Idg. THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY OF The Pennsylvania State College CLASS NO. 195 NO.0 51 BOOK NO. D 54 ACCESSION NO. 73834 2308 | THE DIAL A FORTNIGHTLY JOURNAL OF Criticism and Discussion of Literature and The Arts OS VOLUME LXIV, January 3 to June 6, 1918 CHICAGO THE DIAL PUBLISHING COMPANY INDEX TO VOLUME LXIV 1 PAGE . . . . . . 291 . 521 · 390 93 . 473 · 194 227 67 478 392 197 . . . . 27 . . . . John Gould Fletcher The Editors . Kenneth Macgowan Laurence Binyon Lord Dunsany C. K. Trueblood Marsden Hartley Benj. M. Woodbridge Kenneth Macgowan Wilson Follett William E. Dodd Louis S. Friedland R. K. Hack Myron R. Williams Randolph Bourne H. M. Kallen Henry B. Fuller Kenneth Macgowan .J. E. Spingarn Max Sylvius Handman Conrad Aiken Clarence Britten John Dewey Helen Marot Randolph Bourne B. 1. Kinne Henry B. Fuller Randolph Bourne Amy Lowell Randolph Bourne Edward Sapir H. B. Alexander Swinburne Hale Henry B. Fuller Randolph Bourne Randolph Bourne Ruth McIntire Norman Angell Alfred Booth Kuttner Ernest A. Boyd H. M. Kallen William Chase Greene William Aspenwall Bradley Charles A. Beard Richard Aldington . . . 65 241 358 533 68 13 485 438 111 235 333 . 341 486 288 233 405 51 234 192 63 23 539 69 451 . 527 . ATKEN; CONRAD, THE POETRY OP ANNOUNCEMENT.. ANTIQUATEP Youth ART, AND WHAT OF?: ARTIST AND TRADESMAN BACKGROUND WITHOUT TRADITION BARRYMORE's IBBETSON, JOHN BRIEUX, EUGENE BROADWAY, A GORDON CRAIG FROM CABELL, JAMES BRANCH, A GOSSIP ON CHANGING PERMANENCE, OUR CHEKHOV, ANTON CHESTERTON'S ENGLAND, MR. CIVILIANS, THE SOUL OF CLIPPED WINGS Conscious CONTROL OF THE BODY COSMOPOLITE, A THWARTED Critics, CORRUPTED DRAMATIC Croce's THOUGHT, The Rich STOREHOUSE OF CULTURE, THE DETERMINANTS OF CURIOSITY SHOP, NEW-AND A POET DEMOCRACY BY COERCION EDUCATION AND SOCIAL DIRECTION EDUCATION, THE CREATIVE AND EFFICIENCY CONCEPTS OF ENEMY, OUR, Speaks ESSAY-LOVERS, A HINT TO ESTABLISHING THE ESTABLISHED FICTION, THE BREVITY SCHOOL IN Free VERSE, The RHYTHMS OF GENTILITY, A VANISHING WORLD OF God as VISIBLE PERSONALITY GREEK MEETS GREEK Grenstone LAD, A HARVEST, A VARIED IDEALISM, REVOLUTIONARY, A PRIMER OF IMAGIST NOVEL, AN IMPERTURBABLE Artist, An . INTERNATIONALISM AS THE CONDITION OF ALLIED SUCCESS INTOLERANCE, AMERICAN, A STUDY OF IRELAND's New WRITER OF FICTION JAMES, WILLIAM, A Swiss View of Keats AS THINKER KENTUCKY CUMBERLANDS, THE FOLK CULTURE OF THE “LABOR, Right OR WRONG" LETTERS TO UNKNOWN WOMEN I. To the Slave in “Cleon” II. To Sappho III. To Helen LIBRARY, THE PUBLIC, AND THE Public NEED LINCOLN IN BIOGRAPHY AND LETTERS LITERARY BURLESQUE, REËNTER LITERARY CLAPTRAP LITERATURE, IF This Be, Give Me DEATH . • . . . . . . • . . • 427 . • . . 223, 282 445 401 64 95 . 152 226, 430, 525 226 430 525 475 148 450 . 401 . 199 . . Babette Deutsch L. E. Robinson Clarence Britten James Weber Linn B. I. Kinne. . INDEX iii PAGE . • . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LITTLE THEATRE, A HAPPY ENDING FOR THE LONDON LETTERS LONG WAIT IN VAIN, A LORDS OF LANGUAGE Magics, The Two “MILLION-FOOTED MANHATTAN” MISTAKES, A YEAR OF MYSTICISM, THE MIDDLE WAY IN NATIONAL FRONTIERS, THE PASSING OF Novelist TURNED PROPHET, A FORD SPIRIT, THE Paris LETTERS Past, ON CREATING A USABLE PATRIOTISM WITHOUT VISION PEACE, LASTING, THE STRUCTURE OF PEUR DE LA VIE, LA PILGRIM SONS OF 1920 PLAYS, NEW, AND A New THEORY Plot, A NOVEL WITH A Poet, WHY A, SHOULD NEVER BE EDUCATED POETS AS REPORTERS Poets, The DETERIORATION OF POLITICS, The PAINTED DEVIL OF PROMISED LAND, A PILGRIM INTERPRETS THE PsyCHOLOGY, APPLIED, ON TRIAL PURPOSE AND FLIPPANCY QUADRANGLES PAVED WITH Good INTENTIONS "QUEER FELLOW, A" RIMSKY-KORSAKOV "SAGE AND SERIOUS” Poet, The SANCHO PANZA ON His ISLAND SCIENCE, The True AUTHORITY OF SENSE AND NONSENSE SHERMAN'S GARDEN, PROFESSOR, THISTLES AND GRAPES IN SINCLAIR, MAY, SENTIMENTALIST STATESMAN SACRIFICED, A SUPERSTITION BECOME RESPECTABLE THIRTEEN, A LUCKY THOMAS, EDWARD TONE-POET, A MODERN RUSSIAN TORY TOMB, SHADES FROM THE TRAPS FOR THE UNWARY TROTZKY, A DOUBTFUL ALLY UKRAINE, POETRY vs. Politics IN THE UNIVERSITY, THE, AND DEMOCRACY VAGABOND, A SCHOLARLY VICTORIAN SUBURBIA, ART IN VICTORIANS, A RESIDUARY LEGATEE OF THE VOICE OF Reason, The WAR, THE, AND AMERICAN LITERATURE WAR, UNROMANTIC War's HERITAGE TO YOUTH West, REBECCA-Novelist YET ONCE MORE, O Ye LAURELS! Kenneth Macgowan 187 Edward Shanks 103, 189, 286, 396, 480 M. C. Otto . 355 Scofield Thayer 536 Conrad Aiken 447 Harold Stearns 239 Harold Stearns 293 C. K. Trueblood 534 Thorstein Veblen 387 Louis Untermeyer 483 R. K. Hack 350 Robert Dell. 59, 141, 230, 344, 435, 530 Van Wyck Brooks 337 V. T. Thayer 19 H. M. Kallen 9, 56, 99, 137, 180 Harold Stearns 482 P. W. Wilson 522 Padraic Colum 295 Myron R. Williams 153 Louis Untermeyer 145 Conrad Aiken 351 Conrad Aiken 403 Harold Stearns 109 Elsie Clews Parsons 107 Joseph Jastrow 353 Randolph Bourne 540 Randolph Bourne 151 William Aspenwall Bradley . 297 Paul Rosenfeld · 279 R. E. Neil Dodge 487 Edward Sapir 25 Robert H. Lowie 432 Harold Stearns 439 Henry B. Fuller 105 Herbert J. Seligmann 489 Robert Morss Lovett 441 Joseph Jastrow 289 Louis Untermeyer 70 Edward Garnett 135 Russell Ramsey 21 Harold J. Laski 349 Randolph Bourne 277 Harold Stearns 143 Louis Untermeyer 238 Charles A. Beard 335 Myron R. Williams • 402 Robert Morss Lovett 191 Robert Morss Lovett 16 Harold Stearns 399 Robert Herrick 7 Robert Herrick 133 Van Wyck Brooks 47 Henry B. Fuller 299 Conrad Aiken 195 . . . . . . . . . . . 73834 . . . . • . . iv INDEX VERSE PAGE . . . . . AFTER ONE EVENING DESIRABLE RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD DISTANCE FOR THE YOUNG MEN DEAD GARDENS HAVEN IN DEDICATION LARGESSE ON THE BREAKWATER. REPROOF RETURN, THE Swallows, THE To DOROTHY To RUPERT BROOKE Two RAINS, THE Young WORLD, THE Leslie Nelson Jennings Clara Shanafelt Babette Deutsch Florence Kiper Frank Annette Wynne Leslie Nelson Jennings Leslie Nelson Jennings J. M. Batchelor Helen Hoyt Edward Sapir Guy Nearing Padraic Colum. Maxwell Bodenheim Maurice Browne Amy Lowell James Oppenheim 8 481 140 · 396 526 190 477 62 344 102 434 50 288 229 98 175 . . . • $ AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED PAGE Acharya, Sri Ananda Brahmadarsanam, or Intuition of the Absolute 245 Adams, Joseph Quincy. Shakespearean Playhouses... 203 Aiken, Conrad.Earth Triumphant.-The Jig of Forslin. -Nocturne of Remembered Spring.–Turns and Movies 291 Aldrich, Mildred. The Hilltop on the Marne. On the Edge of the War Zone.... ........ 121 Alexander, F. Matthias. Man's Supreme Inheritance. . 533 Allen, James Lane. The Kentucky Warbler. 248 Allen, Maude Rex. Japanese Art Motives..... 407 Alpha of the Plough. Pebbles on the Shore.. 539 Anderson, Sherwood. Mid-American Chants... 483 Anthony, Joseph. Rekindled Fires.. 544 Atherton, Gertrude. The White Morning. 205 Austin, Mary. A Woman of Genius.... 117 Austin, Mary, and others. The Sturdy Oak. 117 Aydelotte, Frank. The Oxford Stamp... 350 Badé, William Frederic, editor. The Cruise of the Cor- win. By John Muir 156 Badley, J. H. Education after the War.. 350 Baggs, Mae Lucy. Colorado, the Queen Jewel of the Rockies 300 Balch, Emily Greene. Approaches to the Great Settlement 293 Ball, Alice E., illustrator and editor. A Year with the Birds 461 Barbagallo, Corrado, Guglielmo Ferrero and. A Short History of Rome. Vol. I: The Monarchy and the Republic 244 Barbusse, Henri. L'Enfer 231 Barbusse, Henri. Le Feu.. 133, 232, 486, 490 Barker, Granville. Three Short Plays: Rococo, Vote by Ballot, Farewell to the Theatre. 295 Barker, Granville, Dion Clayton Calthrop and. The Harlequinade 450 Barker, J. Ellis. The Great Problems of British States. manship 362 Barrie, Sir James. Fanny's First Play.-A Slice of Life 450 Bartimeus. The Long Trick.-Naval Occasions.The Tall Ship 646 Bartley, Nalbro. Paradise Auction. 78 Barton, Frank Townend. Ponies and All About Them 460 Barton, George A. The Religions of the World. 74 Bassett, Wilbur. Wander-Ships 499 Bell, Archie. The Spell of China... 803 Bell, F. McKelvey. The First Canadians in France. 120 Benavente, Jacinto. La Malquerida.. 121 Benson, Arthur C. Life and Letters of Maggie Benson 80 Benson, E. F. The Tortoise... 77 Bird, Charles S., Jr., editor. Town Planning for Small Communities 75 Blanchan Neltje, adapted from. Wild Flowers Worth Knowing 82 PAGE Blashfield, Evangeline Wilbour. Portraits and Back- grounds 202 Blathwayt, Raymond. Through Life and Round the World 30 Boirac, Emile. The Psychology of the Future. 492 Borst-Smith, E. F. Mandarin and Missionary in Cathay 120 Bosher, Kate Langley Kitty Canary. 413 Bosschere, Jean de. The Closed Door. 111 Boyd, Ernest A. Appreciations and Depreciations.. 190 Boutroux, Emile, and others. Ce qu'un Français doit savoir des Etats-Unis. (The “Fait de la Semaine," No. 3) 141 Braithwaite, William Stanley, editor. Anthology of Mag- azine Verse: 1917 195 Brigham, Richardson. The Study and Enjoyment of Pictures 81 Brill, A. A., and Alfred B. Kuttner, translators. Reflec- tions on War and Death. By Sigmund Freud...... 482 Broadhurst, George. Bought and Paid for. 890 Brodhay, 0. Chester. Verses of Idle Hours... 249 Brooks, Charles S. There's Pippins and Cheese to Come 288 Browne, Henry. Our Renaissance: Essays on the Re- form and Revival of Classical Studies .. 350 Bryant, Lorinda Munson. American Pictures and Their Painters 362 Bryce, James, Viscount. The Worth of Ancient Litera- ture to the Modern World... 850 Bunkley, J. W. Military and Naval Recognition Hand- book 412 Burke, Edward. My Wife. 78 Burke, Thomas. Limehouse Nights.-Twinkletoes. 545 Burleigh, Louise. The Community Theatre.... 187 Butler, Nicholas Murray. A World in Ferment......30, 496 Butler, Samuel. God the Known and God the Unknown 192 Bynner, Witter. Grenstone Poems. 23 Bynner, Witter. See Morgan, Emanuel. Cabell, James Branch. Branchiana.-Branch of Abing- don.—The Certain Hour.–Chivalry.--The Cords of Vanity.-The Cream of the Jest.--The Eagle's Sha- dow.–From the Hidden Way.-Gallantry.—The Line of Love.-The Majors and Their Marriages. The Rivet in Grandfather's Neck.-The Soul of Melicent 392 Cabot, Mary R., Margaret Crosby Munn and, editors. The Art of George Frederick Munn.. 245 Cahan, Abraham. The Rise of David Levinsky. 359 Calthrop, Dion Clayton, and Granville Barker, The Harlequinade 450 Calvert, A. S. and P. P. A Year of Costa Rican Nat- ural History 492 Carr, H. Wildon. The Philosophy of Benedetto Croce... 485 Carroll, Lewis. Alice in Wonderland.. 246 Carter, Charles Franklin. Stories of the Old Missions of California 499 Cervantes, Miguel de. Rinconete and Cortadillo. 114 INDEX V PAGE ... 355 .... 194 .... 445 Chambers, Robert W. The Restless Sex. 546 Chapin, Anna Alice. Greenwich Village. 289 Chase, Daniel. Flood Tide........ 544 Chekhov, Anton. The Cherry Orchard.. 446 Chekhov, Anton. The Darling, and Other Stories. The Duel, and Other Stories. The House with the Mez- zanine, and Other Stories.-The Lady with the Dog, and Other Stories.—The Party, and Other Stories.. 27 Cheney, Sheldon. The Art Theatre... 187 Chéradame, André. The United States and Pangermania 109 Chesterton, Gilbert K. A Short History of England.. 65 Chesterton, Gilbert K. Utopia of Usurers, and Other Essays 25 Clark, George Herbert. A Treasury of War Poetry.... 361 Clark, John Spencer. The Life of John Fiske.... Clark, W. E., J. W. Jenks and. The Trust Problem.. 460 Clarke, Austin. The Vengeance of Fionn..... 190 Clodd, Edward. The Question: "If a Man Die Shall He Live Again ?" 289 Clopper, Edward N., editor. Child Welfare in Oklahoma 454 Coar, John Firman. Democracy and the War.. 235 Collins, Charles Wallace. The National Budget System and American Finance 156 Colum, Padraic. Wild Earth. Colvin, Sir Sidney. John Keats: His Life and Poetry, His Friends, Critics, and After-Fame.. 64 Compton-Rickett, Arthur, Thomas Hake and. The Let- ters of Algernon Charles Swinburne, with Some Per- sonal Recollections 396 Conklin, Hester M., Pauline D. Partridge and. Wheatless and Meatless Days 461 Cook, Albert S., editor. A Literary Middle English Reader 160 Coolidge, Louis A. The Life of Ulysses S. Grant... 76 Cooper, Lane, editor. The Greek Genius and Its Influence 63 Corkery, Daniel. A Munster Twilight. The Threshold of Quiet 445 Corwin, Edward S. The President's Control of Foreign Relations 453 Cory, Herbert Ellsworth. Edmund Spenser: A Critical Study 487 Croce, Benedetto. Æsthetic.-Critical Conversations.-- Logic.-Problems of Æsthetics.-Theory of History 485 Crocker, Bosworth. Pawns of War... 409 Crosby, P. L. That Rookie from the 13th Squad.. 248 Crosland, T. W. H. The English Sonnet... 480 Cudworth, Warren H., translator. The Odes and Secular Hymn of Horace 243 Cumberland, W. W. Coöperative Marketing. 157 Curran, Edwin. First Poems. 145 Davis, Charles Belmont, editor. Adventures and Letters of Richard Harding Davis... 155 Dawson, Coningsby. Carry On..... 31 Deacon, J. Byron. Disasters.. 456 Debussy, Claude, composer. Images.-Le Martyre de Saint Sébastien.-Nocturnes.-Pélléas et Mélisande Preludes. -Quartet 865 Dennys, Richard. There Is No Death. 452 Dickinson, Asa Don, adapter. Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. From Neltje Blanchan... 82 Dickinson, Thomas H. The Insurgent Theatre. 187 Diderot, Denis. Early Philosophical Works.. 860 Dillon, Charles. Journalism for High Schools. 460 Dixon, Royal. The Human Side of Birds... 461 Dole, Nathan Haskell. The Life of Lyof N. Tolstoi. 81 Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. 447 Doubleday, Roman. The Green Tree Mystery. 78 Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. His Last Bow... 78 Dumas, Alexandre. The Neapolitan Lovers.. 413 Dunsany, Lord. A Dreamer's Tales .... 445 Dunsany, Lord. The Glittering Gate.-The Gods of the Mountain.--The Golden Doom.-King Argimenes.- The Lost Silk Hat.-The Tents of the Arabs ....... 474 Dyer, Walter A. Creators of Decorative Styles ......... 301 Eaton, Walter Prichard. Green Trails and Upland Pas- tures 120 Edgell, G. H., Fiske Kimball and. A History of Archi- tecture Edwards, Agnes. A Garden Rosary. Egerton, Hugh E. British Foreign Policy in Europe.... 71 Eliot, Charles W. Latin and the A.B. Degree......... 850 Elson, Henry Wilson. History of the United States..... 73 Escher, Franklin Foreign Exchange Explained........ 248 Farrell, H. P. Introduction to Political Philosophy...... 248 Fenger, Frederic A. Alone in the Caribbean. 402 PAGE Ferrero, Guglielmo, and Corrado Barbagallo. A Short History of Rome. Vol. 1: The Monarchy and the Republic 244 Ficke, Arthur Davison. See Knish, Anne. Flint, F. S., translator. The Closed Door. By Jean de Bosschere 111 Flournoy, Thomas. The Philosophy of William James.. 401 Follett, Helen Thomas, and Wilson Follett. Some Mod- ern Novelists 233 Food League, Patriotic, of Scotland. Savings and Sav- oury Dishes ...., 461 France, Anatole. Le Génie Latin. 344 Franck, Harry A. Vagabonding Down the Andes. 498 Freud, Sigmund. Reflections on War and Death..... 482 Frost, Robert. North of Boston.... 447 Fryer, Eugénie M. The Hill-Towns of France. 498 Fryers, Austin, producer. Realities. By Henrik Ibsen (?) 398 Fuller, Henry B. On the Stairs... 405 Garland, Hamlin. A Son of the Middle Border. George, W. L. Literary Chapters. 401 Georgian Poetry: 1916-7.. 104 Gibbs, George. The Secret Witness. 78 Gibson, Wilfrid Wilson. Hill-Tracks.. 403 Gibson, Wilfrid Wilson. Whin... 288 Gillmore, Maria Mcllvaine, Economy Cook Book... .... 461 Gjellerup, Karl. An Idealist.—The Pilgrim Kamanita.. 159 Glaenzer, Richard Butler. Beggar and King.. 351 Goldberg, Frank A., Alexander Petrunkevitch, Samuel N. Harper, and. The Russian Revolution... .......... 542 Gordon, Kate. Educational Psychology... 353 Gosse, Edmund. The Life of Algernon Charles Swinburne 396 Graham, Stephen. A Priest of the Ideal..... 115 Graves, Robert. Fairies and Fusiliers... ..103, 159 Greene, Frederick Stuart, editor. The Grim Thirteen.. 70 Gwynn, Stephen, and Gertrude M. Tuckwell. The Life of Sir Charles Dilke... 441 Hake, Thomas, and Arthur Compton-Rickett. The Let- ters of Algernon Charles Swinburne, with Some Per- sonal Recollections 396 Haller, William. The Early Life of Robert Southey, 1774-1803 73 Hamilton, Clayton. Problems of the Playwright. 295 Handy, Amy L. War-Time Bread and Cakes. 461 Hardy, Thomas. Moments of Vision........ 104 rper, Samuel N., Alexander Petrunkevitch, Frank A Goldberg, and. The Russian Revolution.... 542 Harris, Frank. Oscar Wilde, His Life and Confes. sions 587 Hart, Albert Bushnell, editor. The American Nation, Vol. 27 197 Haworth, Paul Leland. On the Headwaters of Peace River 494 Hayward, F. H. Professionalism and Originality. Hearn, Lafcadio. Life and Literature.. 68 Hemenway, Hetty. Four Days.... 205 Henderson, Arthur. The Aims of Labour... 399 Henderson, Helen W. A Loiterer in New York. 239 Hendrick, Ellwood. Everyman's Chemistry.... 81 Hill, David Jayne. The Rebuilding of Europe. 439 Hillyer, Robert Silliman. Sonnets, and Other Lyrics.. 492 Hitchcock, Alfred M. Over Japan Way... Hodgson, Ralph. The Last Blackbird.—Poems.. 403 Holliday, Robert Cortes. Booth Tarkington.... 297 Hollingworth, H. L., and A. T. Poffenberger. Applied Psychology 353 Holmes, John. Letters to James Russell Lowell and Others 543 Holmes, John Haynes. The Life and Letters of Robert Collyer 243 Holmes, R. Derby. A Yankee in the Trenches ..., 412 Holt, Edwin B., and William James, Jr., translators. The Philosophy of William James. By Thomas Flournoy 401 Hopkins, Arthur. How's Your Second Act ?.. 478 Hopkins, Arthur, producer. Hedda Gabler.-The Wild Duck. By Henrik Ibsen.. 479 Hotblack, Kate. Chatham's Colonial Policy... 157 Hough, Lynn H. The Significance of the Protestant Reformation 455 Houghteling, James L., Jr. A Diary of the Russian Revolution 801 Howells, William Dean. Years of My Youth.. 460 Hoxie, Robert Franklin. Trade Unionism in the United States 152 Hughes, Dora Morrell. Thrift in the Household.. 461 .... 244 82 ..... 454 ...... 120 vi INDEX 7 PAGE Hull, A. Eaglefield. Scriabin.. 21 Hutten, Bettina von. The Bag of Saffron. 546 Ibsen, Henrik. Hedda Gabler.-The Wild Duck. Pro- duced by Arthur Hopkins... 479 Ibsen, Henrik (?). Realities. 398 Irwin, Inez Haynes. The Lady of Kingdoms. 248 Jacks, L. P. The Country Air... 545 Jackson, Margaret Talbot. The Museum. 74 Jackson, Sir Thomas Graham. A Holiday in Umbria.. 82 James, George Wharton. Reclaiming the Arid West.... 165 James, William, Jr., Edwin B. Holt and, translators. The Philosophy of William James. By Thomas Flournoy 401 Jastrow, Morris, Jr. The War and the Bagdad Railway 456 Jenks, J. W., and W. E. Clark. The Trust Problem 460 Jenssen, H. Wiers- See Wiers-Jenssen. Jesse, F. Tennyson. Secret Bread.. 153 Johnson, Robert Underwood. Italian Rhapsody, and Other Poems of Italy.—Poems of War and Peace., 409 Jourdain, Margaret, translator. Diderot's Early Philo- sophical Works 360 Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 446 Jurist, An American. America after the War. 439 Keen, W. W. Medical Research and Human Welfare.. 303 Kellogg, J. H. A Thousand Health Questions Answered 81 Kellogg, Vernon, and Alonzo E. Taylor. The Food Problem 201 Keppel, Frederick P. The Undergraduate and His College 151 Kerlor, W. de, translator and editor. The Psychology of the Future. By Emile Boirac. 492 Kerner, Robert J. The Jugo-Slav Movement. 542 Kilmer, Joyce, editor. Dreams and Images.. 534 Kilpatrick, Van Evrie. The Child's Food Garden.. 461 Kimball, Fiske, and G. H. Edgell. A History of Archi- tecture 454 King, Caroline. Cook Book. 461 Klein, Charles. The Gamblers. 390 Knish, Anne (Arthur Davison Ficke), Emanuel Morgan (Witter Bynner) and. Spectra: New Poems...... 410 Korsakov, N. A. Rimsky-. See Rimsky-Korsakov. Kosor, Josip. People of the Universe.. 286 Kreymborg, Alfred, editor. Others : An Anthology of the New Verse, 1917.. 111 Kropotkin, P. Mutual Aid.. 32 Kuttner, Alfred B., A. A. Brill and, translators. Re- flections on War and Death By Sigmund Freud.. 482 Lanux, Pierre de. Young France and New America.. 47 Latimer's Progress, Professor. 544 Latzko, Andreas. Men in War. 486 Legrand, Philippe E. Daos. (The New Greek Comedy) 363 Leonard, Orville H. The Land Where the Sunsets Go.. 202 Liebknecht, Karl. Militarism 115 Lincoln, Abraham. Uncollected Letters.. 148 Lincoln, Joseph C. Extricating Obadiah. 78 Lindsay, S. M., William F. and Westel W. Willoughby and. The System of Financial Administration of Great Britain 248 Linn, Edith Willis. A Cycle of Sonnets. 492 Livesay, F. Randal, translator. Songs of Ukrania. 238 Lodge, Sir Oliver. Raymond. 289 Loeb, James, translator. The New Greek Comedy (Daos). By Philippe E. Legrand.. 363 Long, William J., editor. Alice in Wonderland. By Lewis Carroll 246 Longstreth, T. Morris. The Adirondacks. 498 Lorente, Mariano J., translator and editor. Rinconete and Cortadillo. By Miguel de Cervantes..... 114 Louis, Paul. Trois Péripéties dans la Crise Mondiale. 59 Lowie, Robert H. Culture and Ethnology. 438 Luckiesh, M. The Language of Color... 490 Lull, Richard Swan. Organic Evolution... 301 MacDowall, M. W., adapter. Asgard and the Gods.- Epics and Romances of the Middle Ages. From W. Wagner 114 Machen, Arthur. The Terror 205 Mackay, Constance D'Arcy. The Little Theatre in the United States 187 MacMillan, Kerr D. Protestantism in Germany 455 MacQuarrie, Hector. Over Here. 493 Malleson, Miles. Youth.... 390 Mardrus, J. C., translator. Hassan Badreddine. 345 Mare, Walter de la. Motley, and Other Poems. 288 PAGE Masefield, John, translator. Anne Pedersdotter. Ву H. Wiers-Jenssen 200 Mason, A. E. W. The Four Corners of the World. 117 Masters, Edgar Lee. Songs and Satires.--The Spoon River Anthology.-Towards the Gulf. 447 Matthews, Brander. These Many Years.... 234 Maurier, George du, dramatized from. Peter Ibbetson. 227 McCabe, Joseph. The Romance of the Romanoffs.... 114 McClendon, J. F. Physical Chemistry of Vital Phe- nomena 204 McClintock, Alexander. Best o' Luck. 120 McKenna, Stephen. Ninety-Six Hours' Leave. 491 McLaren, A. D. Peaceful Penetration. 455 Meigs, William M. The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun 460 Meynell, Alice. A Father of Women, and Other Poems 403 Meynell, Alice. Hearts of Controversy.. 302 Merrick, Leonard. The Actor-Manager.-Cynthia.-- The Position of Peggy Harper.-While Paris Laughed.-The Worldlings 527 Millard, Thomas F. Our Eastern Question. 82 Millay, Edna St. Vincent. Renascence, and Other Poems 145 Mille, William C. de. The Woman.. 390 Monks hood, G. F. The Less Familiar Kipling and Kiplingana 543 Moore, Henry Ludwell. Forecasting the Yield and the Price of Cotton 493 Moore, Henry T. Pain and Pleasure. 116 Morgan, Emanuel (Witter Bynner), and Anne Knish (Arthur Davison Ficke). Spectra: New Poems... 410 Morley, Christopher. Shandy gaff.. 539 Morley, Christopher. Songs for a Little House. 351 Morley, John, Viscount. Recollections.. 16 Morris, William. The Earthly Paradise. 397 Morse, Frances Clarey, Furniture of the Olden Time 491 Mortimer, Maud. A Green Tent in Flanders. 120 Muir, John. The Cruise of the Corwin.. 156 Munn, Margaret Crosby, and Mary R. Cabot, editors. The Art of George Frederick Munn. 245 Murphy, Thomas D. Oregon the Picturesque. 71 Murray, Gilbert. Faith, War, and Policy. 30 Nesbitt, Florence. Household Management. 456 Nexö, Martin Anderson. Pelle the Conqueror. 158 Nobbs, Gilbert. At the Right of the British Line. 72 Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. A History of the United States since the Civil War, Vol. I... 457 Ogg, Frederic Austin. National Progress, 1907-17. (The American Nation, Vol. 27)... 197 Oppenheim, E. Phillips. The Pawns Count. 547 Oppenheimer, Rebecca W. Diabetic Cookery 461 Orczy, Baroness. Lord Tony's Wife.... 547 Osborn, E. B., editor. The Muse in Arms. 103 O'Sullivan, Seumas. Mud and Purple... 190 O'Sullivan, Vincent. Sentiment. 78 Partridge, Pauline D., and Hester M. Conklin. Wheat- less and Meatless Days.. 461 Passelecq, Fernand. La Question Flamande et l'Alle- magne 232 Paton, W. R., translator. The Greek Anthology, Vol. III.. 452 Patterson, William M. The Making of Verse.--The Rhythm of Prose. 51 Pearse, Padraic. Collected Works. 190 Pennell, Joseph. Pictures of War Work in America.. 542 Petrunkevitch, Alexander, Samuel N. Harper, and Frank A. Goldberg. The Russian Revolution..... 542 Pitman, Frank Wesley. The Development of the British West Indies, 1700-1763. 