say at one moment
esting commonwealth. Some three years ago, Mr.
that they are reminiscent of Christina Rossetti, at George Lockhart Rives published his epochal work
another of Stevenson, at another of Emily Dick-
on “The United States and Mexico, 1821-1848.”
inson; none of these apparently incongruous
The vanguard of Mr. Rives's popularizers, not to
statements would be exact, though all have some
mention the plagiarists, has already appeared.
shadow of basis, for the impression that above
Prominent among the former group is Mr. Bishop.
all these poems give us is one of absolute indi-
In his preface, Mr. Bishop duly acknowledges his
viduality, of something quite original and appeal-
indebtedness to his scholarly predecessor, and fre-
ing. The songs included in this volume are some
quently reiterates his obligation in the succeeding
of them probably among the oldest in existence.
pages. There are a few acknowledgments to other
This is one of the latest of them, having been
well-known sources, such as Grant's "Memoirs,"
written in 675 B. C. How extraordinarily modern
the monumental “American Nation,” Polk's Diary,
it all is:
and the volumes of Semmes, Kendall, Hughes, Con-
I would have gone to my lord in his need,
nelly, and Ballentine. The author makes no claim
Have galloped there all the way,
to originality, and duly acknowledges his indebted-
But this is a matter concerns the State,
ness to others. His frankness invites careful
And I, being a woman, must stay.
perusal. In the first five chapters, comprising more
than a fourth of the book, Mr. Bishop attempts
I watched them leaving the palace yard,
with indifferent success to sketch the history of our
In carriage and robe of state.
I would have gone by the hills and the fords;
Southwest. Obviously he is here summarizing
I know they will come too late.
other volumes, including those of his chief source,
rather than giving his own well-digested conclusions.
I may walk in the garden and gather
Lilies of mother-of-pearl.
It would be difficult to give such a digest within the
I had a plan would have saved the State.
limit of eleven thousand words. As it is, he makes
-But mine are the thoughts of a girl.
many slips in chronology and fact, to say noth-
ing of interpretation, in attempting the summary.
The Elder Statesmen sit on the mats,
Yet he does mention names and events that may
And wrangle through half the day;
A hundred plans they have drafted and dropped, arouse the casual reader to further search; and
And mine was the only way.
in an occasional passage, such as that describing
No doubt the critics are sincere when they say that the fall of the Alamo, or the battle of San Jacinto,


360
[April 19
THE DIAL
approaches vividness of narration. The remainder
NOTES AND NEWS.
of the book treats of the war itself. In this, the
author's own militia experience and the events
Williams Haynes has made a special study of the
of the moment, lead him to give his story a prac Little Theatres, being associated with the North-
tical turn. The various battles are described at
ampton Players. He has written two one-act plays
length, with details regarding numbers, accoutre and considerable criticism.
ment, munitions, and service which suggest pres-
Thorstein Veblen is best known as the author of
ent-day comparisons. His account is fair to the
Mexican contestants, and he makes no effort to
that delightful book, “The Theory of the Leisure
Class. He has written many books and maga-
conceal the utter political and military demoraliza-
zine articles on economic subjects.
tion on their part that served to obscure the unpre-
paredness of the Americans. He uses his data to
Mary M. Colum is the wife of the Irish poet
emphasize our present situation. From this stand-
and story-writer, Padraic Colum.
point his volume smacks more of militarism than
M. C. Otto is a teacher of philosophy at the
of sympathy for a deluded but high-spirited op-
University of Wisconsin.
ponent. Mr. Bishop devoutly hopes there will
Laurence M. Larson is professor of history at
never be a second war with Mexico, but in this the University of Illinois.
instance his pen has done little to promote that John Macy has written, in addition to numerous
good understanding between the two peoples by magazine articles on literary topics, a book of
which alone war can be avoided.
stimulating and fresh estimates of American
writers.
BERNARD SHAW: THE MAN AND THE MASK. “Second Youth," a novel by Allan Updegraff,
By Richard Burton. Holt; $1.50.
is published to-day by Messrs. Harper & Brothers.
If Hector Malone were to come to life, the first "The Interlopers," a novel by Griffing Bancroft,
job he would tackle would be the justification of is announced for early publication by The Bancroft
Mr. Shaw. He would understand the need and Co.
feel the possibility. Hector would never be fooled May publications of Messrs. G. P. Putnam's
by his creator-he would divine the vestryman Sons are: “The Hundredth Chance,". by Ethel M.
under the revolutionary; and he would not be Dell, and "The New Greek Comedy," by Philippe
satisfied until he had introduced the vestryınan to E. Legrand.
a wide public. His special task would be to take
Among the books in train for early publication
the sting and menace out of his master's message by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. are: “Women in
by translating it into the terms of a traditional
War," by Francis Gribble, and “From the Gulf
idealism. He would feel that Mr. Shaw's par to
ticular idealism had more claim on his respect after
New publications of the George H. Doran Co.
he had shown that it was rather like Ruskin's or
are: “The Man Who Tried to Be It," by Cameron
Blake's; it would have, you see, a literary back-
Mackenzie; "Women Are People!" by Alice Duer
ground. And he would feel the need of making
Miller; “The Wonder,” by J. D. Beresford.
Mr. Shaw completely acceptable in order that he
The Cambridge University Press will shortly
might himself accept him. Mr. Burton has here
undertaken the task of making Mr. Shaw accept-
publish “Comptes Rendus of Observation and Rea-
able to an audience presumably more
soning," by Dr. J. Y. Buchanan, F.R.S., Chemist
or less
shocked by Shavian antics and not yet accustomed
and Physicist of the Challenger Expedition.
to blunt speaking. Always moderate and correct
May publications of the Frederick A. Stokes Co.
himself, Mr. Burton has made Shaw, too, moderate
A Munster Twilight," by D. Corkery; "Our
and correct-after a fashion. Mr. Shaw's violence
Part in the Great War," by Arthur Gleason;
is after all, his interpreter implies, largely a
“Open Boats," by Alfred Noyes, and "Dynamite
violence of language. To see him as he really is,
Stories,” by Hudson Maxim.
a good-hearted and relatively conservative man by
Two attractive volumes bound in limp leather
no means bent on standing institutions on end,
are “Standard Method of Testing Juvenile Mental-
you have only to interpret his whimsical explosive-ity,” by. Norbert J. Melville, and “Laws of Phys-
ness of epithet in the language of an immemorial
ical Science," by Edwin F. Northrup, recently
humanitarianism; and Mr. Burton is expert at
brought out by the J. B. Lippincott Co.
finding less exciting equivalents. Mr. Burton ev-
Two books of educational interest are those re-
idently feels that Mr. Shaw has wrestled with lan cently brought out by Messrs. Silver, Burdette &
guage in vain, for, though he admires his athletic Co.: “Scientific Measurement of Classroom Prod-
prose and quotes it freely, he is never content to ucts,” by J. Crosby Chapman, and “Rural School
let Mr. Shaw explain himself. Throughout the Management," by William A. Wilkinson.
book nothing so tempts him to explication as the
Four new volumes in Messrs. Duffield & Co.'s.
obvious, and he expands and comments on the “Master Spirits of Literature” series are now in
epigrams with a platform fulness. But he has preparation. They are: “Cervantes,” by Rudolph
written a thoroughgoing book of a sort: he gives Schevill; “Shapespeare,” by Raymond Macdonald
you the man, the playwright, the social thinker, Alden; “Tolstoy,” by George Rapall Noyes; “Vir--
and so on, all quite unexceptionably. In short, it gil," by H. W. Prescott.
is precisely the sort of book that should help to The John Lane Co. published on April 14: "Sea
introduce Shaw to an audience that he has never Plunder,” by H. de Vere Stacpoole; “The Wan-
taken the trouble to address.
derer on a Thousand Hills,” by Edith Wherry;.
to Neva publications of the more
are:


1917]
361
THE DIAL
TWO WORKS
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12
AUDUBONS
BIRDS OF AMERICA
ORIGINAL EDITION
4 vols. Folio of Plates and 5 vols. Octavo of Text
Together 9 vols.
Price $4,200.00
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KELMSCOTT PRESS
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Price $500.00
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Details of the above two works furnished
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"The End of the Flight,” by Burton Kline; “Mr.
Cushing and Mlle. De Chastel,” by Frances Rum-
sey; "Giddy Mrs. Goodyer," by Mrs. Horace
Tremlett.
New Scribner publications are: “The Madness of
May,” by Meredith Nicholson; "Peter Sanders,
Retired," by Gordon Hall Gerould; "Anchorage,
by Florence Olmstead; "At Plattsburg," by Allen
French; “Greater Italy," by William K. Wallace;
"The Social Teachings of the Prophets and Jesus,
by Charles Foster Kent; "Faith in Christ," by
John J. Moment.
May publications of Messrs. Robert M. McBride
& Co. are: “William Hohenzollern,” by Edward
Lyell Fox; "Aeroplane Design," by F. S. Barn-
well; “The Book of the Pistol and Revolver," by
Hugh B. C. Pollard; "The History of Germany
in the Nineteenth Century, by Heinrich von
Treitschke (volume III); “The Law and the
Word," by Thomas Troward; “How to Make Con-
crete Garden Furniture and Accessories,” edited
by John T. Fallon, and "The Aeroplane," by H.
Barber.
Messrs. Houghton Mifflin Co. announced for
publication on April 14, the following books: “The
Ford," by Mary Austin; Colonel James Morris
Morgan's “Recollections of a Rebel Reefer”;
"Pincher Martin,” by “Taffrail"; "Letters from a
French Hospital,” translated by Violet Meynell;
“Some Imagist Poets, 1917”; “A Lonely Flute,
by Odell Shepard; Emile Verhaeren's “Plays” and
“Love Poems"; "The Yosemite and Other Poems,
by Caroline Hazard, and “Money: What it is, and
How to use it," by William R. Hayward.
The April publications of Messrs. D. Appleton
& Co. include: “Enchantment,” by E. Temple
Thurston; “McAllister's Grove," by Marian Hill;
“Women and Work,” by Helen Marie Bennett;
“Town Planning for Small Communities," by
Charles S. Bird; “Municipal Functions," by Her-
man G. James; “An Introduction to Social Psy-
chology,” by Charles A. Ellwood; “Mental Ad-
justments,” by F. Lyman Wells; “A Scale of
Performance Tests,” by Rudolf Pintner and D. G.
Paterson; “Dance Music the Whole World Plays,
edited by Albert E. Wier; "The Trail of Tecum-
seh,” by Paul Tomlinson, and “Scott Burton, For-
ester,” by E. G. Cheyney.
Forthcoming publications of the Columbia
University Press are: “The Mystic Vision in the
Grail Legend and in the Divine Comedy," by
Lizette Andrews Fisher; "English Domestic Re-
lations 1487-1563," by Chilton Latham Powell;
“Sanskrit Poems of Mayura," by G. Payn Quack-
enbos; “Muhammedan Laws of Marriage and
Divorce," by Ahmed Shukri; “French Criticism
of American Literature," by Harold Elmer Mantz;
"The Early Life of Robert Southey," by William
Haller; “Columbia University Contributions to the
History of Ideas,” by Members of the Department
of Philosophy, Columbia University; "The Prob-
lem of Space in Jewish Medieval Philosophy," by
Israel Isaac Efros; “The Unmarried Mother in
German Literature," by Oscar H. Werner; "The
Spirit of Protest in Old French Literature,” by
Mary M. Wood.
By WILLARD HUNTINGTON WRIGHT
A
MISINFORMING
NATION
A CRITICAL examination of the Encyclopædia Britan-
nica in relation to its effect on American culture. The
defects in its attitude toward the Novel, Drama, Poetry,
Painting, Music, Science, Invention, Philosophy and
Religion are bared, while in the opening chapter,
Colonizing America, the author reveals our intel-
lectual provincialism due to the British culture which
the Britannica tends to perpetuate.
A declaration of intellectual
Independence for those who
aspire to an American culture
$1.25 net
Published by
B.W. HUEBSCH, 225 Fifth avenue, New York


362
(April 19
THE DIAL
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The Middle Years. By Katharine Tynan. 8vo, 415
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $3.50.
Galusha A. Grow. By James T. DuBois and Ger-
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Twenty-Eight Years of Interesting Experience.
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ESSAYS AND GENERAL LITERATURE.
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TIN will contain a comprehensive list of the
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A Confusion of Tongues. By Paul Revere Frothing-
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The Influence of Horace on the Chief English Poets
of the Nineteenth century. By Mary Rebecca
Thayer. 8vo, 117 pages. Yale University Press.
Paper. $1.
To the Nations. From the French of Paul Richard.
With an introduction by Sir Rabindranath
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James B. Pond. $1.
Cycles of Personal Belief. By Waldo Emerson
Forbes. 12mo, 149 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$1.25.
Tennyson's Use of the Bible. By Edna Moore
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English Essayists. By William Hawley Davis.
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1917]
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The Macmillan Co. $1.50.
The Chosen People. By Sidney L. Nyberg. Second
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$1.40.
Visions. By Count Ilya Tolstoy. Illustrated, 12mo,
201 pages.
James B. Pond. $1.35.
Mr. Cushing and Mlle, du Chastel. By Frances
Rumsey. 12mo, 332 pages. John Lane Co. $1.40.
The Madness of May. By Meredith Nicholson.
Illustrated, 12mo, 187 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.
Giddy Mrs. Goodyer. By Mrs. Horace Tremlett.
12mo, 307 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.25.
Petunia. By Mrs. George Wemyss. 12mo, 305
pages E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
The End of the Flight. By Burton Kline. 12mo,
441 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.50.
Peter Sanders, Retired. By Gordon Hall Gerould.
12mo, 338 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Antony Gray,-Gardener. By Leslie Moore. 12mo,
348 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
Saito Musashi-Bo Benkei. Tales of the Wars of the
Gempei. By James S. de Benneville. Illustrated,
2 vols., 12mo, 391-453 pages. Published by the
author Yokohama.
8.00 yen.
The Wanderer on a Thousand Hills. By Edith
Wherry. 12mo, 305 pages. John Lane Co. $1.40.
Sea Plunder. By H. De Vere Stacpoole. 12mo, 313
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The Triflers. By Frederick Orin Bartlett. Illus-
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An Alabaster Box. By Mary E. Wilkins Freeman
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Starr, of the Desert. By B. M. Bower. With fron-
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364
[April 19
THE DIAL
Two “Different” Books
If you want to read two books that stand out
far and above the ordinary, don't miss :
THE SHIELD ($1.25 net), a notable book re-
cently published in Russia by the Society for
the Study of Jewish Life, edited by Gorky,
Andreyev and Sologub, containing an important
chapter by Paul Milyukov, present Minister of
Foreign Affairs.
CRIMES OF CHARITY ($1.50 net), which is
a frank expression of the doubt that more and
more people are beginning to feel, whether
organized charity accomplishes sufficient good
to justify its very
obvious shortcomings.
Written by an “insider," Konrad Bercovici.
These books are for sale at any bookstore
where you will find many other interesting
Borzoi Books, published in New York by
ALFRED A. KNOPF (220 West 42nd Street)
Maggie Pepper. By_Charles Klein. 12mo, 106
pages. Samuel French, Publisher. Paper,
50 cts.
The New Convert. By Sergei Stepniak. Translated
from the Russian by Thomas B. Eyges. 12mo,
121 pages.
The Stratford Co.
Within the Gates of Yildiz. By Julien L. Brodé.
Illustrated, 12mo, 149 pages. Richard G. Badger.
$1.25.
Wilderness Rose. By Eve Owen Cochran. 12mo,
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Idylls of the Dane. By Irene Elder Morton. 12mo,
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Captain of the Host and The Supreme Test. By
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Richard
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POETRY.
These Times. By Louis Untermeyer. 12mo, 205
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The Dance of Youth and other poems. By Julia
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Asphalt. By Orrick Johns. 12mo, 114 pages.
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Songs from the Plains. By Edna Worthley Under-
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An Icelandic Poem by Matthias Jochumsson. On
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ART AND ARCHITECTURE.
Lombard Architecture. By Arthur Kingsley Porter.
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$1.


THE DIAL
A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
Vol. LXII.
MAY 3, 1917
No. 741.
CONTENTS.
A PROGRAMME FOR PACIFISTS.
Kallen
H. M.
. 377
THE SENILITY OF THE SHORT-STORY.
Herbert Ellsworth Cory
379
LITERARY AFFAIRS IN FRANCE. (Special
Correspondence.) Theodore Stanton 381
CASUAL COMMENT
384
America and the challenge of war.-Stephen
Leacock as a lecturer.-Interest in military
drill.—Alfred Kreymborg, exemplar of brev-
ity in verse.—War and literature.
COMMUNICATIONS
386
Shakespeare in Paris. C. Saint-Saëns.
The Basis of Peace. T. R. Thayer.
Poetry as a Spoken Art. H. E. Warner.
INTERNATIONAL DUBIETIES. Randolph
Bourne
387
.
THE MONROE DOCTRINE IN POETRY.
Conrad Aiken
389
MITTEL-EUROPA.
Vindex
390
80n
THE AUTHOR OF “EREWHON.” Sibley Wat-
393
THE PSYCHO-ANALYZED SELF. Joseph Jas-
trow.
395
A Programme for Pacifists i
At this moment pacifism is bankrupt.
Not only have all its efforts to stop the war
in Europe failed; they have failed even more
signally to prevent the United States from
entering the war. It may be true that the
failure is due to the selfishness, blood-lust, and
stupidity of those engaged in war, but it is
even more true that pacifism is itself not with-
out a share in the responsibility for failure.
It has been guilty of the greatest sin of any
endeavor—the sin of unintelligence. Intelli-
gence would have required effective union for
the most thoroughgoing application of all
pacifist force, but pacifists have been scattered
in unrelated and uncoördinated societies, de-
voted to no particular ends. Intelligence
would have required foresight as to the prob-
able course of events, and a careful plan of
action toward a given end in the light of this
foresight, but pacifism has lived from day to
day and from hand to mouth. Intelligence
would have required a radical and thorough-
going understanding of the causes of war,
and an effort to extirpate them, but pacifism
has devoted itself to the removal of symp-
toms. Concretely, the ineffectuality of
pacifism consists in the multiplicity and over-
lapping of organizations and purposes, the
substitution of sentimentality and exhortation
for intelligence and directive action, the irrel-
evance of pacifist activities to the governing
forces in the institutions they are trying to
modify. These have shown themselves some-
times as a confusion of means with ends,
sometimes as a complete absence of the realiza-
tion of means, and always as the lack of a
fundamental study of the motives which
pacifism seeks to liberate and those it seeks to
redirect.
I am myself a pacifist. I am clear that war
is as avoidable as it is undesirable. But I am
clear also that pacifism will never succeed in
abolishing war by the methods that have been
and still are in vogue. For this reason I have
found it impossible to align myself actively
with any pacifist organization. Now that the
immediate purposes of pacifism have failed,
UNDERWORLD DECORUM. George Bernard
Donlin
398
.
.
.
HEINRICH HEINE. Benjamin W. Huebsch 399
UNQUENCHABLE FIRES. Henry B. Fuller 400
NOTES ON NEW FICTION
. 401
Aurora the Magnificent.-The Lifted Veil.-
In a Little Town.—The Rise of Ledgar
Dunstan.—The Undertow.-Grail Fire.-Chil.
dren of the Desert.-Joan and the Babies
and I.-The Tiger's Coat.-The Highway-
man.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
403
Cicero: A Sketch of His Life and Works.
-Campaign Diary of a French Officer.—The
Human Drift.-Buddha and the Gospel of
Buddhism.-England's World Empire. The
Golden Verses of Pythagoras.
BRIEFER MENTION .
406
NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES. John E. Rob-
inson
407
NOTES AND NEWS.
410
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
412


378
[May 3
THE DIAL
and the alternative is either silence or a organization for the security of peace; to seek
searching of the heart, it seems to me that the the democratization of industry, the education
opportunity for a searching of the pacifist and enfranchisement of labor, and the regula-
heart should not be neglected, that the time tion of capital. The pacifist should consider
has come to take account of stock, and-per with alarm the fact that leaders of organized
haps—to begin operations anew. For nobody labor have used their great power to discour-
can deny the validity of the pacifist goal. It age strikes during the period of war, while the
is the pacifist means that is discredited, and government has had to declare its forceful re-
the most pressing need is the discovery of fusal to pay capital more than a just profit.
means—means most effective toward the at The pacifist should seek to influence both cap-
tainment of that goal.
ital and labor toward a coöperative and profit-
The first and fundamental change for sharing reorganization of industry, in which
pacifism to undertake is a change in the char the efforts of men will be those of a team
acter of organization. The war against war playing a game, and not of a team drawing a
cannot be conducted anarchically any more
load at the crack of a whip.
than any other war. Unity, discipline, the For this reason the pacifist should not op-
execution of a plan are as essential to the pose conscription. Conscription is just and
achievement of permanent peace as to the democratic" in that it puts equal liabilities
conduct of war. Pacifist organizations must upon all men, but the pacifist must insist that
be integrated, and separate and specific tasks the conscription shall apply not only to the
assigned to the constituent groups. Perhaps military endeavor of the nation, but to the
the first thing to do is to realize what the more fundamental endeavors without which
organization must avoid doing. It must the military are impotent.
Service in any
avoid trying to stop this war. We are in, even army, no matter how “democratic,” cannot
as Europe is in, and until the issues are but make for servility. It is a special service,
fought out to a finish the possibility of any. unrelated to the needs of the daily life in
thing like permanent peace is out of the ques peace times, and leads to no unity of sentiment
tion. Stopping the war now would only mean concerning the conduct of life through a
beginning to prepare for the next one. It is participation in the common indispensable ac-
more fundamental to insist that the war shall tivities of daily living. Universal service in
be fought out to the end that permanent those activities—in the fields where grain is
peace shall be secured. And it is of par grown, in the mines where coal is dug, in the
amount importance to keep the character and uncharted lands where roads are built, in the
conditions of this end constantly before the factories where clothing is made-can bring
public mind, never to allow the country or the classes of society together through partic-
the world to forget that we are sending our ipation in the common necessary experiences
youngest and best into battle, that their chil of civilized men. The pacifist should insist
dren and their children's children shall never that conscription should mean this kind of
again need to go.
service, and should mean it always—and for
The conditions for the realization of such women no less than for men,
an end are democracy and spontaneity within And in matters of the relation between the
the states, and a court of justice with adequate state and its allies, the pacifist should urge
police powers above the states. Peace can be
"pitiless publicity.” Publicity mobilizes
surer when the selfishness of dynasties, the public opinion, is the force of “democratic
illusions of sects, the greed of capitalism are control.” It implies, most of all, that opposi-
deprived of their power to work secretly and tion and difference of opinion shall not be
to command men without accountability ; but and may not be muzzled. The experiences of
it can acquire permanence only if those war-
all peoples at war show that the unification
released instincts and energies of men which of purpose, the centralization of effort, and
the drab and hard life of our industrial
the necessary devotion to the conduct of war
civilization suppresses can be provided with tend to develop narrowness of outlook and in-
adequate channels for creative action, other tolerance of differences. In England, the
than war.
It is for the pacifist to endeavor liberties of the people have been abrogated,
that the organization of the state for the con free speech suspended; and there is no assur-
duct of war shall at the same time be an
ance, de facto, that the end of the war will


1917]
379
THE DIAL
see them restored. These are safeguards of naturally to develop into warfare. To pre-
peace, and already in this country, since the vent an appeal to force itself requires force,
declaration of a state of war, noted scholars and the difference between a policeman and
have been dismissed from their posts because a bandit lies merely in the social sanction
of their independence of thought, and many
which sustains the force of the one and con-
men and women have been made the victims demns that of the other. Both may compel
of official persecution for uttering their dif- peace, but only the policeman can do so per-
ferences of opinion. The pacifist must set
The pacifist must set manently and responsibly. The programme
himself the task of guarding these liberties, of the League to Enforce Peace should there-
for they are the foundations of peace and the fore be adopted by all persons, private or
conditions of successful effort in war.
corporate, that really want peace to endure.
With the propagation of these essentials By defending liberty against the menace
within the state, and of the programme of the of over-organization, by seeking to establish
League to Enforce Peace for the establish- economic even more than political democracy
ment of a free yet effective basis for the con within states, and both as between states, by
servation of peace between states, pacifism can expounding and urging the organization of an
serve its end best.' Students of history who international court with effective police power,
appreciate the character and force of human an integrated and organized pacifism may
nature are well aware that the best and least work to some purpose and redeem itself from
restrictive harnessings of impulse cannot the shame into which it has fallen.
prevent the recurrence of disputes tending
H. M. KALLEN.
The Senility of the Short-Story
When one says that the short-story is on ing finish but obvious mannerisms, were sub-
'its last legs one may well appear to be court jected to an unjust depreciation, from which
ing the reputation of a voice in the wilderness even now they have not altogether recovered,
to the point of perversity and absurdity. because the middle decades of the eighteenth
Everywhere, it would seem, such a prophecy century were sated by the shrill voices of his
must be confounded by the flaring covers on clever imitators, who had the receipt but not
the news-stands. Yet it is precisely because the inspiration. Tennyson developed a mar-
the short-story was never more widely cur vellously rich but a peculiarly self-conscious
rent that it begins to show the surest signs blank-verse. Open Stedman's “Victorian
of degeneration. I do not say this because the Anthology," and read at random among the
short-story ministers to the mob. That might scores of perfectly proper and cloying Tenny-
have been to its credit. I say it because the sonians. Then you will see why the master
short-story ministers to the mob in its most complained that
capricious and hedonistic mood, and because
Most can raise the flowers now,
the short story is now produced by “the mob
For all have got the seed.
of gentlemen who write with ease.”
And some are pretty enough,
The history of literature is, from one point
And some are poor indeed;
of view, the history of the slow decay of
And now again the people
Call it but a weed.
genres when they have passed from the
masters to the mob of servile imitators who Most of the exaggerated depreciation of
have the receipt without the inspiration. I Tennyson to-day is but the result of the self-
do not mean to imply that these genres sink indulgence of the Tennysonians. It is a story
down in eternal ruin. They simply lie of endless variations and analogues. Never,
fallow. Some master, in an age that has for after his callow years, did Byron stoop to
gotten “the mob of gentlemen,” regenerates Byronism; but his followers seldom rose
the form. But all genres, particularly those above it. So Thackeray and Carlyle, moved
of a highly wrought technique, must lie fal to ill-temper over the din of little voices,
low for a time after small men have toyed sneered and fulminated at Byron.
with some great formal innovation of a Now there never was a form or genre that
master. Pope's satires, with their astonish had a more highly wrought technique than the


380
(May 3
THE DIAL
short-story. Its chief masters, men like Poe significance of the lives of these puppets who
and de Maupassant, are really virtuosi more are swept by us with frenzied haste? Ah,
than artists. Its technique is so much less but this is an irrelevant question. The inces-
difficult than that of the essay that high-school sant readers of the short story are sufferers
teachers find it facile material for their from that same nervous irritability which
students. Nothing is more insidiously easy marks alike the capitalist and the labor-agita-
in America to-day than to become a popular tor when they cry, “For Gawd's sake let's do
teacher with the short-story as your medium. something.'
It is so much easier to write than the essay Tell an undergraduate or his father, the
and so much more obviously attractive that tired business man, that because the short-
hundreds of grub-streeters supply an artific story is popular it is doomed. Say that the
ially stimulated demand, obtuse undergrad technique is pathological whether the content
uate students of composition plunge their be tragic, morbid, comic, or sentimental.
teachers into a premature literary dyspepsia, Warn your hearer that the short-story is the
hundreds of languid and day-dreaming patent-medicine of contemporary art, which
women make it possible for quack teachers to serves but to make the disorders of the age
earn with private classes a plausible semblance more deep-seated while it brings its factitious
of an honest living.
recreation. Point out that it is the literature
But the demand for the short-story is, I not of healthy exhilaration but of feverish
repeat, an artificially stimulated demand. We excitement. You are pretty sure to cause a
do not want the short-story
we think we smile --- if your auditor happens to have a
want it. In our healthier moments we con shred of the rare virtue of patience. You will
demn our modern speed mania.
In our
become noted as a literary soap-boxer. It is
healthier moments we desire the literature of so easy, in an age of drift, to seize upon fash-
cool reflection. The very technique of the ions that pass in the night as eternal verities.
short-story is pathological, and titillates our But he who has any literary perspective at
nerves in our pathological moments. The all will remember the time not long past when
short-story is the blood kinsman of the quick the public insisted on the leisurely "three-
lunch, the vaudeville, and the joy-ride. It is decker" novel whose demise Mr. Kipling
the supreme art-form of those who believe in celebrated with his characteristic superficial-
the philosophy of quick-results. Why is its ity,-- the novel that threw its light into every
technique pathological? In the first place, its cranny of human character, that paused again
unity is abnormally artificial and intense. and again to reflect upon life genially or wist-
Turn even to the high-water mark of the fully or acridly. The student of literature
short-story, Poe's "Fall of the House of will remember that half a century before the
Usher.” Every group of vowel sounds, every "three-decker,” Robert Southey, an excellent
word-connotation, every descriptive and nar prose-writer and a lover of mellow prose,
rative atom is concentrated on that crescendo poured out reams of perfunctory verse
of nameless fear that makes the story seizing. because the public had an inordinate appetite
It is well that we have had masters to do this for rather sentimental narrative poems of
for us.
But is it well that we should gorge huge dimensions about an oriental Thalaba
ourselves on a genre in which unity has be the Destroyer or a Roderick, the Last of
come an obsession ? Consider also the pop the Goths. Let the provincial reader who
ular habit of truncating the short story thinks the nervous quick-step of modern
violently at the climax.
Seldom are journalistic prose the only manner that could
healed by a dénouement in which we may ever have been widely popular open De
find a katharsis,- in which we are allowed Quincey's essay on style. There he will find
to realize that terror and pity or inex to his amazement a man who himself wrote
tinguishable laughter have purged our souls. plesiosaurian sentences protesting against a
Consider, thirdly, the rapid action of the public and a corps of popular journalists who
short-story. Life is made to whirl by, as doted on periodic sentences that uncoiled their
we read, like the walls of a subway. Yet enormous proportions like boa constrictors.
reality shows us that only at rare moments, Seldom has the short-story, even in its
even in the twentieth century, do men live prime in the last half of the nineteenth cen-
like this. What, we might like to ask, is the tury, attained to high seriousness. And
we


1917]
381
THE DIAL
to-day there are few of its practitioners, artist already lies in the womb of the com-
whether their content be healthy or unhealthy, munity. For the supreme artist is not one
gay or sad, whose attitude toward life is not who concerns himself with "originality,” at
more or less vitiated by some tinge of the triv least not self-consciously. The self-conscious
iality, the egocentric mania, the commercial search for originality leads only to the rococo
ism, or the mere virtuosity that contaminate and the morbid. The great artist is so moved
all petty or casual artists. The depths of our with a conviction that is extra-individual, the
age, beneath a phantom surface of intermit conviction of his community in its most
tent and delirious gaiety, cry out for a deeper spacious moods, in its most magnificent hopes,
art. There never was an age that was really that he loses himself in these to save himself.
in more deadly earnest, never an age more Whatever may be the content of the short-
full of unorganized religious zeal. The inter- story, its technique has grown more and more
national agony, the national bewilderments, self-conscious. And self-consciousness is the
the fearful social injustices, the heart-beat of mortal foe of true originality. We may take
our epical life—these can neither be described comfort in the very fact that the short-story
nor interpreted by the trivial and the hasty.
teems to-day on our news-stands. This is sure
The short-story is but a more delicate mani-
evidence of its garrulous senility. And the
festation of that universal fever that has senility of the short story augurs the sounds
bankrupted mankind, and from which our
of voices more sonorous, the early appearance
deepest instincts of self-preservation urge us
of a larger art.
with tremendous pressure to arouse ourselves.
HERBERT ELLSWORTH CORY.
From the depths, the most naïve and the most
sophisticated of our readers yearn for new
prophets like Carlyle and Ruskin, who came
Literary Affairs in France
too soon. We would turn gladly from the
prettily suggestive to the earnestly and beau-
(Special Correspondence of THE DIAL.)
tifully explicit. We would be relieved to give
In the early autumn of 1913, I spent some
up the contemplation of morbidly perfected
weeks at Castres, an ancient town in Upper
miniatures for impetuous Rubens-like pan-
Languedoc, the very centre of the region
orama with large perspectives. If a great
where lived and moved Eugénie and Maurice
artist would take subjects like "Poverty,"
de Guérin, who, it will be remembered, were
“Immigration,” “Violence and the Labor
first brought to the attention of the Anglo-
Movement,” and treat them with thorough- American literary public by Matthew Arnold
ness and eloquence in a form compounded of in his “Essays on Criticism." While there,
historical narrative and reflective essay, if I made the acquaintance of a young professor
he could unite in himself the dialectic of meta -Abbé Emile Barthès—of the Catholic The-
physics with its concern over fundamental ological seminary of Albi.
ological seminary of Albi. The next year
principles, the sense of the picturesque
and less than three months before the war
tempered by a sense of moral horror, an broke out, I received the following letter from
Emersonian or, better, a Fichtean fervor to
the Abbé, who is perhaps the best authority
edify, he would express the aspiration of the
on the famous de Guérin brother and sister:
world to-day,- he would be our supreme The general title of my volumes will be, “CEuvres de
artist. How passionately the public desires
Maurice et d'Eugénie de Guérin.” My work grows
such an art is shown by the wide sale of books
little by little. I am having type-written the last
pages of the unpublished material which I have col-
that approach this ideal in content and in lected and which will be ready in a few days. I hope
form. We may attach, too, something more during the coming long vacation to get the man-
than a sinister significance to the public crav-
uscript in such shape as to be able to put the first
volume in the hands of the printer. It will be de-
ing for the pseudo-propagandist American
voted to Eugénie de Guérin and her dear friend,
drama which traffics insincerely with social Louise de Bayne, whom Maurice wished at one time
questions. The audiences which crowd the to marry, and will be entitled, “Rayssac et le Cayla,"
the names of the country-seats belonging respectively
theatres may be prurient, yet their impulses
to the de Bayne and the de Guérin families. Of all
can be readily sublimated by an art equally the volumes which I have under way, this is the one
vivid, but more sober and more reflective. I prefer, for it contains the exquisite history of a
It
friendship between two superior young women.
Such an art is sure to come. When such a
is perhaps unique and I shall be much surprised if
deeply popular longing is so widespread, the
posterity does not ratify my judgment. As regards
..


382
(May 3
THE DIAL
my "finds," they have been quite numerous and collate it.” It is now pretty clear to me, espe-
important. There was a time last autumn when man-
uscripts arrived in my study almost daily. I cannot
cially after the de Colleville revelations, that
tell you how much pleasure I have found in collecting
the descendants of Maurice's friends in Brit-
and arranging these poor yellow sheets. Nor do I tany, where he spent many months of his life,
think that I am at the end of my discoveries, and I and the descendants on his brother's side still
hope that the months of August and September will
be favorable for my researches. I then trust I may
living at the old home, Le Cayla, near Cordes,
be permitted to collate with the printed version, the
have been keeping from the public eye parts
manuscript of the famous “Cahier Vert” of Maurice. of the “Cahier Vert” and of Eugénie's even
But this revision will doubtless not give me anything more famous “Journal.”
very new, for M. Trébutien, the first editor of the
Guérin writings, made only unimportant suppressions.
It would be a most interesting contribution
to Guérinana to have these two documents
During my stay in Castres, I saw. Abbé printed in full, but the same reasons which
Barthès twice and spent an afternoon in run caused M. Trébutien to indulge in suppres-
ning over some of these manuscripts. There
sions will probably prevail also with Abbé
is no question that he has an interesting mass Barthès, if he ever brings out his edition. He
of unpublished material. I recall a letter by was called to the colors when the war came,
the boy Maurice to his father, written from and though I have made repeated efforts to
the Lycée de Toulouse a few days after he get into communication with him, I have not
had begun the study of Greek, the French succeeded. If he has “disappeared,” it is to
being in Greek characters, "in order to show be hoped that Comte de Colleville, or some
thee,” the child writes naïvely, “what prog- equally independent writer, will take over the
ress I am making in the classics.” There papers at Castres and give to the world a
were also one or two letters from Matthew really complete and reliable edition of the
Arnold to Eugénie and to M. Trébutien, that works of this talented brother and sister, with
to Eugénie being in rather lame French, if I biographical sketches which will also be com-
am not mistaken.
plete and reliable.
At that time I had not read the articles by professor of the University of Bordeaux, died
Though Henri Barckhausen, a distinguished
Comte de Colleville which had appeared a
year or two before in the “Mercure de
some time ago, his official biography (Bor-
France” and which have since come out in
deaux : Gounouilhou, 3 fr.), by Professor Paul
book form—“Un Cahier Inédit du Journal
Courteault, has only just appeared. All ad-
d'Eugénie de Guérin” (Paris: Mercure de
mirers of Montesquieu know what M. Barck-
France, 2 fr.). These articles bring to the
hausen did for the fame of this favorite son
surface a rather shady side of the always
of Guyenne. It is one of my pleasantest
somewhat mysterious marriage -- "it was
memories of literary France to have seen him
happy,” says Matthew Arnold, mistakenly,
years ago buried in this labor in his big
which Maurice contracted toward the end of
house, bursting with books and manuscripts,
in the Cours de l'Aquitaine, where he always
his life. The revelations contained in the
book confirm my fears that a good Catholic
welcomed an American, for, as M. Courteault
like Abbé Barthès cannot edit a perfectly says, he was proud of the esteem which this
trustworthy edition of the works of the de
work had won for him in the United States,
Guérins. Eugénie was too candid and Maur-
with whose scholars he had many delightful
relations." This interest in America began in
ice strayed too far from the fold for a strict
churchman to tell the whole story of their
M. Barckhausen's early manhood when he
wrote for the "Nouvelle Revue de Théologie"
lives and to print the exact text of their writ-
three articles on Theodore Parker.
ings.
When the Abbé Barthès spoke to me of the
Still another Bordeaux professor calls for
manuscripts which he had collected, I asked
a word here. M. Raymond Thamin, president
him immediately if he had succeeded in find-
of the university, tells in his new book,
"L'Université et la Guerre” (Paris : Hachette,
ing the “Cahier Vert,” for which I myself
have hunted up and down France more than
2 fr.), of the part taken in this war by the
once and which was supposed to be irretriev-
teachers and the college boys of France. The
ably lost. I was not a little surprised, there-
part has been a heroic one, and this book is
fore, when he answered me rather guardedly
among the best war books I have seen. It has
that “he thought he knew where it was.” It
very little to say of the material side of the
will be noted that in his letter given above,
contest and very much to say of the moral
written only a few months after I saw him, it side, and should be read by all who wish to
is no longer a matter of finding the manu know the spirit in which France has made
script. He now “trusts to be permitted to war.


