. A Who is Van Zorn! Who is Villa Vannevar, revulsion of feeling sweeps over her; her the heroine? What have been their past rela- early love for him returns, and with his old tions with each other! with George Lucas! mother she weeps passionately over his body.with Farnham ? with Farnham ? There is no exposition to The final scene, grimly realistic and of extraor-gratify his curiosity; but he consoles himself dinary power, shows the two women wash with the thought that as he goes on these ing the body for burial. The best evidence of matters will become clear. On the contrary, the author's tact and skill is that the effect he becomes more and more bewildered. neither of this scene nor of the play as a There is a good deal of more or less clever whole is sordid or depressing; it is rather, in dialogue; there develops a kind of emotional the true sense of the word, tragic. The fault tension, involving the transference of the of the play is its inconclusiveness, which would heroine's affections; but Mr. Robinson keeps handicap it on the stage; but, from the read his secrets, or reveals them only in riddles. er's point of view, this is more than redeemed The reader's curiosity is teased very much as by keen insight into character and firm grasp it is in some of Mr. Robinson's poems. He of situation. Mr. Lawrence is still a very feels that if he could learn something about young man; he will be well worth watching. these people they might prove to be interest- From a first-hand study of life we turn to ing. But perhaps after all they are not peo- a literary echo. Mr. Jesse Lynch Williams's ple; perhaps they are symbols. The play “And So They Were Married” may be best will be a good subject for some future doc- described as an American imitation of Mr. tor's thesis ; until that appears it will be safe Shaw's plays. Surely a man of genius should to reserve our judgment. pray thrice daily to be delivered from his Mr. Tagore's "King of the Dark Chamber" imitators. They are sure to “show him up,” is frankly symbolical; the characters could magnifying his faults and weaknesses till the by no possibility be mistaken for real per- public turns from him in disgust. No hostile sons. Lecturers who expound the beauties of criticism can be half so damaging as the Tagore before women's clubs will probably imitation of the faithful disciple. The reac have no difficulty in explaining that the play tion against Mr. Shaw was bound to come; is an allegory of the conquest of the soul (the and the appearance of a follower like Mr. Queen) by Love (the King), with the help of Williams suggests that it is upon us. His Humility (Surangama), and the discomfiture heroine well knows that by the law of her of the King's chief rival, Practical Sagacity nature she must compel the man with whom or Efficiency (Kanchi). The symbolism is she is in love to propose to her ; she struggles rather clearer than is usual in Maeterlinck; bravely against it, and when in spite of her- the style is noticeably reminiscent of his. self she has most obviously forced him into a There is a good deal of the material of poetry declaration, she says, "in an awed whisper, floating around in a rather nebulous state, stepping back slowly, 'I've done it! I've done and there are some pretty lyrics, one, for in- it! I knew I'd do it!!” But of course she stance, beginning: will not let a poor scientific man ruin his “Open your door. I am waiting. prospects by marrying her. They will The ferry of the light from the dawn to the "belong to each other” without marriage, and dark is done for the day. this she announces to her assembled and The evening star is up." astounded relatives. To do her lover justice, It is in a way refreshing to turn to the it must be said that at first he objects to this “Three Modern Plays from the French." programme; but the 'Life Force' has got hold Here is no recondite or symbolical meaning, of him too; and besides, in defending Helen no prophet or lyricist disguised as a play- 1915) 49 THE DIAL wright. We go back with a certain sense of indistinguishably, and headed merely “The relief to the good old triangle. It encloses Drunkards' Conversation,” or “The Old nothing of extraordinary interest, but at least Women's Conversation." In the form of we know what to expect. It is odd to see how familiar talk, these passages often furnish the these plays, produced in 1892, 1896, and most poignant comment on the action where 1902, already sound like voices from a past they seem they seem most irrelevant or frivolous. generation. Heavens! they seem written Speaking the prologue, and dominating the merely to entertain! In M. Lavedan's whole piece, is the dread figure, "Someone in “Prince D'Aurec" the chief interest is in the Gray called He." He is present in the back- husband, a fine type of the useless and orna ground of every scene, holding in his hand mental French nobleman. Jules Lemaître's the candle which burns gradually lower. He "The Pardon” is remarkable as a tour de listens with equal apathy to the rejoicing of force. The triangle, if I may mix the mathe Man and his Wife over their first success, to matical metaphors, is reduced to its lowest their agonizing prayers for the life of their terms; there are in this three-act comedy this three-act comedy child, and to Man's curses when the child only three characters. As a piece of techni dies. He is a God of stone. cal sleight of hand it would be hard to equal. It is interesting to compare this twentieth- In M. Donnay's "The Other Danger” inter century morality with a morality of the fif- est centres in the woman who has a lover with teenth century. The message of "Every- whom her innocent daughter falls desperately man" is that the soul of man is a thing of in love. If we take the situation seriously, as infinite value, and that man's life on earth M. Donnay wishes us to, we can hardly be has infinite significance. The message of satisfied with his solution. Mme. Jadain “The Life of Man" is that the soul of man is heroically resigns her lover, commanding him a trivial toy, and that man's life is infinitely to marry Madeleine, and he, though he pro- meaningless. meaningless. The fifteenth-century play is tests a good deal, seems not indisposed to filled with a sense of the reality of the past, consent. of the reality of the future, and of the cru- It must be a grim humorist indeed who ciality of the present that divides them. In could find anything amusing in the two plays the twentieth-century play all are alike empty of M. Leonid Andreyev published in the and unreal. “Modern Drama Series." In “Savva" we find To turn from these powerful and melan- ourselves in the company of a group of luna choly productions is like coming out from an tics and idiots. Considerable ingenuity is asylum or an operating-room. Under such shown in distinguishing various types of men circumstances, what can be more wholesome tal alienation; thus we have the drunken than to go to a Punch and Judy show! Some- idiot, the playful idiot, the maniac who has thing of the sort, touched with graceful fancy, committed the unpardonable sin, and the mild Sir James M. Barrie (we have not yet become melancholiac. There is only one really sane accustomed to that “Sir," and it sounds al- person in the play. The hero is a young most as queer as “Sir Mark Twain” would) nihilist who wishes to destroy every mark and has provided for us in “Pantaloon.” The sec- sign of civilization and the past, - literature, ond of the Half Hours," "The Twelve-pound art, cities, even clothes, so that the human Look,” is a portrait of an egoist considerably race may begin over again au naturel. If less refined than Meredith's hero. In intro- they then show any signs of relapsing into ducing him, the author politely but unkindly anything resembling our present civilization, says, “If quite convenient (as they say about he plans to massacre them all. Very appro cheques) you are to conceive that the scene is priately he is torn to pieces by a mob; but it laid in your own house, and that Harry is evident that M. Andreyev regards him as a Sims is you.' No doubt Harry would be glad martyr. “The Life of Man," published in to be you or anyone else before his interview the same year as “Savva,” is a far more note with Kate is over. Kate is his former wife, worthy performance. It is a sort of morality now a "new woman, " but not of the type play, in a prologue and five scenes. If the familiar in the new drama. Perhaps it would philosophy of Mr. Thomas Hardy's novels not be a bad guess that Sir James and Dr. were to be summed up in a short dramatic Crothers, who are not afraid of the new allegory, the result would be something like woman and do not seem to think she will “The Life of Man." The characters are prove as destructive as some suppose, are Man, his Wife, Father, Relatives, Neighbors, nearer right than the alarmists. "Rosalind” Friends, Enemies, etc. Interspersed with the is a delightful little sketch of the contrast dialogue are long choral passages uttered by between an actress incognita, on a vacation, groups of people speaking individually but and frankly middle-aged, and the same lady 50 [Jan. 16 THE DIAL in her professional character and appear has more problems to solve, and more pres- ance. The change is accurately and charm sures to equilibrate or perhaps to resist. If ingly registered in the countenance and things go on as they have been going, he will words of young Charles Roche, just out of have more adjustments to make next year than college and much in love with the beautiful he has this year. Even in the school, which actress. The last of the “Half Hours," was originally a place of quiet for the purpose “The Will," is a bit of the tragedy of life as of encouraging reflective attitudes, there is it appears in a lawyer's office. It simply constantly increasing tension because there presents three visits, years apart, made by are more subjects to study and tasks to per- the hero to his lawyer; but one can recon- form each succeeding year. The demands struct the man's whole life from those three upon the schools have already become so visits. Philip Ross's experience is not so numerous and burdensome that the chief very different from that of M. Andreyev's problem discussed to-day in educational meet- “Man”; yet in total effect the two plays are ings is the pruning of the curriculum so that as wide asunder as the poles. In the back-pupils will not be crowded so hard. ground of the Life of Man" there are only Think of the number of things which a fam- spectres gibbering and fitting through ily even in modest circumstances must buy vacancy, and the blank and stony stare of the to-day in order to keep pace with their neigh- insane God. In the background of “The bors! Think of the “amusements” they must Will" is the whole huge and various earth, patronize, the books and periodicals they must with its forces of good and evil, and its rich- read, the functions” they must attend! And ness of real human sorrow and joy. It is then consider especially the burdens imposed interesting to speculate as to what would be upon those who are on the firing-line, and the effect upon M. Andreyev if he could look must furnish the funds for all this unrest and out upon everyday life for an instant through striving and struggle! Sir James Barrie's eyes. If he survived the The above reflections are incited by reading shock, he would probably suppose, depending the books under review. In purpose and gen- on his early training, that he had been trans- eral point of view they resemble other books ported either to fairyland or to heaven. Later that have appeared in America during the past he would reason that he must have been sub- decade. It is probable, however, that Dr. ject to a hallucination. Yet the result of such Sadler's “Worry and Nervousness” is the a glimpse, even on a logical and unhumorous most important and attractive contribution mind, would surely be enlightening. Per that has yet been made to the discussion of haps it would even teach M. Andreyev this subject. It is the work of a scientist, to humility. HOMER E. WOODBRIDGE. begin with; and its thoroughgoing presenta- tion of all aspects of nervous disturbances that give rise to worry and that are the out- WORRY AND MODERN LIFE.