Before this, Chevalier had the same objectivity as was shown before hos-
gone off into Saint-Simonism, and among his tilities began.” The periodical referred to
correspondents at this time was the American is the “Revue Philosophique,” now over forty
Fourierist, Albert Brisbane, father of the years old. M. Félix Alcan, its publisher, tells
present Arthur Brisbane. Unpublished let me that “the new editor, Professor Lévy
ters of the elder Brisbane to Chevalier are to Bruhl, of the Sorbonne, was selected by M.
be found in the Saint-Simonian archives at Ribot himself as his successor.” M. Pierre
the Paris Arsenal Library, and when Albert Janet, of the Institute and the College of
Brisbane, in his old age, visited the French France, and senior editor of the “Journal de
capital in the eighties, he renewed with the Psychologie,” another of M. Alcan's publica-
son-in-law the early acquaintance begun with tions, writes me that much space in the next
the father-in-law.
number of his bi-monthly will be devoted to
One of the best places in which to study M. Ribot, when among other things will be
Leroy-Beaulieu was the president's chair of given one of Ribot's unpublished lectures;
the Society of Political Economy, which met while an early number of the “Revue Phil-
for many years in the old Restaurant Durand, osophique” will contain an essay on Ribot's
torn down some little time ago, when the work by Professor Georges Dumas, of the
society removed its Penates to the even more Sorbonne, and junior editor of M. Janet's
ancient Restaurant Cardinal, farther down periodical. M. Janet continues: “Ribot has
the Boulevard. Here it was my privilege to
left quite a large number of manuscripts of
see four very different men preside over these unequal value.
Those which are complete
meetings. The venerable Frédéric Passy did enough to be published will appear in the
it with a chill peculiar to French Protestants, Revue Philosophique.'” His widow informs
who always seem to be on the defensive, a re me that her husband was working on a study
sult perhaps of their stormy historic past. entitled “The Finalist Conception of His-
Emile Levasseur was more affable and invit tory,” but felt that an essay with such a title
ing. Yves Guyot, with his leonine head, was and of such a philosophical school could not
always decisive and often even aggressive in
be finished at such a time.
both manner and speech. But Paul Leroy My own memories of Théodule Ribot centre
Beaulieu seemed to combine all these qualities. round a spot peculiar to Paris and the like
He too had a striking head, reminding one of which must be rare in any capital. I refer
a little of the bison's, which resemblance was to that room on the second floor of M. Félix
increased when he would lean forward at Alcan's publishing house in the Boulevard


1917]
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Saint-Germain, which is the editorial office, at Blake, Allan Kardec, Strindberg, and other
one and the same time, of the dozen learned eccentric minds among the dead.
periodicals of which M. Alcan is the energetic A colleague of Leroy-Beaulieu and Ribot
publisher. By means of a sort of Box and at the Academy of Moral and Political Sci-
Cox arrangement, each of the twelve editors
ences, M. Louis Leger, has recently published
of these twelve different periodicals occu two or three noteworthy short studies bearing
pies this room on the morning or the after on the situation in the Near East. M. Leger
noon of one day each week. So here one is an authority in France on the Balkans.
might see in the same cabinet, seated at the “Les Luttes Séculaires des Germains et des
same desk and in the same easy-chair, but Slaves” (Paris : Maisonneuve, 1 fr.) should
separately and alone, such totally dissimilar
be read, especially for its second part, which
French intellectuals as Yves Guyot, Gabriel has to do with "the Slavonic peoples and
Monod, Dr. Louis Landouzy, Pierre Janet, German intrigues," where we learn that when,
Louis Escoffier, and Théodule Ribot, much as some years ago, newly freed Bulgaria was
when an artist in his studio shows his sketches looking for a ruler, M. Leger entertained the
by inserting one after the other in the same mission in Paris and urged them to select as
frame, -in both instances an excellent man chief of state a native Bulgarian and to es-
ner of judging of the comparative merits of tablish a republic. If this radical but very
men or things. And now that I look back on sensible advice had been followed, the whole
that group of notable savants viewed in this situation in the Balkans would probably now
way, I perceive in how many respects Théo be very different from what it is.
dule Ribot stood out the equal of any of them. In the most interesting portion of this essay
The death of another intellectual French the venerable savant calls upon some scholar
personality, though of quite a different type "younger and more patient than I” to under-
from the two just mentioned, calls for a take a work which would be nothing less than
paragraph or so for several reasons.
a history of the Slavs in their relations with
Dr. Gérard Encausse, known to the Parisian the Germans. “I am not sure,” says M. Leger,
adepts of the so-called occult sciences as “whether a single worker could accomplish
Papus, "the grand master of contemporary this big task. But it might be done under the
occultism,” as his publishers describe him, auspices of the Academy of Petrograd in con-
has left behind him a manuscript which has nection with the Czech Academy and the
awakened considerable curiosity at this time, Polish Academy of Cracow.”
-"Ce que Diviendront nos Morts," which In a recent address before his own academy,
M. Jacques Brieu, the chroniqueur on esoter-
M. Leger again refers to Russian learned
ism and psychic sciences of the "Mercure de
circles and calls attention to an act that stands
France," tells me will not come out until the
out well amid the many dark things of the
spring.
But perhaps the most interesting circum. present war. I quote a few passages from the
manuscript text of this speech which M. Leger
stance, at least to the public, in connection
has sent me:
with Dr. Papus is his publishers, their cata-
logue, and the evidence which it gives of the
The Russian government had the happy idea of
attaching to the army operating in Asiatic Turkey a
wide-spread attention paid in France to these scientific mission charged with the preservation of
unsatisfactorily explained human mysteries. all things relating to art, letters, and history. At the
The Durville Brothers, 23 rue Saint Merri,
head of this mission was placed Mr. F. J. Ouspensky,
Paris, who have issued over a dozen books formerly director of the Russian Archæological Insti-
tute at Constantinople, whose work at Trebizond has
by Papus, some of them costing ten francs, been remarkably successful. It appears that the bom-
a high price for a French volume, print
bardment of the city did not last long and did very
a list of all their publications, affirming
little harm to the public edifices; and as soon as the
affirming Russians entered, severe measures were taken to pre-
that their house is the most important in the vent pillaging of the mosques. All precious objects
world on the subjects of spiritualism, magnet were deposited in places of safety, and all the Greek
ism, hypnotism, somnambulism, telepathy,
monuments and libraries were put under the special
protection of the bishops, who were held responsible
theosophy, astrology, alchemy, cartomancy,
for their preservation. The mosques, which had been
graphology, clairvoyance, etc.; and they cer installed in the ancient Christian churches, were closed
tainly present a most extensive and original to the public and then thoroughly examined by expert
collection of books and pamphlets, with, in archæologists, with many happy results. Especial
attention was given to the grandiose ruins of the im-
most cases, full explanatory notes appended, perial palace and to three churches, particularly to
the whole thing offering a mass of curious Haghia Sophia, which had long ago been transformed
and often amusing facts and comments. Scat-
into a mosque. Here the discoveries were very inter-
esting. Frescoes were brought to light which the
tered among living writers on these subjects, Mussulmans had covered with a layer of plaster, and
you find the names of Paracelsus, William when the wooden flooring was taken up, fine mosaics


174
[March 8
THE DIAL
were revealed. It appears that these frescoes show
tendencies in mediæval art not known up to the pres.
CASUAL COMMENT.
ent time. Mr. Ouspensky has also secured a certain
number of rare manuscripts and books, which he has AN OCTOGENARIAN AUTHOR'S HONORS have
already deposited in the Asiatic Museum at Petrograd. seldom, perhaps never, been so well earned
The complete results of this mission will be given later
and so liberally bestowed as those that have
in a special publication illustrated with photographs.
just been paid to Mr. Howells by friends and
M. Daniel Bellet, whom I quoted at the be-
admirers far and near on the completion, in
ginning of this article, has just brought out a
health and activity, of his eightieth year. Like
volume that American manufacturers should
Edward Everett Hale before him, he was
be interested in. “Le Commerce Allemand”
cradled in the sheets of the paternal news-
(Paris: Plon, 3 frs. 50) shows what German
paper, which, as in the Hale instance also,
trade was before the war, how it was built up,
was very much a family possession and a
and what it will probably be after the war.
family pride. In that little printing office
The book contains many references to our
in southwestern Ohio the boy Howells
business methods and prospects, and dwells
breathed the atmosphere of types and presses,
at some length on a tour of observation
and, as he relates in his "Impressions and
which Edison made in Germany in 1911 “to
Experiences,” the familiar odor has ever
see how they did it."
since stirred him with emotion. In a passage
In connection with M. Bellet's book one interesting for several reasons, he further
might read also the second volume of “La
says: "The greatest event of our year was the
Guerre" (Paris: Félix Alcan, 3 frs. 50),
publication of the President's Message, which
which well presents the whole economic and
was a thrill in my childish life long before I
industrial activity of France during the war, had any conception of its meaning. I fancy
an admirable presentation given in the form that the patent inside, now so universally
of a series of interesting lectures delivered at
used by the country newspapers, originated
Paris by French specialists such as Daniel
in the custom which the printers within
Zolla, Joseph Chailley, André Liesse, and
easy reach of a large city had of supplying
others.
themselves with an edition of the President's
These economic questions, at least so far as Message, to be folded into their own sheet,
France is concerned, are well summed up in when they did not print their outside on the
this extract from a letter which M. André back of it.” The rich story of Mr. Howells's
Siegfried, professor at the Paris School of life has been so well told by himself, in sev-
Political Sciences, sent me with his latest eral memorable volumes, that not even an out-
book:
line is called for here. Both he and his
I think the outcome of the present conflict will be readers are to be congratulated on his remark-
to put Europe, and especially France, in an economic
able retention, at four-score, of the vigor and
and moral position more and more like that of the
United States and the new countries. The huge con.
the skill, the life and grace and all the name-
sumption of wealth will have destroyed or diminished less subtleties of style, that early marked him
many of the existing fortunes. Instead of living on as a writer of force and distinction. The
their income, the French will have to rely on their charm and humor and the playful handling
work. Increasing salaries will correspond to higher
of detail that delighted us in “The Lady of
cost of living, and as many things will have to be
started anew, the possibilities for the workingman or
the Aroostook” still captivate in "The Leath-
for anybody desirous of laboring will be great. But erwood God.”
the position of the old rentier, the independent bond-
holder, will be difficult. I hope, however, that despite THE LAST OF THE CONCORD IMMORTALS, the
this transformation, France will be able to remain an famous band that included Emerson, Thoreau,
intellectual country and devote a great part of its
Alcott, and Ellery Channing, has passed from
energy to art and intellectual work. The French
should not forget that science, art, and brain-work
earth with the death on the 24th of February
are also capital and a source of power for a nation. of Mr. Frank B. Sanborn at the home of his
The basis of the power and influence of a country son in Westfield, New Jersey. Mr. Sanborn
cannot be exclusively material.
was born at Hampton Falls, New Hampshire,
The book which I referred to above is December 15, 1831;
December 15, 1831; was graduated from
“Deux Mois en Amérique du Nord” (Paris : Harvard in 1855; became secretary of the
Colin, 2 frs.), M. Siegfried having been in Massachusetts State Kansas Committee in the
the United States, Alaska, and Canada dur following year; and from that time. his activ-
ing June and July, 1914, when he hastened ities in politics, and in journalism and liter-
home to join the army. He has been acting ature and on the lecture platform, made him
since as an interpreter with the British heavy a conspicuous figure, especially in New Eng-
artillery in Flanders.
land, and more particularly in and about
THEODORE STANTON. Boston. In Concord, where he fixed his
February 24, 1917.
domicile early in life, he had long been


1917]
175
THE DIAL
prominent, and it was a source of satisfaction nearly eight million volumes. From La Belle
to him to be able to recall his intimacy with Sauvage (as the house of Cassell fantastically
Emerson and Alcott, Thoreau and the poet calls itself) have appeared such masterpieces
Channing, each of whom he made the subject as Stevenson's "Treasure Island,” Quiller-
of a biography in his later years when these Couch's "Dead Man's Rock," Rider Hag-
and other friends and associates were passing gard's “King Solomon's Mines,” Traill's
in rather rapid succession out of his circle, "Social England," Farrar's "Life of Christ,"
leaving him to uphold alone the Concord and notable works by Barrie, Conan Doyle,
tradition. With Alcott and W. T. Harris he Grant Allen, Stanley Weyman, and other
founded the famous Concord School of Phi. eminent authors.
losophy, of which he says, in characteristic
vein, in his autobiographical reminiscences : INDEXING EXTRAORDINARY, indexing carried
“There was much scoffing outside, of course, to the utmost limit of possibility, seems to be
some of it among the Harvard circles, where among the achievements standing to the credit
is a greater power of turning up the nose at of the Seattle Public Library. In an issue
what is beyond its round O, than exists any of its alert little “Library Poster" there is a
where - [else) on earth — unless at Oxford, short article on "Library Service to Business
among persons of vaster special learning. In Men," in which occurs this announcement, in
Concord itself there were many jests, few of accents of justifiable pride: “We have the
them good ones, and a bitterness of feeling departments, the assistants, and the books,
in some instances which divided families." pamphlets, magazines, newspapers, and other
Of Mr. Sanborn's published works, the offices materials, arranged and indexed in such a
he held at various times, the movements he manner that a vast amount of information on
aided, and the honors that came to him, the a thousand practical subjects is almost imme-
tale is too long for this place. In the stand- diately available to any business man who is
ard books of reference it will all be found willing to state his problem and to do what-
duly set forth.
ever reading his case may require." To
arrange and index library departments and,
THE JOHN CASSELL CENTENARY, celebrated more difficult still, library assistants, is a
a few weeks ago by the great London publish- refinement of library economy that has prob-
ing house bearing his name, recalls some of ably never before been attempted, much less
the good old books issued under the Cassell accomplished. A complete index, or alpha-
imprint and endeared by their sterling worth betical table of contents, to a corps of library
to thousands of readers. Founders of great assistants must indeed be a triumph of the
publishing houses, such men for example as cataloguer's art.
Archibald Constable, John Murray, Daniel
Appleton, James Harper, and Charles Scrib AN AUTHOR'S CONFESSION of his literary
ner, commonly leave an enduring stamp on likes and dislikes is often illuminating. Walter
the enterprises started by them. Thus the Pater enjoyed Stevenson, but was afraid
Cassell methods and policies show to-day the to read him lest the Stevensonian manner
influence of him whose boyhood was spent in should affect his own style. This was charac-
the cotton mills of Manchester, and who there teristic of Pater's preciosity and provokes a
acquired a familiarity with the workingman's smile. Most writers like to read authors of
literary needs that governed him later, to a their own kind, just as most actors enjoy a
great extent, in determining the kind of books good performance by other actors, and artists
he should offer to the public. From his press, are frequent vistors at art galleries. Mark
accordingly, came the pioneer series of inex Twain, in an unpublished letter to Richard
pensive reprints, retailed at sevenpence the Watson Gilder, dated May 16 (1886), makes
volume and including standard works in his a confession that one might not have expected
tory, biography, and science. “John Cassell's from the author of "Tom Sawyer,” “Huckle-
Library" has had a very wide sale, as has also berry Finn,” “The Gilded Age,” and “Joan
“Cassell's Popular Educator," a penny ency of Arc.” He says: “If it be a confession, then
clopædia, in serial form, adapted to the hum- let me confess—to wit: (1) All the romance
bler reader's needs and comprehension. “The which I have read in twenty years would not
Magazine of Art," established in 1851, has overcrowd a couple of crown octavo volumes."
done much to popularize what is best in the Then follows, as the second item of the con-
fine arts. “Cassell's National Library,” ed fession: “All the poetry which I have read
ited by Professor Henry Morley, comprised in twenty years could be put between the lids
214 volumes, sold at threepence each, a record of one octavo. I do not read anything but
never since equalled in good and cheap book- history and biography, etc.” This fragment,
production, and attained a circulation of it should be added, is quoted from the inter-


176
[March 8
THE DIAL
you well.
.
esting catalogue of literary wares issued by
COMMUNICATIONS.
Schulte's bookstore, New York, and the value
placed on the precious bit of manuscript, all
REALISTIC HISTORY.
in the humorist's own hand, is $35.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
With something akin to astonishment, I read in
CENSORSHIP IN HOLLAND may safely be as-
“Collier's Weekly” the other day an atrabiliar at-
sumed to lack much of the strictness prevail- tack, in the most approved style of forcible-feeble
ing across the border in either direction; but
sarcasm, upon the author of a book review in THE
a significant hint as to the situation is found
DIAL. With ignorance incredible, if it be not fine
assumption, the writer in “Collier's Weekly,” un-
in a letter, interesting for other reasons also,
der the caption "History," holds up for national
from a young Belgian refugee to the equally condemnation and obloquy the “modest critic," and
young editor of one of our school papers. The in the true spirit of the discoverer pronounces with
Belgian boy had been asked for a literary con bated breath the “unknown" name of William E.
tribution. He thus replied, from Harder- Dodd !
wijk, Holland: “I well receive your nice card
Let me say-not for the enlightenment of the
and postcard. Many thanks. I see you enjoy crassly ignorant writer in “Collier's Weekly," but
Now here our situation is
for the sake of expressing the prevailing opinion
among students of our national history, profes-
always the same. We attend peace or war
sional and lay—that there is no more graphic ex-
here. Heaven give that soon war is over!!
positor and astute critic of the American people,
and all may return home. For a story of
as manifested in the growth and development of
mine over war, it is not sure that censor will
our institutions on the political and economic side,
permit it. Your sincerely Belgium boy, Jos.
than Professor Dodd. In his writings, forceful in
Vandenbergh."
expression and reliable as to fact, he unflinchingly
BOOKS THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN, but for the sets himself the task of portraying the actual con-
sifting process carried on, day after day, ditions, industrial and economic, as well as social,
month after month, and year after year, by political, and cultural, under which this country
has come to be what it is and taken on certain of
some hundreds or perhaps thousands of pub-
the characteristics and attributes of a nation. Be-
lishers' readers, form a stupendous total that
neath the surface manifestation of the life of the
is seldom even remotely conceived of by those
book-weary persons who complain of the
people, upon which his fancy often lightly plays,
we are made pervasively conscious of the great
already superabundant plentitude of our
tides of economic interest, of social thrust, and of
annual literary harvest. From the recent
industrial causation, which have propelled consoli-
confessions of a publisher's reader who enter-
dated masses of the people at every period of our
tainingly imparts some of his experiences in history. In dealing with the various sectional in-
a contribution to the New York “Evening terests of the country, he has accepted facts with
Post,” it appears that five book-manuscripts the utmost sang-froid; and, what is even more re-
a day is no unusual record for a large pub-markable, has drawn from these facts the chilling
lishing house ; that is, about fifteen hundred lessons, so deadly to romance and hero-worship,
are received in the course of a year, and out which they convey and compel.
of this mountain of manuscript perhaps fif One need only read Professor Dodd's concise
teen books may eventually take shape. If a biography of Nathaniel Macon, leader in Congress
single house annually spares the public the for many years, the intimate of Jefferson and Ran-
infliction of 1485 more or less worthless books, dolph of Roanoke, to see the fine touch of the Leip-
how many are held up in the entire country zig scholar and to sense the historic realism of the
- in the entire world? The brain reels at the handling. Both in his penetrating “Life of Jeffer-
thought of the multitude of books that might
son Davis," in which he endeavors with utmost
have been. Every six months, says the sincerity to draw the conclusions which facts im-
authority here referred to, there comes to
pose, and in his brilliant, if somewhat ruthless,
hand the inevitable treatise on the fourth
"Statesmen of the Old South,” he presents in a
dimension, or on making gold from sea-water,
clear and searching light the fine flowers of ex-
haustive research at the source; and, whether one
or on utilizing moonlight for running dyna-
agrees with his conclusions or no, certainly one
mos, or on Pope Joan or Prester John. He
must face them and swallow them-or devise a
might have added the ever-recurrent disser-
new historical pattern coinciding with the facts at
tations on perpetual motion, the squaring of
a greater number of points than does the ingenious
the circle, and the flatness of the earth. The
design executed by Professor Dodd.
number of things not so, that the credulous
As exponent of this new school of historical
world is saved from learning by the long-suf- writing, -the School of Beard and Farrand,-
fering publisher's reader is beyond calcula Professor Dodd has edited, and written one of
tion.
the four volumes of, the “Riverside History of


1917]
177
THE DIAL
ever seen.
72
the United States." At the time of their appear-
MEXICO.
ance, I reviewed these volumes at great length,
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
and pronounced this history the best and most
In your issue of December 28, 1916, there is a
readable account, in brief compass, of our national review of “What's the Matter with Mexico ?" in the
development-economic and political—which I had column "Briefs on New Books."
This opinion I now repeat, with em In the course of this review the writer says: "He
phasis. It is the first realistic handling of our attempts a brief historical introduction that is
national development; and Professor Dodd's vol neither clear nor accurate"; and again “One may
ume, “Expansion and Conflict,” is the only thor question the accuracy of his figures.”
oughly impartial study of the force of sectional As accuracy is the one thing I sought above all
interest in our national development that exists. others in the writing of that memorandum on
Men of the mental cast of Professor Dodd
Mexican conditions, I shall be obliged to your
herald a new era in historical writing in this
reviewer if he will point out to me wherein and in
country; and they purport to present the facts in
what manner I have failed.
truer atmosphere and juster perspective, since they
I ask your indulgence in passing this on and
disclaim the influence of the ulterior motive, of the
assure you of my desire for the information.
CASPAR WHITNEY.
arrière-pensée, in their writings. Professor Dodd
looks beneath the personal utterance of the states-
Bronxville, N. Y., February 12, 1917.
man to the social will, the economic impulse, under-
lying that utterance; and thus views American The criticisms to which Mr. Whitney objects
politics in the light of communal and sectional self refer principally to pages 7 to 18 inclusive of his
interest. “Public men generally determine what little book. I feel that he has over-emphasized the
line of procedure is best for their constituents, or word cuartilazo. No single phrase of the sort will
for what are supposed to be the interests of their serve to characterize Mexican affairs at any period.
constituents, and then seek for 'powers' or clauses On page 8, Mr. Whitney refers to an attempt at
in state or federal constitutions which justify the
freedom preceding that of Hidalgo by two years.
predetermined course. Animated by such a prin-
His reference is not clear, and if he has in mind
ciple, Professor Dodd has gone scientifically about
the series of events that led up to the deposition of
his task of deracination-uprooting many a cher-
the viceroy, Iturrigaray, it is misleading. The
ished tradition and presenting it, reeking, to our not
brief statements regarding Hidalgo's capture and
undisturbed gaze. To many causes, to many indi- execution, and the fate of Morelos require much
viduals, this relentless iconoclasm does realistic vio-
more explanation to be intelligible. Santa Anna
may have been as instrumental in the overthrow of
lence; but it throws open the window of truth and
Iturbide as the author indicates, but he did not
lets in a breath of freedom on the rays of revela-
work so openly as he implies. On the other hand,
tion. With the logic of the major premise of his
he had a greater part in the events of the following
work, quoted above, Professor Dodd proceeds re twenty years than appears from the text. Refer-
lentlessly upon the assumption that the classic is ences to a "native historian" would be more satis-
sues, so dear to us from the days of our childhood, fying if his name, at least, appeared. Bustamente
when the romantic glamour of patriotism and ex looms up more largely than his career warrants.
alted purity surrounded the cherished figures in the The church did not cease to direct affairs with the
American pantheon, were ex post facto excuses success of the revolution but continued, with the
invented by the sections themselves to mask the real army, to play a conspicuous part in contemporary
motives of the struggle, which lay deep in the social politics to the death of Maximilian. It would have
and economic wills of these conflicting and hostile
been possible to add a brief paragraph showing
sections. This new view of our history, with its
that still other motives besides the clerical and
disclosure of sectional interests, material motives, military influenced the Mexican life of that period.
As for statistics concerning Mexico's population,
and economic impulses, must be reckoned with,
one may choose from a wide variety of estimates
with a realistic frankness commensurate with that
ranging from Humboldt's to those of Professor
of the exponent of this new view. The economic
Frederick Starr, and a careful writer will not con-
interpretation of American history is only one of tent himself with merely one set of figures.
the many interpretations which may be advanced The above constitute some of the points that
to explain the development of our nation and the create in my mind the impression of inaccuracy.
growth of our institutions, but so able and distin-Others, I find, agree with me.
I. J. Cox.
guished an exponent of this mode of viewing the
University of Cincinnati, February 20, 1917.
evolution of the United States as Professor William
Edward Dodd can only be challenged by a histo-
MR. WELLS.
rian of his own calibre. The writer in “Collier's
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.).
Weekly” achieves with extraordinary success the
Is it a legitimate function of THE Dial to give
by no means difficult task of making himself.
space to a propaganda of atheism, like the leading
ridiculous.
article of a recent number, under the guise of a
ARCHIBALD HENDERSON. criticism of Mr. Wells's book? Christianity is too
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, February 17, 1917. well established to be treated with sneer and an


178
[March 8
THE DIAL
war
assumption of matter-of-course inferiority in a I have shown the list given above, protests against
form of literary debate. There are publications the omission of “Lettres d'un Soldat” (Chapelet)
and publishers suitable for the use of writers of and Gaston Riou's “Journal d'un Simple Soldat”
ethical and religious polemic. I think that in (Hachette). Incidentally, I doubt if my lieuten-
the pages of THE DIAL the agnostic should not be ant's list of the best recent books would have
challenged by any particular assertion of Christian included so many works of a mystical or pseudo-
doctrine, and I feel sure that the Christian should devotional temper, had he been drawing one up,
not be insulted by attacks upon his faith, which say, in 1913. But then, not so many were being
inspires some of the best literature of the world. published in that year!
It seems to me almost to justify an apology in
“Gaspard,” by René Benjamin, is the story of
THE DIAL itself.
ERVING WINSLOW.
a snail vendor in the rue de la Gaîté, Paris. But
Boston, Mass., February 10, 1917.
snail vendors, too, were mobilized, so Gaspard goes
to war.
According to the Abbé Ernest Dim-
net, “it is such a vivid piece of literature that
TEN “REAL” WAR BOOKS.
undoubtedly it will be used as a document by future
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
historians with as much reason as 'La Chartreuse
He is convalescing from an attack of poison gas:
de Parme. “The poilu," maintains the Abbé,
a slow, hard pull. His hospital is near Paris, and “lives in those rich pages, unblurred by any inter-
he is a lieutenant of infantry who has fought both ference of literary or poetic embellishment." Yet
on the Somme and at Verdun. Since the gas got “Gaspard” is not a favorite with some French
into his lungs, he has had plenty of time to read soldiers of my acquaintance. They say it expresses
war books for a few hours each day; and because less of the France of to-day than of the ante-bellum
in peace-time he is himself a bibliophile and pub- republic and the earlier tradition of heroism.
lisher, I am inclined to value his opinions.
(“Gaspard” was written while the war was young.)
“I will tell you,” he volunteers, “the real war Perhaps M. Benjamin has been a victim of too
books — the books that will give you, not the tradi- much praise.
tional poilu, but the poilu as he really is. These He has been labelled by silly persons “the
are the only books in French that represent our French Kipling"! But Mr. Edmund Gosse, admit-
the war I know about. If you read some ting that the book contains “whole pages of Pari-
of these books, you will see things with a soldier's sian slang,” adds that it “arouses the same sensa-
eyes. But we of the firing line cannot take most tion on the Thames as on the Seine. While the
of the war books very seriously.” This is his list Abbé Dimnet, in the London "New Witness,"
of exceptions: “L'Armée de la Guerre," by Cap- affirms that "not only the slang, but also the
itaine Z. (Payot); "Dixmude," by Charles le bouquet of it, baffles both description and transla-
Goffic (Plon); “La Guerre, Madame," by Paul tion." Yet an essay has been made at translation.
Géraldy (Crès. In English translation — "The
So far as I know, only two of the other books
War, Madame" - published by Charles Scribner's
on my lieutenant's list have, as yet anyway, been
Sons); "Méditations dans la Tranchée," by Lieu-
translated. One of the books translated is
tenant R. (Payot); “Cinq Prières du Temps de the poet Charles le Goffic's account of the self-
la Guerre,” by Francis Jammes (Librairie de l'Art sacrificing Breton marines at Dixmude, and of
Catholique); "Gaspard,” by René Benjamin how two regiments of them held off 40,000 Ger-
(Fayard. In English translation, published by mans for ten days. This heroic tale, “The Epic
Brentano); “L'Argot des Tranchées,
by L.
of Dixmude,” has been issued by Heinemann.
Saineav (Fontenoy); "Ma Pièce," by Paul Lin Some would classify "Gaspard" as the only out-
tier (Plon); “Les Vagabonds de la Gloire,” by and-out piece of fiction on the list given above,
René Milan (Plon); “Sur la Voie Glorieuse,” by though obviously young M. Géraldy's book has
Anatole France (Champion).
much of the value of fiction. Perhaps M. Ben-
Himself a publisher, my lieutenant includes only jamin's books for he has written a later one,
one of his own books in this list. All the same, “Sous le Ciel de France, a veritable revelation
he tells me that he is issuing more books than of war-time France behind the front, a compre-
usual this season — books in all fields, but espe hensive view of men and women, soldiers and civ-
cially in philosophy and linguistics and other ilians — are, with his friend M. Géraldy's, the most
learned subjects remote from the war.
French of them all. Certainly they reveal the
“Probably I'll lose money," says he, “but that brave and stoical spirit of the Republic more
doesn't matter much. The essential thing is that richly, and more realistically, too, than many more
we Frenchmen should show the world that we do pretentious excursions into psychology and ro-
not cease to be civilized, even when obliged to mance. I am especially struck by the intellectual
fight very hard for our civilization."
honesty of M. Géraldy, his typically French hor-
My lieutenant's list of books expresses a strong ror of heroics. M. Géraldy is only thirty-one years
tendency toward works of a religious nature, of age. His untranslated poems have something
though he shows his catholicity by naming first of the charm of Musset's own. To-day, he too,
on his list a book by a writer whose wife charms like M. Benjamin, wears the uniform, though no
the audiences of the Metropolitan Opera in New longer at the actual front.
York. I have not read either of the books I am
RENÉ KELLY.
about to name, but another friend of mine, to whom New York, February 28, 1917.
79
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THE DIAL
“Lincoln” (marred by a faintly perfumed
POETRY IN AMERICA.
close), or the subdued, colloquial tenderness
ANTHOLOGY OF MAGAZINE VERSE, 1916. By
of Mr. Frost's "Home-Stretch," or the sin-
William Stanley Braithwaite. (Laurence J. ister pattern of “The Hill-Wife,” or Miss
Gomme; $1.75.)
Lowell's delicately imagined “City of Falling
Like the poor, Mr. Braithwaite's “Anthol. | Leaves." What else stands out! Here and
ogy” is always with us: a year has passed, there are pleasant lines, stanzas, poems,—but
another myriad or so of magazines has fallen for the most part one gets an impression of
from the press, and once more Mr. Braith- amateurishness, of simply lines and lines and
waite has scoured them all, and gives us the lines, all of them a little conscious of the fact
result in these one hundred and eighty-four that they are iambic, or dactylic, or ana-
pages. What new thing can be said of it? pæstic, or trochaic, or prose, all of them a
It does not change. It is six pages shorter little uneasy about their rhymes, their ideas,
than last year; it selects for special praise or the appalling necessity of somehow coming
only fifteen, instead of thirty-five, books of to an end. Here we have poets who, with
verse,—both of which abridgments are for quaint solemnity, tell us of “minstrelsy as
the better. But whether through inability rich as wine, as sweet as oil,” who “parley"
or unwillingness, Mr. Braithwaite seems no with stars, or confess to having "tears of
nearer learning that there can be little excuse awful wonder” run "adown” their cheeks, or
for an anthology which does not select. Once describe the song of the swallows as their
more we have the clarion preface (a clarion “spill,” or proclaim themselves “cousin to the
uncertainly played) proclaiming that the mud,” or ask us to “list!" when they mean
present era of American poetry is to be com- listen; and it is left to Mr. Untermeyer to
pared with the Elizabethan and other great reach the height of bathos in asking
eras; a solemn catalogue of names held illus God, when the rosy world first learned to crawl
trious; and once more the verse itself follows About the floor of heaven, wert thou not proud ?
on this with a harshly negative answer. What is one to say to all this — this inane
Is there any use in merely abusing Mr. falsifying and posturing, this infantile lack
Braithwaite for the many inaccuracies and of humor or ordinary intelligence? How does
hasty superficialities in his preface — for his it happen that it is only a scant dozen times
cool assertion that Mr. Pound is the idol of in the course of these 184 pages that we find
those nimble acrobats who whirl and tumble anything like a profound approach to the
through the pages of “Others"; that “Poetry” problems of our lives, or a serene and propor-
is Mr. Pound's organ of radicalism; that Mr. tioned understanding of them, or a passionate
Kreymborg is the one poet produced by the rebellion at them, or anything, in fact, but
“Others" group, or Miss Amy Lowell the one clutters of thin sentiment, foolishly expressed,
poet produced by the Imagist group; or that and dusty concatenations of petty irrelevan-
Masters, Frost, Oppenheim, Robinson, and cies? Is it Mr. Braithwaite's fault; or is it
Miss Branch dominate each a group-ten- because we have nothing better to offer? Is
dency? We have learned, I hope, to expect there, then, any poetry being written in this
this sort of thing, and to discount it. We country which we can hopefully put beside
know that the affair is not so simple as this. the recent work of the English poets — the
We watch Mr. Braithwaite sliding over the work of Lascelles Abercrombie, Wilfrid Gib-
smooth surface, and smile. But none the less, son, Walter de la Mare, or Masefield ? I think
if we are to help poetry at all in this wilder we can make an affirmative answer; and in
ness, we cannot rest content with amusement. so doing, of course, we condemn at once the
Mr. Braithwaite is a standing warning to us method employed by Mr. Braithwaite in the
that we must keep our wits about us; if every compilation of his yearly anthology.
word that falls from Mr. Braithwaite's lips For, as has already been said many times
is a pearl of eulogy, we on our part must be to Mr. Braithwaite, it is comparatively seldom
prepared to utter toads of censure.
that any of our magazines print poetry. Of
It is difficult to compare one of these an verse, to be sure,—free or formal,—they print
thologies with another. The editor professes any amount: they are stifled with it. In
to see an improvement, to be sure, but if some measure they have tried to respond to
there is any, it is unimportant. What we can the wave of enthusiasm for poetry which has
say clearly is that this year's volume, like risen in America during the last three years,
last year's, is for the most part filled with the but they have proved pathetically inadequate.
jog-trot of mediocrity. One must wade
wade What, after all, could they do? Magazines
through pages and pages of mawkishness, dul can thrive only by reaching the greatest pos-
ness, artificiality, and utter emptiness to come sible number. And the one essential rule for
upon the simple dignity of Mr. Fletcher's reaching the greatest possible number is to