1917]
383
THE DIAL
Very different from Professor Barck (Paris : Colin, 4 fr.), by Professor Victor
hausen's interest in us is that which M. Bérard, of the University of Paris, an author-
Gabriel Alphaud shows in his "L'Action ity on international European history and
Allemande aux Etats-Unis” (Paris : Payot, 5 politics, especially of the Near East. Pro-
fr.). A member of the staff of “Le Temps,” fessor Bérard sketches with a masterly hand
but now at the front, he visited America in the rise and fall of Bismarck's work, and ar-
1915, and this book is the result of that visit. rives at much the same conclusions as M.
I have not seen in English anything which Daudet, likening the Kaiser to Shylock,
gives in such detail the disastrous German “whom no judge of Venice could check in de-
campaign in the United States during the manding what he declared to be his right.”
first year of the war, when the attempt was Just what these rights are, at least the
made to bring over American public opinion economic ones—and this is the field where
to the side of Berlin. That such a solid vol Germany complained that "she had no place
ume—500 pages in length and 5 francs in in the sun"—is stated by Professor Henri
price-should not only find a publisher at Hauser, of Dijon University, in “Les Méth-
Paris in these hard times, but should reach odes Allemandes d'Expansion Economique"
a second edition, shows how interested France (Paris : Colin, 3 fr. 50). The present volume
has been all along in our friendship.
is a new and revised edition of this book,
The same interest in America is seen also in which was first published in the autumn of
M. Joseph Reinach's new volume, the eighth 1915. The spirit in which it is written is re-
in the series of “Les Commentaires de Polybe” vealed in these words of the author, where he
(Paris : Fasquelle, 3 fr. 50), which extends refers to Germany's business methods before
om June to the end of August 1916. These the war: “We are now more convinced than
brief, incisive “Figaro" articles, "with a snap ever that in full peace Germany was making
per at the end,” contain frequent references war on the world with peaceful arms." And
to President Wilson, critical but friendly, here is his conclusion: “When the peace
written of course before we declared war. But comes, it is an idle dream to suppose that we
perhaps the most timely and significant topic can boycott Germany. But it is the duty of
presented is M. Reinach's reiteration-three the Entente to place Germany in such a posi-
times in this volume and twice in earlier vol tion that she cannot do harm and to see that
umes of the series—of the assertion that she practises loyal methods in international
“when the peace comes, the Allies must refuse commercial relations.”
to treat with the Hohenzollerns,” an excellent In connection with all these books should
idea which has been growing in strength ever be read at least three by that prolific Polish-
since M. Yves Guyot launched it for the first French author, M. Teodor de Wyzewa, who
time, if I am not mistaken, in an article in the has just died. They give a good idea of how
“North American Review,” 1914.
Germany and the Germans looked to a man
M. Joseph Reinach's chief reason for tak who was not by birth a Frenchman. “L'Art
ing this ground is his opinion that “the et les Meurs chez les Allemands” (Paris :
Kaiser is the author of the war," and it is this Perrin, 3 fr. 50) is well summed up in these
same phrase, “Les Auteurs de la Guerre de words of the author: “Though the original
1914,” which M. Ernest Daudet has taken as edition of this book was written a quarter of
the general title for his latest volumes—"Bis-
a century ago, I vaguely foresaw then what
marck” and “Guillaume II et François the Germans and Germany would be in 1914."
Joseph” (Paris: Attinger, 3 fr. 50 each). A “La Nouvelle Allemagne,” in two volumes,
third volume in the series, "Les Complices," issued by the same publisher, has just ap-
is under way. The first of these volumes peared. M. de Wyzewa, who was on the regu-
begins with “the distant causes of the war,” lar staff of the “Revue des Deux Mondes” and
dating them back as far as the epoch of the “Le Temps," and who wrote on foreign sub-
French Revolution, and then comes down to jects, generally of a literary or semi-political
the fall, in 1890, of “the Iron Chancellor, the nature, has brought together here some of his
arch preparer of the war of 1914.” The second best contributions to those periodicals, re-
volume, devoted to the present Kaiser and stricting the choice however to German topics.
Francis Joseph, especially the former, brings Among these is a review of Mr. Eric F.
the story to August 1914 and the present war, Wood's excellent "Note Book of an Attaché,”
“which might have been easily prevented if which M. de Wyzewa pronounces one of the
William II had wished to do so."
best of the war books.
Many of the same topics treated by M.
THEODORE STANTON.
Daudet come up in “L'Eternelle Allemagne” April 20, 1917.


384
[May 3
THE DIAL
CASUAL COMMENT
modating retractions. The speaker did not
profess to be determinative, but only sugges-
THE WAY IN WHICH AMERICA MEETS THE
tive.
Forms came and went; taste and
CHALLENGE OF THE WAR will be a test of the opinion fluctuated. The epic had passed; the
maturity and the responsibility of our dem novel might follow. Shakespeare was put in
ocracy. To hamper or set back the develop- his place; the classics were handled with scant
ment of social democracy at home while fight deference. Their survival seemed to have de-
ing for democratic principles abroad would pended upon the vested interests of "pundits"
be a tragic confession of inadequacy. We are (those professorially committed in early life
faced with difficult and delicate problems of to the support of the Established) rather than
readjustment, and even from the point of upon the loyal interest of Arnold Bennett's
view of simple expediency and group effi “passionate few.” One gathered that, in the
ciency, it would be folly not to lessen so far end, a limited number of basic principles ex-
as possible the obvious sources of friction. isted and that due regard for these might help
If labor surrenders the right to strike, we a piece of literature to outface the vicissitudes
must see to it that the benefit is not reaped
of time and the freakishness of “taste.” A
by the profiteer. If wages are fixed by the simple and direct appeal to the persisting
government, so must be the takings of capital. realities of nature and of human nature of.
If we are to be able to exert our full force fered the likeliest line. Mr. Leacock did not
and engage the support of the whole people, finish by reading from his own works : instead,
we must begin by an equitable adjustment of he made a manly and touching reference to
the burdens of war and encourage every plan
the ordeal through which his own country, and
that promises to extend the scope of the co now ours, is passing; and he closed with a
operative spirit among the various groups fitting allusion to the man in memory of
of the citizenry. There will be honest and whom the lectures at Mandel Hall were under-
wide divergence of opinion as to how we taken.
ought to approach the problems of internal
organization and international policy, and the
THE INTEREST IN MILITARY DRILL, which has
most searching test of our maturity will be
received such stimulus within the past year,
has called forth a number of manuals de-
the success with which we oppose tolerance
to the action of the herd instinct. An effort signed to assist the inexperienced in their pre-
to regiment opinion or to penalize unpopular
liminary efforts. Of these the “one best
views would be a disastrous blunder. Let us
book,” or to avoid invidiousness, the best-
not disgrace ourselves by repeating the mis-
known and most comprehensive, is the "Man-
take that England made in the case of Ber-
ual of Military Training,” by Captain James
trand Russell. Unfortunately, it is impossible
A. Moss (Banta Publishing Co.; Menasha.
It fulfils its author's purpose of
to ignore the fact that such a tendency has Wis.),
already shown itself, especially in the univer-
explaining "everything pertaining to the
sities, where opinion should be most free. instruction of the Company” even to the in-
Teachers whose opinions were felt to be
clusion of physical exercises, map reading, vis-
“dangerous” have been dismissed, and a mild
ibility, and small patrol and outpost problems,
in connection with which the volume contains
reign of terror instituted among their col-
a large- and a small-scale map. It is well sup-
leagues. If liberal opinion is content to set
plied with diagrams and an index. Of a
such cases down to individual stupidity, we
slightly different scope is “An Officer's Note-
shall be drifting into dangerous waters indeed.
book,” by Captain Ralph M. Parker. It in-
cludes a number of preliminary remarks on
STEPHEN LEACOCK, AS A LECTURER ON LIT-
Courts-martial, etc., omitted in Captain
Moss's volume. Most recent of all is “The
ERATURE, brings an attractive personality and
a likable manner. This whimsical stalwart
Plattsburg Manual,” by Lieutenants Ellis and
Garey (Century). The authors, like Captain
from McGill University delivered on April
Parker, have taken part in the instruction at
19th, at the University of Chicago, the second
Plattsburg. The book, despite its title, will
of the William Vaughn Moody lectures : “The
prove valuable rather to those who may un-
Mutability of Literary Forms.” After duly dergo, or have charge of, instruction else-
touching on the odd duality involved in a
where than at Plattsburg, since much of
synchronous service to political economy and the material in the book is orally drummed
to humor, he revealed the sea of literature as into the heads of the “attendants” during the
a welter of chops and changes, teased by the
weeks at the camp.
Bolles, Jones, and Up-
winds of relativity. It was an hour and a ham's “A Soldier's Catechism” (Doubleday.
half of challenging assertions and of accom Page) covers a great deal of ground in simple


1917]
385
THE DIAL
form. Marshall and Simonds's “A Military tering the world. He also acknowledged—or
Primer” (Miller Co.) and Captain Andrews's confessed—that they were more concerned
“Fundamentals of Military Service” are both with technique than with sincerity. Mr.
recognized texts. The official War Depart Kreymborg not only spoke frankly, but read
ment manuals are at present in great demand well. One came away feeling that perhaps,
and difficult to secure. They should be or after all, a long poem really was a mistake,
dered early by individuals or organizations if not an impossibility.
requiring them in quantities. Inexperienced
purchasers of the “Infantry Drill Regula-
tions”-staple diet for all elementary training WAR AND LITERATURE, other than “White
-should make sure that the various loose Books” and “Green Books” and similar offi-
leaf “War Department changes” up to No.
cial products of the pen, with the daily news-
18 are included in their copies. The paper paper reports from the front and the
bound edition is appropriate for individual occasional less ephemeral chronicle of military
use; for libraries the cloth-bound edition at operations, go not well together. Neverthe-
a slightly higher price would of course be less there is no cause to fear that, in this
more appropriate. There is also a special
There is also a special country at least, the coming months will wit-
illustrated, indexed, and annotated edition de ness any silencing of letters (nor, indeed, of
signed to smooth the beginner's path. The laws) amid the clash of arms. Our entrance
“Small Arm Firing Manual" is at present into the world conflict even presents itself to
particularly difficult to obtain and, except for many publishers as not an unredeemed evil,
the most formal instruction, the cheaper since the resultant falling-off in certain
“U. S. Marine Corps Score Book and Rifle branches of the book-trade will be at least
man's Instructor," with blank recording partly balanced by increased activity in
targets, is fully adequate for elementary pur others. Democracy and patriotism and the
poses. A step beyond the elementary man conservation of resources will make good
uals come “Small Problems for Infantry,” themes for writers, not to mention the stir-
by Captain A. W. Bjornstad, and “Studies ring battle narrative or the moving hospital
in Minor Tactics,” both issued by the press story or the inspiriting war poem such as the
of the Army Service Schools at Fort Leaven past two years have given us in profusion.
worth, Kansas. Bond and MacDonough's It would, of course, be cold blooded and alto-
“Technique of Modern Tactics" is the stand gether abominable to count on this sort of
ard work in that field. A selection of these literature as an assured and profitable by-
books might prove useful to the library of product of the war; but its very probable if
any town where a military organization was not inevitable production will help to tide
in process of formation.
over the hard times ahead. At any rate, it
is reassuring to read in “The Publishers'
Weekly” that “the publishing trade in gen-
ALFRED KREYMBORG, EXEMPLAR OF BREVITY eral, while facing the war seriously, are dis-
IN VERSE, paused in Chicago the other day, on posed to believe
that their business
his way westward, to speak before a little and the business of bookselling will not be
group in the Fine Arts Building on “What affected disastrously by the war, and book-
Others Mean to Me." When it is recalled that sellers who have been alert to respond to the
Mr. Kreymborg is the editor of “Others" and re-awakened spirit of patriotism, find that
the compiler of the “Others Anthology," it their sales in new directions promise to off-
will readily be inferred that he dealt in his set in large measure any drop in the interest
"lecture-reading” with his own contributors. in books in general. The book-trade in
These were impartially taken up in alphabet- America has never enjoyed such elation of
ical order; nor did the speaker dwell unduly prosperity that there is likely to be a sharp
on the letter K. Indeed, a few more “Mush contrast in circumstances through the adver-
rooms” than he gave would have been relished. sity of war.” Pertinent also is this from the
The poems read and commented upon were same source: “We are the richest nation and
many, but brief. The shortest had but two have the richest citizenry of all countries, and
lines; several had but five or six; only a few by the more modern and sounder methods of
had more than twenty. And they all pos- taxation, taxes will be levied in increasing
sessed "character”; it was an evening of in- proportion on excessive wealth and abnormal
cessant prods and twinges. Toward the end, profits. This will somewhat relieve the situa-
under questionings, Mr. Kreymborg acknowl tion as far as books are concerned, for exces-
edged that his people were less occupied with sive prices and profits have not been a fea-
propaganda than with personality, being more ture of either the publishing or bookselling
intent on expressing themselves than on bet trades.”


386
[May 3
THE DIAL
COMMUNICATIONS
me. I am told that among those who have been
suggested as the possible authors of the book are
SHAKESPEARE IN PARIS.
Woodrow Wilson, Elihu Root, Joseph H. Choate,
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Nicholas Murray Butler, John Bassett Moore, Da-
vid Jayne Hill, and Robert Lansing. I think I
Cher Monsieur,
find in the book itself reason to believe that no
Il n'est pas exact que j'aie traité Wagner et one of those named is the writer, but, if so, then
Shakespeare de la même façon (in the same who is Cosmos ?
fashion) et je ne puis souffrir que l'on me pré The book seems to me likely to become as famous
sente aux Anglais comme un ennemi de leur grand as the letters of Junius, and the curiosity of
poète.
some of us is piqued by the anonymity of the
Mon article de la Renaissance était une réponse author.
T. R. THAYER.
à un autre dans lequel on disait qu'après la guerre, Boston, Mass., April 24, 1917.
on serait dans un monde nouveau qui demanderait
un art nouveau; et dans ce but on parlait de
fonder une société pour la représentation des
POETRY AS A SPOKEN ART.
@uvres de Shakespeare, sous prétexte que beau-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
coup de ses euvres seraient nouvelles pour le With a great portion of Miss Lowell's conclu-
public. Or, comme nouveauté on parlait de com sions in “Poetry as a Spoken Art,” in your issue
mencer par le Marchand de Venise, qui a été of January 28, I am in perfect accord. There
représenté souvent à Paris, en français et en can be no doubt that poetry is primarily an appeal
Italien.
to the ear, not the eye, and that it existed a long
Est-il besoin de faire remarquer que les chefs-
time before writing came into use. The connection
d'œuvre du 16me siècle, pour être inconnus de
between poetry and music is, in fact, much closer
notre public, ne constituent point pour cela un
than she has indicated. It is curious, therefore,
that she does not see how completely this disproves
art nouveau ?
some of the things for which she has so stoutly
Et n'est-il pas vrai que même en Angleterre il
contended.
I think I do not misrepresent her,
est impossible de représenter sans adaptations les
though I cannot at the moment refer to book and
Quvres de Shakespeare, écrites pour un temps et
page, in imagining her to have asserted that vers
des conditions théâtrales tout différents des nôtres ? libre is not founded on rhythm but cadence. In
et qu'on n'en peut avoir une idée complète que THE DIAL she says: “While it may dispense with
par la lecture ?
rhyme, and must dispense with metre, -it retains
Tout cela n'a aucun rapport avec l'admiration that essential to all poetry: Rhythm." Certainly
que les Français éprouvent pour l'œuvre de rhythm is the one essential element of poetry, but
Shakespeare, ni avec la question de Richard Wag rhythm, as applicable to poetry, and metre are
ner, insulteur de la France et puissant instrument identical, so far as I can see, with time in music.
de pénétration de l'Allemagne chez nous.
All are the measure of movement of sound, and all
Yours very truly,
imply a regular beat. The rhythm of vers libre
Paris, 5 Avril, 1917. C. SAINT-SAËNS. is the rhythm of prose, an entirely different thing.
In good prose there is a balance and symmetry of
word and phrase, but there is no uniform move-
THE BASIS OF PEACE.
ment, no exact measure or true rhythm.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
When therefore she says that “this does not
There has been sent to me, bearing the label of
affect its substance in the least,” she must mean
the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
that it does not affect the thought. Certainly, it
quite the most remarkable and statesmanlike book
entirely destroys the form which seems to be the
that I have ever seen on the subject of war and
fundamental difference between poetry and prose,
peace. It is entitled, “The Basis of Durable
as in almost all cases the thought can be more
Peace," and the writer uses the pseudonym, Cos-
adequately given in prose than in poetry. The
mos. May I, through your columns, urge that the
poet sacrifices this full and clear expression for
identity of this author be made known for the
a musical effect, which is lost in vers libre. But
satisfaction of his countrymen? In my judgment, again: If the thought or substance is the only thing
this little book makes as important, as persuasive, worth preserving, how can it be true that reading
and as statesmanlike an argument for the better
it aloud “is an absolute condition of comprehen-
international organization of the world as did
sion"? And if there are few who know how to
the papers contributed by Hamilton, Madison, read, the number of people who can appreciate
and Jay under the title of “The Federalist" for
vers libre must be very limited. I belong to this
the adoption of the Constitution of the United
unhappy minority, never having heard it read well.
States. It is a great pity that the authorship of
I must confess also that I have not been impressed
this book should not be known. The writer is, in
with its “substance," but I have seemed to see in
my judgment, an American, but that we had in
most of it a great overstrain-shall I say of per-
the United States any man of such accurate knowl-
spiring metaphors ?-to take the place of rational
edge, broad vision, and constructive international
thought.
H. E. WARNER.
statesmanship was quite unsuspected, at least by Groton, N. H., April 24, 1917.
-
-


1917]
387
THE DIAL
protest is largely responsible for the apathy
International Dubieties
with which the country still regards his whole
programme of internationalization.
A LEAGUE TO ENFORCE PEACE. By Robert
The idea hangs upon the agreement of the
Goldsmith. (The Macmillan Co.; $1.50.)
leagued nations to coerce back to peace, with
AMERICAN WORLD POLICIES. By Walter E. Weyl.
(The Macmillan Co.; $2.25.)
all their military and economic means, any
The League to Enforce Peace is unfortu-
nation which goes to war without first sub-
nate in its protagonists. The idea is put
mitting its dispute to arbitration. In other
forth as the hope of a liberal world, yet its
words, the League is an economic and mili-
stoutest supporters in this country are public
tary alliance of all against each. The under-
men to whom we never in our wildest imag-
lying belief is, of course, that peace will be
ination credit a liberal idea. Mr. Taft's ad-
permanently maintained through the fear
each nation would feel of challenging the en-
vocacy alone should be enough to prejudice
tire force of the others. But was not this
any liberal pose, and now comes President
Lowell in an introduction to a popular expc-
the theory upon which armaments were piled
sition of the League's programme by one
up and the European armed truce of 1871-
Robert Goldsmith. This book will prove a
1914 maintained? The present war should
further handicap to the liberal propaganda.
be a lesson to any mind which believes that
international order can be based on the con-
It is an unusually thin mess of intellectual
solidation of power so strong that none will
porridge. The dreadfulness of war is treated
dare attack it. The collapse of the League
as jauntily and morally as is the imprac-
would be followed automatically by exactly
ticable idealism of the pacifists. The book
what followed the collapse of the armed truce
slides along from easy platitude to easy plati-
a world-war. Indeed, such a League to
tude, without any genuine criticism or even
Enforce Peace might better be called a
analysis of the idea it professes to expound.
League to Ensure a World War. For every
The tone is of presenting with assurance
war which a recalcitrant nation precipitated
something accepted by the wise, to be made
would, by the terms of the League, become
herewith interesting and palatable to the vul a world-war. Would this consideration nec-
gar.
The book is one of the most vicious
essarily stay the hand of any ambitious, pow-
examples of weak academic discussion, where
erful, and dissatisfied people who knew that
you draw your propositions sterilely out of
arbitration could not give them what they
other propositions, without reference either
wanted! The present war was made possible
to facts or probabilities. And it is not even
not only by the armed truce, but by the sys-
a good piece of scholastic reasoning.
tem of secret understandings between nations.
Now that the Administration has committed
What is to guarantee that the League, when
the country ostensibly to aiding in the estab it takes up arms to enforce peace on a single
lishment of such a League of Nations, nothing rebel state, will not find itself opposed by
is so much needed as a thorough analysis and two or even three powerful allies? The
airing of the entire programme, with all its League would then be ineffective, and would
implications and contingencies. Yet “lib merely have thrown the world into another
erals” apparently feel that the idea is so ob horrible cataclysm.
vious that it carries itself. They imply that But the idea contains other fatal flaws. It
it is only against the attacks of those who does not involve the enforcement of arbitral
are less liberal than they that the idea needs decisions. If the disputing nations are not
defence. But it is actually the more lib satisfied with the award, they may take to
eral in England and America who feel the arms, and the League will allow them to fight
profoundest misgivings at the idea of an in it out alone. What would be easier than for
ternational order founded on universal mili a nation deceitfully to submit to arbitration,
tarism. There is no longer any need of refuse the award, and attack its rival in per-
proving to anybody that the hope of the fect immunity? The enforcement of peace
world demands some kind of international would then be bankrupt, though the whole
order. The question becomes, Shall it be this world might be affected by the conflict. The
kind? The democratic radical feels that this League, moreover, could not afford to limit
particular scheme has seeds in it so sinister armaments. One certain effect would be to
that peace would be imperilled, and not en rivet huge navies and universal armies on
sured, by any such premature coalescence of every country. For the League, to terrorize
the nations. He feels the glamour which the every member, must be strong. Each com-
President has thrown around the idea to be ponent nation would have to be strong up to
false and misplaced. And the way in which the limit of its military power, in order that
his partisans have failed to meet this radical there might be a clear preponderance of


388
[May 3
THE DIAL
strength against any challenge. Similarly, tions who require access to large agricultural
the governments must be powerful, or the areas in order to keep their populations alive.
League will be weak. This means that ultra These populations can only be maintained by
democratic or revolutionary movements must exchanging their industrial products for raw
be suppressed. The members of the League materials. There ensues, therefore, a fierce
would need tacitly to guarantee one another's competition for markets and colonies. Mod-
governments. President Lowell defends the ern warfare will only be abated as this com-
League as a vigilance committee of the na petition is changed into coöperation, as the
tions. But surely this is an absurd analogy. rate of population diminishes, as agriculture
The procedure in a lawless community is not, is stimulated at home, as the distribution of
first, for all persons solemnly to agree to sub wealth within the country is made just. He
mit to arbitration all their personal differ argues that the problem of war is one of
ences and to suffer coercion by all the others domestic economy.
The incentives to im-
if any of them breaks the peace, and, sec perialism which breeds
breeds war—arise when
ondly, for all the members of the community, surplus capital, which should be absorbed in
having pledged themselves, to arm to the improvement at home, seeks the enormous
teeth and sit around waiting for somebody to profits of virgin countries where labor may
start something. Yet this would be an exact be exploited. Absorb this capital in social re-
analogy to the proposed League of Peace. form, encourage agriculture, spread birth
Persons who could ever be brought to agree control, and you lessen the imperialistic crav-
to any such mutual coercion, could be brought ing. Make commerce inviolable in war,
easily to agree to submit to constituted cen declare free trade in all colonies, pool your
tral authority. The world that was ready for separate national financial interests in inter-
a League to Enforce Peace would be ready for national syndicates for the development of
a genuine international government. The na backward countries, and you will have dimin-
tions would be ready to disarm and put all ished the chances of the collision of national
coercive power into a small international po interests. This would be international jus-
lice force. This proposed League is no more tice. No nation could any longer feel that
the first feasible, opportunist step toward in it was denied its place in the sun.
ternational order than any such preposterous Dr. Weyl's book suggests a mind fully con-
pact of frontiersmen is the first step toward scious of the complexity of the international
community government.
problem, and desirous of finding a way out
The competence of the official partisans of through realities, and not by means of an
the League in this country can be judged from intellectual trick. The most impressive thing
the fact that Mr. Goldsmith never so much in his book is the analysis of imperialist
as mentions any of these objections to the forces, the sense he conveys of the vast sweep
idea. It is refreshing to read Dr. Weyl, who
of the great modern populations in their push
accepts the idea that there must be a machin-
toward subsistence. He searches honestly
ery of force like the League to Enforce Peace, for "antidotes to imperialism” and has no
but who admits that “in the immediate future
smug “liberal” illusions about the beneficence
we are likely to have not a true league of of a "liberal” imperialism. This critical an-
peace but rather a league of temporarily sat-
alysis is more valuable than anything he does
isfied powers, seeking their group-interest in specifically for American enlightenment. The
the status quo and pursuing their common difficulties of the technique of our contribu-
aims at the expense of excluded nations in tion to internationalism remain unsolved.
much the same spirit in which a single nation
And Dr. Weyl is not the most skilful of writ-
now pursues its separate interest." Our en-
ters. He has a confusing way of pushing a
trance into the war then, one would say, be-
comes a joining of such a genuine vigilance
proposition back into the water again after
committee of satisfied power.
And his
he has brought it safe to land.
The mistake
lies in idealizing this action as anything else
philosophy of war is inadequate to explain
than the business of restoring order. It is
why Germany is at war, though it might ex-
not the League; it is not even the approach
plain why England is. But his approach to
to a League. The future is dark and dubi the problem is absolutely sound and right.
ous. Dr. Weyl's tone accords with this per-
These are the emphases and these the issues
plexity. It has a unique suggestiveness in its
that should be first in our minds. The way
careful analysis of all the preparatory work
to the League must be through international
necessary to get the world into a state where justice. The "antidotes to imperialism” must
it can even think of a fruitful league of precede the mischievous intellectualisms of a
nations. War, he says, results from the com League to Enforce Peace.
petition of rapidly expanding industrial na-
RANDOLPH BOURNE.


1917)
389
THE DIAL
If
which one must be on guard. These English
The Monroe Doctrine in Poetry
poets were easily ignored—they were far
THE NEW POETRY. An Anthology. Edited by
away, they had no hearing in America. At
Harriet Monroe and Alice Corbin Henderson.
the same time our very numerous American
(Macmillan Co.; $1.75.)
poets, particularly those of the Middle West,
While in some respects “The New Poetry”
and those who manifested that moderate de-
is the best American anthology in many years
gree of radicalism of which the essentially con-
—if not the best to date—in other respects
ventional Miss Monroe was capable, were
it is very disappointing. There are two types coming in for garlands—the bad and the good
of anthology: the comprehensive, which aims
alike. Throughout, the editors of “Poetry"
to embrace all that is typical of the period have displayed an amazing lack of discrimina-
chosen or all that is important in it; and the
tion—both as regards æsthetics and ideas. So
highly selective, which (guided of course by extraordinarily have they mixed bad with
a fallible personal taste) aims at a small rep-
good, mediocre with brilliant, that, in the last
resentation of the best. Miss Monroe's an-
analysis, they have stood, in any appreciable
thology is of the first class rather than of the
degree, for little or nothing.
second, which, in the present reviewer's
These remarks are almost equally applicable
opinion, is a mistake at the outset; and a to the anthology which Miss Monroe has now
second mistake lies in the fact that while ap-
compiled. “The New Poetry” is, to begin
parently comprehensive it is very imperfectly
with, astonishingly copious. Barring the sig-
SO.
nal omissions mentioned above, it offers a taste
It is fairly comprehensive as regards
American poets, but makes lamentable omis-
of almost everything. It is only when one
sions as regards the English. Not only are
turns to this or that individual poet that one
such poets as Masefield, Brooke, Gibson, Hodg-
discovers how shabbily many of them are rep-
son, Flint, Lawrence, de la Mare, and Bottom resented—even, too, Miss Monroe's own favor-
ley very scantily and often poorly represented
ites. How is one to explain the fact that none
by comparison with our native poets; but,
of Vachel Lindsay's moon poems is included,
what is worse, the work of Lascelles Abercrom while that ephemeral jingle, “General William
bie (considered by both Brooke and Gibson
Booth," leads his group! Amy Lowell, too,
the most significant poet in England to-
though amply, is poorly represented.
day), of James Elroy Flecker, and of William
“Patterns” had to be included, Miss Lowell
H. Davies, is omitted entirely. And it cannot
should at least have been prompted to elimi-
be argued that these poets are not sufficiently
nate that famously ludicrous line,
modernist; one can find plenty of verse by
And the buttons of his waistcoat bruised my body as
he clasped me,
American poets here included which is a great
deal more old-fashioned, and certainly, in
but better still would it have been to omit
point of merit, in no way comparable. Aber-
“Patterns" altogether, and to include the
crombie may not write in free verse, but in
many finer things Miss Lowell has written:
the intellectual and emotional sense he is as
“Sister Clotilde," for example, and "Vernal
modern as a poet can be.
Equinox”; or, if one desires free verse to be
In short, the faults which have for four
more frankly prose, “The Crossroads."
years been conspicuous in Miss Monroe's mag-
And so it is throughout. We find Brooke's
azine of verse are again conspicuous here.
war sonnets, two of which are admittedly
The policy of “Poetry” has been unfortu-
good, but not his “Clouds,” or “Town and
nately provincial in tone; toward all that she
Country," or "Dust”; we are given only
has felt no sympathy with Miss Monroe has
second-grade Frost, both lyric and narrative;
manifested too frequently a cocksure intol-
we are given not one of Gibson's typical psy-
erance. In one of the first issues of “Poetry”
chological studies but his very inferior, if not
(1912) an article appeared which maintained!
actually bathetic, war lyrics instead. Hodg-
son's "Song of Honour,” “The Bull," and
that at the moment no poetry worthy of
serious consideration was being written in
“Eve” are not here, nor Flint's “Malady,”
nor Masefield's “Biography," nor Fletcher's
England. If one remembers that at this time
“Green Symphony,” nor “White Symphony,”
Masefield's “Dauber” had just appeared in
Eliot's “Prufrock,” Robinson's
“The English Review” (following his other
“Ben Jonson Entertains a Man from Strat-
two narratives), that the first volume of
ford.”
But why go on? It could be
Georgian Poetry” was being arranged, and done indefinitely. It seems almost as if Miss
that, in general, Masefield, Brooke, Gibson,
Monroe had a peculiar instinct for choosing a
Abercrombie, de la Mare, and Davies were poet's second-best.
doing their best work, one at once perceives What is the secret of this? Is it merely
in Miss Monroe the kind of limitation against bad taste? Partly, of course, if not largely ;
nor
nor


390
[May 3
THE DIAL
but there is also, further, the fact that Miss is much to be desired. But a tangle of per-
Monroe has tried desperately to live up to her sonal predilections, biases, editorial neces-
title (in so far as it represents an idea) and sities, dimly seen ideals, and half-resisted
at the same time to those canons of poetry nepotisms and the reverse, has proved too
which are more enduring. Miss Monroe does much for the editor. And the result is a dis-
not realize of course how much of a tradition- appointing. half-success-a provoking half-
alist she is ethically and emotionally; in at failure.
CONRAD AIKEN.
least a part of the æsthetic field, she is really
a traditionalist, and in consequence as much
of the “old” as of the "new" is here repre-
sented, and, on the whole, with the same
Mittel-Europa
strange unevenness of taste. The result, as all
these remarks have been implying, is a per-
CENTRAL EUROPE. By Friedrich Naumann.
Translated from the German by Christabel M.
formance singularly confusing and inconsist-
Meredith. (Alfred A. Knopf; $3.)
ent, singularly lacking in tone or character.
It has been a part of the fate of Friedrich
It is neither old nor new, good nor bad, selec-
Naumann to serve as the champion of lost
tive nor comprehensive. It devotes twenty
pages to Pound (who leads in point of space)
causes. It is a rôle to which he brings both
valor and optimism, finding comfort appar-
and none to Abercrombie; sixteen to Lindsay ently in the discovery that worthy objects
and Masters; five to Masefield; six to Gibson;
have been gained by the fight even for lost
while such poets as Fletcher, Robinson, and
causes. If the cause to which he has now at-
Frost trail far behind Miss Lowell in space al-
tached himself should fare no better than
lotted—far behind the editress herself. Are
some of the others, at least his optimism is
these ratings to be taken literally? Is the
admirable. The central thesis of his book is
amount of space granted a poet totally uncon-
the necessity for consolidating and rendering
nected with his relative importance? And
permanent the union between Germany and
why, if this anthology is intended to disclose
Austria-Hungary, brought about by the pres-
only the “new” in poetry (in Miss Monroe's
sure of war. The programme he sketches may
sense) does it contain the distinctly tradi-
seem out of proportion with the grandiose
tional work of Josephine Preston Peabody,
dreams of empire which are popularly sup-
the punctilious lyrics of John Hall Wheelock,
posed to have launched Germany upon war.
Joyce Kilmer, Louis Untermeyer, and many
But Naumann might answer that the union
less well-known but almost equally adroit
makers of verses pleasantly conventional ?
he proposes is no more than a beginning for
the Central European superstate which fills
Why have the more acid and powerful of the
his vision. The Austro-German coalition is to
Spoon River daguerreotypes been omitted-
serve as a nucleus, a centre of gravitation, so
along with the more magical ? The only an-
swer is that Miss Monroe, if she is really a
to speak, to which are to be attracted "all
nations which belong neither to the Anglo-
radical at all, is chiefly so as regards form;
French Western Alliance nor to the Russian
as regards the material of poetry (and to any
Empire.” The author is quite naturally
genuine well-wisher of poetry this is the im-
reticent as to the nations that might ul-
portant thing), she suffers from many of the
timately be expected to come into the group.
curious inhibitions, for the most part moral,
At times the confines of the ancient German
which played havoc with the Victorians. The
truth must not be told when it is disagreeable Empire seem to float before his vision, as when
he reminds his readers that its frontiers ex-
or subversive. One's outlook on life must
tended to the terrain now occupied by the
accord with the proprieties. Above all, one
French and German armies. But of course
should be a somewhat sentimental idealist-
the cardinal interest lies in the East or, rather,
anthropocentric, deist, panpsychist, or what
in the South-East. If events there, during
not, but never, by any chance, a detached or
and after the war, were to assume the most
fearless observer. Frost cannot give us his favorable complexion, the results would al-
“Home Burial” here, Masters his most coincide with the aims attributed to
“Arabel," or "In the Cage,” nor Brooke his
Germany by M. André Chéradame in his sug.
“Libido.” Realism is pardonable in Miss gestive book, "The Pan-German Plot Un-
Monroe's eyes only if it is decorative.
masked.” If the war, says M. Chéradame,
In short, Miss Monroe, like many another should prove to be a "drawn game," Germany
anthologist, has willed the good and achieved would be ready to sacrifice almost everything
the evil. An anthology of the new poetry else for the sake of her gigantic scheme em-
which shall be equally fair to English and braced in the formula, “From Hamburg to
American poets, to realists and romanticists, the Persian Gulf.” The realization of her
nor


1917]
391
THE DIAL
dream of controlling Austria, Bulgaria, and It is somewhat more to the purpose, when
Turkey would indeed provide an unassailable he lays stress on the principle that the author-
foundation for future world-power and world- ity of the new superstate will have to confine
domination.
itself exclusively to the economic and military
But Naumann insists again and again that spheres and to the conduct of foreign affairs,
it is futile to talk of any such future develop leaving all ecclesiastical, educational, and
ments until the first step toward the estab- linguistic problems, together with the whole
lishment of the Central European superstate
internal administration, in the hands of the
-the welding of Germany and Austria-Hun separate states. It is to take its beginning in
gary-has been undertaken. Such a step is associations of syndicates and trades unions,
absolutely indispensable if Germany is to in uniform customs regulations aiming at the
preserve her independence side by side with gradual establishment of free trade within the
the three great world states—Great Britain, frontiers of Central Europe. A Mid-Eu-
Russia, and the United States. Standing ropean parliament, which is ultimately to be
alone, she could not hope to escape the danger evolved, will have powers of final decision in
of coming under the influence either of Eng economic and tariff matters; and the military
land or of Russia. And even the Central partnership which
partnership which is postulated by this
European superstate, under the most favor economic union, will also have to find constitu-
able conditions of organization, could scarcely
tional expression. But otherwise all existing
aspire to more than fourth rank.
state and crown rights are to remain intact.
It must be understood from the outset that As compared with the old German empire
this whole project differs completely from the of pre-Napoleonic days, the cardinal differ-
old Pan-German idea of forming "a purely ence of the new superstate will consist in the
German state, extending from the North Sea shifting of the centre of gravity from Aus-
to Trieste, the German port”-an idea that
tria to Germany-a process which was in-
involved uniting those parts of Austria-Hun- stigated and made possible by the temporary
gary in which the German population pre- separation of Prussia from Austria which
dominates with the German Empire. Central
Bismarck achieved through the war of 1866.
Europe is to be an international state, com-
The author does not seem troubled by any
prising all the different peoples and races now
great doubt that Austria will readily swallow
living under Austro-Hungarian rule. But this bitter pill with a suitable sugar-coating,
have not the centrifugal tendencies in Austria such as he has himself tried to provide by
been threatening for years to bring about the
many flattering observations. At any rate,
disruption of the empire? Is the accession of it is quite evident that it is the “Prusso-Ger-
the Prussian spirit likely to diminish the
spirit which he looks upon as the
danger! Has, indeed, the "Prusso-German panacea for evils and dangers, and as the
Empire,” as Naumann himself calls it, been mighty force that will weld Germany and
more successful in the treatment of subject Austria-Hungary into one powerful whole,
races than the Magyars themselves? To an able to hold its own against the other great
swer this question, it is sufficient to mention political constellations or superstates. Here
the Poles and the Danes and the inhabitants of
we have reached the point that is of the great-
Alsace-Lorraine. But Naumann is convinced est interest to the general reader.
that the Germans are eminently teachable; The great reviving draught, then, is to con-
they will speedily learn "the great art of
sist in the infusion of the German economic
managing men, sympathy with others, and the spirit of militaristic state socialism. The
power to enter into their nature and aims." In author copiously sanctions this designation :
short, he cheerfully takes it for granted that If our opponents like to label this intrinsic con-
the raven will equip himself with snow-white
nection between the work of war and peace as “Ger-
man militarism,” we can only regard this as reason-
plumage overnight. It is with the same facile
able, for Prussian military discipline influences us
optimism that he faces the problem of German all in actual fact, from the captain of industry to
Anti-Semitism, rendered more acute as it the maker of earth-works.
would be by the large Jewish population in A shudder is sure to creep over many a
Austria, and the equally menacing problem of reader with Anglo-Saxon blood in his veins
the preponderance of Catholic influence in the as the author unfolds his vision of the German
Central European superstate. Indeed, the state which is in rapid process of develop-
author seems to feel quite confident that the ment—“not merely an industrial state, but
mere sound of the magical watchword “Mid an organized state.” When the ideal has
Europe,” and the mere thought of the advan reached its consummation, there will no longer
tages to be gained, may be counted upon to be any overlapping or unnecessary competi-
act as a centripetal force sufficient to counter tion, no waste of effort or of materials. Even
act all disruptive tendencies.
now, the private employer of the old type is
man”