* growth thereof is based upon an accurate The belief is widespread that there are knowledge of the physical and mental laws involved. A number of recent writers upon more "nervous" people in America than in all the other countries of the world taken this subject have approached it from the together. But the term, as popularly used, Nerves for Old” is written from this point of standpoint of religion - Mr. Carey's "New does not imply serious disease and usually no organic difficulty; it refers rather to mental view — or hypnotism or morbid psychology; but Dr. Sadler writes as a physician, and con- strain and tension, and to that vast brood of troubles commonly described by the term sequently one feels that his analysis and sug- worry. There is general agreement among gestions for the treatment of worry are a little laymen as well as physicians that American more securely grounded than are most of the life is becoming continually more complex, expressions on these topics which one hears or with the result that as a people we are "hit- reads to-day. ting up the pace" faster and faster as the "Worry and Nervousness" discusses every years go by. Take a man of affairs in almost phase of nervousness and its hygiene and any community in this country; he is re- treatment; and the discussion throughout is quired to adapt himself to a greater number presented in a clear, graceful style. of situations and respond to more varied varied forms of nervousness are classified stimulations this year than he did last. He under seven heads : (1) chronic fear, or worry, (2) neurasthenoidia, or near-neuras- * WORRY AND NERVOUSNESS ; Mastery. By William S. Sadler, M.D. Chicago: A. C. McClurg thenia, (3) neurasthenia, or nervous exhaus- tion, (4) psychasthenia, or true brain fag, NEW NERVES FOR OLD. By Arthur A. Carey. Boston: Lit- tle, Brown & Co. (5) hysteria, the master imitator, (6) hypo- or, The Science of Self- & Co. - - 1915) 51 THE DIAL > chondria, or chronic blues, (7) simple melan-tally he must live a simple, hygienic life. He cholia. Each of these types of nervousness is must cut out every form of stimulant and analyzed, and their relations toward one narcotic. Alcohol, tobacco, tea, coffee, and another pointed out. The largest general con the whole list of narcotic drinks are deadly clusion to be derived from these analyses is in their effect upon the nervous system. Dr. that under the stress and strain of modern Sadler says that any physician who is thrown life, alike in the case of the worker and the in contact with a large number of nervous social “climber,” the vitality of the nervous cases has it borne in upon him every day that system is lowered, and there follows a host of the chief enemies of the health and stability, troubles, all springing out of or giving rise to of the nervous system and the mind are the fear or worry. Dr. Sadler cites a large num popularly used poisons,- alcohol, tobacco, tea, ber of concrete examples of the various fears and coffee. Tobacco stands foremost among he describes,- and they are very numerous. the causes of increased blood pressure, which Modern students of this subject have had to drags a whole train of evils in its course. develop an extensive vocabulary to describe Alcohol is next, and then come tea and coffee. the fears which have been differentiated out The author quotes Richardson of England to of the common attitude of worry or dread. the effect that excessive tea drinking among There is “aerophobia," the dread of fresh the women of that country has produced a sort air, especially night air; “aichmophobia, of semi-hysterical condition. They try to the dread of pointed tools; “kenophobia, relieve this condition by resorting to alcoholic the fear of emptiness; “brontophobia," the stimulants, so that one evil intensifies the fear of thunder; "acrophobia," the fear of other. He also quotes Dr. Bock of Leipzig, high places; “agoraphobia,” the fear of open who has observed the same effects among spaces; “misophobia, the fear of dirt; women who are addicted to the use of coffee. "pathophobia," the fear of disease; "zoopho- Even the use of condiments, as pepper, mus- bia," the fear of animals, and so on ad libitum. tard, vinegar, and the like, is a source of Then there are nervous states which are not nervous irritation and instability. quite of the nature of dread or fear, but which Next to hygiene in order of therapeutic nevertheless give rise to the worrying attitude, value in the treatment of nervousness and such as the magnification of trifles, worrying worry is faith— simple, trusting faith. Here about the weather, the chronic “kicking” is the physician, looking at the whole matter habit, and so on through a long list. from the physician's point of view, who con- And what is the cause of all these abnormali- cludes that nervous health without faith is ties? In some cases, lowered vitality; in impossible. Dr. Sadler and Mr. Carey are in other cases, strain and stress in maintaining agreement in respect to the value of faith in existence; but in most cases in American life preserving healthy nerves. Most of “New it is the struggle for more and more things Nerves for Old” is devoted to impressing this and experiences. The results are social mal- view. It would not do to pass over this point adjustments which produce sooner or later without quoting a paragraph from “Worry nervous irregularities and mental strains and and Nervousness” (p. 50): crises. Through twenty interesting chapters, "All faith tendencies are toward mental happi- the author analyzes and describes typical ness and psychical health. All people, good or everyday types of worry and fear and bad, get the physical rewards of faith, regardless nervousness, and he gives concrete examples whether the objects of their faith and belief are true or false. of every type. He also presents diagrams body independent of the trueness of the object or Faith reacts favorably upon the giving the results of modern research on the the correctness of the thing believed. Faith is the relations between bodily states and nervous natural, normal, and healthy state of mind for and mental reactions. He drives home some man. Faith is the state of mind that ever tends to of his principles by presenting photographic make a man better, stronger, happier, and and pictorial illustrations of fear, worry, and healthier." especially of “going the pace'? in American Dr. Sadler discusses the modern use of life. psychotherapy and therapeutic suggestion, But what can be done about it all? Part II. and indorses these means in many cases. He of "Worry and Nervousness" is devoted to a also considers educational therapeutics, the discussion of how these troubles may be alle- strengthening of the will, the value of recrea- viated. The sum of the whole thing is: let tion, study, play, work, and social service. In the neurasthenic reduce his wants. Let him particular cases these are all of great value, give up thinking about himself, and become because they relax the tense nerves of the interested in some other person, or some cause neurasthenic and substitute wholesome and -of an impersonal character. But fundamen- | upbuilding ideas for narrow, self-centred, 52 [Jan. 16 THE DIAL and hypochondriacal ones. Mr. Carey ad- eray and Dickens knew very little and of vances substantially the same views, though which they did not always tell what they he does not base his principles upon physical knew. There is one obvious retort to Mr. and mental laws as Dr. Sadler does. As a Frank Harris's sneer at Thackeray because he summary of all his suggestions, Dr. Sadler did not dare to give Becky Sharp a soul; it is makes self-mastery the supreme aim, which is that Becky Sharp exists. There is an equally in effect the conclusion reached by Mr. Carey obvious retort to the charge that Dickens saw and most of the others who have written upon nothing in the lower classes except what was this complicated subject in recent times. The funny. It is that the lower classes are funny. real secret of nervous and mental health is The fact remains that women quite as wicked after all to get hold and keep hold of one's as Becky Sharp have souls and that the poor self in the midst of all the strains and stresses are a great deal more than amusing. of an increasingly complex life. It is the fashion just now to belittle science, The reviewer may perhaps add an opinion especially the less exact sciences. But science of his own which seems reasonable in view of does count, even toward the novel. Darwin the principles developed by Dr. Sadler and and Karl Marx did not live in vain. Science others. Nervousness in all its morbid phases can tell us more about the two great motives seems to show nature's attempt to destroy the of human conduct, the erotic and the economic, individual who is not living in accord with her than it once could; and one of the results of laws — physical, intellectual, social, and re- the scientific method is a tremendously in- ligious. And in order to escape from this creased curiosity about the things it has only trouble, all remedies must come back in the partially revealed to us. The merest hint of end to simple, rational living first physical, new knowledge is enough to create an active then social — to live in harmony and good dissatisfaction with the old. It may be a long will with one's fellows - and religious – to time before any novelist compels us to under- have faith that back of the universe and sup- stand what the socialists like to call the porting it is an all-wise and all-just power and working-class mind," but we can no more rest personality. Most people who study human with Dickens's sense of it than we can rest nature come to this conclusion sooner or with Thackeray's ideas about women. later. M. V. O'SHEA. “The Second Blooming" is an example of a novel that could hardly have been written a generation ago. David Graham Phillips — a RECENT FICTION.* writer whose merits seem to have been hidden The argument is sometimes made that the by his crudity from all but a few critics, like novelists of our day have, and can have, noth- Mr. Arnold Bennett - dealt often with the ing really new to tell us. Men and women are same general theme: the futility of the lives pretty much the same everywhere, it is said, of leisure-class women. But he never worked and their passions have been recorded in all it out as subtly as Mr. George has. The story their variety by the long procession of poets is of three sisters, all of whom are frustrated and dramatists and story-tellers. In particu- by the lives they lead as the wives of well-to- lar we are assured that we should be better off do men. Grace found her only real happiness reading the great Victorians than the novel of during the three years she conducted a liaison ; the season, simply because they did all that Mary found a certain contentment in many any of our contemporaries can do and did it children; Clara expended most of her surplus better. Many of us who are interested in energy in helping her husband's political novels give this advice lip-service by passing career. It looks as if Mr. George had set out it on and — do not follow it. One reason is to to demonstrate in fiction the feminist theory be found in fashion. To the mind which re- which he has previously expounded in argu- joices in the “Saturday Evening Post's” ment. But there is more to it than that. Most serials, Thackeray and Dickens are as hope- of his interest is in Grace, and her love for lessly old-fashioned as the clothes of their Enoch Fenor. He tells what went on in her day; the same is only less true of a more criti- mind frankly, honestly, and without preaching cal mind. But there is another reason. It is about it; so that while one may disapprove of that in certain living writers one may satisfy Grace, or pity her, or respect her, one can (or only whet?) a curiosity of which Thack- neither hail Mr. George as one who perceives that love justifies irregularity of conduct nor * THE SECOND BLOOMING. By W. L. George. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. damn him as one who confuses moral values. By Compton Mackenzie. New York: D. Appleton & Co. There are some weak places in the story. PELLE THE CONQUEROR : Apprenticeship. By Martin Ander Mr. George has avoided telling just why it was Translated from the Danish by Bernard Miall. New York: Henry Holt & Co. that Grace found herself out of love with her SINISTER STREET. sen Nexö. 1915) 53 THE DIAL husband; it wasn't, as he would have us be Perhaps there is no living writer who is lieve, just because she had nothing interesting more at home in the description of peasant and to do and he bored her with his interest in working-class life than Mr. Martin Andersen what he had to do, which was to follow the law. Nexö, or one of a finer spirit. There can Some of the unhappiness of these three sis-hardly be one who is dead, because his point ters, more than Mr. George admits, was due to of view is too new. But we hesitate to men- that eternal disparity between the dream and tion socialism in connection with “Pelle the the accomplishment which afflicts every hu- Conqueror,'' although it is mentioned once or man being. But we must not quarrel with twice in "Apprenticeship,” because the word Mr. George. He has written an excellent is so likely to call up memories of propagan- novel, and one much more readable than the dist novels which had no merit except their clever one he published last year, “The intention to improve the world. Perhaps Mr. Making of an Englishman." He has done Nexö is not an orthodox socialist. One of the more. He has exhibited a kind of imagination most illuminating and fascinating chapters in which is too rare in English fiction, an imagi- this second of the four volumes of Pelle's his- nation that has enabled him to see (and to tell tory tells of a vagabond workman, the most us) how it was with Grace. Because his inter- skilful of cobblers, who came back to the little est is always in understanding her rather in shop where he was a legend and gave the others moralizing about her he succeeds in arousing a glimpse of his romantic journey through our sympathy for a woman who was unable to the world, and of that vision which makes find any better use for her courage or any more labor artistry. Would an orthodox socialist complete expression for her adventurous spirit have put that passage in his novel? Doubt- than a brief and secret love-affair. To do that less anybody would have put it there who is as much finer as it is more difficult than could, and the point is that Mr. Nexö could. merely to play upon our sense of our own vir- | It may be that the half of the story which tue by presenting us with a properly chastised we have still to read, and which we know deals sinner. with Pelle's experience as a labor-leader, will Mr. Compton Mackenzie has rounded off reveal the characteristic weakness of the propa- what we had expected was to be a trilogy gandist, but we shall be surprised if it does. with his second volume. “Sinister Street” For so far Mr. Nexö seems always the artist, apparently tells all that we are to know of the man of feeling who is bound to give us Michael Fane, whose acquaintance we made in what he has lived, and only what he has lived. “Youth's Encounter." Mr. Mackenzie asks, LUCIAN CARY. in an epilogue, that we regard his volumes as the story of "the youth of a man who pre- BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. sumably will be a priest” rather than “as an