180
[March 8
THE DIAL
hold fast to tradition, whether ethical or lit his volume, we begin to realize that he has
erary, to avoid anything even remotely in the damaged his case at the outset by restricting
nature of subversion; or, if it becomes neces himself to such verse as gets into the maga-
sary through competition to advance, to ad zines. It must be obvious to anyone that any
vance with the utmost caution. Then, too, such selection does our poets a serious injus-
there are the editors. Editors are peren- tice: it is not, and in the nature of things
nially, historically, middle-aged. Their radi- cannot be, fairly representative of our best.
calisms, if they ever had any, are always The basic principle is wrong. For that we
recalled as youthful indiscretions. Their ideas have poets now who deserve to be taken seri-
were formed twenty years ago, and it is not ously, even if they are not Shakespeares,
strange that they should rebel violently at all there certainly can be far less question than
changes, bad and good. The formal sonnet, there was even two years ago. In two years
sprinkled with “thou's” and “thee's" and how much has happened! In the autumn of
exclamatory “O's," preferably calling upon 1914, Miss Lowell and Mr. Vachel Lindsay
the spirit of a nation, or addressed to a dead first made themselves clearly heard. In the
poet, or anything else dead, is to them the spring of 1915, one after another, came the
supreme gift.
The exalted ode, clanking in first “Imagist Anthology,” Masters's “Spoon
conceited mail, pressing with horrible Latin- | River,” Frost's “North of Boston," Fletch-
ose feet upon the forlornest of old ghosts of er's “Irradiations."
er's "Irradiations.” And in 1916, a year in
ideas, is a close second. And after these come which for the first time in our literary history
the numberless hosts of the ephemeral sen more volumes of poetry and drama were pub-
timental,- all that we have been taught to lished than of any other class, we saw the
consider good and true, brave and sweet. publication of Fletcher's “Goblins and Pago-
It becomes apparent, therefore, that if we das," the second "Imagist Anthology,” the
are to find poetry in America to-day we must “Others Anthology," Sandburg's "Chicago
look for it outside the magazines — in books.
in books. Poems," Kreymborg's “Mushrooms," Mas-
And this, of course, is where we do find it, ters's “Songs and Satires” and “The Great
such as it is. There can be no question that Valley,” Amy Lowell's “Men, Women, and
had Mr. Braithwaite composed his anthology Ghosts,” Frost's "Mountain Interval," and
from books, instead of from magazines, it Robinson's "Man Against the Sky.” Of all
could have been one thousand per cent better. these, Edwin Arlington Robinson is the only
It is not certain that Mr. Braithwaite could one who clearly reaches back into the period
have done it, to be sure, for Mr. Braithwaite before 1914. Of the others, nearly all had
is not by endowment a critic: the evidence been writing, and one or two had tentatively
before us in this “Anthology” for 1916 is published; but in the main they are poets
dumbly to the effect that Mr. Braithwaite is who have reached their maturity within two
incredibly undiscriminating. What else can
years.
we say of the man who in his list of the fifteen What are we to say of these poets, and of
best books of the year (we hope that next their poetry? No mortal, of course, can say
year it will be five!) omits Fletcher's "Gob- finally, “this is good and will endure"; or
lins and Pagodas," Masefield's “Good Fri- “this is bad and will perish.” Any opinion
day,” Masters's “The Great Valley,” de la must be personal, rooted in profound and for
Mare's "The Listeners,” William H. Davies's the most part unconscious predilections and
“Poems," the second "Imagist Anthology,” prejudices, obscured with biases of friendship
Kreymborg's Mushrooms," and Sandburg's or the opposite, confused with questions of
“Chicago Poems," while he includes the very social, ethical, or philosophical character; and
inferior “Songs and Satires” of Masters, my own opinion, quite as much as Mr. Braith-
“War and Laughter" by James Oppenheim, waite's, is a ganglion of just such factors, and
“Harvest Moon” by Josephine Preston Pea- just as much to be guarded against and dis-
body, and other works by Bliss Carman, Ade counted. But having made this candid con-
laide Crapsey, Amelia Burr, Charles Whar- fession of our all-too-humanness, let us be
ton Stork, and Rabindranath Tagore? This candid in our opinions also.
is the plainest sort of critical blindness. It To begin with, we must face squarely the
is here not a question of being conservative unpleasant fact that, both in and out of the
or radical—it is a question of good taste. A public press, we have been very seriously
study of these juxtapositions will make it only overestimating the work of contemporary
too painfully clear.
poets: enthusiasm for poetry, and an intense
If we are to take seriously, therefore, Mr. and long-suppressed desire to see it flourish
Braithwaite's enthusiasms over contemporary in America, have played the deuce with our
American poetry, as expressed in his preface, judgments. In too many cases the wish has
and in his critical summaries at the end of been father to the thought. Not only have we


1917]
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THE DIAL
been undiscriminating, applauded the false stop spattering them with unmixed praise
as loudly as the true, but we have persisted which we do under the quaint delusion that
in a of wilful blindness to the many and we are writing serious articles upon them
obvious faults of even our best. Bad leader and look at them, for once, with more of the
ship, of course, has conduced to this. We scientist's eye, and less of the lover's. We
have had no critics whom we could trust. need to remind ourselves that they are flesh
Miss Monroe and Mr. Braithwaite, to both and blood, as liable to failures and mistakes
of whom we all owe more than we can say, as ourselves, constantly and sometimes desper-
have, when all is said and done, been better ately struggling for a precarious foothold,
drum-bangers than critics. Both have been sometimes driven to foolishness by the keen-
somewhat insular in outlook, intolerant of all ness of the competition, sometimes exhausted
that is a little alien to them, intolerant to each by it.
by it. What compels them to do what they
other, and somewhat amusingly determined do? What faults result from this, and what
to find "great" American poets. Mr. Kilmer virtues? What can we expect of them? This
and Mr. Untermeyer, both ubiquitous review is the sort of question we should be getting
ers, the more elusive because so many of their ready to ask them.
reviews are unsigned, are equally limited, Turning upon them from this quarter, we
intellectually, and leave always the savor of should at once find them looking a little less
cult or clique in their pronouncements. Two imposing. We should begin to see first of all
critics we have who stand clear of axe-grind one great and glaring characteristic of prac-
ing and nepotism, who analyze sharply, who tically all American poets: that, though rich
delight 'to use words as poniards — Mr. in invention, they are poor in art. Exceptions
Mencken of “The Smart Set” and Mr. to this there are,—notably, Edwin Arlington
Firkins of “The Nation”; but with these the Robinson, who, perhaps, in other respects
misfortune is that they are essentially of the pays the penalty. But in the main that stigma
older order, and have an embarrassing tender touches them all. Most conspicuous in the
ness for all that is sentimental, politely ro work of Mr. Masters and Miss Lowell, it is
mantic, formal, and ethically correct. The by no means restricted to them alone,--few,
balance of power, therefore, has been with the if any, escape it. No clearer line of cleav-
praisers, with Miss Monroe, whose “Poetry" age divides contemporary American poetry
has manifested a tendency to become a sort of from contemporary English: we may prefer
triumphal car for the poets of the West and the greater richness and variety of the Ameri-
Middle West, with Mr. Braithwaite, whose can, its greater relentlessness in search of
“Transcript” reviews have seemed at times realities; but the instant we turn to the
to become a wholesale business in laurel | English we feel a certain distinction, a cer-
wreaths, and with others, less fortunate in tain intellectual and aesthetic ease and free-
their power, of the same nature. And in con dom, no matter on what plane whether in
sequence, even the most cautious of us have the clear lyrics of de la Mare and Hodgson
been in spite of ourselves somewhat infected and Davies and Aldington, or the strange,
by the prevailing idolatries. It has become powerful, almost labored psychological epi-
habitual to accept, unpleasant to censure. sodes of Gibson, or the intellectual spacious-
When we criticize at all, we condemn utterly; ness and tortuous energy of Abercrombie.
when we praise, we sing panegyrics. There | And this lack of distinction, this inability of
has been no middle course of balanced and our poets to make their inventions works of
impartial analysis, no serene perspective, art,—to speak with that single-toned authen-
above all, no taste. It almost seems as if we ticity which arises from perfect expression --
have not been long enough civilized, as if there constitutes the most serious menace against
were too much still undigested or indigestible their possible survival. Mr. Frost is our most
in our environment
consistent performer, of course, we can place
We have therefore a group of myths among him over against the English poets akin to
us, some or all of them conflicting, and sedu- him without blushing. And Mr. Robinson,
lously encouraged by the publishers. A vague too, is in this respect dependable, though he
notion is abroad that Frost, Masters, Robin tends to jingle, does not command the power
son, Lindsay, Fletcher, Miss Lowell, and others or the lyric beauty of the others, and abuses
still who have not been quite so successful, his trick of veiled implications. After this,
are, if not great poets, at any rate brilliantly we are in the dark. Miss Lowell, Fletcher,
close to it. Whether this is true or not, need Masters, have all done brilliant work in their
not at once concern us. What becomes im kinds,—but even the best of it is marred by
portant for us, in the circumstances, is to strange artistic blindnesses. They cannot be
realize that if these poets are as commanding counted upon. They write prose with one
as we think them to be, it is time for us to hand and poetry with the other, and half the


182
[March 8
THE DIAL
time know not what they do. If one moment exception of Mr. Frost (and even he has been
they select carefully, the next moment they slightly infected on the metrical side) and
empty cartloads. They seem forever uncer Mr. Robinson, our leading poets, one and all,
tain whether to sing or to talk, and conse seem to be writing with a constantly shifting
quently try sometimes to do both at once. set of values in mind : their eyes are on their
The plain fact is that we are passing audience and on their rival poets, but seldom
through a period of ferment, a period of un if ever on eternal principles. The result is a
certainty, experiment, transition. A great kaleidoscopic effect of shifting viewpoints,
variety of intellectual energies has been and it has become typical of our most typical
simultaneously catalyzed by a great variety poets that their work seems to proceed not
of stimuli, and the result inevitably has been from one centre, but from many. Now it is
chaos. Realists have sprung up, reverent as lyric, now it is narrative, now dramatic,
well as irreverent; romanticists have sprung or philosophic, or psychological — and as the
up, radical as well as conventional; and in mood fluctuates so does the vehicle chosen,
addition to these major groups have risen from the most formal through successively
detached individuals difficult to classify, and more loosely organized modes to the gnomic
other groups heterogeneously composed. Ex prose of “Spoon River" or "The Ghosts of
periment is the order of the day. Desper an Old House.” Our poets have not quite
ation to say the last word, to go farthest, to found themselves. They are casting about for
dissolve tradition and principle in the most something, they do not know what, and
brilliant self-consciousness, has led to literary have not found it. And more than anything
pranks and freaks without number. Occa else it is this fact that gives their work that
sionally this has borne good results, more unfinished, hurried quality, impatient and
often it has merely startled. The bizarre has restless, rapidly unselective, which makes it
frequently been mistaken for the subtle; plain appear, beside English work, lacking in dis-
and unselective treatment has been too often tinction. Like the spring torrent, it is still
considered realism. The Imagists, straying muddy.
too far in search of flowers of vividness and It would be foolish to lament this fact.
color, have ended by losing themselves in a The spring freshet has its compensations of
Plutonian darkness of unrelated sensory phe- power and fulness. It would be equally fool-
nomena: they predicate a world of sharply ish to delude ourselves about it, to imagine
separate entities without connective tissue of that we are already in the middle of a Golden
relationship, and, in addition, have sacrificed | Age; up to the present point it is, rather, an
a large part of their power to convey this
age of brass,—of bombast and self-trumpet-
vision by their unwillingness or inability to ings. In the meantime, we can look to the
heighten their readers' receptiveness through future with considerable confidence that out
playing upon it rhythmically. Members of of the present unprincipled chaos, rich in
the “Others” group (if Mr. Kreymborg will energies, we shall yet create a harmony. And
permit it to be so called) have sometimes
we can take comfort in a relatively serene
seemed determined to revert to the holophras- belief that Mr. Braithwaite's “Anthology of
tic method of self-expression which antedated Magazine Verse” very seriously misrepresents
the evolution of analytical self-expression and or, rather, hardly represents at all — the
language. At its worst, the result has been
true state of poetry in America to-day.
captivating nonsense; at its best, it gives us
CONRAD AIKEN.
the peculiarly individual semi-poems of Wal-
lace Stevens and Maxwell Bodenheim.
This has been the background - of rapid
PSYCHOLOGY AND WAR.
changes and experimentation, extravagance,
over-decorativeness, variety, and fearless en-
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE GREAT WAR. By
trance into the very penetralia of life Gustave Le Bon. Translated by E. Andrews.
against which our major group of Frost, Mas (Macmillan Co.; $3.)
ters, Fletcher, Amy Lowell, and Robinson With this attractive title and the distinc-
have made themselves clear. They cannot be tion of the author in mind, one's first query
detached from that background. They are is whether this is a study by a French psy-
constantly modifying it, and being modified chologist or by a psychological Frenchman.
by it. A process of mutual protective color The answer must be given in favor of the
ation, of co-adaptation, is constantly going on. latter, and with regret; for the former offers
Where they fear, they imitate. In conse-
the greater opportunity for a notable achieve-
quence we should expect to find the faults as ment. The book is shot through (to use a
well as the virtues of the background repeated Jamesian phrase that now bears an unex-
in the protagonists,—and we do. With the pected meaning) with psychological comment


1917]
183
THE DIAL
and interpretation, but does not rise to a shopkeeper or the artisan into the poilu, -
unified aperçu of the world-calamity. It is
It is the complete change in environment, occupa-
consistently and pardonably French; it sets tion, outlook, from an orderly and secure little
forth the scope and enormity of the German commercial living to an imposed subjection
violations of territory, obligations, and moral to venture, danger, torture, and privation;
sanctions in no uncertain terms.
it is just as characteristic in those who stay at
Nor is there in such an attitude any viola- home and attain an inner conversion to a
tion of a scientific neutrality. If the actual different set of values. What war sets free is
conflict is that of a highwayman and his determined by the qualities that races cherish
victim, there is no sense in treating it psycho or encourage. War makes one transformation
logically or otherwise as though it were a duel in a Frenchman and quite another in a Prus-
on a point of honor between gentlemen. If sian, because of the difference in what has
the etiquette of diplomatic relations — which been cultivated in the two, by generations of
must somehow be sustained if the world is to ideals and social institutions. (What differ-
go on as it is
as it is — requires
requires a formal acceptance ence of racial fitness for cultivation may
of allegations and arguments presented by one parallel or direct ideals, or account for them,
great nation to another, no such rule is bind is another question.)
ing upon the scientific student of their actual Accordingly M. Le Bon goes to the histor-
deeds and observable or inferable motives. ical account of the formation of the German
Actions speak not only louder but, what is Empire as well as to accredited analyses of
more significant, more clearly than words. German traits in older generations, to find
The student of the phenomena of the war goes the basis for the amazing form which the
directly to the facts, precisely as in the con martial transformation has produced in Ger-
sideration of any less momentous problem. many. It is a psychological product acting
The diplomatic documents form but a single through a political machinery. To M. Le
phase of the data, to be interpreted with due Bon's mind it presents the invasion of Bel-
allowance for the conventional code which gium, the contempt for the word of honor, the
they use. The psychologist may be expected cruelty to foe, the unspeakable intimidation,
to be objective; and so far as M. Le Bon the massacre of the innocent, not as incom-
lapses from that attitude - which he does fre prehensible paradoxes, but as natural issues
quently and with satisfaction - he substitutes of cultivated ideals, and a reversion to raw
the Frenchman for the psychologist. To de nature made possible by subserviency and an
scribe the events as though they occurred underlying persistent imperviousness to the
upon the planet Mars between nations X and life of refinement and restraint which civiliza-
nations Y would suggest a fictitious objectiv- tion imposes. Such action is inferred to be
ity. None the less, to the psychologist it not inherently, or at least violently, antagon-
matters little who does what in this great war;
istic to the racial will, nor to the officially
his interpretation aims to be impersonal. Yet responsible wills which reflect even as they
he constantly consults his subjective “Who's count upon the folk-psychology. As corrobo-
Who among the Nations,” by which process rative evidence M. Le Bon cites the intellectual
alone he maintains a realistic touch. If the apologies for the war and its conduct, and the
task is impossible, there is no less credit in amazing doctrines of Teutonic megalomania ;
the attempt.
for all this is as significant a transformation
Consistently with his views upon social psy of the peaceful Teutonic psychology as that
chology, M. Le Bon ascribes great weight to
observable in the trenches. Clearly the psy
the "affective, collective and mystic forces, chologist has but one alternative: to hold
and the part they play in the life of nations." either that the war spirit can completely rev.
They sway sentiment and control action in the olutionize and unmake, or that the war spirit
economic activities of peace, and come to the can but release what the controlled life of
fore in other forms but with unaltered psy peace restrains. The charge in either case
chology in times of war. Racial tendencies, may be equally colossal and infernal, but M.
mob influences, cultivated ideals with a mystic Le Bon accepts the latter; for there is a limit
infusion are traceable in the psychic war to the affective, collective, and mystic in-
zones. They may not make war, but they are fluences, powerful as they are.
counted upon to support it, and they deter The psychology of the feelings and reactions
mine its conduct. The first and largest psy roused by the war in the several countries is
chological effect is the transformation that reviewed; the cumulative effect of a collective,
comes over the individual character when the all-absorbing occupation, obliterating social
collective national influence plays over it. distinctions and binding men in a new com-
This effect is by no means limited to, or even munity, is added to the racial genius and finds
best expressed in, the transformation of the composite expression. This is at once familiar


184
[March 8
THE DIAL
and not readily summarized. The psychology tion. Collective Germany is for the time mad.
of those officially responsible for the war offers No more convincing sign of this madness is to
a very different application of principles. The be found than in the pronouncements of intel-
inability of official Germany to understand lectuals, the persistent denial of unmistakable
the national psychology of other peoples, and evidence, the acceptance of delusions of
the mistakes of other nations in failing to special providence, and the host of minor irra-
gauge the effect of omissions and commissions tionalities that follow in their train. How the
are commented upon. This is a contribution restoration to sanity is to be accomplished is
to the psychology of diplomacy, of psycholog- not indicated.
ical strategy on an international scale.
In Doubtless the impression of such a review
so complex an application, much of the action is that M. Le Bon’s patriotism has run away
covers controversial ground. Admissions are with his judicial reserve; and that the French
affected by more than the personal unwilling- psychologist is finding consolation in a manner
ness to admit error; they involve motive, cal no more justified than that by which the Ger-
culation, the offset of policy and honor, the man philosopher finds vindication for his
prestige of nations, the fear of unfair advan- national ambitions. To remove that impres-
tage, the effect upon the morale of citizens, sion the reader must assume the responsibility
and all the complex conflicts between morality of a direct acquaintance with the whole of
and desire in the national drama. Really to M. Le Bon's argument. He will find it sat-
understand, to disentangle fact from fable, urated with loyalty, but not blindly; he will
and unearth deep-seated motives, one would find running through it a sanity of compre-
need at the least a psycho-analysis of the hension that may lead to irrelevance but not
responsible individuals and a frankness of to injustice; and he will observe a sincere
statement unknown in such circles.
objective intent. At the best the volume
Another set of considerations centres about suffers from a lack of singleness of purpose
the psychology of modern warfare; and this and from the desire to write at once a state-
material is readily treated with a fair objec- ment of a case and a psychological analysis.
tivity. M. Le Bon has interesting suggestions M. Le Bon and his readers are both too near
to offer upon the psychology of courage, the the canvas to gauge the proper effect. Upon
place of habit in deadening sensibility to suf the artist rests the greater responsibility. In
fering and sympathy alike, the intimate effect view of the peculiarly meagre contributions
of the trench life and the lack of opportunity that in any way illuminate the psychology of
which modern warfare presents for the de the war, and equally of the fact that so many
velopment of older types of pugnacity, the writers admit and emphasize that the psycho-
genesis of the hero, and the weaknesses of the logical causes are the significant ones, the
soldier.
essay of M. Le Bon attains an importance
The interest returns to as indeed it which his reputation presages and his per-
hardly leaves the psychological forces that formance confirms.
make war possible, the animosities, prejudices,
JOSEPH JASTROW.
differences of ideals, incompatibilities of tem-
perament that precipitate feuds and turmoils
in all relations, and become gigantic when
A BOOK OF MASKS.
written in the colossal proportions of modern
national clashes. What is really responsible
MEN OF LETTERS. By Dixon Scott.
With an
introduction by Max Beerbohm.
for them? How can they be avoided? Is
(George H.
Doran Co.; $2.)
civilization built upon a smouldering volcano,
which sooner or later must break through in
How these young Englishmen can write!
the eruption of war? Fundamentally this is
Wherein lies the explanation of that friendly
a question of the machinery for the political
richness of humor, that half-laughing, half-
control of national wills; yet equally is it a eager, wholly rejoicing cleverness of phrase,
question of the direction of national psychol- which so many of them know the trick of,
ogy. M. Le Bon believes that a relatively and which we Americans, of their generation,
slight change in sentiment would go far to are so without? Not that we imitate it; we
ensure security. He sees in no national ideal, cultivate assiduously another style, not a bit
except the German, any menace to interna less conscious, rather less robust; but we are
tional coöperation; and in his conciliatory hard where they are human, stiff instead of
mood, he concedes to the German an equal resilient.
possibility of attaining to the same attitude. Dixon Scott died on October 23, 1915, on a
He intimates — though not clearly — that the hospital ship near Gallipoli, whither he had
German people may promptly recover from gone as a Lieutenant in the Royal Field
what he pronounces to be a mental aberra- | Artillery. It is natural enough that readers


1917]
185
THE DIAL
but a
ure.
(and publishers) should halo the young man pasted on the poop (by which one only means
who having lived for letters dies for his coun the title on the cover), is to provide — not a
try; of course the case of Rupert Brooke triumphant imitation of high poopery,
recurs to memory. Brooke was a creative safe passage home to the reader's conscious-
artist; Scott is, to all appearances, a critic. ness and memory for the two noble personal-
That which I find most striking in Scott's ities it names, then it is surely perfectly evi-
work too, however, is its imaginative power. dent that if the event be judged honestly in
He too is a creator; a fictionist, if you will, the light of its own aims and terms we have
whose characters, named Shaw and Wells, and no option but to write it down a partial fail-
Kipling and Barrie, are as truly the children
And I could quote a dozen others not
of imagination as Becky Sharp or Boon. only from this essay but from that on Barrie
Boon is indeed an excellent example of what in the style of Barrie, that on Alice Meynell
I mean; I am glad I thought of Boon. Scott's in dainty Alice-blue. On the whole, however,
Shaw and Barrie and Kipling are, like Boon, Scott is chiefly Chestertonian in touch. But
not living men, though they pretend to be, he is always Dixon Scott in feeling - sweep-
but men who are alive. Shaw is not innocent, ingly, certainly, convincingly enthusiastic –
but when I read “The Innocence of Bernard the perfect friend.
Shaw” I accept him absolutely; Kipling is Of course his enthusiasm leads him into an
not meek, but in "The Meekness of Rudyard occasional excess. James, for example, wrote
Kipling" I find a delightful character; a man "prose probably unsurpassed since Shake-
I can love. Think of loving the real Rudyard! speare's,” and yet Scott is “soberly convinced
The light of Scott's imagination shines that the prose of Alice Meynell is absolutely
through those crimson pages till it throws the most perfect produced in our language
warm gules even upon the calculating breast for at least the last twenty years.” It led
of England's fiercest Jingo. All of these him into an excess of emphasis, indeed, on
characters of Scott's are lovable. Lamb said form in general. Sometimes he cannot see the
once that of all “the persons one would wish wood of his subject for the trees of technique.
to have met” he would choose Fulke Greville, But what is that excess of emphasis except
the friend of Sir Philip Sidney. Lamb gave the joy of the artist let loose? Dixon Scott
a whimsical reason; may not his actual reason had been a bank-clerk, and if he handles every
have been that Greville is remembered as a word like a coin, to judge its weight and fine-
friend? For that reason at least I should ness, and in so doing even forgets the total
like to have met Dixon Scott; for his amazing there is to pay, how admirably delicate are
friendliness. Keen, clever, spirited, and his fingers ! But as a rule that total remains
young, he sees nevertheless that which is very clear in his mind. His judgments may
sweet and fine in men, as most keen, clever, challenge some readers; me they merely
spirited young men cannot; sees even, as I fascinate. What do I care for another man's
say, what is not there, and from his vision view of Bernard Shaw? No more than when
builds a splendid figure.
I read “The Virginians” I care whether
Of course his method is to some extent of Thackeray's picture of Richardson is histori-
parodox, the Chestertonian. Turn inside outcally accurate or not. I want a figure to
the ordinary view, and you have the ground- | intrigue my imagination, and Dixon Scott has
work of your construction. The monotony of offered me a gallery.
this method, and one must say also the frank
JAMES WEBER LINN.
imitation of its style, are indeed Scott's chief
defects. Sentence after sentence in “Men of
Letters” might have proceeded from the fat THE NEUTRALITY OF BELGIUM.
man's pen.
It is Trafford meekly earning guineas by lectur BELGIUM AND THE GREAT POWERS. Her Neu-
ing because his wife has not studied Domestic trality Explained and Vindicated. By Emile
Economy who is monstrous and unreal; it is the Waxweiler, Director of the Solvay Institute of
airship falling out of heaven like a miracle that Sociology at Brussels. (G. P. Putnam's Sons;
observes the true modesty of nature. It is when $1.)
the novelist says “I know no more than you what
will happen, we are all children together that he
The Sunday following Italy's declaration of
is on the brink of making revelations.
war I spent at a Belgian château near Ant-
Sometimes I half believe Scott imitated werp. The news of the declaration of war
the phraseology of each man he wrote of came to us early in the evening, at the dinner
- there is a sentence, for instance, on page
hour in fact, and our host read it aloud to us
105, in the essay on Henry James, which is at the dinner table. His voice trembled as
pure James. "And since its avowed purpose, he read, and when he finished a long silence
as plainly specified in the charter-party | fell.


186
[March 8
THE DIAL
“Won't they propose a toast to Italy?” I Now from the first days of the reign of Leopold I.,
whispered to my vis-à-vis—like myself, a del the Sovereign and his Government had to impress
upon their minds this dominating fact: if they wanted
egate of the Commission for Relief in Bel-
to guarantee the life of the country, it was necessary
gium.
to give it a clearly independent position with regard
“I don't think so. Look at their faces," to the three Powers whose proximity surrounded it
he added.
with jealous influences. For Belgium the first con-
Not one at that table expressed pleasure
dition of life was the balance of power, not so much,
that a fresh power had enlisted on the side
say, neutrality, the formula of doctrine, as equilibrium,
the rule of action. Every tendency to favour one of
of the Allies ! Not a Belgian there and they
the Powers at the expense of the other two inclined
were all sincere patriots—but was thinking public opinion, by virtue of a true collective intuition,
of the deluge of human suffering and death in the contrary direction; every blow struck by one of
and destruction which Italy's entrance into
the Powers at the national sovereignty led to a clear
the danse macabre had loosed upon a new
understanding with the others. In the same way, a
mechanical system resting on three supports one of
quarter of the world. The toast to the suc-
which should happen to give way, would only be main-
cess of their new ally was never proposed. tained if it righted itself in the direction of the other
I am reminded of this incident on reading
two.
the late Emile Waxweiler's “Belgium and the Again, quoting from the official report of
Great Powers.” For those whose faith in the the army command, he explains that when
honor and good sense of publicists abroad the Belgian mobilization was called, and be-
British, French, and Italian, as well as Ger fore the German note of August 2nd was
man — has been shaken by the evidence of received, “the 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th divisions
the war, will find their faith restored by lis were placed respectively in each of the direc-
tening to this Belgian voice. Only a Belgian, tions from which danger could threaten Bel-
I think, and a Belgian in the territory seized gium:
by the Germans, could write with the heart “The 1st Division, or Flanders division,
breaking sanity and courage which this vol-
faced England;
ume shows. There is not one word of
“The 3rd Division, or Liège division, faced
Germany;
bitterness or cruelty in its pages. It is irre-
sistibly fair. It is no recapitulation of stale
“The 4th and 5th Divisions looked toward
France, the 4th being destined to face an
facts, however. Like "Belgium, Neutral and
Loyal,” it is news, much of which will aston-
attack upon Namur, the 5th an attack which
ish American readers.
should debouch from Maubeuge-Lille.'”
(The 2nd and 6th divisions and the cavalry
Now that Professor Waxweiler is dead, one
division remained at Antwerp and Brussels.)
may fitly sum up in a review of "Belgium,
So much for the accusation that Belgium
Neutral and Loyal” and “Belgium and the had already compromised her neutrality with
Great Powers” his service to his nation and
Great Britain and France.
to the world. Emile Verhaeren, the great I have cited these extracts from "Belgium
Belgian poet, one of the greatest poets of the and the Great Powers” because they show
nineteenth century, is dead, killed by a train Waxweiler's attitude of mind and his method.
at Rouen; Emile Waxweiler, the patient ex His quotations are often startling, they are
pounder of Belgian history, is also dead always interesting. His analysis is always
within the year; Désiré Joseph, Cardinal candid and just. He refuses to look on the
Mercier, the Catholic Primate of Belgium, civilized world as a chessboard for diplomats,
alone of this trinity of leaders still lives.
but equally he refuses to look at history as
Waxweiler's contribution was not the least
archives for devil's advocates. And when
made by these three men. He crystallized
books are forgotten, when the righteous, pas-
and placed in final form the evidence on
sionate poetry of Verhaeren is no longer
behalf of Belgium - a work which at the start
quoted, when Cardinal Mercier's noble pas-
toral letters are lost in dusty libraries, and
of the war had incalculable effect on his own
when the name of Waxweiler has vanished
nation as well as upon liberal minds through- from men's memories, let us hope that some-
out the world. But Waxweiler had his eye thing of his critical statesmanship will have
not merely on the present. He aimed at the
been built into the structure of the new and
future. That is why he denied himself the enduring Belgium and a more durable world.
luxury of anathema and stuck close to the That, I think, is a thing which will be and
facts. Note this statement regarding Belgian which must be.
neutrality:
EDWARD EYRE HUNT.