392
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>
fast becoming "the free directing employee of that “lucky spirit of invention" or, let us,
a society which produces steel or yarn or say, of individual initiative?
sugar or spirits.” In another generation, we The author is, of course, perfectly aware
shall see before us “the whole scheme of a that other nations view this magnificent mech-
powerful industry with its domestic regula anism of state socialism without envy. “In
tions and its divisions of labor,”—based on a educated circles in Paris and London," he
system of state syndicates, and almost as says, "they feel a mixture of pity, fear, re-
logically thought out as a textbook of gram spect and aversion towards this German type.
mar." We shall have before our eyes, in fact, Even if they could produce the same thing
a nation consisting exclusively of officials and there, they would not wish to do so, for they
employees, an organization of all citizens, ex have no desire for this disciplined soul; they
tending downward pyramid-wise from the do not desire it, because it would be the death
apex of central government, each individual and the surrender of the individual soul.”
being occupied with his allotted share of the Oderint dum metuant! He is confident that
prescribed routine of work. What a blessing nothing will stop or deflect the course of this
it was that the war brought martial law into development: after the war, he says, "for-
force, which made it possible to carry out in eigners will talk even more than before about
a few months what would otherwise have German economic militarism, but we are con-
needed a lifetime of discussions: the declara vinced the enforced transformation of the war
tion that all necessary stocks were State prop period will not suit us badly.” For the war
erty, and the substitution of public officials itself, he avers, has greatly confirmed the
and Government companies for private trade. German people “in this, our German method.”
State Socialism made giant strides forward in And then he goes on to say:
a single night!” What could not be made of
From the very first days, this war, which had been
Austria-Hungary, if this "German economie forced upon us, was regarded as a necessary and
creed” were extended to its dominions by
quite universal 'duty and task which must be per-
“speeding up those who are lingering in the
formed. Every one looked to those in responsible
positions for a planned organization reaching even to
old habits of work, so that they approximate the smallest details. The war was really only
to the labor rhythm of the progressive. a continuation of our previous life with other tools,
Above all, “what might not the Hungarians
but based on the same methods.
do with their land !
Mid-Europe This, again, is true. It is only too true. It
would be assured of an independent food-sup is tragically true. When, by the pressure of
ply!”
a button in Berlin, the gigantic machinery,
“We are a uniform nation,” the author ex each component part of which consists of a
claims admiringly, "magnificently uniform in human being, was set in motion, there was no
this method of organizing our daily life and hitch in its working-no hesitation, no stop-
work. Primary schools, universal conscrip- ping to think of any questions of right and
tion, police, science and socialistic propaganda wrong. The human gramophones, released
have all worked together to this end." Yes, by the same pressure of the same button,
there can be no doubt, it is truly “magnifi obediently shrieked out the words provided by
cent, ," this gigantic mechanism, this huge the record, as we can hear it in Naumann's
machinery of overwhelming vastness and own case—“purely a war of defence," "un-
power, grinding out-what?
The omnipo desired and diplomatically unprepared,"
tence of the state and the annihilation of the "forced upon us," "giant states rising to
individual soul! It is possible to clip a row crush us," and so on. And, with this vocifer-
of trees into shape, so that they form a tall
ous accompaniment, the Leviathan moved
hedge, straight and square, with contours of
forward, working destruction all over Europe,
faultless geometrical regularity; and such
and inflicting untold misery upon mankind,
hedges may occasionally be useful enough for
such as it had never known before.
certain purposes. But what would the land-
Nor is there any hope, according to Nau-
scape, what would creative Nature be without
the solitary gnarled giants that grow in the
mann's views, for better things in the future.
woodlands, where and how they list! “Math-
"It is not to be supposed that, at the con-
ematical,”'“logical," "scientific” are epithets clusion of the
clusion of the war, the long jubilee years of
which the author loves to bestow on German
an everlasting peace will begin.” There will
life and work in all its forms. “Into every-
be fresh problems, leading to “disillusion-
thing," he writes, “there enters to-day less of ments which will express themselves in ex-
the lucky spirit of invention than of patient, cessive armaments." The future “will be
educated industry." But might not the time even more concerned with phenomena on this
come soon enough, when the Germans would grand scale.” The moment the present war
thank God on their knees for one ounce of comes to an end, preparation will have to


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393
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begin for the next war—not only by arma will not be because there was not a strong
ments, but also by the storage of grain and majority of his countrymen in favor of Nau-
raw materials on a scale hitherto undreamed mann's views. His book, which has had the
of. The system of fortified trenches will be good fortune of finding a translator whose
come a permanent institution. If France and version reads like an English original, is in-
Belgium had built such trenches instead of dispensable to all who would form a concrete
fortresses, the German advance of 1914 might idea of the present working of the German
never have been possible. There will thus mind, and it is a mine of information for
come into existence a new system of “Roman everyone who wishes to gain an insight into
and Chinese walls, made out of earth and the intricate problems of German economics
barbed wire." One of them will stretch from and politics at the hand of a guide who has
the Lower Rhine to the Alps, another from them at his fingers' ends, and who is imbued
Courland to either the right or the left of with a living knowledge of German history.
Roumania ; whether there will be a third ditch,
VINDEX.
running from West to East, and separating
Germany from Austria, will depend on
whether Central Europe is to become a reality.
The Author of “Erewhon"
Naumann does not leave us in any doubt that
these will be Chinese walls in spirit as well
SAMUEL BUTLER: a Critical Study. By Gilbert
Cannan. (London: Stecker.)
as in name. He admits that, in the days after
SAMUEL BUTLER; author of Erewhon: the man
the war, the countries outside those two par-
and his work. By John F. Harris. (Dodd,
allel barbed-wire ditches will be “as good as Mead & Co.; $2.)
closed to the German traveler." But he
For thirteen years after his death Samuel
paints an alluring picture of the numerous
Butler's memory was not honored with any
and manifold attractions that are to be found criticism of more than thirty pages. There
inside the barriers, and then dismisses his
were a few magazine articles, mostly laud-
reader with an encouraging “Well, a pleasant atory, and introductions by various hands to
journey!”
reprints of his works. During this period he
Naumann's vision of the future thus gives
was becoming gradually known to a wider
short shrift to all “dreamers” who would like
and wider public. Then, in 1915, came Mr.
to see mankind move heaven and earth in
Cannan's study, followed a year later by Mr.
order to make this most terrible war the last
Harris's larger volume about the satirist -
war. That time, he insists, is not yet. Until
two books which supplement each other in
the “United States of the World” have been
satisfying manner, Mr. Harris dealing more
evolved, together with a fundamental law for in facts, Mr. Cannan in theories.
an International Court of Arbitration, “what
Butler always held that glory after death
remains but to put it to the test of blood, how
was better than glory in life, because the
highly each nation who makes a claim, is in a
former was not such a bother to the man who
position to value it?” The only comfort he
was glorified. Indeed, he cared very little
has to offer is his conviction that the “Feder-
about glory, one way or the other, so long
ated States of Central Europe" will form a
as it did not scare “nice” people away from
first step on the long and blood-stained road
his books, and so prevent his spirit from liv-
toward the “United States of the World."
ing through them with what life they had.
The idea that Central Europe might be es-
Life through the living was what Butler
tablished in the form of a republic is curtly wanted, not empty reputation or a name to
dismissed as "unhistorical”; the treaties call be juggled with by cultured critics. And his
ing it into existence will have to “bear the
wholesome influence was working while the
signature of the German Emperor, the Aus cultured critics thought him dead and for-
trian Emperor and the King of Hungary.” gotten.
Of course, the Russian revolution was not Mr. Cannan's book, however, stirred some
dreamed of when Naumann wrote his book. of the hostile reviewers into activity. No
History had not yet begun to walk in seven doubt they were of the same breed as their
league boots, as a German socialist said the
Victorian predecessors who kept Butler down
other day. We cannot predict with absolute by a conspiracy of silence. Annoyed at his
certainty whether the superstate of Central resurrection, they determined to finish him
Europe, as conceived by Naumann, will still off once and for all by saying that his satire
be within the sphere of the possible when his was out of date and that, as “one of our
tory has reached the next station on its road, charlatans” (Mr. Shaw, presumably) admired
or whether it will belong to the limbo of lost him so much, he must evidently be damned.
causes. But if the latter should be the case, it One, by way of a coup de grâce, announced


394
[May 3
THE DIAL
that Butler was in no respect superior to the
unreasonable in Butler, will not admit that
author of "Pinafore," a judgment which Butler was afraid of Darwin or that Darwin
Butler would have welcomed after having became an obsession; about the church he is
been compared by admirers with Meredith more reticent, content to point out that the
and Goethe. There is no reason why Butler's satirist was brought up under extremely un-
satire should be out of date any more than pleasant conditions, and that his revolt and
Swift's. Both were directed mainly against attempt to free others were only natural.
priggishness and hypocrisy, and English re Few will deny that the church did obsess
viewers should be the last to pretend that Butler most of his life. The quantity of
these interesting vices were confined to the naughty wit, of innuendo, of brilliant logic,
reign of Victoria.
which he used against it shows how uncom-
You might have supposed, seeing how these fortable it made him feel. Even his fiction
reviewers attacked Butler, that Mr. Cannan is in part a polemic against the Anglican
had overpraised him; this was not the case. orthodoxy. It might almost be said that the
They simply emphasized points like the com church was the first cause of his writing, the
parison with Gilbert, which Mr. Cannan had central object of his satire. Whether for
himself already made. I fear that Mr. Can ill or for good, the early Victorian church
nan was so much in sympathy with Butler's was an obsession with him which would not
point of view as to become overcritical of it, down, and with whose spectre he continued
for he has praised Butler only grudgingly battling long after the institution had changed
and condescendingly; and it is as a corrective profoundly.
of this slighting attitude toward Butler that Butler's animosity toward Darwin and the
I wish to consider Mr. Harris's volume. Darwinists may, as Mr. C nan says, have
Mr. Harris does more than correct wrong been the result of another obsession, but this
impressions : he furnishes a good bibliography, is only half the story. Butler had a theory
gives a clear idea of what Butler's different different from Darwin's to advance and the
books are like, for those who have not read reputations of older naturalists than Darwin
them, quotes freely and interestingly from to uphold. He was defending free will in
Butler's writings and from writings about the natural order against a determinism as
him. But his principal service is to back stupidly and superstitiously guarded by its
Butler's valuation of himself, his idea of his high priests, the Darwinists, as religious
own character, against all his critics. Mr. dogma had ever been. From our present posi-
Cannan, attempting to read between the lines, tion, Butler's theories seem to have been much
to search out the secret doubts and fears, may nearer right than those of many of the con-
have gone deeper into Butler's soul; yet in temporary scientists who would have nothing
assuming so superior an attitude he missed, to do with him. Butler had never gone in for
or passed over too lightly, the peculiar excel research, nor did he use the usual scientific
lence of Butler's wisdom.
jargon; and though it is perfectly plain that
According to Butler's picture of himself, people are just as capable of drawing false
which Mr. Harris adopts, he was a man who
conclusions after rigorous scientific training
tried to be himself and himself only. He as they were before, most scientists would
never worried about his soul's salvation, had rather be misled by one of the initiated than
no desire to soar into unearthly realms or to put on the right track by an outsider. The
swim in sentiment, never wanted to be like neglect to which he was treated probably
Shakespeare or anyone else whom he did not made Butler more insistent than he would
resemble. He resisted all attempts to make otherwise have been. He wanted sensible crit-
either himself or others conform to ways of
icism for his theories, and he got little enough,
believing which were not natural and reason even after his death. In this respect Mr.
able to them, and he attacked hypocrisy Cannan is as bad as Butler's contemporaries,
wherever he found it. He never hunted for refusing to find any value in him as biologist
a subject, never forced his imagination, and or philosopher.
though he never scamped a job once it was Again, in dealing with Butler's minor en-
begun, he never undertook it until it actually thusiasms, hobbies, and paradoxical fancies,
bothered him into writing to get it off his Mr. Cannan shows his understanding of the
mind.
man, but not of the work. Butler, as he says,
Among the things which bothered him, missed a lot of the ordinary man's easy satis-
two stand out above all the others: Darwinism faction with life by his very gift of humor;
and the Anglican Church. Mr. Cannan holds it would not allow him to be carried away
that they bothered him so much as to be ob except by an overwhelming force such as
sessions. Mr. Harris, desiring to find nothing Handel's music. Butler was scarcely ever


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able to put faith in the things which his age way, and if by any miracle it should come to
trusted. He was never an appreciator, a be accepted, there would no longer be any need
booster of reputations and fashions. As he for the institutions which it attacked.
could not live without setting his energy to As a practical demonstration of his point
some task, and as it would have been too of view working in life, Butler wrote his
cruel a self-mockery to build something sub- novel, “The Way of All Flesh.” Mr. Harris
stantial which he knew would eventually have praises ito unreservedly; Mr. Cannan shows
to be destroyed, he lavished much care on discrimination of a rather theoretical sort by
jokes, which no one would be apt to take seri- objecting that the thesis damages the art.
ously. In this he was like a man who, be Most people, however, do not read for art
lieving that the world is soon to end, might exclusively. Some may prefer the irony of the
build card houses and sand castles with more
book, and some the kindliness. Others will be
affection than if they were granite. Butler's
most impressed by Ernest's counter-conver-
undoubted genius and his habit of keeping sion from the oppressive orthodoxy of his
close to experience often brought it about that
fathers to Butler's religion of "grace," which
these jokes turned out to be of more endur-
Mr. Cannan explains so clearly. Surely all
ing stuff than their maker expected, and if
they stood the rigorous searchings to which
must quicken at the presence of Ernest's
his mind subjected everything it touched, he
Aunt Alethea, Butler's ideal of all a woman
came to believe in them. Furthermore, as Mr.
ought to be. Like Nausicaa of the Odyssey
Cannan fails to see and as Mr. Harris points
she makes no long stay, yet her coming is
out, these ideas and theories of Butler's were
attended with beauty and her going with
not isolated products of a wild imagination, beauty and regret.
SIBLEY WATSON.
but were arranged in his mind in orderly
relation, registered, so to speak, in terms of
one another. Though many and different sub-
The Psycho-Analyzed Self
jects bothered him into taking them up, the
literature which he produced was singularly
ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY. By C. G. Jung.
pure, whole, and relevant.
Translated by Dr. Constance E. Long. (Moffat,
From the point of view of his humor (and Yard & Co.; $3.50.)
his genius was evidently at its best when it
One may use the occasion of this English
was humorous), Butler's incapacity for aver version of a sheaf of studies by Dr. Jung to
age illusions was a great help. If he had consider, in the terms of its findings, the
been able to join other men in backing one point of view which sustains the whole. Freud
of their institutions, or if he could have tried and Freudian interpretations have become
to become an institution himself, as Darwin familiar and contested issues. Whether the
had, he might well have lost the best part of principles which they posit express a keen
his humor. This calamity could not befall insight into the frailities of the human, all
him while he ran steadfastly counter to his too human soul, or constitute a libel upon its
age. As long as he had no following to hood-
fair name is the tangible point of discussion;
wink, he had no cause to pretend solemnity truly this question injects a moral criterion,
or infallibility. He knew the blessedness of
which may have its place in the application
being in the minority. Like Mr. Higgs, the sentence - but hardly belongs in the
“ Erewhon's” discoverer, if Butler returned to appraisal of evidence and the reaching of a
his country to find Butlerism rampant, he verdict, which is a matter for the court of
would disown it and slip away. He preferred logic alone. If the Freudian interpretation
to be the light-hearted leaven, not the heavy of human motives and the mechanisms of their
loaf.
intricate relations is sound, it is just as valu-
In his unwearied opposition to his age But able whether its statement is pleasant or un-
ler might have been compared to a man who pleasant, fit to print for the family reading
refuses to join his country's army at a time or only for the physician's private office.
when joining the army is considered the thing Moreover, the "case of Freud," as a personal
to do. “If all Erewhonians were like you, trial of the merits of an individual, is of far
says the recruiting sergeant, “there would slighter consequence than the trial of his
soon be no Erewhon." “Ah,” says the man, principles, however natural it may be to con-
“but they're not.' And he might have added fuse the two in the popular hearing of a cause
as a second thought: “If all the world were célèbre.
like me, there would be no need for any Of the followers of Freud, none has con-
army.” Thus Butler had two lines of defence tributed more to enlarge and extend the scope
for his point of view : it was not accepted any of the school” than Dr. C. G. Jung, formerly
1


396
(May 3
THE DIAL
of the University of Zurich. He in turn has twist the mind as an instrument of adjustment
his following; and as German writers are - are not so simple. Unlike murder they will
fond of calling every moderately congenial not out; but like the sense of guilt, they
group a “school,” we read of the Vienna trouble and produce unrest. Dr. Jung
school and the Zurich school. At this distance devised the psycho-analytic method of the
local distinctions are unimportant. What is association to meet this situation.
The or-
characteristic of Dr. Jung is his broader con dinary person will react with an association
ception of the scope of the Freudian inter-
to an average list of common words with a
pretation. More particularly he declines to degree of regularity that while variable can
accept the sex-motif as the only, if yet the be statistically predicted. But let there be
standard, type of desire, and expands it to a introduced some clue-words with which an
libido, which embraces all that is ardently emotional effect is involved, and there arises
wished and makes its appeal to the fun a hesitation, a resistance that lengthens the
damental motive forces of the human will. reaction and sets the mind to disguising what
Adler — likewise an independent Freudian might be a revelation. Bring these several
has much to say of the desire of power as a clue-words together, and you have the skeleton
rival of love in the human soul and an equal of the plot, which is likewise the skeleton in
cause of its undoing; while Jung passes from the closet, often unsuspected. Dr. Jung gives
the crudely egoistic expressions to include the many pages of curves of reaction-times, in
larger adjustments for happiness that go into which these resisted reactions tower above
a rounded life-history, and in their hazards their ordinary fellows, like the skyscrapers
sow the seeds of "nervous” tragedy. Yet, we in the New York vista. Follow the clue,
speak freely of, and frankly encourage, a per inspire confidence, and you get a confession,
sonal ambition, and realize though more and with this psychic cathartic the troubled
vaguely the rights of the individual to the spirit is purged. Conflict is the clue to all
pursuit of happiness; so that these channels such situations; the conflict of private long-
of desire (and their disastrous thwartings) ing and public achievement, of suppressed
are not beset by the restraints and resistances desire and the stern realities of existence.
that condemn the career of sex to a secretive Despite this, the normal person achieves a
and troubled expression; nor do they root unified personality that emerges by shedding
so deeply in the organic soil of passion. Pos what is irrelevant, unseemly, or impossible
sibly they borrow their energies from the and developing what is approved; outwardly
overflow of the natural ardor of man, and in we all are our chastened or at least censored
their artificial horticultural blossoms disguise, selves. Inwardly we may be a sea of trouble.
while yet they glorify, the ideals of mankind. The conflict is between the conscious and the
Jung parallels the libido with the Bergsonian, subconscious strivings, those that get a chance
poetized élan vital — the animated source of for expression, and those for which normally
the desire for rich and full living, with a repression is the fate. The psycho-analyst
history as ancient and as various as that reveals how the other half lives; to many
which biology confers upon all its creatures. this is merely a slumming expedition; to
As a volume, these “Collected Papers on others it is the most precious kind of psychol-
Analytical Psychology” record the successive ogizing.
steps of Jung's interests. They begin with When the conflict is strong, it becomes a
engaging or puzzling "case histories,” include feud, and personality a divided house. Such
an analysis of so-called "occult” phenomena, is hysteria, which in the end produces the
in which the adolescent subject blossoms forth alternating personalities that represent the
in séances, answers questions of sitters, com faulty and difficult maturing of a self, usually
munes with spirits, and impersonates distin of the adolescent type. As maturing is so
guished departed if uninspiring voices from largely a sex matter and the concerns of sex
the beyond. The subject also is detected in stand focal to the intimate circle of being,
fraud. Here the one clue is hysteria, and the the psycho-analyst is prone to chercher la
analyst of hysteria must be keen to recognize femme, and finds what he seeks. In this
human motives as they approach the abnor search the dream is the most alert assistant.
mal, in a measure that constitutes almost an For the dream is uncensored and itself devel-
independent clinical sense. The intense per ops a plot and invents incidents. These have
sonalization of hysteria, the readiness with one meaning according to the acknowledged
which imaginings are projected into realities, pattern of the censored mind, but quite
the craving for interest,—all these make a cul another when read in terms of the subcon-
ture-bed for neurosis. But most cases of sciously suppressed meanings.
The exper-
entanglement of motive — which warp and imental association is meagre and limited;
-


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but the dream is a product as rich as life projections of an intangible world of desire,
itself. Thus you set free the process of sym contribute the interesting vagaries for the
bolism, which roams from allegory to mys- psycho-analyst's art. Values positive and
ticism, from obscenity to mythology, from negative lie here; the dreamer, the system-
cryptic utterances to delirium. Through such maker, the poet, the mystic are of a nature
thinking, to the extreme Freudian, runs a all compact; and this element of the romantic,
dual code, with one meaning at the surface sentimental creature misnamed homo sapiens
and a running commentary in the forbidden demands an outlet, which the neurotic seeks
realm. To unravel the cypher leads to the in a perverted satisfaction.
The tough-
discovery of the Freudian mechanisms. These minded, matter-of-fact realist has a fairly
cannot be discussed; but the conception of a straight road to travel; his satisfactions are
neurosis as a faulty maturing (on the basis as simple as his desires, and a Weltanschauung
of hereditary disposition) leads to a special is a superfluous piece of baggage. The tender-
emphasis upon the stages of growth when a minded wander in a network of invitation and
declaration of independence is essential. temptation, and an uncharted jungle lures
Hystericals are persons that mature weakly, them on. Theirs is the neurotic hazard; and
imperfectly, inadequately; in a critical sense the libido makes strange converts.
only the few put away childish things and Diverse as are these renderings of the
become properly adult. This too long and too Freudian theme in Dr. Jung's arrangement,
strong assertion of the infantile habit of mind they are not more so than his analytical psy-
plays its part in neurosis. The overdoing chology, which Jung as yet has not fashioned
of home-ties makes for persons who never into an articulate system. But there is enough
learn to stand alone. More particularly the here to show a distinct psychological trend.
psychology of the father as the forcible expres “Neurosis is a tearing in two of the inner
sion of authority has a dismal responsibility. self.” It is the wreckage that shows the risks
In the relations of daughter to father, of son of the high seas. For each it is the struggle
to mother, Jung traces the seeds of mal-ad-
to express and to suppress; for each it is the
justment and discontent; the father pattern reconciliation that makes a solution, its faulty
becomes an obstacle to the daughter when attainment that makes a tragedy. For the
confronted with suitors, and even her own many, the motif is that of sex, for this alone
mother stands as a rival in the suit for is sufficiently saturated with desire, has an
paternal favor. The development of this adequate hold upon the mainsprings of being.
theme (as well as the emphasis on sex notions The few may sublimate it by carrying the
in young children) has estranged more same source of vital energy to new fields;
readers otherwise attracted to Jung than any if successful, the mind achieves the finest
other single position. Yet the emphasis is products of the spirit set free, of spiritual
essential to his view. Here as well as else conquest and noble living. Even the sensual
where he makes a transition to the cosmic expressing sensual things, and the crude folk
application of his theme. Mythology is a expressing crude things, live the life of con-
Freudian parable; the Edipus complex may tented adjustment. But spiritual unrest
be read only in its light. Neurotic imaginings breeds neuroses and makes the moral problems
and disguising romanticism in a sensitive and of to-day. It seems a pertinent psychological
educated mind work after the manner of the reminder of the baser side of living, which
racial myth.
Freud posits, to reflect that the horrors of
The Freudian psychology attempts a gen murder, rape, and pillage are perpetrated in
eric view of the conditions of psychic living. these days by persons who, a few years ago,
It finds a critical expression in the manner in were at home in a body of tender-minded
which it divides men and projects new bound citizens. If this too is a form of the libido,
aries among the varieties of personality. with the subconscious thinly buried by the
James made an epochal division of men when resistances of outward conformity, the posi-
he distinguished the tough-minded from the tion of Freud becomes less of a libel upon
tender-minded; Nietzsche speaks of Apollon- mankind.
mankind. But last as first, Freud and Jung
ians and Dionysians; others see the world of and their kind must be considered for the
character ranged in classic and romantic illumination they contribute to the study of
camps, in material and ästhetic, in concrete human motives. Content and form are only
and abstract groups. Jung speaks of the abstractly separable. One may wish that the
extraverted and the introverted; both occur Freudian ideas had been contributed by men
in pathological form; but the hysterical intro more alive to the varied springs of action in
versions, which depreciate the external actual refined persons, more sympathetic with the
ities and substitute for them the self-centred delicate products of intellectual insight, less


398
[May 3
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absorbed in the revolting aspects of a degen- conscience. Mr. Davies understands with a
erate humanity. But the facts stand. The profound and instinctive completeness that
abnormal has given the clue to the interpreta- yearning for rhetorical chastity which at-
tion of the normal, and brings with it much taches the masses to melodrama—the sole
of the mud that attaches to deep-sea dredg. surviving literary form in which elegance is
ings. When the psychologists of the future cultivated as an art. He might be described
stand a little away from the canvas, they will as the Lincoln J. Carter of trampdom. Josiah
interpret the composition more truly; and Flynt, if we are to believe Arthur Symons,
the casual critic will be less offended by the was afflicted with something of the same itch
details and more concerned with the meaning for verbal propriety, which suggests that we
of the whole. The reaction from Freudianism have to do with a phenomenon that ought to
is justified; so will be the return to it under be of interest to literary psychologists.
clearer conditions.
JOSEPH JASTROW.
I have intimated that the flavor of “The
Autobiography of a Super-Tramp” is exqui-
sitely archaic. Not at all in the finessing and
calculated manner of Mr. Hewlett, but natur-
Underworld'Decorum ally and unconsciously archaic. And the ideas
are quite to match. No proletarian lust for
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A SUPER-TRAMP. By intellectual novelty makes a patchwork of Mr.
William H. Davies. Prefaced by Bernard
Davies's pages; he is utterly incapable of the
Shaw. (Alfred A. Knopf; $2.50.)
characteristic modern vulgarity of wishing to
That Mr. Shaw should have consented to
appear modern. This singular staleness Mr.
supply Mr. Davies with something in the
Shaw finds decidedly refreshing. It is the
nature of a testimonial is a sufficient witness
penalty he pays for being himself so aggres-
to the amazing geniality of his spirit. His
preface is to be taken as a pure tour de force over-sophisticated public, rendered neurotic
sively and uncompromisingly new. Only an
of the imagination.
How could it be any-
and irritable by the futile struggle to keep
thing else! How could Bernard Shaw and
up with the exasperating flux of things, will
a Supertramp be expected to understand each
be able to enjoy the freshness of this confes-
other? To appreciate the full extent of Mr.
sion. To those who have a natural and healthy
Shaw's magnanimity, you have only, indeed,
indifference to books, it will seem simply a
to consider the total economic depravity of
rather colorless record of adventures in search
Mr. Davies--his professional indolence, his
of food and change.
unabashed sponging, his complete innocence
Mr. Shaw stresses the fact that we have to
of the modern superstition that a man ought
do with a book that is admirably moral, ex-
to support himself as a passport to the re-
cept from the economic point of view. That
spect of his fellows. If Mr. Shaw chose to
hardly seems strange to me. It is due to the
overlook these vagaries, it can only be be accident that Mr. Davies's reading stopped
cause he was persuaded that Mr. Davies really
short of the dangerous modern period and
is a poet and therefore worth attending to.
embraced only the books that were written
Whether he is worth attending to in prose, when there was still such a thing as literary
however, is distinctly debatable, and I should decorum in the world and authors prided
think Mr. Shaw must have felt some doubts
themselves on a decent reserve. This was
about the matter himself. He calls the book
what may be called the dualistic period of
unique. Certainly, it is unique in our time,
the English tradition, which Mr. Davies ex-
but I should imagine that the aspiration un hibits in its perfection. His code is simple:
derlying it is so far from being unique that
he keeps practice and precept in separate com-
it represents fairly well the private ambi-
partments, quite as they should be kept if a
tion of half the writing population that never
man values a quiet mind. This enables him
sees its work in print. The aspiration is
to offer us precept uncontaminated by prac-
clearly to be literary, and timelessly literary
at that. The book is a standing reproach to
tice, requires no very violent accommodation,
our casual, colloquial assaults upon the dig-
and accounts perfectly for the high moralistic
nity of the printed page. “These pudent
tone that pervades the book. Nothing that
pages,” says Mr. Shaw, “are unstained with
Mr. Davies has to tell us is very shocking, to
the frightful language, the debased dialect,
be sure, only the commonplaces of trampdom,
of the fictitious proletarians of Mr. Rudyard
but the copy-book maxim follows pat upon
Kipling and other genteel writers." So they every delinquency, and the sinner by acknowl-
are. There is about them an unimaginable edging his sin shows the most flattering defer-
propriety; they are rounded or squared with ence possible to the conventions and the
a meticulous precision that denotes an active respectabilities.


1917]
399
THE DIAL
Life was full of a number of things for ened by years of life in the underworld would
Mr. Davies during the period of his wander enable a man to cope with the mysterious
ings. Besides the incidental prickings of con affiliations of finance and justice that Mr.
science, he was troubled, when his mood was Davies encountered in the jails of our Middle
low, by the fear that he was overloading his West. The details of fights and lynchings are
mind with experiences he should never be set down in prose of an unimaginable placid-
able to record. So far as one can see, there ity, and even the loss of a foot in a railway
was absolutely nothing to justify this fear: accident does not tempt Mr. Davies to raise
his account of his life is circumstantial and his voice.
suggests documentation. We have his origins Mr. Davies is now an established poet, who
and the minor perversities of his childhood, no longer has to hawk his verses from door to
for he was a spirited lad not persuaded of the door. His reputation, indeed, is considerable,
sacredness of private property. We have his and it may seem unfair to consider his first
apprenticeship in Bristol and his reflections book of prose quite apart from his poetry.
on embarking for America, lured by grandiose But if "The Autobiography of a Super-
dreams of the new freedom and a desire to Tramp” has special interest, it is precisely
see the skyscrapers on the lower end of Man because it shows how completely an unfamiliar
hattan Island. Luck was with him from the medium may refract and distort the image
first, for no sooner had he arrived than he of himself which a writer would convey. It
fell in with an experienced gentleman-ad is another lesson in sticking to one's last.
venturer, who unfolded to him the secret of
GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN.
free travel and free entertainment in the new
world. Thus he was able to devote his entire
time to touring our broad land and reflecting
Heinrich Heine
on the amazing altruism of the natives. The
savoir vivre of tramps may differ slightly
POEMS OF HEINRICH HEINE. Three Hundred
from that of gentlemen, but it seems to call
and Twenty-five Poems Selected and Translated
for much the same buoyancy, tact, and lat by Louis Untermeyer. (Henry Holt & Co.; $2.)
itude (in practice only) of moral adjustments.
The test of every creation is the validity
It would seem to be plain that where buoy-
of the picture it evokes of the man who
ancy and tact are in evidence, the public-at wrought it. Nothing in Rembrandt's paint-
least in America—will not withhold its cakes
ings interests us quite so much as Rembrandt;
and ale. Mr. Davies, indeed, often suffered
the Fifth Symphony drives the listener back
from surfeit, especially a surfeit of dainties, to Beethoven; the bitter beauty of Heine's
and he can write about this incidental incon- lyrics dissolves into a portrait of that arrest-
venience of the tramp's life with genuine ing phenomenon, the melancholy Jew, Hein-
feeling. On the whole, however, the life
rich Heine. And as an authentic translator
suited him down to the ground, and I should
is almost equally a creative artist, we seek
advise those who doubt that a poet is infin-
to reconstruct him from the elements that
itely better equipped than any millionaire
compose his work. Mr. Untermeyer truly dis-
to support the burdens of leisure to read the
closes himself as Heine's Doppelgänger in this
idyllic chapter devoted to a summer outing on
volume, which serves at once as a monument
Long Island.
to himself and to him whose poetry he pre-
Unless life in Russia is vastly different from sents in English. One hesitates to say “trans-
life in the United States, Gorky has been lates”; Grub Street has made the word
guilty of filling our minds with sham ro odious.
mances of the road. Gorky's tramps flee It has been declared that a good translation
complexity and find outside of society some is like rare wine poured from one bottle into
thing of the simplicity for which they yearn. another without the loss of a single drop.
What Mr. Davies shows us on almost every For myself, I do not think it can be done;
page is the depressing complexity of a life I am content with the connoisseur who de-
that requires a special and highly developed cants skilfully and refrains from adding
technique, a technique quite as varied and water. With Mr. Untermeyer's Heine I feel
difficult to master as that of most trades. Rid-
that, though the bottle may not be full, it is
ing the rods, for example, is certainly no
all grape.
child's play, and yet that is only the least
The automaton who gets his learning by the
of the special dexterities and aptitudes re semesterful and at the end of four years re-
quired of the successful tramp. On the social ceives a mental equilibrator in the form of a
side, a knack for popular psychology never of few letters of the alphabet attached to the
course comes amiss, and only a sense sharp end of his name is conscious of the precise


400
(May 3
THE DIAL
In many
time and place of his introduction to the in not having had to take more.
gods. It was as a Freshman under Smith of the poems—the impish "Donna Clara" is
that he first assisted in the autopsy on a good example—he has translated almost
Shakespeare; as a Junior, with Brown as
literally and preserved the cadence which con-
entrepreneur, he beheld Goethe pirouette be-
tributes so vitally to the effect.
hind the footlights. Others of us are less
Comment on the volume would be inad-
fortunate; beginnings are vague like the rec-
equate without reference to Mr. Untermeyer's
ollections of childhood, and our appreciation scholarly (not academic) preface which, ex-
and love of the gods is permeative and with-
cept for its failure to praise the translator,
out definite boundaries. So I do not remem-
ber when I did not know Heine, even though
constitutes the best possible review of the
my capital may have been but a stanza or a
work. So good is it that we forgive the writer
winged word.
But his spirit came to me
for his reference to “the balance” of the poems
truly through Schumann.
-a violation of the rule laid down by Bryant
For a hundred years Heine has proved an
when editor of the “Evening Post” and an
irresistible temptation to song writers; his "abomination,” according to Richard Grant
lyrics all but set themselves to music. I have White—and the printer for his occasional in-
a vague recollection of somebody with a pas souciance in sprinkling diæreses on the Ger-
sion for collecting useless information com man first lines.
BENJAMIN W. HUEBSCH.
piling a list of some 900 musical settings for
“Du bist wie eine Blume," and that was ten
or twenty years ago. But compared with the
quality of the lyrics themselves the compo-
Unquenchable Fires
ser's work usually proves banal ; writers of
indifferent music are less likely to suffer from
I, Mary MacLANE. By Mary MacLane. (Fred-
erick A. Stokes Co.; $1.40.)
indecent exposure if they stick to inferior
texts, for exalted words tend to disclose their Butte, Montana, returns to the map; Mary
nakedness. A Franz, a Schumann coupled MacLane has written another book.
with Heine exemplifies the true union de “Is it like the first ?" you will ask. It is.
scribed as "perfect music set to noble words." "Is it as good—or as bad ?” It is.
Schumann is Heine rewritten in terms of an It is also named nearer to the heart's de-
other art. The burst of spring in his con sire of the author. “The Story of Mary
ception of "Im wunderschönen Monat Mai”
MacLane," dating some twelve years back,
and the poignant tragedy of his exquisitely
had its title imposed from without. But "I,
simple musical duplication of “Lieb Lieb-
Mary MacLane," the book of to-day, has
chen, leg's Händchen” are such authentic
surely been named from within.
counterparts of the poems (to choose but two
One to whom editorial chance gave the op-
from the jewel casket), that I cannot but feel
that the baffling search for a standard by portunity of making public the first picture
which to appraise the present version of the
and the first biographical sketch of Butte's
lyrics discloses none more trying than this
egoistic young sibyl could scarcely remain
music. The brilliance of Mr. Untermeyer's
indifferent to her latest fluttering of leaves;
achievement is not dulled by the test; his
old associations must be allowed to count.
English blends into Schumann as nicely as The new book, like the other, consists of a
Schumann's music encompasses the German series of set-pieces strewn over a palpitating
translations of Burns.
field of passional protoplasm,—just as king-
Heine's simplicity is a trap for the unwary; crabs and quahaugs and jellyfish and other
it is that of the bland conjurer who rolls up odd forms of life are strewn over the tide-
his sleeves to prove the impossibility of con bared mudflats of Long Island. The pal-
cealing a card. That simplicity is the art pitant protoplasm, being constant, may be
that conceals art and can be reproduced only taken for granted; so one naturally fixes
by one who is a poet in his own right, re his attention on the set-pieces. Such things
sponsive to the same medium and claiming as ornamented the earlier book—things like
the same racial background. It took a Jew "I Await the Devil's Coming,” the famous
ish poet to translate the Jewish poet. It is so "Litany” and the “Gray Dawn”-are duly
amazing that the task has been performed at succeeded by similar creations, such as the
all that, rather than chide Mr. Untermeyer “Cold Boiled Potato," the "Helliad," the
for occasional liberties—as in “The Pilgrim- rhapsody on Keats, and the extraordinarily
age to Kevlaar” and “The Lesson”—one con ingenious, fantastic, and poignant chapter on
gratulates him upon his pronounced success the visits of “My Soul.” The best of these
-