idealized or debased presentation of his own In “Early American Churches" existence up to the age of twenty-three." But A richly illus- trated history of (Doubleday) Mr. Aymar Em- we cannot freely grant his request, even Colonial churches. bury II., a distinguished prac- though we do not know how much of an tising architect, attempts the history and æsthete Mr. Mackenzie was when he was at description of the most important group of our Oxford. At any rate these two novels give early monuments. Undertaken primarily for more complete account of the mind of a young brother-architects, it places at their disposal man of our day than has been written pre- the richest collection of photographs of Colo- viously in English, an account which presents nial churches yet assembled. In the one hun- some of the things that Thackeray meant when dred full page half-tones are illustrated the he complained that his public would not per exteriors and interiors of all the existing mit him to tell all he wished about Pendennis, buildings of first importance, and a repre- and a good many more besides. For Michael sentative selection of others, from the coloni- is of a kind of sensitiveness that would not zation down to the abandonment of Georgian have interested as full-blooded a man as the traditions, about 1830. The text,—with archi- creator of Colonel Newcome, and Michael's tect, antiquarian, and general reader all in experience with the Miss Fotheringay sort of view,- lacks fixity of purpose and uniformity person is very different from anything that of method. In general the effort is to recover was omitted by tacit request from Pendennis's the history and the successive forms of the history. We mean to suggest that if “Sinister | buildings discussed, but the limits of rele- Street” is worth reading, and we think it is, vancy in ecclesiastical episode and historical the fact is not wholly owing to its free use of anecdote are frequently passed. The lack of material which, as Mr. Henry James has put an alphabetical index is a serious hindrance; it, the Victorian novelist “dodged.” frequent misprints and slips in the spelling of 54 [Jan. 16 THE DIAL of a woman terrorist. proper names force the reader to be on his that in New England the earliest church guard. The author shows a commendable in buildings resembled no English buildings at terest in contemporary documents, and adds all, ignores their exact prototypes in the chap- to the published stock a number which he has els of English dissenters which Mr. Ronald P. encountered in several years of correspon Jones has recently described in his little book dence and travel, notably for the churches at “Non-conformist Church Architecture." Mr. New Haven, Other documents are repub-Embury's treatment of the Classical Revival, lished from parish histories and previous par- especially, reflects the habitual lack of sympa- tial treatments, and much oral tradition is thy with this pervasive movement. The ques- gathered up, relating both to the original struc tion is larger than personal predilection; it tures and to their transformations. The case involves recognition of the historical bases of of the church at Sag Harbor, built in 1843, of the neo-classic tendency and willingness to which the original builder was still alive in criticize its representatives by the canons of 1912, shows the occasional possibilities in this their own age. Only by such historical de- direction. Too often, however, documentary tachment can the superstition of a death of evidence is not sought insistently enough or traditional art be replaced by a belief in its not even demanded; vague comparisons of unending vitality. unsupported assertions with estimates of probabilities take the place of methodical criticism. The section covering Trinity Autobiography Within the brief space of two hundred and fifty pages, Miss Church at Newport, “reported to have been Marie Sukloff, a Russian Jew- built in 1726,"' is particularly flagrant in this ess of twenty-nine years, has conveyed to En- regard. "Peter Harrison is reported to have glish and American readers in "The Life been the architect of this building, but as Peter Harrison has also been given as the Story of a Russian Exile” (Century) an architect of King's Chapel, Boston, and other astonishing wealth of vivid information con- churches built toward the latter end of the cerning Russian despotism and the efforts that are being made toward its overthrow. eighteenth century, it seems improbable that Miss Sukloff was born in a two-roomed hut- he was designing at this early date, nor does the building itself bear any internal evidence one room devoted to the domestic animals of being his design." The importance of in- in a village of thirty such huts. Inured from ternal evidence, of course, is very great, but infancy to hardship, grinding poverty, and such evidence should be verified, wherever tyrannical oppression, she was apprenticed at possible, and relied on exclusively only when the age of eleven, first to a woman grocer and other testimony is found to be lacking. In then to a tailor. Even at that age the sor- the case in hand we know very well that Peter rows of the peasants had entered into her Harrison, whom Mr. Embury elsewhere de- soul. She had seen the fate of her aunt, out- scribes as an amateur, was our first trained raged and then beaten brutally and buried architect, who came over with Dean Berkeley while still alive by the son of the neighboring in 1729 and designed the Redwood Library in country gentleman, and she had witnessed the Newport in 1748, a building which, like his continual desperate struggle of her own other authenticated works, exhibits' a schol- parents. Imbued with the new aspirations of the period, she joined in a strike and lost both arly correctness of detail quite removed from the naïveté of the church in question. In her position as a tailor's apprentice and his concluding summary of development, as in nearly a year's earnings, whereupon she im- some of the interpretations of single build- mediately began devoting herself with youth- ings, the author is led astray by current ful ardor to the propaganda of the Social misconceptions of architectural history, and Odessa to a poor uncle to secure employment, Democrats. She was sent by her parents to apparent lack of knowledge of earlier discus- sion. The renaissance of classic architecture tionist, and was selected to set up a secret but became increasingly active as a revolu- in England had scarcely begun when the first printing press in Kiev, where she was arrested Virginia colonists left the mother country, and and thrown in prison. After more than two it was the seventeenth century rather than the sixteenth in which English Gothic dragged out life to eastern Siberia. years in close confinement, she was exiled for From this remote re- its moribund rural exile. The first London gion, she escaped and brought back to Russia church with a colonnaded portico was St. the baby of an exiled couple, thus avoiding Paul's, Covent Garden, built by Inigo Jones recognition herself, and rendering the escape in 1631, so that it is small wonder that St. of the parents a future possibility. Embit- Luke's, Smithfield, Virginia, 1632, does not tered by her own sufferings and filled with show more academic feeling. The statement ) pity for the oppressed people of her country, 1915) 55 THE DIAL she joined the headquarters of the Social achieved fewer results than any other branch Revolutionists at Geneva, and was appointed of learning. The great systems of the past are to assassinate several prominent and cruel of no vital concern to us. They are interesting officials, finally succeeding in killing with a only as hypotheses, as aids to the imagination. bomb the terrible Governor Khvostoff. She Mr. Russell then surveys the field of present- was condemned to death, but was exiled in- day thought and discusses three chief tenden- stead to a distant region of Siberia. After cies. There is first of all the classical tradition suffering for some years physical and mental which descends in the main from Kant and hardships which threatened to unsettle her Hegel. Though still well entrenched academ- reason, she finally escaped through a daring ically, this represents on the whole a decaying and brilliant strategem and with the faithful force. It is based on the omnipotence of rea- assistance of devoted fellow revolutionists soning. Its world is constructed by logic with outside the prison. This escape took place little appeal to concrete experience. Then from the prison at Irkutsh, where Miss Suk- there is, in the second place, evolutionism, still loff had been taken for an operation, the long associated with the name of Herbert Spencer, deferment of which by the heartless neglect who in turn derives from the earlier English of the officials had almost caused her death. empiricists. Its modern representatives are It was almost by miracle that she escaped the Nietzsche, William James, and M. Bergson. permanent ruin of her health by the terrible This philosophy, which is based on biology, experiences through which she had to pass has a predominant interest in the question of after getting outside the prison walls... She the destiny of life. But philosophy, if it is to was never safe from reimprisonment until she sailed from Shanghai. The vivid descriptions its own and aim at results which the other be a genuine study, must have a province of of prison interiors and prison life in the many sciences can neither prove nor disprove. In- prisons occupied by the writer, the thrilling tuition, insight, mysticism may carry convic- narrative of experiences and emotions, the tion to the favored recipient, but, untested and portrayal of numerous officials and revolu- unsupported, they cannot constitute a suffi- tionists from intimate knowledge render the cient guarantee of truth. The third tendency book a human document of the highest value. is the one which the author himself favors and It illuminates dark and dreary Siberia with to which he has given the somewhat unpre- a lurid brilliance. Scarcely conceivable are This possessing name of “logical atomism." the cruelties and abominations so realistically has gradually crept into philosophy through reported that the reader cannot doubt their the critical scrutiny of mathematics. It is actuality. The book may well make one hold akin to the “new realism” which has recently one's breath in suspense, as the primitive and been developed at Harvard and other Amer- cruel government it exposes hurls its myriads ican universities. It represents the substitu- across the frontiers of Germany. But there tion of piecemeal, detailed, and verifiable re- is also another and very moving revelation in sults for large untested generalities. The true the little book. So spontaneous seem the function of the mathematical logic which it many instances related of kindness, gener. employs is analytic rather than constructive. osity, self-abnegation, and lofty heroism that It shows the possibility of hitherto unsus- one's admiration of the Russian people rises pected alternatives. It liberates the imagina- in proportion to the indignation aroused tion as to what the world may be while refus- against the tyranny of the Russian govern- ing to dogmatize on what it is. Mr. Russell's ment. The world has surely much to antici- chapter on the positive theory of infinity pate from the long deferred liberation of the shows the indebtedness of his method to the Russians, and among these people none will mathematical investigations of two of the Ger- give a finer account of themselves than the mans, Frege and Cantor, and of the English Jews, if we may judge from the gifts and the scholar, Dr. Whitehead. Such apparent para- spirit of such Jewish women writers as Marie doxes as that an infinite number cannot be Sukloff and Mary Antin. increased by adding to it are made plausible to the layman by a non-technical demonstra- Mr. Bertrand Russell has pub- tion. The last chapter is on the notion of Mr. Bertrand lished his Lowell Lectures of cause, with application to the question of free- Russell's phi- 1914 in book form under the will. The author finds that freedom, in any title of “Scientific Method in Philosophy" valuable sense, demands only that our voli- (Open Court Publishing Co.). He begins with tions shall be the result of our own desires and the statement that little progress has been not of an outside force. Thus philosophy, in hitherto discernible in philosophic specula- the author's opinion, is becoming scientific tion. Philosophy has made larger claims and through the simultaneous acquisition of new The promise of losophy. 