1917)
187
THE DIAL
PRIMITIVE MYTHOLOGY.
primitive customs and rituals which must
necessarily be reflected in them, lose all their
THE MYTHOLOGY OF ALL RACES. Vol. IX. meaning, since few of them, and least of all
Oceanic. By Roland B. Dixon. (Marshall
those of Oceania, can stand upon their pure
Jones Co.; by subscription.)
literary value. On the other hand, primitive
If primitive mythology is to be found any-
customs among these peoples, especially those
where, it would surely seem that it might be
of Australia, have remarkable interest in view
among the scattered islands of the Pacific
of their remote origins, as brought out by
Ocean. Yet, stretching behind even the myths Frazer in his work on Totemism. A study
from the most isolated and undisturbed cor-
of the relation of these customs to subsequent
ners of Oceania, one can see endless vistas of
slow human development, while in the most
myth developments would put into them a
evolved types of Polynesian cosmogony, for vitality which they sadly need.
example, it is difficult not to believe them the
Though Professor Dixon has not to our
expression of minds fully aware of modern
mind treated the subject in the most inspiring
theories of evolution, expressing itself in fashion possible, too much cannot be said
mythological symbols often of genuine poetic of his painstaking scholarship, according to
value.
his own lights. He has hedged himself about
Moreover, one has the conviction that the so carefully with scholarly doubts in connec-
more puerile myths often represent a de- tion with his own conclusions that there re-
generation from purer types of myth, rather sults an unbounded sense of confidence in his
than veritable primitive imagination. This judgment in those cases where he allows him-
might very well be, since, as Professor Dixon self to exercise it unrestrictedly.
emphasizes in the second volume to be issued
There are one or two aspects, especially of
of the "Mythology of All Races," there is a
the mythology of the Polynesian peoples,
bewildering composite of races in these islands, which single out these primitive islanders as
caused by migration upon migration from the
thinkers of no mean order. A scientific and
mainland, as well as migrations between the
philosophical bent of mind comes out in many
many clustering islands of this veritable
of their cosmogonic myths. This type is de-
island continent. This has, of course, resulted
fined by Professor Dixon as the genealogical
in the mingling of many forms of primitive
or evolutionary type. The essential elements
fancy. While this contact of race with race
brings about development, it must be ad-
of this form are summarized by him as fol-
mitted that it often tends to the coarsening of
lows:
the imagination, a good example of which is
In the beginning there was nothing but Po, a void
or chaos, without light, heat or sound, without form
to be found in the later mythology of India
or motion. Gradually vague stirrings began within
as compared with the songs of the “Rig the darkness, moanings and whisperings arose, and
Veda.”
then, at first, faint as early dawn, the light appeared
Though the mythology of Oceania turns out and grew until full day had come. Heat and moisture
next developed, and from the interaction of these ele-
upon investigation to be far from primitive, it
ments came substance and form, ever becoming more
has no such richness and variety as that of and more concrete, until the solid earth and overarch-
the North American Indian. We question, ing sky took shape and were personified as Heaven
however, whether a different treatment of the
Father and Earth Mother.
subject of Oceanic mythology might not have After Heaven Father and Earth Mother have
brought out more satisfactorily the very real been attained, their offspring are the phe-
fascination it possesses in some of its aspects, nomena of nature and the myriad gods.
as those who have read Lord Grey's "Poly The Polynesians had their creative myths
nesian Mythology” know. Professor Dixon as well as their evolutionary myths, and Pro-
states in his introduction that he will venture fessor Dixon is inclined to think these be-
upon no interpretation of any of the myths, longed to the genuine aborigines to whom a
and this determination is religiously adhered migrating race brought the remarkable evolu-
to, with the result that the reader finds him tionary type. Possibly there are traces of
self constantly longing for some illumi- Hindu influence in these. It has been stated
nating critical appreciations. These need that the distinctive characteristic of the Aryan
not necessarily be the turning of the mind is a belief in law or growth from within,
stories into solar or
lunar myths,
myths, or while that of the Semitic mind is a belief in
symbolical abstractions, as Professor Dixon external creation and revelation. If the re-
seems to think. He is quite right when he says verse of this were also true, namely, that
the danger here is very great, but primitive wherever you find the former, you may con-
myths cut off from any relationing to the clude there have been Aryan migrations and


188
[March 8
THE DIAL
influence, and wherever the latter, Semitic some type or types of stories peculiar to itself.
migrations and influence, primitive man For example, Deluge myths prevail among
might be divided into these two races, for the mountain tribes of Northern Luzon in
these two types of cosmogonic myths seem to the Philippines—a region which Professor
have existed side by side from time imme Dixon tells us was practically uninfluenced
morial. Probably they are both pre-Aryan by Islamic or Hindu culture. Here there are
and pre-Semitic. The types may even have always the sky and the sea to begin with, and
become fixed before our ancient emergence earth is made either in or on the sea. Again,
from our simian ancestors.
in Indonesia, trickster tales abound, some of
Of Polynesian mythic heroes, the most fasci-
them directly traceable to Buddhist sources
nating is Maui, who has a whole cycle of in India, and others evidently original though
legends attached to him with as many vari imitated from the Hindu tales.
ants as the mediæval tales of Arthur and his
In Australia, animal tales and stories of
Knights. His chief exploits were the fishing totemic ancestors are the prevalent types.
up of the land and the snaring of the sun About the origin of the world the Australians
both, it may be remarked, not at all distinctive have little to say, but upon the origin of man-
of Maui's skill, for many other primitive gods kind some of their myths are peculiarly in-
and demigods and animals have been recorded
teresting, for they seem to point to the earliest
as doing the same thing. But Maui has be form of the doctrine of reincarnation. Among
come fixed in our minds as the supreme primi certain tribes, to quote Professor Dixon, “the
tive type of sun-snarer, as Apollo represents belief is held that the totem ancestors of the
sun mythology at its utmost æsthetic and phil various clans come up out of the ground, some
osophic flowering. Maui was also a fire-
Maui was also a fire- being in human, some in animal shapes.
bringer. In fact, he was a culture hero who And ultimately they journeyed away beyond
not only gave his race the land on which they the confines of the territory known to the par-
lived, but discovered fire for them in the
ticular tribe, or went down into the ground
bowels of the earth. And evidently he flour again, or became transformed into a rock, tree,
ished so long ago that he assisted at the slow-
or some other natural feature of the land-
ing up of the earth's rotation on its axis, or scape. These spots then became centres from
perhaps the precession of the equinoxes, cer which spirit individuals, representing these
tainly suggested by the sun-snarer stories. ancestors, issued to be reincarnate in human
Again we seem to have extraordinary knowl beings." Here is an example of a myth whose
edge or intuition of actual scientific occur value would be immeasurably enhanced by
rences.
an account of the curious beliefs and customs
In Melanesia the primitive mind seems to from which it sprang. The idea of reincar-
have become sociological rather than cosmo nation so widespread in what has been called
logical, for here tales of culture heroes
the lowest type of man—the Australian Bush-
abound. The doings of these heroes are not, man-goes far to prove that even in his most
however, especially interesting, though the
savage state man was searching for God, and
recognition in these tales of the existence in
had already, even before he had discovered
social life of forces making for good and evil all the meanings of his physical existence, dis-
shows penetration if not esthetic imagination. covered his spirit.
The imagination of this region seems to ex-
These are mere glimpses of the more im-
press itself more interestingly in drawings portant material that may be found in the
than in tales. A native drawing of a sea
book, material which gives much food for
spirit shows a remarkable man-like creature
thought to those who are interested in re-
with a fish for its head, and fishes for its hands ligious and scientific origins. The notes are
and feet, while decorations of seaweed sprout
entirely of a bibliographical character and,
from its knees and elbows. There is also a
along with the very full bibliography, are of
delightful female bogy, called a dogai. She
inestimable value to the special student. As
looks as if she might be a goddess of vegeta-
tion, and not at all a fearsome person to meet.
in the previous volume, the illustrations are
of the first order of interest. They are gen-
Yet she was slain, and became a group of
stars, of which Altair is one.
erally of religious objects of some sort which
It will be found upon comparison of the
evince a ghoulish type of imagination, rival-
different divisions of Oceania that, while the
ling the gargoyles of Gothic art or the sculp-
mythology as a whole presents many elements
tures of the Futurist school.
of resemblance, each region seems to develop
HELEN A. CLARKE.


1917)
189
THE DIAL
RECENT FICTION.
unless it offered him something in the doing
that was fine. Some, perhaps, would merely
BITTERSWEET. By Grant Richards. (Dodd,
try to find something that was exciting. Mr.
Mead & Co.; $1.40.)
Richards here shows his restraint; there is no
THORGILS. By Maurice Hewlett. (Dodd, Mead commonplace excitement as to whether the
& Co.; $1.35.)
man will be found out, as to whether his wife
THE STREET OF THE BLANK WALL. By Jerome will know. There is no conventional senti-
K. Jerome. (Dodd, Mead & Co.; $1.35.)
ment about the man's ruining himself by the
Some time ago Mr. John Lane, in an inter- extravagances of his mistress. He spent a
view with a Canadian newspaper man, pre- good deal of money, but his recklessness did
dicted “the death of decadence in British
not bring him to ruin. No; it is merely the
fiction and in British literature generally” story of the intrigue, and of course one will
as one of the results of the war.
That was
guess that the only thing that can make such
an interesting view, for Mr. Lane has known
an intrigue interesting is the figure of the
literature well for a long time, and whatever
woman. She may be so fine that one forgets
he thinks about it is likely to be of value. all else.
Just what he meant by “decadence” was It is not a novel idea that there is often
probably clearer to one who read the whole good in evil surroundings. That ignoble
interview than it is in a mere phrase. I sup world that may be found elsewhere,' as well
pose he had in mind a quality which was
as in Paris, includes not a few people who
more common in the literature of the nineties
are probably good and kind in the common
than it is to-day, Mr. Grant Richards's story walks of life, even though their means of
“Bittersweet” reminds one of that period, in livelihood is a sordid pandering to something
which some, at least, of the writers of the day that is evil and cruel. It may hold natures
prided themselves more upon a “decadent” that are capable of greater nobility than we
quality in their work than upon certain
are apt to see in our everyday existence.
sturdier virtues. The word was first used in
The Salvation Army would possibly find more
France and there was more of the quality in generosity in a saloon than in a country-club.
the France of that day than there was in Illona, the dancer, is the figure that makes
England. There is less of that sort of thing such a tale possible.
such a tale possible. She is of the temper
now in French literature and in French life. that led Julia to write to Juan that love was
The new century made a difference, and the of man's life a thing apart, but woman's
war has made more. There is less, too, in whole existence. Illona loves Gervase Blun-
English literature and life.
dell as Julia loved. But she has another
It is decadent (if one is to use the word) feeling, too; she loves him so much that,
to fix one's mind upon what is ignoble, and when she sees his boy, she feels that she must
to render it in artistic form. Mr. Richards give him up, even though she must make him
knows that much of his subject is ignoble, forget her to do it.
but I suppose he thinks that much is fine,
Such things might make a really fine figure,
and that the fine things can be seen only one an artist might want to render. People
by seeing also the ignoble surroundings.
may doubt its realism, but then many people
“Serious fiction,” say the publishers --- and know little of Illona's world, and so cannot
rightly,— "of unusual distinction, a fine piece be good judges there. Yet, fine or not, real-
of realism done by an artist with an artist's istic or not, even Illona does not take from
restraint.” All true enough, and yet the the book the quality once called decadent.
book is not sufficiently fine to make one for Why write of such things! There are charm-
get the rather too sordid substance. This is ing things in the book; the fresh and lovely
the story of an average English merchant
country of Savoy is very different from the
who loves his wife and children, but who loves close night restaurants of Paris; Illona had
still more, or at least more fiercely, a girl much that was charming about her, even if
who dances at the night restaurants in Paris. Gervase had much that was mean. But the
He loves her and leaves her, sees her once lasting impression - and that is the thing
more, loves her and again leaves her. This
that counts — is unspeakably sordid.
time it seems to be for good, and he goes back Mr. Maurice Hewlett is not decadent and
to his wife and children. So far there is little
never was, even though “Earthwork Out of
to attract the artist — such cases are not un Tuscany" came in the nineties. He has writ-
common in our day; but, common or not, it ten much since then, and it has been his
would take a very thoroughgoing realist to fancy or his will to write things of very dif-
think such a story worth chronicling. All ferent kinds. Perhaps it is decadent in a
that is but the kind of vulgar intrigue which more refined sense to wish to appear always
the novelist would hardly want to touch in protean guise - to vary one's personality,


190
[March 8
THE DIAL
It may
as they used to say in the nineties. The “Art is adjectival, is it not, O Donatello ?”
greatest writers seem to think little of how There are very few adjectives in “Thorgils.”
they do things, and so they are always them- But Mr. Hewlett would say that “adjectival”
selves. So, at least, it seems to us. To the was but a figure, that art gets and gives its
Elizabethan playgoer it may be that Shake qualities in different ways.
speare seemed always trying experiments, as It is not so very important whether “Bitter-
he passed from “Love's Labour's Lost” to sweet” be decadent or whether “Thorgils” be
“The Comedy of Errors" and then to not. Each is a well-written book, but neither
“A Midsummer Night's Dream,” and so on, is a book that gives much idea of that renas-
through the stately pageant that seems to us cence of which Mr. Lane spoke to his Cana-
so obviously woven out of the same wonder dian friends. Mr. Lane thinks that the war
ful stuff. It may be that Shakespeare him- will bring a period of virility in which Canada
self liked to vary the masks through which he will play her part. Mr. Richards's story has
looked upon the world as much as Gerhart virility of a certain sort and Mr. Hewlett's
Hauptmann. However that may be, Maurice has virility of another sort, though probably
Hewlett has written stories of many kinds, neither has the fresh power that Mr. Lane
and the last kind he has chosen to write is a had in mind. I should hardly think that
story after the fashion of the Icelandic saga “virility” was the thing needed in English
the first and, it may well be, the greatest real- fiction; reality, feeling for beauty, penetra-
istic fiction of Europe. They are great things, tion beneath the hulls and coverings of life,-
those old tales of everyday life, and they are these would seem to me more important
told in a great way. Mr. Hewlett has the idea things.
of it — the simplicity, the directness, the Mr. Jerome K. Jerome does not have so
strength. It is only in the refined sense that much of those qualities that we hail him at
one could call such work decadent.
once as a great man, but he does have some-
be the sign of a decadent art when one is thing of them.
His new collection, “The
able so absolutely to adopt the manner of Street of the Blank Wall” (named from the
another. Of late it has been said that Mr. first story, which has no connection even in
Hewlett is losing his power, but it is hardly idea with the rest of the book), is made up
losing one's power to write as he writes in of half a dozen stories that show as many
“Thorgils."
different qualities. One of them is little
The book tells the story of Thorgils of more than a sketch out of real life, a short
Treadholt from the time of his birth to the and pathetic idyll which may easily be
time of his death, of how he loved when he 'founded on fact." Another is a fairy-story
could and fought when he had to, of how he of modern life, frankly impossible I should
lived in Iceland, went to Greenland, came say, except that Mr. Jerome hardly seems to
home, and finally died. Mr. Hewlett tells
Mr. Hewlett tells consider so slight a matter. Between the
only the important things and makes no fuss | realism and the fantasy come a murder mys-
even over them. There are no descriptions, or tery, a rendering of the passage of souls from
conversations, or character studies. That is body to body, and an extravaganza clearly
certainly a very different sort of writing from meant to give something that is pretty true.
"Richard Yea-and-Nay” or “The Queen's Mr. Jerome's stories show us, in little, a
Quair,” and people nowadays will not like number of things that English fiction can do
it so well. Yet, like it or not, the result is without trying to keep up the strain of Mr.
much the same; out of the book there emerges George Moore and Mr. Grant Richards, and
a pretty definite figure. A great novelist can without trying the various experiments with
do more in kind; he can leave a dozen or a the past that Mr. Hewlett seems to enjoy so
score of definite figures ; Dickens and Thack- much. All these stories are in veins that
eray did, as a rule. But it is something to have been cultivated by others, sometimes at
leave even one. And as one goes on and on greater length and with greater success,
in this rather bare chronicle of action, one usually with less. The last year has offered
does feel that the figure of a man emerges, us fantasies, extravaganzas, tales of metemp-
a pretty clearly seen person. Rather more sychosis, detective stories, sketches of daily
clearly, I should say, than Gunnar who fell sentiment. In all these different forms Mr.
in with that attractive girl who had been Jerome writes with sincerity, with feeling for
married to the God Frey, of whom Mr. reality, with some insight into the deeper pos-
Hewlett told a year or so ago. Mr. Hewlett sibilites of life, with a feeling for what is
never would do what people wanted; he lovely as well as of good report. And that
always wants his own way. He likes to write sort of thing is in itself good, better, I should
sagas, and so he does. One thing I might say, say, than a striving for virility.
however: Mr. Hewlett is the man who wrote
EDWARD E. HALE.


1917]
191
THE DIAL
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS,
indestructible. It possesses more of the attributes
of a legal tender than anything else except gold,
COTTON AS A WORLD POWER: A Study in the
and no other product of human hands is so widely
Economic Interpretation of History. Ву
exported. So careful is the author to develop his
James A. B. Scherer. Frederick A. Stokes
background that at times the work becomes prac-
Co.; $2.
tically a general economic history. Especially is
this true of the period before Whitney's invention
Sixty years ago a large number of southern
leaders had convinced themselves that “Cotton is
of the cotton gin. The latter part, which deals
with cotton as a really important economic force,
King” an economic force against which hostile
influences could not prevail.
is better proportioned. Contrary to the generally
The Civil War
accepted American view, the author does not be-
proved that Cotton was not King, though the
lieve that the southern states will remain undis-
fleecy staple showed a mighty strength. The ex-
traordinary developments of the last quarter-
turbed in their monopoly of cotton production.
New cotton fields are being developed in every
century have again brought cotton to the front as
the most important single crop produced. Gold
continent, but the European War has probably
made the South safe for a long time. The book
excepted, its influence is the most far spread, the
is well worthy of its title. It is a notable study
most international of all concrete economic forces.
in history and economics and at times rises to the
It was the suddenly magnified importance of cot-
ton caused by the European War which induced
grade of literature. Other than two small volumes
for children it is the only treatise on the subject
Dr. Scherer, who had long been interested in the
of such a nature that the general reader will find
subject, to publish this work. The author, now
a college president in California, lived, when a
pleasure in reading it.
youth, in the cotton country; he has travelled
widely where cotton is grown or used and his
THE FOUNDATIONS OF GERMANY. By J. Ellis
reading covers the entire literature of the subject.
Barker. Dutton; $2.50.
This book of 450 pages covers in 75 short chapters
Mr. J. Ellis Barker, as one of the most compe-
the history of cotton from its very earliest men-
tent authorities on certain phases of German
tion to the crop of 1915 — from the myths of the economic life, is sure of a circle of interested
“Vegetable Lamb of Tartary” (half animal, half
readers for his most recent book. The author,
plant) to the latest long staple of the Imperial though a
though a German by birth, is a naturalized
Valley in California. Among other influences
Englishman and an ardent partisan of Anglo-
exerted by cotton, attention is called to the way
Saxon political ideals. The present volume is
it fastened upon the South negro slavery and the
totally distinct from his “Modern Germany,” of
plantation system, free trade ideals, and conserva-
which a fifth and greatly enlarged edition was
tism, both social and political; to the sectional
published last year. It is by no means of equal
divergence caused by the rapid development of its importance with his earlier work, being chiefly
power; to its part, both American and interna made up of unrevised magazine articles, as a con-
tional, in the history of the Civil War; and to its sequence of which the material has the double
effect in drawing women and children into fac-
defect of being heterogeneous and at the same time
tories. The proposition is advanced that the repetitious.
repetitious. The most valuable portion of the
South might have made a more effective use of
book is a sort of appendix which gives in the
its cotton during the Civil War by assuming
original French five important state papers of
control of the entire supply and using it as a
Frederick the Great, who is, in the author's esti-
basis of foreign credit. The author should have mation, the real maker of the German Empire
made it clearer that the white man of the New and the great prototype of modern Prussian
South in competition with the free negro has a
aggression.
much larger part in making the cotton crop than
had his grandfather in competition with negro ESSAYS IN WAR TIME. By Havelock Ellis.
slavery. Interesting as the long history of cotton Houghton Mifflin; $1.50.
is, the most striking facts which the author sets Mr. Ellis always writes with definiteness and
forth are those of its present-day influence. For clarity. The war has naturally shaped his con-
the last ten years the value of the world's cotton
temporary interests. War, morality, eugenics,
has been greater than its production of gold and feminism, social problems, the birth-rate form the
silver for the same time. The annual export of shifting centres of interest of the several essays,
raw cotton from the United States amounts to The biological defence of war is demolished, and
twenty-six per cent of all exports and exceeds in a timely analysis of the actual part it plays in
value the total of the next four great groups, the modern world is set forth. This confused
iron and steel, meat and dairy products, copper, realm, wherein partisan prejudices freely disport
and breadstuffs,- and yet forty per cent of the themselves, is restored to a scientific sanity of
crop is manufactured in the United States. It vision. In discussing the relations of the sexes,
takes the place of gold in international exchanges Mr. Ellis reënforces his earlier conclusions by
and enables the United States to maintain a favor newer evidence, utilizing the part played by woman
able trade balance, since its annual export value in the war, under stress of unusual circumstances.
is almost exactly the amount due to Europe by The limitations as well as possibilities of eugenic
the United States. It is the only crop all of provisions indicate that the control of the future
which is sold by the producer, and it is practically generations is one of the vital matters now at


192
[March 8
THE DIAL
issue. As an older advocate of birth-control, Mr. defences than the dubious interpretations here as-
Ellis now comes to his own and appeals for a sembled. The maintenance of a sex antagonism
campaign of enlightenment. In his view of the
In his view of the such as is here vindicated forms an argument in
marriage relation Mr. Ellis is fairly radical, as the hands of those who oppose the too rapid
judged by the entrenched morality which he calls assumption of responsibility on the part of
upon to defend itself. In the course of the eugenic women. What is valuable in the work is its in-
argument the relation of quality to quantity is sistence upon the qualities used by civilization
made prominent. The fallacy of an unchecked which owe their strength to the feminine nature.
birth-rate as a national asset is argued. The fal As a general contribution to the “woman question,”
lacy of associating genius with defect likewise the book is pernicious.
receives attention. Thus the sheaf of essays is
bound by a continuity of interest and a consist THE CONFESSIONS OF A HYPHENATED AMER-
ency of point of view which may be described
ICAN. By Edward A. Steiner. Revell; 50 cts.
as a scientific radicalism, challenging the estab-
That the hyphen should be regarded as a wed-
lished beliefs when these rest upon tradition rather
ding-ring and not as a symbol of divorce is the
than upon cogent argument and experience.
contention of Dr. Edward A. Steiner. Dr. Steiner,
for instance, is an Austro-American; that is to
SPANISH EXPLORATION IN THE SOUTHWEST,
say, he was born in Austria,- an unescapable
1542-1706. By H. G. Bolton. Scribner; $3.
fact; but he has been an American by choice and
From diplomatic origins to the pioneer annals adoption for some thirty years and, having worked
of exploration stretches a gap of nearly two cen his way up from alien to citizen, he gives this
turies. But Professor Bolton's carefully edited country his undivided allegiance. A visit to
volume in the “Original Narratives of Early Amer Vienna arouses no patriotic thrill in his breast.
ican History” series touches another phase of the “I have,” he says, “nothing but loathing for this
same general field. The present volume comes from foul and unthinkable war, for I have lived where it
another important workshop in what we may call was bred, and I have watched the dastardly and
“Our Hispanic Hinterland. The narratives of ex damnable process. A generation of men was be-
ploration that he presents in original text, though gotten and trained to be fodder for cannon and
not in facsimile, begin with the voyage of Cabrillo to walk joyously into that hell.” In this admirable
(1542), and end with the journey of Father Kinó little book, which is the reprint of a lecture deliv-
in 1710. These sixteen decades contain no such ered before the League for Political Education in
striking events as marked the wonderful half-cen New York City, he pleads that the hyphen should
tury ushered in by Columbus, but there is the same be regarded as the simple expression of a natural
exhibition of heroic devotion and sacrifice. By such fact, and that the part before the hyphen should
deeds as these early explorers and missionaries per not be emphasized either for exaltation or for
formed was Spain's colonial empire expanded and reprobation.
a picturesque background prepared for our more
prosaic occupancy. Professor Bolton's work fol-
THE BOOK OF Boston. By Robert Shackle-
lows that of Hodge and Lewis in the same series. ton. Penn Publishing Co.; $2.
His field extends from California to Texas. A full
Anecdote, tradition, bits of history and biog-
third of his documents, which are typical rather raphy, passages of description, and paragraphs of
than exhaustive, now appear in print for the first
time, while another third were previously available
personal impression - all these combine agreeably
in the making of “The Book of Boston," by Mr.
only in Spanish. Technically his work as an editor
Robert Shackleton. A lively wit and gentle humor
approaches perfection. The text of the narrative
are also manifest in these rambling chapters about
is accompanied by a wealth of information, backed
Boston's rambling streets and other characteristic
by copious references. An original map and fac-
features. Boston Common appropriately claims
similes of two contemporary ones add greatly to
first place in the author's delineation of the city's
this valuable study.
historic haunts; and then, by a natural association
of ideas, comes Boston Preferred, on the old and
THE SEXES IN SCIENCE AND HISTORY. By aristocratic Beacon Hill section of the town. In
Eliza Burt Gamble. Putnam; $1.50.
this chapter the observation is made that “Boston
This is a revised edition of “The Evolution of goes to sleep early, and Beacon Hill goes even
Woman,” published in 1894. The revision is con earlier than does the rest of the city. And, the
fined mainly to the beginning and the end of the people once in bed, it takes a good deal to rouse
book. The intermediate portions, consisting of them." But present-day Boston is not so puri-
statements of the position of woman in prehis- tanical as the author would have us believe; the
toric times and throughout the ages, may stand. police-court records offer sad proof to the con-
The sub-title, “An Inquiry into the Dogma of trary. Mr. Shackleton finds Boston a woman's
Woman's Inferiority to Man," indicates the bias city; a less courteous writer might have desig-
of the work, which has not yielded in the twenty nated it an old maid's city. A few outlying towns
years nor adjusted itself to the actual facts of historic note are favored with more than brief
as biologically or socially interpreted. A work mention; in fact, the reader is invited as far
of this kind serves few useful purposes and afield as Salem and Plymouth and Provincetown.
does many a disservice to the cause which it pre Good photogravures and drawings, with a colored
sents. The position of woman has far stronger frontispiece, enrich and embellish the book.


1917]
193
THE DIAL
NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES.
Books for Workers in Words
The Editors will be pleased to answer inquiries or
to render to readers such services as are possible.
The Desk Standard Dictionary
Biggest abridged dictionary. 80,000 words defined.
Nearly 1000 pages. Cloth $1.50, indexed $1.80. Half
Leather, indexed $2.25. Full Flexible Morocco, indexed
$5.00.
English Grammar Simplified
By JAMES C. FERNALD. A modern, easily understood,
yet dependable treatise. 75c net; by mail 83c.
The Dictionary of Grammar
By JAMES A. HENNESY. Grammar facts arranged for
alphabetical reference. Cloth 35c; Leather 65c, postage
2c extra.
Three Books By F. H. Vizetelly, LL.D., Litt.D.
Essentials of English Speech
The origin and growth of the language and its literature.
$1.50 net; by mail $1.62.
25,000 Words Frequently Mispronounced
Indicating preferences of current dictionaries. $1.50 net;
by mail $1.62.
Preparation of Manuscripts for the Printer
Fifth revised edition. 75c postpaid.
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers
354-60 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y.
Many rare works on the history of the Catholic
church in America figured among the seven hun-
dred and fifty odd books composing the library of
the late Charles G. Herberman, when it was sold
at the Anderson Galleries, New York City, Feb-
ruary 19 and 20. Their owner was professor of
the Latin Language and Literature in the College
of the City of New York and Editor-in-Chief of
the Catholic Encyclopædia. Professor Herber-
man's bookshelves reflected his scholarly interests
in old and modern editions of the classical authors,
in a profusion of philological and historical liter-
ature by no means confined to the records of
Greece and Rome, and in capital works on ancient
and modern art. He did not permit a brave array
of the well-known works of Cruttwell, Drumann,
Duchesne, Friedländer, Grote, Lanciani, Dean
Merivale, Mommsen, Perrot, Chipiez, and Sandys
to exclude a facsimile edition of the purple gos-
pels of Rossano, the “Confessions of Saint
Augustine, Leon Gautier's fine bilingual edition of
the “Chanson de Roland,” which was printed at
Tours when King William, Bismarck, and General
Moltke were spreading themselves in the Royal
Palace of Versailles, the "Despatches" of Her-
nando Cortés to Emperor Charles V on his adven-
tures in Mexico, or that gifted highwayman Roger
O'Connor's “Chronicles of Erin.” If W. H.
Mallock's polished version of passages on life and
death from Lucretius, in the metre of FitzGerald's
Omar Khayyam, happened to shock an orthodox
collaborator (although Mallock was always a Cath-
olic of the Catholics), Herberman was able to
hand him a facsimile of the “De imitatione Christi”
in the handwriting of Thomas à Kempis himself.
A second edition of Milton's Paradise Lost, 12mo
(London, 1674), was formerly owned by the Lenox
Library, whose “Duplicate" stamp appears on the
verso of its title-page. A first edition of Dr.
Johnson's immortal "Dictionary” (London, 1755),
contains curious definitions which he suppressed in
the later editions. Jaffe's “Regesta Pontificum
Romanorum” runs from St. Peter to A. D. 1198,
while Thomas Hughes's “History of the Society of
Jesus in North America" (Cleveland, 1908) covers
the Colonial and Federal periods. Other volumes
that betrayed the breadth of Herberman's erudition
were a Spanish account of the Philippine Archi-
pelago by a number of Jesuit fathers, the English
version by John Adams of Ulloa's famous voyage
to South America (London, 1807), Francis Park-
man's “The Old Régime in Canada” (Boston,
1885), and Fitzgerald's “Highest Andes” (London,
1899). How many of us remember Ulloa's dis-
covery of platinum?
A black-letter edition of Pliny's "Natural His-
tory” in Italian, 288 leaves folio instead of 294,
Piero (Venice, 1481), and Tarsia's Italian trans-
lation of Ruy Lopez, with woodcuts (Venice, 1584),
bring us back to fine specimens of early printing.
The first half of the Herberman library, ending
at Ireland, brought $1152.50. Conspicuous bid-
ders and prices were as follows: The Metropol-
The appeal of
the "little” book-
WINNING OUT
By CHARLES H. STEWART
Cloth, 12mo, 100 pages, $0.75. Published
February 28th.
If you have found your most cherished faiths
shattered by the world war-if you are begin-
ning to believe that civilization is all a vast
pretense—then this is the book for you to read.
It shows that, despite many indications of the
contrary, the good in human nature is slowly,
but surely, winning out. It is a sound, well-
reasoned book and a cheery one.
BROWN-EYED SUSAN
By GRACE IRWIN
Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo, 110 pages, $0.75.
Published February 28th.
A modern love story of life as it is lived
in the great average in this country, a story
of homely interests and longings, told with a
rare humor and charm.
“Books just the size
to hold"
THE LITTLE BOOK PUBLISHER
ARLINGTON
NEW JERSEY


194
[March 8
THE DIAL
TUBLISHENS
POUNSELLERS
MCLURG
BOOKS ELLERO
TUROTO
1
Cam-
99
“I visited with a natural rapture the
largest bookstore in the world."
See the chapter on Chicago, page 43, “Your
United States,” by Arnold Bennett
It is recognized throughout the country
that we earned this reputation because we
have on hand at all times a more complete
assortment of the books of all publishers than
can be found on the shelves of any other book-
dealer in the entire United States. It is of
interest and importance to all bookbuyers to
know that the books reviewed and advertised
in this magazine can be procured from us with
the least possible delay. We invite you to
visit our store when in Chicago, to avail your-
self of the opportunity of looking over the
books in which you are most interested, or to
call upon us at any time to look after your
book wants.
itan Museum of Art, Albert Kuhn's “Allgemeine
Kunstgeschichte," with 5572 illustrations, hun-
dreds of them in colors, 6 vols. 40, cloth, Einsie-
deln, 1909, $30; the Library of Congress, Dugdale
and Dodsworth's "Monasticon Anglicanum," an
elaborate account of the old Catholic monasteries
of England down to their dissolution, with the
fine plates by Wenzel Hollar, 3 vols. folio, gilt
panel calf and gilt edges (London, 1655-73), $32;
G. E. Stechert, bookseller, New York, the
bridge Modern History” planned by Lord Acton,
12 vols. royal 8vo, gilt cloth, etc., uncut (London,
1903-10), $25.50; G. D. Smith, bookseller, New
York, The Holy Bible, translated from the Latin
Vulgate and first published by the English Col-
leges at Rheims and Douay (1582 and 1609), map
4to full roan (Philadelphia, 1805), with autograph
entries by its sometime owner, John Carroll, Arch-
bishop of Baltimore, $20.
Inscribed books by nineteenth century authors-
Part IV of the library of James Carleton Young
of Minneapolis—are to be sold in three sessions
March 12 and 13 at the Anderson Galleries, New
York. There are 813 lots to be disposed of and
the autographs range from that of Prudhomme to
that-in English-of Natsume.
The executors of the estate of the late Samuel
H. Austin of Philadelphia have directed that his
collections of arms, Oriental objects, autograph
manuscripts, illustrated books, and rare first edi-
tions be placed on sale at the auction rooms of the
American Art Association in the near future.
The arms collection numbers nearly four hundred
specimens, all in prime condition. The library is
rich in first editions of standard nineteenth cen-
tury English authors. The most notable of the
Dickens group is a first edition of the “Pickwick
Papers” in the original detached numbers, as is-
sued. Mr. Eckel, the author of the Dickens bib-
liography, ranks it as the most perfect copy he
has met. Other works by Dickens are also largely
in the original numbers. Under Thackeray, the
first edition of “Vanity Fair" in numbers is
accompanied by two of the original drawings made
by the author for that novel, and there is a mis-
cellany of written autograph material by the great
novelist. The thirteen-page manuscript of a play
founded on the story of Mary Ancel is attributed to
1840 or thereabouts.
John B. Gough, the temperance lecturer, formed
a close friendship with George Cruikshank, who
presented Gough with quantities of his illustration
plates and volumes, and with over two hundred
original drawings. Sixteen of these are inserted in
Combe's “Life of Napoleon.” There is an Ireland's
“Life of Napoleon," the first volume that Cruik-
shank illustrated, with 100 plates of extra-
illustration inserted. “German Popular Stories"
by the Brothers Grimm, with Cruikshank's pictures
(1823-26), is a bibliophile's copy. Cruikshank is
indeed the pièce de résistance of the projected
sale, in which 4200 examples of his workmanship
will change hands.
The auction is billed for mid-April, and a cat-
alogue is in preparation.