1917]
401
THE DIAL
jeux d'artifice show unmistakably the gains
NOTES ON NEW FICTION
in experience and in skill made during the
intervening years; they are rather better in In “Aurora the Magnificent,” by Gertrude Hall
themselves and rather better adjusted to their (Century; $1.40), the reader finds himself in
background. Yes, the web now spun by the Florence, consorting with the sophisticated Anglo-
Arachne of the Copper Hills is somewhat American colony. Aurora, with a maiden friend,
finer than the first one, and somewhat more
descends on the American consul, wanting-said
he to his wife-"Everything-quite frankly every-
delicate-even when indelicate.
thing. They have grown tired of their hotel;
As for the Mary MacLane of 1917, she is
they speak nothing but English and don't know á
essentially the same creature as in 1905. The
soul. They came to find out from me how to go
comet has returned, after many years in the about getting a house and servants, horses and
dark void, with as much incandescence and carriages. “Did they think that was a part
momentum as ever. In a chronological re-
of a consul's duty?" commented his wife. "They
view of the many Mary MacLanes,-for
didn't think. They cast themselves on the breast
"Introspection” has wrapped our adven-
of a fellow-countryman. They caught at a plank."
turer in a “Winding Sheet,”—we are told
Thus having descended on the consul, Aurora pro-
ceeds to make herself the most conspicuous person
through what spaces the comet has journeyed
in the story. She is the “real thing," in “United
during these years (and others), and we learn
States," a jolly, blooming goddess of liberty, who,
something of the various bodies-not always by grace of dimples, an unforgettable smile, and
celestial-past which it has hurtled.
faith in God, finds her primitive idiom, her rib-
And to-day the skyey voyager sits “here poking humor, and her childlike innocence of con-
this midnight in a neat blue chair in this vention accepted by the cultivated Florentines;
Butte, Montana," with all the old hamperings the most fastidious and morbidly cynical æsthete
still holding and all the old hankerings still
of them all elopes with her. People who frankly
unappeased, and pauses to consider her own
enjoy love-mazes will like this story; it is written
with grace and simplicity, and an honest insight
representative quality. She is conscious of a
into the thoughts and experiences with which most
legion of women of the same "psychic breed,”
folk most of the time are engrossed. Those who
who “may be sitting lonely in neat red or
yearn for light on the vaster perplexities of the
neat blue or neat gray or neat any-colored human struggle en masse, might as well pass it by.
chairs” in Wichita, or South Bend, or Waco, There is a certain type of mind inclined to de-
or La Crosse, or in some other of many vour greedily the species of fiction in which the
places, "each waiting, waiting always—wait-
characters talk “naturally.” Smart conversation,
ing all her life—not hopeful and passionate flippant wit, brilliant epigram, it rejects, fearing
like Eighteen, but patient or blasphemous
and distrusting such dangerous and irritating con-
diments. A simple mental diet is preferred, one
or scornful or volcanic like Early-Thirty: that edifies but does not unduly stimulate. Alas,
each more or less roundly hating” that cleverness and sobriety so seldom meet and
her Waco or Wichita, or whatever other mingle. It is, of course, wise and right to prefer
place: "and each beset by hot unquiet human-
the meat and 'taters of literature to a prolonged
nesses inside her and an old yearn of sex and
feast of syllabub sallies. It is also human to
yearn for a dash of humor, a grain of common
the blood warring with myriad minute tenets
sense to aid in the digestion of portentous prob-
dating from civilization's dawn-times."
lems set forth in the form of fiction. “The Lifted
One may read the newer Mary MacLane Veil,” by Basil King (Harper; $1.40), is not ex-
and feel, after all these years, save for a actly a “problem” novel. It has, however, a pur-
touch of impatience over a problem that re pose: it treats of sin. We know that in the first
mains static,—but little change of sentiment chapter. A veiled lady, suffering from remorse,
toward her. One is conscious, as before, of
visits a polite and mystified clergyman, explains
that she is the sort of woman “called a sinner," and
an admiring wonder at the power of her un adds: “You know what that means ?” He says he
tamable and unclassifiable "call” to write, and
does. To and fro, round and round, in and out,
at the amazing fashion in which, as a unique up and down, over and over, sin is batted, upheld,
source of primary energy, she spins litera excused, condemned, forgiven, discussed over tea
ture out of her very inner self; and one re-
cups and at dinner tables and almost anywhere.
tains (whether impatience supervene or no)
Sometimes we are astonished, but we are never
a disposition, while viewing the temerarious
allowed to be shocked. A spade is not too much
of a spade, and white cotton gloves are worn when
disclosures of this very special soul, to be a
handling delicate subjects. We are sorry for the
little tender and a little sorry. But perhaps
hero. He preached earnestly to everybody and
Mary MacLane, world-weary and world-
everybody told him how good he was—even the
hardened, would not greatly thank one for heroine, and she said “extraordinarily good." He
being either.
bore the infliction of goodness patiently, until he
HENRY B. FULLER. could stand no more, and in desperation, he cried


402
[May 3
THE DIAL
to all the world that he was but a man like other The old Sunday-school book grown up hides
men. “Hush!” said everybody. The plot is not itself between the covers of Kathleen Norris's latest
new. The clergyman fell in love with the sinner; work, “The Undertow."
work, “The Undertow." Vague recollections of
she was touched; she preferred, however, a man she the Elsie Books float through our minds as we
could not trample on.
We did not find the man read. But the moral now is, “Be poor and you'll
of her choice attractive, but we liked Mary Gal be happy.” The undertow of social strivings, the
loway. She did her duty as a matter of course burning of the valuables, and the new and tender
and talked but little. A harmless book, carelessly life in a garage might have been made fairly
constructed, somewhat verbose, and arriving no readable if Mrs. Norris had retained the freshness
where in particular.
and vigor of her earlier writings. But it is all
Says Rupert Hughes in his Foreword to "In as flat and stale as yesterday's beer. Even the
a Little Town" (Harper; $1.35): "A village is characters hardly live. They move vaguely across
simply a quiet street in the big city of the world. the screen in the all-too-well-known progress of
Quaint, sweet happenings take place in the
their lives. If Mrs. Norris wishes to do any more
avenues most thronged, and desperate events come moral tales, she must make them more vivid and
about in sleepy lanes. People are people, chance alive or her readers will fly for relief to the latest
is chance." The promise is not fulfilled. The detective story. (Doubleday, Page; $1.25.)
stories contain excellent material, hastily handled. Zephine Humphrey has written a very charming,
These cheerful, ordinary, humanly vulgar folk fail if somewhat illogical, book in "Grail Fire.” The
to arouse interest because their creator writes of theme is the spiritual struggle and development of
them but not for them. They are crude snapshots a man and the woman he loves. His father's pas-
rather than artistic photographs. “And This is sionate love of beauty and his mother's stern Pur-
Marriage" strikes the highest note. In “Pain” itanism give him a peculiar temperament, which
there is power and pathos in spite of the lack of finds its complete satisfaction in the Catholic
terseness and simplicity. There is humor of a Episcopal Church. The author develops this idea
kind. It is unnecessary to comment upon it.
so fully that it sounds rather illogical when she
After reading the first chapter of Mr. Alfred attempts to prove that the hero's church is the
Tressider Sheppard's “The Rise of Ledgar Dun only one for the whole world, which obviously con-
stan,” the reviewer said to herself, here is another tains many puritanical mothers and pagan fathers.
leisurely chronicle of an Englishman, told in the The love between the hero and the heroine develops
customary realistic fashion, introducing the usual from a tender boy-and-girl romance to the full-
misunderstood, supersensitive child who develops blown love of man and woman, which through reli-
great ability. Not so. Ledgar Dunstan did not gion is exalted to a mystical and wholly spiritual
awake to find himself famous. He was detached. union. Miss Humphrey handles this theme, on the
He despised religion. Morbid things attracted whole, very beautifully. Although “Grail Fire"
him; he was fascinated by sin, though he made no may be a bit too idealistic for the average mortal,
experiments in sowing wild oats. He liked “dead we predict that all the sixteen-year-olds in the land
things." He wrote with some success, and his will find it absolutely true to life. (Dutton;
marriage, at the close of the book, appeared to $1.50.)
please him. He met queer people more or less The new novel by Louis Dodge, “Children of
interesting He was content to watch them and the Desert” (Scribner's; $1.35), is a work of in-
to speculate concerning life, death, and love. He tense concentration and elimination. The bare
had no fixed opinions. Other characters, however, story is told of a woman's enforced misfortune,
suffered from an idée fixe, what may be called the of her concealment from her husband of her past
Anti-Christ motif, on which they discourse at
life, and of the husband's consequent disillusion-
length. In brief, this is Tolstoy's prophecy of a
ment and ruin. Into it the author has introduced
"world-war, after which arose a man, who should
but little that is extraneous, and still more un-
hold the attention of the world for nine years
usual, but little that is purely sentimental. That
and another figure would arise, who should
reconstruct society after the upheaval. There you
little is to be deplored, as well as the looseness
of style, which is inconsistent with the clear-cut
have Anti-Christ, and possibly the Second Coming.
Is Ledgar Dunstan to be the Anti-Christ in the
outlines of the story. But one finds reason for
second book? The author promises us that we may
rejoicing in a novel so full of truthful evaluation,
continue the adventures of this vacillating gentle-
and of the real stuff of story-telling. It is grim,
man in a volume entitled “The Quest of Ledgar
almost sordid in spots; but it is, after all, real.
Dunstan.” This also leaves one at sea
The setting is the Mexican border; the woman,
as to
whether the hero is to take part in the European
Sylvia, "a daughter of the desert-a bit of that
conflict, to shirk and fail, to await the Second
jetsam which the Rio Grande leaves upon its arid
banks as it journeys stealthily to the sea"; the
Coming, or to continue to be a detached spectator.
So absorbed is Mr. Sheppard in this Anti-Christ
man, Harboro, an honest, hard-working sort with
sensibilities above his conventionality of outlook;
motif that Ledgar becomes more and more blurred
in outline as the book proceeds. Frankly, it is
the tragedy, the conflict between his deep if some-
what conventional nobility, and his wife's wan-
a bit puzzling. Nevertheless, let us hope that the
dering affections. That Harboro and Sylvia are
sequel may fulfil the promise of what seems to be inherently and eternally one does not appear
the author's first book. It is interesting and has to them until after the occurrence of the ultimate
merit. (Appleton ; $1.50.)
tragedy, and it is doubtful after all if that con-


1917]
403
THE DIAL
viction could have overridden the sense of injury
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
and the inevitable suspicions of the future. Here
is the point at which the author shows his strength, CICERO: A Sketch of His Life and Works.
in refusing to turn aside from truth to character
By Hannis Taylor. McClurg; $3.50.
for the sake of a speciously happy ending. He
has shown in this latest novel an underlying
Mr. Hannis Taylor is well known as a consti-
strength and determination that ought to carry
tutional lawyer and a writer of scholarly stand-
him a long way, and that should also lead him
ing on the English and American constitutions
and related subjects. It was in recognition of
to overcome the looseness of writing that is such
a blot upon his careful structure.
such standing that he served the country for a time,
There is a certain sentimental intimacy that some
under appointment of President Cleveland, as
Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain; for we do
authors affect in relation to their characters that
occasionally fill such positions with men of con-
is more repulsive than the most outspoken lan-
spicuous fitness for the work to be done. Mr.
guage of your Fieldings or your Smolletts. Cosmo
Hamilton, in “Joan and the Babies and I” (Little,
Taylor was educated on the broad lines which were
Brown; $1), taking on the guise of a middle-
a little more generally in vogue in his younger
aged seeker after matrimony-an author-remarks,
days than at present, and so his studies in the
“A pencil, a block, and sincerity--that's all I needed
modern foliage and fruitage of constitutional law
for my job”; but the result of this sincerity closely
are based on a considerable knowledge of the roots
resembles the production of the famous movie-
of this tree, lying back in the mould of Greek and
queen who "projected her very soul upon the
Roman antiquity. No really educated student of
law fails of an interest in Cicero, and to Mr. Tay-
screen” and proved it to be a thing of slight edi-
fication. Were there only the possibility of his
lor the great orator and statesman of the expiring
being insincere, one might more easily forgive this
Roman republic has always been one of the su-
master of the protracted brevity in which “I was
premely attractive figures of the ancient Mediter-
hers, and she was mine, and that was all.” Con-
ranean world. But no man can study Cicero apart
from Rome, and so he has made his book, as indi-
demned by his own confession, he stands as an
cated by its secondary title, “a commentary on the
exemplar of that lack of reticence-or lack of
Roman constitution and Roman public life.” The
frankness, it is hard to say which-that is the be-
setting sin of American literature.
last 150 pages of the volume are given to an ex-
Red-bloodedness is not the prevailing fault of
tensive collection of noteworthy quotations from
modern fiction. The average would-be thriller is,
Cicero's writings, the original text followed in
each case by an English rendering. There are thus
on the contrary, of the order of “The Tiger's
Coat," by Elizabeth Dejeans (Bobbs-Merrill;
three aspects of Mr. Taylor's work to be consid-
$1.50), which is a rather lifeless affair of good presentation of the Roman constitution, and the
ered: his appreciation of Cicero as a man, his
promise and of weak fulfilment. The fact is that
modern authors, like modern playwrights, afraid
adequacy of his "anthology" of quotations. In
of alienating the sympathies of their public, have
dealing with Cicero as a man, Mr. Taylor writes
from an entirely sympathetic point of view, yield-
a consequent horror of depraved heroines or of
heroes that lack the sensibilities of an eighteenth
ing in no particular to the Drumann-Mommsen
assault, which is now very generally regarded as
century female, and turn out “sensational” novels
incapable of turning the hair of a ten-year-old. having injured the fame of two eminent German
historians far more than that of Cicero. What
Marie Ogilvie bears as much resemblance to a
household cat as to the tiger which advertises
appeals most strongly to Mr. Taylor in Cicero's
life and writings is the moral element, to which,
the book, and the story itself may be described as
a series of anticlimaxes.
of course, he concedes a genuine sincerity, while
admitting the occasional failure of the philosopher
The hero of "The Highwayman,” by H. C.
to hold his life up to the level of his creed. One
Bailey (Dutton; $1.50), is of the type that the
feels a more appreciative sympathy in that respect
Baroness Orczy delights in drawing-imperturb-
after reading the_touching correspondence with
able, expressionless, of an ironical turn of mind,
Servius Sulpicius Rufus which followed the death
and possessed of depths which a woman's charm
of Cicero's beloved daughter, Tullia, in which the
alone can stir. In the generation of Harry Boyce ability and duty to bear up manfully under afflic-
these qualities cried out for adventure and ro-
tion was in question. These two letters ought to
mance, for it was also the generation of the “good”
find a place in full in any life of Cicero, but Mr.
Queen Anne, of the Pretender, and of the great
Taylor quotes only a brief fragment from each.
Duke of Marlborough. With all these did our
One cannot read far into the private correspond-
hero have dealings, but more especially was he
lured by the charms of the wayward Alison, whom
ence of Cicero without conviction of his intense
fate and the impulse of a moment had given him
“humanness,” in the most modern connotation of
to wife. No common pair was this, and no com-
the term, as well as his statelier Roman human-
mon tale is Mr. Bailey's. The author is evidently
itas. As to Cicero's moral position, Mr. Taylor's
well acquainted with the work of the novelists main thesis is that “when the great orator laid
and the playwrights of the eighteenth century, and
down the dexterous arts of the advocate and as-
his wit is more after the manner of Fielding or
sumed the stern moral and patriotic duties of
of Wycherley than of the later and the modern the statesman, he at the same time put aside the
historical sentimentalists. “The Highwayman" is quibbling skepticism of the Academy for the lofty
a good brisk story for those not too squeamish. precepts of the new world-religion known as stoi-


404
(May 3
THE DIAL
cism, by which the jurists of Rome became com men. Happily René Nicholas was better inspired;
pletely enthralled.
Objectors may quote largely his book is everywhere simple, frank, humane. He
from Cicero himself in opposition to this, but they gives you a bit of the war as the man in the
will hardly succeed in showing that it did not trenches sees it, not the disillusioned and weary
represent the deeper tendencies of Cicero's mind. veteran, but the recruit filled with the traditional
It need not be said, and the author of course does French idea of glory and devotion to his country.
not say, that Cicero was the man to work out and M. Nicholas began his campaigning in the mud of
adhere to a complete and self-consistent philosoph- Champagne, and his diary traces his adventures up
ical platform. There were interesting and impor to May 9, 1915, when he fell, seriously wounded,
tant characteristics in Cicero's life which receive between the French and the German lines during
little or no attention at Mr. Taylor's hands, but the Artois offensive. The account of this terrible
it was only to be expected that his particular point adventure, when he found himself shot down in
of view would determine his selection and em the cross-fire of the two armies and had to drag
phasis. He did not commit himself to an exhaus himself inch by inch toward a shell crater, into
tive treatment of the subject. As “a commentary which he tumbled to wait, with other wretches, until
on the Roman constitution,” the book is not ade the coming of the dark, gives one a fresh sense of
quate. Of course it is illuminating in what it the degree to which this war has made the horrible
attempts, but the title would naturally lead one to commonplace. One cannot suppose that M. Nich-
expect much more than one finds. One may read olas's experience or his fortitude is at all unusual.
it through with all care and still have no adequate Such daily horrors must be the very stuff of life
theoretical conception of the Roman constitution to thousands. To read of them, thus calmly set
as a whole, no complete, detailed knowledge of even down, is to realize once more what an adaptable
any single one of its various parts, and no very creature man is and to be filled with wonder that
clear idea of its practical administration. Much the mere threat of hell should have tortured his
of it will hardly yield its meaning to the reader imagination for ages.
who has not gone pretty deeply into the subject
in the works of other writers. In view of Mr. THE HUMAN DRIFT. By Jack London.
Taylor's other achievements in constitutional-his Macmillan; $1.25.
tory writing, one is forced to the view that the sub-
Jack London was consistently the man of action.
title in this case was chosen without due reflection
That is given both positive and negative proof in
as to what it would seem to promise, and that there “The Human Drift.” The bulk of the book is
was no real intention to give anything like a com taken up by five sketches of adventures in which
plete presentation of the Roman constitutional
the author figures as the hero. Where he is con-
system. The Ciceronian "anthology” with which cerned, adventure never has to come all the way;
the book closes was a project so well worth while quite the contrary, indeed, for so great is his appe-
that it should have been based upon a very thor tite for it that he seeks it wherever it may still
ough and independent rereading of Cicero's entire be found—in Quito, Ecuador, or the South Sea
works. As it stands, much of the material has been Islands. A sailor on a big ocean liner is not a
picked up from secondary sources, with a certain sailor to him. He must know how to sail a
amount of annoying and unnecessary repetition, owall boat along the Pacific Coast and up its rivers
and displaying various grades of skill, or want of
before London will grant him recognition. Again,
skill, in translation. Still, one will not open these not for him the malodorous gasoline car to tour
selections at any point without proof that he is in California, but four horses and a light rig. If
contact with an alert, noble, and versatile mind, the horses have to be trained to pull together
occupying itself with the problems not of the and taught not to bite each other or kick or
moment but of all times and of all men.
sit down on the harness at hairpin turns in the
road-well, so much the better. While reading
CAMPAIGN DIARY OF A FRENCH OFFICER. By
these tales, it is brought fully home to one what
Sous-Lieutenant René Nicholas. Houghton
a multum in parvo his life was—a pitiful short-
Mifflin; $1.25.
ness packed full by his boyish eagerness. The
If we are to believe the author, this book was article which lends its name to the book is a
jotted down page by page on troop trains, in coun short essay on economics, and London does just
try inns, in the trenches, and partly also perhaps what you would expect from a man of his type.
on a hospital cot. An intrusive friend explains, He produces his figures and expects them to be
half apologetically, in the preface, that it is with final, when, as a matter of fact, figures are most
out those literary flourishes that it would have deceitful, as many statisticians have learned to
been so easy to add après coup. Such spiritual their sorrow. Moreover, he settles the whole ques-
obtuseness is worse than immorality. If the tion summarily. In twenty-seven pages he dis-
French do not soon learn that their magnificent poses of the wanderings of the human race on
tradition is in danger of becoming bankrupt the earth, the question of the population's press-
through sheer triviality, their literature will cease ing against the subsistence line, and of the earth's
to interest the rest of the world. To polish sen becoming too cold for human existence. He adopts
tences in which one speaks of the most intimate the theory of Malthus quite uncritically. In specu-
abominations of slaughter and of the continuing lating on the end of the world, London introduces
nightmare of life in a country bursting with Spencer's theory of alternate eras of Evolution and
corpses and filled with insanity and disease, is a Dissolution into his short discussion, and here he
task for romantic children perhaps but not for is finally led to evolve and give us his personal


1917]
405
THE DIAL
.
Of course,
philosophy. “In eternity which is beyond our
comprehension, the particular evolution of that
solar satellite we call the 'Earth’ occupied but a
slight fraction of time. And of that fraction of
time man occupies but a small portion. For
us who live, no worse can happen than has hap-
pened to the earliest drifts of man. There
is nothing terrible about it. With Richard Hovey,
when he faced his death, we can say:
'Behold!
I have lived !' And with another and greater one,
we can lay ourselves down with a will. The one
drop of living, the one taste of being, has been
good; and perhaps our greatest achievement will
be that we dreamed immortality, even though we
failed to realise it." Thus London portrays him-
self: the man of action, the lover of adventure,
the self-made philosopher, who is not afraid of
danger or death.
BUDDHA AND THE GOSPEL OF BUDDHISM. By
Ananda Coomaraswamy. Putnam's; $3.75.
Ever since the foundation of the science of com-
parative religions, scholars have turned with
especial interest to the religious history of India.
We now have many valuable works describing the
religions of that country in a scholarly fashion,
but the book before us is not one of them. In
fact, there is nothing scholarly about this book; as
a contribution to scientific knowledge, it is nil.
Its accounts of the legendary life of Gautama and
his teaching, the discussions of the contemporary
religious systems of India and of the later devel-
opments of Buddhism, as well as the concluding
chapters on Buddhist art, are all a hotch-potch of
quotations from modern scholars.
Whole pages
are copied word for word from Oldenberg and the
Rhys Davids, while the “Encyclopædia
Britannica” is freely drawn upon. If one wishes
to get a general view of Buddhism, he will do
better to turn to any popular manual, say the one
by Mrs. Rhys Davids in the “Home University
Library,” which is far better than the present
work, and only costs one-seventh as much. But
the author frankly admits that his work is not
designed as “an addition to our already over-
burdened libraries of information, but as a definite
contribution to the philosophy of life.” It is not
as a scholar, but as a missionary that he writes
this book for us, and the book is confessedly a work
of propaganda. As an argument for Buddhism,
it is not particularly convincing, but for people
who like that kind of thing, it may be just the
kind of thing they like. But the mere fact that
such books make their appearance and even suc-
ceed in attracting a certain amount of attention
is in itself profoundly significant: it illustrates in
a striking manner a tendency of our civiliza-
tion. Parallels between Rome in the centuries
immediately preceding and following the birth
of Christ, and western Europe in the nine-
teenth and twentieth centuries are by no means
lacking. The old Roman social organization had
broken down, and then as now men were eagerly
seeking a new one. Many of the faults of our
present civilization were not lacking then: the
imperialism and war, the enormous fortunes, the
idle and sometimes vicious upper classes, the wide
divergence between the upper and lower classes,
the frequent divorces, the immigration of large
numbers of foreigners. In fine, the semi-anarchy
of the two epochs has frequently been commented
upon. In their religious history, the two periods
are just as much alike. In Rome the traditional
beliefs had been pretty generally discarded. Some
people, such as the Stoics, tried to "modernize
the old religion; others, such as the Epicureans,
took refuge in a materialistic philosophy. Neo-
Platonism and Gnosticism became widely popular,
each showing startling resemblances to modern
Christian Science. And finally new religions were
imported wholesale; Oriental cults, such as those
of Isis, Attis and Adonis, Mithraism and Judaism,
all found converts; then as now, Buddhism was
offered as a solution of the religious problem. But
none of these was destined to a great success. The
religion which finally won the Roman world was
not a foreign cult nor an esoteric philosophy, but
Christianity, which, during the first two centuries
of its existence, resembled the Socialist Party more
than any other modern organization.
the early Christians always showed themselves will-
ing to borrow freely from these other religions
and phil
ophies : some of the Fathers, such as
Origen, were closer to the Neo-Platonists than to
the Gospels, it seems; Gnosticism entered the
church with St. Paul, “the greatest of the
Gnostics" (Reitzenstein); the first generation of
Christians adopted rites of baptism and a sacra-
mental meal from contemporary cults; even in
the Gospel of John we find the Greek idea of
immortality invoked to explain statements of
Jesus in regard to the material and earthly Mes-
sianic Kingdom which he expected. But in spite
of all of this syncretism, Christianity never was
a foreign cult; it was and remained a religion of
the Roman Empire and for the Roman Empire
it was only after the Reformation that the Ger-
manic races really found themselves at home in it.
In the Christianity of Augustine we find the final
working out of the religious genius of the Roman
people, not a foreign cult to which they had turned.
Perhaps this religious development of Imperial
Rome may have a lesson for us to-day. He would
indeed be rash who prophesied as to the religious
future of our country, but we may at least hope
that now as then religious chaos will ultimately
come to an end. It is safe to say, moreover, that
when this does come about, it will not be through
the acceptance of some ready-made religion from
Europe, Asia, or Africa, but through the gradual
creation of a religion on our part, just as one was
created out of the life-blood of the people of the
Roman Empire. It is hard to see a brilliant future
for Buddhism in America.
even
ENGLAND'S WORLD EMPIRE. Some Reflections
upon its Growth and Policy. By Alfred Hoyt
Granger. Open Court; $1.50.
“The one object of this book” says its author
toward the end, “is to call the attention of its
readers to what has been Great Britain's policy
towards foreign nationalities for the past three
hundred years, to urge caution before deciding to


406
[May 3
THE DIAL
cause
irrevocably tie ourselves up to her or to any one
BRIEFER MENTION
power.” England's imperial policy, strong and
successful, but not over-scrupulous, is instruc Mr. O. W. Smith, in his “Trout Lore" (Stokes;
tively sketched, and a word of warning is inciden $2), differs from most recent writers on trout fish-
tally uttered against espousing any
ing in giving much attention to the less conven-
supported by despotic Russia. Also it is asserted tional methods, such as fishing at night, baiting with
that we "have been most severe in our treatment worms and with grasshoppers, and fishing with a
of German infringements of international law.” deeply sunken fly. In discussing these, he defends
All this and much else show the temper of the book
his sportsmanship in a way that almost suggests
—which is intended to be, and generally is, fair
a guilty conscience, and sometimes he is not quite
and open-minded and chary of expression of per-
happy in his argument. “That one method of
sonal bias. But important history has been mak-
fishing is in itself more sportsmanlike than an-
ing in the short time since it was written, and its
other is a fallacy,” is a rash statement unless well
qualified. The remark that when using a spinner
well-meant caution comes too late. Therefore it
Wherever the battle
is to be valued rather as a survey of the past
fought, it usually ends in
the angler's favor” would be equally true of taking
than as a warning to which this country can now
trout with shotgun or net. But the ethics of fish-
give heed in shaping its future course. Certain
ing is a matter of spirit rather than of set rule,
English war articles, now suppressed by the gov and no one who reads the whole book, especially
ernment, are appended.
the concluding chapters on “The Empty Creel and
the Full” and “The Fascination of Trout Fish-
THE GOLDEN VERSES OF PYTHAGORAS. By ing,” will be likely to question that the author is
Fabre d'Olivet. Done into English by Nayan a sportsman at heart. Why, then, does the gentle-
Louise Redfield. Putnam; $3.50.
man protest so much? An interesting feature of
the book is the classification of trout according
Fabre d'Olivet died in 1825. At no time have
to habitat. In the chapter on “The Trout in the
orthodox scholars taken him and his attempts to
Pan” are some promising recipes for brook-side
recover what is called the ancient wisdom seriously. cooking that tempt to experiment this spring.
His theories, however, have been popularized by “Human Welfare Work in Chicago" will be a
M. Edouard Schurer in his cinematic survey of
valuable handbook for those interested in gaining
religions, “Les Grands Initiés," and have had
a bird's-eye view of the many activities which a
considerable success. For readers of English who modern city carries on for the benefit of its family.
prefer to take Fabre d'Olivet in his own version, No doubt the American city yet lacks many of
Miss Redfield translated some years ago his prin those municipal qualities which make urban life
cipal work, “The Hermeneutic Interpretation of abroad so attractive, but the foundations are being
the Origin of the Social State of Man," and she laid for a future which will be far more cosmopol-
now gives us the present volume with its imposing itan than the average citizen realizes. It is not
title, “The Golden Verses of Pythagoras Explained until one comes upon the full list of municipal
and Rendered into French and Preceded by a activities, as in such a volume as the present, that
Discourse on the Essence and Form of Poetry
the scope and significance of that future are pos-
sible of realization. The volume is edited by
among the Principal Peoples of the Earth.” His
Colonel H. C. Carbaugh, of the South Park Com-
translation of the verses proper into what he
mission, and contains chapters on the following
calls “eumolpiques," unrhymed alexandrines with
aspects of civic life: art, compiled by the editor;
alternate masculine and feminine endings, has not
music, by Karleton Hackett; public schools, by
yet revolutionized French poetry as he hoped. His
John D. Shoop; the public library, by Henry E.
erudition is indeed “disconcerting.” We are disap- Legler; parks and boulevards, by J. F. Neil: pub-
pointed that he does not settle once and for all
lic recreation, by John R. Richards, and summaries
the question of why Pythagoras advised his dis-
of philanthropic work, the work of religious or-
ciples to abstain from beans, though he does tell
ganizations, and neighborhood work. The volume
us that the sage himself was never a prig about it, contains much statistical information and is amply
and made at least a show of tasting not beans illustrated. (McClurg; $1.50.)
alone but even meat and wine when they were set The essays of William James are so stimulating
before him. We may gather from this that the that it is well to make them readily available in
taboo was not meant to be taken literally. Ac attractive form. The little volume, “On Vital
cording to Fabre d'Olivet the ancients hid their Reserves," contains the "Energies of Men," which
unearthly knowledge about life and the gods from
discusses the relation between the mental output
all but the initiate, veiling it in words of double
and the reservoir of supply, as it is drawn upon
meaning, in symbols and allegories, that it might
by the stimuli of interest and excitement. With
not fall into the hands of fools and knaves. He
this essay is included the “Gospel of Relaxation"
from the “Talks to Teachers," which shows that
excuses himself for trying to reveal these mysteries
mere absorption of energy leads to tension rather
on the ground that secrecy is no longer necessary;
than efficiency, and that the human machine must
skepticism being so general in the modern world
have vents as well as periods of release. Both
and fools and knaves so sure they know all there statements are models of expression. They de-
is to know that, no matter how plainly stated, serve the wider circulation which, in this form,
knowledge escapes them.
they promise to attain. (Holt; 50 cts.)


1917]
407
THE DIAL
ence.
NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES
Other items went as follows:
Autograph document signed by William Penn, re-
[Inquiries or contributions to this department should be ad lating to the troublesome times between the provinces
dressed to John E. Robinson, the Editor, who will be
pleased to render to readers such services as are possible.]
of Pennsylvania and Maryland, Charles Sessler $220;
autograph letter signed by George Washington, Mount
The sale of the library of the late Samuel H.
Vernon, August 17, 1799, Gabriel Weis $150; “Real
Life in Ireland," rare first edition, London, 1821,
Austin of Philadelphia at the American Art Gal-
with illustrations by Henry Alken and others, George
leries, New York, on April 23 and 24 brought a D. Smith $230.
number of high prices. The grand total for the
The second part of the library of the late Joseph
three sessions was $58,323.50. George D. Smith
paid the record price, $4500, for the finest known
B. Learmont, of Montreal, Canada, which was sold
at the Anderson Galleries on April 16, 17, 18, and
copy of the first edition of the “Pickwick Papers'
in the original parts, with all wrappers and adver-
19 brought a total of $14,052.40. The grand total
for Parts I and II is $27,684.85. The second
tisements, uncut, London, 1836-37, the Captain
R. J. H. Douglas copy, which was bought by
part was notable for the large number of Bibles,
Charles Sessler of Philadelphia for Mr. Austin
Testaments, Psalms, and Prayer Books. G. A.
at auction in London three years ago. Mr. Smith
Baker & Co. paid $137.50 and $120 for two im-
also gave $3650 for a series of sixteen original perfect copies of the first edition of the Bible
drawings in sepia by George Cruikshank for Wil-
in English printed at Zurich by Christopher
liam Combe's “Life of Napoleon," one of the most
Froschouer in 1535. No perfect copy is in exist-
R. H. Dodd gave $125 for a copy of the
important series of finished drawings by Cruik-
shank ever. offered for sale.
"Bug Bible," London, 1549, which came from the
Gabriel Weis obtained for $2500 the John B.
Henry Huth library. The first issue of the first
edition to the “He" Bible, London, 1611, went to
Gough and M. C. D. Borden collection of Cruik-
George D. Smith for $127.50. He also paid $590
shankiana, comprising almost 3800 etchings, wood-
cuts, lithographs, etc., a number signed by
for eleven leaves of the extremely rare “Biblia
number signed by Pauperum,” published in Holland, 1460, and
Cruikshank, articles, essays, newspaper clippings $117.50 for a translation of the “Bear Bible” in
and other material bound by the Club Bindery in
Spanish, printed at Basel in 1569. Yale Univer-
twenty-six thick folio volumes, the most com-
plete collection of its kind that has ever been
sity gave $205 for a Leipzig 1913-14 reprint of
the famous Gutenberg Bible. Mr. Smith obtained
brought to America, and, now that the famous
for $100 the “Book of Common Prayer,” London,
Truman and Douglas collections have been dis-
persed, the most valuable of its kind in the world, Prayer Book.”
1586, commonly known as “Queen Elizabeth's
not even excepting the large and important col-
lection in the British Museum. Gough, the tem-
The library of the late E. G. Squier, scientist,
and other books were sold at the Anderson Gal-
perance lecturer, was an intimate friend' of Cruik-
shank, and a frequent visitor at his home. Mr.
leries on April 23 and 24. The total was $2370.65.
Weis also paid $2100 for the English translation
“East-Hampton (Long Island) Book of Laws,
of Grimm's "German Popular Stories” with illus-
June 24, 1665,” reprinted in 1798, went to George
D. Smith for $100. He also gave $65 for the
trations by George Cruikshank, first issue of the
first edition, two volumes, London, 1823-26, gener-
scarce first edition of Walt Whitman's “Leaves of
ally considered to be the finest copy known, from
Grass,” Brooklyn, 1855.
Captain Douglas's library, and used by him in the
Historical relics of George Washington, inher-
collation of the “Bibliography of George Cruik-
ited and collected by William Lanier Washington,
shank.” Mr. Weis obtained for $1500 the rare
the great-great-grandson of Colonel William
original issue of the burletta by Charles Dickens,
Augustine Washington, the eldest of the first
“The Strange Gentleman," London, 1837, in the
President's nephews, were sold on the evening of
original printed wrappers and with the frontis- April 19 at the Anderson Galleries, New York.
piece by “Phiz.” It was first performed at the
Among them were the wedding ring of Washing-
St. James's Theatre, September 29, 1836.
ton's mother and a portrait of Washington by
The first issue of the first edition of William M.
Rembrandt Peale, which so far as known has
Thackeray's “Vanity Fair," in the original parts,
never been reproduced. Both went to George D.
with all wrappers and advertisements, uncut, be-
Smith for $600 and $950, respectively.
lieved to be the finest copy of this work that
At the same place on the same evening were
has ever been offered for sale at auction in Amer-
sold original documents, autograph letters, and
ica, went to Gabriel Weis for $2150. George D.
printed drafts of the Constitution of the United
Smith paid $1975 for probably the only uncut
States, 1787, preserved by George Mason of Vir-
copy known of “The Snob," Cambridge, 1829,
ginia, a member of the Convention and in the
to which Thackeray contributed a parody of Ten-
handwriting of Mason, Edmund Randolph, Rich-
nyson's “Timbuctoo,” the poem “To Genevieve,
ard Henry Lee, and Edward Rutledge. The pro-
some of the advertisements and several letters
ceedings of the Federal Convention were secret,
signed “Dorothea Julia Ramsbottom.” Mr. Pat-
and at its dissolution all the official papers, ex-
terson gave $500 for a series of nine original cept the Journals, were burned, and many of the
unpublished drawings by Thackeray for “Kickle members destroyed their notes. Two drafts of
burys on the Rhine.” They are bound in a volume the Constitution were printed secretly during the
by Riviere, and are authenticated by Lady Ritchie, debates for the confidential use of the members.
Thackeray's daughter.
Very few copies have survived. Both of these


408
[May 3
THE DIAL
a
drafts are in the Mason collection, and their in Flowers of our Moderne Poets,” edited by Robert
terest and importance are greatly enhanced by the Allot, the first edition of the first poetical anthol-
manuscript notes in his handwriting. The third ogy of English literature, London, 1600, in binding
draft was in the final form as adopted. Mason by Francis Bedford.
did not sign the final draft, as he was dissatisfied Mr. Purdy's print collection and masterpieces by
with the extended and indefinite powers that were Whistler and Haden were sold at the American
conferred on Congress and the President. The Art Galleries on the evenings of April 10 and 11.
first draft was bought by W. P. Perkins for $650 A. Hahlo & Co. paid the American record price
and the second was knocked down to Lathrop C. of $2300 for Albrecht Durer's “St. Jerome in
Harper for $900.
His Cell," engraved after his own design in 1514
Consigned for sale the same evening by John and signed with his monogram. James F. Drake
McHenry, of Baltimore, Md., were the unpublished gave $1225 for the same artist's “Knight, Death
diary of James McHenry in the Constitutional and the Devil,” engraved after his own design in
Convention, and miniature of Washington 1513 and signed with his monogram. A. Strolin
painted by William Birch. They were obtained obtained for $1225 the same artist's “Coat of
by Mr. Johnson for $1400 and $2400, respectively. Arms with a Skull," called also the “Coat of Arms
McHenry was a delegate to the Convention from of Death,” and “The Dying Bride." It is en-
Maryland. He reports a meeting of the Mary- graved after his own design in 1503, and signed
land delegates, Carroll, Jenifer, McHenry, Mercer, with his monogram.
M. Knoedler & Co. paid
and Martin.
$950 for Charles Meryon's etching "La Galerie,
I saw Mr. Mercer make out a list of members' Notre Dame," the view described by Victor Hugo
names, who had attended or were attending in con in “Notre Dame de Paris." A. Strolin gave $1100
vention, with 'for' and 'against' marked opposite for an unsigned etching by Rembrandt van Rijn,
most of them-asked carelessly what question occa-
"A View of Amsterdam." The grand total for the
sioned his being so particular, upon which he told
prints was $40,796.
me laughingly that it was no question but that those
marked with 'for’ were for a king. I then asked
Part V of the library of James Carleton Young
him how he knew that, to which he said 'no matter, of Minneapolis, Minn., was sold at the Anderson
the thing is so!'
Galleries on April 11 and 12 and brought a total
Gouverneur Morris held in the Convention that of $3547.45. The grand total for the five parts
if the right of suffrage were given to all freemen of the library is $33,210.25.
the government would undoubtedly become an aris First editions, autograph letters, and associa-
tocracy, since it would put it in the power of men
tion books, including many items of great rarity,
whose business created numerous dependents. Dr. brought $9890 at a sale by Scott & O'Shaugh-
Benjamin Franklin also spoke on the subject. nessy at the Collectors' Club, 30 E. 42nd St.,
He observed that in time of war a country owed
New New City, on April 12. George D. Smith
much to the lower class of citizens. Our late war paid $1010 for a first edition of “The Embargo,
was an instance of what they could suffer and per by William Cullen Bryant, Boston, 1808. This
form. If denied the right of suffrage it would de poem, written when Bryant was thirteen years of
base their spirit and detach them from the interest
age, was inspired by the anti-Jeffersonian Feder-
of the country. One thousand of our seamen were
alism prevalent in New England at the time. Only
confined in English prisons—had bribes offered them
five or six copies are known to exist. The Robert
to go on board English vessels which they rejected.
Hoe example sold for more than $3000. Mr.
The total for the relics, autograph letters, manu Smith also gave $400 for “Popular Considerations
scripts, etc., was $29,594.
on Homoeopathia," by William C. Bryant, New
The library of the late J. Harsen Purdy of
York, 1841, the rarest of his writings, no other
New York, former member of the Grolier Club
copy being known to exist; $825 each for presenta-
and the Society of Iconophiles, was sold at the
tion copies by Charles Dickens to Prof. C. C. Fel-
American Art Galleries in that city on April 10,
ton, of Harvard, of “The Old Curiosity Shop" and
11, and 12. Included in it were numerous examples “Oliver Twist"; $710 for a presentation copy by
of Elizabethan, Georgian, and Victorian lyric and
Dickens to Prof. Felton of "American Notes for
dramatic literature. Gabriel Weis paid $1140 for General Circulation," first edition; $320 for a
a set of the works of Charles Dickens, mostly first
letter by Dickens, of about 1300 words, London,
editions, fifty-six volumes uniformly bound by
March 2, 1843, referring to Prof. Felton's article
Stikeman. They are mainly bound from the orig-
American Notes" in the “North American Re-
inal parts or choice copies. In some cases they
are extra-illustrated by series of plates by F. W.
view"; $200 for a Dickens letter, of about 1750
Pailthorp and other artists. It is considered one
words, Broadstairs, Kent, Sept. 1, 1843, referring
of the finest sets ever offered at public sale in
to “Martin Chuzzlewit,” “Nicholas Nickleby," and
America. Miss Helen Landford gave $180 for the
“American Notes"; and $105 for a Dickens letter,
“Fables of Aesop” and John Gay's "Fables,” Lon-
London, May 22, 1858, speaking of his domestic
don, 1793, four volumes in binding by Matthews. troubles. Robert H. Dodd paid $400 for a Dickens
“Recreation with the Muses,” by Sir William Alex letter, Jan. 2, 1844, of about 1000 words, refer-
ander, Earl of Stirling, first edition, London, 1637, ring to unfriendly notices in the American news-
in binding by Riviere, with the rare portrait of papers. George D. Smith obtained for $205 a
the author by William Marshall, went to James F. transcription wholly in Dickens's hand of “The
Drake for $460. George D. Smith obtained for Death of Little Nell," presentation copy, dated
$250 “England's Parnassus, or The Choysest June 20, 1859.
CC
on