361 Plowman, Max. A Lap Full of Seed.. 403 Poffenberger, A. T., H. L. Hollingworth and. Applied Psychology 353 Pollard, A. F. The Commonwealth at War.. 235 Pontoppidan, Henrik. Enslew's Death.-Favsingsholm. -The Promised Land.-Publicans and Sinners. Storeholt.---Torben and Jytte. 158 Poole, Ernest. The Dark People.. 410 Poole, Ernest. The Harbor.--His Family.-His Second Wife 540 Porto-Riche, Georges de. Le Marchand d'Estampes.. 142 Prévost, Abbé. Manon Lescaut.-Mémoires d'un Homme de Qualité 345 Price, G. Ward. The Story of the Salonika Army.. 363 Princeton Faculty, Members of. The World Peril... 19 Proud, E. Dorothea. Welfare Work. 204 INDEX vii PAGE Raphael, John N., dramatist. Peter Ibbetson. By George du Maurier.. 227 Ravage, M. E. An American in the Making. 107 Ray, P. Orman. An Introduction to Political Parties and Practical Politics.. 303 Reade, Arthur. Finland and the Finns. 498 Reinhardt, Max. Sumurun 390 Richardson, Dorothy M. Pilgrimage: Pointed Roofs; Backwater; Honeycomb 451 Riche, Georges de Porto- See Porto-Riche. Rickett, Arthur Compton.. See Compton-Rickett. Rimsky-Korsakov, N. A., composer. Le Coq d'Or.- Scheherazade.-Sniegourochka 279 Robbins, C. A. The Unholy Three. 78 Rogers, Julia E. Trees Worth Knowing.. 82 Rookie Rhymes 155 Rose, Mary S. Everyday Foods in War Time. 461 Roth, Samuel. First Offering.. . 145, 249 Rothschild, Alonzo. Honest Abe.. 148 Royal Society of Literature, Transactions of the. 499 Rumsey, Frances. Mr. Cushing and Mlle. du Chastel. 77 Russell, Bertrand. Mysticism and Logic.. 398 Russell, Bertrand. Political Ideals. 69 Russian Mission, Members of. America's Message to the Russian People 542 Sassoon, Siegfried. The Old Huntsman. 403 Savic, Vladislav R. South-Eastern Europe.. 494 Schafer, Joseph. A History of the Pacific Northwest. 408 Scheifley, William B. Brieux and Contemporary French Society 67 Scudder, Vida D. Le Morte Darthur of Sir Thomas Malory and Its Sources.. 453 Selincourt, Hugh de. Nine Tales. 241 Seltzer, Adele, translator. Men in War. By Andreas Latzko 486 Sembat, Marcel. Perdons-nous la Russie? (The “Fait de la Semaine," No. 9). 141 Semple, Ellen Churchill. The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky Mountains 95 Shackleton, Robert. The Book of New York. 239 Shackleton, Robert. Touring Great Britain. 498 Shakespeare, The Arden.. 480 Shaw, George Bernard. The Dark Lady of the Sonnets 450 Shaw, George Bernard. Mrs. Warren's Profession.. 391 Sherman, Stuart P. On Contemporary Literature.... 105 Simonds, William Day. Starr King in California.. 121 Sinclair, May. The Tree of Heaven. 489 Smith, Bertram. Days of Discovery. 547 Smith, E. F. Borst.. See Borst-Smith. Smith, E. Kirby. To Mexico with Scott. 31 Smith, Logan Pearsall. Trivia. 155 Sommers, Cecil. Temporary Heroes. 205 Spindler, Frank N. The Sense of Sight.. 116 Squire, J. C. The Lily of Malud, and Other Poems.. 403 Stefansson, Jon. Denmark and Sweden with Iceland and Finland 542 Stephens, James. The Crock of Gold.-The Demi-Gods 445 Stimson, F. J. My Story.. 156 Stires, Ernest M. The High Call.. 235 Stitt, Innes, and Leo Ward. To-Morrow, and Other Poems 534 Stork, Charles Wharton, translator. Anthology of Swedish Lyrics... 75 Stuck, Hudson. Voyages the Yukon and Its Tributaries 243 Sturgis, Mrs. R. Clipston. Random Reflections of a Grandmother 460 Swinburne, Algernon Charles. Letters... 396 Synge, John. The Playboy of the Western World.- Riders to the Sea.-The Shadow of the Glen...... 445 Tagore, Rabindranath. Sacrifice, and Other Plays... 295 Tarbell, Ida M. The Life of Abraham Lincoln... 148 Tarkington, Booth. The Gentleman from Indiana.- Monsieur Beaucaire.-Seventeen.-The Turmoil.... 298 Taylor, Alonzo E., Vernon Kellogg and. The Food Problem 201 Thayer, William Roscoe, editor. Letters of John Holmes to James Russell Lowell and Others..... 543 Thomas, Edward. The Happy-Go-Lucky Morgans.-- The Heart of England.—The Life of Richard Jef- feries.-Light and Twilight.-Rest and Unrest.-- Rose-Acre Papers.--The South Country.-The Woodland Life 135 Thomas, Edward. A Literary Pilgrim in England... 302 PAGE Thomas, Edward. Poems. 403 Thorndike, Lynn. The History of Medieval Europe.. 303 Tobenkin, Elias. The House of Conrad.. 358 Tracy, Gilbert A. Uncollected Letters of Abraham Lincoln 148 Trotter, L. J. History of India.. 360 Trotzky, Leon. The Bolsheviki and World Peace. 143 Tuckwell, Gertrude M., Stephen Gwynn and. The Life of Sir Charles Dilke... 441 Underhill, John Garrett, translator. La Malquerida. By Jacinto Benavente 121 Vachell, Horace Annesley. Fishpingle.. 78 Vallotton, Benjamin. Potterat and the War.. 241 Vandervelde, Emile. Le Socialisme contre l'Etat..436, 532 Van Dongen, Kees, illustrator. Hassan Badreddine... 345 Van Dyke, Henry. Fighting for Peace... 235 Van Loon, Hendrik Willem. A Short History of Dis- covery 453 Vanzype, Gustave. Two Belgian Plays: Mother Nature and Progress 295 Veblen, Thorstein. The Nature of Peace. .246, 444 Verrill, A. Hyatt. The Book of the West Indies. 157 Vreeland, Hamilton, Jr. Hugo Grotius.., 493 Wägner, W., adapted from. Asgard and the Gods. Epics and Romances of the Middle Ages... 114 Walker, H. F. B. A Doctor's Diary in Damaraland.. 81 Walpole, Hugh. The Green Mirror... ..199, 287 Walsh, Correa Moylan. The Climax of Civilization.- Socialism.-Feminism 203 Ward, Leo, Innes Stitt and. To-Morrow, and Other Poems 534 Ward, Mrs. Humphry. Missing. 117 Warwick, Anne. The Best People.. 516 Washburn, Margaret Floy. The Animal Mind. 412 Watson, Frederick. Children of Passage.. 412 Watson, Malcolm. Rural Sanitation in the Tropics... 120 Watts, Mary S. The Boardman Family..... 540 Wenley, R. M. The Life and Work of George Sylvester Morris 76 West, Andrew F., editor. Value of the Classics... 350 West, Rebecca. The Return of the Soldier... 299 Wheeler, W. R., editor. A Book of Verse of the Great War 351 Whibley, Charles. Political Portraits. 349 Whipple, George Chandler. State Sanitation.. 249 Wiers-Jenssen, H. Anne Pedersdotter.. 200 Wilde, Oscar. The Ballad of Reading Gaol.-De Pro- fundis 536 Wilde, Oscar. Decorative Arts in America. 301 Willcox, Louise Collier, editor. A Manual of Mystic Verse 534 Williams, Albert Rhys. In the Claws of the German Eagle 82 Williams, Charles. Poems of Conformity 534 Williams, Jesse Lynch. Why Marry?. 390 Willoughby, William F. and Westel W., and S. M. Lindsay. The System of Financial Administration of Great Britain... 248 Wilson, Woodrow. In Our First Year of War: Mes. sages and Addresses.. 293 Winter, Nevin O. Florida, the Land of Enchantment.. 300 Wolseley, Viscountess. In a College Garden..... 82 Woman of No Importance, A. Memories Discreet and Indiscreet 204 Wood, Eric Fisher. The Note Book of an Intelligence Officer 302 Wood, Mary Morton. The Spirit of Revolt in Old French Literature.. 361 Woodbridge, Elisabeth. Days Out, and Other Papers. 539 Woolcott, Alexander. Mrs. Fiske: Her Views on Actors, Acting, and the Problems of Production. 499 Woolner, Amy. Thomas Woolner, R.A., Sculptor and Poet 191 Workman, Fanny Bullock, and William Hunter Work- Two Summers in the Ice Wilds of Eastern Karakoram 491 Wright, Willard Huntington, editor. The Great Mod- ern French Stories 499 Wyatt, Edith. The Wind in the Corn. 351 Yeats, W. B. Per Amica Silentia Lunæ. 286 Younghusband, Sir George. A Soldier's Memories..72, 495 Zabriskie, Luther K. The Virgin Islands of the United States of America... 490 Zahm, J. A. The Quest of El Dorado. 408 on man. viii INDEX CASUAL COMMENT ......... PAGE Academic Control and a New College of Political Science 496 Ancient Wisdom Sometimes Comes to Our Aid.. 158 Anthologist, The Incorrigible. 207 Artists, Eight American, Nominated to Accompany Our Armies 304 Birrell, Augustine, on Two American Doctors. 496 Blake Collection, An Important. 79 B. L. T. and THE DIAL.... 119 Books--America's Demand for Them During the War... 305 Booksellers' Association, American, The Annual Conven- tion of the... 459 Business as Usual Except in the Arts. 83 Butler, President, to the Trustees of Columbia. 118 Criticism, Are the Courts Usurping the Functions of ?.. 159 Debussy-Death Did Not Come to Him Unexpectedly.... 865 Dell, Robert-His Expulsion from France.... 647 Democratizing of Knowledge, The....... 458 Durant, Mr.-His Provocative Letter to THE DIAL. 364 Education, The Quarrels in the Field of.. 864 Espionage Act, The.. 497 F. P. A. and “The Bookman' 118 Gjellerup, Karl, and Henrik Pontoppidan, The Idealism of 168 Hamilton, General Sir lan, Has Harsh Words for the Censor 82 Illinois's Centennial as a State, the Celebration of..... 84 James, William 80 Jaques, A Melancholy, Writes from "an Atlantic Port". 118 Labor Party, The British-Its Report on Reconstruction. 206 Laborites, TheThe Alliance Between Them and the In- tellectuals in England... 207 Letters from the Young Men of Our New Army........ 83 Librarians' Salaries 496 Libraries, Our Public--What Do They Cost Us?...... 304 Library Association, American, The War Service of the ....119, 497 Library, Our Great, in Washington, Annually Reminds Us 159 “Living Age," The 411 Magazines, Monthly, The Debuts of Three More. Music, The Æsthetic Function of..... 410 PAGE National Institute of Arts and Letters, The Gold Medal of the... 208 Nobel Prize, The, for Literature Goes to Denmark. 158 Opposition, Legitimate, and Partisan Politics.... 458 Pageant, The-Its Possible Rôle in Our National Life... 79 Peace-Would Any Lover of It Derive Joy from the Fortunate By-Products of War?.. 80 Pedagogues, The Will They Leave Us No Cozy Corners in the House of Letters ?. 246 Poem-On Printing One in Place of a Leading Article.. 206 Poetic Renaissance, Our So-Called, and the Spectrist School 410 Pontoppidan, Henrik, and Karl Gjellerup, The Idealism of 158 Press, Our-In What Degree Is It Responsible for the Dismal Uniformity in American Life?.. 365 Press, Our Contemporary-Its Flexibility of Mind.. 459 Red Cross, The, One Happy Scheme for Raising Money for 305 Reviewing and Advertising-What Part Do They Play in the Making of a Book ?.. 497 Roosevelt, The Hon. Theodore, and Caution in Statement 247 Russian Revolution, The–The Completion of Its First Year 206 Sammies, The-A Vivid Description of Them in France. 208 Shanks, Mr. Edward, Writing from London.... 159 Shaw, George Bernard, on the Freedom of the Press. ... 246 Sherman, Senator-His Kind of Opposition.. 458 Spectrism, The Genesis and Course of.. 411 Statesmen-Why Do They Not Abandon the Habit of Giving Speeches ?....... 79 Symon, J. L.-His Complaint that Novels Are Too Short 33 Veblen, Thorstein, Self-Appointed Censors of... 246 War, The Blackest News of the... 304 War Is Not Necessarily Conducive to Great Literature.. 410 Wartime Economy, A Sane.. 206 Wilson, President—The German Imperialists and His Red Cross Speech. 496 Wilson, President-Why Have American Liberals Been Slow to Support His International Programme ?.... 364 “Zone System," The So-Called, of the War Revenue Act. 247 P! .... 805 COMMUNICATIONS American Liberals and the War. Books on Palestine.... “La Malquerida.". Literary Middle English Reader, A. Oxford Method in English Instruction, The. "Réponse, Le droit de.". Unpublished Poem by Poe, An. Why Critics Should Be Educated. ..Wil Durant.. Harold Kellock. .J. Garcia Pimentel. .Henry Barrett Hinckley. Eleanor Prescott Hammond. .Marguerite Fischbacher. .John C. French.. ...Samuel Roth.... 366 209 121 160 500 550 121 249 DEPARTMENTS LONDON LETTERS.. PARIS LETTERS BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. NOTES ON NEW FICTION. CASUAL COMMENT. BRIEFER MENTION. COMMUNICATIONS NOTES AND NEWS. SELECTIVE LISTS OF SPRING BOOKS, 1918. SUMMER READING LIST.. LISTS OF NEW BOOKS. 103, 189, 286, 396, 480 59, 141, 230, 344, 435, 530 .30, 71, 114, 155, 200, 243, 300, 360, 407, 452, 490, 542 ...77, 117, 205, 544 32, 79, 118, 158, 206, 246, 304, 364, 410, 468, 496, 547 81, 120, 248, 412, 460, 498 .121, 160, 209, 249, 366, 500, 550 .36, 83, 122, 161, 210, 250, 306, 367, 414, 462, 501, 551 .807, 368 549 .37, 85, 123, 163, 213, 252, 320, 374, 416, 464, 503, 553 THE DIAL a fortnightly Journal of Criticism and Discussion of Literature and The arts The War and American Literature From time to time I am asked like many There was for a long time the inevitable other writers to discuss some tendency in inclination to regard the war as something our national literature. (It is assumed remote from the personal interests of the that we have a national literature, as of New World, as from its political interests course every self-respecting people must —something to be looked upon from a have a literature.) I am expected to tell safe distance with curiosity mingled with what is happening to it and to prophesy aversion. Indeed, in certain quarters it its splendid evolution. Often this takes was ignored as far as possible so that an the form of an inquiry about American unperturbed spirit might follow its accus- fiction, as fiction is the bulkiest and the tomed path. Thus in the second year of most popular of the literary modes. Again the great war a substantial magazine of it is that irrepressible mauvais sujet of the the literary” class could announce with literary family—the drama, which is an ostrichlike complacency an editorial pol- always being reformed but never achiev. icy of wholly avoiding the war and keeping ing the solid reputation desired by its its pages free from the emotions and friends. All such preoccupations seem to alarums that were distracting the civilized me futile: they resemble the preoccupa- world. tions of the adolescent as to when he will For two or three years after the fa- become a man. When he is one he will tal summer of 1914 there continued to know it without an extended investigation. flow from American presses an undimin- Such self-conscious concern for the future ished stream of purely American books, of the American novel, for the develop- novels of Alaskan wilds, of cowboys and ment of an American literature, would ranches, of new millionaires and old "soci- indicate that as a people we are not yet ety," of extinct New England towns and sufficiently serious minded to create an musty religious problems, etc., etc. This enduring literature. mixed stream of national literary interest The way in which the world war has has not yet dried up, scarcely diminished in got into American writing, or rather the volume, although by now American authors way in which it has failed to get into it, in must have exhausted pretty well their any deep sense, confirms me in this belief. before-the-war crops of manuscript and, The publishers' lists, to be sure, are not incidentally, must have discovered the war wanting in titles of war books, nor do our as a human phenomenon, if not as imag- reviews and magazines lack articles on inative material for their craft. But now every conceivable aspect of the great strug- aspect of the great strug- that at last, this nation has been absorbed gle. But such books and articles hardly into the conflict, the reflection of it in our pretend to be more than journalism, ephem- letters should appear presently. No doubt eral record, momentary reactions to the instead of western stories or drummer stupendous drama. The war has not yet tales or sociological anxieties we shall have got under the skin of our writers so that a shower of war diaries, trench yarns, and it has become of their blood and bone. It spy stories, as well as more technical and is still "news" to them, with the sensation philosophical discussions of this one most value of daily news. At first, in those first insistent human interest. breathless, dazed months it was to be This shift of subject, of course, will not expected that the habits and preoccupa- make literature, in the real sense, any more tions of our writers like those of our busi- than the daily reports from the battle ness men would rest in their fixed grooves. fronts make literature. To fuse this war 8 [January 3 THE DIAL i experience into literature, to make out of it world of self-consciousness, and for good a distinctively American contribution to the or ill the doors of the old world are closed human record of the war, there must pass upon us—forever. The war will no — something from the tragic experience into longer pass before our eyes in the head- the minds and the souls, not only of Amer- lines of the newspaper as some inexplica- ican writers but also of American readers ble and remote phenomenon, that cannot —for to the making of any literature must touch our being. It will pass into our go first an understanding public. In the hearts and souls. And then the war, hav- welter of American war books already puting got under our skins, having become forth there has been slight evidence of part of the national consciousness, must this spiritual transmutation of the raw inevitably pass into our literature as the material. Little enough, it might be added, larger, the more absorbing part of our- in French and English war books. To put selves. the matter more bluntly,—if the war were Specifically I take it the war will give us to end to-day—and the literary account American ideas,—a larger knowledge of a of it were to be made up now—there the world in which we live and of the would be a wealth of matter for the histo- tangled interests of the peoples of the rian, but little, very little, to enter on the world. We shall shed some of our imaginative record of mankind. And we complacent provinciality and ignorance. Americans would swiftly revert to our Again it will give us larger and more com- cowboys and girl heroines, to our old plex perceptions of human relations. And games and problems. finally it will enrich us with emotions, not The war, however, will not end to-day purely personal. The generation of Amer- nor to-morrow, and our participation in icans that will emerge from these years of its dangers and sacrifices, in its spiritual world trial will have less in common with drama above all, must inevitably grow the past generations of Americans and with amazing rapidity. Soon there will not more in common with other peoples. As be a nook in all our great country that can a people we shall have grown in under- safely ignore the war, nor a man or woman standing not only of ourselves but of the who can successfully put aside its persist world outside. And it is from understand- . ent questioning and searching of the ing—also one might say from night say from suffering human mind. We cannot think as we once and trial—that is created that fine, sensi- thought, we cannot feel as we once felt, tive, complex consciousness of life neces- we cannot plan as we once planned. We We sary for the making of a serious literature. shall know that we have passed into a new ROBERT HERRICK. After One Evening Surely, we have not come so far to stand Dumb in the presence of our hearts' desire! By more than sight, by more than touch of hand We must make known the old informing fire. Surely, there is a language we can speak, Since winds may preach and silver tongues of rain Chasten with fervor many a mountain peak And cleanse the gray communicants again! This little movement of our lips has wrung, Some violence out of silence, like a threat. O now that all the earth has risen to shout Praises of grass, and buds grow quick among The willow spinneys, can we not forget Symbols and words that answer but with doubt? LESLIE NELSON JENNINGS. 1918] 9 THE DIAL The Structure of Lasting Peace VI. SOME PROBLEMS OF READJUSTMENT: POLITICAL BOUNDARIES AND NATIONAL RIGHTS "No annexations, no contributions, no in which they utter the enduring motives punitive indemnities" has become a famil- in human nature and social action. In iar formula for the settlement of the war's the light of these, as well as in view of the issues, dear to the hearts of doctrinaire originating conditions and purposes of the political radicals and to the minds of sen- present war, a lasting peace cannot be a timentalizing pacifists. Its generality and negotiated peace. A lasting peace must vagueness are the best of its endearing vir- needs be a dictated peace, and the dicta- tues. It is as unreflective, as unregarding tor's victory must needs be at least so of the concrete and specific constituents of thoroughgoing as to compel, should it be an organization of democratic peace as the found desirable, those members of the Cen- formulæ of the pan-Germanists among tral-European establishment whose policy the Central Powers or the panic-Americans is responsible for the atrocities on the high and bitter-enders, like Col. Theodore seas, in Belgium, in France, in Poland, Roosevelt and Bolo Pasha, among the and in Armenia, to stand public trial for democracies of the Entente. The notion murder. Peace without this degree of on which the latter advocate their read. victory is too likely to be only an armistice: justment is the notion of vae victis, and for students of ancient history may recall the the junkers of Germany nothing could be “negotiated" peace of Nikias_between more apropos to keep the people of Ger- Athens and Sparta during the Peloppen- many at war in their interest. The notion esian war, a peace that served only to pro- which guides the anti-annexationists is in long the intolerable agony of the noblest effect that of the status quo ante, and that family of mankind that antiquity knew. is only just less desirable to the irrespon- Even a German peace would be better, be- sible German governing class than German cause more enduring, than a negotiated victory. The formula against annexa- one and a German peace would mean sub- tions, contributions, and indemnities really mission to the German hegemony over civ- looks backward. It denies to the war the It denies to the war the ilization. It would mean this even if the salutary consequences in the reorganiza- government of Germany were well-inten- tion of mankind which alone can a little tioned toward mankind. It would mean mitigate its horror. If acted upon, it this because outside of the regions of sen- would in a generation bring on a new wartimentality and dialectic might is right, be- with the same motives in play as in this cause history is the record of claims and one. Considered squarely, it is a piece of privileges of the few over the many yielded what William James used to call vicious by the many to force, deferred to through abstractionism, generated without consid- custom, and finally revered and idolized eration of the specific issues and living through old age. The claims and priv- problems it is intended to relieve and to ileges of dynasties and churches are the settle; situations and problems which, most notorious instances, and the less con- moreover, have themselves so changed in spicuous ones are infinite. International character and implication since the be- democracy will have to be established by ginning of the war, that the bearing of any force and sustained by force, before it be- formula upon them, including the formu- comes naturalized in the economy of civ- læ of democracy and nationality that ilization by education, self-sustaining dominate these studies, require a con- through habit, and finally sacred through stant and watchful readjustment which immemorial old-age. Even national de- renders a priori assumptions of any sort mocracy, it must be remembered, is a very venturesomely speculative. young and tender plant in this Christian Assumptions, however, must be made, civilization of ours, a plant not yet quite and their danger is lessened in the degree secure even in countries where it sprang 10 [January 3 THE DIAL fully panoplied from the heads of the like the commercial "war after the war," Fathers. Force alone can replace anarchy and the land-grabbing claims of the vari- in international relations by law, even as ous lesser allies of the Entente, and the it has done so in personal relations. claims of its numerous protegés—the “small Whether that force be military, or of an- nations” of Europe, Poles and Letts and other specification, is indifferent. The illu- Lithuanians and Jugo-Slavs and Ukrain- sion that in personal relations "right is ians and Finns. These clamor for their might" derives from the fact that the establishment as sovereign states with all might which sustains the right that is might that this implies. Each of them has at is not so visible in those relations as in its mercy minorities of other nationalities the relations between states. Right is whom it bitterly opposes, the attitude of the might only by the force of the collective Polish nationalists toward