56 [Jan. 16 THE DIAL Tory and wit. : of Russia. facts and logical methods. It has suffered and although the biographer has given to much in the past from lack of modesty in these only their due weight the record of the wanting to attack the larger problems at once. later years is necessarily a trifle unsatisfac- But now it is ready to abandon all claims to tory. It is notable that Dr. Eaton remarks, gratify mundane desires. It does not even without mentioning his authorities, that presume to prophesy about the future of the Joseph Green, the Boston humorist and dis- universe. This unpretentiousness is achieving tiller who parodied some of Dr. Byles's its reward. The new method has already been poems, "had none too amiable a feeling' successful in such time-honored problems as toward the Doctor. It has usually been sup- number, infinity, continuity, space, and time. posed that the two men, who were fellow- It may be counted upon to proceed slowly from students at Harvard, fellow-contributors to a success to success. Mr. Russell is one of the collection of poems, and later fellow-loyalists, many English academic writers who possess were perfectly friendly in their combats of an enviable gift of expression. The lucidity, wit. The author has a fondness for odd col- precision, and elegance of his style are so locations of words, such as “It is not to any compelling that even the unphilosophically one difficult in these days to see why," but minded will find no stumbling blocks in his aside from frequent sentences of this sort the exposition. book reads pleasantly. It contains a number of interesting portraits, a bibliography of Dr. Dr. Arthur Wentworth Hamil- | Byles's principal works, and copious notes, An American ton Eaton's interest in the na though these last are sometimes silent just tive Tories of the American where a citation of authority is most to be Revolution has rendered him well fitted for desired. the preparation of “The Famous Mather Byles” (Boston: W. A. Butterfield). Dr. No one who wishes to under- Byles's relationships with the Mathers, his The music stand Russian music will fail to alliance by marriage with several of the patri- familiarize himself with the cian families of New England, his long pas writings of Mrs. Rosa Newmarch. Her book torate of a fashionable Boston church, his on Borodin and Liszt, her monograph on far-famed wit, and his persistent Toryism, with Tschaikowsky, and the volume here reviewed the resulting loneliness and privation of his on the Russian opera all demand attention be- old age, all help to make him a picturesque cause of her intimate acquaintance with the character. His tradition is of the sort that is land, the people, and the literature of Russia, likely to grow by accretion, and particularly as well as because of her critical knowledge of is this true of the stories of his wit. It is the music of Russian composers. Her book hard to believe that the man who was capable on “Poetry and Progress in Russia" should of some of the best things that have been be mentioned in this connection because in ascribed to him could be guilty of some of the Russia the musician has worked side by side worst. Dr. Eaton repeats all the usual anec with the poet, and the advancement of the dotes, generally without citing authorities, fatherland has been an interest dear to both. and, one is tempted to feel, without careful In “Russian Opera” (Dutton) Mrs. New- winnowing. In other biographical matters he march covers the whole field of operatic his- has been thorough and apparently exact. He tory in that singular and somewhat myste- outlines the early history of the Byles family rious country. A great part of this account, in America; he cites the will in which In- especially that of the earlier periods, has crease Mather bequeathed to his grandson, merely an historical interest. The Russian Mather Byles, his wearing apparel, excepting opera became important only in the nine- his chamber cloak, and, on condition that the teenth century. It was then that the great legatee entered the ministry, one-fourth of composers appeared, that the great operas his library; and he has unearthed the record were written, that the peculiarly national of an interesting squabble between young character of Russian music was made mani. Byles and James Franklin of the New En- fest, and that the strength and weakness of gland “Courant.” He traces in some detail Russian music became known to the musical Dr. Byles's long career as pastor of the Hollis world in the work of such cosmopolitan Street Church - one of the many careers that musicians as Rubenstein and Tschaikowsky, remind us how much social position and fam- and of such nationalistic composers as the ily connections signified in the early life of “Invincible Band, or "The Mighty Five" supposedly democratic Boston. After the (Balakirev, Moussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Doctor openly espoused the loyalist cause the Borodin, and Cesar Cui). We find the two voices that speak of him are mostly hostile, great critics, Serov and Stassov, obscuring as 1915 ] 57 THE DIAL well as illuminating musical controversies. We of her affection, denied the privilege of moth- are introduced to the somewhat antagonistic erhood, but by a woman gently nurtured in a musical circles of Balakirev and Balaiev. We happy home, wedded in young womanhood to learn of the production of the operas that the man of her choice, with whom she enjoyed make Russian music perhaps the most con nineteen years of sympathetic and loving com- spicuous body of purely national music in panionship, and to whom, as she relates, she existence. Mrs. Newmarch has lived in Rus bore five children. A most interesting and sia, has met the principal protagonists in this gifted personality is this that is presented so drama, has sympathized with their efforts and frankly in “My Own Story,” and at the same intentions, has throughout been on the patri- time the book is a clear and readable account otic side of controversies, and yet has main of an important movement in English public tained a judicial attitude toward everything. life by the person most ardently devoted to Her book is therefore authoritative and con the success of that movement. In closing her vincing in its utterances. Perhaps she makes last chapter she feels encouraged to hope that too much of the national aspects of this music further militancy on the part of women will and does not emphasize sufficiently the lim be unnecessary, that past governmental mis- itations of all merely national music, but the takes in the treatment of woman suffragists value of her criticisms and interpretations is will not be repeated, and that it will be recog- not thereby seriously impaired and her view nized how impossible is the task of "crushing of the movement as a whole does not disregard or even delaying the march of women towards the region where the national shows its rela their rightful heritage of political liberty and tions to the substantially human and univer social and industrial freedom.” The book is sal. The book is provided with portraits, as well illustrated, even to the point of including well as a number of other illustrations, and certain views of its writer in situations not the index is satisfactory. Treating, as it does, exactly enhancing her dignity. of a subject which has by no means had the consideration that belongs to it, the book be- “Biblical Libraries," as used by longs in every musical library. Book-collections Dr. Ernest Cushing Richardson in earliest times. in his book thus entitled, does This breathing spell in the not mean collections of bibles, or libraries Mrs. Pankhurst's apologia pro woman suffrage agitation in mentioned in the Bible, but book-collections vita sua. England is a good time to re worthy of the name of library “in Biblical view what that agitation has effected and to places in Biblical times”; and, quite unlike consider briefly its hopes for the future. the snakes of Ireland, they were, he believes, Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst's book, "My Own very numerous — “thousands or even tens of Story" (Hearst's), gives an excellent even thousands, containing millions of written though warmly partisan account of the move books or documents.” As in his immediately ment, especially of that part in which she has preceding book, "The Beginnings of Libra- been concerned, and closes with hopefulries,” the author gives to the name "library," prophecies of the future. Addressing herself perhaps wisely, a more inclusive meaning to American readers and appealing for their than, for example, the Assyriologists might sympathies, she writes with a very telling be inclined to allow. “Archives” might well directness of speech about the attitude and enough be the term used by them instead of methods of the English government in seek- “libraries,” he admits, if they were writing ing to withhold from women the rights to only for one another; “but their case is a which it will be difficult for any candid little different in this matter from the case of reader of her book to maintain that they have metaphysicians or crytographers (cryptog. no just claim. Even of the violent means for raphers ?], for the books of these men, unlike obtaining them which she so notably advo those of metaphysicians and mathematicians, cates, she makes not a bad defence - if are keenly desired to be read by ordinary mor- violence is ever defensible. Certainly as mate- tals, the field is one of general interest and the rial for a book, her stormy experiences of the works of these men the very best work done in last few years are rich in incidents of an the field.” This keen desire on the part of unusual and not seldom a startling nature. ordinary mortals to read the writings of And all this vehemence and hardihood, so lit- Assyriologists has not before been generally tle in harmony with accepted traditions of noted; its existence is a hopeful sign in the what is most excellent in woman and most world of letters. Mr. Richardson's diligence truly characteristic of her, we find to be mani- has gathered material from the works of fested not by one disappointed in early hopes archæologists, epigraphists, Egyptologists, and of domestic happiness, soured by the repulse others, to fill a book of more than two hundred 58 [Jan. 16 THE DIAL pages, and a score and a half of helpful illus- An Oberlehrer is a teacher in a The teacher of trations are interspersed. The work is well the German German secondary school, that secondary school. done, and one is the more willing to commend is, in a classical "gymnasium, it because of the author's modest preliminary or its modern scientific equivalent. The evo- remark concerning his necessarily somewhat lution of this class of German school-master desultory chapters, that "such value as they is traced in concise, clear outlines by Dr. W. have lies chiefly in the fact that those who S. Learned of the Carnegie Foundation for could do the work better do not do it at all.” the Advancement of Teaching (Harvard As is already known to many, Dr. Richard-University Press). The book is based to a son is librarian of Princeton University; and great extent on the late Professor Paulsen's so it naturally follows that the Princeton "Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts." University Press issues his book. The author shows how the Oberlehrer was but a functionary of the church until the latter part of the eighteenth century, and how since Such scenes of tumult as may his emancipation from ecclesiastical control he Paris in time possibly be repeated before long has gradually developed collective conscious- of anarchy. in one or more of the capitals of ness until his profession now ranks in dig- Europe are stirringly presented by Mr. nity and importance, if not in emoluments, Ernest Alfred Vizetelly in "My Adventures with the higher branches of law and medi- in the Commune" (Duffield). At the close of cine. The changes in educational outlook are the siege of Paris, he returned with his father also fully discussed, more especially the and brother to the harassed and disorganized broadening curriculum of the last several city, and the three were present during the decades since the monopoly of the classics weeks of turbulence that followed. Both was broken. Dr. Learned has a vision of the things actually seen and things learned on time when American teachers shall be even good authority are recounted by this expe more rigorously selected, more amply and rienced chronicler of rather exciting personal purposefully trained than are our lawyers adventure. Among other excesses of the and doctors. He finds in German educational Communists he witnessed, for example, the conditions many features which we may burning of the guillotine in what is now the profitably imitate. profitably imitate. America, he believes, is Place Voltaire, and the conflagrations, as he greatly inferior in basal education and speci- calls them, of the Prefecture of Police and fic training. Our teachers are more loosely the Palais de Justice. Indeed, he gave some organized and are too prone to regard their hours to pumping and to the passing of buck- occupation as a stepping-stone to other ets at the latter fire. He also remembers things. But with German solidarity goes listening to a public speech from Louise much deadening routine. The freedom, Michel, the so-called Red Virgin of the Com- | initiative, and responsibility which the Amer- mune. These and numerous other personal ican teachers possess constitute a priceless touches give life to his detailed account of asset. The author believes further that the Parisian events in these memorable months. segregation of the sexes in the German schools Narrow escapes, too, from personal injury or has been carried too far, though he admits even death are not wanting, as where he de- that the elementary schools in America have scribes his casual conversation with a plumber been excessively feminized. near the Gare Saint-Lazare, and its abrupt termination by the entrance of a bullet into A more accurate title for Pro- the workman's temple and the whistling of The education fessor William A. McKeever's others in the immediate vicinity. The duties of girls. "The Industrial Training of of a journalist seem to have made necessary the Girl" (Macmillan) would be "Training the author's exposure of himself to the perils the Girl for the Home.” The author ignores of the time and place, and to this necessity all other types of industry in which the girl the book is indebted for much of its stirring might engage, and devotes his attention al- quality. In one sense a sequel to the same most wholly to the training of the girl for writer's earlier volume, “My Days of Adven domestic occupations. The most remarkable ture," which tells the story of the famous characteristic of the book is the author's siege, the work is nevertheless well able to unqualified faith in the happy results which stand on its own merits and can be read with he believes will follow the adoption of his entire satisfaction independently of that