1917]
409
THE DIAL
.
The autograph collection belonging to Dr.
Charles E. Rice, of Alliance, O., was sold on
“The Greatest Book Produced by the War"
April 13, by Stan. V. Henkels at 1304 Walnut
Street, Philadelphia. The highest price was $970, WHY MEN FIGHT By Bertrand Russell
paid by Gabriel Weis for a series of sixty-five
Wherein a profound and passionately sincere
autograph letters, between June 5, 1796, and Dec.
thinker searches out the deep-lying causes of
25, 1825, written by Thomas Jefferson to Charles
war in human nature itself, and sets forth them
Willson Peale. The contents show Jefferson as
and a remedial mode of living with a clear-
a gentleman-farmer, naturalist, inventor, and edu-
ness and simplicity that is proof against mis-
cator. L. F. Bamberger, of Newark, N. J., gave understanding, and with a beauty and eloquence
$330 for an autograph letter by Arthur Middleton,
that are positively thrilling.
one of the Signers of the Declaration of Inde-
The New Republic says: “Here is a human
being who has brought to the consideration of
pendence. It is dated April 16, 1762. A rare
the war an intellect of extraordinary scrupu-
letter by John Blair, Justice of the Supreme
lousness, an imagination penetrated with con-
Court of the United States, was sold for $130. sciousness of human values, a broad and serious
A letter written by George Washington, while sense of responsibility, a complete emancipa-
President, to Governor Arthur St. Clair, dated
tion from personal motives and a complete in-
Jan. 2, 1791, relating to the Northwest Territory, dependence of class and party and creed.
went to P. F. Madigan of New York for $55. Mr.
To read “Why Men Fight' with any sympathy
Madigan also bought a legal manuscript in the
is to be entranced by the honesty, the con-
handwriting of Alexander Hamilton for $90.
centration, the intelligence, the equilibrium of
its author. i'. The principles of democracy
J. M. Fox, of Philadelphia, paid $65 for a fine
and liberty are absolutely his principles."
letter of John Brown, “Old Osawattomie,” dated
Published by The Century Co., New York,
Bunville, June 7, 1854, and addressed to Simon
and sold at all bookstores. 4th edition.
Perkins, relative to selling wool and purchasing
Price $1.50
cattle.
The Case for America's New Pioneers
COMMUNICATIONS.
THE IMMIGRANT AND THE COMMUNITY
To the Editor:
By Grace Abbott
A bibliography of the works of Elizabeth Barrett
What shall we do about the immigrant?
Browning is practically complete and ready for the
This question touches every one, native or for-
printer save for one minor point. On behalf of the
eign born, in America. The problem will be-
compiler I am venturing to ask if any of your read-
come of vital importance to the United States
ers have information which would throw light on the
at the close of the European War.
point in question.
Miss Abbott is a resident in Hull House,
In a letter addressed to H. S. Boyd and written
director of the Immigrants' Protective
about the end of January 1843, Miss Barrett says: League, and a member of various organizations
“I send you the magazines which I have just re-
studying the problem of the immigrant as a
ceived from America, and which contain, one of them,
social and economic factor in American life.
* The Cry of the Human,' and the other four of my
She speaks, therefore, with authority founded
sonnets. My correspondent tells me that the Cry'
on intimate knowledge of the facts, and with
is considered there one of the most successful of
a vitalizing sympathy for these misunderstood
my poems, but you probably will not think so.”
strangers as they blunder about in a strange
(Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Ed. by F. G.
land.
Kenyon, N. Y., 1898. Vol. 1, p. 120.)
Published by The Century Co., New York,
In the “Complete Poetical Works of Elizabeth Bar-
and sold at all bookstores. Price $1.50
rett Browning,” Cambridge Edition, edited by Har-
riet Waters Preston, “The Cry of the Human,” ap To Transform an Institution into Life
pears on pages 167-169, with the bibliographical note:
* First Printed in Graham's American Magazine, EDUCATION AND LIVING
1842." A page by page examination of Graham's By Randolph Bourne
Magazine for the year 1842 fails to reveal this poem,
but the December issue does contain on page 303 the
The problem of American education to-day is .
to transform an institution into life. This simple
four sonnets referred to by Miss Barrett. An edi-
torial note on page 343 says:
statement of the tremendous subject of educa-
“In this number will
tion, the importance of which is universally
be found a series of sonnets by Miss Elizabeth B.
recognized, is the keynote to a series of con-
Barrett, among the first of her contributions to any
structive studies of methods and attitudes in
American periodical.'
our school and college systems. Mr. Bourne,
The undersigned has searched all the American
the most brilliant American educational critic
general and literary periodicals published in 1842
of the younger generation, points out the in-
which are accessible to him at this moment, but has
adequacy of the "puzzle education" and the
failed to trace the one in which “The Cry of the
"wasted years” of grammar school.
He an-
Human” first appeared. It is the name, date, place, alyzes in detail the new “Gary Schools," in
and issue of this periodical which is particularly de. which children learn to think, feel and act as
sired by the compiler of the above mentioned bibli-
a community of interested workers. A con-
ography. The information besides being important
cluding chapter treats of the widely discussed
bibliographically is not without value as literary his-
Flexner experiment just begun at Teachers
tory, and any assistance or suggestion that would
College in New York City.
lead to securing it would be greatly appreciated.
Published by The Century Co., New York,
W. N. C. CARLTON, Librarian.
and sold at all bookstores. Price $1.25
The Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois.
a


410
[May 3
THE DIAL
NOTES AND NEWS
SOME IMAGIST
POETS 1917
including
RICHARD ALDINGTON
“H. D."
JOHN GOULD FLETCHER
F. S. FLINT
D. H. LAWRENCE
AMY LOWELL
verse.
“Imagist poetry fills us with hope.
Old forms of verse are filled with ghosts.
The Imagist can, with his very form, purge
himself from these.
So he can be more
interesting than other poets.”—London Times.
Now ready, in binding uniform with
the previous Imagist anthologies.
75 cents net, at all bookstores
OTHER IMAGIST ANTHOLOGIES
SOME IMAGIST POETS 3rd Edition
750 net
SOME IMAGIST POETS, 1916 - 2nd Edition 75c net
Houghton Mifflin Company
BOSTON
NEW YORK
99
Of the contributors to the present issue of THE
DIAL, H. M. Kallen, Randolph Bourne, and Henry
B. Fuller are Contributing Editors.
Herbert Ellsworth Cory belongs to the group
of younger American writers who are keenly in-
terested in social and industrial problems.
Conrad Aiken has attracted attention by the
vigor and originality shown in his two books of
He is a frequent contributor to the maga-
zines.
"Vindex" is the pseudonym of an eminent Ger-
man scholar and writer who has recently come to
America to live.
Sibley Watson, after studying at Harvard and
spending some time abroad, is now devoting him-
self to writing.
Benjamin W. Huebsch, now a New York pub-
lisher, was formerly well known as a music critic.
The profits from the sale of “Women of Bel-
gium,” by Charlotte Kellogg, which has just been
published by Funk & Wagnalls, are to be given
to the Commission for Relief in Belgium.
A new novel by Ernest Poole, entitled “His Fam-
ily,” is announced by the Macmillan Company for
publication May 16th. The theme concerns the
home, motherhood, children, and the school.
A new volume on the continental stage, by Bar-
rett H. Clark, is announced for publication early
in June by the Stewart & Kidd Co. The work is
called “The European Theories of the Drama.
The Reilly & Britton Company announce the
early publication of a farce, “Lend Me Your
Name," by Francis Perry Elliott, whose “Pals
First one of the season's productions in
New York.
The New York University Press has issued a
catalogue of books on business which, while not
attempting to give a complete bibliography, seeks
to list the best books for the student of modern
business conditions.
Eric Fisher Wood, author of "The Note-Book of
an Attaché” and “The Writing on the Wall”
(Century), was among those wounded recently at
the front in France. It was not until he and his
companions had gone through four lines of Ger-
man trenches that he fell.
Thorstein Veblen, professor of political econ-
omy at the University of Missouri and occasional
contributor to THE DIAL, has written a book en-
titled "An Inquiry into the Nature of Peace and
the Terms of Its Perpetuation,” which will be
published shortly by the Macmillan Company.
Longmans, Green, & Company announce the
publication of “The Museum: A Manual of the
Housing and Care of Art Collections," by Mar-
garet Talbot Jackson. The author spent several
years in the study of European museums and has
been engaged in active museum work in this
country.
Almost coincidentally with the publication of the
final volume of "The Cyclopedia of Horticulture,
Messrs. Macmillan announce the reprinting of the
entire series. It is also announced that the third
MULTIPLEX HAMMOND
was
Many Typewriters in One Instantly Change-
able Type Change Your Type in a Second
It will do all that other machines can do but it stands
alone in the special fields of writing endeavor.
For
instance:
Literary People
because of its instantly changeable type system,
with many styles of type and many languages.
Two sets of type always on the machine"Just
Turn the Knob."
Libraries
Because it writes cards perfectly flat-without bend-
ing. Condenses in miniature type, writes names
in large type. "Just Turn the Knob."
Social Correspondence-Private Secretaries
because of the dainty small type and high individ-
uality of the work. Its refined and ästhetic ap-
pearance, and also the language possibilities.
Professional Vocations, lacluding Engineers (Mathematicians)
because of having type-sets especially adapted to
each class, with all special characters neded; im-
mediately interchangeable.
Linguists
because of having every known language available,
all interchangeable, and high individuality of work
and capability of writing both Occidental and
Oriental languages on the same machine.
College Professors and Students
because of small space occupied ; instantly inter-
changeable type; high individuality of work and
condensation.
Factory Rebuilt Machines at a wide range of prices.
Open accounts with monthly payments to those with
whom such would be a convenience. Discounts for
immediate settlement. Catalogue gladly sent for the
asking. Special terms to libraries.
THE HAMMOND
Please send literature
TYPEWRITER CO.
Without obligations
550 East 69th Street
Name
at East River
Address
New York City, N. Y.
609


1917]
411
THE DIAL
The
Railroad Problem
By Edward Hungerford
W
HAT'S the matter with the
Railroads? is one of the
grave questions of the hour.
Why are they seemingly physically
and financially unhealthy? How
did they happen to get into this
plight, and what is the remedy?
These and many other similar
questions are answered by Mr.
Hungerford in his new book,"The
Railroad Problem," in which after
a careful diagnosis of the Railroad
situation he in a plain and forceful
manner proceeds to show what
common justice demands must be
done for the Railroad and what
they can and must do for themselves.
Large 12mo. Nlustrated $1.50
by
A. C. McCLURG & CO.
Publishers
Chicago
volume of Mrs. Constance Garnett's series of new
translations of Chekov's works, “The Lady with
the Dog," is soon to be published.
The H. W. Wilson Company have just pub-
lished “The Children's Library," by Mrs. Sophie
W. Powell. The book is addressed to students of
educational methods whether in library schools,
normal schools, or in active educational work.
Through an error in announcing the publication
"Unfair Competition" (University of Chicago
Press), the author's name was omitted in a recent
notice in this department. The book is by W. H.
S. Stevens, sometime Professor of Business Ad-
ministration in Tulane University, and editor of
“Industrial Combinations and Trusts."
Among early publications announced by Robert
M. McBride & Company are: “Forced to Fight,"
by Erich Erichsen, a record of the experiences of a
young Dane who was forced into the German army
early in the war; “A Nurse at the War," by Grace
McDougall; “The Hand of Fu-Manchu," by Sax
Rohmer; and “Towards a Sane Feminism,
Wilma Meikle.
King David is the central figure of what is said
to be a “stirring novel of adventure and incident."
The tale is by Captain Charles Hudson and will be
called “The Royal Outlaw.' Messrs. E. P. Dutton
are the publishers. A new novel by St. John
Lucas, “April Folly," and "A Naturalist in
Borneo,” by Robert S. C. Shelford, are also to be
published shortly.
A new novel by Maria Thompson Daviess, en-
titled “Out of a Clear Sky,” is announced for im-
mediate publication by Harper and Brothers. It
is further announced that reprintings have just
been completed of the following: "The Albany
Denot,” by William Dean Howells; “The Worsted
Man” and “Coffee and Repartee,” by John Ken-
drick Bangs, and “Forty Modern Fables," by
George Ade.
Four of the papers read at the December meeting
of the American Historical Association by Charles
Downer Hazen, William Roscoe Thayer, Robert
Howard Lord, and Archibald Cary Coolidge, dis-
cussing former treaties in the light of the present
war, have been collected under the title “Three
Peace Congresses of the Nineteenth Century and
Claimants to Constantinople” and have recently
been published by the Harvard University Press.
Exceptional interest attaches to the announce-
ment by G. P. Putnam's Sons of a new story by
F. W. Bain, author of "A Digit of the Moon.
The new tale is entitled “The Livery of Eve" and
will be published early this month. They also an-
nounce a volume by John R. McMahon, dealing
with the practical problems of suburban life, en-
titled “Success in the Suburbs." Additional pub-
lications for May include: “Love and Laughter,
a volume of verse by Caroline E. Prentiss, author
of “Sunshine and Shadow”; “The Way to Study
Birds,” by John Dryden Kuser; “Growth in
Silence," by Susanna Cocroft; and “The Gun
Brand, a story of the Northwest by James B.
Hendryx, author of “The Promise."
Of Importance to
Librarians
A work generally acknowledged to be of the
highest importance, written by the world's
greatest scholars, is now in course of publica-
tion under the title
Mythology of All Races
Under the General Editorship of Louis Herbert
Gray, Ph.D., late Associate Editor of Hast-
ings's Encyclopaedia, and Prof. George F.
Moore, LL.D., of Harvard University. Four of
the 13 volumes which this monumental work
comprises are now ready, each complete in it-
self, and the remaining volumes will be issued
at short intervals. It is a work which every
library needs on its shelves, and will have
eventually. It will be of the greatest help if
librarians will support the Publishers in this
important undertaking by placing their orders
immediately, and before an increase in the
subscription price of the set may be made
necessary by increasing costs of manufacture.
Prospectus on Request
MARSHALL JONES COMPANY
212 Summer St., BOSTON


412
[May 3
THE DIAL

DOO
PUBLISHER:
***
KILLERS
CLURO
IMPORTERS
BOOK
LERO
RATIONER
AREAL
THE DIAL
& Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism,
Discussion, and Information
GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN
TRAVIS HOKE
Editor
Associate
Contributing Editors
PERCY F. BICKNELL
HENRY B. FULLER
RANDOLPH BOURNE
H. M. KALLEN
WILLIAM ASPENWALL BRADLEY J. E. ROBINSON
PADRAIO COLUM
J. C. SQUIRE
THEODORE STANTON
Published by
THE DIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY
608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago
Telephone Harrison 3293
MARTYN JOHNSON
WILLARD C. KITCHEL
President
Seo'y-Treas.
Hora
--------
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largest bookstore in the world."
See the chapter on Chicago, page 43, “Your
United States," by Arnold Bennett
It is recognized throughout the country
that we earned this reputation because we
have on hand at all times a more complete
assortment of the books of all publishers than
can be found on the shelves of any other book-
dealer in the entire United States. It is of
interest and importance to all bookbuyers to
know that the books reviewed and advertised
in this magazine can be procured from us with
the least possible delay. We invite you to
visit our store when in Chicago, to avail your-
self of the opportunity of looking over the
books in which you are most interested, or to
call upon us at any time to look after your
book wants.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880 by Francis F.
Browne) is published fortnightly — every other
Thursday — except in July, when but one issue will
appear.
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In ordering such changes, it is necessary that both
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REMITTANCES should be made payable to THE
DIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, and should be in
the form of Express or Money Order, or in New
York or Chicago exchange. When remitting by per.
sonal check, 10 cents should be added for cost of
collection.
Entered as Second-class matter Oct. 8, 1892, at the
Post Office at Chicago, under Act of March 3, 1879.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
Special Library Service
[The following list, containing 104 titles, includes
books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
We conduct a department devoted entirely
to the interests of Public Libraries, Schools,
Colleges and Universities. Our Library De-
partment has made a careful study of library
requirements, and is equipped to handle all
library orders with accuracy, efficiency and
despatch. This department's long experience
in this special branch of the book business,
combined with our unsurpassed book stock,
enable us to offer a library service not excelled
elsewhere. We solicit correspondence from
Librarians unacquainted with our facilities.
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Recollections of a Rebel Reefer. By James Morris
Morgan. Illustrated, 8vo, 491 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $3.
Lloyd George. The man and his story. By Frank
Dilnot. With frontispiece, 12mo, 196 pages.
Harper & Brothers.
A Character Sketch of General The Hon. J. C.
Smuts. By N. Levi. Illustrated, 10mo, 310 pages.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $2.50.
Parliamentary Reminiscences and Reflections. 1868-
1885. By Lord George Hamilton. 10mo, 344
pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $4.
Galusha Pennypacker. 10mo, 11 pages. Paper.
Philadelphia. Christopher Sower Co.
I, Mary MacLane. By Mary MacLane. With fron-
tispiece, 12mo, 317 pages. Frederick A. Stokes
Co. $1.40.
ESSAYS AND GENERAL LITERATURE.
Figures of Several Centuries. By Arthur Symons.
10mo, 398 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.
Matthew Arnold: How to Know Him. By Stuart
P. Sherman. With frontispiece, 12mo, 326 pages.
Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.50.
Misinforming a Nation. By Willard Huntington
Wright. 12mo, 222 pages. B. W. Huebsch. $1.25.
French Criticism of American Literature Before
1850. By Harold Elmer Mantz. 10mo, 165 pages.
Columbia University Press. $1.50.
Six Major Prophets. By Edwin E. Slosson. Illus-
trated. 12mo, 310 pages. Little, Brown & Co.
A. C. McCLURG & CO.
Retail Store, 218 to 224 South Wabash Avenue
Library Department and Wholesale Offices:
330 to 352 East Ohio Street
Chicago
$1.50.


1917]
413
THE DIAL
The Edith Cavell Nurse
FROM MASSACHUSETTS
A Record of One Year's Personal
Experience With
The British Expeditionary
Force in France
BOULOGNE — THE SOMME 1916-17
With an Account of the Imprisonment, Trial
and Death of Edith Cavell
George Edward Woodberry. A study of his poetry.
By Louis V. Ledoux. With frontispiece. 12mo,
72 pages. The Poetry Review Co., Cambridge,
Mass. $1.
A Garden Rosary. By Agnes Edwards. 12mo, 132
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25.
On Falling in Love and Other Matters. By Alfred
Turner. With frontispiece, 12mo, 254 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
The Book of Common Joys. By Mary L. Pendered.
12mo, 269 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50.
The Sanskrit Poems of Mayura. Edited and trans-
lated by George Payn Quackenbos. Columbia
University Indo-Iranian Series. Volume 9. 8vo,
362 pages. Columbia University Press. $1.50.
The Mystic Vision in the Grall Legend and in the
Divine Comedy. By Lizette Andrews Fisher.
Illustrated, 10mo, 148 pages. Columbia Univer-
sity Press. $1.50.
The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes. Translated from
the Spanish by Louis How. 12mo, 150 pages.
Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50.
A Feast of Lanterns. Rendered with an introduc-
tion by L. Cranmer-Byng. Wisdom of the East
Series. 16mo, 95 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co.
80 cts.
Hamlet, An Ideal Prince
and other essays in
Shakespearean interpretation. By Alexander
W. Crawford. 12mo, 317
pages. Richard G.
Badger. $1.50.
Towards a Sane Feminism. By Wilma Meikle.
12mo, 167 pages. Robert M. McBride & Co, $1.25.
Laugh and Live. By Douglas Fairbanks. Illus-
trated. 12mo, 190 pages. Britton Publishing Co.
$1.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
The History of the Development of Religion in
China. By W. J. Clennell. 12mo, 260 pages. T.
Fisher Unwin. 6s.
Fruits of the Spirit. By Hamilton Wright Mabie.
16mo, 325 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25.
When Christ Comes Again. By George P. Eckman.
12mo, 287 pages. The Abingdon Press. $1.25.
Does. Christ Still Heal! By Henry B. Wilson. 12mo,
170 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.
The Validity of the Religious Experience.
George A. Barrow. 12mo, 247 pages. Sherman,
French & Co. $1.50.
The Sayings of Christ. Collected and arranged by
J. W. Mackail. Longmans' Pocket Library.
16mo, 138 pages. Longmans, Green, & Co.
75 cts.
POETRY, ART, AND DRAMA.
The Love Poems of Emil Verhaeren. Translated by
F. S. Flint. 12mo, 94 pages. Houghton Mifflin
Co. $1.25.
A Lonely Flute. By Odell Shepard. 12mo, 82 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25.
The Yosemite and other verse. By Caroline Hazard.
12mo, 178 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25.
Verses in Peace and War. By Shane Leslie. With
frontispiece, 16mo, 31 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons.
The Song of the Sirens. By Grace Denio Litchfield.
16mo, 99 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.
Buttadeus. By illiam Samuel Johnson. 10mo,
4 pages. Paper. Published by the author.
Euthymides and His Fellows. By Joseph Clark
Hoppin. Illustrated, 8vo, 186 pages. Harvard
University Press. $4.
Spanish Architecture of the Sixteenth Century. By
Arthur Byne and Mildred Stapley. Illustrated,
8vo, 436 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. For the
Hispanic Society of America. $7.50.
EDUCATION AND TEXTBOOKS.
Education and Living. By Randolph Bourne.
12mo, 236 pages. The Century Co. $1.25.
Rural School Management. By William Albert
Wilkinson. Illustrated, 12mo, 420 pages. Silver,
Burdett & Co.
The Scientific Measurement of Classroom Products.
By J. Crosby Chapman and Grace Preyer Rush.
12mo, 191 pages. Silver, Burdett & Co.
Grammaire Elémentaire. By Emma C. Armand.
Heath's Modern Language Series. 12mo, 111
pages. D. C. Heath & Co. 60 cts.
The School for Scandal. By Richard Brinsley
Sheridan. Collated and edited by Hanson Hart
Webster. With frontispiece, 16mo, 145 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. 55 cts.
The History of Psychoanalysis. By Poul Bjerre.
Authorized translation by Elizabeth N. Barrow.
12mo, 294 pages.
Richard G. Badger. $3.
At a meeting held in honor of Edith Cavell,
in Steinert Hall, Boston, Dec. 11, 1915, it was
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416
[May 3, 1917
THE DIAL

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THE DIAL
A Fortnightly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
Vol. LXII
MAY 17, 1917
No. 742
CASUAL COMMENT
CONTENTS.
CASUAL COMMENT
421
The official apologists of Germany.—The
question of tempo in public speaking.–A
quaint manifestation of editorial ethics.
Armenia's poetry.-Standards of taste.
“ JEAN-CHRISTOPHE": AN EPIC OF HU-
MANITY. Edward Sapir
423
POETRY FROM THE TRENCHES. Richard
Aldington.
426
COMMUNICATIONS
427
Historians and the War. Andrew Cunning-
ham McLaughlin.
Standards. Edward Hurst.
THE BACKGROUND OF THE RUSSIAN REV-
OLUTION. Louis S. Friedland
429
THE OFFICIAL APOLOGISTS OF GERMANY irow
the beginning of the war have been the intel-
lectuals, especially the historians and the
philosophers. The historians, indeed, have
revealed themselves as simple pamphleteers,
incapable of crossing the national frontiers
or of thinking except in terms of Kultur, and
the net result of their zeal has been to dis-
credit the whole caste of learned soothsayers
in the eyes of the common man. An exhibi-
tion of futility so naïve and conducted on so
gigantic a scale could not but have its effect
on scholars throughout the world. It has
clearly put them on the defensive and sub-
jected them to general suspicion. THE DIAL
prints elsewhere in the present issue a letter
from Professor McLaughlin, of the University
of Chicago, outlining a plan for utilizing dur-
ing the war the special training and skill of
American historians. Here is a chance for
scholarship to recover its prestige. If Amer-
ica is to learn to think internationally, it will
have need of just such orientation as the his-
torians and students of government are best
equipped to supply. What we shall all need
to learn is to think in terms of the democratic
problem throughout the world, for it is becom-
ing clearer as the war goes on that our only
hope of substituting a really durable peace
for the armed truce of the past lies in extend-
ing indefinitely the scope of popular control.
.
OUR JAPANESE PROBLEM. Frederic Austin
Ogg.
RACIAL MYTHOLOGY. H. M. Kallen
430
432
AN IDOL OF THE PARNASSIANS. Henry B.
Fuller
433
THE CELT AND SOME IRISHMEN. Padraic
Colum
435
POLITICAL PLURALISM. C. H. McIlwain
436
.
SOME EXPERIMENTS IN AMERICAN
DRAMA. Homer E. Woodbridge
439
KIPLING AND CONRAD. John Macy
441
NOTES ON NEW FICTION
443
Changing Winds. Good-Morning, Rosa-
mond!--Give My Love to Maria.-Giddy
Mrs. Goodyer.—Petunia.-Sea Plunder.-
Doubloons and the Girl.—The Golden Ar-
row.-The Hornet's Nest.—If Wishes Were
Horses.—The Stars in Their Courses.-Sud-
den Jim.
.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
445
Italy, France and Britain at War.–Figures
of Several Centuries.—The Locked Chest and
The Sweeps of Ninety-Eight; Mogu, the
Wanderer.-Handbook of New England.-
The Life and Poetry of James Thomson.-
Captain of the Host and The preme Test.
--In Far North-East Siberia.—The Red Rugs
of Tarsus.--Mount Rainier. A Record of Ex-
ploration.
NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES. John E. Rob.
inson.
447
THE QUESTION OF TEMPO IN PUBLIC SPEAK-
ING came up, through the medium of contrast
and comparison, at the meeting held in the
Auditorium, early this month, to welcome the
French commission. The honors went to the
French themselves. Too many American
speakers employ a largo—a slow progress
from word to word and from sentence to
sentence; and at least three of them, at this
meeting, fell too easily at times into a kind of
elegiac drawl. The effect of this deliberate
method is sometimes that of trying for a
greater emphasis than the subject matter de-
mands, sometimes that of addressing a body
of slow-working minds with an elementary
indulgence, and sometimes that of lingering
for the encouragement of applause. It is
often easy enough to travel ahead of an
“orator," and when his auditory can finish
his sentences for him before he finishes them
NOTES AND NEWS
450
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
452


422
[May 17
THE DIAL
for himself, the effect of this on his effects is has the judge, whose name is given too, ex-
prejudicial. Nobody, however, was able to actly made a friend? Then comes, of course,
travel ahead of M. Viviani, the principal a succession of poems approved by the editor
speaker of the evening : but not because he but ignored by her helpers.. If such a
spoke in a language which no more than one system spreads, the embarrassments and even
in twenty of those present was acquainted perils of judgeship will grow. Hereafter few
with. His tempo throughout was a fluent may care to serve as judges, except under
allegretto; his drive, his élan communicated stipulations designed to afford some protec-
itself to all, and a state of emotional fusion tion. And as for the poor poets themselves,
and unity was reached almost at once and was such treatment should act to keep them out of
maintained throughout. His personal impact, “contests" altogether.
despite the barrier of language, was felt in its
full force. If he had spoken more slowly, a
few more people might have understood him ARMENIA'S POETRY, like its literature in
better, but fewer would have felt him so general, has undergone a remarkable develop-
well. Toward the end of the evening General
ment since the literary revival that took place
Joffre, after repeated urgings, spoke half a among the Armenians in the eighteenth cen-
dozen sentences, of course in French,—and tury. This development is the more notable
followed them with a deprecatory gesture, as
because of the lack of anything like Armenian
if to say: “There, that is the best I can do.” national unity. At present the Armenian
But what he did was perfectly au fait. He poets, so far as they have survived the
addressed us with composure, 'with preci-
atrocities of the time, are singing dirges
sion, without either hurrying or lagging, with rather than pæans, lamentations rather than
a native Gallic sense for style and form, and
love songs.
From Miss Alice Stone Black-
communicated a feeling that an immense re-
well's “Armenian Poems” let a brief example
serve power was stowed within. The French be taken in illustration. It is from “The
showed us, in a double demonstration, both
Starving,” by Siamanto.
how well they could fight and how well they There is no harvest, no harvester, no sower and no
could speak.
earth to plow.
Hungry oxen bellow mournfully. Vegetation is dying
with the flowers.
A QUAINT MANIFESTATION OF EDITORIAL
The plow in the corner of the barn awaits the new and
ETHICS crops out in the latest issue of “The never-returning spring.
Little Review." It is in connection with a
The cock crows no more. The dawn, it seems, like the
blood of my race, has sunk into the depth of the
"vers libre contest," this being the issue in
earth.
which the awards are made. There was a
Is it any wonder that the children in Armenia
regularly constituted board of judges-three play "To die or not to die,” even as the chil-
people sufficiently competent and sufficiently
dren in happier lands play “He loves me,
well known in their field; but the editor has
loves me not”?
chosen to indulge in some disclosures as to the
lack of unanimity amongst her aids and even STANDARDS OF TASTE, a subject now in
in some pointed animadversions on their tastes vogue, received an additional airing at the
and preferences. Of the first choice of one University of Chicago, when Paul Elmer
of them, she says: “What is there in the More, of New York, closed the series of Wil-
‘subtle depth of thought'? Almost every liam Vaughn Moody lectures with a well-
kind of person in the world has had this studied paper on that topic. Mr. More
thought. And what is there in the treatment thought clearly and spoke clearly—all with a
to make it poetry ?” And the poem itself kind of trim, sec adequacy. He based him-
follows. Of the two chosen for prizes by self squarely on Coleridge and stressed par-
another judge, she observes: “These two ticularly the quality of permanency as a
poems are pretty awful”-and she prints criterion for determining a classic. Then,
them, with the authors' names, as before. The dipping back more decisively into antiquity,
third judge plumped for a pair of others he instituted a long parallel between Homer
“provided Richard Aldington wrote them; and Virgil. “A very scholarly lecture," an
otherwise not... If he wrote them they undergraduate was heard to say, as the au-
are authentic as well as lovely; but if he did dience filed out; but the comment was spoken
not, so flagrant an imitation ought not to be in such a tone of quasi-protest (or at least,
encouraged.” A perfectly sound position to of resignation) as to make it doubtful whether
take. Here again the poems follow—and they the "scholarly” was greatly appreciated or
are under a name not Aldington's. Query: desired in the younger scholastic circles.
-


1917]
423
THE DIAL
"Jean-Christophe": An Epic of Humanity
Imagine yourself in a salon adorned by a
gathering of choice spirits exhibiting the last
degree of refinement. Here you may admire
the impeccably dressed gentleman, a Greek
god in evening dress; there the beautifully
waxed mustaches of the man leaning against
the piano. Art can go no further. Yet the
women are still more exquisite. You hold
your breath in the presence of all this loveli-
ness. When your ecstasy has been gathering
speed for some little time, you are suddenly
startled by a noise. The door is burst
open and in walks a nonchalantly whistling
fellow he might be a lumberman-with firm
step and confident air, looks about uncon-
cernedly for a moment or two, says, "Excuse
me, I made a mistake," and walks out again,
slamming the door after him. You have had
time to get a good look at him, enough to as-
certain that he is a man. And the rest?
Ninnies.
This roughly defines the relation of Romain
Rolland with his “Jean-Christophe” to most
of his contemporaries in the world of French
letters. When you are fresh from the ten
volumes of “Jean-Christophe”—you have
read them without a halt in rapid succession
—and make mental notes of comparison with
some of the best that the rest of recent French
literature has to offer, you find it difficult to
repress an impatient outburst.
In the en-
thusiasm of the moment you berate your-
self for your hitherto zealous worship of
the idols. Of course you have a sneaking
realization of the fact that you are allowing
your critical judgment to go napping, but you
resent being mixed up with any charge of
mere sobriety. You want to berate yourself;
you take a fierce pleasure in making firewood
of your beautifully carved idols, as did Jean-
Christophe himself during his "Revolt” with
the hallowed idols of musical tradition. You
have found a real man where you hoped only
to make the acquaintance of an artist—you
had not experienced a similar misadventure
since parting company with Tolstoy—and are
so intoxicated with the find that the mere
artistry of the rest seems rather an imperti-
nence.
This feeling that Rolland gives us in "Jean-
Christophe" is as unique as it is simple and
direct. To enjoy an imaginative work of un-
usually sustained conception with sheer æs-
thetic delight and at the end of it all to exalt
the man that animates the artist above the
artist himself—in few monuments of litera-
ture are we impelled to this. It is not an ac-
cident that Rolland has written a “Life of
Tolstoy.” Tolstoy and he are kindred spirits.
But whereas in Tolstoy the love of humanity
is tinctured on the one hand by a stern, impa-
tient indictment of the causers of misery, on
the other by a mystical idealization of the
poor and the humble of spirit, Rolland's love
of humanity has never anything intemperate
or maudlin about it. It is shot through with
a sublime reasonableness, a truly Gallic clar-
ity of vision, a temper ever controlled by an
irony now censorious, now playful, now
tinged with pathos.
Irony is the quality we always look for in
a great French writer; its forms are protean.
Anatole France and Maupassant are perhaps
the virtuosos of modern French irony, and it
is instructive to contrast their use of it with
that of Rolland. The writer of “Le Crime
de Sylvestre Bonnard," "L'Isle des Pin-
gouins,” “Thaïs,” and “Les Dieux ont Soif”
runs through a considerably nuanced gamut
of ironies, from the ineffably tender to the
savage. But in all these nuances I find the
same essential hopelessness, the same stoically
pessimistic stare into the fathomless void; the
gentle smile and the savage leer are strangely
akin. There is no malice in this irony of
Anatole France, but it does not brace you; it
teaches you indifference. As for Maupassant,
who can be misled by his polish of phrase and
anecdotal finish of structure into blindness
to the snarl, the aggressive or inhibited con-
tempt of his irony! Some day it will be pos-
sible in our critical analyses to express these
and other types of irony in terms of sex sub-
limation. Even now one can more than guess
the sadistic strain in Maupassant's irony.
Rolland is clearly more normal, more buoyant.
His irony, though plentiful enough, is the
sauce of the discourse, never the meat. It
frankly rebukes the hero with a slap on the
shoulder or slyly nudges the reader at the
expense of Rolland's creations, but it never
stands in the way of your faith. It does not