the Jews leav- pressure of society toward this "right.” ing nothing to be desired even by a Prus- The rule of law is the rule of the largely sian in ferocious cruelty. The problem of unseen, but the ready and watchful power readjustment is at bottom the problem of of the state whose visible symbol is the reconciling these counter-claims, of re- policeman on his beat. defining the post-bellum economic pro- Hence, lasting peace is to be grounded gramme and the actual territorial lusts of upon two postulated events. First, a dem- the major powers in harmony with the ocratic victory with the permanent main- principles of democracy and nationality. tenance of sufficient organized force, It has already been indicated how com- whether military, or economic, or both, tó pletely these principles controvert the keep secure the fruits of this victory. Sec- traditional assumptions of exclusive state- ondly, such definition of the settlement and sovereignties from which international such use of the insuring force as to invig- “law" and diplomatic deviation derive; orate and expand the creative instrumen- how they utter the more deep-lying condi- talities that are inevitably making for the tions and forms of the organization of internationalization of mankind. These Europe—those that are so obvious that instrumentalities have gone, in our survey, they go unnoticed save when an assault by the names democracy and nationality. upon them is made. What they point to, And the significant thing about them is that em is that in the post-bellum reorganization of man- they are ideals even more than they are kind, is far less a shifting of ante-bellum instrumentalities. boundaries than a redefinition of the rights There exist, however, within the coun- and duties pertaining to peoples living out- cils of the Entente itself strongly en- side as well as within those boundaries, in trenched interests unwilling to consider a their relations to one another. At no point settlement in terms other than those of the on the map of Europe are ethnic coinci- traditional diplomatic piracy. Between dent with political boundaries. The polit- the luckily abolished Russian bureaucracy ical nationalism which seeks to create these and France and England, between Italy coincidences, thus multiplying the number and these powers and Rumania and these of irresponsible sovereignties, is as vicious powers, agreements exist which if carried as it is blind. It seeks merely to multiply out would have led to a new war within less the type of situation in which this civil war than a generation, agreements altogether began. The festering areas of this situation counter to the announced fundamentals for were, of course, the Balkans, where the which England and the United States conflicts were in play of the Balkan peoples entered the war. Happily, events have with Turkish dominion, of Serbian eco- taken the issue from the hands of intrigu- nomic necessity with Bulgarian national ing diplomacy in Russia, and President confraternity, of Serbian national sympa- Wilson, speaking for the people of the thy with with Austro-Hungarian economic United States, is determined to keep un- greed, and the group and personal aspira- sullied the record of our country in this tions of all these peoples with German crisis in the affairs of mankind. But a economic greed and cultural paranoia. traditionally ordained residuum remains, War only universalized and dynamified 1918] 11 THE DIAL The pro- these conflicts. Under the political system ternational guarantees” (occasion turns of independent state-sovereignties, it was these into "scraps of paper”), and its pros- unavoidable. perity is a provocation. Experience would Where, however, the principles of de- create quite other satisfactions, for the mocracy and nationality operate, the state claims of the Entente's protegés, than is not, it will be remembered, the para- political sovereignty. The case of the mount and all-compelling social organiza- Jugo-Slavs is here the crucial, the test case. tion. It is one, among many others. These eight or more varieties of the Sla- coördinate with them, and serving a very vonic species have all the traits of nation- definite and highly specialized function ality. Among them the Serbo-Croats are with regard to them—the function of um- polítically the most significant and cultur- pire, of regulation and equalization, in the ally the most self-conscious. They con- issues that arise between them. In terms stitute, indeed, ethnically, as well as other- of its function the state is an administra- wise, a single nationality. Their political tive area, not a cultural nor a racial one, entanglements have precipitated the war. and the problems and technique of admin. They are citizens in the two sovereign istration are constituted of quite other con- states Serbia and Montenegro, and sub- siderations than those of race and culture. jects in the Magyar dependencies of These others, and these alone, have any Bosnia and Herzegovina. . claim to enter into the definition of polit- gramme of political nationalism would ical boundaries, and they are reduceable combine these areas into a greater Serbia to just one—the scientifically ascertainable under the present Serbian ruling house. limits of administrative efficiency in view of The Montenegrin king is naturally reluc- the economic and cultural interdependence tant to surrender his dynastic prerogative, , of mankind. The geography of an area, and is said, in spite of his acquiescence, to the relation of its contiguous nationalities be flirting with Austrian nuntios. The to waterways and harbors and railways Berlin-Buda-Pesth financiers, again, and are much more significant for the happi- the promoters of Mittel-Europa, cannot ness of these nationalities in their political imaginably relax their grip on Bosnia correlations than any form of racial he- and Herzegovina. In the conduct of the gemony. Thus, the unity of the British Hungarian rulers toward their Slavonic Empire is functionally of a very different subjects Prussianism had a perfect incarna- kind from the unity of the United States of tion. This conduct is to be sharply dis- America or the Austro-Hungarian Em- tinguished from that of the Austrians pire. Great Britain's colonies and prov- toward their Slavonic fellow-citizens. The inces, peopled by her own nationalities, former is far more a model of frightful- have a tremendously completer indepen- ness than Prussia in Alsace and Lorraine; dence than America's constituent "sov- the latter manifested the wise statesman- ereign” states; Austria's Hungary has the ship that distinguished England's relations, sovereignty, and more, of Britain's Can- since the Boer war, to her dependencies. ada; Austria's Bohemia, that of an Amer- Francis Ferdinand, the murdered arch- ican state; her Bosnia none at all. The duke, planned to extend the Austrian pol- constituent nationalities of Russia, prior to icy to the whole of the Dual Kingdom. the revolution without any sovereignty Rumor will not down that his murder was whatsoever, are now aiming at complete arranged in Berlin and Buda in order to political independence regardless of all prevent the federal coördination of all the other considerations, regardless, that is, of nationalities in the empire, a coördination the very conditions on which their national which would have made the way toward lives must be built. Mittel-Europa a difficult one indeed, and Now political experience makes, on the would have deprived the politico-national- whole, against the small nation-state. It ist Serbo-Croats of their most dynamic is always quarreling with its equals and an motive. The present emperor, it happens, object of desire to its superiors. Its sov- is even more set upon this coördination ereignty rests on sufferance, even with “in- than the late Archduke. His plans and 12 [January 3 THE DIAL hopes, neither, suit junker Germany nor international court with power to enforce nationalist Slav. His plans and hopes, its verdicts, to which the minority or the however, whether through self-interest or powerless could have appealed, the history intelligence, are in harmony with the geo- not only of the Jews but of the downtrod. graphical and economic determinants of den peasants of Rumania might have been the fate of all the nationalities herein in otherwise written. volved, the independent states of Serbia In a readjustment such as the basic needs and Montenegro included. These states of their peoples show as wisest for Aus- have undergone wars for the sake of rail- tria-Hungary and her Slavic subjects and ways and access to the sea. Those desir- Slavic rivals, the lesson is obvious. The ables, and many more, may come to their geographically and economically defined people by a political union with Austria- administrative area which may be the state Hungary. Such a union would be a vio- of Austria-Hungary-Serbia, would be lation of the formula “no annexation"; but much larger than the original. The state if it is a union on a democratic basis, un- would be a democratic coöperative com- der effective guarantees, it becomes as true monwealth of nationalities with their so- that Austria is annexed to them, as they cial and cultural differences strengthened to it. and enhanced by their economic and polit- Such guarantees, however, require a ical unity. To secure this, however, to radical change in the constitution of the turn what is written as a law into what is Dual Monarchy, a great easement upon its practiced as a life would require a superior sovereignty. They would need profoundly authority to which endangered minorities to alter the incidence of taxation, the scope could appeal and from which they might of suffrage, and the conditions of cultural actually get justice. and religious organization. Even with the As with Austria-Hungary, so with Rus- very desirable creation of the wished-for sia and her constituent nationalities, with Greater Serbia as a part of the new Aus- France and Alsace-Lorraine, with the trian Commonwealth of politically equal other Balkan states. The chief problem nationalities, the guarantees could not be in a readjustment that shall be advantage- merely written into the law of the land ous to the masses of men rather than to alone. To be effective, they would have governments and other vested interests is to be trans-national, enforcible by interna- the problem of creating a machinery that - tional intervention. Prescription is futile shall effectively safeguard the rights of without enforcement, as the notorious ex minority nationalities to life and liberty ample of the much-chastened and newly and the pursuit of happiness. Without enlightened Rumania shows. Under the such a machinery exclusive sovereignties, provisions of the treaty of Berlin which established this dynastic and landlord-rid- nullification of international obligations and wars, are inevitable. With it the den state (now striving nobly and with heroic effort toward democracy, economic becomes impossible, the whole political as well as political), Jews, on whom the programme based on the present state-sys- Rumanian political mediævalism bore even tem irrelevant. The quarrels will fall to harder than on the Rumanian peasant, the ground that have arisen among Poles were to be established in citizenship equally over dragooning the unwilling Bohemians, with their fellow-countrymen. Rumanian who have in recent years been perfectly legislation rendered these provisions com- well off with Austria, into union with their pletely nugatory. The taboo on "interfer- chauvinist fellow nationals of Russia, who ence in a state's internal affairs” kept the have learned nothing from history and re- Jews from appeal and redress. The Jew- main as intolerant and piratical as the ish minority was and is completely at the Shlakta whose selfishness and sensualism mercy of the non-Jewish majority. The destroyed the Polish state. And so the war has led the Rumanian government of quarrels of the Ukrainians, the Rutheni- its own motion to plan to remove this ans, the Finns, and others with the Rus- tragic injustice, but had there existed an sians. So, quarrels anywhere between 1918] 13 THE DIAL nationalities. Once democracy, in accord, and cooperative tendencies in human na. . of course, with the living law and the en- ture and the compulsion of the industrial during moods of a people, is prescribed machine will, other things being equal, for an economico-political area, and minor- automatically and without restriction ef- ities in such an area are safeguarded by fect the indefinite duration of peace. the proper machinery of law, the creative H. M. KALLEN. Corrupted Dramatic Critics One of these days when the financial of American industrialism. They might depression in the playhouse at last exceeds even begin to understand the economics the mental depression, some Gordon Craig of the American theatre. is going to rise up and propose to cure the Until they do, they will remain petti- theatre by killing the critics. fogging "literary men,” frank panderers There will be sympathizers. The critics to theatre owners and theatregoers, or, themselves, first of all. For little does at best, men who abuse the "commercial the public appreciate the joy of buying a manager" without understanding what ticket at the box office of the speculator in makes him the worst business man, as well the Hotel Astorbilt or of seeing a play as the worst artist, in the world. with no more serious problem in mind In such times as these, with the profes- than whether Robert Mantell wears a sional theatre going rapidly—though toupee or how much the feminine figure doubtless temporarily, as heretofore—to has deteriorated since the rigorous tighted the wall, the callousness of the critic be- days of Weber & Fields. But the critic comes peculiarly maddening. Perhaps as is never likely to win such sympathetic un- maddening as the theatrical system on derstanding while he retains his position which this callousness has been polished. . as a professional person, and profits by the It drives one to the desperate paradox of public's inability to penetrate learned ho- affirming that the critic is not familiar kus-pokus. Barring an occasional Molière enough with the commercial methods of and Shaw, the world has failed to pene- the playhouse because he is altogether too trate the pretences of the professions even familiar with them—in a wholly subjective when they were most vulnerable. Perhaps way. I like to think this true, not because I if dramatic critics were to be officially it is charitable, but because I know that classed as day laborers—unskilled under the majority of our plays are inferior — some wartime census, instead of special trash and the majority of our critics cor- practitioners with office hours from 8:15 rupt or corrupted, and that the economic to 12 p. m. there might be hope. Perhaps organization of the American theatre, , they might then get over a few of their with its long-run system in New York and worst habits. They might stop behaving its touring system on the road, is re- like mid-Victorian "literary men" accept- sponsible for both conditions. I like to think ing each play as a figment without eco- that it is these facts which have driven me nomic, social, or ethical base. They might out of the newspapers into The DIAL. stop treating the American theatre as a At any rate, in my six years of dramatic series of separate plays, not as an organ- criticism I collected plentiful evidence of ization. They might stop describing the this critical corruption; and all of it did effect of the play on themselves, instead of not leave me with the impression that the their—and your and my—effect on the "commercial manager" was the root of play, and its presumable interaction with the trouble. the trouble. The public has been fully society. They might stop weighing that supplied, of course, with cases unfavorable reaction of their mental epidermis in the to the manager: the story of Norman fuddling old scales of absolute judgments. Hapgood's fight with the Syndicate; the They might begin to understand society barring of Walter Prichard Eaton and both behind the curtain and in front. They Alexander Woolcott by the Shuberts and might begin to understand the economics of Metcalf and Alan Dale and Louis 14 [January 3 THE DIAL Sherwin by Klaw & Erlanger; the troubles to work for this sort of paper. But, for of Delamarter, Hammond, and Collins in all that, our way has not been straight Chicago, and of Salita Solano in Boston. and narrow—and simple. We have had But if you are close to the open secrets of to meet the competition of the other kind the journalistic profession you may have of critic, and the wiles of the commercial heard that while the New York “Globe" manager which these papers are encour- and “Times” supported Hapgood and aging. In the end it is a moral drive that Woolcott in their fights, it was the news- the honest critic has to face and no of- papers which knuckled down in the cases fensive is harder to stop. of Walter Prichard Eaton, Alan Dale, and For instance, it is the custom of the the- William Winter, and that at least two crit- atres to send their press agents round to ics are supposed to have left a New York the newspapers once a week with pictures evening paper because of the hostility and special articles, and they pick, of all aroused in the breasts of a person of the days, Tuesdays. This means, in cities out- prominence of David Belasco and com- side New York, that the day the critic's municated to the owner. review appears, he knows he must face and If you are as close to the newspapers talk to men who earn their bread by the as a critic, you would know that there are thing that he may have to do his best to not more than half a dozen papers east kill. Worse still, he knows that these of the Mississippi on which a critic has men will come from other newspaper of- a free hand and is protected from corrup- fices where their wares have been respect- tion by innuendo as well as intimidation. fully received. . To state only the most fagrant cases, in When the manager is not reminding one of the four leading cities of the coun- the critic corporeally of the existence of try the critic of the largest evening paper himself and his fortunes, he is doing it is also its advertising solicitor, while a by mail. Not a week passed in which morning paper pays its critic a salary in some notice from one of the major the- which is figured a percentage on the re- atres in Philadelphia did not reach me ceipts from theatrical advertising. In an- with the penciled message in the bottom other of these cities, one dramatic editor “30 line ad Saturday,” or “2 may be found of a Friday inspecting the col. ad tomorrow, or "150 lines next list of Sunday advertising before making week.” Sometimes special notes came up his theatrical page, while persons ask- along, too. Here is a characteristic one: ing for advertising rates on another page “The Blank Theatre will use 75 lines of are referred to the dramatic editor for advertising space daily during the week information; and in the same town a lead- commencing Monday next. In view of this ing progressive paper requires its critic fact, can we ask that you will give extra to write an absolutely fixed number of attention to our press notice and see that lines about each new opening paying for this house is well looked after both as re- a corresponding size of advertisement. gards the Sunday notice and also Tues- If you are as close to the newspapers as, day's review ?" say, a press agent, you may receive from To conclude my personal experiences the dramatic department of a very prom- inent New York paper a letter containing clear intimation, during my work in Phila- with theatrical corruption, I had one very the following sentence: “If you will see that the Evening receives the full delphia, of what would have happened to Sunday copy on Saturday, we will be glad me and my job if I had worked on an av- to help your show along when it opens. erage newspaper instead of the best in This is the usual introduction to the "dol- the city. It involved, first, a request from lar criticism" of a chain of the country's the manager of two of the leading play- most popular papers, where a rigid ad houses that I cease to review his plays on herence to “so much for so much” replaces Tuesdays, while continuing to give them the older editorial motto, "hew to the line, routine advance notices, special articles let the chips fall where they may.” and pictures; and, second, the cutting Some of us have been lucky enough not down of the advertising space of all the corner: 1918] 15 THE DIAL major theatres to four or five lines each, loudly for startling, violent phrases of when I added to my criticisms occasional commendation to throw in the face of a reflections on the effect of economic or- public that has no other guide to what it ganization on art in the American theatre. may expect in any particular theatre. So much for the pressure of managers The manager doesn't have to buy these and press agents. Its effectiveness, it must phrases—if he only knew it. They are be obvious, does not depend on the hon- gladly supplied gratis by the man who esty of the business office downstairs. Its wants to see his name quoted on the bill- purely spiritual effect is bound to be felt. boards and in the electric lights. “There's No critic can face it month in and season too much commercialism in the critics as out, if he has any of that sensitiveness well as the managers,” says George C. which is not undesirable in a good critic. Tyler. It all means a pandering to man- He knows that his fellow critics are jump- agerial cupidity and to the public's taste ing through the managerial hoop, and he for sensation. The result ranges from knows that no matter how loud the busi- banalities like "a happy hit" and "scores ness management of the paper may be in a ripping success,” through extravagances its declaration that the advertising depart like “It bites. It stings. It hits !" to such ment has no connection with the editorial, a gem as “Go and see the Barrie play if every time he ignores the managerial you have to pawn your socks." pleas to which his fellows accede, his pa- Such criticism is on the face of it the re- per stands to lose revenue. In the last flection of an unhealthy theatre, a theatre analysis he feels at the bottom of his heart that has become a combination of 8-day that newspapers prefer tact to truth; and race, gladiatorial contest and a great pub- when he contemplates the calibre of the lic disaster. People who are interested in art over which all this pother is raised, he such a theatre want to “collect” the suc- finds it easy to understand the newspaper cesses to be "in on" all the "events of proprietor's lack of interest in serious the season.” They want the critic to help criticism. them to tell them when to rush to this or Perhaps some managing editor may that theatre where a play is sure to be all think the American theatre and its plays the vogue. Naturally the critic is soon worthy the labor and cost of solving this trying quite as hard as the play to be a problem of criticism versus advertising. “success." In New York, where plays are But even if it can be solved, the solution unknown quantities on their first-nights, he will leave untouched a far worse evil. It conducts a guessing contest in popularity. is a basic evil. It underlies both the Ameri- On the road, where plays bring a record can theatre and the American newspaper. of Broadway success, he must rise to the The long-run system of Broadway, with still higher function of recording that suc- the touring system through the lesser cities, cess as capably and violently as possible. drives steadily towards the production of Of course, the best thing that can be plays that are more and more broadly and said of most critics is that they are no obviously popular. The huge profits worse than the plays they have to write possible have made competition so keen about; and the worst thing is that they do that the costs of production have risen not see the system which brings them such steadily as managers seek more costly plays, and how this system has corrupted casts and scenery to insure success. The their courage and reduced the quality of increased costs have made only the most their work by capitalizing the obvious, the prosperous of runs possible. And the “punchy," in criticism as much as in plays. most prosperous of runs, first in New York Such criticism matches the system it pre- and then on the road, must hinge on a tends to guide. Criticism of that system- play that has the broadest and most com- the most vital service a critic can do the monplace of appeals, and is bolstered up American theatre to-day—is too much to by criticism just as obvious. Our amuse- expect. Until that system shall have been ment gamble, calling for tremendously radically reformed we must content our- profitable successes to offset wasteful in- selves with criticizing the critics. vestments and big chances, calls just as KENNETH MACGOWAN. 