pre- rather general programme for the instruction vious narrative. Many illustrations from of the girl. of the girl. Take, for instance, the optimistic contemporary prints and photographs enliven statement: “Plain cooking, plain sewing, its pages. plain serving, and plain every-day living - 1915) 59 THE DIAL - once the ordinary girl has had her life well- NOTES. defined and grounded in the principles of A translation of M. Arzibashef's notorious novel, these common things, she has certainly made Sanine,” is announced by Mr. B. W. Huebsch. all the necessary beginnings of a beautiful The good news comes from London that Profes- and happy career. Again, in another chap- sor Gilbert Murray will soon be ready to publish ter, he suggests a plan whereby the teacher his translation of Euripides's “Alcestis.” would grade the girl in her monthly report on “ Memories of Forty Years” by the Princess all the ordinary subjects taught in the school, Catherine Radziwill is announced for immediate and the parent in the same report would publication by the Funk & Wagnalls Co. grade her on washing dishes, sweeping and A translation of the historical works of Treit- dusting, preparing meals, darning and mend- schke, edited by Mr. William Archer, will be pub- ing, plain sewing, tending the baby, etc. lished by Messrs. McBride, Nast & Co. The work Leaving aside the question of the practica is expected to be complete in six volumes. bility of such a plan, it is doubtful whether A new edition of Mrs. Gertrude Atherton's the results would justify the author's enthu “ Resanov” and “ The Doomswoman is to be siastic statement that “Thus the personality published this month by Messrs. Frederick A. of the ordinary young woman of the future Stokes Co. under the title of “Before the Gringo will have been made rich and deep in sym- Came.” pathy and service, full and strong in force Twenty-nine poems by Robert Browning and six and magnanimity, serene and poised through poems by Mrs. Browning not hitherto published the inclusion of the higher things of the will be included in a volume to be published next spirit.” week by the Macmillan Co. under the title of “ New Poems." BRIEFER MENTION. Mr. H. G. Wells's novel, “ Bealby,” which ran serially in “ Collier's Weekly," is announced for Uniform in size with Mr. Sonnenschein's “ The early publication by the Macmillan Co. Among Best Books" and Dr. Ernest A. Baker's “ Guide other novels which this house will bring out shortly to the Best Fiction in English " is the stout volume, are Mr. Winston Churchill's “A Far Country" and “A Concordance to the Poetical and Dramatic Mr. St. John G. Ervine's “ Mrs. Martin's Man." Works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson” (Macmillan), “Possession," a fourth volume of Mr. George compiled by Mr. Arthur E. Baker, F.R.Hist.S. About 150,000 quotations and references are given, February by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. This house Middleton's plays, is announced for publication in alphabetized on the keyword and classified accord- ing to its context or grammatical function. That will also bring out Miss Constance D'Arcy Mack- the list of omitted words (words for which no ay's book “How to Produce Plays for Children” and Miss Maud Frank's “ Short Plays about quotation is furnished) includes less than two hun- Famous Authors." dred fifty entries, in itself bespeaks the compre- hensiveness of the compiler's plan. Over eight The first volume of the “ Graphic Art Series " years ago Mr. Baker, then in touch with public edited by Mr. Joseph Pennell, which Mr. Fisher library activities in the north of England, felt the Unwin has announced in London, is to be “ Lithog- need of a reference work like this, and started the raphy and Lithographers: Some Chapters on the task of compilation which, completed after years History of the Art,” by Mrs. Elizabeth Robins Pen- of fruitful industry, will be of great value to the nell. The second volume, "Etching," will be writ- librarian, the student of English literature, and the ten by Mr. Pennell. public speaker. Mr. Gilbert K. Chesterton's novel, “ The Wisdom Most of Miss Helen Dawes Brown's little book, of Father Brown,” will be published this month by “ Talks to Freshman Girls” (Houghton), is com Messrs. John Lane Co. simultaneously with Mr. posed of advice and suggestions about the very Horace W. C. Newte's "A Pillar of Salt” and things that are emphasized especially in the talks Miss Alice Birkhead's "Gabrielle.” Later this com- of deans and instructors to girls in their first year pany will publish Miss Anne Warwick's story in college - the art of reading, the use of the pen, The Chalk Line” and a new novel by Mr. Ford and studies “for delight, for ornament, and for Madox Hueffer. ability.” Such advice, when as well expressed as it A volume entitled “Essays on Chaucer," by is in these brief essays, serves for momentary Professor George Lyman Kittredge, is one of sev- inspiration to the college girl, but it does not really eral books announced for early publication by the get at the heart of the most pressing problems of Harvard University Press. These include “The her freshman year. At the end of the book, how History of Allegory in Spain," by Mr. Chandler ever, in her last and shortest chapter, which she Post; “ The Poems of Giacomo da Lentino," entitles “Everyday Living," the author touches edited by Mr. E. F. Langley; " The Super- briefly upon some topics that really come home to natural in Tragedy," by Mr. Charles Edward the girl in a vital way. An entire volume in which Whitmore; “Some Aspects of the Tariff Prob- each one of these questions could be elaborated | lem," by Professor Frank Taussig; “The Trust and thoroughly discussed would probably prove of Problem," by Mr. E. Dana Durand; and “An much more practical and lasting value to the col Approach to Business Problems," by Mr. Arch lege girl than the present book. Wilkinson Shaw. 60 (Jan. 16 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS. (The following list, containing 89 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES. Life of Benjamin Disraeli (Earl of Beaconsfield). By William Flavelle Monypenny and Georgo Earle Buckle. Volume III., 1540-1855. Illustrated in photogravure, large 8vo, 591 pages. Macmillan Co. $3. net. A Walloon Family in America: Lockwood de Forest and His Forbears, 1500-1848. By Mrs. Robert W. de Forest. In 2 volumes; illustrated in photo- gravure, etc., large 8vo. Houghton Miffin Co. $5. net. Sir George Etienne Cartier, Bart: His Life and Times. By John Boyd. Illustrated in photo- gravure, etc., large 8vo, 439 pages. Macmillan Co. Personal Memoirs of John H. Brinton. With photo- gravure portrait, 8vo, 361 pages. Neale Pub- lishing Co. $2. net. Life of Turner Ashby. By Thomas A. Ashby, M.D. With portrait, 8vo, 275 pages. Neale Publishing Co. $1.50 net. Diary of Nelson Kingsley: A California Argonaut of 1849. Edited by Frederick J. Teggart. 8vo. 179 pages. Berkeley: University of California. Paper. The Story of Wendell Phillips: Soldier of the Com- mon Good. By Charles Edward Russell. 16mo, 185 pages. Charles H. Kerr & Co. 50 cts. net. HISTORY. The Revolutionary Period in Europe (1763-1815). By Henry Eldridge Bourne. 8vo, 494 pages. Century Čo. $2.50 net. A History of the Peninsular War. By Charles Oman. Volume V.; illustrated, large 8vo, 634 pages. Oxford University Press. $4.75 net. A History of Old Kinderhook. By Edward A. Col- lier, D.D. Illustrated, large 8vo, 572 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5. net. A History of the Civil War in the United States. By Vernon Blythe, M.D. With map, 8vo, 411 pages. Neale Publishing Co. $2. net. The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913. By Jacob Gould Schurman. Second edition; 12mo, 140 pages. Princeton University Press. $1. net. From Bull Run to Appomattox: A Boy's View. By Luther W. Hopkins. Illustrated, 12mo, 311 pages. Baltimore: Fleet-McGinley Co. Croscup's Historical Chart of the European Na- tions: Their Origin and Development. Large 8vo. New York: Graphic Text Book Co. Paper. GENERAL LITERATURE. Publications of the Dramatic Museum of Columbia University. First volumes: The New Art of Writing Plays, by Lope de Vega, translated by William T. Brewster, with Introduction by Brander Matthews; The Autobiography of a Play, by Bronson Howard, with Introduction by Augustus Thomas;. The Law of the Drama, by Ferdinand Brunetière, with Introduction by Henry Arthur Jones; Robert Louis Stevenson as a Dramatist, by Arthur Wing Pinero, with In- troduction by Clayton Hamilton. Each largo 8vo. New York: Dramatic Museum of Columbia University. Letters from and to Joseph Joachim. Selected and translated by Nora Bickley; with Preface by J. A. Fuller-Maitland. Illustrated in photo- gravure, etc., large 8vo, 470 pages. Macmillan Co. $3.75 net. Masters of English Literature. By Edwin Watts Chubb, Litt. D. 12mo, 446 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.50 net. Mr. Chamberlain's Speeches. Edited by Charles W. Boyd; with Introduction by the Right Hon. Austen Chamberlain. M.P. In 2 volumes, large 8vo. Houghton Mifflin Co. $5. net. The Press and Poetry of Modern Persin. 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Henry Holt & Co. The Journal of the Joint Committee of Fifteen on Reconstruction. By Benjamin B. Kendrick, Ph.D. Large 8vo,415 pages. Columbia Uni- versity Press. Paper. Materials for the_Study of English Literature and Composition. Edited by Frank_Aydelotte. 12mo, 446 pages. Oxford University Press. 75 cts. net. The Organization and Administration of a State's Institutions of Higher Education. By Arthur Lefevre. Large 8vo, 524 pages. Austin, Texas: Von Boeck-Mann-Jones Co. Paper. Shorter German Poems. Selected and edited. by. James Taft Hatfield. Heath & Co. 35 cts. net. Essentials of German. By B. J. Vos. Fourth edi. tion, revised. 12mo, 349 pages. Henry Holt & Co. Gulliver's Travels: A Voyage to Lilliput and a Voyage to Brobdingnag. By Jonathan Swift, D.D.; edited by Edward K. Robinson. Illus- trated, 16mo, 256 pages. Ginn & Co. 40 cts. net. Le Blé qui Lève. Par René Bazin; edited by Theo- dore Lee Neff. Illustrated, 16mo, 300 pages. Henry Holt & Co. 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RACHEL WEST CLEMENT Experienced Authors' Agent, Reader and Critic, Specializing in Short Stories. Reading fee, $1.00 for 5,000 words or under, includes short criticism. Circulars on request. 6646 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. F.M. HOLLY AUTHORS' AND PUBLISHERS REPRESENTATIVE 156 Fifth Avenue, New York (Established 1905) RATES AND FULL INFORMATION WILL BE SENT ON REQUEST We can sell your stories, poems, etc. Terms, 15% Also expert criticism, revision and typing of MSS.Write for circular. W. LABBERTON CO., 1308 Hoe Ave., New York City. AUTHORS! The BESTOOL SYSTEM Subject-Index for Private Library Will control material in Homiletics and Social Reform. Simple, inexpensive, adaptable, efficient. Address THE BESTOOL SYSTEM A. B. Long, Westerleigh, S. I, New York City THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION Thirty-fifth Year. LETTERS OF CRITICISM, EXPERT REVISION OF MSS. Advice as to publication. Address DR. TITUS M. 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Subscribers may exchange their copies for new, clean copies, bound as above, at $1.00 per volume. We have on hand a limited supply of volumes for previous years, uniformly bound, which we can furnish at moderate prices. Subscribers wishing to complete their sets, or to exchange their copies for bound volumes, are invited to correspond with us. THE DIAL 632 Sherman Street CHICAGO 64 (Jan. 16, 1915 THE DIAL COMPLETE REVIEWS OF THREE NEW BOOKS WORTHY OF SPECIAL ATTENTION THE ROSIE WORLD By Parker Fillmore PELLE THE CONQUEROR Illustrated, $1.30 net (From The New York Evening Post) Many of the chapters of this book have appeared as short stories in various periodicals, but one who has read them piecemeal and enjoyed their rich humor and keen insight into human nature will be glad to read them all again, linked up as they are in the book. The amazing thing is how a mere man can so understand the vagaries of several kinds of femininity, from forty-or-so-year-old Maggie O'Brien down to little Geraldine, in the throes of teething during the mid-summer heat of New York. At least, if he does not really understand, in his own mind, he gives such a good imitation of it that most women who read will have a little prick of self-con- sciousness behind their smiles. Rosie herself is one of the sweetest creations in present-day fiction. She has no more sense of humor then John Shand himself, but when one has not a tear in the eye over her bigheartedness, her earnestness in doing what she believes to be her duty, he has tears in both eyes over the Irish humor of the situations that her earnest- ness and lack of humor so often call out. To one who enjoys genuine humor, without a hint of coarseness, who prefers little pictures from life that leave a good taste in the mouth, and who appreciates the setting forth of such pictures in good English, this collection will be distinctly welcome. Boyhood, Apprenticeship By Martin Andersen Nexo $1.40 net, each volume (From The New Republic) A Danish Epic From the moment when the Swedish boat lands little Pelle and his old father Lasse on the shores of the island of Bornholm, our imaginations are caught in this northern world which, strange as it is in its primitive simplicity, is yet made glowingly real by the sympathy, of genius. Few foreign stories place you more seductively in the very heart of the life they depict than this epic of a workingman's life in modern Denmark. Only a rare spiritual fidelity to per. sonal experience could produce the color and movement and wisdom and good will of this story. We are told that the author was himself a shoemaker's apprentice in the Baltic island, and then, like