424
(May 17
THE DIAL
poison idealism with its ridicule; on the con In speaking of Rolland's patience in de-
trary, it encourages it by clearing the atmos- picting life as it is, I am far from wishing to
phere. Irony is by no means the essence of imply that he
imply that he is one of the item-listing tribe
Rolland's art, but it is on that account all the begotten of Zola. Those who delight in min-
more symptomatic of his spirit.
iature accuracy stained in plenty of local
I have said that Rolland's love of human color will find him a decidedly impatient
ity is neither intemperate nor maudlin. His craftsman. The atmosphere of locality and
idealism does not crane its neck cloudward, outward circumstance is deftly enough cre-
leaving the actual world of men and women ated where Rolland so wills it, but it is truly
shivering at its feet; nor does it hug the world remarkable how little of it either he or his
with a sloppy sentimentalism.
There are
reader wills in the course of the huge epic.
many passages of “Jean-Christophe” that in “Jean-Christophe” is preëminently a study of
their clean, fervid idealism are anticipatory human hearts, of human hearts lovingly and
of the essays in “Au-dessus de la Mêlée,” but patiently disclosed. The more uninteresting
these are precisely not the passages that seem to external gaze, the less dramatic his man
to me to be most convincingly indicative of or woman, the more warmly glows Rolland's
Rolland's intense humanity. There can be heart as he draws the picture. I know of no
no doubt in them of his sincerity. They are characters in fiction that seem so tenuous in
eloquent. Moreover, Rolland's instinctive outline, so devoid of content, as some of those
good taste and humor prevent him from fall that he lures us with—irresistibly. Charcoal
ing into any semblance of the dreary twaddle sketches that pulse with warmth.
that disfigures so much of, say, "The Kingdom Think of Louisa, the mother of Jean-
of God is within you.” For all that, he is Christophe. Now Louisa is one of those good,
not at his best when frankly and rhetorically patient, ignorant women that we would prob-
idealistic. I get an uncomfortable feeling of ably not waste more than a moment's thought
whipping myself on and of marching at the on if we knew them in the world we live in.
head of columns. The truth is that Rolland Mothers of heroes are not generally interest-
is so human in his narrative and analysis of ing, still less so, good mothers. Why, then,
character that one wonders why his humanity do we love Louisa! And think of the magic
yearned to express itself in more abstract of the good, serene old Gottfried, the brother
form as well. We are reminded that the art of Louisa. If I were to give you a brief sum-
ist, like every other human being, mistrusts mary of what he is and thinks and does,-
his strongest weapon. The loftiest idealism what little he does, you would yawn ap-
rays out, by some mysterious process of im- prehensively with fear of the oppressive dul-
plication, from Rolland's handling of the most ness of the good. But Gottfried is sturdy for
vulgar and commonplace scenes and char all his humility and goodness. You look him
acters. His, or his hero's, "impure” impulses in the eye, and somehow you begin to feel
are somehow cleaner than the rectitude of very small. A Tolstoyan conception-a Ger-
others.
man version of Artzibasheff's Ivan Lande,
only far more lovable. Schulz, the obscure
What is the secret of this intense humanity only far more lovable.
music-lover who reveals Jean-Christophe to
of Rolland's art? The answer may not be
easy to give. Or let us say rather that it is
himself, is an even greater favorite of mine.
There is absolutely nothing to relieve his
too easy to give, that it seems trivial. Rolland
unabashed goodness; by all the canons of
loves humanity so well that he has the pa-
modern realistic art he should inspire nothing
tience and the audacity to see life as it is.
but disgust. Again Rolland fools you. You
Many idealists love humanity, provided we
may be heroically cynical in real life, but in
allow them to define it as an adumbration of
the land of “Jean-Christophe” you can no
themselves, their own personal virtues and
more escape hugging the old man to your
desires, projected into a future. They love
heart than an iron bar can help leaping to
the vision. Rolland loves the vision, too, but
the magnet. And what shall we say of Sabine,
meanwhile he also loves the poor flesh and the lovely silent, pensive, dainty-footed
blood that will one day make the vision in Sabine, one of those pathetic girls (she is a
carnate. He has the true artist's respect for widow, but her youth entitles her to the priv-
his material.
ilege of girlhood) who are made to live a


1917)
425
THE DIAL
sweet, lingering life only to die and make besides are our very selves, actual or imagined.
us grieve? She, at least, is not so very Everywhere a few strokes of the pen, and a
"good"; she comes within a hair's breadth of warm, luminous individuality stands close to
yielding to temptation, of depriving Jean us. Nowhere a complication of plot or a stage
Christophe of his youthful innocence. "Good,” overcrowded with characters, but always the
you say as you rub your hands, “Rolland has surge of life-loving, hating, aspiring.
some consideration for us, after all.” But I And through it all unfolds the soul of Jean-
warn you that Sabine is endlessly good in Christophe himself, the musical genius,
spite of, or because of, or quite apart from it Beethoven reincarnated in the present. No
all—it doesn't really matter what view you greater error can be committed than to assert
take of it. For Rolland knows what we all with P. Seippel (“Romain Rolland, l'Homme
dimly know but what only one in a thousand et l'Euvre") that “Jean-Christophe" is not
will admit (woe to morality if we gave way!)
for those who do not love music. Those who
—that men and women are not good and bad love music will drink deepest in the joys of
by virtue of what they do, but by virtue of Rolland's epic, but, aside from certain pages
what they are. Oh, sweet heresy! Once we of musical criticism in “La Foire sur la
have it flashed upon us, who can rob us of it? Place” (æsthetically the weakest volume of
At least in Ada, the vulgar wench, have we the series, though thoroughly absorbing),
not an unlovable bit of humanity! No. I, there is little that requires more than a bare
at least, like her, or perhaps I like her only tolerance of music, if tolerance is all the
because Jean-Christophe loves her for a spell. reader can sincerely give. The passionate,
It would be safer to say that I like her because striving temperament of the hero carries all
Rolland will have it so— -Rolland, who, for all before it. What matters it whether we cau
I know, detests her.
enter into the technicalities of his musical
Nowhere is the mystery of Rolland's human career? Such a sum of life-force, of unswerv-
art more subtly shown than in Antoinette, the ingly sincere living and yearning, needs no
heroine of the volume that bears her name. label to make it real. Jean-Christophe is ting-
Antoinette is made to be loved and to love, ling flesh and blood at every step-in his
but it is her destiny to sublimate all her pas sufferings and joys, in his triumph and de-
sion, all her instincts, into the spirit of end- feat, in his tempestuous youth and serene old
less self-sacrifice. As she toils and scrimps
As she toils and scrimps age. But he is also a symbol of absolute sin-
and suffers to give her weak, neurotic brother cerity in life and art; and herein Rolland has
entry into the larger life, she brushes against attempted a herculean task—to merge the
the world's muck, but her inner self seems humanly real, pitfalls and all, with the ideal.
ever to move apart in a cloistered garden In the first four volumes and in “Le Buisson
scented with the fragrance of rare flowers. It Ardent,” Rolland has eminently succeeded.
is impossible to convey in a few words a sense Elsewhere Jean-Christophe seems often on the
of the peculiar loveliness of this adorable girl. point of dissolving into an ideal abstraction,
There are other pure maidens in literature into the passive carrier of Rolland's æsthetic
who compel adoration, but few, if any, haunt and humanitarian message. At such times he
us with so tender, so poignant a feeling of is all force and light-and colorless. I would
frustration. She is our mingled yearning and give much if Rolland could have induced him-
self-pity objectified into beauty. Hence she self to dispense with the critical discussions
is, at one and the same time remote from and of French music, literature, and life that
inexpressibly near to us.
make up so much of “La Foire sur la Place”
Wherever we turn in “Jean-Christophe,” and “Dans la Maison.” I would he had saved
we are confronted by some cranny of our them for another setting, for we cannot afford
soul. The cheap coquetry of Colette, the vol to miss them.
canic and moody passion of Françoise, the Jean-Christophe is the impulsive, creative,
dark, flaming soul of Emmanuel, the seething, universal side of Rolland's temperament. But
ice-girt passion of Anna, the wistful wayward there is also a reflective, critical, ironical side
ness of Jacqueline, the gentle Goethean seren that needed expression, a subtler, more char-
ity of Grazia Buontempi (is not the melody of acteristically Gallic spirit. Olivier Jeannin
the name a symbol ?), the youthful egotism of is the friend and counterfoil of Christophe.
Aurora and Georges in love these and much He represents the purest ideals of French art


426
[May 17
THE DIAL
and thought, but, Hamlet-like, he is crippled
by his doubts and scruples. I get a curious
feeling that Rolland has left him a torso, that
he has incorporated in him certain more in-
timate elements of his own personality but
has not been able to clothe him in all the flesh
and blood he had originally intended. Rolland
fights shy of something. He wraps Olivier in
a wistful haze that even his bosom friend
Christophe cannot altogether penetrate.
times the symbolic wins the upper hand over
the human. And Olivier cannot hold Jacque-
line's love.
I mentioned Rolland's audacity. Many
artists have sought evil in their heroes and
heroines and set it by the side of their good.
Many have pictured the waywardness of fate
with a detached wonder. But they generally
put a “but” between the good and the evil,
between the ideal and the actual. Rolland's
audacity leads him, and with unerring psy-
chologic instinct, to put an "and" between
them. Jean-Christophe lives with the com-
mon-souled Ada. There is no conflict in his
soul; he merely breaks off all relations in a
moment of revulsion. Olivier's friendship
for Christophe is of the very warmest. When
Olivier marries, he drifts away from his
friend with a strange rapidity. Emmanuel
hates Christophe. And his love for Chris-
tophe is the same emotional current, differ-
ently colored. Jacqueline loves her son to
distraction, but she suddenly loses interest in
him. If you have been fed up on the rela-
tively conventional psychology of most real-
ists, you may not feel altogether at home in
some of Rolland's arbitrary-looking conflicts
of will. By and by you realize that you are
not asked to fit the patterns that you have
brought with you. You are walking in the
strange path of life and had better see and
be silent.
Of the style, of the thousand and one ob-
servations on life, nationality, art, and pol-
itics, of the structure of the work, of its
æsthetic and ethical ideals of these and other
aspects of "Jean-Christophe" I shall say
nothing. The virile and loving human note
vibrating from end to end of the great prose
epic is its strongest bid for immortality. If
critics grant Franch letters light but deny it
warmth, let them be silenced by "Jean-Chris-
tophe.”
EDWARD SAPIR.
Poetry from the Trenches
War poetry written by “civilians” is de-
testable stuff—vague, would-be heroic rhet-
oric, vast sentimentalities about situations
whereof the poet is utterly ignorant. The
present war has produced only too much of
this crapulous imbecility, this hysterical
hypocrisy; but also it has produced a little,
just a very little fine gold from those who
have endured the sensations they try to inter-
pret in their poetry. And this poetry comes
from men who are just “common soldiers,”
for in this war for the first time perhaps in
history the common soldier has become ar-
ticulate.
Historians and poets of the last two cen-
turies invariably looked at war from the
standpoint of the general staff; the ordinary
soldier existed merely to "perform prodigies
of valor" or to die, resisting to the last. Sol-
diers still do this and more, but for the first
time we are hearing something of the feelings
and thoughts of these anonymous thousands
upon whom falls so much of the burden of
warfare. We read in our histories and novels
of what Ney did, of what maneuvres Napoleon
used, of Picton's charge at Waterloo ; Gibbon
expatiates at length on the heroic conduct of
Trajan and censures every emperor who was
not a marauding freebooter. But what does
Gibbon know or care about the Roman legion-
ary! What do the historians really tell us
about the soldiers of Wellington and Bona-
parte? Practically nothing, save a few lauda-
tive generalities.
And so the poems in Frederic Manning's
“Eidola,” the poems which come out of his
days and nights in the trenches, are poig.
nantly interesting, the cries and consolations
of a tortured soul. We read these poems with
flushed cheeks and pity and admiration, pity
for the utter stupidity of mankind which has
created such a hell, and admiration for a soul
in hell, which yet does not forget God and
beauty and love.
O God of sorrows,
Whose feet come softly thro' the dews,
Stoop thou unto us
For we die so thou livest,
Our hearts the cups of thy vintage.
And the lips of no man uttereth love,
Suffering even for love's sake.
And so we leave Mr. Manning's vicariously
heroic patriotic verse and his delicately turned
love lyrics to read again and again the pas-
sionate and ironic and bitter things he has to
tell us about reality, about real war.
Not
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1917]
427
THE DIAL
that imagination has left him; the poet who In speaking of these poems one feels a sort
sang so exquisitely of Persephone and De of incoherence, a desire to go somewhere alone
meter has not forgotten them-remembering and weep. Praise is indeed somewhat of an
beauty even in hell. He praises Aphrodite
He praises Aphrodite impertinence in these matters, for praise or
of the golden cymbals :
blame can now matter very little to Mr. Man-
ning. And from this feeling also one refrains
Roaring our songs in estaminets
With our hands hungry for life again.
from any technical criticism, even from utter-
And when the transport wagons pass him on
ing a whoop of joy that so delicate a scholar
and so sincere a poet has been converted to
the moonlit road they are beautiful to him
vers libre. For the present one only desires
“as the horses of Hippolytus carven on some that people who love poetry should read Mr.
antique frieze."
Manning's book; presently, when one feels
In the shell-reft Bois de Mametz he remem-
less poignantly and ardently about these
bers Demeter and her delicate daughter: things, there may be a time for calm apprecia-
Men have marred thee, O Mother:
tion and reflective criticism.
Autumn hath now no tawny and gilded leaves;
RICHARD ALDINGTON.
Nor murmuring among sleepy boughs;
But stark and writhen as a woman ravished,
With twisted, tortured limbs,
Are Mametz woods.
COMMUNICATIONS
Hath not thy child, Persephone, tall men,
HISTORIANS AND THE WAR.
Yea, even all the children of the earth,
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Bringing her tribute ?
But the reapers sing not in thy wheat-fields: On April 29 and 30, some fifteen teachers and
Tall sheaves wait ungarnered,
writers of history met in Washington to con-
Though swallows are shrilling in the skies. sider the problem of what they and their fellows
I, too, mar beauty by tearing out pieces of
can do for the country in time of war. After
thorough discussion, it was decided to choose a
these poems, though even these fragments
small body of men to be known as a National
should prove that Mr. Manning has produced
Board for Historical Service, to have its head-
poetry here which is stern and true yet beau quarters at Washington, and to be charged with
tiful. Let anyone read “The Choosers" or the duty of helping to bring into useful opera-
“The Sign” or “The Trenches" and remain tion, in the present emergency, the intelligence
unmoved if he can. For we have now some-
and skill of the historical workers of the country.
thing which is a touchstone to prove what
The board is an entirely voluntary and unofficial
organization, but it hopes to elicit the coöperation
dross are the works which hitherto have passed
of all interested persons and to secure from them
as expressive of men's souls in this new, mon advice and suggestion. While not presuming the
strous torture.
slightest authority or any right to direct or to com-
There is irony and perhaps a little satire mandeer the historians or the students of history,
here and there; the poet is not afraid of truth.
it believes that it will be able to suggest plans
He can tell us how the rats run over the
of work, and possibly even of organization, to
workers in various localities. At all events, a
maimed, dislocated corpses and fragments of
central exchange for collecting ideas and furnish-
corpses ; how, “naked as Greeks,” the soldiers ing information can scarcely fail to be of consid-
are "killing the lice” in their shirts; and in
erable value. The board is composed of the
“Grotesques" he has rendered the ghastly dis- following persons: Victor S. Clark, Robert D. W.
comfort of a noisy, smoky billet:
Connor, Carl R. Fish, Charles D. Hazen, Charles
We,
H. Hull, Gaillard Hunt, Waldo G. Leland, James
Sitting with streaming eyes in the acrid smoke,
T. Shotwell, and Frederick J. Turner. The ad-
That murks our foul damp billet,
dress of the secretary, Mr. Leland, is 133 Wood-
Chant, bitterly with raucous voices
ward Building, Washington, D. C.
As a choir of frogs
At first sight it may not appear very evident
In hideous irony, our patriotic songs.
that men whose labors are devoted to past events
And yet in another poem :
can be of much service in a task like that now
confronting us. But at the very least the gov-
I would sing thy face
ernment ought to be informed that there is a
Sitting here in the firelight;
Mid the senseless noise of guns
large number of trained men anxious and willing
Comes it as a flower between the flames.
to do anything which their training fits them for.
It is not impossible that the government will call
Perhaps it would not be a bad thing for the
to its service historical experts; they may be asked
world generally if it sang a few less of its
to furnish information and possibly advice, and
“patriotic songs” and a few more of Mr. Man-
they may thus help in solving the complicated
ning's and his like-if there be any.
problems lying beneath the war and the peace


428
[May 17
THE DIAL
which will come some time. If the government war must establish some grounds of hope for a
does not require such assistance, at least the his lasting peace; we shall have little patience with a
torians will be ready to do what they can, and patched-up truce such as has come from peace
even to stand and wait may be also to serve. congresses in the past, which were chiefly engaged
Moreover, those historical workers who are thor in satisfying territorial claims or recognizing the
oughly convinced that the war is just may well use influence and august authorities of princelings.
their knowledge and their skill in writing and And if any prospects of decent and reliable human
speaking to keep the people informed and to help intercourse lie before the nations of the world, all
in creating what they believe is a sound and whole of us can help to make the prospect more real by
some public opinion; even those of us who have keeping clear and clean our national and our
kept pace with the war's passing phases and have humane desire for friendliness and honesty, and by
watched the United States being gradually drawn making clear, also, the historical basis of the con-
in, need occasional refreshment of our memories flict and the forces which have caused us to throw
and are aided by exposition. If the United States ourselves into the combat.
make no entangling promises to the allied nations,
ANDREW CUNNINGHAM MCLAUGHLIN.
we shall all need, nevertheless, some knowledge of
Chicago, II., May 9, 1917.
the historical background of a score and more of
problems which are to perplex the treaty-makers
when the day of peace comes.
How many of us
STANDARDS.
know properly the historical background of the
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Alsace-Lorraine problem, of the Balkan problem The quest of standards has been occupying Mr.
in its manifold divisions, of the Polish problem, Brownell of late, in the pages of “Scribner's.
of the Turkish problem, and many others which Obviously standards are singularly elusive; one
we should know if we are to be an internationally is left to infer that they are on the point of
minded people? How many of us could trace extinction. The new generation--our energetic
the checkered career of even the Monroe doctrine? generation-fills Mr. Brownell with dismay: it is
Those who know the use which has been made in
iconoclastic, undisciplined, self-regarding, violent;
England of the knowledge of the historians, will
it is given to discussing the weightiest and most
of course readily see what duties lie before their
intimate of subjects quite casually, even in print.
brethren in America.
Nothing is sacrosanct to those who are devoid of
The historical student and worker, even if not
prepared to write one of the many pamphlets formity to standards crystallized from formulæ
taste, taste being, in Mr. Brownell's view, “con-
or small popular books, which will probably be
already worked out." Mr. Brownell has formed
produced on some coöperative basis, can do some-
himself on the French tradition; he loves above
Thing for the historians of the future by gathering
all smoothness and neatness; he is on the side of
material and thus helping to bring together the
documents which will enable later workers to un-
order and discipline. He has no difficulty in see-
derstand the activity and the psychology of the
ing the peculiar excellence of Mrs. Wharton's
American people in the trying days that are now
work. That work is all very well of course so far
Assist-
just gone and in those that lie before us.
it
goes, but why shouldn't it have occurred to so
ance of this character may be given to libraries alert a mind as Mr. Brownell's to ask whether it
and historical societies. Women's clubs and sim really goes far enough? His indictment of the
ilar bodies can be aided by bibliographical refer moderns would look a great deal more impressive,
ence-lists and by lectures. In short, it is a plain I think, if he had proved, or at least tried to prove,
duty of the historical worker, even though engaged that the standards he admires are adequate. As
in nothing that might by some be stigmatized as a matter of fact, our life has changed considerably
propaganda, to help in quickening the intelligence of late in political and industrial organization, and
of the people and in furnishing them with reliable
it is only natural to expect literature to reflect that
facts. Perhaps few of us are able entirely to
change. Only the most superficial view certainly
disentangle our scientific historical fibres from
would expect to see no change in standards, and no
our swelling patriotic muscles, but most of us can
one would accuse Mr. Brownell of being super-
try. To instruct a people in the way they should
go is a dangerous task; to no one does it seem more
ficial. But there is no denying that he is rather
out of touch with the life about him he seems to
dangerous than to a believer in democracy who has
studied the facts lying behind the European war;
dislike it cordially — and his view is cloistered and
but this war must be fought out in our own in-
partial. A great many young Americans feel that
there is falseness as well as shallowness in some of
telligences as well as on the field of battle, and
to drift along without discussion and contempla-
Mr. Brownell's standards; they are heartily tired
tion, satisfying ourselves with only the knowledge
of drawing-room elegance; and some of them are
that money is being spent and blood spilt, is to tired of French neatness, too. The Russian tradi-
surrender the principles and the functions of tion seems to many of these younger men to offer
democracy itself. There will be enough sạid and a truer and a deeper way of expression, as well as
written by those that have not studied; so the
an infinitely fresher one. For Russian power and
ruminations of even those who have considered and sincerity they would not be willing to trade any
are accustomed to deal with historical movements amount of smoothness and neatness.
may not be amiss. Most of us believe that this Chicago, May 9, 1917. EDWARD HURST.
as
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429
THE DIAL
The Background of the Russian ceived in liberty. It is this need which the
Revolution
two books before us will help to fill. Korn-
ilov's history and Mr. Walling's animated
account of revolutionary strivings depict the
MODERN RUSSIAN HISTORY. By Alexander
historic and social antecedents of the present
Kornilov. Translated from the Russian by
Alexander S. Kaun. Two vols.
(Alfred A. events in Russia in a manner to give substance
Knopf; $5.)
and actuality to our vague and incomplete
RUSSIA'S MESSAGE. By William English Wall idea of the Russian Revolution. They .rep-
ing. (Alfred A. Knopf; $1.50.)
resent the tide of liberal opinion rising slowly
With war,-revolution. It is in this way but with ever-gathering force in the attempt
that events have shaped themselves in Russia. to batter down the iron wall of the bureau-
The Russo-Turkish War resulted in the aboli cracy. The narratives do not, of course, in-
tion of serfdom (1861); the Russo-Japanese clude the most recent developments, but they
War brought popular uprisings and strikes never fail to meet the broader, more general
and—a Constitution (1905). And now, with expectations of readers keenly alive to the new
the European War, has come the birth of significance of Russia in the light of present
Russian democracy. In the decade that fol events.
lowed the Constitutional Manifesto of 1905, Kornilov's "History of Modern Russia” is
the bureaucratic tyrants of Russia strove to an outstanding work. Taking as its basis the
emasculate the national Duma of all power, best studies of Russian social and political
and practically succeeded in nullifying the development,-Kluchevsky's “Survey of Rus-
Constitution. The government came back; sian History” and Miliukov's “History of
reaction was again the order of the day, and Russian Culture,”—it is a lucid, dispassionate,
once more the intellectuals of Russia had to
discreetly documented and thoroughly reliable
resume the bitter struggle against a political
survey of the history of Russia in the nine-
system that reached every phase of the na teenth century. The translation was capably
tional life and left everywhere its baneful, done by Mr. Kaun, who continues the illumi-
deadening influence. At the opening of the nating narrative in a series of excellent chap-
European War the world was presented with
ters on the reign of Nicholas II. Kornilov’s
the strange spectacle of the foremost autoc viewpoint is best expressed in his own words:
racy of Europe fighting in alliance with two “For the historian, the subject of history is
great democracies. To many republicans always man, human society, people." He
there was something disquieting and even sin proceeds to give a well-knit account of the
ister in this alliance; but those who were far development of culture and socio-political life
sighted and optimistic saw most buoyant in Russia. The clash of economic and polit-
possibilities in the new alignment. They knew ical forces, the unrelenting struggle of liberal
that autocracy could thrive only in isolation; ideas to humanize an autocratic state,—these
it could not survive such a union. And to things, and not battles and biographies, are
day their hopes have been realized in the the theme of the social historian, Kornilov.
birth of a new Russia.
Mr. Walling's unsparing arraignment of
The news of the Russian Revolution came the dark forces in Russia, originally published
with such startling suddenness that, to many in 1908, is now reissued with some unaccount-
in America, it seemed as if freedom, full able omissions and the complete disappearance
formed, had been born overnight. For the mo of the index, as well as of a number of illus-
ment, in the great rejoicing over the miracle, trations. But in any form, Mr. Walling's
the bitter memory of old Russia was forgot- book commands attention. It offers more
ten, and the slow, agonizing years of struggle than a candid and fervent exposure of the
for political liberty were cancelled. Per sufferings of the Russian masses: peasants,
haps it is not always well to keep alive in the proletarians, intelligentsia, and subject na-
heart the hatred for evils that, with the new tionalities. It shows also the liberating forces
dawn, become like the insubstantial dreams of at work to bring the new day and to make
a faded and troubled night. But the mind clear Russia's message to the world. When
rejects the reality of new creations until it has he wrote this book, Mr. Walling had no pa-
compassed them and sought out all their tience with half-way measures for reform in
relations. We must know old Russia to grasp Russia. As an ardent radical he decries, for
the new. Without this knowledge of the past example, Miliukov's policy of compromise,
we can neither comprehend the momentous of watchful waiting. For a long time Mil-
change that has come over Russia in our own iukov was distrusted by many of the socialists
day, nor interpret the problems which, in the of Russia. They feared that he was a con-
future, will confront that country newly con firmed parliamentarian and, while altogether


430
[May 17
THE DIAL
unselfish, a political trimmer who had proved the people would inherit their land. Neither
unfaithful to the promise of his early radical a change of dynasty nor a political upheaval
ism. They could have no sympathy with the would suffice. It is not surprising, therefore,
transformation of a virgin theorist into a that the radical elements of Russia regard the
shrewd, level-headed, practical leader of a bal recent revolution with lukewarm sentiments
anced and enlightened progressivism. But and not too fervent spirits. Engineered by
events have proved the wisdom of Miliukov's a coalition of the moderate and progressive
methods.
elements in the Duma, the political shift of
The course of Russian history was fun March, 1917, is only a faint fulfilment of the
damentally determined by very palpable high hopes of the Russian revolutionists. But
forces, so that its stages are clearly marked. the far-sighted among them realize that the
There was, first of all, the necessity of con downfall of the autocracy has made it possible
quering the whole of the vast Russian plain to take up the Herculean task of shaping the
that extends in an almost unbroken sweep destinies of Russia after the pattern of their
from the western frontiers across Eastern communistic design. It is said that Napoleon
Europe and Western Asia. The first period, once uttered the cryptic prophecy : “The
then, is one of conquest, of a slow, obstinate, whole of Europe will be either Cossack or
bitterly contended diffusion over the seem Republican.” Should Russia succeed in
ingly illimitable stretches. And when all but building a socialized republic,—with commu-
the outlying portions of the great plain were nistic management of its vast areas and na-
conquered, there came the equally grim ne tional ownership of the tremendous resources
cessity of uniting the broad territories into soon to be uncovered,—then the whole of Eu-
one nation. The unremitting efforts to keep rope may yet be Cossack-but not in Napo-
the enormous structure from disintegrating, leon's sense of the word.
from falling back into its component parts,
LOUIS S. FRIEDLAND.
resulted in a relentless autocracy. Because
of these facts, there never existed in Russia
an equilibrium between the growth of the
Empire and internal development. Social and
Our Japanese Problem
political organization had to wait until the
THE JAPANESE INVASION: a Study in the Psy-
whole of the vast plain was brought under the
chology of Inter-Racial Contacts. By Jesse
rule of one Tsar. For the purpose of secur Frederick Steiner. (A. C. McClurg & Co.; $1.25.)
ing outward adhesion, Peter the Great de THE MENACE OF JAPAN. By Frederick McCor-
vised, after a foreign model, the complex
mick. (Little, Brown & Co.; $2.)
structure of the bureaucratic machine.
The most unsatisfactory aspect of the in-
Throughout three centuries Russia was held ternational position of the United States in
in the rivets of a complicated and fearfully
the decade preceding the outbreak of the
elaborate organization, highly efficient on
world war in 1914 was the tension with Japan.
Prior to 1905 relations between the Jap-
paper, but completely incapable of coping
with great national crises. The bureaucracy ally cordial. The part taken by the United
anese and American peoples were exception-
was never adjusted to native conditions; its
States in bringing the island empire into in-
efficiency lay in its repressive power. The
tercourse with the world was freely acknowl-
next stage of Russian history dates from the
edged; her liberal attitude as to indemnities,
beginning of the conscious attempt to divest
tariff, and extraterritoriality was gratefully
the body politic of this stifling and bureau-
remembered. The Empire's commercial re-
cratic autocracy. Here was a necessity with lations were closer with the United States
which Peter the Great had not reckoned. The
than with any European country. In the
recognition of this need ushered in a period Russo-Japanese conflict of 1904-05 the sym-
of relentless struggle for constitutional lib pathy of the American people was clearly on
erty.
the Japanese side.
The revolutionary strivings of the Russian New circumstances after the Peace of
intelligentsia were influenced to a marked ex Portsmouth, however, placed this tradition
tent by the economic and social philosophy of friendliness in jeopardy. The Japanese
of the West. But it was not long before Rus- bearing of self-confidence, while easily ex-
sian radicalism assumed a peculiarly national plicable, was sometimes offensive, and tended
complexion. The attempt was to reconcile to cool American enthusiasm. Repeated
Western socialism with the Russian form of manifestations of aggressive disposition in
communism-one which looked to the ultimate China created distrust. Growing rivalry for
founding of a socialized republic under which trade advantages in the Pacific helped to cause


1917)
431
THE DIAL
а
alienation. Most serious of all, the rights of the seriousness of the situation, not after the
Japanese immigrants in the Pacific coast manner of an alarmist, but by a sober analy-
states were brought into serious controversy sis of the psychological factors that are in-
-first by local acts intended to exclude Ori volved. His essential contention is that, after
entals from the common schools, and later by all temporary means of evasion and postpone-
state-wide measures designed to keep them ment have been exhausted, the United States
from becoming owners of land.
must face two alternatives about equally dis-
These discriminatory measures were agreeable. Either she must definitely exclude
prompted by the rapid increase of Japanese the Japanese and incur the wrath of a proud
immigration. In 1900 there were in the coast and warlike people, or she must admit them
states only some eighteen thousand persons and resign herself to the presence of a mass
of Japanese descent. But about 1903 a heavy of inhabitants who are būt partially assim-
influx set in. Laborers, shopkeepers, and ilable.
even capitalists came by the thousands, until The most valuable portions of Mr. Steiner's
the Far West seemed in danger of being sad book are chapters discussing the attitude in
dled with a race problem comparable with various sections of the United States toward
that which vexes the South. Led by organ Japanese residents, the reaction of the Jap-
ized labor, the people set up loud demand anese to American economic conditions, the
for relief. In 1907 a tentative settlement was organization and solidarity of Japanese im-
reached in “gentleman's agreement,"
agreement,” migrants, and the problem of intermarriage.
whereby the Tokio authorities promised to It is pointed out that the readjustments which
withhold passports from laborers bound for Japanese in this country are compelled to
the United States. Within two years the make are far greater than those which are
number of Japanese entering the country was expected of Americans who go to the Orient.
reduced to one-tenth of its former propor Even missionaries or merchants who reside
tions; and in 1911 the Japanese government
in the Orient for decades are regarded as
signified its intention to maintain the new foreigners, and there is no effort to compel
policy. So far as actual Japanese immigra them to denationalize themselves. Japanese
tion was concerned, there ceased to be a “Jap- immigrants, on the contrary, are under the
anese problem.”
necessity of conforming to American stand-
A real problem, none the less, remained. ards because they are competitors in our
For at bottom the matter in controversy economic life. “To the extent that they live
was nothing less than the right of subjects of in their own groups and retain their native
the Mikado to migrate to the Pacific coast customs, they are not only criticized, but their
states and there to enjoy the same opportu economic opportunities are lessened. In order
nities and privileges that are enjoyed under to succeed they must make themselves as much
similar circumstances by immigrants from like Americans as possible.” But this raises
other civilized countries. For the time being, grave difficulty, because the Japanese and
and by a purely informal arrangement,
American traits and aptitudes, if not actually
Japan had agreed to use her official influence incompatible, are widely divergent; and the
to prevent the settlement of her subjects on
lower classes, which furnish most of the emi-
American soil. But the agreement was re-
grants, are the least fitted to make the neces-
vocable at any time, and she had in no wise
sary adjustment. The conclusion is that while
assented to any legislation or policy stigma-
the conditions of economic life require sub-
stantial assimilation of Japanese immigrants,
tizing the Japanese as an inferior, or even a
such assimilation is practically impossible. A
“different,” people.
brief discussion of the problem of intermar-
Fundamentally, the issue between the two
riage shows further how great are the ob-
countries is economic; that is to say, it springs stacles.
from immigration, trade, and territorial in-
The first step toward a solution of the Jap-
terests which bring the powers in contact in anese problem, in Mr. Steiner's opinion, must
both eastern and western hemispheres. It be a willingness on the part of both Japanese
has also important racial and psychological and Americans to recognize frankly the racial
aspects, and it is these that are taken up in factors involved. The Japanese are not looked
Mr. Steiner's "The Japanese Invasion.” Mr. upon in the United States in the same way
Steiner writes from seven years' residence in as Europeans, and probably never will be,
Japan as a teacher in a mission college in because they are not Europeans and cannot
Sendai. He believes that the danger of be made such. Race prejudice can never be
armed conflict between the United States and wholly overcome. But it can be worn down
Japan is a real one, and he seeks to show by constant association under favorable con-


432
[May 17
THE DIAL
It would be that of the imposition of Japanese and
Asiatic colonization upon the shores of the Pacific
generally.
Mr. McCormick writes as one who sees all
things red. Many of his assertions are too
sweeping, and his conclusions are sometimes
palpably unsound. With due allowance for
journalistic dash and patriotic fervor, his
book can be read profitably. It contains a
good deal of interesting information on the
ins and outs of world diplomacy since the
Russo-Japanese war. It is, however, almost
wholly lacking in documentary citations, and
the careful student will often be uncertain
what to accept at face value and what to
discount.
FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG.
Racial Mythology
ditions. The author therefore urges that both
nations be made to see the importance of “a
strict limitation of the problem by bringing
about the mingling of the people of the East
and West only under circumstances most
favorable to a proper appreciation of each
other's essential character." The Japanese
must be made to appreciate the wisdom of
permitting only the best representatives of
their race to come to America. Americans,
on their part, must gradually rise above the
petty provincialism which makes them un-
willing to recognize true worth in men of dif-
ferent race. Solution on these lines, the
author freely admits, will be slow.
The United States has, in reality, two Jap-
anese problems. One-that of which Mr.
Steiner writes arises from Japanese immi-
gration, actual or threatened; the other
springs from the clash between the Open Door
policy of John Hay and Japanese ambitions
in China. It is of the latter that Mr. Mc-
Cormick writes in his “Menace of Japan.”
This book is, in effect, an excoriation of
American Far Eastern policy in the last six or
seven years, and especially since the inaugu-
ration of President Wilson in 1913. Mr.
Steiner pronounces our recent policy in the
Orient “half-hearted and irresolute." Mr.
McCormick heaps upon it every respectable
epithet of objurgation. The Wilson Admin-
istration, he asserts, was from the outset hope-
lessly provincial; and when, much too late,
it was aroused to the importance of happen-
ings in Europe and on the Atlantic, it per--
sisted in deliberately ignoring the Pacific,
where in reality all the great problems of the
future centre. The LaFollette Seamen's Act
swept the American merchant marine from
the western ocean; withdrawal of the United
States from the six-power loans to China
meant renunciation of guiding influence; un-
protesting acceptance of the altered situation
arising from the Japanese demands upon
China in 1915 was tantamount to an abdica-
tion of guardianship; the acme of weakness
was reached in the proposal to abandon the
Philippines.
Next to the United States herself, the na-
tion that will profit most by the present war,
says Mr. McCormick, is Japan; and the whole
burden of the book is that the cardinal fea-
ture of future world politics will be the con-
flict of these two powers.
Our only line of escape from worse sacrifices, hu-
miliations, and dishonors is to rout Japan from the
position of her monstrous assumptions as the monitor
of China and the nations in East Asia. If, after
ignoring the loss of our rights in China, the present
American policy of drifting should continue, Japan's
great reason for war against us would not be China.
THE PASSING OF A GREAT RACE, or The Racial
Basis of European History. By Madison Grant.
(Charles Scribner's Sons; $2.)
There arose in Germany after the Franco-
Prussian War a hypothesis concerning civil-
ization which had its ostensible beginning in
Gobineau and its actual beginnings in the
central egotism which animates individuals
and groups alike. Gobineau was at great
pains to exhibit the existence of inequalities
among the races of men. His exhibition was
salutary in view of the confusion of external
equality, which was what the democratic pro-
gramme demanded in Europe, with internal
similarity, which is an impossible absurdity.
From the conception of the inequalities in the
human race to the conception that one's own
race is a superior race, the step is easy and
unconscious. And when one's own race hap-
pens to be organized in a state that hereto-
fore had been a negligible factor in the
achievements of European civilization, and
that state emerges victorious in warfare and
begins and executes a programme of social
betterment, scientific investigation, military
organization, and economic development that
makes it soon a rival of the foremost of the
great states of Europe, it becomes very nat-
ural and simple to identify the race organ-
ized into such a state with the paragon of
mankind, the chosen people predestined by
divine providence to spread its light over the
whole world. This form of arrogance is not
new in the history of civilization: the Greeks
had it; the Jews had it; it was not lacking in
the mid-Victorian thinking of the English.
But it never attained the height of romantic
magniloquence that it had among the Ger-
mans.