16 [January 3 THE DIAL A Residuary Legatee of the or marriage, or pecuniary and social difficulties in the great world in which he came to move. Victorians There emerges, indeed, the outline of a splendid RECOLLECTIONS. By John, Viscount Morley. 2 and fascinating career—of progress from brief- vols. (Macmillan Co.; $7.50.) less barrister and publisher's adviser, to editorial John Morley is the residuary legatee of the impresario and member of Parliament and Cabi- Victorian age. Born in 1838, he went to Ox- net Minister, the Order of Merit and a peerage, ford in the late fifties, the Oxford of reaction but of the personal triumph of the attainment of from the Movement, the Oxford of Bishop Wil- these steps, not a word. The most sustained per- berforce and Dean Stanley and Goldwin Smith, sonal passage is that in which he dwells on his of Mark Pattison and Thomas Hill Green. fondness for Lucretius. He went up to London to become editor of the And yet there is a personal note throughout "Fortnightly Review," one of three new maga- the book which marks Lord Morley as, by tem- zines which constituted the national forum in perament, the fit biographer of his age. The which the intellectual controversies of the age abiding impression which the book leaves is of were fought out—in which Huxley defended an immense genius for friendship. Morley was Darwin and Agnosticism against Gladstone, and personally or intellectually or politically almost Mr. Frederick Harrison expounded Compte and the next of kin to an extraordinary number of Positivism, and Matthew Arnold preached the the great figures whose names fill his pages. Per- gospel of culture, and Mr. W. H. Mallock sub- haps the cordiality with which he, the son of a jected all the new philosophies to the criticism country doctor, was received and appreciated by of his trenchant logic, in the interest of Roman men of higher station called forth an answering Catholic authority. All these Morley knew as loyalty. At all events, he is content to appear fellow-journalists, and also the greater figures of in his memoirs always as the confidant, the the background-Carlyle, and John Stuart Mill, acolyte. One wonders whether in the whole and Herbert Spencer; George Eliot and George course of his recollections he has a keener pleasure Meredith. He came into contact with the three than when he records the words which he found foreigners who contributed the most powerful in Gladstone's diary, written during the second romantic strains to English sentiment and polit- struggle for Home Rule: "J. M. is on the whole ical thought, Mazzini, Victor Hugo, and George about the best stay I have.” Sand. He set forth the philosophic sources of It is remarkable indeed to what a number and the liberalism of the nineteenth century in his variety of souls Morley played the fidus Achates, studies of Diderot, Rousseau, Voltaire, and of how many confidences he was the recipient, of Burke. He entered Parliament in 1883 under how many farewells and valedictories he was the the aegis of Joseph Chamberlain. He wrote the speaker. He tells us with a certain stoic tender- biographies of the two men whose political con- ness of his last meetings with John Stuart Mill, ceptions marked most profoundly, one the earlier, and George Meredith. At the unveiling of the the other the later, Victorian period, Cobden and monument to John Bright he was the orator. Gladstone. Altogether, if any man is entitled Herbert Spencer, as death approached, selected to recollections of the Victorian age that man him as standing out "above others as one from is Viscount Morley. whom words would come most fitly." He paid And recollections these are in form, not studied the last tribute to Matthew Arnold in the House autobiography. Indeed, from the tone of auto- of Commons. Of Leslie Stephen and Campbell- biography, from self-analysis, or self-portraiture, Bannerman and Vernon Harcourt he records in or self-defence, these volumes are remarkably these volumes his final estimate with the beauti- free. We are not told of the tragedy, if such ful and appropriate phrases of a classical epitaph. there was, of declining faith in Morley's abandon- Of Joseph Chamberlain he tells us, “As his end ment of the evangelicalism of his youth for the drew near we sent one another heartfelt words rationalism of his manhood. We are not told of of affectionate farewell. Meanwhile for thirteen the inner struggle, if such there was, of his strenuous years we lived the life of brothers." separation from Chamberlain on Home Rule, or Nor can we forget his account of the scene in from Asquith and Sir Edward Grey on the issue which he fulfilled the duty of a son in breaking of the present war. We are not told of love, to Mrs. Gladstone the news that her husband's a 1918] 17 THE DIAL retirement from his great office was necessary- Augustans, gave manners to dissent and took while Gladstone played backgammon. the sting out of controversy. In giving this total The poor lady was not in the least prepared for impression of his time, Lord Morley does for us the actual stroke. Had gone through so many crises what the letter writers have done for the earlier, and they had all come out right in the end; had and the diarists for the later, Georgian age. calculated that the refreshment of the coming jour- ney to Biarritz would change his thoughts and pur- Among the throng of poets, novelists, philoso- pose. I told her that language had been used which phers, scientists, publicists called up by his "Recol- made change almost impossible. Well, then, would not the Cabinet change, when they knew the perils lections," he moves with gentle dignity and with which his loss would surround them? I was winning grace. Of the kindness, the intimacy, obliged to keep to iron facts. What a curious scene ! the intellectual Arcadianism of that now so far- Me breaking to her that the pride and glory of her life was at last to face eclipse, that the curtain was away Victorian age no one is more perfectly falling on a grand drama of fame, power, acclama- representative than John Morley. tion; the rattle of the dice on the backgammon board, and the laughter and chucklings of the two long- It is, of course, as a representative of Liberal- lived players, sounding a strange running refrain. ism that Lord Morley is at the present moment This quality of human intimacy, of companion- a most significant, and, as the survivor of its ship, gives a peculiar charm to the book, as of a bankruptcy, a most pathetic figure. He entered sunny and smiling landscape. And in a subtle Parliament in 1883, under the ministry of Glad- way this serves to characterize for us the Vic- stone, which John Bright had quitted two years torian era, the epoch which we are only just before when it surrendered to the imperialists beginning to see in softening perspective as a and stamped out the promising national move- checkered afternoon of sunshine and showers ment of young Egypt under Arabi Pasha. Mor- between the stormy morning of the opening cen- tury and the threatening evening of its close. ley's first significant appearance in the House was in moving an amendment against the govern- It was a time of immense unsettlement, religious, political, social, and yet a time of serious confi- ment in regard to its course in Egypt and the Soudan. When Gladstone, as if to avert his eyes dence and of earnest hope. The pessimism of Carlyle, echoed by Ruskin, was of the past, and from the spectacle of the betrayal of nationalities, the workers of the present, differing as they did, and the spectre of universal carnage which loomed were united in a belief in progress. Huxley behind it, turned with atoning zeal to free Ire- believed that man, awakened to a sense of his land, however, Morley became his lieutenant. true place in Nature and the lease which he held In the short ministry of 1886 he was Chief Secre- of her, would make intelligence a contributing tary for Ireland, and resumed that office when factor in his survival. George Eliot assured Mor- Gladstone returned to power in 1892. He was ley "that she saw no reason why the Religion of fearless in his reliance on humanity and good Humanity should not have a good chance of faith in his dealings with the Irish. Unlike so taking root.” Matthew Arnold dared to talk many liberals when confronted with the responsi- hopefully of the pursuit of our total perfection, bilities of office, he scorned to take refuge in and of the state as representing "the right reason repression. And always with the true faith of of the nation.” Cobden, Bright, Gladstone the Victorian Liberal he dwelt on the moral believed in an international right reason based aspect of Irish Home Rule, linking it with the on the political economy of the Manchester great triumph of liberal political thought in school. These were the thinkers who made the the Risorgimento. "Gladstone,” he says in a . “ psychological climate in which Morley grew up. characteristic passage, "was the only man among This hopefulness, shared by workers in so many us all who infused commanding moral conception different fields, gave to the whole intellectual into the Irish movement—the only man who society a contagious confidence and a mutual united the loftiest ideals of national life and buoyancy. The sense of great problems pressing public duty with the glory of words, the moral for solution raised human intercourse to a higher genius of Mazzini with the political genius of intellectual level than ever before, and made Cavour.” intellectual respect, even among those who dif- When the Boer War came in response to the fered most widely, a basis of tolerance. Ex- policy of Chamberlain and Milner, once more it communication was unknown. A spiritual urban- was the moral issue that preoccupied Morley. ity, as distinct as the literary etiquette of the He literally took his life in his hand when he 18 (January 3 THE DIAL land. . went to Manchester to speak in support of the tions of this period are chiefly those of his corres- small republics and against the war. pondence as Secretary of State for India with "The war party had publicly advertised and Lord Minto, the Governor General, urging encouraged attempts to smash the meeting, and always a high-minded and liberal treatment of young men were earnestly exhorted in patriotic the people of that dependency. Indeed, so per- prints at least for one night to sacrifice their sistent is Lord Morley's recollection of his billiards and tobacco for the honor of their native absorption in this one task that he gives the effect · The Chairman was Bright's eldest of an elaborate alibi from the cabinet of which son, but not a word was he allowed to utter by he was a member. When in 1914 he discovered an audience of between eight and ten thousand his total ignorance of the international engage- people. Then my turn came, and for ten minutes ments in accordance with which England went to I had to face the same severe ordeal.” But he war, he resigned. Of this there is no mention in captured the crowd by the assertion that he was the "Recollections," and to present-day politics a Lancashire man, and was then allowed to pro- but one reference, that to the surrender of ceed to his splendid peroration. “You may carry Asquith and Lloyd-George to a coalition ministry. fire and sword into the midst of peace and indus- As it happened in the fulness of time our distin- try: it will be wrong. A war of the strongest guished apostles of Efficiency came into supreme power, with a share in the finest field for efficient government in the world with untold wealth and diplomacy and an armed struggle, that could have inexhaustible reserves against this little republic been imagined. Unhappily they broke down, or will bring you no glory: it will be wrong. You thought they had (1915), and could discover no bet- ter way out of their scrape than to seek deliverance may make thousands of women widows, and (not without a trace of arbitrary proscription) from thousands of children fatherless: it will be the opposing party that counted Liberalism, old or wrong. It may add a new province to your new, for dangerous and deluding moonshine. empire: it will be wrong. You may give buoy- These lines have a note of disappointment, even ancy to the African stock and share market: it of bitterness, quite at variance with the spirit of will still be wrong.' the book. More characteristic is the passage in To one fatal defect in the Liberal political the last chapter in which Lord Morley pro- system of these years Lord Morley bears witness. nounces, in his noblest manner, his final panegyric That he was aware of the importance of retain- on the Victorian age. ing control of the Foreign Office by the House Whatever we may say of Europe between Waterloo of Commons is shown by his pregnant account and Sedan, in our country at least it was an epoch of hearts uplifted with hope, and brains active with of the negotiation which he and Harcourt con- sober and manly reason for the common good. Some ducted with Lord Rosebery on the latter's ages are marked as sentimental, others stand con- assumption of office in 1895. “This was to spicuous as rational. The Victorian age was hap- pier than most in the flow of both these currents secure the point that the leader of the H. of C. into a common stream of vigorous and effective tal- was to see all telegrams and dispatches of the New truths were welcomed in free minds, and free minds make brave men. Old prejudices were F. 0. Harcourt at once drove up to disarmed. Fresh principles were set afloat, and sup- B. Square, surrendered the point, and generally ported by the right reasons. The standards of am- fell with a Rosebery premiership. No doubt, bition rose higher and purer. Men learned to care more for one another. Sense of proportion among if I had joined him in making a protest against the claims of leading questions to the world's atten- a foreign secretary in the Lords, with a definite tion became more wisely tempered. The rational refusal to join unless that point were conceded, prevented the sentimental from falling into pure emo- tional. Bacon was prince in intellect and large wis- this, as R. afterwards told me, would have broken dom of the world, yet it was Bacon who penned that off the plan, and he would have thrown up his deep appeal from thought to feeling, “The nobler a soul is, the more objects of compassion it hath.” This task. It seems curious that none of us realised of the great Elizabethan was one prevailing note in how essentially fatal to the very idea of a sound our Victorian age. The splendid expansion and en- richment of Toleration and all the ideas and modes and workable arrangement was the difference that belong to Toleration was another. between two schools of imperial policy.” Never has the intellectual beauty of the Vic- "Curious that none of us realized !" For the torian age been more truly and eloquently de- next twenty years, during more than half of which Lord Morley was a cabinet minister, he fined; never has it been more brilliantly and knew no more of what the Foreign Secretary was sympathetically exemplified than by Viscount about than his constituents who sent him to Morley's "Recollections." Westminster to represent them. His recollec- Robert Morss LOVETT. ent. • . 1918] 19 THE DIAL Patriotism Witbout Vision The importance of accurately understanding the correct international situation is re-enforced THE WORLD PERIL. By Members of the Prince- by reading Mr. Clifton R. Hall's splendid paper ton Faculty. (Princeton University Press; $1.) concerning the two Americas. He contributes Seven Princeton professors have undertaken to one of the best papers of short compass which has educate public opinion to the fact that Germany been written upon the relations of North and is a world peril and to clarify the principles for South America. It reviews the historical associa- which the United States is contending. In so tions of the United States and the South and far as it is typical of well informed opinion their Central American republics, examines the Mon- book illustrates the urgency of a formative dis- roe Doctrine in the light of Pan-Americanism, cussion if President Wilson shall enunciate at portrays the development of our trade since the the peace conference an intelligent and clearly war, and discusses the means of coöperation and formulated programme representative of the de- the requisites for those mutual understandings terminations of the American people. The pres- which alone will unify the two continents. Our . ent trend of public sentiment is discouraging for exports to South America have increased three those who have hoped this war might give birth fold since 1913. They now constitute thirty- to an international organization which would sub- three per cent of the total imports to these coun- stitute a regulated behavior for a destructive tries. The conclusion of the war will involve the competition of interests as between absolute sov- American merchant in a bitter contest to maintain ereignties. Those who undertake to instruct the what he has recently won. In the past, American people are content to re-emphasize the reasons business firms have been unable to compete with which made a break with Germany inevitable, government supported foreign organizations. The rather than to concentrate attention upon the English banking system and the German cartel ideals which must become actualized if this war excluded the American from the field. Until shall not have been in vain. German historians, 1913 the United States banking laws forbade statesmen, and writers upon international law are American banks from establishing foreign branch- quoted voluminously in demonstration of Ger- es, and the Sherman Anti-trust Act prevented many's purpose to rely upon the law of necessity combinations of exporters for purposes of foreign as over against respectable acquiescence in the trade. If by chance American merchants could precepts of international law. It is assumed that overcome these handicaps they possessed no means international law, to quote Mr. Edward S. Cor- of transportation. European lines have discrimi- win, expresses the “verdict of the tribunal of the nated against Americans "by means of categorical civilized world.” And, in this book, Mr. Corwin agreements known as 'conferences' in which Eng- seems willing to substantiate the illusion. He at- lish, German and other companies have joined, tempts to confute German adherence to the law of dividing the territory among themselves, fixing necessity in relations between nations by an analo- rates of transportation, pooling their earnings gous case selected from an English court of law! and administering a system of rebates to crush It is important to distinguish between a descrip- interlopers.” tion of fact and a rule of behavior. We should Mr. Hall outlines the measures which have realize that the international situation is one in been adopted to overcome these difficulties. The which law is merely the precedent established Federal Reserve Act removes financial handicaps. by the strong nation, observed only in so far The proposed Webb Law makes possible com- as national interests are thereby fostered, and binations of exporters in foreign trade, and the that it in no way voices the collective wishes.of nations, and they will unite in an effort to sub- government through the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce is now stitute law for an unregulated competition of an effective help- interests. We can admit that the Germans have mate. Secretary Redfield has developed an effi- accurately described the international situation. cient system "of regular commercial attachés to It is necessary, however, if we would make clear collect data and furnish advice, special agents to the purpose of the United States, as expressed by travel wherever needed to study local conditions, President Wilson, to prevent the Central Empires and offices in our principal cities, manned by from transforming an existing fact into an ap- trained experts, to disseminate information to proved and permanent rule of procedure. We interested parties — all this in addition to our hope to assist in the creation of a world of law increasingly capable consular service.” Finally, out of a present world of chaos and anarchy. the revolution in the shipping industry brought 20 [January 3 THE DIAL . . about by the war, together with friendly Con- shall be what Bertrand Russell calls a neutral gressional legislation, seems to guarantee a period authority empowered to adjust interests and to of security and development for the American institute readjustments peacefully, readjustments merchant marine. by force are inevitable. We should expect that We are not to expect, however, that European a book written primarily to educate public opinion nations will relinquish their South American regarding war issues would squarely face this trade without a struggle. Says Mr. Hall, “Ex- problem. The authors of The World Peril have perts have pointed out that, since the war began, not done so. Their emphasis is upon the past, not England has made greater strides in industrial the future. Mr. Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker efficiency than in fifteen or twenty-five years writes a chapter on Democracy Imperilled. previously and that, when peace is de- The sum of his argument is to demonstrate clared, far from abdicating her sovereignty over that the development of modern. Germany the world's trade, she will appear in the lists re- has been the coalescence of forces antagonistic armed, rejuvenated, and more formidable than to democracy. The implication is, crush the ever." Germany, likewise, will seek to regain Kaiser and the world automatically becomes safe the markets abandoned during the war. And, for democracy! The contribution of Honorable "moreover, the disconcerting activity of Japan in Henry van Dyke is a Fourth of July address developing new ship lines and in greatly increas- which conforms to traditional standards. Only ing her emigration to South America introduces in the concluding chapter of the book is an at- an added complication into an already perplex- tempt made to outline the essentials for world ing problem.” peace. In this chapter Mr. Philip Marshall Not only has Japan entered South America. Brown rejects the principle of balance of power. Mr. Mason W. Tyler discusses American inter- He represents an opinion the direct opposite of ests in the Far East. He shows that under pres- Mr. Tyler's who writes in behalf of a world sure of the European War England and the balance of power. Mr. Brown clearly perceives United States have yielded a virtual monopoly to that a peace which rests upon balance of power Japan. Japan has “forced China to recognize is a peace ultimately dependent upon force. But her predominant position in Manchuria, secured he suggests no tangible substitute. He insists an extension of the lease of Port Arthur and the that a first essential for future security is a demo- Manchurian Railways to ninety-nine years, and cratic Germany. Secondly, the claims of nation- full rights to establish in that region any Japa- alism must be recognized and in some way nese enterprise. In Shantung she not only secured combined with local autonomy. Tariff rivalries all the economic rights hitherto held by Ger- must give way to freedom of trade between all na- many, but also greatly extended them, including tions. And when he has thus formulated a pro- the right to build, under Japanese control, the gramme for world peace he proceeds to emasculate new railway opening up the northern part of the it in the following words: "If the law abiding, peninsula. She secured the right to control and peace loving nations, however, are able to crush almost monopolize the great coal and iron fields this outlaw (Germany) and then lay the founda- in the Yangtze valley. Finally she secured at tions of peace in accordance with sound prin- least a prior right to the development of Fu-Kien ciples, they may have but little reason to concern province in southern China. Taken altogether, themselves about the formation of 'councils,' these concessions constitute the commencement at ‘leagues,' police, or even of courts. The applica- least, of an economic monopoly for Japan in tion of the Golden Rule as the rule of enlight- China.” The Open Door in the Far East is ened self-interest among nations will need hardly closed. any other sanction than its own sanction.” Now, while Americans clearly recognize that Exclusive attention to the past is peculiarly the Great War has ended their national isola- short sighted at this time. In each In each of the allied tion, public opinion stubbornly remains blind to countries there exists a democratic element which the fact that this makes inevitable a conflict with favors a world organization for peace. Once the vital interests of other nations. The world these elements fuse and unite upon a construc- trade situation is becoming more and more one tive policy, they will sustain President Wilson in which governments are assistants if not active and other liberal allied statesmen in the critical partners with their subjects in foreign enterprise. period of peace negotiations. An indispensable This presages an international competition more preliminary for this synthesis of views is a con- keen than existed before the war. Unless there tinuous discussion of the principles formulated in а 1918] 21 THE DIAL recent issues of The DIAL. Whatever a denun- remained nine years, though he showed no love ciation of the enemy may accomplish, it makes no for the science of war. approach towards that "concert of free peoples" Scriabin's first music lessons (on the piano) urged by President Wilson. The question is no were taken privately from Professor G. A. Conus, longer what caused us to enter the war, but what and later from Zvierieff, who also had Rach- ideals we desire to make real through the con- maninoff for a pupil. The breaking of his collar duct of the war. Their attainment is conditioned bone at this time forced him during his convales- upon translating into definite and concrete terms cence to practice on the piano with his left hand what is now a more or less vague desire that na- only, which may partly account for the difficulty tions abandon their insistence upon absolute sov- of the left-hand parts of many of his compositions. ereignty, that each nationality recognize itself to Later he entered the Moscow Conservatoire, be a coöperative unit in a larger whole, and that where he studied pianoforte with Safonoff and the conduct of nations be no longer determined counterpoint with Taneieff, both fine men and as in the past by reference to their own concep- musicians whose influence was of inestimable tions of vital interests but in accordance with benefit to Scriabin. Scriabin remained under rules of behavior based upon equality of oppor- Taneieff for several years, but when the latter tunity for all and special privilege for none. withdrew from the conservatoire and his place V. T. THAYER. was taken by Arensky, Scriabin left the class in disgust at the end of Arensky's first term because Arensky "wanted to put him back too far.” He finished at the conservatoire in 1891, and entered A Modern Russian Tone-Poet upon his life work as virtuoso and composer, SCRIABIN. By A. Eaglefield Hull. (E. P. Dutton which was uninterrupted until his death, except & Co.; $1.25.) by a period of six years beginning in 1897. About From his biographical sketches of Handel and this time also he contracted an unlucky marriage, Beethoven, Dr. Hull has gone a long way for which was soon dissolved. He spent much time the subject of the third book in his series, choosing in Switzerland and France, besides touring Amer- Alexander Scriabin, the revolutionary Russian ica in 1906-7, where for a time he conducted the tone-poet who, in less than twenty years, made New York Philharmonic Orchestra. For two some of the most interesting and important experi- years (1909-10) he lived in Brussels, in close ments which have ever been made in musical art. touch with a brilliant group of artists, thinkers, But he has been exceedingly happy in his choice, and musicians. Here his contact with the arts, for he has presented a most cogent and readable science, philosophy, and religion undoubtedly in- analysis of Scriabin's development and composi- Auenced his naturally mystic mind, for here his tions—the best analysis available in English. masterpiece “Prometheus” was conceived and Scriabin's name is as yet scarcely recognized most of it written. Here also he met his second outside the narrow circles of the musical elect. wife. He died in Moscow on April 14, 1915 Born in 1871, his father a young lawer, his from blood-poisoning, after an illness of only ten mother a gifted pianist, Scriabin developed into days. a musical wonder-child at the age of five. His In summarizing Scriabin's achievements during acute ear and musical memory enabled him to a busy fourteen years, it must be said that he was reproduce any piece on the piano at one hearing. a modernist who evolved a new system of har- He showed many signs of an independent mind; mony, abandoned both major and minor scales, as he preferred always to invent rather than to copy; well as modulation, chromatic inflection, even key he extemporized on the piano with great credit signatures, and, at the time of his death, had well long before he could write music. At the age of under way his experiments with the unification of eight his creative genius expressed itself in musical music, color, and mimique. As if this were not composition and the writing of poetry; he also enough, he also wove a system of theosophy into amused himself by cutting things out of wood and the art of his latest period. Still, one wonders making miniature pianos. He was frequently whether Dr. Hull is not more prophetic than his- taken to the opera, where his ears were more toric in his statement that “the sum total of occupied by the orchestra than his eyes were by Scriabin's work has brought about an artistic the stage, which may indicate why his later devel- revolution unequaled in the whole history of the opment was along non-operatic lines. At ten he arts." was placed in the Army Cadet Corps, where he It is too much to expect that Scriabin should ) 22 [January 3 THE DIAL a be generally understood so soon after his death. intimate pieces seem quite as wonderful as Field's No great composer has ever achieved full appre- and Chopin's, sometimes arabesques of Æolian ciation in so short a time—and probably none ever vagueness, and sometimes dual ideas poised in will do so, at least this side of the millennium. rondo form. Indeed, Scriabin's music has scarcely been played Perhaps it is because of the association of color in America. Outside of his tour of this country, with music in "Prometheus" that one looks eagerly the production of "Prometheus" in New York in to see what Dr. Hull says about this. But Dr. 1915, and of the Third Symphony ("The Divine Hull is rather non-committal, for Scriabin's Poem") in Philadelphia about the same time, and efforts in this direction were experimental and in some of his piano pieces which Josef Hoffman has no sense intended to be final. It is foolish to played, the music of Scriabin is little known here. expect the relation between color and music to And because of the immense difficulty of Scriabin's be established in one man's lifetime, when that music, especially the left-hand parts of his piano between drama and music has not been finally pieces, it will always remain beyond the ability of determined in three hundred years. Of course the common run of amateur musicians. Hence, the analogy between color and sound dates back sincere students of music will welcome the anal- to Aristotle, and many scientists have worked on ysis of Scriabin's work which Dr. Hull has pro- it; but the red herring that is always drawn vided. Coincidentally, here is a virgin field for across the trail is the attempt to associate particu- the makers of music for player-pianos and sound- lar colors with certain keys or scales. This reproducing machines. involves the difficulty that sound is much more The perfectly logical evolution of Scriabin's quickly perceptible than color, and that what is achievements is emphasized in this book. Start- an entrancing arpeggio or trill in music is a ing with a style that was distinctly Chopinesque, blinding maze when translated into color. Also Scriabin early developed piquancy and originality, a trumpet note conveys an idea entirely different and, having once found himself, went confidently from that of the same note on a muted violin, forward, greatly extending the scope of piano- though the color organ emblazons both with equal forte technique. Especially is the natural growth intensity; that is to say, the color organ of the of the new harmony shown in the interesting scientists utterly lacks timbre. Scriabin used Rim- . chapter on the ten sonatas, which Dr. Hull ington's color organ; but he adopted a color scale declares "in every way worthy of ranking with of his own, and wrote his music in a novel har- the very greatest things in pianoforte literature." monic and scientific system to give a color sym- Similarly, Scriabin's marvelous skill in orchestra- phony a fairer opportunity to make itself-should tion is revealed in the chapter on the five sym- I say seen or heard? This was aided also by phonies. having the color harmonies follow the bass notes Scriabin abandoned the major and minor scales of the musical harmonies. If there was little without inventing a new one. But he invented a recognized connection between the music and new style of composition. The discoverer of color, at least the latter served to divide the many new chords or combinations, he would take senses of the audience much as opera does. Scria- a single chord and out of its extended harmonies bin associated music and color rather on psychic evolve a whole composition. His foundation lines, trying to produce with his colors the same chord is accepted as a concord, whether sweet- effect on the mind that his music produced, and sounding or not, leaving only "suspensions," he must be given credit for new progress in this "passing notes," and "appoggiaturas" as discords. direction. How much further he would have gone Strange his music may sound to unaccustomed if he could have concluded the further experi- ears, but it has wonderful vitality and charm, ments which were interrupted by his untimely especially on the evanescent and ethereal tones death, one can only conjecture. of the piano. Yet his innovations are not mis- Any attempt at more adequate comment on sep- takes or the result of ignorance, for with all his arate chapters is infeasible; yet it must be said adventures into the musically undiscovered, he that the discussions of the "mystic chord," music had a profound knowledge of, and reverence for, and color, form and style, and the source of Scri- form and design, as a study of his symphonies abin's inspiration are a distinct contribution to the and sonatas shows. On the framework of classi- literature of modern harmony and musical ten- cal form, which Schumann, Liszt, and Berlioz dencies. Whether one reads to damn or praise, considered outworn, he weaves wonderful pat- the value of Dr. Hull's commentary must be rec- terns of exquisite coloring and beauty. His ognized. RUSSELL RAMSEY. 6 1918] 23 THE DIAL a lad . A Grenstone Lad One does not love simplicity first and therefore produce beauty; one loves beauty first and the GRENSTONE Poems. By Witter Bynner. (Fred- simplicity comes as one of its attributes: one does erick A. Stokes Co.; $1.35.) not make one's first love democracy and then set When Witter Bynner, some fifteen years ago, out to turn it to beauty; but the beauty itself discovered "A Shropshire Lad," the direction of must give birth to the democracy. Mrs. Brown- his poetic future was settled. To him those ing was a poet whose first vision was beauty long amazing poems of Housman meant the purest before she wrote “The Cry of the Children"; poetry since Keats. Where else has a simple Josephine Peabody had loved and followed stanza, or where have a bare two or three of beauty and on that road found “The Singing them, gone so freighted with the burden of com- Man.” pressed beauty? Perhaps that is the reason why “The New Bynner learned the “Shropshire Lad” not only World” fails of the quality of greatness—for all by heart but by soul. He is still informed of it. its being a very remarkable poem. I sometimes The influence is deeper than any matter of liter- wonder whether Bynner loves Beauty—just the ary chapter and verse. Bynner is, so far as an old-fashioned capitalized Dame that has been so American can be, a Shropshire lad. The Gren- worshipped—enough. I believe Housman and stone Village of “Grenstone Poems” is an Amer- Masefield and Yeats—and even Arthur Ficke- ican Shropshire. love her more. Bynner is a better poet than In one direction Bynner leaves his master. Ficke, to my thinking, because he is more in love There is not much optimism, as all the world with life "and life, some say, is worthy of the knows, in Housman; there is a great deal in Muse." Bynner is a great deal better poet than Bynner- a host of American others, but I wonder if he has sufficient blind adoration for the capitalized Who had intended always to be glad. One. I wonder if the Goddess of Simplicity has The intention to be glad runs through all Byn- not a little prevailed at her expense. ner's verse, beginning with that long and joyous Certainly in "Grenstone Poems" it is the pur- essay in everything that he published some two suit of simplicity that comes first. Charming and years out of college—the “Ode to Harvard” delicate as they are, full of whim and fancy and (reprinted as “Young Harvard”)—and continu- loveliness, they are imbued above all with Byn- ing down through the resplendent democratic ner's ordered passion for simplicity. These poems faith of “The New World” to the simple cheer- illustrate his theory of the democratization of fulness of “Grenstone Poems." poetry, which he feels has been too largely an Of all Bynner's poetry “The New World" undemocratic art. Blake and Whitman and stands foremost. He came near there to Housman in their several ways were poets of writing a great poem that one is brought to won- a democratic vocabulary. Bynner is anxious not der at the accident that prevented him. I cannot only to be clear in thought, not only to convey quite discover why it is not a great poem. It has his idea in as few words as possible, but to make certainly the makings of one. Its theme is mag- the words themselves such as are found in every- nificent; it is bodied forth from the two greatest day speech. He does not wish poetry to be the loves a poet could have—the loves of woman and charming luxury of the withdrawn few, but the democracy-here, in their source of "Celia,” daily fare of the average man. And so he writes identical; it is full of lines of beauty and elo- in such manner that the average man may read. quence. The theory is a healthy one; all poets should Perhaps, though, I slipped in saying "the two have a little of it. There has been for years too greatest loves a poet could have”; there may be much "word-mosaic" turned out in rhyme. The a greater-and perhaps its not coming first in free verse writers have thrown overboard the "The New World” is the reason why that poem rhyme; Bynner has striven, instead, to purify the does not quite attain the ultimate heights of old music. poetry. The love of beauty is, after all, the And yet I question if Bynner has not in thing that has made the most extraordinary “Grenstone Poems” gone a little far in his theory poetry of the world-new or old- -if he has not even handicapped himself. I feel occasionally in this book that the word or the Music that is too grievous of the height For safe and low delight. line which would have expressed more beauti- SO 24 [January 3 THE DIAL fully the inherent Bynner has been discarded for How far the theory goes let me illustrate from something not quite so happily expressive which one Grenstone poem-one of the loveliest of the commended itself as more easily understandable. book, and of all Bynner's lyrics: Is it necessary to believe that people are more Name me no names for my disease likely to read poetry if it is written from this With uninforming breath; I tell you I am none of these point of view ? After all, Shakespeare and Mil- But homesick unto death- ton have got themselves more read than most Homesick for hills that I had known, poets—and they are anything but monosyllabic. For brooks that I had crossed, I do not believe that a poet of Bynner's ability Before I met this flesh and bone has the right to throw away a large part of the And followed and was lost . English vocabulary; he needs it; he cannot make And though they break my heart at last poems of his own stature without the use of Yet name no name of ills. Say only, “Here is where he passed, every tool that his native language has given Seeking again those hills.” him. How express things that are not in the A manuscript of the same poem, dated before consciousness of the ordinary everyday mortal “The New World,” shows the last stanza thus: if one is to be limited to the ordinary everyday Save that they broke my heart at last vocabulary? And what is poetry but the vision Name me no name of ills, beyond consciousness? But say that here is where he passed, Bynner himself has only recently come to the Seeking again those hills! full practice of this theory. "The New World” I put it to any critic that the first version was The more direct, more poignant, than the new. was written in just its due richness. "Young Harvard” was. A bit of it, reprinted as a lyric change is due principally to the fact that "save" in the "Grenstone Poems," stands up conspicu- has gone out of usual speech. But isn't that the ously. Of course there were hints of this new fault of usual speech rather than of "save"? philosophy in "Tiger” and strong hints in the Must we who believe in democracy justify the Bynner translation of “Iphigenia in Tauris”-of reproach of its opponents that it will cause a lev- which the second, it seems to me, therefore had elling down rather than a levelling up? to renounce any idea of following Euripides into There is another defect of the Bynnerian qual- his moments of more embroidered beauty. Per- ity that I cannot help sensing in “Grenstone Poems." It seems to me that he is sometimes haps "The Little King" suggested what was almost mathematical in the development of his coming. At any rate “The New World” did simplicity. He loves to strike poetic balances not. I question if Bynner could harmonize with and make poetic classifications—almost to replace his present theory the following splendid passage poetry by a lengthened epigram. There is a from that poem, or successfully rewrite it to con- poem-even called “The Balance”—which is suc- form to that theory: cessfully typical of a whole series, many of them The times are gone when only few were fit not so successful: To view with open vision the sublime, When for the rest an altar-rail sufficed Lose your heart, you lose the maid: To obscure the democratic Christ. It's the humor of her kind. Perceiving now his gifts, demanding it, So trim the balance to a shade; The benison of common benefit, Keep your heart and keep the maid ! Men, women, all, Interpreters of time, Keep your heart, you keep the maid, Have found the lordly Christ apocryphal, But yourself you cannot find While Christ the comrade comes again-no wraith Fling the balance unafraid ! Of virtue in a far-off faith Find your heart and lose the maid! But a companion hearty, natural, A charming whim of writing, and worth repeat- Who sorrows with indomitable eyes For his mistreated plan ing, but not to take the place of the poetry that To share with all men the upspringing sod, Bynner could do, and has done. The unfolding skies- Not God who Made Himself the Man, This hankering for precision, for classification, But a man who proved man's unused worth- appears also in the elaborately simple arrange- And made himself the God. ment of the “Grenstone Poems." The book car- I am grateful to Time, who got “The New ries a table of contents that looks almost like a World” out of Bynner before he found that synopsis for a brief, with subdivision and resub- "benison" and "indomitable" could no longer be division, the “Points” set up in verse couplets, in his vocabulary. and a hint of a narrative argument running 1918] 25 THE DIAL ous. through it. Into this simple elaboration are And when we bent the white aside sorted out nearly two hundred poems, some of We came to paupers who had died: Rough wooden shingles row on row, which fit excellently, while others are forced into And God's name written there John Doe. place rather at their own expense. Witter Bynner is the possessor of an unusual For example, the poem that I quoted begin- and lovely gift. My only wish is that he would ning "Name me no name for my disease" was content himself with being a very good and originally called “The Patient to the Doctors." growing poet, instead of tending to preoccupy In the book it is called “Hills of Home" and himself with a theory. His gift is sufficient, if appears balanced against, on the opposite page, he will permit it, to stand above theories. Can we “Foreign Hills," another poem with which it not have the real Bynner as he started out, and has (really) nothing to do, both appearing under first continued-imaginative, versatile, and una- Article I, “Grenstone,” Subdivision 1, “On the fraid, while being deft, to be purely spontane- Way to Grenstone"-the effect of the whole So but the harvest be always richer from effort at anecdotal veracity being, I think, to year to year, what care we what machinery does devitalize a very good poem and make it try to the threshing? SWINBURNE Hale. appear something it rather is not. An example that I regret even more is “The Fields"-a delicate and lovely little war poem Sancho Panza on His Island -placed in Subdivision 2, "Neighbors and the Countryside": UTOPIA OF USURERS AND OTHER ESSAYS. By Gil- bert K. Chesterton. (Boni and Liveright; $1.25.) Though wisdom underfoot Dies in the bloody fields, Whether it is merely because Chesterton has Slowly the endless root given us a characteristic and, in its own way, Gathers again and yields. peculiarly illuminating study of Shaw or because In fields where hate has hurled a subtle spiritual comradeship, underlying all Its force, where folly rots, their obvious differences, holds them bound in Wisdom shall be uncurled Small as forget-me-nots. memory, I find it difficult to keep Shaw out of So that the fields of France must become New my mind when reading his fellow-craftsman in the art of paradox. When Chesterton makes a England meadows, and oblige! neat point or flares out with some unexpected There is another exquisite war poem which antithesis, I find myself wondering how Shaw should be quoted. A trifle shortened from its would have put the same idea. Both use their original form in "The Nation," "War" shows paradoxical panoply for the purpose of charging Bynner at his most deft and pointed best, where on us with what they really think or, at least, his sense of precision and poignancy combine to with how they even more really feel. They are produce a perfect thing: always deadly in earnest. This is the reason Fools, fools, fools, why they can afford to laugh so boisterously, for Your blood is hot today. only such as know what they are about and have It cools When you are clay. found a foothold in the shifting sands of idea It joins the very clod can find time and energy and, above all, courage Wherein at last you see to laugh. The well-balanced individual is too The living God, The loving