Pelle, was sucked away into the many: towered capital. Here he worked as a bricklayer until he was rescued by one of the people's high schools," those wonderful Danish popular universities scattered about the land, where farmers and bricklayers, kitchen-maids and clerks, come to spend a few arduous and fascinated months of their lives in the study-oh, these sober northern people! of history and literature. This education permitted him to become a teacher, then the author of short stories and a book of reminiscences of a bright Spanish trip, and now there comes from him this four-volume story of his own life or the lives of such as he, the first volume of which, appearing in 1906, has already become almost a Danish classic. The two volumes which have been translated into En- glish take Pelle to the time when he leaves his island to seek his fortune in Copenhagen. The life of the boy and his simple, patient old father as farm laborers at Stone Farm, with its background of wind-swept heath and the distant sea; the rough, jovial society of milkmaids and stablemen, with the fierce irascibilty of these little-tamed Norsemen; the holidays and the drunkenness and the lovemaking; the mystery of the old farmhouse with its kind, sensual master and the woe of the jealous mistress; the grim old Protestant superstitions of the community; the life of the small farmers lived so hardily against a cold and niggardly nature; the reiterated themes of peasant life, the wresting of a homestead from the moor, the seductions, the fatalistic waiting of the old people for death; all this, seen through the aimless play and riotous imagination of childhood, makes "Boyhood" a book of such charm that one scarcely knows whether to admire it most for its poetry or its realism, its imaginative power or its loyalty to life. BELSHAZZAR COURT Or Village Life in New York City By Simeon Strunsky $1.25 net on the Just Ready OUR KNOWLEDGE OF CHRIST (From The Nation) With a typically incongruous turn, Simeon Strunsky entitles his latest volume "Belshazzar Court, or Village Life in New York City" (Holt; $1.25 net). Readers of the Atlantic Monthly will recognize most of these "field notes' New Yorker in his apartment house or on the street, in the theatre or at the baseball park. To the cosmopolitan these covertly serious essays will present a humorous picture of life as it is endured in Manhattan. To the Gothamite they will seem a brilliant review of familiar but unregarded phases of his own existence. For they are indeed packed with shrewd, often penetrating, observation of public manners and homely customs. Most readers may be more taken with the writer's fresh, quaint, witty, or hyperbolical way of putting things, since he has made his chief bid for popularity as a humorist, He has, to be sure, a sharp eye for the inconsistencies and insincerities of both our conduct and our ideals, and it must be conceded that there is seldom a dull page in all his wander- ing remarks. But his pleasantry is not the jolly English humor of eccentricity, with laughter holding both his sides, nor is it the hearty American humor of exaggeration, artfully leading up to some surprising or grotesque conclusion. It is an intellectual humor that plays around ideas, finding an unexpected truth in apparent absurdity. In all likelihood, therefore, the discriminating conner of Mr. Strunsky's para- graphs will set greatest store by the restless light of reason that flashes upon or lingers about every topic considered. By Matthew Arnold his lucubrations would surely be pro- nounced literature, for the criticism of life is always just beneath the rippling, eddying surface of the style. His is far from being the easy paradoxical scintillation of the social revolutionist. On the contrary, the author plays the doubting Thomas with regard to most of the educational, theatrical, and other fads with which our progressive age is rife. He even complacently pokes fun at Bernard Shaw - with roguish incon- sistency, seeing that in his own volume the pages have to be cut at the bottom. In fine, the rare quality of the book is not so much the humor as the suggestive quality of the thought. An Historical Approach By Lucius Hopkins Miller Professor Biblical Instruction, Princeton $1.00 net Discusses from a modern point of view the sources of our information regarding Christ, also His life, teaching, and divinity. The chapters of this volume provoked much discussion on their appearance in The Biblical World. HENRY HOLT & COMPANY, 34 West 33d Street, NEW YORK CITY PRESS OF THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. “THE YELLOW BOOK." THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian postage 50 cents per year extra. RE- MITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. Unless otherwise ordered, subscrip- tions will begin with the current number. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of subscription is re- ceived, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. Published by THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY, 682 So. Sherman St., Chicago. Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. LVIII. FEBRUARY 1, 1915 No. 687 CONTENTS. PAGE “ THE YELLOW BOOK" . 67 . . THE POETS OF.BELGIUM. Arthur L. Salmon 69 CASUAL COMMENT 71 The engrossing theme.- An educational prob- lem.- A new light in French literature.— A self-congratulatory editor.— The catholicity of popular taste in fiction.- Poetry in war- time.— The drama as an instrument of re- form.- The popularization of culture. COMMUNICATION . 73 “ Mommsen and the War.” 0. E. Lessing. THE VARIOUSLY ACCOMPLISHED LORD AVEBURY. Percy F. Bicknell 74 THE DRAMA MOVEMENT. Grant Showerman 76 THE NEW FRANCE. James W. Garner 78 STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF ART. Sidney Fiske Kimball . The notion that the years from 1891 to 1898 were a period of decadence in English letters is already a legend. The London “Times” hit it off very well when it called them "the yel- low nineties." It is a new word, in its present sense, is it not? Perhaps it goes back farther than 1891, but we doubt it. Whistler made the color fashionable about that time, and pos- sibly it came to have a vague connection in the mind of the day with his personality, so vivid, so contemptuous, and so little understood. It is the fate of all such spirits, careless of the morality of security and ruthless in the prac- tice of that virtue of which mediocrity is inno- cent, to be regarded by their contemporaries as strange, then morbid, and, finally, wicked. But Whistler's fondness for yellow probably did little more than to suggest by indirection the title of “The Yellow Book." Nothing more was required to give a name to the lit- erary and artistic character of the decade. The adjective has come to describe irresponsi- ble sensationalism in the newspapers. But it calls up very readily sensationalism in art; and “The Yellow Book” seems likely to be remembered as an epitome of the exotic, the bizarre, the wicked, of “art for art's sake,” and the fin de siècle. A certain humor, bitter enough to those who care passionately about the art of literature but not unpleasant to the ironic spirit, attaches to the legend of “The Yellow Book.” For the thirteen volumes of that quarterly still exist and may be compared with the fable that has grown up about them. The first number, that of April, 1894, led off with a design by Sir Frederick Leighton, than whom there was no more respectable artist liv- ing. This page was immediately followed by a story, “The Death of the Lion,” by Mr. Henry James, who had not then written “What Maisie Knew.” One of the poems was by Mr. A. C. Benson and one of the essays by Mr. Edmund Gosse. An article by Arthur Waugh on “Reticence in Literature" de- fended, though rather on behalf of art than on behalf of morality, the Victorian tradition . • 80 YOUNG OF THE “ NIGHT THOUGHTS.” Homer E. Woodbridge . 81 INTERPRETERS OF MUSIC. Block Louis James 82 NOTES ON NEW NOVELS. .85 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 86 The Department of State.— A British ad- miral's retrospect.— The life of a great singer. - The mind of Dostoieffsky.-- Wonders and riches of the Pacific coast. The biological basis of human action.— Sir Walter Raleigh and Shakespeare. BRIEFER MENTION 89 NOTES 90 TOPICS IN FEBRUARY PERIODICALS . 90 . LIST OF NEW BOOKS 91 • 68 [Feb. 1 THE DIAL as to the representation of passion in fiction Frederick Leighton was no match for him. It and poetry. Was it then so very devilish? saw very little of Mr. Symons's verse. But it Philip Gilbert Hamerton, who will be re may very well have felt the man behind that membered by some readers as the author of little, the man who was so fundamentally "The Intellectual Life" and by others along opposed in his view of art and letters to all with Harry Quilter as the victim of Whistler that, in the cliché of our own day, was "sane." but by no one as anything but representative what it sensed or felt we have recorded for us of Victorian appreciation in art and litera in the meaning which attaches to "yellow." ture, did not think so. He was invited by It did not matter that Symons and Beardsley Henry Harland, who must have been almost left “The Yellow Book” in order to create, in as astute as some contemporary magazine edi- "The Savoy,” a more genuine magazine. tors, to write for the second volume of “The Their names and their view were first asso Yellow Book” a review of the first. He found ciated with the earlier publication; or, rather, two contributors whom we have not so far the earlier publication was first associated with mentioned, Aubrey Beardsley and Mr. Arthur their names and their view. It did not matter Symons, to complain of. He recognized that Oscar Wilde never contributed to either Beardsley's quality, while objecting to his magazine. The smash-up of his career as a morbidity. He resented Mr. Symons's poem, personality was widely regarded as proof that “Stella Maris,” observing that it was of the the influence of “The Yellow Book” on litera- fashion set by Rossetti's “Jenny.” And he ture was evil. thought badly of an editor who permitted a The irony, of course, is not so much that defence of reticence to contain, even as an everybody who cared for beauty and truth in example of what should be avoided, three art should have suffered for the scandal which stanzas of Swinburne's “Dolores.” But Mr. swallowed Oscar Wilde. Anything else would Hamerton concluded his criticism with this be too much to expect. The irony is to be sentence: found rather in the predicament of criticism. “On the whole, the literature in the first number Whistler thought criticism was merely stupid. of “The Yellow Book’ is adequately representa-It has sometimes been worse; it has sometimes tive of the modern English literary mind, both in been cowardly. Criticism was intelligent the observation of reality and in style.” enough to know that the men of the nineties Of the illustrations he wrote: had done work that was fine and strong. It “On the whole, these illustrations decidedly pre- knew that, after all, the immortal music of suppose real artistic culture in the public. They “Non sum qualis eram bonæ sub regno do not condescend in any way to what might be Cynaræ” was infinitely more important in the guessed at as the popular taste." consideration of Ernest Dowson than the In the three years that followed, “The morality of his way of life. It knew that Yellow Book” was never more shocking than Beardsley's mastery of design was the signifi- in that first number. A contemporary reader cant thing and the pre-occupation which was is struck, in looking through “The Yellow revealed in his romance “Under the Hill" the Book," with the number of serious and re insignificant thing. It knew how much more spectable names in the tables of contents. important it is to literature that Oscar Wilde Mr. Enoch Arnold Bennett and Mr. H. G. wrote “The Ballad of Reading Gaol” than Wells are there, as well as Mr. James. Mr. that he should have been put in prison. But Harland was himself a frequent contributor. criticism had not the courage of its knowledge. So was Ella D'Arcy. There is even an essay Compelled, on the whole, to sympathize with on Stendhal — of all subjects — by our own the art of these men and those whose names Mr. Norman Hapgood. are associated with theirs, it has paid its re- Is not the legend of the yellow “Yellow spects to public opinion by emphasizing always Book" a little absurd ? their physical and moral weakness and never Perhaps there is more reason in it than their artistic strength. appears. The Victorian spirit may have been If we were all so moral that we were always as commonplace as the artistic spirit imagines ready to recognize that which is moral and to it to have been; but it was not blind to its flee from that which is of ill-repute, we should enemies. It saw Beardsley in "The Yellow have created a very different legend about Book" and sensed, if it did not know, that Sir | "The Yellow Book." It is all very well to fever 1915] 69 THE DIAL draw away from men who seem to have little and a limited number have done so. But responsibility in their personal relations. But Flemish is simply a variant of Low-German it is not good to be blind to a supreme virtue. or Dutch, and it offers no compensating bene- And there is no denying that men like Beards-fits to counterbalance its narrowing of the ley and Dowson had a supreme virtue. audience. In spite of their writing in French, which is at least as much their native tongue If they were not true to everything to which we demand allegiance they were true to the as English is the native tongue of an Irish- man, M. Maeterlinck and M. Verhaeren may best thing in them. It is no piece of rhetoric be claimed as entirely for Belgium as Shakes- that furnishes the refrain to Dowson's poem : peare for England, Goethe for Germany, or “I