Special Library Service
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in this special branch of the book business,
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Library Department and Wholesale Offices:
330 to 352 East Ohio Street
Chicago


1917]
195
THE DIAL
NOTES AND NEWS.
16
Harold J. Laski
Studies in the Problem
of Sovereignty
an-
nounces
Readers of The Dial already know Mr. Laski's
ability to take a subject obscure to all but a small
group of scholars and shed such an arc-light of
clear thought upon it that it becomes comprehen-
sible and — more than that — interesting to all
intelligent readers.
In this new book he discusses the nature of the
State in the light of certain great events in the
nineteenth century, and the political views of men
who, like Newman and Manning, Bismarck and
De Maistre, shaped the course of ecclesiastical
history in the last three generations, showing that
the political problem which they had to solve is
an eternal one and indicating the change in em-
phasis given to it in the course of modern history.
Price $2.50 net, postpaid
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
209 Elm Street
280 Madison Avenue
New Haven, Conn.
New York City
79
A March publication of Messrs. Henry Holt &
Co. is “Treasure," by Gertrude S. Matthews, which
is described as a hybrid between travel and novel."
Mr. Laurence J. Gomme announces that the
price of Braithwaite's "Anthology of Magazine
Verse for 1916” has been raised from $1.50 to
$1.75.
The “Manual for Girls” and the “Manual for
Boys" have been issued recently by Messrs.
Doubleday Page & Co. for the Woodcraft League
of America.
The best of the work of the late Luther D.
Bradley, cartoonist for the last seventeen years on
the “Chicago Daily News," has been issued in an
attractive book by the Rand McNally Co.
The American Scandinavian Foundation
a gift of three thousand dollars from
Mr. Charles S. Peterson of Chicago to guarantee
the publication of the “Scandinavian Classics”
for 1917-18.
“The Immigrant and the Community,” by Grace
Abbott, is announced for early publication by the
Century Co. Miss Abbott is a resident of Hull
House and a director of the Immigrants' Pro-
tective League.
Volume 1 of "A Short History of Rome," by
Guglielmo Ferrero and Corrado Barbagallo, is to
be published in April by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. The translation from the Italian is by
George Chrystal.
The story of the remarkable weaver girl, Mary
Slessor, is told in “The White Queen of Okoyong,
just published by the George H. Doran Čo. A
new edition of an earlier book, “Mary Slessor of
Calabar, was brought out at the same time.
“The Little Book Publisher” announces “Win-
ning Out," by Charles H. Stewart, and “Brown-
Eyed Susan,” by Grace Irwin, as the first two
publications of this new company, whose purpose
is “to bring out a line of little books to sell for
under a dollar-novels, poetry, religion, every-
thing, in fact."
The Houghton Mifflin Co. will bring out the
following fiction in March: "Pip," by Ian Hay;
“The Phoenix,” by Constance M. Warren; “Edith
Bonham,” by Mary Hallock Foote; “Nothing Mat-
ters," by Sir Herbert Tree; “The Road to Under-
standing,” by Eleanor H. Porter, and “The
Triflers," by Frederick Orin Bartlett.
Announcements for early spring publication by
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons include: “The
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THE DIAL
A fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information:
Vol. LXII
MARCH 22, 1917
No. 738
WILFRID WILSON GIBSON.
CONTENTS.
.
.
.
WILFRID WILSON GIBSON. William Aspen-
wall Bradley
223
CASUAL COMMENT
226
For the preservation of French art.- The
fate of the Tauchnitz reprints.—"The Scar-
let Letter" with the scarlet washed out.-
Stevenson's posthumous poetry.—Emotional
hysterics.-A cause of diminished book-
sales.—Truncated titles.-A question of
authorship.—The dollar in literature.-Joy
in booksellers' catalogues.--The poet as
professor.–A denial of copyright violation.
COMMUNICATIONS
229
A Centre of Historical Research. St. George
L. Sioussat.
"The Golden Fleece." Harry B. Kennon.
Tamayo y Baus. William Dallam Armes.
A Note on Free Verse. F.
The Winds of Song. John L. Hervey.
AN EVANGEL OF NEW LIFE. H. M. Kallen 233
EMBRACING THE REALITIES. Henry B.
Fuller
237
A MODERN MIND. Randolph Bourne
239
POLAND UNDER THE HEEL. T. D. A.
Cockerell
240
A NEW STUDY OF WORDSWORTH. Garland
Greever
242
THE BAYS OF WAR. Hamilton Fish Arm-
strong
243
AN AMERICAN OBLOMOV. Van Wyck
Brooks
244
A NEW FRENCH BOOK. Richard Aldington 245
NOTES ON NEW FICTION
246
Lydia of the Pines.-The Middle Pasture.-
The Gay Life.-The Man Next Door.-Our
Next-Door Neighbors.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
247
A Woman and the War.–Oguri Hangwan
Ichidaiki.-One Hundred Best Books.—The
Primates of the Four Georges.-Poverty and
Social Progress.-French Policy and the
American Alliance of 1778.—The Pleasures
of an Absentee Landlord, and Other Essays.
-Early Life and Letters of General (Stone-
wall) Thomas J. Jackson.—The Founder of
American Judaism.-Everyman's World.-
Philosophy and War.-Paul Verlaine. His
Absinthe-Tinted Song.–The Long Road of
Woman's Memory.-History of the Working
Classes in France.
NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES
253
NOTES AND NEWS.
SPRING ANNOUNCEMENT LIST
256
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
274
Mr. Walter de la Mare has recently re-
ferred, not without a touch of irony, to those
poets — he is himself one — who, having
grown up in the service of the good Queen
Victoria, awoke suddenly one morning to find
themselves — “Georgians.” Thus it is with
Mr. de la Mare's friend and fellow-craftsman,
Mr. Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, who happens also
to be in this country for the first time this
winter, and whose new book, "Livelihood,"
has just been published by Macmillans. Ever
since the appearance, in 1910, of “Daily
Bread,” Mr. Gibson has been regarded, with
justice, as one of the main supports of the
“new poetry" movement in England, sharing
with Mr. John Masefield the distinction
of having achieved popularity as a "story-
telling” poet, but making a quite individual
and unique appeal as the sympathetic
interpreter, more or less from the "inside,"
of the gray and sombre tragedies in the
lives of the working classes. Yet Mr.
Gibson is not a "new poet” at all, strictly
speaking. For a full decade before “Daily
Bread” was issued, he had been publishing
verse, and he already had seven volumes to his
credit when that work appeared. But so com-
plete a change occurred in his way of looking
at life as material for poetic treatment toward
the end of that decade, that the earlier
books, with a single exception, “Stonefolds,"
scarcely count to-day save in a purely personal
view of his development as a poet.
The precise nature of this change has been
admirably noted by the poet himself in the
poem with which he prefaces “Daily Bread,”
and which may well be quoted in full, not
merely because of its autobiographic interest,
but as an example of the musical and imagina-
tive quality of his verse in its more reflective
mood:
As one, at midnight, wakened by the call
Of golden-plovers in their seaward flight,
Who lies and listens, as the clear notes fall
Through tingling quiet of the frosty night-
Who lies and listens, till the wild notes fail;
And then, in fancy, following the flock
Fares over slumbering hill and dreaming dale,
Until he hears the surf on reef and rock
Break, thundering; and all sense of self is drowned
.
· 255
•


224
March 22
THE DIAL
Within the mightier music of the deep,
Banking the peats on the hearth, I reached from the
And he no more recalls the piping sound
rafter-hook
That startled him from dull, undreaming sleep: My lanthorn, and kindled the wick; and, taking my
So I, first waking from oblivion, heard,
plaid and crook,
With heart that kindled to the call of song,
I lifted the latch, and turned, once more, to see if
The voice of young life, fluting like a bird,
she slept,
And echoed that wild piping; till, ere long,
And looked on the slumber of peace, ere into the
Lured onward by that happy, singing-flight,
night I stept -
I caught the stormy summons of the sea,
And dared the restless deeps that, day and night, Into the swirling dark of the driving, blinding sleet,
Surge with the life-song of humanity.
And a world that seemed to sway and slip from under
We are now so accustomed to this surging
my feet,
As if rocked in the wind that swept the starless,
“life-song" of Mr. Gibson, as the poet of the roaring night,
proletariat, of the modern industrial world Yet fumed in a fury vain at my lanthorn's shielded
light.
in its bearing on the humble, hard-working
lives which are its foundation, that it is diffi-
We are still far here from the firm and
cult to identify its note with the light, fluting
vigorous handling of similar material in later
bird-song of the author of "Urlyn the
work. There is a Tennysonian touch of sen-
Harper,” “The Queen's Vigil,” and “The
timental softness in the expression, to which
Nets of Love," with their romantic remoteness
corresponds, as it were, a certain anapæstic
from reality. Yet, even in this early work of
looseness in the languid effect of the long
Mr. Gibson's, there are to be found evidences,
line, to which the poet never returns in his
however slight, of a potential interest in life
later work. But already his characteristic
deeper and more intense than is shown by the
narrative and descriptive method has begun
prevailing lyric or elegiac celebration of shad to shape itself; and at once in its swift
owy Queen Avelaines and other figures drawn
dramatic movement, its imaginative use of
from, or suggested by, legend or old romance. homely, realistic detail, and its sentiment of
Miss Mary C. Sturgeon, writing of Mr. Gibson
brooding sympathy, the little poem might
in her recently published “Studies of Con almost have served as a preliminary sketch for
temporary Poets,” finds such evidences in his the richer, deeper, more complex studies of the
first volume, "Urlyn the Harper,” where the
bleak desolation of shepherds' lives contained
presence of a group of little poems called
in “Stonefolds."
“Faring South,” with their glimpses of peas-
This book, recently published for the first
ant life in the south of France, indicates that
time in America as one of the three sections of
even at that time an awakening sympathy
the collection known as “Battle and Other
with toiling folk had begun to guide his obser-
Poems," was the first, as Mr. Gibson says, in
vation." They become much more striking,
which he really found himself. Here, indeed,
however, in a poem of somewhat later date,
we at last have all, or nearly all, that is to be
“The Lambing,"
,” in the collection entitled
found in “Daily Bread," in the selection and
“The Nets of Love.” This is no longer, in
treatment of subject, save for a final note of
form at least, a mere travel note, but a gen-
harsh austerity and of rugged strength. This,
uine attempt to interpret the shepherd's life, to a very large extent, is the result of the
as it is lived in his own north-country, in its
peculiar metrical form in which, in contrast
purely human and spiritual aspect, without with the supple Shakespearean blank verse of
any adventitious aid from foreign strangeness
“Stonefolds," the dialogue of the later work is
or picturesqueness. It tells the story -- SO
cast, though it is doubtless true that this form
slight as to be an episode, rather — of a young
itself is the direct outcome of the poet's
shepherd who, obliged to leave his wife at a material and method of working. It is by its
critical moment in order to attend to his ewes apparent formlessness that one is at first
in the same situation, brings the ewes through struck, however; for there is no regular pat-
in safety, only to return to the house and find tern in this verse, rough, abrupt, broken, con-
his wife dead. It begins :
stantly changing in its line length and the
Softly she slept in the night — her new-born babe at rhythmic arrangement of its syllables. But,
her breast,
as Miss Sturgeon says, “it is not long before
A little, warm, dimpling hand to the yielding bosom
pressed -
we perceive the design which controls its
As I rose from her side to go - though sore was my apparent waywardness, and recognize its fit-
heart to stay-
To the ease of the labouring ewes that else would
ness to express the life that the poet has
have died ere day.
chosen to depict. For it suggests, as
no


1917]
225
THE DIAL
rhyme or regular measure could, the rugged that the significance centers in the ideas and
ness of this existence and the characteristic expressions as such, rather than in any reve-
utterance of its people.”
lation of character achieved dramatically
The only question which arises in this con through them.
nection is whether any method of metrical
Mr. Gibson's method here suggests very
realism which makes so little allowance for the closely that employed characteristically by his
purely æsthetic pleasure capable of being de friend and fellow-poet, Mr. Lascelles Aber-
rived from the verse itself, either as a musical crombie, who, in his play, “The End of the
instrument or as a mirror of the poet's mood, World,” makes a group of rustics discourse
does not carry the intention somewhat beyond through three whole acts like a company of
the strict bounds of imaginative art, as in the poets and philosophers. It is perhaps not
case of all so-called “free verse. However wholly fanciful to feel Mr. Abercrombie's
this may be, I own to a certain sense of relief influence throughout "Borderlands and Thor-
in the return to the more regular, more oughfares," where there is evident an entirely
musical verse forms in Mr. Gibson's next new preoccupation with style as such, leading
book, “Fires.” Inasmuch as the sensuous to a notable advance in the handling of the
enrichment of his style in these delightful poetic medium itself — in the vivid, evocative
little stories, which show a less narrow con power of words and images, in the vigor and
centration upon the tragic aspects of the variety of the plastic phrase. At all events,
workers' lives, is accompanied by no loss of Mr. Gibson and Mr. Abercrombie were asso-
profound human sympathy and significance, ciated at this time with Mr. John Drinkwater
I cannot help feeling that Mr. Gibson is and Rupert Brooke in the editorial conduct of
naturally a narrative and descriptive, rather “New Numbers," a quarterly magazine of
than a dramatic poet, for whom the rigid verse, which ran for one year, and in which
dialogue form remains something a little ill several of the pieces afterward collected in
fitting and foreign.
this book originally appeared. The influence
If anything could suggest a doubt as to the was probably more or less reciprocal, and
justice of this broad generalization, it would
there can be little doubt that Mr. Abercrom-
be the success achieved in such a brilliant bit bie's choice and treatment of subject in his
of dramatic dialogue as “Hoops,” which play, “Deborah,” dealing with Mr. Gibson's
forms the real pièce de résistance of the fol- fisher-folk, was directly determined by his
lowing volume, "Borderlands and Thorough-
relations with the latter poet.
fares." Here he has certainly felt himself The war, which broke up the little “New
as free as in any of the tales in "Fires” to Numbers" group, taking Rupert Brooke to his
develop the full resources both of his language death and sweeping the others into occupa-
and of his metrical instrument. But it re tions more or less closely connected with
quires only a little reflection to perceive that England's participation in the great conflict,
what he has attempted in “Hoops” is interfered with the orderly and logical devel-
something very different indeed from the opment of Mr. Gibson's art, and makes it
problem he had set himself in the earlier impossible to say precisely what this might
dramas and, on the whole, considerably more have been in happier circumstances. The war,
artificial. Hitherto, having invariably se itself, however, furnished him with material
lected the simplest, most ordinary types for that could not but be of peculiar value and
portrayal, he had kept them strictly in char- significance for a poet already so absorbed in
acter, limiting their mental outlook, and the reactions of common humanity to its occu-
consequently the range of their intellectual pational environment, so alert to seize the
interests, to what was inherently probable in typical and essential gesture of men and
the circumstances. In "Hoops," on the con women in action under the stress of harsh
trary, he has had the fantastic notion of circumstances. Moreover, his insight and his
placing what is nothing more or less than a sense of dramatic contrast suggested to him
rhapsodic hymn in praise of physical, or an original method of dealing with the war
manly, beauty in the mouth of a hunchbacked in its relation to the humble individual
keeper of camels in a circus; and however involved in it; and the little pieces, rarely
much he may have succeeded incidentally in more than a page long, in the first section of
justifying this procedure, the fact remains “Battle and Other Poems,” are masterpieces


226
[March 22
THE DIAL
by reason of the penetration with which they the laboring classes, but are deeply rooted in
illustrate variously the persistence of the human existence itself. Social sympathy,
man — the farmer or artisan or village shop- especially when it is coupled with the simple
keeper—in the newly made soldier.
art of story-telling to so high a degree as in
I wonder if the old cow died or not.
Mr. Gibson's work, often obscures this fact
Gey bad she was the night I left, and sick.
for the artist; but "Borderlands and Thor-
Dick reckoned she would mend. He knows a lot
At least he fancies so himself, does Dick.
oughfares” of itself gives sufficient evidence
that there is a thinker as well as a man of
Dick knows a lot. But maybe I did wrong
To leave the cow to him, and come away.
sympathy in this poet and justifies the hope
Over and over like a silly song
that he may yet, since he is only just entering
These words keep bumming in my head all day. into the full maturity of his powers, bring
And all I think of, as I face the foe
to his work a richer range of imaginative
And take my lucky chance of being shot,
symbols, a higher synthesis of moral and spir-
Is this — that if I'm hit, I'll never know
itual values.
Till Doomsday if the old cow died or not.
WILLIAM ASPENWALL BRADLEY.
There are war poems in Mr. Gibson's latest
book “Livelihood,” also, though with one
exception, “Between the Lines," they do not
CASUAL COMMENT.
deal immediately with the man at the front,
but with the various ways in which his going
FOR THE PRESERVATION OF FRENCH ART
affects those whom he leaves at home. In all from the ravages of war and the hazards of
these, and notably in the piece called "The
the reconstruction period that is to follow, an
association has been formed of members of
News,” where husband and wife meet at
the leading salons in France, under the pat-
the noon hour in his shipyard, and each
conceals from the other a secret, -hers that
ronage of the President and other government
officials. It calls itself "Les Amis des
she is to have a child, his that he has volun-
Artistes.” In aid of the movement repre-
teered and been accepted,—the poet displays sented by this organization, the National
his power of seizing and suggesting with
Allied Relief Committee will hold an exhibi-
extraordinary insight and skill the critical
tion of the paintings of François Charles
sense of a situation, however slight and com-
Cachoud at the Anderson Art Galleries, New
monplace, its' ever-fresh, ever-vital signifi- York, during the two weeks beginning March
cance for those concerned.
26. The proceeds will be forwarded to the
humble and obscure human values in the
above-named association. This timely effort
great, absorbing drama of modern industrial
to rescue from destruction what it is still
life so diabolical or so indifferent, as we possible to save of the imperilled masterpieces
may choose to view it - are developed, of French art will commend itself to many in
thrown into relief, with a quiet dignity and this country, and their coöperation is invited.
restraint. Only at rare moments is the Any who may wish to contribute directly to
legitimate demand for sympathy marred by the society are asked to send their offerings
a mawkish insistence upon the inessential, by to M. Victor Dupré, Treasurer, 36 rue Ballu,
Paris.
a purely sentimental appeal. At most, in the
way of criticism, one may perhaps note a
THE FATE OF THE TAUCHNITZ REPRINTS of
certain effect of monotony in the very even current English and American works, chiefly
ness with which this admirable manner is novels, may not yet have been decided, though
maintained through an entire volume, and at last accounts the popular shilling edition,
hint at the danger of its becoming in time a made in England, was having a very large
trifle mechanical. For this reason I believe
For this reason I believe circulation on the Continent, as in the Eng-
it would be well if Mr. Gibson should lish-speaking world generally, with a corre-
not confine himself too exclusively in the sponding decline in the vogue of the handy
future to the particular material of which he
little volumes from Leipzig. Among late
has now given so many proofs of his mastery,
products of the Tauchnitz Press are Professor
Münsterberg's interpretations of the war in
or if he should attempt to intellectualize it
its relations to America, and these writings
a little further in pursuit of a more profound do not, naturally enough, appeal irresistibly
and universal human significance. The ele-
to the average English-speaking buyer of
ments that make of life a tragedy do not books. Mr. Thomas B. Wells, secretary of
inhere exclusively in the vital conditions of the Harper publishing house, has recently re-
And all these 26.


1917]
227
THE DIAL
turned from a business trip to England and period of Stevenson's productivity – from
France, and he reports that the Tauchnitz 1860 to 1894 — and as an index to his char-
edition of books in English is likely to have acter and his reflective moods they stand in
a relatively small circulation after the war. the same category as the personal letters of
Many American readers, whose first acquain-Charles Lamb, which contain the outpourings
tance with such authors as Anthony Trollope, of his innermost soul.” Mr. George S. Hell-
Charles Reade, and Wilkie Collins was made man, discoverer and editor of this material,
through the trim little Tauchnitz volumes so contributes valuable introductory and explan-
common in our libraries, will regret that the atory matter. Let us close with a few timely
good Baron's laudable enterprise has fallen stanzas on that perennial theme of young
upon evil times, and will recall with approval poets, Spring. The verses are supposed to
the business honesty and fairness and praise- have been written in the author's early
worthy generosity with which he treated the twenties.
authors on his list. His famous “Collection
Over the land is April,
of British Authors” was started in 1841, and
Over my heart a rose;
he himself lived to superintend it in person
Over the high brown mountain
The sound of singing goes.
for more than half a century.
Say, love, do you hear me,
Hear my sonnets ring?
“THE SCARLET LETTER" WITH THE SCARLET
Over the high brown mountain,
WASHED OUT, on the film of the moving-picture
Love, do you hear me sing?
camera, is at present writing giving joy
By highway, love, and byway
to the uncritical at some of the moving-
The snows succeed the rose.
picture theatres. The inexorability with
Over the high brown mountain
which sin brings its own retribution is
The wind of winter blows.
here softened to suit the taste of the
easy-going, pleasure-loving frequenters of
EMOTIONAL HYSTERICS, such as are indulged
the movies; and they leave the show with
the comforting assurance that Dimmesdale “Creative Involution,” are not unlikely to
in by Miss Cora Leonore Williams in her
and Hester were a pretty good sort after all, induce, if only temporarily, in the sober
and that one need not fret oneself so long as
reader a regret that the fourth dimension and
all's well that ends well. Hester and little
super-space and similar exhilarating incon-
Pearl and Dimmesdale are at the end started
ceivabilities were ever suffered to contribute
safely on the high road to happiness, and of
to the enlargement and enrichment of the
course they are to be imagined as living in
human imagination. In a universe that dis-
contentment ever after. This, to be sure, is
comic (or tragic) enough; but even more so, length, breadth, and thickness, "you have
dains longer to content itself with mere
to a quiet observer in the back of the audito-
rium, is the cheerful and unquestioning satis- fourth dimension of spatial realization. 'Time
passed,” Miss Williams tells us, “into the
faction with which the entire house receives
is past, you shout aloud, and laugh to find
this denatured version of our greatest ro-
yourself in the inside of externality. Cubism
mancer's masterpiece. What would Haw-
in architecture! Futurism, in very truth!
thorne himself think of the performance if he
You visit again the galleries of the New Art,
could see it?
in earnest desire for enlightenment as to this
STEVENSON'S POSTHUMOUS POETRY proves to
thing which is so near to consciousness and
yet so far!” And then, in a paroxysm of
be fairly astonishing in quantity and also
notable in quality. In two handsome volumes hyperspatial ecstasy, “immediately you are
transported in memory to the midst of a
now issued by the Bibliophile Society, with
crowded street. In the mad bustle and noise
etched portraits and with facsimile reproduc-
tions of Stevenson's handwriting, two hun-
you are conscious only of mechanical power ;
dred or more poems, now first made public, ing sensation! Men's faces as triangles, and
of speed — always of speed. A swoon-
are offered for the delectation of Stevenson-
ians and other lovers of graceful lyrics and
horses with countless feet! The chaos of
well-turned bits of poetic fancy. "Far from primal forces about you — then darkness!”
being rejected poems, says Mr. Henry Yes, there are more things in heaven and
Howard Harper in a prefatory note, “they earth than are dreamt of in our philosophy;
are among the most intimate, the most self- but what good purpose is served by any such
revealing utterances that ever fell from emotional inebriety as is exhibited in the fore-
Stevenson's pen. Briefly, they are an auto- going? The sane man has little use for a
biography in verse, ranging over the entire chimera buzzing in a vacuum.


228
[March 22
THE DIAL
This may
A CAUSE OF DIMINISHED BOOK-SALES is not thing to read. "Books are called for by title,
infrequently found by some disappointed author, size, and even color of binding, while
author in the increase of our public libraries. the ingenuity of the assistant is often taxed
The greater the number of libraries, the to the utmost to fit the title given to the book
larger the sales to libraries, of course; but, on desired.” A sixth sense has to be developed,
the other hand, it is alleged that these and is developed, by the person at the deliv-
increased sales to libraries are more than ery desk before the service there rendered can
counterbalanced by a falling-off in sales to be pronounced satisfactory.
individual buyers. Dr. Allan McLane Ham-
ilton, in his recent “Recollections of an
Alienist,” writes: "In 1910 I wrote a life of A QUESTION OF AUTHORSHIP that has puz-
my grandfather [Alexander Hamilton) which zled thousands of readers in the past has
was well received and had an immediate suc again caused some amusing perplexity. At
cess and good sale for a time, but the profits the Friends' School in Baltimore the other
were small. Possibly I might have had more day an examination in general information
return were it not for the sales to the public evoked the interesting statement that Ibid
libraries, which in recent years have hurt
was “a writer of olden times."
most authors, and to a great degree publish- deserve a place beside that other pearl of
ers. While these are of course a boon to the wisdom from a similar source, that Anon is
public at large, tens of thousands of possible "a famous author often quoted, but his works
buyers are lost, for I found at several large are so scarce that very few of even our largest
libraries that the copies of my book were libraries possess a complete set.” It may be
always 'out,' showing how many readers it noted in passing that Ibid was declared by
must have had, and the same thing probably another Baltimore student to be an Arctic
occurred in other places than New York, for bird — probably, one surmises, a distant rela-
I was told fifteen hundred copies were ordered tion of the sacred ibis of Egypt. Another
by these institutions alone." Yet fifteen hun. author, as well as man of science, Charles
dred copies, plus the unstated but presumably Darwin, figured in the same examination as
considerable number sold to individuals, is no "the discoverer of gravity” and as a leader
contemptible figure for a biography. Book in the late Irish rebellion. Among other sur-
sales, too, are helped, whether or not they are prising answers, Stradivarius was said to be
also sometimes hindered, by the wide publicity a Russian dancer, Archangel's geographical
and accessibility given to books by the libra- location was fixed in heaven, the Teutons were
ries. Another thing also is certain: in the defined as Quakers, the meaning of "boy-
infancy of our public-library system the sale cott” was given as “not using eggs,” and the
of books was far smaller, in proportion to the oyster was called "a bivalve because it ob-
population, than it is now, though we insist on tains its food in two ways."
no close connection of cause and effect in this.
THE DOLLAR IN LITERATURE goes back to
TRUNCATED TITLES are commonly prefer- Shakespeare's time and still earlier. In fact,
able, for handy use, to the full forms. We
We the forms daler and daller (showing more
speak of Gibbon's “Rome,” Boswell's “John- plainly their kinship with the German thaler)
son, " Butler's “Analogy," and Paley's “Ev are of great antiquity. In Robert Recorde's
idences,” and are readily understood. Appli- "Grounde of Artes" (1540) we read, concern-
cations for books, in libraries and bookshops, ing the currency of the Danes, that "they have
are seldom free from abbreviation, and they also Dollars olde and new; their common dol-
do not need to be. A word is enough to fix lar is 35 grasshe, but of their new dollars some
the desired work in most instances. But not are worthe 24 grasshe, some 26, and some 30."
always. A young library assistant who was And in Shakespeare's “Macbeth," act one,
lately asked for the “Yellowplush Papers"
scene two, Ross says to Duncan: “Nor would
had an uncomfortable five minutes before
we deign him burial of his men till he dis-
ascertaining from one more experienced what bursed, at Saint Colme's Inch, ten thousand
"those colored documents” could possibly be. dollars to our general use.
dollars to our general use." Such examples
Somewhat similar perplexity might well be are intelligible enough, or become so after a
caused, but apparently is not, at the Chatta little study; but what shall we say of this from
nooga Public Library, where, as we learn in a current English novel, one of the best-sellers
the librarian's “Twelfth Annual Report,” in- of the day: "They found that remark true
completeness of designation is not seldom to enough, and 'Erbert resumed losing half a
be noted in the applicant's request for some dollar on a horse every Saturday, and ap-


1917]
229
THE DIAL
plauding the 'Spurs when they pushed a foot secured the services of a poet as teacher of
ball through the thorax of every other team in English literature. Mr. Robert Frost, author
the Southern League.” That will be found on of “A Boy's Will,” “North of Boston," and
page 98 of Mr. William McFee's “Casuals of “Mountain Interval,” takes the place of Pro-
the Sea.' The scene and the speakers and the fessor George B. Churchill during the latter's
entire environment are English. Why then term of service in the Massachusetts Senate.
"half a dollar" instead of "half a crown, He will conduct a special senior seminar on
or, as a more exact equivalent, “a florin"'? the theory of poetry, and an elective course
Perhaps the author's world-wanderings and for juniors on the rise and development of
his experience of many moneys in many lands the English drama; and he will also assist in
induced the slip.
teaching English composition to the freshmen.
The last-named task may seem like harnessing
JOY IN BOOKSELLERS' CATALOGUES has no
necessary connection with purchasing ability ment not without reciprocal benefits.
Pegasus to the plough. Yet it is an arrange-
in the one who goes joy-riding through their
pleasant pages, unless it be a connection in
which the joy varies inversely as the square A DENIAL OF COPYRIGHT VIOLATION in the
of the bank account. If a person had the recent Trading with the Enemy (Copyright)
money to buy out the dealer's stock to the Act is set forth in a carefully studied
last volume, gone would be the fun of ticking “Declaration of the Committee of Manage-
off, with discreetly hesitant or rashly precipi- ment of the Incorporated Society of Authors,
tate pencil, here a title and there a title, Playwrights, and Composers,” for which pub-
with the consciousness all the while that it licity is requested. The Committee “regret
was more than likely to turn out only a game that this Act was passed without previous
of make-believe, and that no grossly material reference to this Society," and ascribe all
bales of books would be the prosaic outcome misapprehension to the very summary form
of this bit of library-building in the air. The of the Act”— a misapprehension that “might
late lamented Henry Ryecroft has said: well have been avoided if the Government
“Formerly, when I could seldom spare money, had consulted representatives of authors, who
I kept catalogues as much as possible out of have at least as much interest in and knowl-
But it is just when one has abso- edge of this subject as the trade organizations
lutely no money to spare that dealers' cat which alone appear to have been approached."
alogues are the safest and pleasantest But the Committee believe the Act to be a
companions: there will be no resultant crowd protection, not a violation, of the rights of
ing of bookshelves and no laying-up of enemy authors and publishers.
trouble against a future day of moving; for
books are an awful hindrance to free and
inexpensive migration. However, booksellers,
COMMUNICATIONS.
and also authors and publishers, must live;
consequently there must be buying and sell-
A CENTRE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH.
ing of books. Therefore, in this season of
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
frequent and inviting dealers' catalogues, let For the student of American history, the
not this rhapsody on the joys of self-restraint Library of Congress, with its constantly growing
be taken too seriously.
resources in books, manuscripts, maps, and other
historical materials, has now become the chief
treasure-house of the United States. In close
THE POET AS PROFESSOR seldom fails to fill proximity the archives of the Government, still
his academic chair with a certain distinction, unhappily ill-housed and scattered, afford untold
a certain grace and charm, not easily attain-
opportunities for research, while the Carnegie
able by his more prosaic colleagues. Long- Research exerts a unifying and directing force
Institution through its Department of Historical
fellow and his successor, Lowell, delighted beyond the power of any single institution of learn-
and inspired successive classes at Harvard;
ing.
Oliver Wendell Holmes brought to the teach To bring together, under competent advice and
ing of anatomy and physiology a winsome- direction, the younger men and women who would
ness of manner and a pleasantly literary and pursue research in history in Washington, is the
poetic allusiveness that are not common in purpose of the proposed University Centre for
the classrooms of our medical schools; and
Higher Studies. The plans for this new institu-
tion took definite shape at a meeting of rep-
Ruskin, if he may be classed with the poets,
made of the Slade professorship at Oxford University of Michigan, the Library of Congress,
resentatives of the larger eastern universities, the
something that it had never been before and
and the Carnegie Institution, which was held at
has not been since. Amherst College has now Columbia University last May, at the call of Pro-
sight."