God, busy pairing off alternatives, too busy finding a Which was your enemy. sensible middle ground, to be capable of more And here is a poem which gives the flavor of than a preoccupied smile. Laughter presupposes the whole Grenstone series—the thesis of "The comfort; the proverbial seat on the fence, ad- , New World” translated into simpler terms-the vantageous as it may be in other respects, is too love of Nature and pleasant things and the dem- spiked for comfort. ocratic God. It is called "God's Acre." Yet, like all similar things, Shaw and Chester- Because we felt there could not be ton are vastly different. Shaw's main concern is A mowing in reality with ideals and with romance; he has a great joke So white and feathery-blown and gay With blossoms of wild caraway, on humanity because he alone sees that ideals and I said to Celia, “Let us trace romance are but decorations that humanity has The secret of this pleasant place!" built about the commonplace, though I fancy, We knew some deeper beauty lay Below the bloom of caraway, to judge from sundry wistful passages in the 26 [January 3 THE DIAL Shavian writings, that he sometimes wishes his world" frame of mind of "Orthodoxy" has sight were duller. Chesterton's concern is also given way to scowls and apprehensive shakings with ideals and with romance; but his laughter of the head. Even the cheery mysticism of that springs rather from a zestful sense of their abid- book and of so many of its successors (“The Inno- ing presence in the commonplace, from a feeling cence of Father Brown" and "Magic" are types) of security in the essential goodnesses and right- is somewhat less in evidence than it should be in nesses of life that leaves him free for quips and writing coming from Chesterton's pen, though fine scorns and puns—beastly ones sometimes. faint-hearted, vestigial formulæ are not absent Shaw laughs heartily on an empty stomach, Ches- ("Robespierre talked even more about God than terton easily on a full one. Shaw sees with about the Republic because he cared even more amazing clarity the just beyond, while the present about God than about the Republic"). The lies shadowed in a penumbra; Chesterton sees the proverb-like epigrams that we naturally look for just beyond only a trifle less clearly, but he sees (it will be remembered that Sancho Panza reveled it as a distorted shadow cast by the present and in proverbs) are with us again, but too man the past, especially the mystic past. Shaw wan- them are burnished with the anger of the ders about in search of his perfect No Man's moment to be readily quotable out of their con- Land, struggling all the while against the foul text. Still, there are some exceedingly good ones. machinations of sorcerers who invest spades with For instance: "the materialistic Sociologists, . glamour; no wonder that he tilts a lance at an whose way of looking at the world is to put on the occasional windmill. Chesterton accepts the latest and most powerful scientific spectacles, and machinations of the sorcerers for the wonderful then shut their eyes"; or "when we talk of Army actualities they are. Were Shaw desophisticated contractors as among the base but active actualities and dehumorized, he would be Don Quixote; of war, we commonly mean that while the con- were Chesterton desophisticated but not dehu- tractor benefits by the war, the war, on the whole, morized, he would be Sancho Panza. rather suffers by the contractor.” Nor is that But as sophistication and Shavian humor are charming whimsicality, so often edged with as what the biologists call acquired characters, we much naïveté as paradox, for which Chesterton are left scientifically free to equate Shaw with the is most to be loved, entirely absent. Take this illustrious Don, Chesterton with his no less illus- opening of an argument, for instance, which has trious squire. And once we have accustomed the matter of a Swift and the temper of an angel: ourselves to interpreting them in the light of an “An employer, let us say, pays a seamstress two- exegesis borrowed from Cervantes, much becomes pence a day, and she does not seem to thrive on doubly clear. Nature is never more purposeful it. So little, perhaps, does she thrive on it that than when she seems inattentive and accidental. the employer has even some difficulty in thriving Need we now wonder that Shaw is thin and But all through the volume of humane, that Chesterton is fat and human ? Are essays runs a genuine anger, an anger that is by not Shaw's women as unclaspable as the famed no means always careful to clothe itself in neat Dulcinea del Toboso, and might not Chestorton turns and whimsicalities but, on the contrary, find beauty and love in any country wench? But may even break out into crude petulance (“And note chiefly this: Shaw scorns the governance of if anyone reminds me that there is a Socialist a mere island, his fancy must hold sway over Party in Germany, I reply that there isn't"). vaster realms, the realms of a humanity untainted What is it that angers Chesterton and fills him by localism. As for Chesterton, he is eminently with grim forebodings for the future of his island? qualified to govern an island. Let Shaw found Many things and, especially, many persons. But the world state, he will be content to rule merry chiefly the capitalists, the upper middle class, the England (Chesterton's England will be merry, as she has been) and pontificate for all of Chris- usurers, or however they be termed, and the fear tianity that is worth saving. of the servile state, the state in which art and In "Utopia of Usurers," a series of reprints of literature and science and efficiency and morality essays first published in periodical form, Chester- and everything else that has value in the eyes of ton has much to say about his island. He is in a mortal man become the humble servants of the bad humor. Things have not gone well with the money-changers, in short, the “utopia of usurers." island. Not only is a dastardly foe threatening it In this state the Venus of Milo advertises soap, from without, but there is cause for endless dis- and college professors have to put up with such gruntlements within. The "all's well with the mental pabulum as can be digested and manages (6 upon her.” a 1918] 27 THE DIAL to get published by the captains of industry. Hear Anton Chekhov Chesterton's own summary of the nine essays de- voted to the dismal utopia: "Its art may be good The Tales of Chekhov (to be complete in eight or bad, but it will be an advertisement for usur- volumes). Four volumes: The Darling, and Other Stories; The Duel, and Other Stories; The ers; its literature may be good or bad, but it will Lady with the Dog, and Other Stories; The appeal to the patronage of usurers; its scientific Party, and Other Stories. (New York: Macmillan Co.; $1.50 each.) selection will select according to the needs of The House WITH THE MezzANINE, AND OTHER usurers; its religion will be just charitable enough STORIES. (New York: Scribner's; $1.35.) to pardon usurers; its penal system will be just We are about to come into possession of Chek- cruel enough to crush all the critics of usurers; hov. It will be a priceless possession, for Chek- the truth of it will be Slavery: and the title of it hov is indispensable to our understanding of the may quite possibly be Socialism." There is ex- psychology of the great people that has intro- hilaration in the defiance of this from “The duced into the present world situation an ele- Escape": ment so complex, so disturbing, so tragic and beautiful. Chekhov is the faithful reporter, The water's waiting in the trough, The tame oats sown are portioned free, unerring, intuitive, direct. He never bears false There is Enough, and just Enough, witness. The essence of his art lies in a fine And all is ready now but we. restraint, an avoidance of the sensational and the But you have not caught us yet, my lords, spectacular. His reticence reveals the elusive You have us still to get. and lights up the enigmatic. And what a keen, A sorry army you'd have got, Its fags are rags that float and rot, voracious observer he was! Endless is the pro- Its drums are empty pan and pot, cession of types that passes through his pages- Its baggage isman empty cot; the whole world of Russians of his day: country But you have not caught us yet. gentlemen, chinovniks, waitresses, ladies of fash- And this, at the end of the poem, will serve to ion, shopgirls, town physicians, Zemstvo doctors, mark the Chestertonian contempt: innkeepers, peasants, herdsmen, soldiers, trades- It is too late, too late, my lords, men, every type of the intelligentsia, children, We give you back your grace: men and women of every class and occupation. You cannot with all cajoling Make the wet ditch, or winds that sting, Chekhov describes them all with a pen that Lost pride, or the pawned wedding ring, knows no bias. He eschews specialization in Or drink or Death a blacker thing types. In a letter written to his friend Pleschey- Than a smile upon your face. ev, Chekhov draws in one stroke a swift, subtle Other causes for Chesterton's scorn there are parallel between the two authors, Shcheglov and in the book,—the mean-spirited attempt of those Korolenko, and then he goes on to say, "But, , , , infernal bores, the well-meaning people, to Allah, Kerim! Why do they both specialize? deprive the workingman of his ale; the dunder- One refuses to part with his prisoners, the other headedness of parliaments and administrators; the feeds his readers on staff officers. I recognize incredible mendacity of the press; the absurdity specialization in art, such as genres, landscape, of Sir Edward Carson in the role of loyal patriot; history; I understand the 'emploi' of the actor, the shameless ignorance of public affairs exhibited the school of the musician, but I cannot accept by the well informed; the impertinence of Puritan such specialization as prisoners, officers, priests. meddlers --but the capitalist and his utopia, the This is no longer specialization; it is bias." Chek- servile state, are at the back of these ills, present hov ignores no phase of the life of his day. This and to come. Don Quixote (in his Shavian inclusiveness, this large and noble avidity that avatar) is right. The nefarious enchanter, capi- refuses to be circumscribed by class or kind or talism, is triumphant; he has cast his evil spell importance, makes the sum of his stories both on all the springs of genuine, straightforward ample and satisfying. His work illuminates the whole of Russian life, the main thoroughfares, being; he is nigh unto choking the soul of human- ity. It is high time that the Quixotes of the world the bypaths, the unfrequented recesses. Without . bestirred themselves. It is well that the doughty Chekhov, how are we to embark on the discov- Sancho Panza is caparisoned for the fray. He ery of Russia? Within the limits of his day Chekhov is the will give a good reckoning of his stewardship of perfect guide because his interpretations of a life the island. EDWARD SAPIR. that is alien to us have the essential qualities of - 28 [January 3 THE DIAL veracity and credibility. It is the spirit of wide- him indifferent. And in this world one must be eyed, tolerant, dispassionate perception that gives indifferent. Only dissatisfied people can look at Chekhov's works their character of true evi- things clearly, can be just, and do work. Of dence. For him, subtle and balanced in his sen- course, this includes only thoughtful and noble sibilities, all reality is innately artistic. With no persons; egoists and empty folk are indifferent as apparent effort, he lifts everything: the common- it is." These words, I think, will give us a clue place, the threadbare, even the banal, to the high to an understanding of Chekhov's attitude to plane of art. The relations of ordinary exist- life. Nor do they stand alone. Again and again, ence, the sombre dullness, the gray emptiness of in his letters, Chekhov replies in the same strain uninspired life acquire interest and meaning. He to those who complain that he has not solved the creates, as the Russian critic Leon Shestov says, moral or ethical questions that arise in his sto- "from the void.” Others flee from these things ries. I quote from a few of his letters to Sou as from the valley of the shadow of death; Chek- vorin: hov gives them color, harmony, inevitability; “The business of the writer of fiction is only to de- they become significant, infinitely sad, infinitely pict how and under what circumstances people speak human. We may wish to turn away from these and think about such problems as God, pessimism, etc. The artist should not be a judge of his personages aspects of reality, we may wish to take refuge and of what they say, but only an unbiassed witness. in dreams and visions and hopes, but the artist I overhear a conversation on pessimism between two constrains us to stay; his tales become credible Russians, and my business is to report the conversa- and strangely familiar. With poignant regret tion as I heard it, and let the jury, i. e., the readers, decide as to its value. My business is only to be we acknowledge them as a true representation talented, that is, to be able to distinguish between of our own lives. important and unimportant testimony, to be able to A representation of life, but not an explana- illuminate the characters and speak in their lan- guage. And if an artist in whom the crowd tion. Chekhov, almost alone among the great has faith dares announce that he understands nothing Russians, does not set himself the task of solving of what he sees—this alone constitutes a large acqui- the riddles of the universe. He is the honest sition in the realm of thought and is a great step forward.” “In my talks with the writing brethren physician who knows no panaceas and is skep- I always maintain that it is not the business of the tical as to palliatives. Explanations, command- artist to decide narrowly specific questions. It is ments, reconciliations, consolings—he has none bad if the artist undertakes something he does not understand. For special problems there are special- of these to offer. He shuns the admonitions and ists... But an artist is to judge only of what he the comfortable words of the moral teacher, the understands. His sphere is just as limited as that of impatient outcries of the embittered rebel, the any other specialist. This I repeat and on this I always insist. That in his sphere there are no prob- grandiose creations of the symbolist, the vicari- lems but only answers, may be said by one who never ous solace of the mystic. He counsels neither wrote and never had to deal with images. The rebellion nor acceptance. artist observes, selects, guesses, contracts. These acts alone, in their nature, presuppose the existence of For this shrinking from all forms of dogma: problems. If he had no problem before him there tism, for this absence of burning indignation and would be no need of selecting and of guessing. You are right in demanding from an artist a serious passionate protest, most Russians hold Chekhov attitude to his work. You confuse two conceptions: strictly to account. They refuse to forgive him the solution of the problem and the correct statement for not coming to conclusions with life. Against of the problem.” “You scold me for being objective and attribute this in me to an indifference toward good what some of them are pleased to call his “com- and evil and to a lack of ideals, etc. When I depict placency in political and social matters" they horse-thieves you want me to say: 'To steal horses invoke the lines of the poet Nekrassov: is evil.' But everybody knows this without my saying it. Let the thieves be judged by a sworn jury—my He loves not the land of his fathers business is to show them as they are. . . Of course, it Who sings without sorrow and anger. would be fine to harmonize art with sermons, but in Chekhov was not unaware of his countrymen's my case it would be very difficult, and, so far as my predilection for strong, flaming words on the technique goes, almost impossible. You realize, do you not, that to depict horse-thieves within the space "accursed problems of life." But he was resolved of seven hundred lines I must always speak and to remain true to his temperament. And what think as they do, feel as they feel? Otherwise, if I were to add subjective elements, the image would was Chekhov's temperament? In one of his letters become blurred and the story would not be compact, as to his friend Souvorin, after dwelling on the all short stories should be." soothing effects of Nature on his spirits, he This artistic credo does not express the spirit writes, “Nature reconciles man, that is, makes of heartless indifference. It comes from the 1918] 29 THE DIAL . resolve to present reality as seen by a calm, bal- revelations, revelations, the wondrous surprises that the anced, comprehensive, luminous temperament. future has in store for them—for the millions Chekhov's attitude is one of clear-eyed refusal to like them to whom the great adventures in life grapple with the unattainable. In the stories are a journey underground, supper, the marvels and plays of this artist there is no coldness and of the motion pictures, sleep? Ah, Chekhov hardness. Despite the reticence and the stern knew! He knew of the glory of childhood, the suppression of emotion personal to the author, dreams of youth, the miracle of hope and fresh vou discern in these works, in the letters, and in beginnings; and he knew the dreary emptiness the volume on the convict-colony at Sakhalin, the in the hearts of those who return home at the tender, sensitive physician, the mild, understand- end of the day. He knew of the ceaseless quest ing eye, the kindly, aching heart. for happiness, for a fuller life, for rest. And To the everlasting question of the Russians, he knew that, high or low, whatever the path “What is to be done?” Chekhov answers, some- we follow, we are never far from the endless times with a sad wistfulness, sometimes with a procession of the disillusioned. tender compassion, now with a merry twinkle, But is there no release, and no fulfilment? now with quiet resignation, “I do not know.” Whenever I stand where the long line of those "Is there a way out?" And again the reply, "I who hurry home in the gathering dusk passes do not know." For him, too, the rest is silence. by, I can see, in the west, through the great Life goes on, but it has no swing, no forward canyon that is the city street, the glory of the propulsion. It is a strange, rhythmless life that setting sun. There the sky is strangely beau- Chekhov surveys, a life without great adventures tiful. It seems to bend over a new and a dif- or feverish activity. It is life playing on muted ferent world. Who can tell? But in that strings, under gray skies, and in a time of dark world there seems to be joy and work, beauty reaction. And Chekhov stands awed in the and laughter, sunshine, freedom, stretching of presence of failure, of tragic insufficiency, of death- limbs, rest. And, wondering whether we can in-life, of broken hopes, broken hearts. Disillu- create that world, no longer from the void, I sionment has come to blight the energies and the recall Chekhov's many quiet words of encourage- spirit of these men and women and children. In all but a few there is some sad imperfection, closing scene of “Uncle Vanya”: ment and hope. Sonia speaks such words in the some fatal ámartia that makes them the play- “What can we do? We must live our lives. things of the imperturbable Fates. And the story of every one in the long procession is only [A pause.] Yes, we shall live, Uncle Vanya. another of life's little ironies. To view this We shall live through the long procession of stagnation over which the spirit of the Lord has days before us, and through the long evenings; not passed, to discern it all, to bear the conscious- we shall patiently bear the trials that fate ness of it in the heart, one must possess some- imposes on us; we shall work for others without thing of the imperturbability, the impassivity, rest, both now and when we are old; and when the indifference of Nature. One must be, as our last hour comes we shall meet it humbly, Chekhov was, a physician who knew himself and there, beyond the grave, we shall say that doomed to an early death. we have suffered and wept, that our life was I have been asked, “Are Chekhov's stories true bitter, and God will have pity on us. Ah, then, to life? Do they convey the impression of real- dear, dear Uncle, we shall see that bright and ity? Is the life of the greater number of men beautiful life; we shall rejoice and look back and women so colorless, so passive, so full of dull upon our sorrow here; a tender smile-and-we regret, so unfulfilled of all desire?” I do not shall rest. I have faith, Uncle, fervent, passion- know. But I have stood in the great City, on ate faith. (Sonia kneels down before her uncle Broadway, at the time when the clock struck and lays her head upon his hands] We shall rest. the hour of six, and I have seen the men and We shall rest. We shall see heaven shin- women pour forth from the shops and stores ing like a jewel. We shall see all evil and all and factories. Thousands upon thousands, they our pain sink away in the great compassion that Our life will be as emerge after the long confinement of the day's shall enfold the world. I have faith; work, and in a swift procession they walk home peaceful and tender as a caress. in the gathering dusk. What are the sudden I have faith." LOUIS S. FRIEDLAND. 