have been faithful to thee, Cynara, in my Dostoieffsky for Russia. fashion." M. Verhaeren has used the phrase les It is the precise truth. He was faithful to an forces tumultueuses, and these are the best ideal of art. And so was Beardsley. They words to describe the vitality of modern Bel- literally died for it. gium. The country has been seething with tumultuous forces, intellectual unrest, vigor- THE POETS OF BELGIUM. ous animal spirits, pulsing life. Borrowing something of impulse and inspiration from its Belgium, though lately she has lain crushed two great neighbors, France and Germany, and bleeding under the heel of a ruthless something also from its own Flemish tradi- invader, has nevertheless won for herself a tions and from Holland, Belgian life has had proud position among the peoples of Europe. the abundant virility so often found in things She has justified her intense nationalism; she largely hybrid. “In no other part of Eu- has vindicated her claim to live her own life; rope, says Herr Zweig, “is life lived with she has carried into the battle-field the ardor such intensity, such gaiety. In no other coun- and intelligent energy that had already try as in Flanders is excess in sensuality and brought her to the forefront of literary na pleasure a function of strength.” But the tions. It is no new thing to find a great sensuality, if we must use that word, has not literary renaissance coincident with other been neurotic or morbid; clearly it has not more material manifestations of national sapped the vigor of the people — late events spirit; and the Belgium that delayed the have shown them robust, heroic, strong. It is progress of the most powerful army in the about thirty years since the literary new- world is the Belgium that had already given birth of the people began, its centre of origin us Maeterlinck, Verhaeren, Rodenbach, Fon-being the now devastated University of Lou- tainas, Elskamp, and Mockel. vain. It began in a spirit of licence and re- Since the death of Ibsen and Tolstoi there volt, of rebellion against authority in most can be little question that the foremost lit- | things, not easily to be crushed by the forces erary reputation of to-day is that of M. Mau- of inertia and convention. Journals were rice Maeterlinck; his work has made a started, such as “La Semaine" and "Le profound impression on the reading public of Type," only to be suppressed; and little vol- Europe and America. But though M. Maeter umes of verse began to appear, suggesting the linck has achieved the wider popularity, his influences of Verlaine and Baudelaire, and fame must not blind us to others of the small suggesting also that there were new voices nation that gave him birth. This little coun quite able to speak for themselves. try has been like a nest of singing-birds. The The finest of these voices, undoubtedly, was song of many may not have been strong that of M. Emile Verhaeren, who has lately, enough to pierce to the outside world; but in French and British periodicals, been pour- we have to remember that it takes much to ing forth the fierce anguish of his outraged break through the barriers of a foreign patriotism. He was born almost sixty years tongue, and that poetry in special suffers since at St. Amand, a village in the centre of from difficulties of translation. Belgian poets the recent war-district. Like M. Maeterlinck also have often been taken to be Frenchmen and Rodenbach, he was educated at the Jesuit by casual readers, because for the most part college of Sainte-Barbe in Ghent. We have French in their literary language: so that the local scenery of his boyhood, its broad against the advantage of gaining an im levels and fine atmospheric effects, its peasan- mensely widened audience has to be set the try, everywhere pervading his poetry. Later disadvantage of some veiling of their nation he studied law at Louvain, and had a share ality. It is true that some of them could have in publishing the aggressive little weekly “La written equally well in Flemish — M. Maeter- Semaine." A brief attempt at legal practice linck for instance, who is a pure Fleming; convinced him that literature, not law, was 70 (Feb. 1 THE DIAL his true mistress; and he threw himself into lingering faiths and haunted ruins. Such his vocation with passionate and brave ardor. was Belgium a year since; of its future we Both plastic art and music had a powerful know nothing except that much of its charm share in forming him. It is a narrow soul has been robbed for ever, and that at present that can only be reached through one avenue, its glory is the thorny crown of martyrdom. and M. Verhaeren's is so sensitive that at There is great diversity in the spirit and tone times there has almost seemed a lack of bal of the poets who have sung for her; some ance. His first book, "Les Flamandes,'' was have had the daring that questions every- an outburst of crude realism; it was a positive thing, others are conservative and Catholic. orgy of realistic detail, full of the grosser Such is M. Braun, born in 1876, who has drawn qualities of the old Flemish painters but pos a beautiful symbolism from the rites of his sessing also their exuberant vitality. This Church, and has written of the benediction of was followed in 1886 by “Les Moines,” deal the wine, the benediction of the cheeses — a ing with the romantic and picturesque fea- quite typical blending of the mystical and the tures of monasticism rather than with its realistic. Greater than M. Braun is the lyrist spiritual depths. He did not go further, like van Lerberghe, whose verses are pure music. Huysmans (who also was of Lowland de With daring imagery he tells us how scent), to a full reconciliation with the Church. “ the sun with golden hair Humanity was his subject-matter; the monk Dries the bare was but one among the many living men and Feet of the rain." women that attracted him. From this time he M. André Fontainas, though a romantic passed into a spiritual "storm and stress" symbolist, has dreamed that the joys of mad period, fighting his way through a conflict battle and carnage are better than dream- with material realities to a more assured ing; he has thought it would be fine to tread clearness and repose of soul. It is impossible the grass of roads down-trodden and red- even to name all his volumes. In 1891 we dened by the feet of fugitives. Perhaps now find him exclaiming, "I have been a coward, he could tell us what he really thinks; for and I have fled from the world into a great elsewhere he says that life is cloudless, calm, futile egotism”; but, and passionless. His poems have a beauty “L'aube ouvre un beau conseil de confiance, of the inner life. Peace also is the key-note of Et qui l'écoute est le sauvé M. Max Elskamp, with his idealizations of De son marais, où nul pêché ne fut jamais lavé." religious phrase and symbol. It is a very real This is the true Verhaeren; he has come to aspect of Flemish life that he depicts. In himself “out of the marsh in which no sin was contrast, writers such as M. Gilkin and M. ever yet cleansed”; he has made his way Giraud are frank Satanists, in the manner of toward mysticism, and toward a nobler han Baudelaire, dealing with wild excesses of the dling of his material. He is still realistic, and flesh, the visible, the real. It would be pleas- never shirks ugly detail; but he has truly ant to linger over the thoughtful poems of emerged from haunts of the noisome. He has M. Fernand Séverin, or those of M. Paul breathed a purer and more serene atmos- Gérardy (who writes in German as well as in phere; the far horizons of his native land have French) with their touch of Heine; there shown him something better than mere curl might also be much to say of M. Georges Mar- ing fog or driving rain. He has found that low, of M. Isi-Collin, of Mme. Jean Domin- there is a possible loveliness, a spiritual sig. ique. It is not to be denied that in some of nificance, in the stress and toil and soil of these poets, such as M. Mockel and M. Ver- human life; he has seen the magic of the haeren, there are aspects to be regretted, too sunset and the undying hope in the heart of free a prodigality of sensuous coloring, too man. free indulgence in profitless realism: but we Georges Rodenbach, M. Verhaeren's school- have to take these things as features of the fellow, born in the same year, though he national life from which they have sprung, early left Belgium for Paris, in spirit never really left his beloved Bruges. He had nothing without them. We have also to remember and we should not truly understand Belgium of his companion's bounding vitality, and his that the writings we have been considering are poetry, though graceful, is always subdued. We chiefly remember him for his prose chiefly the work of young men. Youth often “Bruges la Morte," whose title reminds us says too much; discretion, restraint, come how the living and the dead have jostled later. The notable fact is that Belgium's together in modern Flanders — a land not amazing virility on the field of battle had only of vast activities but of dreamy, deserted already manifested its intensity in the domain old towns, sweeping rain and solitary sunsets, of literature. ARTHUR L. SALMON. 1915 ] 71 THE DIAL CASUAL COMMENT. AN EDUCATIONAL PROBLEM of a novel char- acter is puzzling some of our foremost educa- THE ENGROSSING THEME which at present tors. Is it for the best interests of culture renders it difficult for either writers or read that the war be taught in our schools, or ers to give undivided attention to what we are should it be ignored? “In all the history of wont to call pure literature, is of course the education,” declares President G. Stanley war. In some quarters a commendable effort Hall in a current article on “Teaching the is made to ignore so harsh a fact. One notes War,” “I cannot find that pedagogy was ever with approval the calm disregard of present subjected to such a test." Never since the disturbances shown by the staid and venerable general extension of popular education has “Harper's Magazine," while to an old-time there been anything resembling the present reader of “The Atlantic Monthly” the readi world war, and to shut one's eyes and the eyes ness of that esteemed publication to subordi of one's pupils to its significance would seem nate literature to discussion of the topic of the to be extremely foolish, if indeed it were day might seem more than a little surprising humanly possible. The pupil who is taught to and regrettable. One distinguished member bury his nose in his Latin grammar and see of the “Harper's" staff, however, no other nothing of what is going on about him is being in fact than the genial occupant of the instructed in the ways of the ostrich. But, “Easy Chair," has favored the public - not it is urged, war is wicked and hateful, and ex cathedra, it is true, not from the chair he even mental contact with the things of mili- has so long adorned, but in a newspaper inter- tarism is corrupting. Seen too oft, familiar view — with some well-considered observa with war's face, we first endure, then pity, tions on the relations of war to literature. then embrace. Such teaching bears obvious “War stops literature," he affirms. “It is an resemblance to the anxious mother's coun- upheaval of civilization, a return to barbar-sel to her daughter to carry on her exer- ism; it means death to all the arts. Even the cises in natation without approaching the preparation for war stops literature. It water. Adopting Tolstoi's wise advice, the stopped it in Germany years ago. A little A little instructor might well enliven his pupils' study anecdote is significant. I was in Florence of history by teaching it backward, tracing about 1883, long after the Franco-Prussian present world-shaking events to their more or War, and there I met the editor of a great less remote beginnings and causes. Professor German literary weekly — I will not tell you its name or his. He was a man of refinement and many months before the explosion of last and education, and I have not forgotten his August, called attention to the manner in great kindness to my own fiction. One day I which the old German Empire rose on the asked him about the German novelists of the ruins of the ancient Roman Empire, and day. He said: “There are no longer any pointed out certain present conditions that German novelists worthy of the name. Our portended, to him at least, the rise of a great new ideal has stopped all that. Militarism is modern German Empire on the decaying our new ideal -- the ideal of Duty - and it structure of the British Empire. Thus the has killed our imagination. So the German linking of current events with past history novel is dead.'” Russia Mr. Howells does gives unity and a very living significance to not regard as militaristic in the sense that the study of the world's progress. Inciden- Germany and the German people are milita- tally, too, object lessons in geography and ristic. "Whatever the designs of the ruling ethnology, in manners and customs, in pecul- classes may be, the people of Russia keep their iarities of speech and costume, and in sundry simplicity, their large intellectuality and spir- other interesting things, are being impressed ituality. And therefore their imagination on alert young minds in a manner that has and other great intellectual and spiritual never before been possible. Small wonder gifts find expression in great novels and that Dr. Hall is in favor of getting as much plays." This from the one who introduced to out of the war as is educationally possible. us the author of “Spring Floods" is signifi- cant. One more observation of his must here A NEW LIGHT IN FRENCH LITERATURE rises be noted: "Of all the writings which the to cheer the world in these sad days. An Civil War directly inspired I can think of inevitable excess of enthusiasm, such as only one that has endured to be