230
[March 22
THE DIAL
the Centre will not be limited to students of the Then we pass to America and the rise of the
27
fessor McElroy of Princeton. A committee was the tracing of the great cotton influence prove to
appointed to prepare a plan. The report of this be quite as alluring, like the quest of a new Golden
committee was presented at a second conference Fleece?” And right gallantly does he respond to
held recently in Cincinnati, at the time of the the call, bringing to it scholarship of his own,
meeting in that city of the American Historical much scholarship of others, and industry that
Association, the American Political Science Asso must have been pleasure. Old political speeches,
ciation, and the Mississippi Valley Historical As old pamphlets, and old newspaper files have been
sociation. The report, signed by Dana C. Munro ransacked to show cotton weaving itself into the
as chairman, Waldo G. Leland as secretary, and affairs of the world. Following the strands from
C. A. Beard, A. B. Hart, and Gaillard Hunt, out times mythologic down to A. D. 1916 becomes the
lines the need for the Centre and the opportu reader's delightful and profitable business. And
nities which Washington offers, and proposes a how the story marches! Cotton's effect on the
tentative constitution.
affairs of Rome, Alexandria, Venice, Barcelona,
The necessary financial support for the estab and London is considered. Cotton came into Eng-
lishment and maintenance of the University Centre land in 1298, as candle wicks from Spain. The
will be derived chiefly from subscriptions on the part it played in the industrial revolution, and the
part of the coöperating universities, whether of response of invention to the call of the hour is
the United States or of other countries. Though skilfully dramatized. The pages thrill with biogra-
the details have not yet been worked out, it is phies of martyrs responding to Arachne's challenge
thought that participation in the advantages of to weave better than she.
contributing institutions. The plan looks to the
great cotton industry peculiar to the South. Mr.
acquisition of a common residence for the students
Scherer takes a glance at what is known of cotton
who gather in Washington and for the appointment in Mexico and Peru. Who that has seen the won-
of a permanent director and a permanent secre derfully woven Inca cotton cloths in the Field
tary, with lectures by visiting professors and with
Museum, Chicago, but hopes for the day when
assistance from government officials and others
some Rosetta stone of Central and South America
able and willing to further the plans of the Centre. shall be found to give the key to the unknown his-
At the Cincinnati meeting the report of the com-
tory of great empires. If it is found in Mr.
mittee and the proposed constitution with slight Scherer's time, another fine chapter may be added
amendments were endorsed, and the same persons to some future edition of “Cotton as a World
were appointed as another committee to present Power.
the scheme to the American Historical Associa-
With rare skill in narrative and selection of
tion and other learned bodies of national scope.
matter, Mr. Scherer tells of the growing power
If this excellent plan reaches full fruition, there
of the great staple during those early years of
will thus come into being, not another addition to
the Republic, of the romantic invention of the
the overcrowded list of colleges, but a coöperative
cotton gin, and the tremendous acceleration of
university for historical study which may be of
cotton growing and cotton commerce. The hunger
high service to the cause of learning. To those
of Lancashire looms fastened slavery on the South,
young men and women who have begun their work
seemingly forever. The hour struck for David
under the limitation of remoteness from the
Christy to write: “King Cotton cares not whether
sources, even more than to those whose geograph-
he employs slaves or freemen. It is the cotton, not
ical location is more fortunate, the new plan holds
the slaves, upon which his throne is based."
out most attractive possibilities. Few suggested
The South used the cheapest labor at hand for
means for the promotion of scholarship offer a
its enrichment, and slaves multiplied. Then came
greater opportunity for hearty support and wise
the realignment of the states and the change of
benevolence.
ST. GEORGE L. SIOUSSAT. political doctrine. Through the great controversies
Vanderbilt University, February 24, 1917.
that preceded the Civil War, Mr. Scherer conducts
Extracts from great orations fill the pages
now, and long silent voices of great orators re-
“THE GOLDEN FLEECE."
awaken, and if some of the fiery arguments seem
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
antiquated and somewhat foolish in the face of
The reviewer of “Cotton as a World Power"
what followed, a little looking around, a little
might well have stressed the adventurous aspects listening,
listening, a little reading will furnish you with
of cotton, for much of the appeal of Mr. Scherer's arguments just as fiery and foolish to-day. The
book lies just in that. If he had named the book
United States has learned that its waste of blood
(as he named the first chapter) “The New Golden
and treasure was not for a high humanitarian
Fleece," the volume might be listed to-day as a purpose
the mask of all war - but for the settle-
best-seller; for we are all lured by titles, and
ment of economic differences brought about by
those having to do with trade frighten us to the
cotton. In the great trade war now convulsing
next counter.
Europe, cotton is a frightfully destructive agent
The genesis of the book is interesting: “While in the field and a beneficent influence in the
reading Frank Norris's California novel, “The
hospital.
Octopus,' in South Carolina, fifteen years ago,
Mr. Scherer has accomplished his object. He has
the thought occurred to the writer: if 'the epic given us a book.
of wheat,' as Norris properly phrases it, holds so
HARRY B. KENNON.
much of interest and suggestiveness, might not Evanston, Illinois, March 15, 1917.
us.


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231
THE DIAL
TAMAYO Y BAUS.
THE WINDS OF SONG.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In his review of Tamayo y Baus's “A New However we may regard the New Poetry, we
Drama" in THE DIAL for February 8, Mr. Wood may not deny having derived from it more than
bridge writes: “It is a pity that the play could not the mere entertainment which its observation as a
have been published under a more attractive Eng- spectacle has provided. If consciously the New
lish title. Many years ago Lawrence Barrett
Poets have not succeeded in some of their high
appeared in an adaptation of this play by Mr. endeavors, unconsciously they have, perhaps,
William Dean Howells, in which, by the way,
Shakespeare, though often referred to, did not
achieved more than they themselves imagine. One
of those aspects of poetry upon which the move-
appear as a character; and the title, “A New
ment has tended to concentrate attention is form.
Play," was found so unsatisfactory that another
True, much of the dust of discussion has been
was substituted, and as “Yorick's Love" it became
one of the most successful plays in Mr. Barrett's neglect of the much more vital element of organ-
stirred by controversies over mechanism, to the
repertoire.
Apropos of the plot's being "remarkable for ism, poetic mechanism being merely superficial,
whereas the organism is the very poetry.
the skilful use of the 'play within the play,'” is
it not probable that Tamayo y Baus got the idea
In this respect the New Poetry has served us
of turning the “play within the play” into reality, well, if unconsciously, and so is it serving us in
so far as the enveloping drama is concerned, from
other ways. As a poetry of protest, of iconoclasm,
Kyd's "The Spanish Tragedy". His play could
it has also taught us how much more beautiful,
not have been written without considerable study
how much more desirable, how much more precious,
of the Elizabethan drama, a play with the title of
are many of the things that it seeks to destroy
Kyd's would naturally attract him, and there he
than, in the way of habit, we had come to hold
would find precisely the skilful use of the 'play
them. Particularly is this true of poetry's chief
within the play'” that Mr. Woodbridge admires
medium, language. One of the new efforts strains
in “A New Drama."
toward the outlawry of words, phrases, and locu-
WILLIAM DALLAM ARMES.
tions which long since the organism of poetry
University of California, February 17, 1917.
assimilated, taking over from them certain prop-
erties invaluable for its own ends and in return
conferring on them certain others enriching them
A NOTE ON FREE VERSE.
in sound, in color, and in pith. No reader of the
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
“old authors” with an eye or ear for the tone or
Inquirers into the “past” of free verse seldom
hue, the flexibility or the plasticity, the expres-
carry the search farther back than the middle of siveness or the suggestiveness of words, but is
the seventeenth century. Milton's “Samson Agon called upon to lament our impoverishment through
istes" (1670) seems to be, with many, the Ultima the neglect of a host of them by current, or, if
Thule of vers libre. But a perfectly satisfactory you prefer it, “modern" usage.
date can be found almost a century before this.
The most effective workers in this field must
Here is a passage from the first act of Guarini's always be the poets. The poet has ever been not
“Pastor Fido," written in 1580—a work which had only the greatest user, but the greatest maker of
an enormous vogue all over Europe. The lines are words, in which regard he claims and is allowed
taken from a piece of straight narrative; a shep a prescriptive freedom allowed to no one else.
herd is telling a dream. (He was fishing by a For this reason, if for no other, the attempt of a
stream, when a river-god rose from the water with poetical movement which placards itself as "free"
a baby in his arms, which he presented to the to forbid the poet the freedom which he has always
shepherd for his own):
enjoyed as a user of language, is an anomaly which
Sopra la riva del famoso Alfeo
no disguise wearing the mask of "reform" can
Seder pareami all'ombra
for a moment conceal.
D' un platano frondoso,
Concrete example is always most convincing, so
E con l' amo tentar nell' onda i pesci;
Ed uscire in quel punto
the reader's attention may be directed to the war-
Di mezzo 'l fiume un vecchio ignudo e grave,
fare against so-called “poetical" words, words
Tutto stillante il crin, stillante il mento;
which it is sought to taboo on the ground that
E con ambe le mani
they are mere “literary affectations," as illustrated
Benignamente porgermi un bambino
by one which has very recently drawn the fire of a
Ignudo e lagrimoso,
Dicendo: “Ècco 'l tuo figlio,
distinguished New Poet in the pages of THE DIAL.
Guarda che non l' ancidi;”
This word is “wind,” used poetically with the
E, questo detto, tuffarsi nell' onde.
long, or "open" sound of the vowel “i,” particu-
This passage, with much that precedes or follows, larly as a rhyme for “find,” “kind," etc. Upon it
may be searched in vain for anything like rhyme an attack is made en échelon; figuratively it is
and regularity of line lengths. Except that its read out of poetry and in conclusion we are in-
stressing is somewhat more regular than present
formed: “Now we understand how wind' came
practice requires or encourages, and that its "tone" to be tortured into 'winde' and can see why the
is necessarily of its own period, there is little to latter is never under any circumstances to be em-
distinguish it from the free verse of to-day.
ployed.” Unfortunately — for the proponent
F. both the premises and the deductions brought for-


232
[March 22
THE DIAL
ward are contradicted by the facts, of which From Walker we get direct light on the subject
a brief summary may be presented:
we are investigating. Of “wind,” he says, after
We shall probably have to wait several years giving two pronunciations, one with the short and
for the instalment of the “Oxford Dictionary one with the long sound of “;": “These two modes
containing the documentary history of the word of pronunciation have long been contending for
“wind” from the date of its appearance in English. superiority until at last the former (short 'i') seems
This is a handicap, but with the help of such to have gained a complete victory except in the
authorities as are accessible an éclaircissement territories of rhyme.' Continuing at some length,
remains possible. We need not go tediously into he remarks: “Mr. Sheridan tells us that Swift
the genealogy of the word, except to indicate its used to jeer those who pronounced wind with the
generally assigned root, the Gothic vaian, or waian 'i' short."
-- which in itself is a clue to early pronunciation This evidence quashes the indictment of the New
with the "open" sound of “i." Coming down Poet, who contends, among other things, that
several centuries in point of time, we find that in “wind” “never is and never was" pronounced
Middle English the word was freely spelled “wynd" with the long vowel sound in prose; and that its
and “wynde"— another indication of its vowel use in poetry was due wholly to "wiseacres” who
sound. If we consider our modern tongue to have “insisted upon rhyming it with 'find,' bind, etc.”
begun, poetically, with Chaucer, we shall encounter As a matter of fact, the spellings “wynd” and
these spellings in the Canterbury Tales.” De “wynde," indicating the long “i," besprinkle
scending another step, we encounter Spenser and Early and Middle English prose and persist down
the “Faerie Queene. Here we obtain a decisive to later times. Walker's citation shows that it
clue, for here we find, in his triple rhymes, “wind” was still common to use the “open” sound of the
rhymed with “kind” and “mind” not only, but the vowel in the day of Swift and that only in that
three words spelled “wynd," "kynd,” and “mynd." of Sheridan and himself did the “long contention
Let us descend another step, to Shakespeare. for superiority”— not in poetry, but in general
Here memory at once comes to the aid of the lover usage “seem" to result in a complete victory for
of poetry and of language and enables him to the “short i.”
quote, from one of the most imperishable of the There is, however, still another piece of evidence
lyrics:
to be introduced, which is definitive. The word
Blow, blow thou winter wind!
"wind” pronounced with the long “;" is still a
Thou art not so unkind
live word, in good standing as a verb. When we
As man's ingratitude.
say that a hunter-or, if preferred, a fish-peddler,
Shakespeare long antedated any attempt by
for the New Poetry leans heavily on the democracy
lexicographers to standardize either the spelling or
-"winds his horn," we immediately falsify the
pronunciation of the English language. The
attempt at standardization of spelling came first, is and never was used in prose"; that is, unless
assertion that the pronunciation condemned “never
and not until long afterward that of pronuncia-
the pronunciation at once, by some . strange
tion. The movement toward this end may be said
alchemy, converts the prose into poetry. Of course
to have first taken authoritative shape in the last
if the latter is the case, it alters the contention!
quarter of the eighteenth century and its initiators
Now, when the hunter (or the fish-peddler) "winds
were Thomas Sheridan and John Walker. The
his horn” he does not wreathe it about himself; he
former, who was the father of Richard Brinsley forces “wind” through it by placing it to his lips
Sheridan, in 1780 published his “General Diction-
and exhaling through it the breath of his body, that
ary of the English Language, one main object of
is, his “wind." And if he is particularly long
which is to establish a Standard of Pronunciation.”
But as early as 1774 Walker had published a pros-
or strong winded, the sound has been known to
carry a long way, even if thus far it has not
pectus entitled, “A General Idea of a Pronounc-
ing Dictionary of the English Language on a
penetrated the arcana of New Poetry. The verb
“to wind," as thus used, is derived directly from
Positively New Plan.” He therein stated that his
dictionary was ready for immediate publication;
the noun, and its pronunciation is also derived
from the former pronunciation of the noun.
but it was delayed for seventeen years, when his
“Critical Pronouncing Dictionary” at last ap-
Is it necessary to go farther? Let us take just
one step. Our New Poet takes another fall out
peared. But in 1775 he had published his con-
densed Dictionary, “answering at once to the
of the “wiseacres” because, in pronouncing the
purposes of Rhyming, Spelling and Pronouncing, offending particle with the long",” they took
on a plan not hitherto attempted.” This was the
all the windy connotations away from the word."
work that became generally known as his “Rhym-
Is this possible? Reread the lines of that wise-
acre Shakespeare, quoted above, and try an oral
ing Dictionary” and, in revised forms, is still in
test. As a matter of fact, the Bard, with his
circulation.
Sheridan and Walker were the fathers of Eng-
supreme artistic intuition, realized that the soft
pronunciation of “;" failed altogether to convey
lish orthoepy. Singularly enough, both men began
the keen, piercing, biting edge which the winter
life as actors, evolved into orators and elocution-wind” possesses. The "closed" sound of the vowel
ists, and ended as philologists.
cannot do so in the same way as the “open." So
passionate lovers of the spoken word and all later he rhymed “wind” with “unkind" for pure onomat-
lexicographers have used their works founda- opæic reasons.
JOHN L. HERVEY.
tionally so far as phonetics are concerned.
Chicago, February 10, 1917.


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233
THE DIAL
AN EVANGEL OF NEW LIFE.
of human action, what they are, and what we
may legitimately hope they will become.”
Why MEN FIGHT. By Bertrand Russell. (The
That this should be, is, in view of Mr.
Century Co.; $1.50.)
Russell's past dealings with human nature,
There is a type of temperament which is witness of the depth of the conversion the
born to saintliness and martyrdom as man is pentecostal calamity has worked upon him.
born unto trouble. When philosophy used to Yet it might have been expected. Preoccupa-
be the handmaiden of theology and the world tion with the motives of human action, in the
had a wall, when the enterprise of thought broad and in detail, has been a tradition of
was dissipated by the timidity of faith, tem his breed, and his own absorption with the
perament of this type made a Christian hol ethereal fastnesses of ultra-theoretical math-
iday in autos-da-fé and other spectacles of the ematics, of metaphysical logic, of an unhuman
soul's salvation. And in the days when new logothetic ethics, is often crossed by a passion
knowledge had pushed the world's wall back uttering itself with a vivid, lyrical eloquence
to the infinite, when philosophy had become
akin to Shelley's, and customarily altogether
her own mistress and thought, as science, ad-foreign to his themes.
foreign to his themes. Nor is his dialectic
ventured free, this temperament kept getting vitalized by passion alone. It is often alight
itself outlawed of men, belied and scorned
with deeply perceptive wit, cold with irony,
and compelled to walk alone, in the byways and hot with satire painful in its truthfulness.
of our common life. Nowadays, the influence But passion about mathematics is, on the
of ideas of democracy, tolerance, and the value whole, far from usual, and wit and irony and
of originality makes for such temperaments satire point to the existence of unharmonized
a more endurable home in the world of the
motives in their user's life and oppugnant
daily life: ordinary times regard them merely ideas in his thought. Mr. Russell's has been,
as eccentric and quixotic, but times of stress
I suspect, a divided mind. In his thinking he
treat them after the historic manner. So has, like Shelley in his feeling, followed with
Shelley was treated, and so Bertrand Russell ; the blind singleness of absolute sincerity the
and they were so treated because of an inner logical movement of each successive idea to its
kinship of nature. Both are endowed with fated end. Such ends are ordinarily at the
a profound and ineluctable sincerity, a noble opposite pole from reality, for the necessities
simplicity of mind that issues in a relentless of exact logic are not the compulsions of
obedience to the compulsion of motives in existence and consistency is more often than
their logical and practical outcome in the not the enemy of truth. It would seem that
tissue of events. Both are intense with moral each time Mr. Russell attained to a hopeless
indignation and righteous hatred of the un end of this kind, he made a new beginning
necessary evil in things as they are. In and followed a fresh trail in the old manner.
Shelley this compulsion was impulsive and of As a result, he may be credited with a number
the imagination; his Godwinian ideas of of systems, each inwardly whole, and incom-
human conduct, which were not unlike what patible with the others. Readers of his “Prin-
Mr. Russell's used to be, were constantly ciples of Mathematics,” his “Philosophical
vitiated by the more vivid realities of his own Essays," his “Problems of Philosophy,” his
feelings, action, and fancy. In Mr. Bertrand | Lowell Lectures on “Physics and Sense,” his
Russell this compulsion is dialectical and of
“Justice in War Time," may follow these for
the mind: his spontaneous humanism was themselves. They will suggest a central un-
constantly being vitiated by the logical im- certainty of feeling, an incoördination of
plications of his ideas. Shelley the poet and impulse for which the logical exactness of
Russell the philosopher were both at their
thinking is purely a compensation. The world
best when dealing with those matters that are
of Mr. Russell's conception, in these very dis-
farthest removed from the actualities of tinguished works, is a flat world and a static
human conduct and from the living complex third dimension is lacking. The passion and
world, a world without action, from which the
of instincts and appetites which is its ground. the wit they reveal are interruptions which
I say “were,” for Shelley is now forever the
flash across their logical inter-articulations
Shelley of abundant idealism and abundant miraculously, coming from another region,
irrelevancy, and Bertrand Russell has, under
God knows where, like the motion which
the stress of this civil war which is devouring Descartes introduced into his plenum of rest
the youth and the beauty and the hope of to start this disarticulate and unhappy uni-
Europe, finally discovered human nature and verse's becoming. One wonders what the
won from his discovery a vision of new life. devil they are doing in that galley even
“To me, the chief thing to be learnt through while one is delighted. They are human and
the war has been a certain view of the springs / uncanny, both, like Japanese drawings.


234
[March 22
THE DIAL
Now, significantly, “Why Men Fight" has can these impulses ever be extirpated: they
no such effect. The weave and texture of its are of the fundamental constitution of human
thought is possessed of the qualities one is nature, and they can be only perverted, or
accustomed to expect in Mr. Russell's works, opposed by other and stronger impulses. To
even to the clefts and discrepancies which escape perversion, they must either be made
all dialectic must contain. But it does not op to regain their original direction, or con-
press with the precision of explication that fronted with a more potent impulsive life.
is proper to dialectic, nor defeat the straining “It is not by reason alone that war can be
mind with abstraction and tenuousness, with prevented, but by a positive life of impulses
the faerie of the thinker, as Shelley's writing and passions antagonistic to those that lead
overwhelms with the faerie of the poet. The to war.
to war. It is the life of impulse that needs
things this book deals with are near things, to
to be changed.” Mr. Russell has
things important and terribly intimate, so learned concerning human nature of both
intimate that they cannot be seen save in the Spinoza and Freud.
perspective of a great vision. And it is with To change the life of impulse requires most
just such a perspective that Mr. Russell en of all a change in its conditions, notably in
dows them, a perspective suffused by what those which are the work of man in the
he rather ineffably calls “Spirit," the loving institutions of our common life, the state,
affirmations, in spite of the skepticism of property, education, morals, the churches.
thought, of the excellences which alone can These practise upon the individual an original
vindicate the otherwise tragic burden of life oppression which perverts impulse and com-
and living. The old intolerance toward self- pels it to generate still other institutions, evil,
ishness and patriotism is gone. They are but able to serve it for utterance. All institu-
sympathetically understood, and confederated tions, both original and secondary ones, are
into a larger and more impersonal love for forces working good and ill upon the life of
mankind, and particularly for the future of mankind, and mostly ill. Particularly is
mankind. Most significantly, the wit and this true of the state, which is possessed of
irony and satire are absent. Brilliancy has great, unnecessary, and harmful power that
given way to luminous depth and dialectic to may be largely diminished without impairing
perception in these utterances of Mr. Rus the state's value. Whatever be its other rela-
sell's. They are full with noble passion per tion to the citizens of whose collective force
vasive and sustained.
it is the repository, it is a tyrant, and its
The qualities of men, it has come to Mr. tyranny over them is most apparent in times
Russell out of the war, are to be creative, of war. This it reaches ultimately in its
strong, and free. Human nature is a complex power to compel universal military service.
of numerous impulses, more often than not "The state punishes, with impartial rigor,
unconscious impulses, and of desires seeking both those who kill their compatriots and
to realize themselves in action and in feeling. those who refuse to kill foreigners. On the
This action and feeling are not goals chosen whole, the latter is considered the graver
or set for life, but the process of living itself: crime.” Indeed, in its relation to other states,
their good lies not in what they do, but in in all its external activities, the state is essen-
what they are, and they are the most and the tially selfish. If men acquiesce in this terrible
best of life. Were the world made for us, power, it is not because they think, but be-
living would be just autonomous and happy cause they do not think. They acquiesce
actualization of impulses; but the world is not because their vitality is low. They acquiesce
made for us; our disharmonies with nature out of tradition, out of primitive tribal feel-
and conflicts with each other compel the ing, out of a sense of the community of pur-
repression of much of the impulse-born under poses which a state often implies. The
flow of life that any of it may rise to con integration of these, reënforced by false ed-
sciousness and go free at all. A great deal ofucation, tends to endow the sentiment of
the repression practised upon men by them- patriotism with a religious character, so that
selves and by each other is inevitable; much, nothing is too vile that is done for the state.
very much, is needless and breeds an evil more Too strong to oppose, it becomes a sort of
vicious than the evil it seeks to abolish. For expanded self for the repressed or weak
impulses are not destroyed by being repressed. individual who has no force in his own nature,
Blocked at their natural outlets, they seek and a vicarious self-fulfilment of his own
untoward ones, and instead of emerging in potentialities. Once it comes to be, it aims
healthy and creative activities of the fellow-
the fellow- not merely to preserve itself, but also to grow
ship of man, they emerge in perversions of in power. This it can do only by substituting
imagination, of belief, and of action, such as law for force in the relations between men ;
are the ground of the institution of war. Nor but law is static and retrospective - it ham-


1917]
235
THE DIAL
- more
even
pers spontaneity, growth, and creation. of the strongest forces against fundamental
Hence the state is the most serious of all the change. It transmits partizanship rather
menaces to liberty. It presents in its most than impartiality: in the teacher it is with-
drastic form the problem of combining liberty out reverence for the child, whose free growth
and personal initiative with organization. is not helped but distorted by interested dog-
Solution for the problem is best sought, Mr. matism in the teaching particularly of history
Russell thinks, by increasing so far as possible and religion.
and religion. What is needed is growth in
the power of voluntary organization, by thought, not confirmation in creed. Creed
avoiding uniformity, encouraging initiative, makes for unity of organization and efficiency
and tolerating exception. The best form for in fighting, and is therefore desired, while
the state is that of a federation, and the least men fear thought.
harmful power, that of policing.
Men fear thought as they fear nothing else on
earth
Property is even more evil in its conse-
than ruin, more
than death. ·
quences than the state. It is both the cause
Thought is subversive and revolutionary, destructive
and terrible; thought is merciless to privilege, estab-
and effect of diminishing vitality. Resting on
lished institutions, and comfortable habits; thought
the belief that all values may be measured in is anarchic and lawless, indifferent to authority, care-
money, it restrains passion and limits life less of the well-tried wisdom of the ages. Thought
more than the fear of hell-fire. It is an insti looks into the pit of hell and is not afraid. It sees
tution of worship which substitutes means for
man, a feeble speck, surrounded by unfathomable
depths of silence; yet it bears itself proudly, as un-
ends. It makes the American aim to be
moved as if it were lord of the universe. Thought
counted among the millionaires; the English is great and swift and free, the light of the world,
and the chief glory of man.
man, among the idle genteel and the respect-
able; the Frenchman, among those who pre-
And hence a danger to all vested interests
fer safety of the family unity and name to and institutions, so that churches, schools, and
freedom; the German, among those who so
universities live inspired by the fear of
prefer the state. The world has become thought and substitute for it dogma and
money-mad.
authority. Education particularly needs to
Through fear of losing money, forethought and
liberate thought, independence of spirit, to be
anxiety eat away men's power of happiness, and the guided by "a positive conception of what
dread of misfortune becomes a greater misfortune constitutes a good life,” “to aim at an activ-
than the one which is dreaded. The happiest men
ity directed toward the world that our efforts
and women, as we all can testify from our own
experience, are those who are indifferent to money
are to create.” And it does not, anywhere.
because they have some positive purpose which shuts That it does not, the barbaric survivals of
it out. And yet all our political thought, whether
our sex-relationships that we call “morals,”
imperialist, radical or socialist, continues to occupy
itself almost exclusively with men's economic desires,
no less than the other vested interests are to
as though they alone had real importance.
blame. And the problems that these raise
What is needed most in an economic system need very particularly to be brought under
is that it shall leave men's instinctive growth the clear dry light of thought. The institu-
unhampered, shall provide a wide range for tion of marriage is a political institution
private affections, and every possible outlet which has recently been subjected to in-
for the creative impulses in men. Such a
fluences of which the law takes no cognizance,
goal, socialism, of the existing programmes of and such cognizance as it does take of the
economic reform, cannot lead to: syndicalism institution has a pernicious effect on the char-
and coöperative association promise more for acter of men and women, on the propagation
its attainment, for these harmonize freedom and education of children. It involves a
with community of interest. The economic widespread and flimsy hypocrisy that sac-
programme for the future must be a pro- rifices, not pleasure, but the future of the
gramme of industrial democracy such that it race. Among those persons who ought to
will be "hardly more than a framework for breed, moreover, economic and other consid-
energy and initiative.” On this matter Mr. erations have the same effect, and the libera-
Russell is very close to Steinmetz: he advo tion of women has meant the limitation of
cates an economic method such that “the free motherhood. A slow and destructive warfare
growth of the individual can be reconciled is taking place, the civilized world over, be-
with the large technical organizations which tween the personal development of the indiv-
have been rendered necessary by industrial- idual and the future of the community. The
best are being bred out, while those who are
The achievement of such liberation involves amenable to the authority of such a church
education, but education has been and is one as the Roman Catholic constantly increase in
ism.”


236
March 22
THE DIAL
number. The new population of the western thing of a dark surd in an otherwise not un-
world is thus likely to become one of female luminous designation of human nature.
women and uncontrolled men. What an Whatever it be, its restoration to its proper
ironic, what a tragic commentary such a cul- place in human life seems to be an indis-
mination must be on the woman's movement! pensable condition for the righting of social
For the movement, by effecting through infer- wrongs and the abolition of war. War is a per-
tility the elimination of women capable of manent institution ostensibly aiming at power
freedom, is likely to defeat its own end, and wealth, but actually generated by the
through the survival of women entirely in repressive effect of the other institutions on
capable and undesirous of freedom. Every-
Every- | the life of men. Partly it is rooted in the
thing must be done to encourage the combative instinct, which seeks freedom of
reproduction of the best: social hindrances, action, partly in its service as a liberating
economic hindrances, legal hindrances must medium to other impulses which are better
be removed; the institution of marriage must served in other ways. Men want three things :
undergo radical reorganization. But above self-expressive activity, victory over resist-
all, men and women need for the sanctifica-
ance, and fame. Distinguished men get these
tion of marriage a new religion based upon in their private capacity, for themselves, but
liberty, justice, and love.
the commonalty gets them
them vicariously,
And for the renewal and sanctification of through the state, whereby it can be and do
the whole of life, no less. But such a religion things it cannot be and do in its several in-
is not to be found in the churches. Churches dividualities. As William James has sug-
are vested interests, involving fixed creeds gested, impulses and instincts find
and the “incubus of a professional priest-expression, resistances can be conquered and
hood.” From Mr. Russell's point of view the fame attained by moral equivalents for war.
religion of the churches is not religion at all. The creation and use of such equivalents re-
Religion is the effect of a rather mysterious quires, however, a change of heart in men,
attitude of emotion which Mr. Russell calls the achievement of “spirit,” and radical
“spirit.” Human life, he declares, is a triad changes in education, in the economic life and
of instinct, mind, and spirit. Instinct is at moral order of society. All changes to be suc-
the foundations of our lives; it involves all cessful must make for growth, spontaneity,
the fundamental impulses and activities that initiative, and creative action in individuals,
keep life going. Mind is the exfoliation of and against possession, conservation, inertia.
the impulse to acquire knowledge; its life is The new life must be an active life, a free
impersonal thought, while “Spirit centers life, a fearless and hopeful life. Immediate
round impersonal feeling.”
change in things as they are, is not, of course,
It is possible to feel the same interest in the joys to be expected; we must think in terms of
and sorrows of others as in our own, to love and hate
the long run. And in the long run there is,
independently of all relation to ourselves, to care
about the destiny of men and the development of the happily, the power of thought to count on.
universe without a thought that we are personally
This "in the long run is greater than any
involved. Reverence and worship, the sense of an other human power.” It is true that creative
obligation to mankind, the feeling of imperativeness
innovators, thinkers of new thought, are
and acting under orders which traditional religion
has interpreted as Divine inspiration, all belong to the usually outcasts and that loneliness is the
life of the spirit. And deeper than all this lies the penalty of spontaneity. But loneliness need
sense of a mystery half revealed, of a hidden wisdom
not and should not mean aloofness. Spirit
and glory, of a transfiguring vision in which common
things lose their solid importance and become a thin
will guide the thinker, through reverence and
veil behind which the ultimate truth of the world liberty, to that confederation of himself with
is dimly seen.
his neighbor, of the two with the community,
Spirit adds thus the third dimension to the and their community with the world through
life of instinct: it fuses the egotism of the impersonal loyalty to a common, impersonal
senses with the impersonality of the intellect. purpose: this purpose being “to promote all
It extends good will to the universe. Mr. that is creative, and so to diminish the im-
Russell has, I suspect, learned something from pulses and desires that center round posses-
both Spinoza and Bergson here. The war has sion."
led him to realize in his own experience some Such is Mr. Russell's evangel of new life.
thing of the “intellectual love of God,” of We who are on the verge of a war for the
“intuition.” He speaks with the intensity sake of those assumptions of freedom on
and eloquence of experience, but also with the which it rests will do well to take its warnings
ineffability of the mystic. “Spirit” is some as well as its promise to heart. It is easy to


1917]
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THE DIAL
pick flaws in the detail of its argument and the mud and the stars, with their respective
the measure of its data, and if our lives are implications, are but the two halves of one
circumscribed by the narrow circle of mere great Whole.
instinct and mere patriotism, to deny its merit The stream of English life has moved on
and appeal altogether. But the time is too for centuries in a double flow; one current
momentous for flaw-picking by those who are above the other, and the two have never quite
animated by any real hope and set with any blended. Hence, perhaps, the general im.
good will toward the future of mankind. This mitigability of one's place in English society.
man's message comes from too great depths The under stream may be called the Saxon.
and sounds too lofty a note. Particularly for The Saxon nature inclines to deal with cer-
Americans, it contains a warning and a pro- tain primal matters in a fashion that is blunt,
gramme, because America is in greatest dogged, earthy. A Havelock Ellis, an Ed-
danger from the evils it denounces, and near ward Carpenter, may be restrained by certain
est to attainment of the excellences it urges. | philosophical and sociological considerations ;
It is a handbook for patriots whose concern is but many recent English practitioners in
the soul of our country.
verse and in semi-poetical prose are re-
H. M. KALLEN.
strained only by artistic considerations-
which, in these free days, may mean no con-
siderations at all. It disconcerts and repels
EMBRACING THE REALITIES.
when an author, moved by a grim determina-
TWILIGHT IN ITALY. By D. H. Lawrence. (B.
tion, opens up his people just as a cook’s
W. Huebsch; $1.50.)
helper, armed with a knife, opens up his
THE PRUSSIAN OFFICER. By D. H. Lawrence. oysters. One begs for a little delicacy, a
(B. W. Huebsch; $1.50.)
little reticence. One comes to feel like an
When Mr. Lawrence takes the Realities in intruder, an eavesdropper-as if in the thick
his avid, ample embrace the Reticences gasp
of things to which one has no rightful access.
and the Proprieties blushingly withdraw. For Our author, apropos of a performance of
here is an author who does not call a spade Ibsen's “Ghosts” by Italian peasants, in-
an agricultural implement. He calls it a veighs against the Scandinavians : -- "They
spade, and uses it as a spade. He digs with seem to be fingering with the mind the secret
a determined relish in the good fat earth of places and sources of the blood”: he finds
human character and human experience; and them “impertinent, irreverent, nasty.?? And
if that earth happens to be the oozy muck of he goes on with some fine-drawn, but out-
the barnyard, so much the better.
spoken distinctions which forward his thesis
Viewed from another angle, Mr. Lawrence and perhaps aid his own defence, but which
seems a modern haruspex busy with dogged give the modest reader a considerable measure
insistence over the quivering entrails of the of malaise.
poor poultry of his day. He even suggests a Mr. Lawrence tells us that the Italians are
medical student—one concerned, and over over-sexed. So they are. Other authors have
concerned, with the odious remains of the dis- pointed out the fact, and have left it at that.
secting-table. But his most taxing phase is But Mr. Lawrence does not leave it at that.
that in which he strives to enter the secret He pursues his hapless Italian peasants of
place where seen and unseen, known and un the Lake of Garda into church, into the
known, come together, and indulges in an in theatre, into their little parties and gather-
tensive, horrific study of the nexus which ings, and drives the fact home with a hundred
unites flesh and spirit — busied with his Me strokes. He does not spare them; he does
and his Not-Me, his Self and his Selflessness. not spare us; he does not spare himself. One
He probes insistently, incessantly, insidiously, finally feels some degree of disgust and is
into the hearts and souls (and bodies) of all prompted to inquire:
prompted to inquire: “Man, man! is the
alike the British pit-hand, the German in Italian the only one under the curse?”,
fantryman, the Italian peasant-ever intent In both these books all is surcharged, all
on his great synthesis. He jangles confidently is over-manipulated. Bits lovely in them-
the Petrine keys; his it is, almost, to bind and
selves become wearing by their thick-pressing
to loose. The cosmos is a unit, perhaps
mass. “The bluebells here were still wan and
could we but unify it. One comes close to
“The hazel spread glad little hands
picturing an industrious hog, that roots in downward.” “From under the twig-purple
his lush pen and raises his muddy snout, now of the bushes swam the shadowed blụe, as if
and then, toward the starry firmament. For the flowers lay in flood water over the wood-
few."