30 [January 3 THE DIAL ) BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ness of purpose, whose conclusions regarding men and things are neither commonplace nor dull. He A WORLD IN FERMENT: Interpretations of started life as a curate, and finding himself unable the War for a New World. By Nicholas to subscribe fully to the dogma he had to teach, Murray Butler. Scribner; $1.25. courageously gave up the work, though doing The world may be in ferment; but not so so meant poverty until he discovered an opening Nicholas Murray Butler. He casts his eye upon in journalism. With the rather brief account the vasty deeps of time and remains the Presi- of his life he includes gossipy bits of information dent of Columbia University, orotund, common- about all sorts of notable people, and the book is place, upper-class, smug. One gathers that he a veritable gold mine for the after-dinner speaker, has heard of patriotism, service, reconstruction, for it is besprinkled with quotable anecdotes. the Russian Revolution, internationalism. His The Benson family think themselves very thoughts upon them appear in the addresses and in the addresses and interesting to the world, an opinion no doubt interviews assembled in this volume. He has engendered by their countless admirers, but one said everything that a deacon and a director is often wearily reminded of the Punch squib, would approve of, nothing more. "Signs of the Times; Self-Denial Week: Mr. There is much talk in these addresses of the A. C. Benson refrains from publishing a book.” process of thought, much speculation as to how Their attitude of mind is, perhaps, shown by a the patriot, the wise man, the prudent man, the habit of Maggie's referred to in the biography. Butlerized man will think, in fact, there is She made up a special book of prayers with alter- more such talk than evidence of thought. For nating blank pages. On these she put down the winged thought does not consort with a leaden initials of the person whose faults and needs the style of Rooseveltian alternatives. Mr. Butler's prayer opposite seemed best to fit. The story of opinions on industry, on international affairs, her life is set down from the first day to the we all know. Suffice it to say they are untainted last. Nothing is omitted, from the most trivial, with the heretical economics and psychology meaningless letter of childhood to the girlish which have been revealing us glaringly to our- gushings of the teens. The life impresses her selves. brother as a most useful one but he hardly suc- This aspect of the modern world Mr. Butler ceeds in persuading the reader. She seemed flees. He takes refuge in general statements, for always seeking self-expression in writing or the more general your statements the more noble Egyptology or what not, but found no permanent they may be made to seem. His volume, there- satisfaction except in her friendships. She might fore, is interesting not for any interpretation of be said to have succeeded in life because of what our time so much as for its revelation of an she gave here to both men and women. Whether anachronism—the florid oratorical mind still at she would have wanted this exploited in a biog- work in the years 1914-17. raphy no one can ever know, but there is just a possibility since she was a Benson. THROUGH LIFE AND ROUND THE WORLD. FAITH, WAR, AND POLICY. By Gilbert By Raymond Blathwayt. Dutton; $3.50. Murray. Houghton Mifflin; $1.25. Life AND LETTERS OF Maggie Benson. By Arthur C. Benson. Longmans, Green; It would hardly be possible for Gilbert Mur- $2.50. ray to write a really illiberal book, but it has not been impossible for him to feel too constantly in Here are an autobiography and a biography this book the weight of his representative posi- of two rather well-known persons, both of whom tion. The result is not altogether satisfying. were active in work connected with the Church You feel that Professor Murray has been the vic- of England, Mr. Blathwayt as a curate and Miss tim of those exceptional circumstances which Benson as a founder of Bible societies. Both exact their heavy toll of the eminent. In acting offer us their reaction to the creed and the dogmas as spokesman for England, he has had to strain of that church. his voice by pitching it in the popular key, and he Mr. Benson assures us that there is an immense has had to discuss subjects about which his opin- future before the art of biography and that he ions are far less valuable than they are about the believes it should not deal with notable persons Greek drama. What stands out most sharply and alone but with interesting and striking personali- incongruously in the book is Professor Murray's ties as well. While we are not inclined to allow complaisance in transferring the problems raised this plea to stand when it is a question of indulg- by the war to the shoulders of those very diplo- ing the exploitation of Bensonism, it yet carries a mats and statesmen whose inadequacy is suffi- tincture of truth. It is true, for instance, in ciently demonstrated by the present débâcle. He regard to Mr. Blathwayt. Here is a man pre- argues rather superficially against democratic con- eminently of the world, a man of wit and lofti- trol of foreign policy, on the ground that the 1918] 31 THE DIAL public cannot be expected to be as well informed ready to plunder and murder the Mexicans as on such subjects as the diplomats, and he is will- they are to attack us." Striking and also rather ing to assume that, so far as England is con- discouraging is the applicability of these letters cerned, the diplomats may be trusted to pursue to present conditions in the turbulent republic a disinterested and honest policy. In discussing to the south. The writer fell at Molino del the British Foreign Office, Professor Murray Rey, September 8, 1847, in his forty-first year, adopts a tone which is nothing less than smug; and his letters extend over the two years preced- he is frankly the apologist, who can allow him- ing his death. Professor Johnston and members self to write, “The fact seems to be that, if, some of Kirby Smith's family have done their part well years ago, an angel had set himself to the task in preparing and annotating these letters for pub- of saving Europe, he would not have begun by lication. altering British policy. He would have begun by something else.” This fatal complacency CARRY ON. By Lieutenant Coningsby extends to everything British: "In peace we are Dawson. Lanc ; $1. the most liberal and the most merciful of all Lieutenant Coningsby Dawson of the Cana- great empires; in war we have Napoleon's famous dian field artillery is chiefly an author. As testimonial, calling us 'the most consistent, the many grateful readers will remember, he has most implacable, and the most generous of his written "The Garden without Walls," "The enemies. It is for us to keep up this tradition, Raft," and "Slaves of Freedom,” which he waited ' and I believe that the men who rule us do keep to finish before taking up arms for England. it up." It is true that a watchful critic might However, he was not always an author, for be able to cite many instances of a less admir- upon his graduation from Oxford in 1905 he able sort, but Professor Murray is ready for such studied theology at the Union Seminary, New critics. He rules out cases that do not come York, and remained there a year before he under the definition as exhibiting traits that are reached the conclusion that his life work lay essentially “un-English.” There are fine things There are fine things in literature. Now, from the trenches, he has , in the book, notably the picture Professor Mur- written a series of intimate letters to the folk ray gives of Arthur Heath, the brilliant young at home, replete with natural affection, with Oxonian who fell in the fighting at Loos. There description which is fairly vivid and reflection is a constant sympathy with the idealism of the suggestive of a parson. He is essentially a theo- young men who gave themselves so unsparingly logian in his thinking in the sense that he attempts to save civilization, and it is in writing of their to put a good showing on a bad mess, translates sacrifices that Professor Murray is at his best. butchery into sacrifice, and mass psychology into But the book as a whole is disappointing, since duty and honor. When a great soul engages in it exhibits the author in a rôle which he is not this revaluation, the result can be magnificent, fitted to fill with his usual distinction. a tribute to the sheer superiority of man over the world; but Lieutenant Dawson is too much To MEXICO WITH Scott. Letters of Cap- of a dear fellow to be in danger of erecting a tain E. Kirby Smith to his wife. Prepared for the press by his daughter, Emma Jerome "City of God” upon the agony of our civiliza- tion. However, he is particularly effectual in Blackwood. With an introduction by R. putting himself on paper, and his book affords M. Johnston. Harvard University Press; a clear view into the theological soul. The best $1.25. part of it is that his letters are so full of inci- Not to the Mexican border with General dent that unless you are particularly interested, Hugh L. Scott in our own time, but into Mexico you need not bother with the theological inter- with Winfield Scott seventy years ago, the reader pretation at all. is conducted in these letters of a gallant officer The interest that leads men into repainting who fought and died in a cause hardly less per- the world to their liking arises in that self-con- plexing than is the Mexican question of to-day. sciousness usually known as egotism. Further, Here is a passage (one of many) that might al- the self-regarding habit leads men to value with most have been written yesterday instead of May a great ado of words and affection anything 6, 1847: "Some Mexican gentlemen came in this touching upon their personal life, and they easily morning from Puebla. One of them, a very intel- achieve sentimentality. Dawson proves this by ligent man, educated in Hartford, Connecticut, not being the exception. He is the kind of man represents the country as in a most deplorable con- who loves to dwell (in his own words) on "when dition, the Government as utterly disorganized I was a kiddie.” He hasn't set sail from Halifax not capable of carrying on the war or before he feels he has "become a little child making peace. The roads are filled with bands of again in God's hands.” Spending all of a morn- robbers under the name of guerillas, who are as ing on the dock tending to the baggage leads 32 [January 3 THE DIAL 1) - 9) him to realize “there are so many finer things CASUAL COMMENT I could do with the rest of my days—bigger GENERAL SIR IAAN HAMILTON, who com- things.” On the voyage, he marvels "all the time at the prosaic and even coarse types of men manded the British forces at Gallipoli, has harsh who have risen to the greatness of the occasion.” words for the censor. “From my individual point He means his fellow-soldiers. Sir Willoughby of view,” he writes, “a hideous mistake has been Patterne wrote travel letters too. made on the correspondence side of the whole When he reaches the trenches, his theologizing of this Dardanelles business. Had we had a immediately goes into action. The horrors of dozen good newspaper correspondents here the the battle field receive a description that sets vital, life-giving interest of these stupendous pro- one tingling; hopes stir that perhaps this terrible- ceedings would have been brought right into the ness will deter men, at least those who have seen hearts and homes of the humblest people in with their own eyes, from ever countenancing its Great Britain. . . cables ... were turned by some recurrence; but the tingle dies away in de- miserable people somewhere into horrible bureau- spondency over man's irrepressible trick of turn- cratic phrases or dead languages, i. e., 'We have ing evil into good when you read Lieutenant made an appreciable advance," "The situation re- Dawson's conclusion: "There is a marvellous mains unchanged' and similar phrases. As far as information to the enemy, this is too puerile alto- grandeur about all this carnage and desolation when you see how cheap men's bodies gether.". The General concludes with an epi- gram which our own eager Prussians, welcoming are, you cannot help but know that the body is reaction in the name of war-time necessity, may the least part of personality.” There is much profitably ponder,—“Democracy and autocracy more of this sort of immoralizing. With con- must fight with their own weapons; if they siderable analysis, he indicates how this war change foils in the scuffle, then like Hamlet and wrecks even the lives and the hopes of its sur- Laertes they both of them are doomed.” Sir vivors, renders them unfit for future work, “does Hamilton is really generous in his selection of to the individual what it does to the landscape examples of stupidity. He might have sharpened it attacks obliterates everything personal and his barbs of satire on "An Atlantic Port” or characteristic." Accordingly, after the fashion "Somewhere in France." Only an insensitive of this type of mind, it follows that "from these soul could have devised that ghastly euphemism carcass-strewn fields of khaki, there's a cleansing for destroyed young life, “wastage,” and where wind blowing for the nations that have died." but in a General Staff office could have origin- And, in the conclusion, all the nations of the ated a phrase like “inappreciable losses"? A veil earth are invited to step into the breeze. One of cold technical phrases, like the morning mist despairs at the hopefulness of man. over No Man's Land, interposes itself between the ugly realities of the mud and steel of war MUTUAL AID. A Factor of Evolution. By and the readers "back home." And between P. Kropotkin. Knopf; $1.25. them and the beauty of the war, too. One might This is a new edition at a popular price of ical, if he at least allowed some of the eerie and forgive the censor for making fighting mechan- the book in which Kropotkin attacks the idea that mankind has progressed through the "survival tragic beauty of the Gargantuan machine to be reflected in the official dispatches. Every cor- of the fittest," that the strong have oppressed the respondent, of course, has written his purple pas- weak and benefitted by their removal. He aims to show that on the contrary all forms of animal shrapnel and the pyrotechnical magnificence of sages about the quick spreading splendor of life have lived and are living better because of high explosives. But the deeper æsthetic percep- mutual aid. The author speaks with equal ease tions, such as we find in “Le Feu” and in Hugh of ants, of South American birds, and of mam- de Selincourt for example, rarely peep through mals, and his work gives every evidence of ex- the thick blanket of the censorship dark. Philip haustive research. As regards man, dealing with Gibbs is the one notable exception. In his dis- him chronologically, Kropotkin asserts that histo- patches to the New York "Times," he contrives rians have all wrongly put the stress on battles to avoid the blighting dehumanization of which and armies rather than on the great, unseen fer- General Hamilton justly complains, and the mentation of progress among the masses. There equally sepulchral obtuseness of the conventional are chapters on mutual aid among savages, among correspondent who has seen so much of the war barbarians, and in the mediæval city, and on the that he may be said almost to pride himself on causes of its decay. Kropotkin feels that com- his callousness. Mr. Gibbs never has ceased to munal possession of the soil and other like enter- be shocked by the war-in all his writing there prises open the only way of escape from social is a curiously constant quality of recoil, some- oppression. thing of the shattered anger of a fine and sensi- (6) 1918] 33 THE DIAL tive nature before the grimness and living agony. WHEN GREAT BRITAIN DECLARED WAR a certain You become increasingly aware of this quality in Canadian critic prophesied "business as usual ex- his dispatches-excellent bits of accurate report- cept in cut flowers, jewelry, and music.” The ing, toothrough strange metaphors like the prediction was sound. First of all Canada de- sunny slopes with their slow-maturing fruit of nied herself tournées, sacrificed her one symphony young life, and the autumn battle harvest of orchestra, and abandoned the hope of opera. A laughing flesh. Imagination and perceptiveness tacit moratorium protected all who had rashly such as Gibbs possesses, however, are rare, and subscribed to any artistic enterprise; luxuries the average newspaper man eventually succumbs must be done without. Now we across the line, to the industrious blue pencil, what the French being at war, prove once more that the arts are cleverly call "expositions de blanc.” Will Gen- in no way native amongst us, but are house eral Hamilton's criticism effect a reform?“ 'I guests, for whose support, if they lack the tact doubt it,' said the Walrus, and shed a bitter to withdraw, we can no longer be responsible. tear.” Thus early in the season there are rumors of more than the conventional deficits in opera and MR. J. L. SYMON'S COMPLAINT IN “The Eng- of orchestras hard put to it by the curtailment lish Review” that novels are too short has all of their usual tour revenues. As for the theatre, the air of Alaming paradox. It was not many it is said that New York has already seen—that months ago that Henry B. Fuller uttered a mov- is, has already gone without seeing-some fifty ing plea for shorter fiction, pointing out that failures. We can well believe that most of the "swollen novels" had become as great a pest as fifty deserved no better, but we cannot therefore "swollen fortunes." He even distinguished a congratulate ourselves on any sudden reforma- tion of American taste. For Americans are also new type of serial, beloved of newspaper read- ers, which can be drawn out in successive lengths denying themselves the better dramatic fare pro- vided by the little theatres. In Chicago, for like a telescope and with a little ingenuity and instance, where for six years Maurice Browne persistence can be made to run forever. If Mr. has somehow maintained a genuinely artistic Symon had not assured us that the novel is too stage, the seventh year discovers a social mora- short, we should never have discovered the fact torium under which so many of the subscriptions for ourselves. Nowadays trilogies appear to be toward his current season have been cancelled decidedly the thing among the younger writers that he is forced to close and withdraw. This and many of the outstanding works of the day deprivation would be tolerable if it were a real have the bulk of "The Brothers Karamazov," war sacrifice, reluctantly made; but, with a very If not that of "War and Peace.” When you few exceptions, the perfunctory letters of can- consider the substance, they are often unforgiv- cellation betray a more than patriotic alacrity in ably long and of an exquisite tedium. They abnegation. The war comes as a convenient ex- abuse the privileges of the confessional by fail- cuse for redevoting ourselves to the more con- ing to respect its natural limitations. Yet there genial maintenance of "business as usual.” Other has been little complaint, and one is driven to peoples may inexplicably crave such decorations accept Mr. Bennett's explanation that a provi- as good music and significant drama, achieve dent public likes its money's worth when it them with difficulty, and surrender them grudg- comes to fiction. Mr. Wells has acted on that ingly: we Americans, thank God, are made of assumption and so has Mr. Dreiser- often dis- sterner stuff; we can take the arts fashionably astrously. In fact, it would never occur to if we must, and we can leave them alone again as decently we may. The strenuous anyone to suppose that the publishers were put- necessities of life we must have; but the lux- ting on the screws or exercising any coercive uries of aesthetic feeling, of disciplined thinking, force whatever on the creative imagination. If of beautiful expression—these are elegances we one considers the commercial novel, then the no- can still do without. tion of the publishers that "a very convenient length for a novel is 75,000 words," is certainly not far amiss. Here there is no question of art WE CONTINUE TO RECEIVE LETTERS from the at all, but simply of so many hours of “escape" young men of our new army, showing the spirit from reality and so much bulk in the traveling- in which they have taken up a task that was alien to all their earlier thoughts or hopes. They are bag; and 75,000 words is surely ample. If some sort of mechanical check were not imposed and inspiring letters, full of a manly cheerfulness and the feeling of comradeship; almost never is there every ego were allowed to expand to the limits a word of complaint or a hint of reluctance to of tenuity, sensible people would soon ask meet unfamiliar demands and to sink individual to be excused from inflicting gratuitous boredom purposes in the common purpose. There is, on on themselves. the other hand, an eagerness to take advantage of as soon 9) 34 [January 3 THE DIAL TRILIS 141. KS EINSEI LENS MCLURG BOOKE CUROT the new opportunities (less obviously, promising than those they had looked for, perhaps) to make their influence tell for the cause of brotherhood, an abounding good-will. "If I were a commu- a nist," writes one, "my happiness would be com- plete. We are, in fact, communists, and even the fudge which a sweetheart sends belongs to the squad, if not to the whole barracks. And as for uniformity, it regulates every detail, even to the way the spare shoes are placed under the carefully aligned cots, and the nine inches of top sheet turned back over the blanket. When I was a civilian and a student—and utterly irrespon- sible on both counts—my greatest concern was to “I visited with a natural rapture the satisfy my conscience for cutting classes, and to largest bookstore in the world." find some means for filling up the time between midnight and bed-time with something less bore- See the chapter on Chicago, page 43, “Your some than drinking black coffee at Franks's while United States," by Arnold Bennett debating the merits of this best of all possible It is recognized throughout the country order absorb what time I call my own, or some worlds. Now my greatest worry is lest some new that we earned this reputation because we additional regulation prescribe the use and stow- have on hand at all times a more complete age of some as yet unregulated part of my belong- assortment of the books of all publishers than ings. I feel exactly like a card-index, a peripa- can be found on the shelves of any other book- tetic file of all the orders and regulations which dealer in the entire United States. It is of headquarters has been able to devise in the last interest and importance to all bookbuyers to two months.” And from a librarian who has know that the books reviewed and advertised charge of one of the libraries in a southern can- in this magazine can be procured from us with tonment, we get word of the progress of his work , the least possible delay. We invite you to among the men and of the absorbing interest he visit our store when in Chicago, to avail your- he writes, he is completely happy; and he adds has found in it. For the first time in his life, , self of the opportunity of looking over the with proper emphasis, "By the Lord, this is a , , books in which you are most interested, or to man's job." call upon us at any time to look after your book wants. THE CELEBRATION OF ILLINOIS'S CENTENNIAL AS A STATE is well under way at Springfield and Special Library Service Urbana. At Springfield the Illinois Blue Book of 1917-18 is ready for distribution. This issue, We conduct a department devoted entirely while paying the usual heed to the current affairs to the interests of Public Libraries, Schools, of the state, gives considerable space to a review Colleges and Universities. Our Library De of its one hundred years of statehood. The chief partment has made a careful study of library article in the book is by Mrs. Jessie Palmer requirements, and is equipped to handle aŭ Weber, secretary of the State Centennial Com- library orders with accuracy, efficiency and mission and librarian of the State Historical despatch. This department's long experience Library. It deals with Illinois history. Other in this special branch of the book business, forms of celebration devised at Springfield are combined with our unsurpassed book stock, statues of Lincoln and Douglas and a pageant of Illinois history through the past century. At enable us to offer a library service not excelled elsewhere. We solicit correspondence from Urbana progress is being made on the Centennial Librarians unacquainted with our facilities. History of Illinois, a coöperative work in five large volumes by members of the faculty of the state university. This enterprise has been aided A. C. McCLURG & CO. by the formation of the Illinois Historical Sur- vey as a department of the graduate school, under Retail Store, 218 to 224 South Wabash v enue the direction of Clarence W. Alvord, professor Library Department and Wholesale Offices: of history. This is, in effect, a "laboratory" of 330 to 352 East Ohio Street state history, well organized and fully manned, Chicago and its product is expected to be a scientific his- tory of Illinois of high and permanent value. 1918] 35 THE DIAL NOTES AND NEWS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH NEW YORK The publisher takes pleasure in announcing the following additions to The DIAL staff: Mr. Har- old E. Stearns assumes with this issue the duties of Associate Editor. Mr. Stearns, after gradua- tion from Harvard, became engaged in newspaper and magazine work in New York. Shortly before the war he went abroad for the purpose of mak- ing a study of the labor movement and industrial conditions in France and England, remaining in Europe during the first part of the war. For the last fifteen months he has been on the staff of "The New Republic.” Mr. Clarence Britten also joins the staff of THE DIAL at the present time. Mr. Britten was presi- dent of the “Harvard Monthly” while at Cam- bridge, and after graduation became engaged in publishing, carrying on his activities in Canada and afterward in Boston. Mr. Kenneth Macgowan, who joins the staff of Contributing Editors, will write regularly of the drama. Mr. Macgowan, after taking his degree at Cambridge, acted as associate to H. T. Parker of the Boston “Transcript.” He later became literary and dramatic editor of the Philadelphia "Ledger.” Last year he acted as manager for Joseph Urban and Richard Ordynski during their season at the Bandbox. He is now engaged in jour- nalism in New York. HISTORIES OF THE BELLIGERENTS SERIES Italy Modlaoval and Modern A History by E. M. JAMISON, C. M. ADY, K. D. VERNON and C. SANFORD TERRY. Crown 8vo (742x6%), pp. viii +564, with eight maps and a preface by H. W. C. Davis. .Net, $2.90 "A clear outline of the subject & bril. liant piece of work."