called litera- | greeted, for example, those rather earlier ture. That is Lowell's 'Commemoration luminaries on the horizon, Mr. Rabindranath This would exclude the immortal | Tagore, M. Romain Rolland, Mr. John Mase- “Battle Hymn,” as well as the romances of field, and Mr. Stephen Phillips, is here to be Weir Mitchell and Mr Thomas Nelson Page. | noted, by no means disapprovingly, for we ou Cramb of London, some time before his death, .. Ode.'», 72 (Feb. 1 THE DIAL have it on Wordsworth's authority that we the most dangerous period of infancy, and live by our enthusiasms. M. Paul Claudel, though of course we can't see into our own hailed by some of his admirers as ranking with mouth” — the parent here identifies himself Æschylus, Goethe, Dante, yes, even with with his offspring —"and are too young Shakespeare, comes to English-speaking read-effectively to handle a looking-glass, we infer ers in a small collection of sketches entitled from some remarks we've heard, that we've "The East I Know,” translated with evident cut some teeth; we have had some pains that taste and skill, and introduced by a sympa felt like it.” Contrary to the usual rule, one thetic fellow-countryman, M. Pierre Chavan is glad to learn, this lusty young quarterly nes. “A strange phenomenon, the Christian has elicited from subscribers and others far poet," he says of the devout author of the more testimonials of hearty appreciation than volume, “passionately, uncompromisingly, letters of complaint and fault-finding. In the almost fanatically Catholic, in the country most distant and unlikely quarters it has where Anatole France, the bantering and dis raised up to itself friends and admirers. May illusioned master, holds sway, where Renan it not be that the fate-defying title of the and Voltaire reigned, and with them hard rea magazine, piquing curiosity as it does, has son distrustful of the supernatural.” As had more than a little to do with this initial illustrative of M. Claudel's style, here is a success? But however that may be, it is a passage from a sketch called "Tombs and success not to be grudged to the able and Rumors." The author, who has strolled out to alert men and women of letters who are a suburban cemetery, is listening to the dis-making "The Unpopular” so readable if not tant sounds of a great city. “Chinese cities exactly "popular" in the “best-selling" have neither factories nor vehicles. The only sense of that term. To the pardonably com- noise that can be heard, when evening comes placent editor we say, in the words of the and the fracas of trade ceases, is the human poet already quoted in this paragraph, happy, voice. I come to listen for that; for, when thrice happy, every one who sees his labor one loses interest in the sense of the words that well begun, and not perplexed and multiplied are offered him, he can still lend them a more by idly waiting for time and tide. subtle ear. Nearly a million inhabitants live, here. I listen to the speech of this multitude THE CATHOLICITY OF POPULAR TASTE IN FIC- far under a lake of air. It is a clamor at once TION shows itself in the range and variety of torrential and crackling, shot through with imaginative literature that has been success- abrupt rips like the tearing of paper. ... fully adapted to the uses of the cinemato- Has the city a different murmur at different graph. graph. În the “Branch Library News" times in the day? I propose to test it. At this published monthly by the New York Public moment it is evening. They are volubly pub- Library is printed a list of the works of fiction lishing the day's news. Each one believes that have been thus translated from the liter- that he alone is speaking. He recounts quar ary into the pictorial form. Thirty-nine such rels, meals, household happenings, family works are enumerated, from Mrs. Barclay's affairs, his work, his commerce, his politics. novel, “The Rosary,” at the head of the list, But his words do not perish. . . . Guest of to Mr. Owen Wister's presentation of a quite the dead, I listen long to the murmur, the different set of characters and incidents in noise that the living make afar.” Probably “The Virginian.” Strong indeed is the con- the laurels of Goethe, Dante, Shakespeare, are trast in literary excellence between the first safe enough; nevertheless, this modern book named and two half-way down the list,- Frenchman, who has seen something of the “The House of Seven Gables” and “The world in the consular service of his country, Scarlet Letter.”? “The Vicar of Wakefield,” knows how to describe what he has seen. too, must not be overlooked in naming the masterpieces now offered to the millions fre- A SELF-CONGRATULATORY EDITOR, indulging quenting the movies," nor Dickens's works in a pleasing retrospect upon something (to the number of eight novels or stories), attempted, something done, invites his read Stevenson's "Treasure Island,” Mrs. Jack- ers to celebrate with him the first anniversary son's “Ramona,” Hugo's “Les Misérables," of the birth of “The Unpopular Review.” Mr. Sienkiewicz's “Quo Vadis," Mrs. Shel- Infant mortality among magazines and other ley's “Frankenstein,” and, of course, Mrs. periodicals is far greater, proportionally, than Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Though the among human beings; hence the pardonable list does not profess to be complete, it ought exultation with which this fond parent of a to have included "The Pilgrim's Progress," vigorous and promising one-year-old an which has found favor as exhibited on the nounces to the world: “We have survived screen, appealing as it does to somewhat the 1915] 73 THE DIAL same taste as the Biblical story of Joseph, çantes,” which is directed against the custom which has a place on the list. New titles are of importing wet-nurses from the country to of course being added to these thirty-nine, minister to the needs of Paris infants, often with accelerating rapidity. at the expense of these peasant women's own children. That the stage should be devoted to POETRY IN WARTIME is holding its own cred- higher uses than mere amusement was the doc- itably in this country at least, as Mr. William trine preached from first to last by M. Brieux, Stanley Braithwaite makes evident by the who perhaps is too much inclined to lose sight second annual issue of his “Anthology of of the fact that the highest of all possible Magazine Verse and Yearbook of American uses may at times be served by an inspired Poetry,” a work compiled and published by work of pure art. him with admirable industry, taste, and, not least of all, courage. Ten years ago, when THE POPULARIZATION OF CULTURE progresses interest in American poetry was nearly at its apace. In Massachusetts, already not the lowest, and consequently much of that poetry least cultured of our States, the establish- was but little worthy of serious attention, Mr. ment of a state university, in addition to the Braithwaite took it upon himself to examine excellent agricultural college at Amherst, is critically, but not in a destructive spirit, the under consideration. A bill for the creation magazine verse of the calendar year, and to of such an institution was presented in the report upon it in an enlightening and on the last legislature, and was referred to the board whole encouraging summary which appeared of education for careful consideration. In in the Boston “Transcript." This labor of connection with it an alternative plan is un- love he continued year after year until his der advisement for paying the tuition fees of annual report became an influential contribu all Massachusetts students attending existing tion to the cause of better poetry in this coun colleges, universities, and scientific schools of try and even beyond its borders; and now for a certain standard. This would be a rather two years he has expanded this report and startling as well as questionable application compilation to the dimensions of a modest vol of the patriarchal idea in government. But ume. This year, more than ever before, we the tax-payers, through their delegated have reason to feel gratified with the results of spokesmen, will have a word to say about his studies, for they show that war's alarms free Latin and Greek to the youth of the and excitements have not diverted our poets commonwealth. from their high calling, nor even concentrated their attention upon martial themes. Mr. COMMUNICATION. Braithwaite maintains that the general excel- lence of the last twelve months' products of “ MOMMSEN AND THE WAR." American magazine verse is higher than ever (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) a most encouraging pronouncement. In your issue of January 1 you publish a com- munication from Mr. Hodder, "Mommsen and the THE DRAMA AS AN INSTRUMENT OF REFORM, War.” It seems indeed strange that the discovery not as a form of art or a means of recrea- of Mommsen as one of the fathers of German tion, was discussed in characteristic fashion Imperialism has come so late. I sincerely hope by M. Eugène Brieux in his recent lecture and that this is only the beginning of a long series of reading at Smith College. His visit to Amer- similarly startling discoveries. In the meantime I beg to ask a few questions of you and Mr. Hodder ica has been called an “informal, amicable for my enlightenment (I am only a plain American ambassadorship,” and his public addresses citizen of German descent and therefore naturally have shown him to be quite as much a humani slow in understanding Anglo-Saxon logic): tarian and reformer as he is a playwright. (1) What does the “Declaration of Indepen- The lover of art for art's sake, pure and dence” mean? Independence of English rule or simple, must find little use for such ideas as German rule? this distinguished Frenchman is ventilating (2) Who has wronged Ireland in the past, En- among us. He talked at Northampton on the gland or Germany? subject of the problem play, called by many (3) Who has conquered India, Egypt, and the Boer Republics in South Africa? England or the boring play, and insisted that most of the Germany ? notable comedies, including even the lighter (4) Who controls the sea? ones of Molière, are really problem plays. (5) Who is older, Nietzsche or Treitschke? My He read from his own play, “Le Berceau, teachers in school said Treitschke was ten years the lesson of which seems to be that married older than Nietzsche; have you more accurate persons having children should not be allowed information! 0. E. LESSING. to be divorced; and from "Les Rempla Urbana, II., January 17, 1915. 74 (Feb. 1 THE DIAL The Mew Books. encouragement of the great naturalist he owed much. Acquaintance too was made with such contemporary men of science as Lyell, Huxley, THE VARIOUSLY ACCOMPLISHED Tyndall, and Spencer. Though his formal LORD AVEBURY.* education did not extend beyond Eton, be- To his thousands of readers and admirers cause both he and his father, a banker with a the late Lord Avebury will always remain Sir bent for mathematics, had a poor opinion of John Lubbock, of “St. Lubbock's Day” fame, the almost exclusively classical curriculum of author of many delightful Lubbock books, and that day, and though he was called from his especially associated with certain entrancing books at fifteen to take a place of responsibility chapters on ants, bees, and wasps, with sun- in the paternal banking house, yet his extraor- dry inspiring volumes on the pleasures and dinary industry and mental activity made it the uses of life, and, more recently, with a possible for him to achieve the sort of intel- widely accepted list of the hundred best books | lectual training that really counted in his case in all literature. A playful rhymester in and that was probably the best possible one “Punch” years ago put into four lines the for the work that lay before him. popular conception of the man's chief claims The story of that work, branching out in to renown, and even now, after a third of many directions and rich in the astonishing century, they have not lost their epigram- variety of things attempted and carried matic appropriateness. They were appended through, is what the reader finds presented to a “Fancy Portrait” of Sir John under the in attractive detail in Mr. Horace G. Hutchin- semblance of a huge bumble-bee, and ran as son's "Life of Sir John Lubbock," a biog- follows: raphy filling two considerable volumes and “How doth the Banking Busy Bee undertaken with the sanction and assistance Improve the shining hours, of Lady Avebury and other members of the By studying on Bank Holidays family. Letters, diaries, and other private Strange insects and wild flowers." papers have been placed at the author's dis- Like many another versatile genius before posal, and they have been of great service in and since, Lubbock suffered in his reputation making possible a full and accurate chronologi- with specialists from the great variety of cal account of Lubbock's achievements in channels through which he allowed his super- science and in public life, in authorship and in abundant energies to flow. Among bankers, banking, as a legislator and reformer and as it was rather cruelly and not quite accu- zealous promoter of multitudinous good rately said of him, he was known as a famous causes; but, unfortunately for the best inter- scientist, and among scientists as an eminent ests of biography as a fascinating form of banker. His introduction of the highly suc- literature, these papers have not, as the biog- cessful Bank Holiday into English business rapher admits, proved to be of much help in life does indeed link his name lastingly with conveying any intimate sense of what man- London banking, as his popular treatises on ner of human being Lord Avebury really was. insects associate him with the entomologists; Huxley's letters are far more characteristic of the writer, far more enjoyable and sug- but his device of a system of c