238
[March 22
THE DIAL
converse.
land." As lovely as you like; each phrase ness concentrated at the base of the spine, his mind
shows the spare, sufficing touch of the poet.
subjugated, submerged. The will of the soldier is the
But it all runs on, intermittently, for page
will of the great cats, the will to ecstasy in destruc-
tion, in absorbing life into his own life
till
after page, and is rubbed in mercilessly as
the ecstasy burst into the white eternal flame, the
the set scene for a rustic (and inconclusive) Infinite, the Flame of the Infinite. Then he is satis.
triangle drama. Our author piles it up. He fied, he has been consummated in the Infinite.
will take the kingdom of art by violence-by
This is the true soldier, this is the immortal climax
of the senses. This is the acme of the flesh, the one
determination, perseverance, over-elaboration.
superb tiger who has devoured all living flesh, and
The innocent English country-side becomes an
who now paces backwards and forwards in the cage
oppressive jungle. "A Frenchman,” we feel
we feel of its own infinite, glaring with blind, fierce, absorbed
like saying, “would have done more with less eyes at that which is nothingness to it.
- he would have known when to stop.”
Ah, the flesh! Even the carved wooden
If a man is intense over his woodland flesh on the crucifixes of the Bavarian high-
flowers, will he be less intense with his human lands is given its gruesome charm.
creatures ? Hardly—as I have already "Twilight in Italy," as may be gathered
hinted. Two instances: two privates in the from the above, is nothing if not aggressively
German army-two victims, one need scarcely stylistic. A passage in a different tone may
pause to say. One, ordered to climb a high be cited, with the caution that it is but one
ladder, knows that he is going to fall—and bit of design embedded in a much larger one:
fall he does, in great anguish and to deep Just below me I saw two monks walking in their
disaster. Well, the reader is in the poor lad's
garden between the naked, bony vines, walking in
uniform, climbs with him, falls with him,
their wintry garden of bony vines and olive trees, their
brown cassocks passing between the brown vine-stocks,
suffers with him. The “tactile values” are their heads bare to the sunshine, sometimes a glint
triumphantly secured—but you feel strained of light as their feet strode from under their skirts.
to the snapping-point. A stronger case: that
They marched with the peculiar march of
monks, a long, loping stride, their heads together,
of the young orderly, who is maltreated by his
their skirts swaying slowly, two brown monks with
captain, and who comes to feel that the score hidden hands, sliding under the bony vines and be-
is to be settled only between the captain's side the cabbages, their heads always together in
hidden
throat and his own two strong hands. In the
A partaker,
I went
with the long stride of their skirted feet, that slid
end the wretched fellow dies of rage, physical springless and noiseless from end to end of the
misery, mortification and (most of all) from garden, and back again. They did not touch
sheer lack of power to coördinate the new
each other, nor gesticulate as they walked.
Al-
most like shadow-creatures ventured out of their cold,
floodtide of mental processes. We go through
obscure element, they went backwards and forwards
his ordeal with him and are almost as thor in their wintry garden.
oughly done up as he. Mastery, of course And so on. The two monks were not pacing
mastery, of a kind.
off polyphonic prose. They were walking ex-
Mr. Lawrence's Germans do not altogether amples of neutrality. “The flesh neutralizing
keep out of Italy. The Alps look down on the spirit, the spirit neutralizing the flesh, the
Garda, and behind them crouches the mad | law of the average asserted, this was the
creature that springs and rends. The military monks as they paced backward and forward."
nature qualifies, even conditions, the chief of
Peace to the garden. Peace to the monks.
our author's “set pieces”—those resolute, Most of all, peace (in due season) to him who
emphatic philosophical passages which, here watched them.
and there, he casually hangs upon pretty It should be said finally, for the sake of
small pegs—or upon rows of them. A longish clearness, that the volume of short-stories en-
excerpt will serve to show his mind, trend of titled, none too judiciously, “The Prussian
thought, style, and general nature. "Tiger, Officer," is made up largely of pictures of
tiger, burning bright" is his text, and his life among the English colliers--the same field
discourse is on the supremacy of the flesh: and types that became known through Mr.
Like the tiger in the night, I devour all flesh, I Lawrence's novel, “Sons and Lovers." Sev-
drink all blood, until this fuel blazes up in me to the
eral of these pieces are sketchy and seem to
consummate fire of the Infinite. In the ecstasy I am
Infinite, I become again the great Whole. I am a
be juvenilia. "The Daughters of the Vicar"
flame of the One White Flame which is the Infinite,
is the longest and perhaps the most meaty.
the Eternal, the Originator, the Creator, the Everlast “Odour of Chrysanthemums” provides the
ing God. In the sensual ecstasy, having drank all material for the last grim act of Mr.
blood and devoured all flesh, I am become again the
Lawrence's one play, "The Widowing of Mrs.
eternal Fire, I am infinite.
This is the way of the tiger. This is the spirit Holroyd.”
of the soldier. He, too, walks with his conscious-
HENRY B. FULLEP..
o


1917]
239
THE DIAL
A MODERN MIND.
entirely personal. Where would be the
"supremacy of the white race" if each one
SOCIAL RULE. By Elsie Clews Parsons. (G. P.
of us accepted the negro individually on his
Putnam's Sons; $1.)
own merits! The fierce lust of group-power
Elsie Clews Parsons is one of the few would be impossible. Status provides a beau-
Nietzscheans we have among us. She sees that tiful economy of personal energy. If we label
the business of understanding life is very people in some category irrelevant to per-
largely a matter of sensing the manifold ways sonality, then we are saved the trouble of
in which people get their desire for power making any personal response or personal
satisfied. Nietzsche is so little understood in adjustment to them. Otherwise each case of
this country that it is good for us to have personal domination would have to be settled
this demonstration that one can interpret life on an individual plane. You would have to
in terms of the will-to-power and still be, like control the other person as another person,
Mrs. Parsons, a non-resistant pacifist. She and not as the symbol of a class. Social
makes it very clear that the power dogma is classification simplifies your task immensely.
only a realistic diagnosis of life. Your ideal Your victim gets born into a social category,
values are left unassailed. Nietzsche merely or at least grows up in one. His label is all
says that what we all seek is not so much hap- prepared for him by society. Moreover, he
piness as the sense of control. This is the non assents to his own subjugation. A social
moral, raw material of living. The values category makes everybody take for granted
depend on how this sense is obtained, whether this relation of power. The dominator not
through the destructive or the creative im- only has the whole backing of his own class,
pulses, whether through life-denying or life but he gets the tacit support of the dominated
asserting interests. Mrs. Parsons has made class too. Status thus is a kind of insurance
herself one of the few radical writers who see for the will-to-power. The satisfactions of
that central conflict between the interests of power that social rule gives are thus magnified
personality, which make for life, and the in and reënforced in being shared by your class.
terests of status, which inhibit and cramp and They are far greater than any derived from
crush the personal life. What makes her merely personal control.
books so fascinating is just this vision she has The detailed analysis of this fascinating
of the social and personal drama of the ages. doctrine Mrs. Parsons presents with her usual
There is none more compelling. As far as she conciseness and suggestiveness. In an Amer-
is prophet, she is clear-voiced for the assertion ican intellectual world still too much divided
of the personal values against caste and class between hopelessly unporous science and pop-
and social gradations. As far as she is eth ular sentimentality, her mind is a fortunate
nologist, she is a patient analyzer of the anomaly. Whatever she touches with her
curious satisfactions upon which people build science, she makes significant. The profes-
their codes and forms. Men and women are sional ethnologists are continually annoyed by
men and women to her whether they are the these books of hers because she uses their data
guests at her most recent dinner-party or her to illustrate truths of personal and class psy-
primitive friends among the Zuñi Indians.chology. The sacred canon of pure, that is,
Life drives always toward control.
useless science, has been outraged. The pro-
In her latest book Mrs. Parsons asks why fessional psychologists spurn her because she
some of the most familiar social categories brings disconcerting ethnological specimens
are so "compulsive to the conservative into what should be a disembodied discussion
minded, why they are given such unfailing of generalized behavior. And the public is a
loyalty, why such unquestioning devotion. To little startled by the cool demolition she makes
offset the miseries they allow of or further, of respected social customs. If the workings
the tragedies they prepare, what satisfaction of her hostess's will-to-power over servants
do they offer ?” And her answer is that we remind Mrs. Parsons of some folkway in a
classify people because it gives us power over primitive African tribe, some bubble of our
them. Status is simply a group solidifying social self-esteem is pricked and we can take
of this passion for control. Classification is less seriously the forms and obligations with
the weapon with which one group dominates which we are surrounded. Mrs. Parsons uses
another. Seniors control juniors; men, her science in the highly important service of
women; masters, servants; the healthy and pricking these bubbles of social superstition.
good, the delinquent and defective; men, the These religious, social, or sex taboos which
lower animals; the living, the dead. We even only hamper life, however solidly based on
have the virtue of self-control to dominate reason they may appear, collapse when they
ourselves. Social rule would be obviously are shown to be one with the irrational atti-
impossible if our reactions to each other were tudes of primitive peoples. Mrs. Parsons's


240
[March 22
THE DIAL
mind goes about the world applying the sol- teaching the peasants, it seemed to them that
vent of her ethnological irony to the cruelties Poland was entering upon a new stage of
and intolerances and impoverishments of con evolution, looking toward better times than
ventional people. Such a mind disconcerts had ever been known.
and alarms not only the conventional but the In the midst of all this came war. At first
scientific, who express their will-to-power by mere confusion and uproar; then the unifica-
trying to lock science up, away from implication of popular feeling, Russians and Poles
tions or suggestiveness for the business of liv- | dropping their quarrels to unite against the
ing. But such a mind is, all the same, a public common enemy. There was, it appears, no
blessing.
wish for war; certainly no ferment of public
The world would be a happier place if Mrs. opinion demanding it. The first reaction was
Parsons's attitude were more common. The
that of naïve distress; the author's servants,
objective, impersonal attitude of science is
on hearing the news, "as one, like a chorus,
still so new to our thinking that we are laugh-
threw their aprons over their heads and began
ably awkward in our wielding of intellectual
to howl, just as a dog keens and whimpers in
tools. The superstition lingers that there is
the night when he is frightened.” So with
something dead and cold about a scientific
others, the manifestations varying with tem-
attitude. Mrs. Parsons is one of that rare
perament, until people began to get used to
company who makes just the balance between
the excitement, and to identify themselves
the personal and the impersonal which we
with national ideals of victory and expansion.
must get if modern knowledge is ever to fer-
tilize life. But her objectivity never makes
This was merely a matter of a few days, and
less than a week after the terrible news had
her personal discussion priggish, nor does the
personal break down her firm lines of analysis.
come a vague rumor that it was all a mistake
She has the detachment of science without the
produced a distinct feeling of disappointment,
aloofness of the impersonal. You feel in her
If any had their doubts as to the outcome,
an irony that is genuine sympathy, and an
there was no time or chance to discuss them;
intellectual comprehension which is none the
there was so much to do, and working for the
less keen for caring so warmly for personal great cause was so exhilarating. The Red
values. For her, people do not cease to be C
Cross organization at Suwalki was under the
personalities by being types. And human in- presidency of the author's husband, and she
cidents are just as richly flavored as if they herself was a Red Cross nurse.
The general
were not also data for science. This charming moral elevation of the country seemed to find
adjustment between the scientific and the per expression in the order from the Czar that all
sonal is what the thought of to-day waits for.
alcoholic liquors, with certain exceptions,
“Social Rule” should be read, not only as a
should be destroyed. The spirits were seized
brilliant "study of the Will-to-Power," but as
by the police, and poured upon the ground,
the product of a mind that is accurately amid bestial scenes of peasants drunk on the
modern in the intellectual values that we most
last available drops, even lapping the liquor
acutely need.
with their tongues as it flowed over the earth.
RANDOLPH BOURNE. “I thought then what a wonderful thing the
Czar had done for humanity. How brave
it was deliberately to destroy a tremendous
POLAND UNDER THE HEEL. source of income in order to help his people!"
Then the wounded came. The hospital, at
WHEN THE PRUSSIANS CAME TO POLAND. By a pinch, could take about two hundred and
Laura de Gozdawa Turczynowicz. (G. P.
fifty. There had been no preparation, and
Putnam's Sons; $1.25.)
Madame Laura de Gozdawa Turczynowicz, everything had to be done. Cossacks arrived
from the east, and innocently asked, as they
in spite of her formidable name, is an Amer-
ican woman. As Miss Blackwell of New York
came into Suwalki, if that was Berlin! Exag-
she went to Europe to study and sing, and
gerated stories of victory were current; the
after three years married a Polish aristocrat,
Russians had poured into East Prussia, by the
who was for a time professor in the University
road that passed close to the author's house.
of Cracow. The family estates were in Rus-
Then the noise of battle was heard, and orders
sian Poland, and Turczynowicz was connected came to evacuate the town. Three chapters
in more recent years with the Department of describe the incidents of the flight, but after
Agriculture and the problems of agricultural various adventures Mme. Turczynowicz and
education in that backward country. His wife her three children were able to return to
entered into his labors with zeal; and as they Suwalki, the Germans having been driven out.
went from place to place, organizing and Her husband became inspector of the Sanitary


1917)
241
THE DIAL
-
Engineers at Lemberg in Galicia, which was tional individuals with criminal tendencies
then in the hands of the Russians.
are likely to become prominent. Thus we are
Omitting details, it is now sufficient to state told that "the Russian hospital was given a
that the Germans returned to Suwalki, and new surgeon-in-chief. He, the incarnation of
the author, her husband far away, was left in Schrecklichkeit, too hard and cruel to be
the old house with her three children. She longer tolerated in the German hospital, was
could not leave, one of her little boys being given charge over the Russians. When I
desperately ill with typhus fever. For seven learned this, there were a number of officers
months they had to remain, the children sick- sitting about my table drinking coffee. They
ening one after the other, their lives at times told it as a good joke that this brutal man had
despaired of. Finally, after sending in been appointed, laughing uproariously that
numerous petitions, they were granted permis- his first demand had been for a larger
sion to leave for America by way of Holland, Leichen Halle (morgue).” This dominance
and they sailed from Rotterdam in September, by some of the worst elements, unrestrained,
1915.
sufficiently explains many of the apparently
The story of the long months of German unnecessary horrors of war. No one doubts
occupation is told with extraordinary, with the presence in our own population here in
terrible vividness. Ability to write well is America of individuals who would make hell
combined with an intimate knowledge of the on earth could they have their way,— of those,
country and the people, and strong sympathy indeed, whose efforts in this direction are
for all who suffer. In comparison, numerous much more successful than we like to remem-
narratives of war experiences now before us ber. Secondly, the well-known German war-
seem superficial and inadequate. It would be policy — or for that matter, peace-policy
difficult to imagine a more complete and con of subordinating the individual to national
vincing exhibition of the seamy side of war. ends gives a certain justification to acts which
German “frightfulness” is shown in its least regarded singly appear to be those of mere
restrained form, yet in the midst of horrors brutes or lunatics. As the author shows in
individual Germans did their best to be rela many passages, the German soldiers them-
tively or entirely decent.
selves were not spared except so far as it was
The church was the only thing left to the people - to the German interest to spare them. The
they knelt round about the building in the dust of individual, unless an officer, was absolutely of
the street before it – a heart-breaking sight — those
poor creatures
never talking much, now grown quite
no account. That the officers, especially the
inarticulate. The crucified people! Even the children
higher officers, were able to escape from the
were still and quiet, and weak. I often wondered clutches of the machine to some extent, and
what they prayed for,— what the idea back of the
preserve personal privileges which had no
telling of their beads was,- and I came to the con-
clusion they were without thought, - just dumb and
particular relation to their efficiency, shows
numbed with suffering, waiting for death to release
merely that individualistic instincts could not
them. That same mental attitude was in the air: be entirely downed. The rank and file, after
every one felt so. Grey despair walked and sat with
victories, were allowed even encouraged
us; we had to fight not to be overpowered. How
to display their personality in debauch, as a
many there were who tired of the struggle, laying
violent hands on their own lives; daily we heard of
sort of safety valve. In addition to all this,
someone who had gone in this way.
it must be added that Suwalki is near the
In the face of such a narrative, which not border of East Prussia, which had been raided
only interprets the general situation but gives by the Russians at the beginning of the war.
innumerable details, it is difficult to preserve
It was the first place on which vengeance
one's mental balance. How the author lived
could be taken, and we are told that the
through the events described, and yet kept excuse for everything always was "Remember
her sanity and resourcefulness, we find it diffi East Prussia.”
cult to understand. She not only managed It is very doubtful whether all these evils
to save herself and her children, but was the may be ascribed to the inborn pugnacity of
good angel of the town, incessantly helping man, or to the barbaric nature of the Germans
those who could not help themselves. What in particular. Max Eastman says that in the
may have happened since she left, we can only long struggle for existence, “the patriotic and
imagine.
pugnacious tribes survived we are those
If we try to set aside our emotions, and tribes." Yet after all, it was the Pueblos
interpret the story of Suwalki from the point who survived, rather than the Apaches, the
of view of psychology and sociology, it is industrial and agricultural folk, rather than
necessary to recognize certain facts. It is the professional fighters. The former could
undoubtedly true that in times of war excep exist without the latter, but a world of rob-


242
[March 22
THE DIAL
bers means the extinction of the species. It most acute and accurate of Wordsworth
is a fact that mankind is extremely open to scholars,” or the insight of Legouis has been
suggestion, is highly educable, is amazingly infallible. To be sure, the present volumes
responsive to environmental conditions. In themselves do not set all perplexities at rest.
this lies at once the hope and menace of the Professor Harper has had the assistance, not
future. There is apparently no reason in merely of the printed material, but also of
their general hereditary make-up to explain personal communication with men so well
the conduct of the Germans at Suwalki, or informed as Professor Legouis, Mr. Gordon
that of any other groups or individuals who Wordsworth, and Mr. E. H. Coleridge; he
have behaved disgracefully during the war.
has had access to stores of letters and docu-
Aside from certain abnormal persons with
ments not as yet made public; he has con-
debased inheritance, such as are found any-
ducted researches either in person or, more
where, those Germans were and are capable rarely, by deputy in various communities or
of all the decencies of life, and of many
through forgotten local records in England,
admirable virtues. The problem is to restore
France, and Germany; and he has devoted
their humanity by restoring normal human
ten years to his task; yet we should not be
conditions.
so bold as to say that his word is final. Words-
Something more is involved than a mere
worth, like Shakespeare, is so great and so
matter of sentiment, and the Germans are
baffling that no writer or set of writers can
exhaust him. For all that, the present
not the only ones who need assistance. Our
hard but pressing problem is to determine for
achievement is as thorough and satisfying as
ourselves no less than for others what are the
we may expect for many years to come. With
optimum conditions for human existence, and
unhurried care it sets before us the life,
in what ways our activities may be guided
works, and influence of the poet. It traces
the details of his conduct, his personal rela-
into beneficent channels. By doing this at
tionships, the growth and changes of his
home we may do more to prevent the recur-
thought and spirit, his contact with his times,
rence of Poland's miseries, in the long run,
his aloofness from his times. All in all, it
than by going half-way along the militaristic gives us the best understanding of Words-
road.
worth the man, and in some ways likewise of
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Wordsworth the poet, to be obtained from
any single study.
A few things stand out as preëminent amid
A NEW STUDY OF WORDSWORTH. the world of ideas and impressions which the
book conveys. One is that Wordsworth was,
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH: His Life, Works, and
Influence. By George McLean Harper. (Charles
to an extent even greater than has been per-
Scribner's Sons; $6.50.)
ceived, of a temperament passionate and
It is an earnest of the permanent fame of susceptible rather than coldly tranquil and
Wordsworth that interest in his life, works,
austere. Another is that he possessed an inner
and value to humankind has grown steadily. deference—to criticism on one hand and to
In the past few decades he has been made the
social amenities on the other—which made
subject of notable activities in scholarship.
the attacks of Jeffrey and the connection with
These activities and achievements have not
Sir George Beaumont more harmful than has
fallen to the lot of any single nation ; they than it seems—is that he was too tough and
been supposed. Another-less contradictory
have been divided among men of various
nationalities, particularly the English, the masculine to be crushed by the failure of the
French, and the American. England has French Revolution, and that he did not relin-
been most conspicuously represented by quish hope for France until 1802 or 1803.
Knight and Hutchinson; France has yielded Another is that, despite his egoism and the
us the admirable volume of Legouis; and
adulation he received from his little circle,
America has produced the concordance and despite too his astonishing indifference to con
the investigation of Wordsworth's reading by temporary literature, he was not narrow but
many-sided, and was less remote from public
Professor Lane Cooper. Now two volumes
life than any other English poet except
from the pen of Professor Harper are added
Milton has been. The last is that his life fell
to the American contribution.
into incongruous halves,—the first guided by
It may be said at once that the study be- hope, the second driven by fear. Because
fore us is sound and comprehensive. In con-
our opinion of Wordsworth is so likely to be
siderable degree it is the supplement and derived from the latter period, a period of
corrective of everything which precedes it. more or less apostasy, political, intellectual,
Not even the judgment of Hutchinson, “the moral, and poetical, Professor Harper places


1917] .
243
THE DIAL
no
emphasis on the earlier. It is here that he magnetism,” he says, "extends even to those
has discovered most facts, here that he has who endeavour to fasten their attention upon
revealed most shaping relationships—some of Wordsworth. Whenever the two are together,
which Wordsworth did not afterward ac it is Coleridge who catches the eye and
knowledge. The study of the obscure years enthralls the ear.”
which followed the poet's return from France In the study, of course, are individual con-
is especially illuminating.
clusions with which individuals will quarrel.
The faults of the earlier period are The reviewer objects to a conception of
more concealed than those of the later. We romanticism-of romanticism, at least, in
are shown the self-will of the poet, and his English poetry—which excludes Wordsworth.
almost reckless improvidence. The birth of The conception is not a new one, and it can
an illegitimate daughter in France is frankly be presented plausibly enough; yet it savors
admitted. That his family practically dis-
of “Hamlet” with Hamlet left out. Again,
owned him is made evident. Personal con the perfection of artistic mastery attributed
siderations as well as disinterested motives to Wordsworth in the introductory chapter
are pointed out as determining his course. will very likely be challenged. While admit-
But if the poet is shorn of his excess of vir- ting that the range and genuineness of the
tues, and invested with some thoroughly poet's taste and technique have been too sel-
human frailties, he remains, when all is said, dom recognized, may we not say that on occa-
an inspiring figure, an essentially noble and
sion both taste and technique were sadly
heroic spirit.
at fault? These weaknesses in Professor
The contemporaries of Wordsworth are pre- Harper's work do not affect it so much as
sented with fairness and sanity. Most inter the bald statement of them would imply. In
esting, of course, are Dorothy Wordsworth general there is singular freedom both from
and Coleridge. Dorothy was at first inclined critical shibboleths and the mere desire to
to be sentimental, and her loving and minute magnify Wordsworth. The poet is shown, as
observation of nature was rather a gift from he should be, against the background of a
her brother than an inherent quality. Two tremendous epoch which it was largely his
things, however, make it impossible to ignore function to interpret.
her - herself and her influence. Alert, re-
GARLAND GREEVER.
sponsive, possessed of a keen sense for essen.
tials, endowed with attributes which her
brother lacked, and loving Coleridge with a
THE BAYS OF WAR.
love which was to prove as tragic as it was
innocent, she asked but little and gave every-
POEMS. By Alan Seeger. (Charles Scribner's
thing. "She is to me,” says Professor Harper,
Sons; $1.25.)
"the most delightful, the most fascinating
We are invited very often in these days of
woman who has enriched literary history.
war to admire the work of a writer because he
Poetry owes more to her than it owes to any
has chanced to meet death in battle or has
other person who was not actually a great
laid down his life some other way in the serv-
poet." Coleridge, with his instability, his
ice of his country. It is a little like being
procrastination, his addiction to opium, and
commanded to rank the pictures of some deaf
his ailments and complaints about his ail-
and dumb artist as masterpieces because he is
ments, was a trial to his two friends which
deaf and dumb. That fact may well add to
they bore with exemplary patience. But
the curious interest of the work; it may quite
beside his self-effacement, Wordsworth shows legitimately serve as an excuse for a philan-
poorly. Wordsworth, generous as he was
thropist's purchasing the pictures in ques-
in some ways, failed to give the full credit tion; but it could never justify his presenting
that was Coleridge's due. He perceived, them to an art museum.
to be sure, that again and again his own
When an author suddenly grows into a
best work came from his contact with that romantic figure, the publisher's temptation
fecundating spirit, and he would have gone to capitalize the fact is almost irresistible -
anywhere to be near Coleridge. But he and he cannot be expected even to try to resist
commented ungraciously upon the "Ancient it so long as the public continues content with
Mariner,” he was slow to forgive after a such a standard for judging the value of
breach in the friendship had been made, and literary work.
he failed to appreciate how his acceptance by Sometimes the result is unusually unfor-
the public was facilitated by Coleridge's tunate. The collected verse of Alan Seeger
criticism. As for the personality of Cole is a case in point. Seeger was a young
ridge, faulty as it was, Professor Harper American who had only just passed his
cannot resist it. Who can! “Coleridge's twenty-eighth birthday when his division of


244
[March 22
THE DIAL
the Foreign Legion was wiped out in a des Not any supposed unfairness to other poets
perate charge on the German trenches at whose ways have not been the ways of war
Belloy-en-Santerre. Such a death undeniably provokes this criticism of our habit of hero-
lends point and feeling to the following lines, worship — for the unfairness, if there be any,
which were written only a short while before: is all in the other direction, toward those thou-
But I've a rendezvous with Death
sands of other soldiers who have died for their
At midnight in some flaming town,
country in foreign lands, with just as great
When Spring trips north again this year,
good will and cheerfulness, unnamed and un-
And I to my pledged word am true,
I shall not fail that rendezvous.
noticed. Measured by that scale those all are
But the poem of which these are the closing
as great spirits as Brooke or Seeger. These
lines (it rapidly is becoming well-known)
are more; they are poets.
would have a thrill in any case; and the habit
HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG.
of maudlinizing all criticism connected with
the war makes it preferable to risk a lessen-
ing of this particular poem's sentimental
AN AMERICAN OBLOMOV.
interest for the sake of gaining a more dis-
THE UNWELCOME MAN. By Waldo Frank.
cerning public judgment on contemporary
(Little, Brown and Co.; $1.50.)
verse in general.
As a matter of fact, a large part of the
Sixty years ago Goncharov created in the
poems in this volume can reasonably well
hero of a famous novel one of those archetyp-
stand on their strictly literary merits. Some
ical characters that add so to the weight of
Russian literature. What is the theme of
of the best of them have no connection with
“Oblomov"
the war, no foreboding of tragic death, and
The incapacity of a quite
the pointedly funereal black cover chosen by healthy, whole-hearted, good-natured young
the publishers does not seem at all in keeping
man to make connections with the world
with Alan Seeger's usual spirit.
about him. Endowed with a normal variety
We like to think that if Rupert Brooke had
of gifts, Oblomov finds himself thrown into
lived he would have eliminated from his final
a society whose immemorial inertia has pre-
volume some of the unnecessary gaucheries
vented it from developing a rich fabric of
of expression, as well as some of the unworthy objective life. He himself, as a natural, aver-
compositions which were rushed into print
age man, might easily have made a career for
under the impulse of the sudden fame brought precisely because he is only a natural, average
himself in a more complex society. As it is,
about by his death. The same thought occurs
in the case of Alan Seeger. For example, necessarily antecedent to such a career. And
man, he cannot create the conditions that are
there really doesn't seem any reason, either
so he personally falls a victim to that very
at the dictates of poetic diction or in the
inertia which has made Russian society inca-
search for vigor of expression, for addressing pable of employing so many of its talents
America, in his last ode: “You have the guts and the virus of which he has himself inher-
and the grit I know.' He might have real ited.
ized the fact had he lived to revise his work. Mr. Frank's Quincy Burt is a sort of Amer-
It seems to have been Seeger's habit to view ican Oblomov, a character which is quite as
events taking place about him almost entirely typical in his own time and place, but of
subjectively. The moods of world capitals, which all the terms are seen, as it were, in
the glories of nature, the ebb and flow of war reverse. For America is simply Russia turned
across the greatest battle-fields of France
inside out. Russia is the richest of nations
these he was interested in mainly as they hap- in spiritual energy, we are the poorest ; Rus-
pened to chime in or conflict with his own
sia is the poorest of nations in social machin-
emotions. Toward the end of the book his use
ery, we are the richest. The problem of the
of the first person comes to seem almost too
Quincy Burts, therefore, is not to find an
external career or the incentive that makes
persistent. The sonnet addressed to Sidney is
an external career seem desirable; the real
typical. It is, in part:
trouble is not that their material instincts
I give myself some credit for the way
I have kept clean of what enslaves and lowers,
are unable to find any scope, but that their
Shunned the ideals of the present day
spiritual instincts are unable to develop suf-
And studied those that were esteemed in yours; ficient intensity to give them a survival value
For, turning from the mob that buys Success even under the best conditions, while the con-
By sacrificing all Life's better part,
Down the free roads of human happiness
ditions themselves, far from being the best,
I frolicked, poor of purse but light of heart,
are almost the worst that the world has
And lived in strict devotion all along
known. It is this that is creating a vast army
To my three idols — Love and Arms and Song. of young men whose minds are filled, if not


1917]
245
THE DIAL
with thoughts of war and suicide, at least her novelists, might have become conscious of
with a sense of the futility of living. The the vacuity of her life; but it was the novel-
primitive, material, national job has so largely ists nevertheless that made her actively con-
been done that they are thrown out of the scious of it, conscious enough to seek values
only employment they are bred for into a and create them. “The Unwelcome Man"
world that has not been interpreted and made belongs to the small group of Americaņ nov-
ready for them. These are the “unwelcome els that promise to play the same part in our
men” of whom Mr. Frank has drawn a highly life.
individualized, but still composite, portrait. Is it a successful work of art? Rather an
Nine readers out of ten who are not “in the extremely interesting than a successful one.
know” will probably imagine that Mr. Frank The human material is perhaps not sufficiently
has attempted to draw a mute, inglorious thrown into relief; there is not enough of an
Milton. This conception simply shows how air chamber, as it were, between the animate
all but incapable we Americans are of appre- | foreground and the inanimate background.
hending the simplest human values. We The author is so much interested in life that
demand so little of life that we cannot under his own mind becomes at moments a part of
stand why any ordinary person should even its flow; we are brought so close to Quincy
desire to develop and express more than one
Burt that we can't see him. But of how many
or two strands of his nature. But Quincy, first novels are we able to say that they are
like his obscure brothers in misfortune, is too full of curiosity to yield up any one
simply a boy all the sides of whose nature secret completely!
have unfolded themselves tentatively to the
VAN WYCK BROOKS.
sunlight -- and the sunlight isn't there! His
father, on the upward swing materially,
scents an enemy in all these impulses of his
A NEW FRENCH BOOK.
son, a superfluous son, anyway, whose un-
timely arrival has already branded him as an L'ILLUSION HEROIQUE DE TITO BASSI. By
extra, leaden weight in an ascent all too dif-
Henri de Régnier. (Mercure de France; 3 fr.
50.)
ficult at best. His mother's affection, sapped
at the roots, the cynicism, the blindness, the
In the preface to his latest novel, “L'Illu-
helplessness, and the inner poverty of his
sion Héroïque de Tito Bassi," M. Henri de
brothers and sisters are so many ever-present Régnier makes a kind of apology for publish-
negations of the significance of life, a signifi- ing an unwarlike book during the war and is
cance which he alone is totally unable to
careful to explain that it was written in the
grasp if only because he is the offshoot of a
spring of 1914. One wonders why it should
stock that has immemorially denied it.
be necessary for so distinguished a member
of so cultivated a race to make such an
The vitality of Mr. Frank's conception is
shown by the fact that it provides a concrete
apology. Had our ancestors refrained from
touchstone for most of the problems of our
creating works of beauty while their nations
contemporary civilization.
All the move-
were at war, we should now have no art at all.
It is the “business” of an artist to defend
ments that are working themselves out in the
his national culture-if indeed “culture" be
thin, pragmatic way characteristic of the
American mind at present refer back to just
national and not cosmopolitan-by creating
these “unwelcome men” in whom almost alone
new art, as well as by fighting for it or labor-
lies the promise of a richer and more rounded ing for it. The English poet, Frederic Manning,
society in the future. Birth control, the free
is publishing a book of singularly beau-
school, the socialization of industry,—what is
tiful poems, written for the most part on the
the object of all these causes except to stim-
battlefields of France. There are many other
ulate and fertilize the long-forgotten, ignored, artists of the belligerent countries who have
neglected impulses which give life its mean-
“carried on” in equally desperate circum-
ing and which have been bled and trampled stances, and, since this is so, what reason is
upon by the steam-roller of industrialism? there for denying the use of a fine talent
It is just as John Stuart Mill predicted half
even to a mere civilian, simply because we
are all at one another's throats? French cul-
a century ago: industrialism has carried out
its threat; it has led to an appalling deficiency
ture is not now in danger from Prussian arms
of human preferences. But half the ineffec-
but rather from an over-patriotic zeal, a kind
tualness of our reformers springs from the
of bellicose puritanism which forbids us to
fact that they have never visualized in the whistle as we work! If M. de Régnier had
concrete the human demands they are striving written his book during instead of before the
to fulfil. It is this that largely constitutes war, one would have felt it to be a real vin-
the social value of fiction. Russia, without dication of the deathless spirit of French cul-