1917]
433
THE DIAL
An amusing sociological romance by a ren An Idol of the Parnassians
egade Englishman named Houston Stewart
Chamberlain, under the title "The Founda EDGAR ALLAN POE. By Hanns Heinz Ewers.
tions of the Nineteenth Century,” divided the
(B. W. Huebsch; 60 cts.)
world into two classes—the things that he During the past generation a particular
liked, which he called good, and the things type of æsthete has made himself familiar in
that he disliked, which he called evil. All the the English-speaking world-a manifestation
things that he called good were attributed to just as likely to be American as British. Such
the Teutonic people, blond, tall, strong, whose
an individual selects some continental Euro-
Nordic ancestors had conquered the darker pean celebrity in the arts—one reasonably dis-
aborigines of Europe and endowed them with tant not only in point of space but in point of
all the excellences Europe possesses. The time and idealizes and emotionalizes him in
German emperor is said to have bought thirty
unstinted measure. The reverse process—a
thousand copies of this book and to have dis like treatment given an American by some
tributed them as widely as possible. I do not continental European-has not been common,
know whether it was one of the imperial
but it has been known: Whitman has been
copies that came to blond, blue-eyed Mr. magnified in Paris; Emerson has been cel-
Madison Grant, but his own book on the pas-
ebrated by the chief of Belgian mystics; and
sing of the great race echoes the absurdities now an enthusiastic young German has come
of Mr. Chamberlain.
to do as much for Poe.
Mr. Madison Grant, like Mr. Chamberlain, Herr Ewers is a Teutonic cosmopolite, and
feels that the excellences of civilization are
his book-a brief matter of fifty-five pages-
the effect of the operations of the Nordic
has been translated, with moderate success, by
peoples, the excellences of civilization being
Adèle Lewisohn, who represents her author
those things that Mr. Grant likes better than as Poe's most sympathetic interpreter: intel-
other things. He thinks also that the blonds lectual kinsmen, she calls them. Yet the
are disappearing from the world, and he ultimate advantage rests with Ewers, it -ap-
thinks it is a pity. Incidentally, his book pears; for he “has gone beyond Poe because
is full of statements which show that all the to him was revealed the mystery of sex,
great beginnings and the large achievements while to Poe “sex always was a sealed book.”
of European culture were made by the Alpine However, Poe's latest commentator and "wor-
and Mediterranean stocks. But that, of shipper” finds plenty of a cogent nature to
course, is irrelevant to the sentiment which say on other grounds.
animates the book, and which Mr. Henry Fair Herr Ewers sends forth his work from the
field Osborn, in a brief introduction, appears Alhambra. On his opening page the foun-
to share. The sentiment generates assump tains babble and the nightingales sing from
tions from which Mr. Grant draws a lesson for out the laurels. On his last page the night-
America. In these assumptions, he makes use ingales are still warbling; and through the
of a good deal of mythology concerning the intervening spaces the author himself sings-
competition of races, and he imagines that and sings rather “wildly well”—a somewhat
American blonds are going to be swamped by more than “mortal melody.” It is impas-
the darker immigrants. He thinks, on the
sioned; it is unboundedly generous.
It is
whole, that the superior is absorbed by the elegiac too.
inferior stock.
For Poe—such is his plaint-never knew
In any such mixture the surviving traits will be the Alhambra. This privilege was allowed
determined by competition between the lowest and Washington Irving, “that model of English
most primitive elements and the specialized traits of conventionality,” who was able to dream at
the Nordic man. His stature, his light-colored eyes,
his fair skin, his blond hair, his straight nose, his
will under the magic spell of the Alhambra
splendid fighting and moral qualities, will have little moonshine. What might not Poe have done
part in the resultant of the mixture. From in the same environment? And what did he
this point of view of race it were better described as do—what did he have to do-in bleak and
the “survival of the unfit.”
empty America ? He drank. The Dionysiac
Moral : Restrict immigration and compel
state which might have been reached so hap-
blonds to breed.
pily under one set of conditions had to be
The publisher's announcement heralds this
reached most unhappily and disastrously un-
stuff as an entirely new and original recast der another. Only thus could the poet, as he
ing of history on a purely scientific basis.
was situated, “create new art values.”
This may be so, but if it is, the science is so
What is the artist? The artist, says Herr
pure that it is altogether imperceptible.
Ewers, is the first explorer. The eternal land
H. M. KALLEN. of our longing lies dreamily before us in grey


434
[May 17
THE DIAL
misty clouds. There is no beauty, as Poe and was ever able to demonstrate with power
himself says, quoting Lord Bacon, without the high value of the inner rhythm of all
some strangeness; or, as glossed by Arthur poetry. Poe's well-known dissection of “The
Symons, some unexpectedness, some novelty. Raven” disconcerts his follower not at all.
The artist is the man whose tormenting de He had created "a work of art so clean, so
sires are so great that he “must emerge from finished, that he could risk such a step.” He
the realm which we know.” He enters first; could well afford to speak with "such candor"
then come the hordes of investigators and sur of literary labor, of the craftsman's work.
veyors—the “land registrars and rent col We may learn from Poe that “godlike intox-
lectors, as our author disdainfully calls ication alone does not create an absolute work
them. And what gives entrance?
The so-
of art,—that
the despised technique,
called poisons, narcotics, are as potent as other the reflection and polishing, the weighing and
means to lead us beyond the threshold of the filing, are quite as indispensable for its per-
unconscious. If one succeeds in getting a
fection.”
In consequence, “Poe's value as a
foothold in this other world, and has the poet has not at any time been greater than in
native capacity for profiting by a state of
our own."
ecstasy, he creates a new work of art, and is, Well, what is to be done? What force
in the noblest sense, an artist. And such, majeure will make the Anglo-Saxon world ac-
believes Herr Ewers, was Poe in excelsis. cept outside valuations of its poets against
Yet no intoxicant in the world, he goes on to its will? What power can make England feel
say, can develop in a man qualities which he and appraise Byron as the Continent feels
does not possess.
Thus “the Griswolds and and appraises him! What expenditure of
the Ingrams could take any amount of wine, worshipful eloquence will cause America to
could smoke any amount of opium, could eat value Poe as he is valued to-day by certain
any amount of hashish; nevertheless they critics of France and Germany! We know,
would be unable to create works of art." better than any foreigner can tell us, the
One wonders just where our author, in his shades of value involved in the moulding of
fiery zeal, would place certain other of Poe's English words into English sentences. We
American critics of the New England tradi know better than any outside enthusiast, rapt
tion, or near it; the eminent essayist who in art for art's sake, the value of the spiritual
called him the "jingle man"; the eminent pabulum available for us in a given career
novelist who spoke of his “very valueless and in its general message. We have our own
verses." But Herr Ewers ranges himself particular scent for the detrimental, for the
promptly with the European commentators: slightly meretricious. We do not exactly
with Arthur Symons, who calls Poe a genius warm to Herr Ewers when he declares himself
among various American talents—one who, happy in being a German, because “Ger-
because he was “fantastically inhuman, a con many's great men were permitted to be im-
scious artist doing strange things with strange moral—that is, not quite as moral as the good
materials," has failed to make many realize middle class and the priests”; or when he adds
how fine, how rare was the beauty which—an that the German knows that Goethe “was not
anticipator of Verlaine and of Mallarmé-he so very moral,” yet "does not take that fact
brought into the world ; and with Baudelaire, too much to heart." Nor do we quite rise
who said, when accused of imitating Poe: to our author when he announces that “later
Savez-vous pourquoi j'ai si patiemment traduit investigation" has rehabilitated Byron, so that
Poe? Parce qu'il me ressemblait. La première fois
he can now be accepted as "moral" and there-
que j'ai ouvert un livre de lui, j'ai vu avec épouvante
fore be read by the hypocritical English. Nor
et ravissement, non seulement des sujets rêvés par moi,
mais des phrases, pensées par moi, et écrites par lui,
do we relish his prophecy that Oscar Wilde
vingt ans auparavent.
will presently be put through the same
Again Poe the anticipator.
process.
Nor do we quite apprehend how
Yes, Poe reached the Dionysiae ecstasy
Poe's one personal failing, or weakness,
through wine and opium rather than through should cause him to be dragged so summarily
the melodious, moonlit gardens of the Al into Herr Ewers's improvised court of “moral-
hambra; yet all the same, says his present
Poe assuredly was, as our author him-
commentator, he knew very well what he was
self is made to declare, “a gentleman from
about. He retained full consciousness of the top to toe,” albeit a peculiarly unfortunate
nature of his "art brought forth by intoxica one; and we are not at all certain that this
tion”; he was always capable of emphasizing
new friend of his—whom, the more we linger
the meaning and the importance of technique;
on him, the less, on general grounds, we like
he kept a clear recognition of the Parnassian -has made the misfortune of our poet and
principles of art in their broadest meaning,
gentleman appreciably less.
HENRY B. FULLER.
ity.”


1917]
435
THE DIAL
The Celt and Some Irishmen Normans overran Ireland, not because the
Teutonic mixture made the Normans a con-
THE CELT AND THE WORLD: A study of the re quering race, not because the Irish Celts were
lation of Celt and Teuton in history. By Shane destined never to conquer, but because the
Leslie. (Charles Scribner's Sons; $1.25.)
man in armor with the lance in his hands and
" A.E." By Darrell Figgis. (Frederick A.
Stokes Co.; $1.)
the castle behind him represented the best
GEORGE MOORE. By Susan Mitchell. (Doda,
munitioning of his day. The isolated Irish
Mead & Co.; $1.)
Celt still fought in his saffron tunic with the
“The Celt and the World” is not a study
sword or spear in his hand. But as soon
of Celtic history, nor is it an estimate of
as the Irish Celts took up the new armaments,
Celtic achievement: it is an essay on European
they beat the Normans back—and this the
development from an unusual angle—from
Teutonic Saxons failed to do. It would have
the angle of a student who remains rather
been worth Mr. Leslie's while to devote
aloof from the achievements of the two Im some paragraphs to "The Wars of Turlough,"
perial branches of the Teutonic stock—the that heroic piece of clan history which relates
German and the Anglo-Saxon. Mr. Leslie's how Turlough O'Brien expelled the Normans
ideal of European union is one from which
from Thomond, his ancient patrimony.
Europe seems to have decisively departed-
But unless the Celt wishes to remain a
a union under the Presidency of Pope and bundle of abstract qualities to outsiders, he
Emperor. He would have Europe subscribe will have to write his own history, showing
to a secular Athanasian creed in which this his struggle for a culture and a competence
declaration would be made with emphasis : and his own manful fight in a world becoming
Not three Emperors but one Emperor." increasingly Teutonic. And, in addition, he
He aims at showing us history by lightning will have to make a more complete presenta-
flashes : “When European nations partook of
tion of his life in literature. When these
the apple of discord they threw the core to things are done, we shall find fewer intriguing
Ireland, whose children's teeth were set on
phrases about the Celt. Then maybe the
edge thereby.” The book has epigrams a-
Teutons will find that he is a man and a
plenty. Many are excellent; notably the one
brother-even an elder brother.
that brings the Renaissance and the Reforma “The Celt and the World” has to do with
tion together—“The children of the Church the world just as much as it has to do with the
ate nakedly of the tree of beauty, and in hor Celt. It has to do with the world which, for
ror of the Rome of the Borgia and the Medici Mr. Leslie, is Europe, "Aryaland," an Arya-
the northern folk made themselves the land whose existence has always been threat-
breeches of Puritanism." A few of the epi- ened by great and dangerous Asia. Now that
grams are strained. Of Barbarossa, who died the dominant Aryan people, the Teutonic, are
an Aryan death in the field against the Mo wasting themselves in fratricidal conflict, the
hammedan, he says: “He would have been menace of Asia becomes more positive, more
surprised had he wakened recently to find immediate. That is the thesis of “The Celt
himself probably a Pasha and the Ottomans and the World." Mr. Leslie sees in the
indistinct from the Ottonides.” Mr. Leslie various actions of the world war a supreme
shows another power besides that of epigram- plot: a struggle to determine which of the
making; many pages in the book, notably the two branches of the Teutonic family is to rule
last ones, have real eloquence.
the waterways of a planet that is more ocean
Like too many Celtophobes and Celtophiles, than land. The world will rest long and well
Mr. Leslie is disposed to look on the Celt as after such striving --for it can afford an epic
a creature in the inane. After all, the Celt only once in a millennium.
had and has an environment, geographical, We should have liked to find in “The Celt
economic, and institutional, and this environ and the World” a chapter or two more. One
ment has reacted upon his character. Are on the re-discovery in Europe of the Celtic
not many of the social and mental qualities language and literature would have been very
of the Irish Celt due to the fact that the Irish much in place. Did not the names of d'Arbois
population remained in the pastoral stage at
de Jourainville in France, of Nigra and
a time when other West European peoples had Ascoli in Italy, and of Zeuss, Zimmer, Win-
become peasants in the true sense—tillers of disch, and Kuno Meyer in Germany move
the soil ? And was not such a condition due Mr. Leslie? Zeuss's “Grammatica Celtica,”
to the fact that Ireland was poor as a grain- published in 1853, laid the foundations for
growing and rich as a grazing country! Her Celtic scholarship, and the great John O'Don-
geographical position meant isolation and ovan wrote of its author : "Ireland ought not
isolation meant military unpreparedness. The to think of him without gratitude, for the


436
[May 17
THE DIAL
we
say about
Irish nation has had no, nobler gift bestowed witty biography makes a delightful portrait
upon it by any continental author for cen of that much-studied man. One of the most
turies back than the work which he has written delightful things in the portrait is that she
on its language.” The names of Zimmer, makes very little of the much-advertised
Windisch, and Kuno Meyer have been more wicked features. She refuses to take them
reverenced for the past twenty years in Ire- seriously. She sees her hero as a fundamen-
land than the names of any other foreigners. tally respectable, fundamentally pious West
Indeed, Kuno Meyer was treated as a royal of Ireland gentleman. He has not got through
personage during his visits to the country. with a certain boyish naughtiness, but he is
The acknowledgments which the German good at heart and in soul. A kindly and
scholars made of Europe's debt to Irish cul considerate George Moore! 'Tis a new por-
ture went a long way to set up a resistant to trait indeed, but his friends and what living
anti-German feeling on one side of the Irish author has more friends!—will be delighted
Sea.
to possess it. Perhaps they have already sus-
While “The Celt and the World” has much pected that the blond hair and the pink cheeks
to do with what is past, the fact that an Irish were the outward and visible signs of a not
publisher has initiated a series of lives of too guileful soul.
“Irishmen of To-day” is a reminder that Ire-
PADRAIC COLUM.
land's strongest interest is in what is here and
now. The latest pair of biographies have for
their subjects George W. Russell ("A.E.")
Political Pluralism
and George Moore. “A.E." is the greatest
and most hopeful figure in modern Ireland.
STUDIES IN THE PROBLEM OF SOVEREIGNTY. By
He essays no less than the creation of a new Harold J. Laski. (Yale University Press;
social order. Thomas Carlyle and John
$2.50.)
Ruskin made some such attempt in the Eng-
“Some would warn us that in future the less
land of two generations ago. But neither
supralegal, suprajural
Carlyle nor Ruskin had his hands upon the plenitude of power concentrated in a single
practical thing, and in England of two gen point at Westminster-concentrated in one
erations
ago
the mould was so fixed that it was single organ of an increasingly complex
impossible to break it up. “A.E.'s" hands commonwealth—the better for that common-
are on the practical thing. And in Ireland wealth.” So wrote Maitland in the incom-
there are many moulds, all little and some parable introduction to his translation of a
of them cracked, and it is possible to break part of Gierke's “Deutsche Genossenschafts-
a few of them up. “A.E." is a poet, a painter,
recht."
and an economist. But he is first and last a The essays collected in this volume are an-
mystic, and for him men are actually children other such warning, aimed to show that the
of God. Why should the children of God be attempt to translate such a "plenitude of
degraded and enslaved by stupid economic power” into action has in fact not been in-
conditions? “A.E." has left his meditations variably successful. Not always has victory
to discover an economic state that would be lain with the state when such an exercise of
less degrading and less enslaving. He has power on its part has brought it into real
become the prophet of coöperation, and not
conflict with fundamental aims, beliefs, or
only the prophet of the movement but one of loyalties of great bodies of earnest men joined
its actual directors. “A.E.” has his hands together in societates by the very cohesive
on the plough that is turning up a new and force of these common aspirations or ideals.
prosperous furrow in the old soil of Ireland. The struggle then becomes in reality a com-
The account of his activities presented here petition for the loyalty and support of the
is written by one who also has his hands on same individuals, members at once of the
the plough. Darrell Figgis's monograph is · societas and of the societas societatum which
not detached: its great value is that it has
we call the state. Such individuals are then
come out of actual communings with “A.E.” likely to find themselves in somewhat the em-
and out of the writer's own meditations on the barrassing position of a medieval English
problem of Irish reconstruction.
feudal tenant whose immediate overlord had
It was a good thought to get a woman to
revolted against the king; and a decision in
write her version of George Moore. It is favor of the state now is no more a foregone
probably truer than a man's would have been, conclusion than was one for the king eight
for George Moore is a ladies' man in the
centuries ago.
If these things are historical
sense that some women can understand him facts, then any satisfactory theory of sov-
better than any man could. Miss Mitchell's ereignty must reckon with them. That they


1917]
437
THE DIAL
.
are facts, Mr. Laski proceeds with a sure hand would have said, non-Christian, and they
to show.
could not submit to a reform they knew to be
His examples are in the main drawn, as inevitable at the hands of men whose doctrines
one might expect, from the modern history they abhorred. It is clearly against a
of the relations between states and churches. presumed supremacy of the State over the
The first is the case of the Disruption of the Church that protest is made; and it is this
Scottish Church in 1843. The Scottish Pres which constitutes the key to the political
byterians, it is true, were in the beginning theory of Tractarianism.” Against the theory
wholly committed to the ecclesiastical abso that the Church "is bound by the law of the
lutism of Calvin, but before the sixteenth cen State, and its ministers
bound to
tury was out the exigencies of the case had conform to that law,” the Tractarians as-
driven them to the later Presbyterian theory serted the inherent rights of the church as a
of the two kingdoms. “There are,” declared society of believers. Perforce they realized,
Melville, “two kings and two kingdoms in as Mr. Laski says, “that the time for a world-
Scotland, that is King James the head of the church had passed away," and thus they were
Commonwealth, and there is Christ Jesus the driven to a definition of the church and found
King of the Church.” This Mr. Laski truly “that to define its identity was to assert its
regards as “the special contribution of Pres exclusiveness." “The whole foundation of
byterianism to the theory of political free Tractarianism,” he acutely remarks, lies in the
dom.”
fact "that the body of believers can no longer
The theory lost none of its force in the be identified with the nation as a whole.” The
centuries following. Its vitality is vividly Reformation had decided the battle in favor
illustrated by the compromise reached by Wil of the state, but to the Tractarians this se-
liam III's commissioner and the moderator cured for it rather independence than sov-
of the first General Assembly after the Rey ereignty,” and all assertions of sovereignty,
olution and followed ever since, under which, “the Church could still, and does still chal-
at the end of each General Assembly, a day lenge.” “We might not hold
for
is by agreement appointed for the meeting of ourselves that the State is a church-maker as
the next year, by the Royal Commissioner the Earl of Warwick was a kingmaker," wrote
“in the name of the king," and by the moder Gladstone in 1844. “Tractarianism is essen-
ator "in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ.' tially the plea of the corporate body which is
The incompatibility of this theory with that distinct from the State to a separate and free
of the absolutism of the state is the explana existence.”
tion of the Disruption of 1843. Dr. Chalmers For Catholics the problem was practically
and his followers were, in the words of the the same as for Tractarians, but the difficulty
author, “fighting a State which had taken
was increased many-fold, on one side by the
over bodily the principles and ideals of the
recollection in England of the Counter-Re-
mediæval theocracy.” “The real head and
formation, and on the other by the growth of
centre of the whole problem was thus the
ultramontanism and an apparent revival of
theory of parliamentary sovereignty." It is
the claims of the medieval Papacy.
impossible, after following Mr. Laski's clear
and convincing account of the crisis, to escape
A liberal Catholic like Lord Acton might
his explanation of its cause.
indeed regard the Catholic Church in Eng-
The chapters on the political theory of the
land as virtually "a voluntary and dissenting
Oxford Movement and of the Catholic Re-
sect," but the legitimate demands of English
vival of the nineteenth century are both
Catholics for religious freedom and the re-
sympathetic and keen, and they are the best
moval of the intolerable disabilities retained
chapters in the book.
by English bigotry were undoubtedly made
A key to the Oxford Movement is to be immeasurably more difficult of attainment by
found in Newman's frank avowal in the the Catholic reaction, and it could not have
“Apologia,” where he describes his Conti been otherwise. It seems a little too strong to
nental tour of 1832-3.
say in this connection that “Mr. Gladstone
It was the success of the Liberal cause which
was fighting a shadow." It was the great
fretted me inwardly. I became fierce against its
instruments and its manifestations. A French vessel
misfortune of English Catholics that while
was at Algiers; I would not even look at the tri. fighting for their rights against one Austinian
colour. On my return, though forced to stop twenty sovereign they were forced to acknowledge
four hours at Paris, I kept indoors the whole time,
another.
and all that I saw of that beautiful city was what
I saw from the Diligence.
The main portion of the book closes with
“The State,” says Mr. Laski, “had become a comparison of the theories of Bismarck and
non-Anglican, or, as they (the Tractarians] De Maistre.


438
[May 17
THE DIAL
.
a
Where De Maistre discusses the Papacy, Bismarck
is discussing the German Empire. Otherwise, at
bottom, the thought is essentially the same.
Each saw in a world of individualisation the guar-
antee of disruption and evolved a theory to secure
its suppression. Each saw truth as one and
therefore doubted the rightness of a sovereignty that
was either fallible or divisible.
The Appendix contains two notes, on the
relation of sovereignty to federalism and to
centralization.
Throughout, the style is as incisive and
clear as the temper is judicial, and everywhere
sympathy is combined with a rare detachment.
These discussions have a real unity. They
are so many illustrations of the failure of
Austinianism to meet the facts of life. In
the older attacks on this theory the approach
was usually made from the rights of the in-
dividual alone. Here the advance is through
the rights of individuals in combination;
through a recognition of the existence in the
resulting group of a personality real in the
English, even if not in the Roman, sense
personality, moreover, which owes none of this
reality to the creation or even to the assent of
the state; and, finally, through the assertion
of the right, inhering in this group personal-
ity, to its own life and to the performance of
the functions necessary and incident to that
life - a right which the state has not given
and may not take away. The influence of
Gierke, Maitland, and Figgis is apparent.
The inability of Austinianism to withstand
such an assault is becoming more obvious
every day. It is an atomistic theory applic-
able only in vacuo, and out of touch with
reality; a theory which presupposes a chasm
between the governor and the governed whose
existence every development of representative
institutions tends further to disprove.
It may be a little premature here to discuss
the positive side of Mr. Laski's political
theory, as he promises “a more constructive
discussion” for future publication, but an ob-
servation or two may be risked. The true
meaning of sovereignty, he says, lies "not
in the coercive power possessed by its in-
strument, but in the fused good-will for which
it stands. Law clearly is not a com-
mand. It is simply a rule of convenience.
Its goodness consists in its consequences. It
has to prove itself
... The will of the
State obtains pre-eminence over the wills of
other groups exactly to the point where it is
interpreted with sufficient wisdom to obtain
general acceptance, and no further. It is a
will to some extent competing with other
wills, and Darwin-wise, surviving only by
its ability to cope with its environment.
Your sovereign obtains what obedience he can,
and it seems to be admitted that the judgment,
or the conscience, of men, is in truth the
actual arbiter of events.
The sov-
ereignty of the State will pass, as the divine
right of kings has had its day. It has been
no more than a sword forged in one of the
mightiest of political conflicts. It has been a
victorious sword but it must be replaced by
newer weapons.”
The societas may thus be recognized as a
person with rights, and the newer and more
vivid recognition of this must greatly influ-
ence political philosophy, but the real ques-
tion of importance in the future is likely to
be whether these juristische Personen merely
take their places as subjects of the state beside
natural persons, or whether we must now
consider the latter as completely merged in
the former, with no residue of personality
with which a superior power could be in direct
relation. Are we returning entirely to the
feudal idea of mediacy, or shall we still have
a place left in our system for Unmittelbarkeit,
for an individual unconnected with these
groups, if such an individual can be imag-
ined? This theory teaches us that the in-
dividual's relations to the state may not be
immediate. The important question is:
Must it not? Can we never again speak of
“Man versus the State"; must we think only
of “the Group versus the State"? Have we
already passed, as Maitland predicted we
might, from status, through contract, to some-
thing beyond?
Mr. Laski has not explicitly dealt with
these things, but in his view the individual
seems still to be seen lurking behind the cor-
poration if not advancing beside it. He is
still “the actual arbiter of events.”
Thus the group will is a medium, but the
actual outcome in a contest of other group
wills with that of the state must at bottom be
determined by the deliberate choice of in-
dividuals whose hearts are torn between the
conflicting demands of their immediate
societas and of the societas sociatatum. In
the last analysis, then, Mr. Laski's seems a
theory, in its reaction against absolutism, lean-
ing markedly toward philosophic pluralism if
not political individualism; and of individ-
ualism Huxley long ago remarked, "An-
archy
is the logical outcome.” Such
an outcome if inevitable would be fatal, not
because theoretical anarchy is evil, but only
because it is untrue to the facts of everyday
life. The outcome, however, is not quite in-
evitable, because the individual here posited
may not be the individual in isolation, a sort
of political Robinson Crusoe, of whom Hobbes
and Locke had a vision, standing shivering
on the threshold of the state, or even of
.


1917]
439
THE DIAL
society, while he weighed in his mind the
Some Experiments in American
terms on which he might come in-a concep-
tion of the individual which, it is much to be
Drama
feared, did not entirely disappear along with
THE SYMPHONY PLAY.
the compact theory. Rather, our individ-
By Jennette Lee.
(Charles Scribner's Sons; $1.)
ual seems to be, as T. H. Green says, “a self-
MY LADY'S DRESS. By Edward Knoblauch.
determining subject, conscious of itself as one
(Doubleday, Page & Co.; 75 cts.)
among other such subjects, and of its relation
PLAYS OF THE NATURAL AND THE SUPERNATURAL.
to them as making it what it is.” He may, By Theodore Dreiser. (John Lane Co.; $1.25.)
therefore, without danger, be admitted to PLAYS FOR SMALL STAGES. By Mary Aldis.
have inherent rights, and rights even against
(Duffield & Co.; $1.25.)
CONFESSIONAL, and other one-act plays. By
the state, for “a right
to act un-
Percival Wilde. (Henry Holt & Co.; $1.20.)
socially,—to act otherwise than as belonging
In a period of wide and growing interest
to a society of which each member keeps the
in the drama, like the present, it is natural
exercise of his powers within the limits nec-
that all sorts of experiments should be made.
essary to the like exercise by all the members,
Most of these bristling shoots and suckers will
-is a contradiction.” For such an individ-
ual, “under certain conditions there might be
doubtless be pruned away by time, but some
a duty of resistance to sovereign power.” If
of them may develop into vigorous fruit-bear-
ing branches; and whether they do so or not,
so, it is hard to see any guide for him other
their existence is evidence of vitality in the
than his own private judgment as to the social
parent tree. Some of the most interesting of
or unsocial nature of his resistance. And,
these experiments deal with the one-act play.
it should be added, the norms of individual
morality as interpreted by private judgment have tried in different ways to unify a group
Mrs. Lee and Mr. Knoblauch, for instance,
must also be the guide, and the sole guide, for
of one-act plays.
state as well as for individual action, or the
Mrs. Lee's idea is that out of the popularity
abyss will yawn for us as it already yawns
of one-act plays there may be developed a new
for others.
dramatic form, more flexible and more ex-
But, on the other hand, as Mr. Barker has
pressive of modern life than the long play
lately cautioned us, “the State and its institu-
which tells a single story, and related to the
tions are with us, and we must make the best
Shakespearean play as the symphony is re-
of them”; it “will still remain a necessary
lated to the fugue. “Why,” she asks, “should
adjusting force”; and the mind will not with-
there not be such a thing as a Symphony
out a struggle throw away entirely occasional
Play, a play made up of one-act plays—three
dreams of a synthesis wide and deep enough
or four of them, or even five
so re-
to embrace both the rights of the individual,
lated in color and tone and progressive mean-
which we dare not deny, and the majesty of
ing that together they would form a perfect
the great Commonwealth, which claims the
whole ?" The theme which she has chosen
allegiance of us all. A perfect theory would
is the power of sympathy or sympathetic un-
do both, but none such has ever been found.
All alike have been partial and transitory
derstanding. This is presented in four plays,
entirely distinct in setting and characters,
because they but reflected political conditions
which were local or temporary. Certainly
but resembling one another in that all are
Austinianism, the real child of despotism, is
unreal and strongly flavored with a rather
saccharine sentiment. In each the central
the very last of these that we could safely ac-
figure is a gentle person of overflowing sym-
cept. There may be comfort, or there may be
pathy. The second and third pieces, “The
discouragement, in the thought that civiliza-
Mother” and “The Brother,” are better than
tion has gone on for centuries with this world-
the rest; but none of them shows unusual
old question constantly under debate in some
sphere or other but never settled—the ques-
power. By the time the reader has finished
tion of free-will and determinism. “Politics,
the last, he will feel decidedly nauseated, un-
as a science, is not older than astronomy; but
less his appetite for candy is sturdier than
though the subject matter of the latter is
mine. Mrs. Lee's idea of a new dramatic form
vastly less complex than that of the former, may turn out to be fruitful; but she is ap-
the theory of the moon's motions is not quite parently not the person to prove its value.
settled yet.” “I am apt ... to enter A much more successful experiment in the
tain a suspicion,” confesses Hume, “that the same direction is Mr. Edward Knoblauch's
world is still too young to fix many general “My Lady's Dress.” (On the ground of his
truths in politics, which will remain true to birth we may claim Mr. Knoblauch as an
the latest posterity." C. H. MCILWAIN. American, though he has lived mostly


440
[May 17
THE DIAL
abroad.) In this, no less than seven little housekeeper shows that he knows the cause
plays are included within the "frame” prov of his daughter's death, but is agonized by
ided by the first and last scenes. These short the thought that he cannot find out who
pieces range in scene from London to Siberia, is the guilty man. At last his friend John
and in time from 1660 to the present.
Ferguson, a famous strike leader who has
are related by the fact that they are parts come to the town to take charge of the
of a dream, presenting incidents connected strike, persuades him to put aside his grief
with the materials, making, or marketing of and wrath and speak to the workers. During
the dress; on the stage, also, by the fact that this scene the audience slowly perceives that
the chief rôles in each are played by the lead Ferguson is the lover responsible for the
ing actors in the “frame” scenes. The play girl's death—the man whom Magnet's sole
thus gives to these actors an unusual oppor desire is to kill. Magnet himself, Ferguson,
tunity to prove their versatility, and to the and Mrs. Littig, the old woman who alone has
audience an unusual opportunity to enjoy it. had the confidence of the dying girl and keeps
This no doubt contributed to the success of it, are all powerfully and vividly drawn. The
the play in the theatre; but it has more sub reader does not sympathize with Ferguson, as
stantial merits. The little plays are remark Mr. Dreiser seems to intend that he should,
ably compact and skilfully constructed; and but this only increases the terrible ironic
their moods, varying from lively comedy force of the play.
through pathos to tragedy, are so arranged The four plays of the supernatural, and one,
as to heighten each other by contrast, and also “The Light in the Window," which has no
to lead up to an effective climax in the two supernatural element, all make use of a device
scene piece in Act III. The play furnishes which, so far as I know, is new even in closet
much stronger evidence of the value of Mrs. drama, and which is a source of fatal weak-
Lee's idea than she has been able to present ness. From speech to speech, Mr. Dreiser
herself, and in composition it apparently ante shifts his scene; with one speech we are in a
dates “The Symphony Play” by about two comfortable drawing room; with the next, on
years. After all, it is the man who has thor the street outside listening to the talk of
oughly learned his trade who can afford to passers-by. Or with one speech we may be in
make experiments. Mr. Knoblauch had al Mrs. Delavan's kitchen, with the next in the
ready proved himself a successful pioneer in front yard, and with the next on the engine
“Kismet” and “Milestones," and his future of the fast mail, a hundred miles away. As a
work will be worth watching.
group these plays, even for reading, are not
Mr. Dreiser's "Plays of the Natural and successful. They deal for the most part with
Supernatural” are experiments in closet material not really dramatic, and the kaleido-
drama, frankly intended merely for reading. scopic shifts of scene are a weariness to the
Of the seven one-act plays, only two—the first mind. Yet none of them is quite devoid of
and the last-could possibly be presented on power, and two, “The Blue Sphere" and "In
the stage. The last,“old Ragpicker,” is a the Dark," have considerable imaginative ap-
vigorously drawn sketch of an old derelict peal. These five plays invite, and to some ex-
whose mind has nearly gone. There is no tent deserve, ridicule; but however cheaply
action, but the central figure has both pathos they are estimated, a volume which contains
and power; in the hands of a great actor it “Old Ragpicker" and "The Girl in the Coffin”
would be profoundly impressive. But the is not negligible.
first piece, “The Girl in the Coffin,” is dram Mrs. Aldis's “Plays for Small Stages” were
atically by far the best thing in the volume. written for one of the most successful of our
With slight modifications and cuts, it would small amateur theatres, “The Playhouse" at
go admirably in the theatre. The scene is the Lake Forest, Illinois, and acted there by an
parlor of a workingman's house, where the
amateur company. The short preface by the
daughter lies in her coffin. The admirably author contains some excellent hints for ama-
realistic talk of the neighbor-women gives us teurs. “We generally try to give our audience
the exposition; they suspect a reason for the something they have not heard before, and
girl's death which the family wish to conceal, seek plays in which the expressed word, the
and they have come to the house to see what mental attitude and the interplay of char-
they can find out, and also to persuade the acter are of more importance than the phys-
father, William Magnet, to address a meeting ical action. Here if anywhere, although such.
of striking factory workers. His influence is plays may seem difficult, lies the amateur's
needed to assure the success of the strike. opportunity.” The plays illustrate this prin-
He not only refuses them but invites them ciple; they all depend mainly on character
to leave the house. His talk with the old interest. Two, “The
“The Drama Class of


1917]
441
THE DIAL
Tankaha” and “Temperament,” are lively
are lively approach to reality, and then Mr. Dreiser's
burlesques. “Mrs. Pat and the Law" is a “The Girl in the Coffin” or Mrs. Aldis's
comedy of low life, on rather conventional “Extreme Unction." Without real human
lines. The others, “Extreme Unction” and character a first-rate one-act play is as im-
“The Letter," are serious character studies. possible as a first-rate play of any kind. Some
Perhaps they are all more remarkable for time ago, in reviewing Mr. Wilde's first vol-
promise than for accomplishment, but they ume of plays in THE DIAL, I pointed out this
are written with sincerity and gusto and are defect; it is more conspicuous in “Confes-
well worth reading. “Extreme Unction," in sional” than in the earlier volume. Mr. Wilde.
which a doctor administers an unusual kind in his preface, is very severe upon closet
of consolation to a dying girl of the streets, drama, but the most extravagantly unactable
is the strongest. In “The Letter" an interest of Mr. Dreiser's plays has this sense of reality
ing situation is spoiled by a weak and tricky in character which Mr. Wilde's plays lack,
conclusion. Whatever the shortcomings of and without which the wittiest and best con-
such plays, this kind of amateur experimenta structed piece is but a tinkling cymbal.
tion in which along with plenty of fun there
HOMER E. WOODBRIDGE,
is a serious attempt to present and interpret
character, offers much hope for the future of
our drama.
Cleverer and a good deal more superficial
Kipling and Conrad
are the one-act plays in Mr. Percival Wilde's
A DIVERSITY OF CREATURES. By Rudyard Kip-
second volume, “Confessional.” They are gen ling. (Doubleday, Page & Co.; $1.50.)
erally well-constructed and briskly written; THE SHADOW LINE. By Joseph Conrad. (Dou-
but they are likely to owe their point to a
bleday, Page & Co.; $1.35.)
falsifying of human nature. In “Confes-
Kipling's new volume of short-stories is the
sional,” for instance, the Baldwins, mother,
first work of fiction that he has published in
daughter, and son, are waiting for Mr. Bald- nearly seven years. I had promised myself to
win's return from an interview with his em approach it as if I did not know the author, as
ployer, a bank president who has just been if it were an unheralded wonder to be discov-
detected in peculation. They fear that Mr. ered and enjoyed, or a book unimportant in
Baldwin may be involved. When he returns
itself, to be dismissed and forgotten. I wanted
and tells them that he has just refused an offer to avoid the wearisomely familiar question
of $100,000 to save his employer by keeping
whether Kipling had not ceased to be at his
still--forgetting one or two things at the trial best before he was forty. But the question
—they all criticize him for not taking the
refuses to be warded off. Well then, one an-
money, and he, a man proud of his integrity, swer is that he is his own only rival; the good
admits that he has refused it merely for fear qualities of these stories are peculiar to his
of their censure! He has practically decided genius. For thirty years his special mastery,
to take it when another bank president prov- powerfully announced at the brilliant begin-
identially appears and offers him a position, ning, has remained exclusively his, and no one
saying that Baldwin's former employer, in else has surpassed him or even learned fairly
despair of corrupting him, has confessed. In to resemble him in kind. The best stories in
“The Villain of the Piece” and “A Question this volume are Kipling all over. And I do
of Morality" the characters are just as unreal, not mean “all over again." It is only the
though the latter is saved by the fact that it poorer stories that seem repetitive, and the
is not much more than a bit of fooling and by
earlier exemplars which they recall to the
the cleverness of its dialogue. The other reader's memory are not the best of the great
plays, tainted to a less degree by the same young Kipling.
unreality, are dramatically weaker. In his One of the poems which serve as epilogues
preface Mr. Wilde sums up his theory as fol-
to the stories is called “The Fabulists." It
lows: “A single effect
an instanta begins:
neous arrest of attention, a continued grasp, When all the world would have a matter hid,
and relinquishment only after the curtain has
Since Truth is seldom friend to any crowd,
fallen
crisis interpreted by emo-
Men write in fable, as old Aesop did,
Jesting at that which none will name aloud.
tion.” This ideal is excellent as far as it goes, And this they needs must do, or it will fall
and Mr. Wilde often realizes it; but there is Unless they please they are not heard at all.
something lacking in the theory as in the Kipling has been a fabulist since the earliest
plays. What that something is can be seen Indian tales in which Hindoos uttered the
by anyone who will read “According to Dar- parabolic wisdom of the East. And in many
win,” which is perhaps Mr. Wilde's nearest of his stories, laid in the East or the West


442
[May 17
THE DIAL
or in no-man's-land, the concealed theme is If he matures early, as Kipling did, and
a political argument. The first story in the bunches his hits in his twenties and thirties,
present volume, “As Easy as A. B. C.,” is a does he draw on an initially limited number
prophetic fable, forecasting in pseudo-scien- of strokes, exhaust an inborn, predetermined
tific terms the time described in “With the amount of energy? Is that an explanation
Night Mail,” when the air shall be full of of the fact, or a way of putting the fact, that
ships and the world shall be controlled by some men become “written out,” others
strange new physical forces. The point of spread their real strokes over a long life,
the fable seems to be the failure of the Peo others begin late and maintain their highest
ple, the death of Democracy, and the enfeeble level of achievement into old age? The poets
ment of the race. This pessimistic vision, usually begin young; certainly if a man has
in contrast with Wells's triumphantly demo not written good verses before he is thirty
cratic futures, is a sign, deeper than any de he may be sure that his hand is not meant
cline of invention or narrative art, of the for the lyre. Writers of prose may begin late.
passing of Kipling's youth. Though one
The case of William De Morgan was so ex-
should not bear too heavily on the theme of ceptional that journalists took pleasure in
a fanciful tale, the fabulist avowedly veils in adding to his years, to make him, as they
his fiction what he conceives to be an intel would say, "more unique.” That normal,
lectual Truth, and it is fair to consider the steady craftsman, Trollope, was about forty
point of Kipling's parable in and for itself. when he published "The Warden,” which was
So considered, that point, that idea, marks not his first novel but was the first to show
the development or the degeneration of Kip the qualities which remained characteristic
ling from the democratic interpreter of all of him to the end.
manner of men, white, yellow, and brown, Joseph Conrad was well over thirty before
through a period of truculent imperialism, to he began “Almayer's Folly.” Until then, as
the conservatism of premature senility. he charmingly says in "A Personal Record,”
“Senility” is a permissible word only in “the ambition of being an author had never
relation to Kipling's social ideas and only turned up among those gracious imaginary
against the memory of his youth, of the amaz existences one creates fondly for oneself at
ing 'nineties when he was the god of all the times in the stillness and immobility of a day
other young men in the world and we vainly
dream. In the twenty years since the "in-
strove to catch the secret of his power. His explicable event" of his first book the weath-
old vigor of phrase is undiminished, both the ered seaman, who left the sea to enter upon
vigor which is beauty and the vigor which is
what he calls “the career of the most unlit-
brutality. He still has the trick of making erary of writers," has come to be acknowl-
all his characters, boys and men, even women,
edged, acclaimed by his fellow artists as the
shoot rough, snappy Kiplingese phrases,
chief figure in contemporaneous English
which instead of having the effect of untruth prose.
to a diversity of creatures, somehow seem
The form is prose.
“The Shadow Line" is
natural and give them all a blustering vital simply the story of the terrible experience
ity. The energetic prose is still there, an un of a young captain ; his first command, a
attainable model for a generation of writers fever-stricken ship, is becalmed; when she
who have been encouraged to put “punch” staggers into port, the captain has crossed the
into their style.
line from youth to manhood. In point of
The verse is not unattainable; since Kip- length, method, interest, it groups with “Ty-
ling taught us how, any of us could have done phoon," an extended episode somewhere be-
it. The necromantic line is lacking. One
tween
a short-story and a novel. Like
poem is effective. It follows a crudely comic “Typhoon” and other stories of the sea by
story called “The Honors of War” in which Conrad, it contains within the prose form
some young officers engage in sophomoric qualities which make it in effect as truly a
horse-play; it is not funny and it is not meant poem as “The Ancient Mariner.
to be funny, for the poem that fills the silence Conrad is a poet of the sea. On land his
after that rowdy laughter has ceased turns people move amid the sturdy actualities of
it all to poignant tragedy: “These were our life that can be comprehended in unmagical
children who died for our lands; they were terms. However subtly he unfolds the char-
dear in our sight.”
acters of men, with whatever skill he con-
I have been teased by a question which I trives the adventures, accidents, destinies of
cannot answer; perhaps it is unanswerable, terrene humanity, however perfectly his
but it is none the less interesting. Is an phrases are suited to all occasions, always the
artist born with just so many strokes in him ? daylight actualities ashore, even on strange