246
[March 22
THE DIAL
ture. Perhaps, though, it is only the young Ignorant people ask : “What is the use of
who can still dream of beauty under the guns. art?" And like Pilate do not wait for an
“L'Illusion Héroïque de Tito Bassi” is one answer. Perhaps there is none to give; as
of those purely imaginative tales M. de well ask: “What is the use of life?” since art
Régnier loves to tell himself—and us—of is simply a means of multiplying our per-
eighteenth century Italy. “La Double Maî-sonality, refining upon our instincts and pas-
tresse” is his supreme achievement-Tito sions, deepening experience, of giving life a
Bassi is a kind of elegant pendant, an after- simulacrum of immortality, of discovering the
thought, a midsummer night's dream in universe.
Vicenza, city of palaces and dark streets and This may sound very pompous, yet in cer-
firefly haunted walks!
tain situations one feels the necessity of de-
You will find people who cannot enjoy such fining one's “of course's.” Tito Bassi is noth-
work, who say: "Yes, I see it is beautiful, ing to me, nothing to you; yet M. de Régnier's
exquisitely written, clearly rendered-but art forces us to live the life, experience the
what is its significance ?” One can only shrug passions and torments of this human soul he
and reply: “The same significance as a has imagined. Henceforth the life of Tito
flower, a silk gown, a Chinese painting, any. Bassi is part of our own.
thing that is ‘merely' beautiful.”
This desire to multiply one's personality is
Yet there is another significance, a kind of in all people, in a Michelangelo studying
moral in these tales of M. de Régnier, some Dante just as in some “mechanic knave"
thing which relates them to the imaginative gaping over the commonplace murders and
drama of Mr. Yeats. I mean that they ex rapes of the Sunday newspaper. Journalism
press the impotence of the human soul to gives us a coarse, trivial, vulgar multiplica-
reach its desire, the thwarting of a fine, im tion of personality ; it is the business of art
possible ideal by the rigid bar of destiny. to achieve this result ironically, if you will,
The lovers of Mr. Yeats's dramas are unhappy but beautifully, nobly, with refinement.
---When lovers should be happy; his dreamers Perhaps that is what Aristotle meant when
achieve nothing ; his warriors fail. And the he said that tragedy was a purging of the
same feeling of the impotence of those who soul by means of terror and pity.
strive toward any noble end, which Mr. Yeats
RICHARD ALDINGTON.
expresses in his tragic, serious verse, is also
expressed by M. de Régnier in his serene,
ironic prose.
NOTES ON NEW FICTION.
For Tito Bassi is a poor Italian who
dreamed of performing heroic deeds, who The reviewer opens “Lydia of the Pines" with
dreamed also that he was a tragic actor, fear and trembling. He foresees visions of his
but who was in reality only a moderately
choice of assorted nightmares: earnestly merry
good comedian. And the tragedy of his life heroines, breaking a leg and sweetly thankful it
is that no one will see him as anything but a
wasn't two; men who build bungalows for birds
comedian; no one, not even his wife, can
and unite callow lovers; self-supporting child-
naturalists; haroldbellrighteous cowboys. He is
understand his aspirations and bitter suffer-
paid his penny and prepares to take his choice.
ings. He is always trying to live in the grand
But he reads a strong, unsparing portrayal of
style and is always being brought down to
three or four welcomely human characters, several
the homely. His last and most desperate de incidents entirely germane and not too thrilling,
ception is ironically cruel; he has been con and a plot that is not marred, strangely, by a bit
demned to death for having, as he thought, of pro-Indian propaganda about which Mrs.
murdered his wife. He goes to the scaffold Willsie seems to have been admirably in earnest.
gladly, triumphantly, a tragic figure at last Lydia herself is a pretty fine piece of work: her
--and finds the cloaked hangman is his wife,
love for, and loyalty to, John Levine, despite their
while all Vicenza roars with laughter at its
difference of ideals and his proved dishonesty,
makes her very real indeed, and very likable. She
comedian!
marries the right man in an ending that, natu-
Life is not so unlike that, nor art either. rally, is happy. But it is an irreproachably inev-
We are all Michelangelos until we begin to itable ending. And — what better "blurb” could
do drawings for the magazines; all Shelleys a publisher himself write? — it is not a "glad"
until we find out the difficulty of writing even book! (Stokes; $1.40.)
the humblest prose article. Perhaps its van Ingredients of “The Middle Pasture," by
ity is the tragedy of mankind-mankind Mathilde Bilbro (Small Maynard; $1.25): Two
which not so very long ago claimed to be a brothers estranged by a dispute over the owner-
“microcosm” and now presumes to judge the ship of the “middle pasture”; Katherine, the
weight of the planets! We are all first cousins daughter of one, engaged to the wrong man; Dr.
to Tito Bassi.
Phil, the right man; Dr. Willingham, married
..


1917]
247
THE DIAL
to the wrong woman; Miss Harriet, the right | Lucien and Silvia, drive them to the country, drive
women; Old Man Bennet, the villain; one lost them back to town again, and all but drive them
will; one unknown cave in the middle pasture, to the madhouse. A ghost story, a love story,
full of riches; one ha'nt; mystery and melodrama; and the story of an eccentric and moneyed uncle
and last but not least, two children, fairy god are all worked into the texture of the lightly woven
mothers who touch the springs that set everything material, which forms altogether an amusing fabri-
right. The author mixes all these together most cation.
skilfully and makes a concoction as agreeable as
Aunt Sally's strawberry nectar, and as strawberry
nectar it should be treated: not as the wherewithal
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
for a full literary meal, but as a cool, sparkling
drink, taken of an afternoon when one is dusty
A WOMAN AND THE WAR. By the Countess
and tired. Indeed, the author makes no claim to
of Warwick. Doran; $2.
creating literature, but she makes us wish that A result, it would seem, of the peculiarly diabol-
there were such a Utopia as she makes Alabama ical methods and the previously unheard-of hor-
out to be, where all the wrongs come right in a rors of the present European war is a large crop
middle pasture, in which we would like to play of new literature which deals with the subject of
ourselves a delectable land, cut off from the ending all war forever. Various are the means
world by high green hedges, a land full of wild therein suggested to secure and maintain peace:
blackberries and plums, with a real cave to dis-
the pacifist may put his emphasis upon an imme-
cover and a running stream to wade in.
diate cessation of hostilities; or he may consider
A foundation of Mr. Leonard Merrick and
such & step under present conditions merely a
gingerbread finishings after the order of any
palliative measure ineffective in, or even detrimental
magazine story of the theatre, compose the edifice to, the establishment of proper permanent relation-
of The Gay Life” by Keble Howard (John Lane; ships between countries. It is for a lasting adjust-
$1.30). Jilly Nipchin's career, through the Lon-
ment rather than for an immediate creation of a
don 'alls and up, is amusingly enough described,
world peace that the Countess of Warwick pleads
but her story lacks the profundity and the artistry
in her recent book. She says, “Personally I have no
of those novels upon which it is so evidently fered our defeat. I believe that we shall win and that
use for peace until we have won our victory or suf-
modelled, and it lacks as well the snap and go
our first duties as victors will be to take whatever
of its popular American counterparts. The thor-
ough knowledge of the stage and of all things steps are needed to give peace permanence.” As
stagey which the author obviously possesses ap-
a requisite to permanent peace, she intimates, there
is a certain fundamental condition which involves
parently does not include the capacity for under-
standing the forces that underlie the struggles and
the position of woman. And we find here (as in
the successes of its workers. “The Gay Life" is
other writings of feminine pacifists) the smug
superficial, occasionally clever, and of fleeting intimately concerned in the production of the race
value.
Pyramus and Thisbe in the terms of Chicago's
than man, is consequently more zealous for its
conservation. Thus had the European govern-
North Side and the twentieth century, with the
ments in July, 1914 been made up of women, war
regrettable omission of the lion, is the theme of
Mr. Emerson Hough's new novel, “The Man Next
would have been averted; were woman economi-
Door” (Appleton; $1.50). Whether or not it
cally and politically independent, her vision as
“the savior of the race” might be fulfilled. The
sustains the reputation of the author of “The
Countess of Warwick is primarily a feminist and
Mississippi Bubble” and “The Magnificent Ad-
venture, we are unable to say;
sees that the worst features of the war as waged
we can assert
most emphatically, however, that the only thing by Germany are due to the fact that the German
that makes their successor readable is the appeal-
women, more than the women of any other great
ing jargon of Curly, the ex-foreman of Circle
power, are kept in the background. Having shifted,
Arrow Ranch. Curly tells the story of Old Man
in part at least, the responsibility for the war
from the shoulders of her sex, she discourses upon
Wright's removal to Chicago, of the breaking-in
of the fair Bonnie Bell Wright to millionaire row,
the many practical ways in which that sex may
now, in times of war, be useful to her country, and
of the building of the wall, and of the man on the
other side thereof. Untrue, insignificant, and gen-
considers how the cause of feminism, as well as
that of democracy (inclined a little toward social-
erally uninteresting are the terms we must reluc-
tantly attach to Mr. Hough's latest excursion in the
ism), may grow strong through the present ordeal.
She is flattering, almost embarrassingly flattering,
realms of fiction.
to the United States when she looks toward us
Belle K. Maniates, the author of “Amarilly of
Clothesline Alley," has an amusing way of writ-
standing aloof in our neutrality and breadth of
ing about children. Her latest story, “Our Next-
vision, ready to lead the world nations in their
Door Neighbors” (Little, Brown; $1.35), describes
fight against internal "diseases, privileges and in-
the dilemma of a childless couple who are forcibly
effectiveness." These internal faults, especially in
adopted — the passive tense alone reveals the situa her own country, she is not slow to criticize, and
tion --- by the obstreperous offspring of the besides the generalities on education and an honest
scientific Polydores, their casual, next-door neigh- interchange of opinion, she has many concrete con-
bors. To the number of five — boys at that — structive suggestions to make for the social better-
they invade the peaceful, methodical household of ment of England. The Countess of Warwick has


248
[March 22
THE DIAL
had unusual opportunities of knowing the great frankly modern, although he bows here and there
Englishmen of her time, and of these she writes to a great name as he hurries down the centuries
with intimacy and charm. Her tribute to Lord to the very modern and somewhat "massive"
Haldane, Lord French, and the glamorous per novel which is his peculiar delight. The colloca-
sonality of the late King Edward stand out in tion of names is often more than innocently funny:
high relief in a book where so much adverse crit Catullus and Dante, Strindberg and Emerson,
icism of government and conditions has been her Pater and Shaw, are mystically yoked together.
self-imposed task.
Mr. Masters and Chaucer will be thrillingly
amused to learn that "there is something Chau.
OGURI HANGWAN ICHIDAIKI. By James S. cerian" in the “Spoon River Anthology," though
de Benneville. Philadelphia: Peter Reilly;
Chaucer will feel hurt that he himself is omitted
$2.75.
from the Pantheon. The first niches in the gal-
Western readers will find in this long episodic lery are filled by King David, Odysseus, and the
narration of "the lives, the adventures, and the
Bacchæ; the last but one, by Vincent O'Sullivan,
misadventures of the Councillor Oguri" an example
Oliver Onions, and Arnold Bennett. Apparently
of a form of literature that has been for centuries Mr. Powys is not very much amused by poetry: he
the most popular one among the masses of the
lists only eleven numbers, none after Goethe except
Japanese people. The present translation is a Quiller-Couch's “Oxford Anthology,” wherewith
compilation of a number of kodan, or romantic the book is brought to a sporting finish. . As
chronicle-histories, which, at first recited by pro may be suspected, the author has “purely psycho-
fessional story-tellers to avid audiences, were later logical reasons” for believing in the value of his
set down in book form, and often illustrated with list: it is a confession, so he hints, of “shame-
the most blood-curdling designs by the woodcut less subjectivity." Perhaps the best way to indi-
artists of Hokusai's age. The preface tells us cate the type of subject thus revealed is to study
that the various narratives here joined have been his use of the adjective — his particular part of
considerably condensed in the process of redaction; speech. Beyond doubt, “shameless” carries off the
but the narrative still remains better suited to the palm for frequency, with “demonic," "massive,
leisure of our forefathers, who loved Mallory's 'savage,” “ironical,” and “diabolical" running
interminable chronicle, than to the impatience of
close seconds. Let us now state the nature of the
our own hurried day. To the student of Japanese amusement - - harmless, let us hope, God help us
customs and methods of thought, it will prove of
which should put this book in the one hundred
real interest. It is a story of blood, battle, and and first place: it is a revelation, we are led to
wandering adventure, in which robbers, warriors, suppose -
a massive, savage, and demonic rev-
supernatural beings, and beggars combine into a
elation of a diabolical soul.
kaleidoscopic whirl of formless narrative of Ash-
ikaga times. It pictures curiously that fundamen THE PRIMATES OF THE FOUR GEORGES. By
tal savagery, that profound blood-lust, which has Aldred W. Rowden. Dutton; $4.50.
been from the dawn of history so inexplicable a Hogarth's famous picture of the sleeping con-
background to the delicate and urbane arts of gregation is often considered as typifying the
Japan.
religious conditions of his time; and it is unfortu-
nately true that the Anglican church in the eight-
ONE HUNDRED BEST Books. By John Cow eenth century was sadly wanting in religious fervor.
per Powys. Shaw; 75 cts.
Frequently this condition is attributed to the con-
“The essential thing,” says Mr. Powys, “is that trol exercised by the king's Whig ministers: the
we should be thrillingly and passionately rulers of the church being also important members
amused; innocently, if so it can be arranged of the house of lords, the government naturally
and harmlessly, too, let us hope, God help selected Whigs to fill vacancies on the episcopal
us, but at any rate, amused.” Well, we are, when bench. As the clergy was Tory almost to a man,
we read “One Hundred Best Books”: not always it was extremely difficult to find men of the proper
thrillingly and passionately, perhaps, but at any type for the higher offices in the church. It may
rate, amused. The really funny thing, of course, be doubted, however, whether this control really
is that Mr. Powys himself has sunk to the very does explain the spiritual torpor of the time; on
centre of gravity, thereby committing what he the Continent there was similar dearth of religious
calls "the only unpardonable sin.” But he should enthusiasm, and the reaction which in England was
not be so severe; his fall from grace is entirely represented by the Methodist and Evangelical move-
pardonable: it furnishes innocent and harmless ments had an earlier parallel in German pietism.
amusement almost consistently from beginning to
But it is quite clear that a more spiritual episco-
end of his book. Indeed, we rather resent two or
three genuinely wise and eloquent pages in the
pacy could have done much to invigorate the An-
preface, such fine notes as those on James, Hardy,
glican church; great bishops there were, such as
and Conrad, and other, not infrequent, flashes of
Butler and Berkeley, but these merely serve to
insight; for at these points sheer admiration
emphasize the general mediocrity. The archbish-
unluckily compels the smile' to vanish. Mr. ops of Canterbury were scarcely above the com-
Powys's general scheme is simple: he lists his mon level of the episcopacy. Mr. Rowden, an
favorites, more or less as they come into his head, English lawyer with a strong religious interest, has
assigning to each book or author a paragraph or made the English primacy of the eighteenth cen-
two of “adventurous criticism." His tastes are tury the subject of a sympathetic and fairly ade-


1917]
249
THE DIAL
quate study. It begins with the consecration of methods and ideals of private philanthropy must
William Wake in 1716, and closes with the death jolt most severely those smug social workers who
of Charles Manners Sutton in 1828. Eight men condemn all public relief and insist on the peculiar
served as archbishops of Canterbury during the beneficence of a system of private charity which
Georgian period; but only two, William Wake and
necessarily must gain its support from subsidies by
Thomas Secker, seem in any way to have measured the well-to-do. But any form of philanthropy,
up to the earlier standards of the primacy. The whether public or private, has little effect in lessen-
rest were learned and capable men, good and ing the amount of poverty. To do this, the causes
efficient administrators in a worldly sense, but with must be attacked at their roots. After dealing
no real insight into the religious needs of the briefly with relief measures for the dependent and
church. Mr. Rowden's work is biographical in defective classes, the author considers a preventive
part, and contains a certain amount of personal programme. The eugenic programme is first
history; but his interest lies chiefly in the archiepis- discussed, but not regarded as likely to produce
copal office and in the great ecclesiastical problems results. Likewise systems of insurance and pen-
of the time. He seems to feel that in their attitude sions do not fundamentally affect the prevalence
toward the earlier dissent and the later Wesleyan of poverty although they may alleviate it to some
movement, the primates were too timid and con extent. Since poverty is the outcome of conditions
servative: a little wisdom on their part might, he attending the
attending the production and distribution of
believes, have saved the Methodists to the Anglican wealth, the preventive programme must be applied
communion. It is interesting to learn, however, at this point. It is necessary to raise the rate of
that the personal relations of several of the pri wages so as to increase the income of the poor.
mates with the great dissenting leaders, such as
This may be done through legislation, by collective
Watts, Doddridge, and Chandler, were of the most bargaining, limiting the increase of population, and
friendly sort. Americans will be interested in the
by giving the laborer a share in the ownership of
author's account of the plan to introduce the epis- capital. A better distribution of income and of
copate into the American colonies in the decade
wealth is urged through such measures as profit-
just prior to the American Revolution. Mr. Row-
sharing and cooperative enterprises, systems of
den discusses a great variety of other subjects, taxation such as land income and inheritance taxes,
such as the various controversies between “high'
and other measures that tend to lessen inequalities.
and "broad” churchmen, the disabilities of the
It is highly important to increase the productive-
dissenters, Catholic emancipation, marriage and
divorce, the negotiations looking toward union
ness of society, which can be done by making
with the church in France and the Eastern com-
industry more stable, by reducing waste and
munions. His work has been written with care
unnecessary competition, and by increasing the
efficiency of workers. The movement toward the
and judgment, and will prove suggestive and help- public control, especially of certain forms, of
ful to anyone who wishes to understand the relig- industry is approved and hopes are expressed for
ious history of the eighteenth century.
the eventual success of industrial democracy.
POVERTY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS. By Maurice
Greater political democracy is also necessary; like-
Parmelee. Macmillan; $1.75.
wise more effective governmental organization. In
This is an excellent discussion of the causes of
choosing between humanitarian and democratic
ideals the author selects the latter. The book is
poverty and the problem of its prevention. The
an able presentation of the subject and is quite
are characterized as follows: physical
fearless in statement. It is suitable for classroom
and mental defectiveness, social inadaptation
use but serviceable also for that growing group of
of normal mental and psychical characteristics,
certain characteristics and forms of social organ-
persons interested in social reform. Its organiza-
ization, and physical environment. The biological
tion is in some parts slightly confusing and is not
so clear-cut as is desirable, but its general plan,
factors in social life are first discussed; then fol-
lows an account of existing conditions, including
purpose, and subject matter are excellent.
the distribution of wealth and income, standards of
FRENCH POLICY AND THE AMERICAN ALLIANCE
living, and an estimate of the amount and extent
of poverty. As specific causes of poverty are
OF 1778. By Edwin S. Corwin. Princeton
University Press; $2.
mentioned various economic conditions, chief
among which is unemployment. Other causes dis-
Professor Corwin, the present occupant of Wood-
cussed are overwork, sweating, child labor, and
row Wilson's old chair at Princeton, is very fond
industrial warfare. The relation of growth of
of making intensive studies of narrow historical
population to problems of wealth and poverty,
questions, and then emphasizing, if not advocating,
political mal-adjustment, and domestic and matri-
neglected views of those questions. The slightly
monial difficulties are each given serious considera-
controversial aspect of his style conduces, it must
tion. Dr. Parmelee does not believe that the
be confessed, to the interest of the average reader.
causes of poverty are so simple that they can be In the present volume Professor Corwin ably and
reduced to some single cause such as that urged
in convenient compass has marshalled a mass of
by socialists, by single tax advocates, or others.
facts and authorities relating to the motives which
The author begins his treatment of remedial and prompted the French monarchy to aid the revolu-
preventive measures with a discussion of the mod tionary movement in America, at first surrepti-
ern humanitarian movement and the nature of phil- tiously and afterward by open alliance. The
anthropic work. His incisive criticism of the popular notion, accepted by Bancroft, that Ameri-
causes


250
[March 22
THE DIAL
99
can intervention was primarily caused by the eight the year 1675, and not care what his unpleasant
eenth-century movement for intellectual freedom, business of ferreting out witches meant to some of
is rejected by Professor Corwin. According to the his unfortunate contemporaries. So we can have
official statements of the French government, its delight in the human side of Saint Basil the Great
action was entirely defensive,--the object of this when we learn of his interest in pickled cabbage.
defensive policy being the Caribbean possessions Similarly, we are charmed with our author's de-
of Louis XVI. This theory, of course, has never lightful satire on educational conditions past and
been accepted by historians. Was it desire for present in his essay on “Protective Coloring in
more territory or for increased commerce that Education," the coloring being theological or sci-
primarily prompted France to intervene for Amer entific or whatever the contemporary fashion was.
ican independence? Professor Corwin thinks not. There is some admirable criticism in “Seven-
Quite sagaciously he protests against that prevail- | teenth-Century Prose," though the excellence of
ing habit of recent historians who“ are apt to give the old is somewhat overemphasized by contrast
too slighting attention to all but bread-and-butter with some wretched specimens from the present.
interests as interpretative of the conduct of states." The deadly parallel is too good not to mention.
Professor Corwin finds the mainspring of French The Authorized Version of the Bible reads:
policy in the abiding conviction of French official “When Herod the king had heard these things he
dom that France was traditionally the first of Eu was troubled and all Jerusalem with him”; with
ropean powers, that by the accident of the Seven which is compared the Twentieth-Century version:
Years War England appeared to be a rival in pres- “When King Herod heard the news he was much
tige, and that England's embarrassment in America troubled and his anxiety was shared by the whole
was the lucky occasion for the inevitable re-asser of Jerusalem.” The last two essays, “The Taming
tion by France of her historical position. As typ- of Leviathan" and "The Strategy of Peace,” are
ical of French thinking the following sentence is more serious in tone since they are in large meas-
quoted from a confidential document of the For ure suggested by the European War. The Levia-
eign Office penned in 1756: "The diplomatic object than is from Hobbes; in Europe, it is political
of this crown has been and will always be to enjoy organization, which is to be tamed by democratic
in Europe that rôle of leadership which accords control; in America, it is economic and industrial
with its antiquity, its worth, and its greatness; to and professional power, which is to be tamed by
abase every power which shall attempt to become idealism in the soul of the artist. In "The Strat-
superior to it, whether by endeavoring to usurp its egy of Peace” Mr. Crothers expresses his convic-
possessions, or by arrogating to itself an unwar-
tion that since we have built up a government of
ranted preëminence, or finally by seeking to dimin the people to safeguard the liberty of the individ-
ish its influence and credit in the affairs of the ual, we shall bring order out of the present inter-
world at large." So it was not for liberty that national anarchy.
French soldiers fought in America, or for democ-
racy, or for land, or for yellow gold, but for glory EARLY LIFE AND LETTERS OF GENERAL (STONE-
—and that particular kind of glory belonging to WALL) THOMAS J. JACKSON. By Thomas J.
" the fair days of Louis XIV.” Professor Corwin's Arnold. Fleming H. Revell; $2.
book would be more valuable and convincing if he The domestic qualities of Stonewall Jackson are
had paid some attention to popular opinion in traced in a biography by his widow, the military
France and its relation to governmental policy. qualities, in the standard biography by Henderson.
Neither Mrs. Jackson nor Henderson, however, was
THE PLEASURES OF AN ABSENTEE LANDLORD, fully or accurately informed about the early life
AND OTHER Essays. By Samuel McChord of the great soldier. Information regarding these
Crothers. Houghton Mifflin; $1.25.
formative years has been gathered carefully by Mr.
Perhaps the quality which we most desire in an Thomas J. Arnold, Jackson's nephew, and is now
essay is charm, something more easy to recognize published. While no events of such 'nature as to
than to define. There must, however, be a certain
revolutionize our knowledge of the subject are
emotional depth or intellectual weight to ensure
discovered, many small inaccuracies are corrected
permanence. Because Lamb has these qualities he and many hitherto unknown facts are produced.
takes first rank among English essayists, surpass-
The most important contribution to the biography
ing Hazlitt, who has emotional and intellectual
of Jackson is the evidence that the disadvantages
content without the exquisite charm of his contem- he suffered in childhood and youth have been
porary. Mr. Crothers's latest volume has charm greatly overstated. Of still greater interest is a
without any special profundity in thought or feel-
series of Jackson's own letters. Most of these
ing. Indeed, the lightness of his essays is part of
are addressed to his sister (Mr. Arnold's mother),
their charm; so delightfully do they play in and
and they extend from his early manhood almost
about their subject that we do not demand more
to the date of his death. The most notable is the
of them than that they should be suggestive and
letter of January 26, 1861, in which he discusses
entertaining. We are pleased to become with him the prospects at that crucial hour. The letters also
an absentee landlord and to wander over the de deepen the impression, which Mr. Arnold from his
serted estates of history and biography without personal intimacy with Jackson seeks to convey,
any sense of responsibility to scholarship or sci that more has been made of personal eccentricities
Thus we can take genuine satisfaction in than is at all to be justified. The letters, like Mr.
Matthew Hopkins's “Discovery of Witchcraft" of Arnold himself, would give the impression that
ence.


1917]
251
THE DIAL
Jackson was a cultivated man, with a considerable ally conversational volume. In his opening chap-
range of interests, and with far less aversion to ter he tells us, with some violence to Latin
society, and awkwardness in it, than is generally grammar, that he has “lived in medias res, between
supposed. On the other hand, the testimony is two worlds—the one dead, the other powerless to
ample that Jackson on occasions was dull, absent- be born." _That is, his boyhood was passed in the
minded, and odd. Really, we surmise, there were north of England, his later life in this country,
two Jacksons - the timid, self-absorbed stranger so that he feels himself to be neither wholly Eng-
and the genial friend who had laid aside his reti lish nor wholly American; and perhaps this in-
cence and was respected and trusted by men of complete adjustment to his environment has
prominence and discernment. The book confirms favored the development of the introspective qual-
what we know already of the unbending will and ity shown in the book, the tendency to philosophize
absolute rectitude of Jackson. For those who about life rather than to live it unselfconsciously
would become thoroughly acquainted with either and whole-heartedly. He teaches the permanence
the exact details of Jackson's life, or the fulness and worth of spiritual things, the evanescence and
of his character, an acquaintance with Mr. Arnold's worthlessness of material. An individualist in his
work is indispensable.
doctrine, he goes so far as to assert that “the
primal virtue in the decalogue of achievement is
THE FOUNDER OF AMERICAN JUDAISM. By not the talent, but the egotism of the talent.” But
Max B. May. Putnam; $2.
how can this be if, as we are taught, modesty is
This biography of Isaac Mayer Wise by his the mother of all virtues? Probably the answer is
grandson is an act of filial piety performed with that the finest modesty is at the same time the
grace and discrimination. The life of this enthusi most complete self-assertion; so that here again
astic and progressive rabbi is coincident practically is illustrated the law by which, in some mysterious
with the “adaptation" of Judaism to American way, extremes always meet. In eighteen readable
conditions. As Mr. May says: “Dr. ise realized chapters the author preaches his gospel of truth
that if Judaism in America was to be preserved, and beauty and love in a world that is, indeed,
it would be necessary not only to Americanize the "everyman's world."
Jew but also his Judaism. This was his life
work. His death found American Judaism PHILOSOPHY AND WAR. By Emile Boutroux.
modernized and adapted to its new environment Dutton; $1.75.
and the American Jew preserving the essentials To expect M. Boutroux, as a member of the
of his religion, living in every community as an French Academy, to maintain a philosophic view
influential, respected, public-spirited philanthropic of the great struggle would be to ascribe too much
citizen. It is to-day an open question as to importance to the fact that this academician hap-
whether this description of "American Judaism" pens to be a professor of philosophy. "It is a cruel
is correct, no matter how correct the description fate to be reduced to talk and philosophize whilst
of the American Jew may be. What is significant, the destinies of France are being decided on the
what really stands out in the whole biography, is
battle-field.” The moral indignation reflected from
how definitively the reform movement in Judaism
the field of battle obscures the outlook of the philo-
is a social and political movement and how little
sophic mind. M. Boutroux reviews the evolution
it is a genuinely religious movement.
of German science and German thought. He
rather from a sense of social relationships and
political responsibilities than from an influx of
dwells upon the debt to France acknowledged by
irresistible religious feeling. Acrimonious as its
Kant and Goethe. He sers a complete desertion
development seems to have been, and marked with
of the older ideals, and their replacement by a
persecutions and unhappiness, none of its protag-
doctrine of force, mighty and indisputable in its
onists seem to have been moved by any great
own right, which in turn seeks and finds the sanc-
religious vision or any profound religious emotion
tion of a philosophy. The eradication of feeling
such as is involved in religious reforms in other
and the enthronement of an obedient discipline
sects. Its bias was intellectual, and Rabbi Wise ignoring values, coupled with a ruthless efficiency
was perhaps as noble an example as any of the
disregarding the moral sanction, have become the
passionate intellectualism and ethical intensity
German ideal. In action it breaks obligations,
that mark his race. His life and his achievement spreads desolation, murders the innocent, destroys
are in many ways the most important among the the cherished works of past glory, terrorizes and
Jews in America of the past generation, and his abuses in the name of a culture, justifying all
success is perhaps the most tragic thing in the means to the egocentric end. Clearly it is idle to
spiritual history of Jewry.
expect a philosophic interpretation to emerge from
such troubled unrest. M. Boutroux has not writ-
EVERYMAN'S WORLD. By Joseph Anthony ten a book on “Philosophy and War” but has
Milburn. Shores; $1.50.
expressed his outraged soul with patriotic fervor,
Living a retired life, but at the same time one and with some attempt to do so in the outlook of
of the widest spiritual freedom, Mr. Milburn has historical philosophy. Others with feelings less
evidently had time to ponder the deeper meanings involved and interests in Germanic mentality of
of existence. Some of the fruits of this medita deeper origin, have been equally puzzled to recon-
tion are offered to those with a taste for such cile a professed idealistic culture with pursuits and
things in this engagingly communicative, inform actions so dismally and tragically contradictory.
It sprang


252
[March 22
THE DIAL
THE
PAUL VERLAINE. His ABSINTHE-TINTED popular, rather than to the scientific, mind. Mag-
Song. Translated by Bergen Applegate. azine readers are already familiar with a portion
(Chicago: Ralph Fletcher Seymour; $2. of its contents, especially that which centres about
Limited edition, $5.)
the Devil Baby, whose rumored visits to Hull
Under this boding title, in a handsome volume
House stirred many retrospective moods among
bound in orange and green, and containing many
the humble women who hoped to see him. They
collotype illustrations, are rendered representative
recalled significant experiences and observations,
selections from Verlaine's poems. The translator
and thereby obtained a larger view of the problems
avows that they “defy interpretation in English” of life. Through the many stories told by unfortu-
and the reader must agree with him. No lover of nate and unhappy women are portrayed the special
Verlaine can be satisfied with any version, and it hardships of womankind rather than the sufferings
is not likely that the present volume will tempt of classes of humanity. There are untold hard-
many to consult the original. The most effective ships in the lives of men which might be utilized
medium for bringing Verlaine's aroma to the Eng in similar ways. Whether consciously or not, the
lish sense is perhaps such verse as that of Ernest book will perform a service in strengthening the
Dowson, where a rhythm or an image from the growing “woman movement." In the later chap-
French was haunting the poet's brain. When we ters the spell of the Devil Baby is lost, but
are obliged to follow line for line, even in free reminiscences continue, one group relating to
translation, the magic flees. This is not meant to
industry and another to war. Here, however, the
imply that there are no happy renderings of indi-
use of memory as the vehicle for reaching one's
vidual verses, but only that the effort is seldom
destination seems somewhat unnecessary, if not
sustained through a whole poem. One might dis-
pute occasionally Mr. Applegate's interpretation,
far-fetched. Experience is apparently the ener-
but after all the French is often susceptible of
gizing force that promotes rebellion against the
many meanings, and I prefer to cite one of the
unjust past and develops better ideals for the
“Poèmes Saturniens” which seems particularly suc-
future. Does not this account largely for the
cessful.
moral abhorrence of war and for greater coöpera-
PROMENADE SENTIMENTALE.
tion in industry?
The sunset darted its level beam
Where the wind-rocked water lilies dream;
HISTORY OF
WORKING CLASSES
IN
The water lilies calm and pale
That shine where reeds are green and frail.
FRANCE. By Agnes M. Wergeland. Univer-
And I wandered alone with a heart full sore,
sity of Chicago Press; $1.
By the pool where the willows line the shore,
Shortly before the close of the last century
Where the vague mist wakened a phantom tall
there was published at Paris a monumental treatise
That wept in the voice of the wild fowls' call,
When they beat their wings by the willows white
by Emile Levasseur entitled “Histoire des Classes
Where I wandered alone in the shrouding night
Ouvrières et de l'Industrie en France avant 1789."
Through the shadows that drowned the level beam In the course of time an extended review of the
Where the wind-rocked water lilies dream-
work, written by Professor Agnes M. Wergeland,
The water lilies calm and pale
appeared in the “Journal of Political Economy,"
That shine where the reeds are green and frail.
and now this review appears in book form. As
A noteworthy feature of the book is the preface,
may be surmised, the author has written some-
where a sane judgment (conspicuously rare among
thing more than an ordinary book review. She
admirers of Verlaine) is passed on the poet and
was herself a scholar in the field of mediæval and
his work. “Verlaine never learned that the senses
modern industrial history, and in her critique of
can only be exhausted, not satisfied,” concludes
Levasseur she has provided a running commentary
Mr. Applegate in his discussion of "The Man.”
sufficient to give the casual reader a very satis-
A brief bibliography and short notes to the poems
factory notion of the book's contents and conclu-
complete the volume. The form of the book is
sions, and has, moreover, interpreted her author
worthy of all commendation. It is printed in large
freely in terms of her own knowledge and expe-
type on excellent paper.
rience. Levasseur's work comprised two ponderous
volumes, one covering French industrial develop-
THE LONG ROAD OF WOMAN'S MEMORY. By
ment from Roman times to the epoch of the
Jane Addams. Macmillan; $1.25.
Renaissance, the other covering, relatively more
Although the publishers imply that this book
fully, the development of the centuries between
interprets the scientific theory of race memory, it the Renaissance and the Revolution. The sources
is with difficulty that the reader gains the impres from which the second volume was written were
sion that this is done. Nor does the introduction
more satisfactory; and, as the reviewer points out,
succeed in simplifying the problem. The closing not only is this volume more enjoyable and sug-
chapter, however, contains a sentence germane gestive than the first, but it is, especially in the
to the thought of the book: “A sincere portrayal second edition of 1901, a universally recognized
of a widespread and basic emotional experience, model of painstaking and accurate scholarship.
however remote in point of time it may be, has The present résumé of the work is to be com-
the power overwhelmingly to evoke memories of mended to anyone who desires a brief, authorita-
like moods in individuals.” The book is written tive portrayal of the industrial evolution of the
in a charming manner, and will appeal to the French people.


1917]
253
THE DIAL
to
NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES.
Included in the collection are the Elia edition of
Charles Lamb's “Life and Works,” twelve vol-
[Inquiries or contributions to this department should be ad umes, issued by The Lamb Publishing Co.; first
dressed John E. Robinson, the Editor, who will be edition of C. J. Apperley's "Life of a Sportsman,"
pleased to render to readers such services as are possible.]
London 1842, illustrated by Henry Alken; "Exhi-
An interesting manuscript of William M. bition of Portrait Miniatures,” London 1889, bind-
Thackeray has come into the possession of Mr.
ing with ivory miniatures; David Carey's "Life in
Gabriel Weis, of 489 Fifth Avenue, New York.
Paris" with an original drawing by George Cruik-
It is an account, in the novelist's handwriting, of
shank laid in; original manuscripts of Washington
his arrival in the United States, and is believed to
Irving; Sloane's “Life of Napoleon" extra-
be unpublished. It was obtained from the Thack-
illustrated; twenty-four original drawings by
eray family. The ending is as follows:
Thomas Rowlandson, and the manuscript by
“He sees an American rail-way train for the Algernon C. Swinburne of “Cromwell's Statue.”
first time, which starts modestly right away out of
Rare autographs from the collections of J. L.
the street, and never stops until it lands him (from
Clawson, of Buffalo, N. Y., Mrs. B. A. Brown, of
Boston) in New York, him and his baggage in the
New York City, and other consignors will be sold
street too. He sees that the cars are far more
at the Anderson Galleries on March 26. There are
spacious and comfortable than those in the old autographs by Paul Revere and Peter Stuyvesant,
country, and finds the journey much less fatiguing and letters by Byron, Pope, Scott, Wilde, Fulton,
in the airy American carriage than in the close
Charles I, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamil-
and wadded English carriage. He has scarcely ton, Paul Jones to Thomas Jefferson, Charles
started ten minutes when a little boy, with a bas- Lamb, Abraham Lincoln, Thackeray, George and
ket of pretty red books cries out Trackeray's
Martha Washington, John Hancock, and Charles
Works' under his nose, and he purchases a copy
Lee. Documents are signed by Ferdinand and
of some of his own performances, which he hasn't
Isabella and by Catherine de Medicis.
seen these twelve years, and which perhaps he
Napoleonic autographs, collected by the late
would have wished should never have re-visited the
Frederick Sheldon Parker, of Brooklyn, N. Y.,
old world or the new.
will be sold at the Anderson Galleries on March
Part VII of the Frederic R. Halsey print collec-
27 and 28. Nearly all the great rulers, soldiers,
tion was sold at the Anderson Galleries, 40th and statesmen of Napoleon's time, and nearly ali
Street and Madison Avenue, on March 14, 15, and
the famous women identified with his career, are
16. It consisted of the work of the early engravers.
represented in this collection by documents or let-
Part VIII, made up of prints of the French Revo-
ters. There are twenty-five specimens of Napo-
lution and Napoleon, will be sold on March 29 leon's signature.
and 30. Part IX, consisting of foreign prints of
A fine lot of books on arctic and antarctic explo-
the eighteenth century, will be sold on April 16-20. rations is in the library of Walter T. Stephenson,
There will be two or three more parts. Mr. Halsey,
which will be sold at the Anderson Galleries on
it is said, would have sold his collection of prints April 2 and 3.
for $250,000. The amount thus far realized is An interesting sale of Americana was held re-
about $375,000. This amount exceeds by more cently by Charles F. Heartman, 36 Lexington
than $80,000 the previous record for the sale of Avenue, New York. Two items brought $102
a print collection in America.
each. One was “Lieut. James Moody's Narrative
In the early part of April the American Art of his Exertions and Sufferings in the Cause of
Galleries, 23rd Street and Broadway, will sell the Government,” London 1783. It was accompanied
library of the late J. Harsen Purdy, an old-time by an extremely rare aquatint engraving, repre-
New York collector. There are many fine speci- senting an incident in the career of Moody. The
mens of early English literature in it, including purchaser was Lathrop C. Harper. The other
Shakespeare's "Lucrece," 1655, in the original item, which was bought by Oscar Wegelin, was a
binding, with portrait by Faithorne; first edition rare broadside, published in 1774, showing how
of Spenser's "Faerie Queene," 1590-96, and a first New York received the Boston Port Bill. It con-
edition of Defoe's “Robinson Crusoe.' Mr. Purdy tains the resolutions of the Committee of Corre-
owned a fine collection of engravings by the old spondence, relating to the non-importation of
masters, which will also be sold.
British goods, destruction of the tea in Boston, etc.
The finest copy known of “The Pickwick A remarkable collection of rare books and manu-
Papers" is in the library of the late Samuel H. scripts was sold at the Anderson Galleries on
Austin, of Philadelphia, which will also be sold March 19, 20, and 21. Among the items were pres-
in April by the American Art Galleries. It be entation copies of his works by Lord Byron; an
longed to Captain Douglas, the biographer of extra-illustrated copy of the “Presidents of the
George Cruikshank, and is in the original parts. United States," with 27 autograph letters of the
The Gough collection of Cruikshank items, which Presidents laid in; manuscript and autograph let-
brought $5000 in the Borden sale, is also in the ter of Oscar Wilde, and the first book of the
Austin library.
Shakespeare-Bacon controversy, Herbert Law-
Library sets from notable presses,
first rence's “Life and Adventures of Common Sense."
editions, colored-plate books, and handsomely It sets forth the theory that the plays of Shake-
bound volumes, including the library of Charles speare were written by Bacon.
F. Ettla, of Swarthmore, Pa., will be sold at the Stan. V. Henkels. of 1304 Walnut Street, Phil-
American Art Galleries on March 26 and 27. adelphia, sold on March 15 vellum manuscripts
rare


254
[March 22
THE DIAL
and other items from the library of E. M. Boyle to a degree of absurdity, especially in large-paper
of that city.
editions; in so much, that it becomes necessary
The auction house of Libbie, in Boston, sold on to qualify this assertion, and to say, that the
March 20 and 21 Part I of the library of the glory of a book consists, not in an unduly
late Alfred S. Roe, of Worcester, Mass., author broad, but in a finely proportioned, margin.
and historian of the Civil War.
In how many instances of recent 'éditions de luxe,'
A copy, in the original binding, of the first edi if the binder could but have a sense and knowledge
tion of "The Compleat Angler" by Izaak Walton, of proportion, might not the plough be used with
London 1653, is owned by Gabriel Weis. It was a liberty, which would be terrible to the prejudices
priced at $5000 by Quaritch of London. The
of the collector, but consoling to the finer sense of
“Lives of Donne” and others by the same author the artist?” Many a book-buyer has rebelled
is a presentation copy from Walton to the
against the necessity, which not seldom arises, of
Countess of Salisbury. Mr. Weis also has the first investing a considerable sum of money in blank
Kilmarnock “Poems” by Robert Burns; the first paper in order to gain possession of the product
issue of Spenser's "Faerie Queene," and the peti of a certain pen. Perhaps the present paper
tion to George III by Alexander Selkirk, master-
shortage will check the tendency, referred to
pilot of the “Cinque Port,” who was alone on the above, toward increasingly wide margins. If so,
Island of Juan Fernandez for four years, four
it will prove to be a shortage not wholly deplor-
months, and three days. It was on the experiences able.
of Selkirk that the story of “Robinson Crusoe"
The slow development of the art of printing
is said to have been founded.
after its invention nearly five centuries ago is
Abraham Lincoln material continues to bring worthy of note in these later years when the
high prices in the New York auction rooms. At
Hoe press and the linotype machine and other
a recent sale in the Anderson Galleries, a letter
mechanical devices and improvements have been
fetched $400. It was a private letter to a political treading on one another's heels in their eagerness
friend, warning him of opposition to his election
to displace the cruder appliances of our grand-
to Congress.
fathers' time. As Mr. Henry R. Plomer says in
Glimpses of Colonial Connecticut abound in the Printing,” almost four hundred years elapsed after
his new book, "A Short History of English
pages of President Ezra Stiles's notebooks and
printing was invented before the press as it was
correspondence as presented in a volume edited
known to Caxton and his workmen gave place to
by Dr. Franklin Bowditch Dexter and entitled
The
“Extracts from the Itineraries and Other Miscel Napoleonic wars created a more eager thirst for
something less primitive and cumbrous.
lanies of Ezra Stiles, D.D., LL.D., 1755-1794, with
news in England, and a new and improved form
a Selection from his Correspondence.”. Dr. Stiles, of printing press was evolved to satisfy this thirst,
who was born at North Haven in 1727, was for
First came the Stanhope press, which substituted
many years pastor of the church at Newport,
an iron framework for the wooden body that had
R. I., and was called to the presidency of Yale in
until then been in use. This gave greater stability
1778. He died in 1794, leaving considerable rec-
and facilitated more rapid work. The platen, too,
ords of his travels in New England and beyond,
was doubled in size, thus allowing a larger sheet
as well as several books. Among items of varied
to be printed, and a system of levers took the place
interest his diaries make occasional mention of the
of the handle-bar and screw familiar to us in old
Indian tribes still extant in and about New Eng-
cuts. Then Koenig of Eisleben, and Edward
land in his time. For example, he notes in 1761 Cowper, a printer in Nelson Square, and Augustus
that the Saco tribe is extinct, and that there is
Applegarth, with many others, added each his in-
not an Indian in the Prov. of N. Hampshire,” and
vention or improvement, until to-day the per-
of the Iroquois he says: “The Senecas are esti-
fected press is as little like the contrivance that
mated for Number of Warriors to be half the Six
satisfied Caxton as the eight-cylinder touring car
Nations; the Onondagaes the greatest Warriors;
is like the ancient ox-cart. There is little wonder
the Onoydaes the greatest Rogues; the Mohawks
that the early history of printing, simpler and less
the best Counsellors; Cayugaes piddling folks;
Tuscarores fierce & warm people not so good for
eventful than its subsequent story, is more familiar
than its later and more bewildering record.
Counsel or firm in War as the others. Very
The American Library Institute, a smaller and
appropriately the imprint of the Yale University
more select body than the American Library Asso-
Press appears on the title-page of this volume
from the pen of Yale's president of a century and
ciation, its parent organism, issues its “Papers and
Proceedings" for 1916 in a substantial paper-
a quarter ago.
The subject of margins, acutely interesting just
covered volume of nearly two hundred pages.
now to certain frequenters of Wall Street, is not
President Ernest C. Richardson's address leads off,
without interest, of a less feverish sort, to the followed by utterances from such veteran libra-
bibliophile. In Mr. Herbert P. Horne's excellent rians and masters of bibliothecal science as Messrs.
manual on “The Binding of Books,” which has John Cotton Dana, Azariah S. Root, Clement W.
just appeared in a second edition, it is well Andrews, Frank P. Hill, and H. B. Van Hoesen.
remarked, though with an irritating excess of Notable articles, tested by time, are reprinted
punctuation, that a “broad margin has been said from various sources. It is such a collection of
to be the glory of a book: but in recent years, professional papers as every librarian will like to
the craze for wide margin has been carried see on his shelves.


1917]
255
THE DIAL
NOTES AND NEWS.
formation and notes for bibliophiles and is known
to collectors throughout the country as one of the
The publisher of THE DIAL wishes to announce
best informed authorities in that subject. He
the following contributing editors: Percy F.
will have charge of the department for bibliophiles,
Bicknell, Randolph Bourne, William Aspenwall
which is a recent feature of THE DIAL.
Bradley, Padraic Colum, Henry B. Fuller, H. M.
Messrs. Harper and Brothers will celebrate their
Kallen, J. E. Robinson, J. C. Squire, Theodore one hundredth anniversary this spring.
Stanton.
The Four Seas Company announce that they
Mr. Bicknell is well known to readers of THE have become the sole trade representatives of the
DIAL through his frequent contributions in the Bartlett Publishing Company.
past. He was educated at Williams College and “Studies in the Problem of Sovereignty” by
abroad. After a period of teaching, he engaged
Harold J. Laski, whose critical work is familiar
in library work at Williams College and later at
to readers of THE DIAL, is one of the recent pub-
the University of Pennsylvania and the University | lications of the Yale University Press.
of Illinois. Recently he has been engaged chiefly It is said that Gilbert Cannan, whose novel,
in literary work, translating two of Jokai's novels “Mendel” (Doran) is one of the important spring
in the intervals of editorial and miscellaneous writ publications, has refused to go to the front be-
ing. He has been associated with THE DIAL since cause he is a “conscientious objector” to war. He
1895. In addition to supplying occasional contri- is, however, doing his bit, having entered the agri-
butions, Mr. Bicknell will edit the department of cultural service of the British government.
Casual Comment.
The New York Public Library reports that
Mr. Randolph Bourne was educated at Columbia Mark Twain's historical romance, “Joan of Arc”
and abroad and is one of the better known pres (Harper) is more in demand than any other book.
ent-day writers on educational and social subjects. It would be interesting to know if the popularity
Mr. Bradley, after graduating from Columbia of this book were the result of the recent motion-
University, held various editorial positions in picture play representing the life of Joan d'Arc.
which he made a specialty of the graphic arts and Among Messrs. Frederick A. Stokes Company's
the artistic manufacture of books and magazines. publications for April are: Emil Boirac's “La
He has written extensively on these subjects. Mr. Psychologie Inconnue," translated by Dr. W. de
Bradley contributed the volume on William Cullen Kerlor under the title “Our Hidden Forces”; “I,
Bryant to the “English Men of Letters Series" and Mary MacLane,” which is, of course, by Mary
is the author of several volumes on etchings and MacLane, and “The Russians: an Interpretation,
one or two books of verse.
by Richardson Wright.
Mr. Padraic Colum has been closely associated Recent publications of the Lippincott Company
with various aspects of the Irish Renaissance, being include Theodore Duret's “Whistler,” translated
one of the group which in 1902 began working by Frank Rutter; Joseph Pennell's “Pictures of
for a National Theatre for Ireland. He was one War Work in England"; Sonia E. Howe's “Some
of the founders and for a time sole editor of the Russian Heroes, Saints and Sinners” and a novel
“Irish Review." He has also contributed to the of social, industrial and religious life in America
London “Nation" and the “New Statesman” and entitled “The Chosen People," by Sidney L.
was at one time dramatic correspondent for the Nyburg.
"Manchester Guardian.” He is the author of sev The Yale University Press announces that it
eral volumes of plays and verse.
has taken over for publication under its imprint
Mr. Henry B. Fuller is well known because of “Baccalaureate Addresses and Other Talks on
his first novel, “The Chevalier of Pensieri-Vani,” Kindred Themes, by Arthur Twining Hadley,
and his later realisti novels and short-stories deal president of Yale University, and “Queries in
ing with life in Chicago.
Ethnography," by Albert Galloway Keller, as-
Mr. H. S. Kallen was educated at Harvard Uni sistant professor of the Science of Society, Yale
versity and at Oxford, and is now teaching philoso- | University.
phy at the University of Wisconsin.
The Thomas Y. Crowell Company announce new
named by William James as editor of his important | printings of the following volumes : Allen's
book, "Some Problems in Philosophy." He has ‘Message of New Thought"; Bulfinch's Myth-
written books on James and Beyson and has been ology; Cole's “Life That Counts"; Fitzhugh's
a frequent contributor to THE DIAL.
“Along the Mohawk Trail"; Marden's “Pushing
Mr. J. C. Squire, who has for some years sup to the Front” and “Optimistic Life”; Otis's "Boy
plied THE Dial with a London letter, is a well Scouts in Maine Woods," and Sabin's “Pluck on
known English poet and critic.
the Long Trail."
Mr. Theodore Stanton, the son of Elizabeth Increase in the business of the Princeton Uni-
Cady Stanton, has for many years contributed the versity Press has resulted in several additions to
Paris Letter to THE DIAL. He was graduated the staff, principal among which is that of Edward
from the College of the City of New York and N. Teall, formerly of the editorial staff of the
Cornell University, and for many years repre New York “Sun,” who has assumed editorial su-
sented. American Journals abroad. He is the pervision of the publications of the Press. Among
author of several books and is one of the contrib their spring publications will be “The Mexican
uting editors of the “Mercure de France."
War Diary of General George B. McClellan.”
Mr. John E. Robinson has for many years Judicial procedure is discussed from a
handled the New York “Times” department of in angle by Judge F. D. Wells, of the New York
He was
new


256
[March 22
THE DIAL
THE SPRING ANNOUNCEMENT LIST.
The war is beginning to affect the American
publisher by way of playing havoc with white
paper. So serious is the shortage that the
list of every publisher is demoralized; many
books announced for publication last autumn
are not yet in print and others announced
for the spring carry no definite information
as to price or date. The following list of
spring announcements indicates however that
the difficulties of the situation have in no way
discouraged either the publisher or the ubiqui-
tous author.
“came
Municipal Court, in his volume, “The Man in
Court" (Putnam). The book pictures the reac-
tions of the judge, the jury, the lawyer, the client,
and the spectator during a trial in court. It is
written with a light, satiric touch and is aimed
at some of the absurd antiquities of our courts.
A conspicuous tribute marking William Dean
Howells's eightieth birthday will be a volume en-
titled “Howells” by Alexander Harvey, which is
soon to be published by Mr. B. W. Huebsch. This
is not to be a biography in the ordinary sense
but rather a critical evaluation of Mr. Howells's
place in the world of letters, of his contribution
to America, and of the art which makes him one
of the most conspicuous figures in American let-
ters. Mr. Huebsch's spring list will include, also,
a new novel by Freeman Tilden entitled “Second
Wind,” which is the story of a man who
back" after he was sixty.
The first play by an American playwright to be
produced in this country was. “The Prince of
Parthia," a five-act tragedy written by Thomas
Godfrey, son of the inventor of the quadrant.
It was produced April 24, 1765, and has never
been published since its original appearance that
year. Messrs. Little, Brown & Company are com-
memorating the one hundred and fiftieth anniver-
sary of the production by the publication of a
limited edition of the play, with an extended intro-
duction by Archibald Henderson. The sales will
be limited to advance subscriptions. The volume
will contain numerous illustrations. The price is
$2.50.
Dr. J. P. Bang, of Copenhagen, has written a
book on the German spirit, which he calls “Hur-
rah and 'Hallelujah?” (Doran). Among the many
interesting quotations from German professors,
preachers, and politicians is the following para-
phrase of the Lord's Prayer by Konsistorialrat
Dietrich Vorwerk, a German pastor-poet: “Though
the warrior's bread be scanty, do Thou work daily
death and tenfold woe unto the enemy. Forgive
in merciful long-suffering each bullet and each
blow which misses its mark! Lead us not into
the temptation of letting our wrath be too tame
in carrying out Thy divine judgment. Deliver
us and our Ally from the infernal Enemy and his
servants on earth. Thine is the kingdom, the
Germans; and may we, by aid of Thy steel-clad
hand, achieve the power and the glory.”
The reorganized “Red Cross Magazine” presents
an attractive appearance with its wealth of illus-
tration and its variety of well-chosen reading
matter. Of course the European war furnishes
abundant material, both in picture and “story,"
for such a periodical; but it does not monopolize
this magazine. Closing with the current number
its eleventh volume, it proposes in future, as its
editor explains in a personal letter, to broaden its
field so as, if possible, “to take in every path
which leads to the betterment of mankind. Sanita-
tion and happiness in the rural communities will
henceforth concern the magazine as much as allevi-
ation of the suffering of the enormous armies and
the distressed millions of civilians in Europe.
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
A Life of Henry D. Thoreau, by Frank B. Sanborn,
illus., $3.—Honest Abe, by Alonzo Rothschild, illus.,
$2.—The Life of Ulysses S. Grant, by Louis A.
Coolidge, illus., $2.--Martin Luther, by Elsie Sing-
master, $1.—Recollections of a Rebel Reefer, by
Col. James Morris Morgan, illus., $3.—The Middle
Years, by Katharine Tynan, $3.50.-William Orne
White, a Record of Ninety Years, by Eliza Orne
White, illus., $1.50.-Galusha A. Grow, Father of
the Homestead Law, by James T. DuBois and
Gertrude S. Mathews, illus., $1.75.-A Soldier-
Doctor of Our Army: James P. Kimball, by Maria
B. Kimball, illus., $1.50.—Life and Letters of
Christopher P. Cranch, by Leonora Cranch Scott,
illus., $3.50.–Frederick the Great, the Memoirs of
Henri de Catt, translated by F. S. Flint, 2 vols.,
$7.50.-Seven Years in Vienna, 1907-14, a Record of
Intrigue, illus., $1.50.-Lord Stowell: His Life and
the Development of English Prize Law, by E. S.
Roscoe, $1.50. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
Life and Letters of Theodore Watts-Dunton, by
Thomas Hake and Arthur Compton Rickett, illus.,
2 vols., $7.50.-François Villon, by H. De Vere
Stacpoole, $2.-A Daughter of the Puritans, by
Caroline A. Stickney Creevey, illus., $1.50.-Pi.
oneer Mothers of America, by H. C. and M. W.
Green, 3 vols., sets only, $7.50.—The Life and
Times of David Humphreys, by Frank Landon
Humphreys, 2 vols., illus., $7.50.—The Life and
Works of Wessel Gansfort, by Edward W. Miller,
2 vols., illus., $7.50.—Glimpses of the Cosmos,
A Mental Autobiography, by Lester F. Ward: Vol.
V., period 1893-1895, age 52-54; to comprise 8
vols., per vol. $2.50.-Russia Then and Now, 1892-
1917, by Francis B. Reeves, illus., $1.50. (G. P.
Putnam's Sons.)
The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp, by William
H. Davies, with a preface by Bernard Shaw, $2.50.
(Alfred A. Knopf.)
My Reminiscences, by Sir Rabindranath Tagore, il-
lus.-A. Life of Swinburne, by Edmund Gosse.
-The Life of Benjamin Disraeli: Earl of Bea-
consfield, volume V. by George Earl Buckle, in
Succession to W. F. Monypenny, illus., $3.-The
Life of Abraham Lincoln, by Ida M. Tarbell,
New Edition, illus.-A Virginian Village, by E. S.
Nadal, $2.-George Armstrong Custer, by F. S.
Dellenbaugh.—Sam Houston, by George S. Bryan.
(The Macmillan Co.)
Sixty Years of American Life, by Everett P. Wheeler,
$2.50.—Lady Login's Recollections, by E. Dal-
housie Login, $4.-Russian Memories, by Madame
Olga Novikoff, $3.50.- Parliamentary Reminiscences
and Reflections, 1868-85, by the Right Hon. Lord
George Hamilton.-Giordano Bruno: His Life,


1917]
257
THE DIAL
99
or
a
Thought, and Martyrdom, by William Boulting.
The Devonshire House Circle, by Hugh Stokes.
(E. P. Dutton & Co.)
My Russian and Turkish Journals, by the Dowager
Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava, illus., $3.50.-
Charles Lister: Letters and Memories, with an
introduction by his father, Lord Ribblesdale, $3.50.
(Charles Scribner's Sons.)
Seven Years at the Prussian Court, by Edith Keen,
illus., $3.—Leonard Wood-Prophet of Prepared-
ness, by Isaac F. Marcosson, 75 cts.—My Life
and Work, by Edmund Knowles Muspratt, illus.,
$2.50.--Lively Recollections, by Coulson Kernahan,
illus., $1.50. (John Lane Co.)
Makers of the 19th Century, edited by Basil Williams,
new volumes: Herbert Spencer, by Hugh Elliott,
$2.; Porfirio Diaz, by David Hannay, $2. (Henry
Holt & Co.)
Lloyd George, The Man and His Story, by Frank
Dilnot, $1.-Masters of Space, by Walter Kellogg
Towers, illus., $1.25. (Harper & Brothers.)
I, Mary MacLane, by Mary MacLane, $1.35.—The
Life and Letters of Sir Charles Tupper, by E. M.
Saunders, 2 vols., illus., $7.50.—Things I Remem-
ber, by Sidney Whitman, $2.50. (Frederick A.
Stokes Co.)
The Mexican War Diary of General George B.
McClellan, edited by William Starr Myers, $1.25.
(Princeton University Press.)
The Life of James J. Hill, by Joseph Gilpin Pyle,
2 vols., illus., $5.—Benjamin Franklin, Printer, by
John Clyde Oswald, $2. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)
Lord William Beresford, by Mrs. Stuart Menzies, with
appreciations by the Earl of Cromer and Admiral
Lord Beresford, illus., $3.50.-What Happened to
Me, by LaSalle Corbell Pickett, $1.50. (Bren-
tano's.)
Autobiography and Letters of Matthew Vassar, edited
by Elizabeth Hazelton Haight, illus., $2. (Oxford
University Press.)
Jean Jaurés, by Margaret Pease, with an introduc-
tion by J. Ramsay Macdonald, $1. (B. W.
Huebsch.)
Life of Doctor Robert Hare, by Edgar F. Smith,
illus., $5. (J. B. Lippincott Co.)
Mounted Police Life in Canada, by Captain R.
Burton Deane, illus., $1.50. (Funk & Wagnalls
Co.)
Pioneer Days, by Mary H. Carmichael, illus., $1.25.
(Duffield & Co.)
Edward Judson, Interpreter of God, by Charles Hatch
Sears, $1. (American Baptist Publishing Society.)
Methodist Heroes of Other Days, by Samuel Gardiner
Ayres, 75 cts. (Abingdon Press.)
and II, Seneca's Epistles, Cæsar's Gallic Wars; 14
vols., per vol., $1.50.-A Monograph on the Moz-
arabic Missal, by E. S. Buchanan (for the Hispanic
Society of America). (G. P. Putnam's So
Shelley in England, by Roger Ingpen, illus., 2 vols.,
$5.-Cycles of Personal Belief, by Waldo E. Forbes,
$1.25.—A Garden Rosary, by Agnes Edwards, illus.,
$1.25.—Maxims of the Duke de la Rochefoucauld,
translated by John Heard, Jr., $4. (Houghton
Mifflin Co.)
The Notebooks of Samuel Butler, with an introduc-
tion by Francis Hackett, $2.-Figures of Several
Centuries, by Arthur Symons, $2.50.—The Judg-
ment of the Orient, by K’ung Yuan Ku'suh, 60
cts.—Twenty Minutes of Reality, by “Anonymous,
50 cts.- The Book of Common Joys, by Mary L.
Pendered, $1.50.-On Falling in Love and Other
Matters, by Alfred Turner.-Euphues, the
Anatomy of Wit, by John Lyly, edited by Harry
Clemons and Morris W. Croli, $2.25.- English
Biography, by Waldo H. Dunn, $1.50.-The Brontës
and their Circle, by Clement Shorter, 50 cts. (E.
P. Dutton & Co.)
Pencraft: A Plea for the Older Ways, by William
Watson, $1.—John Webster and the Elizabethan
Drama, by Rupert Brooke, $1.50.—Utinam:
Glimmering of Goddesses, by William Arkwright,
illus., $1.50.--An Evening in My Library among
the English Poets, by the Hon. Stephen Coleridge,
$1.25.-School-Day Philosophy, by R. G. Cholmeley-
Jones, 50 cts. (John Lane Co.)
The Celtic Dawn, by Lloyd R. Morris, $1.50.-Per-
sonality, by Sir Rabindranath Tagore.---The Human
Drift, by Jack London, $1.25. (The Macmillan
Co.)
The Hidden Happiness, by Stephen Berrien Stanton,
$1.25.-Reveries of a Schoolmaster, by F. B. Pear-
son, $1.—The Soul of Dickens, by W. Walter
Crotch, $2.25. (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
Howells: A Study of America's Supreme Literary
Artist, by Alexander Harvey, $1.50.- Misinforming
a Nation, by Willard Huntington Wright, $1.25.-
Twilight in Italy, by D. H. Lawrence, $1.50.-
The Spirit of Modern German Literature, by Lud-
wig Lewisohn, $1.—Edgar Allan Poe, by Hanns
Heinz Ewers, 60 cts.-Second Wind, by Freeman
Tilden, $1. (B. W. Huebsch.)
Literature in the Making, by Joyce Kilmer, $1.40.
(Harper & Brothers.)
Creative Criticism: Essays on Unity of Genius and
Taste, by J. E. Spingarn, $1.20.—The Workman-
ship of Shakespeare, by Sir Arthur Quiller Couch,
$2. (Henry Holt & Co.)
The Life of the Grasshopper, by J. Henri Fabre,
translated by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos, $1.50.
(Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Robert Burns, how to know him, by William Allan
Neilson, with portrait, $1.25.-Matthew Arnold,
how to know him, by Stuart P. Sherman, with
portrait, $1.25. (Bobbs-Merrill Co.)
The Life and Poetry of James Thomson, by J.
Edward Meeker, $1.75.—The Poems and Amyntas
of Thomas Randolph, edited by John J. Parry,
illus., $2.-The Yale Shakespeare, edited under the
direction of the Department of English, Yale
University.—The Influence of Horace on the Chief
English Poets of the Nineteenth century, by Mary
Rebecca Thayer, $1. (Yale University Press.)
The Journal of Leo Tolstoi, edited by V. Tchertkov;
translated from the Russian by Rose Strunsky, $2.
(Alfred A. Knopf.)
Dunsany the Dramatist, by Edward Hale Bierstadt,
illus., $1.50.-Six Major Prophets, by Edwin E.
Slosson, illus., $1.50. (Little, Brown & Co.)
ESSAYS AND GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Cambridge History of American Literature,
edited by W. P. Trent, J. Erskine, C. Van Doren,
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II, Achilles Tatius, Strabo I, Seneca's Tragedies I


258
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THE DIAL
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Sons.)


1917]
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THE DIAL
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$1. (Richard G. Badger.)


260
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in 4 vols., each $1.50.--The Girl, by Katharine


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von
Keith, $1.35.-Treasure, by Gertrude S. Mathews,
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In the Wilderness, by Robert Hichens,_$1.50.
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illus., $1.25. (Richard G. Badger.)


262
[March 22
THE DIAL
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
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Motherhood, by C. Gasquoine Hartley, $2. (Dodd,
Mead & Co.)


1917]
263
THE DIAL
A Social History of the American Family from
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a


264
[March 22
THE DIAL
ART, ARCHITECTURE, MUSIC, AND
ARCHAEOLOGY.
Sixty Paintings by Winslow Homer, $15.-Sixty
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Lombard Architecture, by Arthur Kingsley Porter,
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Practical Veterinary Pharmacology and Thera-


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