1917]
443
THE DIAL
wild shores, remain on the hither side of
NOTES ON NEW FICTION
that vague line beyond which is more than
mystery, more than romance-poetry. When
The Irish Mr. Ervine seems to have acquired
the ship is out of sight of land, the line is
more fame for his plays and novels than this very
crossed, another "shadow-line", the miracle
lengthy novel would seem to have entitled him to.
"Changing Winds” (Macmillan; $1.60) is a mon-
happens. The ship becomes sentient, a spirit,
ument of industry rather than talent. There are
a will. Common seamen are transformed into
few books that are easier to skip, and if the author
the figures of a dream, uncannily repulsive had realized these failings of the reader, he might
or glorified with an extramundane dignity. have made a more compact and convincing sketch
The sky above and the sea beneath are en of the modern Irish political movement. A book
dowed, as by a new mythology, with obscure
which deals with the intellectual preparation for
consciousness, purposes benign and malevo-
the recent Irish Rebellion deserves a weightier
lent, immensely indifferent to ships and men,
and more tragic tone, and should not be made
yet in curiously personal or personified at-
gassy with endless and not too si nificant conversa-
tion. The moral of the book seems to be that
titudes toward them. And beauty-always Ulstermen may be both humanly appealing and
there is the beauty that springs from the indigenously Irish, but Mr. Quinn's remarks are
poetic use of words, images, cadences, har almost too ingeniously and deliberately constructed
monies, whatever the formula is for literary for the purpose of producing this conviction.
magic.
Changing Winds” suggests the book of a writer
who has attempted to immerse himself in his sub-
For Conrad, “the most unliterary of writ-
ject, but has not absorbed its implications. It is
ers,” is no more nor no less unliterary than the work of a man who does not quite feel the life
Meredith or Swinburne or Shakespeare. No he portrays.
other writer—I do not except the poets—has As may be inferred from its title, Miss Constance
a richer variety of verbal resource or uses his
Lindsay Skinner's first novel, "Good Morning,
Rosamond !" (Doubleday, Page; $1.35), is “light.
power with more careful command. This
The publishers suggest that its setting is English,
does not imply over-sophistication; it means but the careful reader will assign the action to one
that mastery of an imaginative abundance
of England's older and remoter American colonies.
which is the delight and the despair of those Perhaps the book may be described, with reserva-
who understand literary art, and which, for tions and qualifications, as a Nova Scotian “Cran-
tunately, makes its effect on those who are
ford.” The cast of characters, while predominantly
feminine, includes plenty of
merely listening to a story. In the steadily
younger, who find it necessary to pay attention to
increasing number of Conrad's sea pieces are the youthful widow that acts as heroine. The
many storms and many calms, dawns, fogs, setting is designedly, perseveringly idyllic, but the
and starry nights, and for each he finds new, action tends to lapse from comedy to melodra-
unrepeated phrases. Not only does he find
matic farce. The book recounts the happenings of
fresh words to convey the familiar aspects of
a single twenty-four hours,—a “wonderful day"
from which much is expected,--and its form and
the sea; but the sea presents to him such
development are largely conditioned by this cir-
manifold wonders that in each new voyage cumstance. Another result is that, owing to the
he reveals a mood that even he has not before considerable number of character-sketches essayed
recorded—as if he could go on writing of the
within narrow limits of space as well as of time,
sea forever and exhaust neither the infinity
the work seems rather too much like a crowded-
overcrowded-gallery of miniatures.
of his mistress nor his power to celebrate her.
Rosamond herself is sprightly and hearty, and is
In the midst of the waters, like the ship not meant to be too high-bred. An independent
which is his creature and his fragile reliance, system of illustrations by Thomas Fogarty will
is man, adventuresome, romantic in youth challenge attention.
observant, philosophic when he has crossed
Two of the short stories in Florence Guertin
the shadow-line. “There they are: stars, sun,
Tuttle's “Give My Love to Maria” (Abingdon
Press; $1.) won a prize. In “Give My Love to
sea, light, darkness, space, great waters; the Maria” a gentleman kisses a lady, although she
formidable Work of the Seven Days, into had refused permission when he asked for the
which mankind seems to have blundered un privilege. It was done hastily and through her
bidden. Or else decoyed. Even as I have
veil, but she was indignant. We suspect, how-
been decoyed into this awful, this death-
ever, that she will forgive him. She does. The
haunted command.”
Conrad's men, the
lady in “The French Doll's Dowry” smiled at
husbands and was civil to their wives. The latter
truest men that he has drawn, are children suspected that she was not all she should be, and
of the sea of life, and the god behind the they were right. In “Cupid at Forty” it gives one
winds that drive the sails toward fortune or
a shock to learn that the heroine felt her æsthetic
disaster is Chance.
nature “sensuously” soothed. This is put right
JOHN Macy. later. The fault was hers for contenting herself
men, old
or
even
an


444
[May 17
THE DIAL
with material possessions which “intensified the feel. The author has borrowed largely and more or
poverty of her heart.
On the whole, they are less superficially from Hardy, but she knows her
pleasing tales, some of which first appeared in country and her characters; she reflects the moods
impeccable periodicals, where one may shift from of that physical nature which has produced super-
fiction to fashions, from proposals to pictures of stitions and an uplifting awe in its people, and
the newest puddings.
she has created a story that is worth reading even
Mrs. Horace Tremlett tells us, in “Giddy Mrs. for its own sake.
Goodyer” (Lane; $1.25), of a heroine who used
"The Hornet's Nest,” by Mrs. Wilson Woodrow
a powder puff and smoked cigarettes. Bennett
(Little, Brown; $1.35), is a mystery story that
Goodyer was serious. Mining was his passion, seizes and holds the attention. It deals with the
manicuring was not. His wife complained that people of New York's millionaire class—more par-
his nails were not clean and she desired to divorce ticularly with two dispossessed cousins and a man
him because he was not smart. She spent con who has been ruined and driven into retirement
siderable money and was indiscreet. Her heart,
by their very astute and wicked old guardian.
however, was in the right place. When Captain The Hornet, of the metropolitan police, manipu-
Paget kissed her, she said, “How dare you!"
lates his brood of sharp-stinging wits to confound
Bennett asserted himself. Whether or no he was
the usurper. A love story and a fair degree of
eventually manicured is not revealed.
humor bring it into line with the other mediocre
The Simon of Mrs. George Wemyss's “Petunia"
and not alarmingly mysterious mysteries of the
was a model husband. He pitied widowers, thus
present season.
subtly flattering his wife. His interest in girls was
“If Wishes Were Horses,” by Countess Barcyn-
innocuous and kindly. Mrs. Simon was not jealous.
ska, shows the influence of Arnold Bennett and
She tells the story of Petunia, who was plain but
Russian fiction. It lacks the delightful humor of
less guileless than she looked. Having inherited
her father's entire fortune, which was to remain
Mr. Bennett, as well as the psychological insight
of the Russians. The character of the old second-
hers until she married, she went her placid way,
hand store aunt is well done, and the twins are
circumventing the manæuvres of five sisters-in-law.
interesting, but the tale on the whole fails to make
Petunia finally fell in love with a school teacher
any vivid impression on the reader. The author
whom she at first took for a piano-tuner. The
school teacher thought Petunia beautiful. She
adds a queer touch to the story by turning the end-
knew he was mistaken, but she never told him
ing into a regular "glad book.” The selfish and
brutal hero falls on his knees at his wife's death-
so. A sprightly tale, written in a leisurely manner.
(Dutton; $1.50.)
bed, and becomes at once a good and noble man.
Cheerful, seafaring rascals are Mr. Stacpoole's
The English may believe in such sudden conver-
sions, but the Russians would be shocked. (Dut-
Captain Blood and Billy Harman, whose fortunes
ton; $1.50.)
occupy the reader in “Sea Plunder.” Blood and
Harman did not scruple to acquire money by
The old story of two cousins and a girl, and
piratical methods, but it was their only fault.
of love under adverse circumstances fighting
There are treasure ships, severed cables, a derelict
against the selfish desire of a weakling, occupies
with a mysterious cargo, and a girl, who appears
Hilda M. Sharp in “The Stars in their Courses"
but once. She is the attractive daughter of a mil-
(Putnam's; $1.50). Her novel is not unconvinc-
lionaire, and Captain Blood is grateful to her for ing, yet it hardly creates the illusion of reality.
rescuing him from a painful predicament. Out Miss Sharp has an excellent plot in which inher-
of all these elements Mr. Stacpoole has fashioned
ited gambling instincts, blackmail, and accident
“a rattling good yarn." (Lane; $1.30.)
play a perfectly legitimate part. Her characters
It is not Mr. Forbes's fault that the reading of
too, except in their speech, are true to type. She
“Doubloons and the Girl” (Sully & Kleinteich;
has a clever way of expressing her view of her
$1.25) arouses in one's mind the cry of “Pie of characters that makes her work amusing, but her
eight!” There is no parrot; the feminine element melodramatic dialogue all but ruins her best effects.
predominates; and Long John Silver is recalled The novel will please those who are not too exact-
because the only possible comparison between him
ing on the score of realism, nor too insistent in
and the villain is that Ditty has one eye instead
the matter of originality.
of one leg. There is, besides, a map; an island The suddenness of Jim when stranded with the
containing treasure is sought and found; there is management of a clothespin factory and opposed
plotting, mutiny, and general trouble.
by the ill will of the Clothespin Club—an organ-
“The Golden Arrow," by Mary Webb (Dutton; ization adroitly designed to escape the notice of
$1.50), describes the mating of two untamed spirits the Sherman Law-provides the plot of “Sudden
of the Welsh mountains. Deborah, starting from Jim," by Clarence Budington Kelland (Harper's:
the point of static devotion and joy in the un $1.35). Jim's suddenness is the winning factor
breakable bonds that marriage imposed, was forced
in all his scrapes.
It pulls him through when
to wait for Stephen's unfettered instinct to learn the trust underbids him; it stands by him when
that there was freedom in willing bondage. Around his chief enemy is discovered to be behind the
these two are grouped the other characters—Lily plot to ruin his lumber; it serves him when the
and Joe the contrasting, much-married couple; shortage of cars seems likely to crush him; and,
Deb's father, John, whose nature was one with his finally, when a shortage of cash bids fair to
mystical surroundings; the ranting old skinflint end his struggles quietly and without ado. He
whom none of them except John was big enough to is a type loved by the average American.


1917]
445
THE DIAL
as a man.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
burne, and serve largely to show either their
author's restrictions as a critic or his shortcomings
ITALY, FRANCE AND BRITAIN AT WAR. By
One inclines to take refuge in such
H. G. Wells. Macmillan; $1.50.
essays as, by the very remoteness of the subject-
Mr. Wells appears here in the rôle of official matter involved, seem to escape being passé-
and reflective reporter, trusted by the powers to
such as the pieces on Charles Lamb and on John
present to a world unsurfeited with war-books
Donne. And a note of value is struck in instances
something of the problems, the technique, and the of intimate personal knowledge-as in the cases
achievements of modern warfare. This he does of Pater and Patmore. Altogether a book of
with an admirable clearness, in the manner that varying values and curious arrangement-a book
is his own. Particularly significant, for Americans, in which the reader browses at will and takes bis
at the present juncture, is the chapter “New Arms chances.
for Old,” which preparedness-mongers may well
take to mind. Among other things, Mr. Wells says: THE LOCKED CHEST and THE SWEEPS OF
“Occasionally into the writer's study come to hand NINETY-EIGHT. By John Masefield. Mac-
drifting fragments of the American literature upon millan; $1.25.
the question of 'preparedness. In none of
MOGU, THE WANDERER. By Padraic Colum.
these is there any clear realization of the fun Little, Brown; $1.
damental revolution that has occurred in military
methods during the last two years. According to
When authors have tried to get back to the
speech of the people, the success of the venture
indications, there isn't yet, even in government
circles, and the enlightenment of public opinion on
has depended on how close they really were to the
the matter is imperative.
people. Where they are far removed from the
For the rest, Mr. Wells exhibits the old passion- ling of an idiom necessarily foreign to them. Mr.
soil, there is usually a patent strain in their hand-
ateness and the old incapacity to understand any-
Masefield here attempts a reproduction of the
body who holds opinions different from his present
matter and the manner of a tale from the Lax-
ones. Particularly blind is his discussion of the
yielding pacifist and the conscientious objector,
daelsaga. The dramatic handling is of course
without reproach, and one views the character por-
and particularly unintelligent his discussion of the
“religious revival.”
trayal with interest, for the author departs from
The fact is that he has the
saga tradition and refuses to give heroic propor-
healthy, instinctive outlook of a patriot to whom
that is good which reënforces his patriotic and
tions to his people. He makes the ancient farmers
act very much like the farmers of to-day, with all
private hopes, and that evil which doesn't. The
the characteristic petty greed, cowardice, jealousy,
religious revival, for example, turns out to be
the realization of a common human purpose, as
and self-interest. The only action that might be
called heroic is the summary way in which Ingiald
against churches, ds, and sects—a "rule of
takes the doing of justice into his own hands, which
righteousness” with which “hard and practical
is not so ancient after all when one considers our
want to get the world straighter than it
is; that is, the “religious revival” consists in hav-
own feuds, lynchings, and vigilantes. The other play
is a scene from the Irish rebellion of ninety-eight.
ing the same general sentiments as Mr. Wells.
Both are one-act plays written with a considerable
Mr. Wells thinks true to type, the type of the
middle-class English shopkeeper spending a bank-
amount of humor, and though little likely to add
to Mr. Masefield's fame, they are thoroughly read-
holiday in Paris, and sneering at the French for
able and capable of presentation.
speaking in their unintelligible “foreign" tongue.
Mr. Colum's play is fantastic and full of au-
FIGURES OF SEVERAL CENTURIES. By Arthur
thentic oriental color. It moves in a world, both
Symons. Dutton; $3.
physically and psychologically remote, where Fate,
Almost equally intriguing in its mechanical
though never actually present to the eye, is really
the chief actor.
make-up and in its assemblage of component parts
It is a world intrinsically dem-
ocratic where, by Fate's intervention, a beggar and
is this belated miscellany by England's well-known
his daughter may serve as lofty a purpose as a
critic and poet. Though Mr. Symons is con-
king. There Fate makes all, least and greatest,
stantly bringing out books, none of the reviews
but the puppets of its will. The actors suffer and
and literary essays in the present one date within
rejoice, and believe themselves to be acting freely,
the past ten years; many of them are older than
but he is most wise and content who realizes that
fifteen; one or two date back a quarter of a cen-
he is only the servant of a higher power. To the
tury; and some of them are early things recently
occidental believer in the power of the will, there
or less recently-retouched. From what source
are revived the short pieces on Saint Augustine
is something too humiliating in this belief, an in-
definable something too spineless, too resigned and
(1897), Welsh Poetry (1898), and Thomas Lovell
weak. To some, however, the mystic idea of self-
Beddoes (1891) ? Several of the essays, or book
immolation is lofty and beautiful. To these, the
reviews, deal with French writers who once may
yielding of will and responsibility only makes man
have been living issues but who are scarcely such the more free in his actions. Mogu, the beggar,
at present. Huysmans, Mallarmé, Villiers de
made vizier for a brief time, plays both parts with
l'Isle-Adam, and the Goncourts have had their place the proper gestures, returning to beggardom grace-
in the sun and have taken their place in the shade. fully. The working out of his destiny is necessa-
The longest pieces are devoted to Ibsen and Swin rily accompanied by a grim humor with suggestive,
men
77


446
[May 17
THE DIAL
comic high-lights that make the play very read ery of the "City of Dreadful Night," a compari-
able. Mr. Colum displays his talent as a dramatist son might be made between portions of “Our Lady
in the ordered and economical use of few materials of Sorrow" and "La Vita Nuova."
.” Possibly also
and in his easy familiarity with stage technique. the lady Thomson meets in crossing the desert in
the "City" (Part Four) owes something to the
HANDBOOK OF NEW ENGLAND. Porter E. Sar first sonnet of "La Vita Nuova." There can be
gent.
little doubt that Thomson felt the analogy of his
One expects guidebooks to rank with seed own situation with that of Dante in regard to
catalogues and city directories as far as readable-
youthful love early doomed to bitter disappoint-
ness is concerned. The subnormal reviewer is
ment. Without great stretch of the imagination
concerned lest he be assigned succeeding issues of
“The City of Dreadful Night” might be called a
the telephone book. He previses himself following
memorial to Matilda Weller, and a memorial such
the thrilling serial adventures of Aba, Abraham to
as "hath not before been written of any woman.”
their melodramatic ending in Zywiczynski, Tony,
and laboriously dashing off a few paragraphs in
CAPTAIN OF THE HOST and THE SUPREME
his usual brilliant style. But he read Mr. Sargent's
TEST. By Florence Elise Hyde. Badger; $1.
“Handbook” from cover to cover-something un A poignant interest and much dramatic power
usual and unnecessary in reviewing! An intro characterize these two plays, closet dramas which
ductory chapter states that 3000 local authorities might easily be adapted for the stage. Both de-
throughout New England supplied the material for pict, with caustic realism, home life in a western
the book. If they wrote it as well, one learns that New York town (thinly disguised under the name
there are at least that number of humorists in that Odysseus); both oppose to its fixed standards and
part of the country. Mention is made, however, stifling provincial air the freer existence of fash-
of the helpful assistance of Messrs. Sylvester Bax ionable or Bohemian New York. No less vivid the
ter and Nathan Haskell Dole, and suspicion prob- contrast of characters presented: a Spartan older
ably would better rest with them. The territory is generation, clinging to routine and prejudice, a
divided into fifty-seven routes, such as “Ports younger one grown to distrust even the idealism
mouth to Portland": towns are described in the of its elders, rebellious, eager for freedom and
order of their situation, and with reference to their self-realization, eager to solve the problems of life
history, commerce, scenery, and inhabitants. The
in its own way.
It is this problem, so difficult
work of the town advertiser is conspicuous by its in the case of a daughter, which makes both plays
absence, in fact, some of the "local authorities” a strong indictment of the "good old-fashioned"
evidently were not very deeply impressed with the home whose bondage is still robbing many a woman
excellent qualities of their home towns. There are of her woman's happiness. This is, however, but
chapters on New England as a whole, and on its one aspect of these thoughtful plays, whose dial-
several states, on the New Englander, on the ogue fairly bristles with general ideas, from mat-
climate, on trees, Indians, poets and other New ters like marriage, sex education, and the double
England fauna and flora, on New England archi standard, to questions such as the future of dem-
tecture and consciences. There are maps for the ocracy and the European War. The book is
use of automobilists and numerous photographic marred by a little too much rhetoric, and by an
illustrations. The book is to be revised and re occasional solecism that is not realistically justifi-
published annually, and this may well be done, for, able.
as the publisher indicates, no other single book
exists "which serves to acquaint visitor and res IN FAR NORTH-EAST SIBERIA. By I. W.
ident alike with New England as a whole.”
Shklovsky ("Dioneo"). Translated by L.
Edwards and z. Shklovsky. Macmillan; $3.
THE LIFE AND POETRY OF JAMES THOMSON
Under the new order of things in Russia, and
(B. V.). By J. Edward Meeker. Yale; $1.75. with the hoped-for discontinuance of Siberian
This little book will bring nothing new to stu exile for some hundreds of the most gifted and
dents of Thomson's work, but it may well prove a promising young Russians every year, the world
useful introduction for those not fortunate enough at large may suffer loss in learning less about the
to have secured Salt's biography of the poet. Mr. manifold hardships and few pleasures of life on
Meeker disclaims any ambitious purpose; he has
the Asiatic shores of the Arctic Ocean than has
made a compendium, largely from the studies of hitherto made itself known in such descriptive
Salt and Dobell, now become rare. He adopts a narratives as that now offered by Mr. Shklovsky.
rigid chronological order in the discussion of the That human beings should be able to live in a
poems, which he uses as an interpretative commen region all but devoid of vegetation and with a
tary of the biography. He quotes generously from temperature reaching --60°, centigrade, is remark-
the poems, and has chosen characteristic extracts able; but that even this forbidding corner of the
from the letters and the journal cited by Salt. Mr. earth should have been bitterly fought for by con-
Meeker has missed an opportunity in not striking tending tribes is more astonishing. “There is no
into a little-explored region—that of the compari- part of the world,” declares the author, “which
son between Leopardi and Thomson. Again, there has not been the arena of a battle between two
is the influence of Dante on Thomson, constantly races, each striving to thrust out the other.” Yet
referred to, but never carefully worked out. In one would think it safe to except the Desert of
addition to the often-mentioned Dantesque imag Sahara, the upper slopes of Mt. Everest, the


1917]
447
THE DIAL
frozen solitudes of Victoria Land, and a few other
NOTES FOR BIBLIOPHILES
equally uninviting spots. Mr. Shklovsky's book
takes us among the Chooktchi tribes and other [Inquiries or contributions to this department should be ad-
dressed to Job E. Robinson, the Editor, who will be
natives at the far extremity of Asia. Illustrations, pleased to render to readers such services as are possible.)
including native drawings, abound. It is a volume
of anthropologic and ethnologie interest, and cor The valuable library of the late Colonel Charles
rects several prevalent errors of the anthropolo- L. F. Robinson, of Hartford, Conn., was sold at
gists and ethnologists.
the Anderson Galleries, New York, on April 30
and May 1. The three sessions brought a grand
THE RED RUGS OF TARSUS. A Woman's Rec-
total of $66,204.60. George D. Smith paid $3100
ord of the Armenian Massacre of 1909. By
for the original account of Sir Francis Drake's
Helen Davenport Gibbons. Century Co.;
West Indian expeditions, during which he sacked
Carthagena and other towns on the Spanish Main.
$1.50.
It was published at Leyden in 1588, and is in
Mrs. Herbert Adams Gibbons, a young Bryn binding by Bedford. It is an extremely rare
Mawr graduate, went with her husband, soon after work, especially with the maps, only four other
their marriage, to the Turkish town best known
copies having them, those belonging to the John
as the birthplace of the apostle Paul; and there Rylands Library, Church Collection, New York
the two acted as aids to the regularly appointed Public Library, and the John Carter Brown Li-
missionaries at the American school conducted by brary.
Dr. Thomas D. Christie. In a series of letters to Mr. Smith also gave $1050 for the only copy
her mother she gives bright and humorous known of Thomas Drakes' “Ten Counter De-
descriptions of her new experiences, which, how- maunds, propounded to those of the Separation
ever, soon cease to be merely amusing. The hor (or English Donatists) to be directly and dis-
ror of an Armenian massacre converts the airy tinctly answered," four leaves, small quarto, prob-
narrative into a grim recital of terrible deeds. ably Leyden, 1618, in binding by Bradstreet. This
But the courage and resource of the young couple hitherto has been a lost book, known only from
show up admirably even in the modest chronicle of
the reply to it by William Euring, "An Answer
the wife. Also the fortitude of the harassed Ar to the 'Ten Counter Demaunds,'” printed in 1619.
menians is beyond praise. To add to the com Of this reply the only copy known is preserved in
plexities of the situation, the writer's first child the library of Dr. Williams, of London. The
is born in the very thick of these anxieties and last of the “Ten Counter Demaunds” reads:
perils. Escape is at last effected on an American Whether it were not the separists' best course to
war vessel, much to the reader's relief, though he returne to God's true Church and people, from which
knew beforehand it must come sooner or later in (upon some concealed hard dealing) they have made
order to make possible the writing of the book, an unlawful rent, and therein to confer with the best
which serves as a timely and moving appeal for
learned, and, if still their consciences be somewhat
succor to the distressed Armenians.
tender, to supplicate for some favor and liberty, or,
if they will not take this course, whether it were
not good for them, for the avoiding of scandall, and
MOUNT RAINIER. A Record of Exploration. in expectance of some prosperous successe, by the
Edited by Edmund S. Meany. Macmillan; permission of our noble King and honorable Counsell,
$2.50.
to remove into Virginia, and make a plantation there,
In nineteen chapters Professor Meany presents
in hope to convert infidels to Christianity.
as many reprinted articles describing Mt. Takhoma,
This seems to be the earliest suggestion in any
as the natives called the formidable peak since printed book that the Pilgrim Fathers should
renamed Mt. Rainier, and giving the history of its come to America.
exploration, with additional data from govern-
Mr. Smith also obtained for $3650 the “Buc-
ment publications and other sources. From Captain caneer's Atlas, or South Sea Waggoner,” royal
George Vancouver to Professor Charles Van folio, by William Hack, printed at Wapping in
couver Piper, the leading authorities on the sub 1684. It was from Captain Bartholomew Sharpe,
ject are drawn upon, and the result is a handy commander of a party of buccaneers in South
and inviting collection of historical and descrip- America, that Hack obtained the necessary in-
tive and scientific material much to the taste of formation for the construction of this atlas. Be-
mountain-climbers and other lovers of the great
sides the great geographical interest of the volume,
out-of-doors. A curiosity in its way is the in-
value is added to it by the fact that it belonged
cluded "Indian Warning against Demons,” by the
at one time to the South Sea Company. A first
Indian guide, Sluiskin. This impassioned address
edition of “Barnabees Journal," by Richard
in the Chinook jargon, intended as a deterrent to
Brathwait, London, 1638, in binding by the Club
General Hazard Stevens and his party as they Bindery, the Robert Hoe copy, also went to Mr.
were about to make the first successful ascent, was
Smith for $495. Dr. Joseph Martini paid $900
for a first edition of “Les Voyages” of Samuel de
committed to memory by one of the orator's
Champlain, Paris, 1613, in binding by Lortic. It
hearers and has recently been translated by General
is the Robert Hoe copy. The “Grand Voyages"
Stevens. Both the original and the translation are
of De Bry, thirteen volumes, folio, 1590-1634,
now reproduced. Portraits of the explorers and
went to Mr. Smith for $910.
writers to whom the book is ultimately due are James F. Drake paid $500 for “Les Baisers,”
inserted.
by Claude J. Dorat, La Haye et Paris, 1770, in


448
[May 17
THE DIAL
binding by Trautz-Bauzonnet, first issue, on Hol ing appeared on April 27—of the famous book
land paper, one of the masterpieces of eighteenth which invented the word, “America," and stamped
century engraving. Mr. Smith gave $560 for “Sir it on the New World for all time. On the back
Francis Drake Revived,” first edition, London, of one of the pages it is said: “Now, however,
1626, the Robert Hoe copy. Gabriel Weis obtained those parts are more widely investigated, and an-
for $760 a colored copy on large paper of John other quarter has been discovered by Americus
Dryden's “Fables," in binding by Stikeman. R. A. Vespucius, as will be heard in the sequel, and I
Sparks paid $850 for “Globus Mundi,” published do not see how anyone can lawfully forbid that it
at Strassburg in 1509, in binding by Bedford. The should be named, after its sagacious and ingenious
woodcut of the globe, repeated four times, is one discoverer, Amerige, as it were America's land, or
of the earliest maps showing the New World.
America.”
It is the Huth copy. Lathrop C. Harper gave J. O. Wright paid $1175 for a collection of nine
$675 for "The Discoveries of John Lederer, in rare American pamphlets, bound in one volume,
three several Marches from Virginia to the West lettered “Orations," from the library of George
of Carolina and other parts of the Continent, Washington, with his autograph signature on the
London, 1672, in binding by Bedford, the Huth first half-title. This volume was in “Case No. 7"
copy. Mr. Smith bought for $1050 “Les Amours
in the library at Washington's death. Two of the
Pastorales de Daphnis et de Chloé," by Longus, pamphlets are “Fifth of March" orations; two
Paris, 1787, one of twelve copies on vellum, the others are “Fourth of July” orations; and three
Robert Hoe copy.
are Masonic addresses. Four were presentation
“De Orbe Noro,” etc., by Peter Martyr, orig- copies to Washington. Mr. Smith gave $600 for
inal vellum wrappers, Paris, 1587, was bought on "The Complete Farmer," London, 1793, with
order for $925. Inserted in it was the celebrated George Washington's signature on the title-page.
copper-plate map of the world, executed for and
Mr. Wright obtained for $710 “Character Portraits
dedicated to Richard Hakluyt, showing the latest of Washington," by W. S. Baker, Philadelphia,
English discoveries down to about 1584. It is
1887, in binding by Stikeman, with ninety-two
the first map on which the name of Virginia ap inserted plates put in by the late W. F. Have-
pears. It came from Robert Hoe's library. James
meyer. The log book and journal kept by Prince
F. Drake obtained for $500 the “Itinerarium," by William Henry, afterward William IV, during the
Francanzo Montalboddo, folio, vellum, printed at period of his service on the “Prince George" as
Milan in 1508. It contains the first three voyages midshipman in New York, 1781-2, and elsewhere,
of Columbus and the voyages of Vasco da Gama, was knocked down to Mr. Smith for $925. G. W.
Cabral, Cortereal, the Pinzons, and others. Mr. F. Blanchfield paid $725 for “New England's
Smith paid $870 for the original manuscript bill Prospect," London, 1635, with the rare woodcut
introduced in the House of Lords by William
map, “The South Part of New England, as it
Pitt, Earl of Chatham, for “settling the troubles is planted this yeare, 1635."
in America. The bill was compiled in consulta An interesting sale at the Walpole Galleries,
tion with Benjamin Franklin, America's repre-
New York, on May 1, brought a total of $6412.
sentative. It was rejected and was subsequently
The highest price was $925, paid by Mr. Lowder-
printed and circulated by Lord Chatham as an
milk, of Washington, D. C., for the extremely rare
appeal to the judgment of the public from that
of the House of Lords. Mr. Drake gave $510
first edition of Edgar Allan Poe's “Al Aaraaf,
for a Latin Psalter, manuscript on vellum, exe-
Tamerlane and Minor Poems," original boards,
cuted in Italy not later than the middle of the
Baltimore, 1829. Probably not more than ten
twelfth century.
copies of this first edition, in the original binding,
The finest known copy of "Hakluytus Posthu-
are known. Few copies were sold, and those that
mus," by Samuel Purchas, five volumes folio, Lon are in existence owe their preservation to their
don, 1625-26, in binding by Bedford after the having been presented by the author to friends.
manner of Roger Payne, went to Mr. Smith for This copy was originally in the possession of a
$890. Mr. Smith also obtained for $610 the auto Baltimore merchant, at whose house Poe was a
graph manuscript by Sir Walter Scott of "Letters visitor. Walter M. Hill, of Chicago, gave $210 for
by and from Henrietta, Countess of Suffolk,” seven “The Booke of Falconrie” and “The Noble Art of
closely written folio pages. There likewise went Venerie," London, 1611, from the library of
to Mr. Smith a Fourth Folio Shakespeare, with Thomas Gosden, with his book plate and bound by
portrait of the author by Martin Droeshout, for him in brown calf. Mr. Garrett, of Hartford,
$610; the Robert Hoe copy of the seventh edition Conn., obtained for $825 “Tydings from Rome, or
of “Pericles, Prince of Tyre," London, 1635, in England's Alarm," no place or printer, but printed
binding by David, for $510; the first edition of by Samuel Green at Cambridge, Mass., in 1668.
both volumes of “Gulliver's Travels," by Jonathan It is the only known copy of a book hitherto de-
Swift, London, 1726, in binding by Riviere, the scribed as one of the "lost books” of America.
Robert Hoe copy, for $527.50; “The new found James F. Drake paid $261 for the first edition
Worlde, or Antarctike," by Andre Thevet, first of "A New Discourse of a stale Subject, called
edition, London, 1568, in brown levant morocco the Metamorphosis of Ajax," by Sir John Har-
by the Club Bindery, for $580; and “Cosmo ington, London, 1596, and $455 for the rare first,
graphiae Introductio," by Martin Waldsemuller, privately printed edition of "Deacon Brodie,” by
St. Die (Lorraine), August 29, 1507, in binding Robert Louis Stevenson and William Ernest Hen-
by Bedford. It is the second issue—the first hav ley, original wrappers, Edinburgh, 1880, marked


1917]
449
THE DIAL
you laugh
because
you recog-
nize the
types
“There's the fambly al-
bum, though Gramma
Sparks's. Would yuh like
to look at that?"
throughout by Stevenson and Henley with altera-
tions in pencil and pen.
Books, pamphlets, manuscripts, and autograph
letters relating to American history brought a
total of $7700 at a sale by Scott & O'Shaughnessy
at the Collectors' Club, 30 East 42nd St., New
York, on April 26.
George D. Smith paid $760 for “The Charter,
Laws and Catalogue of books of the Library Com-
pany of Philadelphia,” printed by Benjamin Frank-
lin and D. Hall in 1787, one of the rarest of Franklin
imprints. The library, which was one of the first
institutions of its kind in the country, was founded
by Franklin, and it is said that the Catalogue was
compiled in part by him. James F. Drake gave $150
for a rare broadside announcing the surrender of
Cornwallis, dated Boston, 1781. Mr. Smith paid
$251 for two manuscripts in the handwriting of John
Brown, relating to the part played by himself and
his sons in the skirmishes at Blackjack and Osawatom-
mie; $115 for “Vertoogh van Nieu-Nederland," by
Adriaen van der Donck, printed in 1650; and $121
for manuscript journals kept by Captain Electus
Backus during his service with the American army in
the Mexican War, 1846-48. A broadside on the vic-
tories at Quebec, Ticonderoga, and Crown Point,
printed by James Franklin at Newport in 1759, was
bought on order for $197. Robert H. Dodd paid
$160 for Cotton Mather's “Way to Prosperity,"
Boston, 1690.
At a sale of autographs in the Anderson Gal-
leries on April 26 and 27, Charles Scribner's Sons
paid $102.50 for an autograph letter signed by
Jean Lannes, Duke of Montebello, one of the most
celebrated of Napoleon's generals. Gabriel Weis
gave $260 for a number of printed proclamations
by Napoleon, and $315 for two autograph letters
signed by George Washington. Joseph F. Sabin
obtained for $142.50 a duplicate by. General
Nathanael Greene of his letter to the President of
Congress, describing the attack on the British
fort at Ninety Six. Gabriel Weis paid $300 for
autographs and portraits of the presidents of the
United States, 1789-1917.
G. J. C. Grasberger gave $400, at a sale in the
Anderson Galleries, May 1-4, for the manuscript
of “Home, Sweet Home,” in the handwriting of
John Howard Payne, dated Washington, March
28, 1851. P. F. Madigan paid $156.50 for a letter
written by Abraham Lincoln when he was in
Congress. Gabriel Weis obtained for $130 the
original manuscript contract for “Diana of the
Crossways," signed by George Meredith and Chap-
man of Chapman & Hall. George D. Smith paid
$280 for the genuine first issues of “Salmagundi,
by Washington Irving, and $105 for an autograph
letter signed by Charles Lamb. Ernest Dressel
North bought for $190 the “Political Debates be-
tween Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas,"
Columbus, 1860, with “Yours truly, Abraham
Lincoln," on the fly-leaf. Mr. Smith gave $115
for a set of President Woodrow Wilson's works,
each copy autographed by the author.
The Anderson Company closed its 1916-17
season on May 9th. The building in which its
business has been conducted has been sold to per-
sons who will put up a twenty-three story office
building. The Anderson Company will move to
the vicinity of 50th Street.
And then Rebecca Sparks
Peters, aged eleven, shows
the new preacher “The Big-
ger Album from Upstairs”
-remember the red-plush
book with the old-fashioned
“cabʼnets" in it ? In
“The Fambly Album"
Frank Wing has drawn and
written a hundred - page
laugh that is even heartier
than his “Fotygraft Album,”
which you
have seen if you
are one of 75,000 buyers.
97
From Rev'runt Din-
widdie to Abner Per-
due and Wife — you'll
know the characters in
“The Fambly Album.”
Boards, 750 net. Leatherette,
padded, boxed, $1.50 net.
THE REILLYTETBRITTONS
PVBLISHERS
CHICAGO


450
[May 17
THE DIAL
NOTES AND NEWS
RUDYARD
KIPLING
AFTER SEVEN YEARS HAS COMPLETED
A NEW BOOK OF SHORT STORIES
ENTITLED
“A Diversity of Creatures”
FOURTEEN STORIES
FOURTEEN NEW POEMS
To read them is to renew the
magic of many of the great
Kipling creations of the past
twenty-five years with a new
undertone of the world war
breaking forth in at least two
stories of the highest genius.
Green Cloth, Net, $1.50
Red Limp Leather, Net, $1.75
77
Published by
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.
GARDEN CITY, N. Y.
Of the contributors to the present issue of THE
DIAL, Edward Sapir is head of the Division of
Anthropology of the Geological Survey of Canada,
and a specialist in American Indian ethnology and
linguistics. He is keenly interested in literature
and music.
Richard Aldington, known as one of the leaders
of the Imagist group of poets, is now engaged in
the grim business of war. His recent contributions
to THE DIAL have been sent from the trenches.
Frederic Austin Ogg is an Associate Professor
of Political Science at the University of Wiscon-
sin, and the author of many books on historical
and governmental subjects.
Homer E. Woodbridge has contributed regu-
larly to THE DIAL for several years. He has made
a special study of the contemporary drama in Eng-
land and America.
C. H. McIlwain is an Assistant Professor of
History at Harvard University.
A new novel by Eden Phillpotts, entitled “The
Banks of the Colne,” is announced by Messrs.
Macmillan for publication May 23rd.
A new novel by Jeffery Farnol, entitled “The
Definite Object, is announced for publication
early in June by Little, Brown & Co.
E. Temple Thurston has written a new novel
of Ireland, entitled “Enchantment,'
” which D.
Appleton & Co. expect to publish shortly.
Mr. B. W. Huebsch announces that the first
edition of “A German Deserter's War Experience”
was exhausted before publication but that