--London Times, The Balkans A History of Bulgaria, Sorbla, Qrooco, Rumanla, Turkoy By N. FORBES, A. J. TOYNBEE, D. MITRANY, and D. G. HOGARTH. Cr. 8vo (743x54), pp. 408, three maps. .Net, $2.25 "Accurate, singularly free from bias, and pleasant to read, it gives a surprisingly clear view of a con- fusing and often difficult subject."-Athenaeum. Of the contributors to this issue Robert Her- rick needs no introduction. Mr. Herrick has now returned to the faculty of the University of Chi- cago and the present article is the first of a series which he will contribute to THE DIAL. Leslie Nelson Jennings lives in Rutherford, Cal- ifornia. Robert Morss Lovett, who is a member of the faculty of the University of Chicago, has contrib- uted frequently to The DIAL. Russell Ramsey is engaged with the National Child Welfare Association of New York. Swinburne Hale, since graduation from Harvard, has been engaged in the practice of law in New York and has recently devoted himself to jour- nalism. Louis Friedland is editor of the "Russian Re- view." Portugal Old and Young An Historical Study by GEORGE YOUNG. Crown 8vo (742x5%), pp. viii +842, with a frontis. piece and 5 maps. ..Net, $2.26 A new volume in the Histories of the Belligerents Series explaining why Portugal is at war. "One of the best written volumes in a well-known series. He knows all about Portugal and writes about it in a lively way.”—Daily News. "Brightly written and thoughtful volume."-Lon- don Times. The Evolution of Prussla The Making of an Empire By J. A. R. MARRIOTT and C. GRANT ROBERTSON. Crown 8vo (732x5%), pp. 460, with 8 maps.Net, $2.25 "A valuable book in a time of need. No other English treatment of the subject shows equal learn- ing and philosophic insight. We may wait long be fore the appearance of another book which presents 80 well within three hundred pages the origin and growth of Prussia down to 1848."—Nation. The Eastern Question An Historical Study in European Diplomacy by J. A. R. MARRIOTT. With nine maps and ap- pendixes giving list of Ottoman Rulers, Gene alogies and the Shrinkage of the Ottoman Em- pire in Europe, 1817-1914. 8vo (9x6), pp. viii, 456... . .Net, $5.50 "An able and scholarly work."-London Spectator. In "Rodin: The Man and His Art” (Century), Judith Cladel describes Rodin's Aight to England during the German drive toward Paris in the early days of the war. Mlle. Cladel herself conducted the sculptor and his aged wife across the channel. "He did not wish to remain in London,” she says. “Too many relationships would have hindered him from collecting himself and from preserving that dig- nity of solitude, that reserve of a refugee, which was proper to his situation. He preferred to accom- pany us to a small country town, where for six weeks he lived a modest life, very retired, interested only, but passionately interested, in the reading of English newspapers, which we translated for him. When we apprised him of the burning of Rheims Cathedral, he replied with a laugh of incredulity. For two days he refused to believe it. It seemed Japan, the New World Power Being a detailed account of the Progress and Rise of the Japanese Empire. By ROBERT P. PORTER, 1915. A re-issue of the author's Full Recognition of Japan, with new introductory survey of Japan's share in the war and the questions aris- ing therefrom. Medium 8vo (948x644), pp. 814, with ? colored maps ...Net, $2.50 a The Provocation of France Fifty Years of German Aggression By JEAN CHARLEMAGNE BRACQ. Crown 8vo (7%x5), cloth, pp. vii+202. .Net, $1.25 "A scholarly work, combed out, cut to the bone and as brisk reading as Macaulay."--Brooklyn Eagle. 36 (January 3 THE DIAL JUST ISSUED by the General Education Board “Latin and the A. B. Degree" By CHARLES W. ELIOT “The Worth of Ancient Literature to the Modern World” By VISCOUNT BRYCE “The Function and Needs of Schools of Education in Universities and Colleges" By EDWIN A. ALDERMAN Copies of these papers may be obtained by addressing General Education Board, 61 Broadway, New York City BOOKS O UR stock of some thirty thousand carefully se lected volumes affords the book-lover a wide range to choose from. Our stock of first editions of modern writers is probably not exceeded by that of any other dealer in this country. No author of merit is too inconsiderable to be in- cluded while the work of the minor neglected poets finds & refuge on our ample shelves. In Biography, Belles Lettres and in Drama our stock is especially rich. We endeavor to secure for our clients any book whether in or "out of print." We issue catalogues, execute commissions at the auction rooms, appraise and purchase Libraries and invite correspondence from the lover of books. The Brick Row Print and Book Shop, Inc. New Haven a to him an invention of the press designed to stir the public and increase recruiting. At last, convinced, he said, with inexpressible sadness: 'The biblical times have come back again, the great invasions of the Medes and the Persians. Has the world, then, reached the point where it deserves to be punished for the egotistical epicureanism in which it has slumbered?' After this he became absorbed in his own thoughts." Is Japan a menace or a comrade? This is the question discussed by Jabez T. Sunderland in “Ris- ing Japan,” which is announced by Putnams. The author spent 1895 in India on a commission from the British Unitarian Association and in 1913 war Billings Lecturer in Japan, China, and India. The first number of The Miscellanea, published by the Brothers of the Book, Chicago, has just been issued. It is designed as a medium through which members may keep in touch with the activities of the society. This issue contains information about several of the recent publications of the society and several which are now out of print. In addition to their Modern Library, Messrs. Boni and Liveright are also publishing a number of important volumes, one of the most recent of which is a translation of the Russian masterpiece, “A Family of Noblemen,” by M. Y. Saltykov. This is the first complete English version to be published. Isaac Don Levine, author of "The Russian Revo- lution” (Harper's), says of Lenine, the supposed power of the new revolution, that to him “a capi- talist was worse than a king. An industrial mag- nate or leading banker was to him more perilous than a Czar or a Kaiser. The working classes, he said, had nothing to lose whether their rulers were German, French, or British. The imperative thing for them to do was to prepare for a social revolu- tion. Meanwhile, preached Lenine, the Russian or any other labor class might as well live under the rule of the Hohenzollerns as be governed by a capitalistic organization.” “Among Us Mortals,” the volume of cartoons by W. E. Hill with text by Franklin P. Adams, which is a feature of Houghton Mifflin's list this season, has met with widespread popularity among the sol- diers. These drawings have attracted much atten- tion in the New York Tribune, striking a new and very penetrating note in American caricature. The “Boy Scouts' Year Book” for 1917 contains messages from President Wilson, Colonel Roose- velt, and from many Cabinet officers and mem. bers of Congress. Boy scout activities in connectios with the war are featured. The book is published by D. Appleton & Co. The spies! “What is the situation in the United States ?” poses Horst von der Goltz in “My Ad- ventures as a Secret Agent" (McBride). “Ger- many has installed in this country thousands of men, whose nationality and habits are such as to protect them from suspicion, who work silently and alone, because they know that their very lives de- pend upon their silence, and who are in communi- cation with no central spy organization, for the very simple reason that no such organization ex- ists. There is no clearing house for spy informa- tion in this country. There are no 'master spies.'” The Mosher Books "At the outset (1891) I wanted to make only a few beautiful books." I am still making beautiful books as my 1917 List will show. This new and revised Catalogue is now ready and will be sent free on request. THOMAS BIRD MOSHER PORTLAND, MAINE AMERICANA New Catalogue of 1000 titles, covering a large variety of subjects-mostly of rare books-in- cluding THE WEST, INDIANS, REVOLU. TION, COLONIAL HOUSES and many other interesting topics. Sent free. GOODSPEED'S BOOKSHOP BOSTON, MASS. AUTOGRAPH LETTERS FIRST EDITIONS OUT OF PRINT BOOKS BOUGHT AND SOLD CORRESPONDENCE INVITED CATALOGUES ISSUED ERNEST DRESSEL NORTH 4 East Thirty-Ninth Street, New York City 1918] 37 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS [The following list, containing 97 titles, includes books received by The Dial since its last issue.] POETRY. A Book of Verne on the Great War. Edited by W. Reginald Wheeler. 8vo, 184 pages. Yale Uni- versity Press. $2. Ånglish Folk Songs from the Southern Appala- chianı. Collected by Olive Dame Campbell and Cecil J. Sharp. 8vo, 341 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50. The Everlasting Quest. By Henry L. Webb. 12mo, 114 pages. The Macmillan Co. $1.50. At Vesper Time. By Ruth Baldwin Chenery. 12mo, Important Publications World Organization as Affected by the Nature of the Modern State By DAVID JAYNE HILL, LL.D., former American Ambassador to Germany. Reprinted with new Pref- ace. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net. The Author points out in his new preface the fact that although several political revolutions and four European wars have occured since the book was first published in 1911, these events have not made necessary the change of a single sentence. American City Progress and the Law By HOWARD LÈE MCBAIN, Ph.D., Professor of Municipal Science and Administration, Columbia University. Author of "The Law and the Practice of Municipal Home Rome." 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net. The Hewitt Lectures, 1917. Dynamic Psychology By ROBERT SESSIONS WOODWORTH, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology, Columbia University. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net. The Jesup Lectures, 1917. Columbia University Studies in the History of Ideas A collection of essays by members of the Depart- ment of Philosophy, Columbia University. 8vo, cloth, $2.00 net. Constitutional Government in the United States By WOODROW WILSON. 12mo, cloth, pp vii + 286. $1.50 net. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS LEMCKE AND BUECHNER, Agents 30-32 West 27th Street New York PRESIDENT WILSON in a recent address described the Bagdad Rail way project as “The Heart of the Matter." THE WAR AND THE BAGDAD RAILWAY 89 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25. The Kid Has Gone to the Colorn. By William Her- schell. Illustrated, 12mo, 137 pages. Bobbs- Merrill Co. $1.25. Kitchener and other poems. By Robert J. C. Stead. 12mo, 163 pages. The Musson Book Co., To- ronto. $1. Songs of the Stalwart. By Grantland Rice. 12mo, 253 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1. Alry Nothings. By George Gordon. 12mo, 144 pages. Sturgis & Walton Co. $1.25. Barbed Wire. By Edwin Ford Piper. 8vo, 125 pages. The Midland Press. A Garden of Remembrance. By James Terry White. 16mo, 132 pages. James T. White & Co. FICTION. A Woman of Genius. By Mary Austin. 12mo, 515 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50. Christmas Tales of Flanders. Illustrated, 4to, 145 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $3. The Emerald of the Incas. By Charles Normand. Translated from the French by S. A. B. Harvey. Illustrated, 8vo, 215 pages. Duffield & Co. $2. Temporary Heroes. By Cecil Sommers. Illustrated, 12mo, 244 pages. John Lane Co. The Shadow on the Stone. By Marguerite Bryant. 12mo, 382 pages. Duffield & Co. $1.35. Laughing Bill Hyde and Other Stories. By Rex Beach. 12mo, 393 pages. Harper & Bros. $1.35. The Adventures. By Arthur B. Reeve. With frontispiece, 12mo, 343 pages. Harper & Bros. $1.35. Mark Tidd Editor. By Clarence Budington Kelland. Illustrated, 287 pages. Harper & Bros. $1.25. A Little Book for Christmas. By Cyrus Townsend Brady. 12mo, 178 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1,25. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. American Jewish Year Book. 5878. Edited by Sam. son D. Oppenheim. With frontispiece, 12mo, 710 pages. Jewish Publication Society. Translations of Foreign Novels. A selected list by Minerva E. Grimm. 12mo, 84 pages. The Boston Book Co. $1. The Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report, 1916. 12mo, 458 pages. The Rockefeller Foundation. Where to Sell Manuscripts. By W. L. Gordon. 12mo, 70 pages. The Standard Publishing Co. $1. A Manual of Style. By the Staff of the University of Chicago Press. 12mo, 300 pages. The Uni- versity of Chicago Press. $1.50. Fifteen Thousand Useful Phrases. By Grenville Kleiser. 12mo, 453 pages. Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1.60. RELIGION. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Edited by James Hastings. Volume 9. 4to, 911 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. Studies in the Book of Daniel. By Robert Dick Wilson. 8vo, 402 pages. G. P. Putnam's Song. $3.50. Militant America and Jesus Christ. By Abraham Mitrie Rihbany. 16mo, 74 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. 65 cts. The Gospel of Mark. By Charles R. Erdman. 12mo, 200 pages. Presbyterian Board of Publication. 60 cts. Spirit Power. By May Thirza Churchill. Fourth edition. 12mo, 64 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. 60 cts. The Story of Asia Minor and Its Relation to the Present Conflict By MORRIS JASTROW, Jr., Ph.D., LL.D. 14 illustrations and a map. Cloth, $1.50 net. This is a Different Kind of War Book This is a different kind of war book but one of the utmost importance by an authority on Eastern civilization. Professor Jastrow takes up & subject that has not been covered in the war literature of today. The story of the Bagdad Highway is roman- tic and fascinating. The possession of it has always determined the fate of the East. Europe is fighting for its control today just as the Persians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, and Turks fought for it in the past. To understand its importance and the relation it bears to our civilization is to understand one of the underlying causes of the war, and one to which the utmost consideration must be given at the Peace Settlement. Professor Jastrow's prophetic look into the future will be of intense interest to serious stu- dents of the problems of the war. No less important and thrilling is the story of Asia Minor, here told in the author's lucid style from ancient days to our time. The history of the region illuminates the world wide significance of the railway. The care- fully selected illustrations are a feature, as is also the comprehensive map of the Near East, in which both the ancient and modern names of the important places are indicated. AT ALL BOOKSTORES J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PUBLISHERS PHILADELPHIA 38 [January 3 THE DIAL F. M. HOLLY Authors' and Pebrobero' Representativ. 135 Fifth Avenue, New York (Inablished 1905) LIJ MD VOLL KFOURATION VILL BB SEIT ON REQUEST THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION Thirty-seventh Year. LETTERS OF CRITICISM, EXPERT REVISION OF M88. Advice as to publication. Address DR. TITUS M. COAN, 424 W. 119th St., New York City If yon want first editions, limited edi. tions, any kind, in fact, address : DOWNING, Box 1336, Boston Mass. ANNA PARMLY PARET LITERARY AGENT 291 FIFTH AVBIUI, NEW YORK Alter many years of editorial experience with Harper & Brothers, Miss Paret offers to criticise and revise manuscripto for writer. Fees reasonable, Terms sent on application. The Advertising Representative of THE DIAL in England is MR. DAVID H. BOND 407 Bank Chambers, Chancery Lane, London, W. C. The Adult Department. By_Ida S. Blick. 12mo, 91 pages. Presbyterian Board of Publication. 40 cts, The Social Theory of Religious Education. By George Albert Coe. 12mg, 361 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50. The Three Men of Judea. Henry S. Stix. 12mo, 101 pages. The Open Court Publishing Co. $1. A Book of Prayers. By Samuel McComb. 12mo, 244 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. The Peaceful Life. By Oscar Kuhns. 12mo, 234 pages. The Abingdon Press. $1. Modernist Studies in the Life of Jesus. By Ray 0. Miller. 12mo, 52 pages. Sherman, French & Co. 80 cts. E. D. or New Light on the Doctrine of Creation. By George McCready Price. 12mo, 144 pages. Fleming H. Revell Co. 75 cts. The Protestant Reformation and Its Influence. 1517-1917. 12mo, 150 pages. Presbyterian Board of Publication, 75 cts. Ultimate Ideals. By Mary Taylor Blauvelt. 1200, 110 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. The Church After the War. By William Oxley Thompson. 16mo, 32 pages. The Abingdon Press. Paper, 25 cts. The Historical Development of Religion in China. By W. J. Clennell. 12mo, 260 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. The Book of Nations. Transcribed by J. E. Samp- ter. 16mo, 120 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1. Creative Psychics. By Fred Henkel. 12mo, 81 pages. The Golden Press. Los Angeles. Paper. EDUCATION. Re-Education. By George Edward Barton. 12mo, 119 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1. Observation. By Russell H. Conwell. With frontis- piece, 12mo, 167 pages. Harper & Bros. $1. Das Erste Yahr Deutsch. By L. M. Schmidt and E. Glokke. 12mo, 286 pages. D. C. Heath & Co. $1.20. Kleine Deutsche Grammatik. By Alfred E. Koenig and Walter R. Myers, 12mo, 96 pages. The Perine Book Co. Problems of Intermediate and Senior Teachers. By Eugene C. Foster. 12mo, 68 pages. Presby- terian Board of Publication. 40 cts. The Worth of Ancient Literature to the Modern World. By Viscount Bryce. 8vo, 20 pages. General Education Board. New York City. Latin and the A.B. Degree. By Charles W. Eliot. 8vo, 42 pages. General Education Board. The Exceptional Child. By Maximilian P, E. Grosz- mann. Illustrated, 12mo, 764 pages, Charles Scribner's Sons. The Permanent Values in Education. By Kenneth Richmond. 12mo, 136 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. La Navidad en las Montañas. By Ignacio Manuel Altamirano. With introduction, notes, and vo- cabulary by Edith A. Hill and Mary Joy Lom- bard. With frontispiece, 12mo, 107 pages. D. C. Heath & Co. A History of the University of Buffalo. By Julian Park. Illustrated. 8vo, 87 pages. Paper. Handicaps of Childhood. By H. Addington Bruce. 12mo, 310 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Value of the Classics. Edited_by Dean Andrew F. West. 12mo, 396 pages. Princeton University Press. $1.50. Linguistic Change. By E. H. Sturtevant. 12mo, 185 pages. University of Chicago Press. $1. Readings in English Prose of the Nineteenth Cen- tury. Part I. Edited by Raymond Macdonald Alden. 12mo, 334 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.65. The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Edited by Killis Campbell. With frontispiece, 12mo, 332 pages. Ginn & Co. $1.50. New Geography, Book One. By Alexis E. Frye. Illustrated, 4to, 252 pages. Ginn & Co. 88 cts. General Zoology. By A. S. Pearse. Illustrated, 8vo, 366 pages. Henry Holt & Co. Laboratory Exercises in Chemistry. By William A. Noyes and B. Smith Hopkins. Illustrated, 8vo, 91 pages. Henry Holt & Co. Paper. 60 cts. Extraits des Prosateurs Français. Edited by J. E. Mansion. 12mo, 298 pages. D. C. Heath & Co. 65 cts. How to Master the Violin. By Pavel L. Bytovetz- ski. Illustrated, 12mo, 108 pages. Oliver Ditson Co. Department-Store Education. By Helen Rich Nor- ton, 12mo, 79 pages. Department of the Interior. Washington. BOOKS, AUTOGRAPAS, PRINTS. Catalogues Free. R. ATKINSON, 97 Sunderland Road, Forest HIN, LONDON, ENG. A CATALOGUE of books and pamphlets relating to the Civil War, Slavery and the South (including a number of scarce Confederate items) will be sent to collectors on request. W. A. GOUGH, 25 WEST 420 STREET, NEW YORK Rare -First For the Book Lover Hons. Bloks now out C. Gerhardt, 25 W. 420 St., New York logue sent on request. of print. Latest Cata- - Autograph Letters of Famous People Bought and Sold.-Send lists of what you have. Walter R. Benjamin, 225 Fifth Ave., New York City Publisher of THE COLLECTOR: A Magazine for Autograph Collectors. $1.00. Sample free. TATURAL HISTORY, AMERICANA, OLD PHLETS, PRINTS, AUTOGRAPHS. Send 4c. stamps for big Catalogs-naming specialty. FRANKLIN BOOKSHOP (S. N. Rhoads) 920 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa. 1918] 39 THE DIAL GREAT WAR, BALLADS By Brookes More Readers of the future (as well as today) will understand the Great War not only from pe- rusal ofhistories, but also from Ballads-having a historical basis-and inspired by the war. A collection of the most interesting, beauti- ful and pathetic ballads.- True to life and full of action. $1.50 Net For Salo by Brentano's; The Baker & Taylor Co., New York; A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago; St. Louis News Co., and All Book Stores THRASH-LICK PUBLISHING CO. Fort Smith, Arkansas, U. S. A. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO. announce their new CATALOGUE OF BOOK BARGAINS 1918 Edition,Just Issued Showing their greatly re- duced prices on hundreds of books from their over- stock, including many of recent issue. Sent free On Request THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO. Wholesale Dealers in the Books of All Publishers 354 Fourth Ave. NEW YORK At Twenty-Sixth Street Where to Sell Manuscripts Wit LINE WHERE TO SEED MANUSCRIPTSS By W. L. Gordon Book gives names, ad- dresses and wants of over one hundred publishers buy- ing short stories, serials, poems, special articles, etc. Invaluable to every aspir- ing author. Write for full descriptive circular. THE STANDARD PUBLISHING COMPANY Desk 38, Cincinnati, O. W.L.Gordon Columbia University Press (LEMCKE & BUECHNER, Agents) New Catalogue of Meritorious Books WOMAN AND THE HOME. Woman as Decoration. By Emily Burbank. Illus- trated, 8vo, 326 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. Boxed. $2.50. The Chinese Cook Book. By Shiu Wong Chan. 12mo, 201 pages. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1.50. Why Not Marry. By Anna Steese Richardson. Il- lustrated, 12mo, 229 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.40. Uncle Bill's Letters to His Niece. By Ray Brown. 12mo, 115 pages. Britton Publishing Co. $1. The American Girl. By Winifred Buck. 12mo, 167 pages. The Macmillan Co. $1. The Housekeeper's Apple Book. By L. Gertrude MacKay. 12mo, 122 pages. Little, Brown & Co. 75 cts. Salads and Sandwiches. By Mary M. 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New and enlarged edition. 12mo, 255 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. AGRICULTURE AND FARMING. The Strawberry In America. By S. W. Fletcher. Illustrated, i2mo, 234 pages. The Macmillan Co. $1.50. Food, Frait and Flowers. By Walter P. Wright. Illustrated, 12mo, 336 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. In a College Garden. By Viscountess Wolseley. Il- lustrated, 12mo, 255 pages. Charles Scribner's Song. Around the Year in the Garden, By Frederick Frye Rockwell. Illustrated, 12mo, 350 pages. The Macmillan Co. $1.75. HEALTH AND HYGIENE. Physical Training. By Lydia Clark. Illustrated, 12mo, 415 pages. Benj. H. Sanborn & Co. The Dynamic of Manhood. By Luther H. Gulick. 12mo, 158 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1. A Thousand Health Questions Answered. By J. H. Kellogg, M. D., LL. D. 12mo, 775 pages. Good Health Publishing Co. Keeping Young and Well. By G. W. Bacon. 12mo, 177 pages. Edward J. Clode. $i. MISCELLANEOUS. Compendium of Natal Astrology and Universal Ephemeris. By Herbert T. Waite. 16mo, 212 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. The Revived Cynic's Calendar. By Ethel Watts Mumford, O. Herford, and A. Mizner. Illus- trated, 16mo. Paul Eider & Co. 85 cts. Impressions Calendar 1918. Designed by Harold Sichel. Illustrated. Paul Elder & Co. Boxed. 50 cts. Big Business. By Ralph Parlette. 12mo, 156 pages. Parlette-Padget Co. $1. How to Make Your WIN. By William Hamilton Osborne. 12mo, 56 pages. Small, Maynard & Co. 50 cts. Amateur Entertainments. By Cranstoun Metcalfe. 12mo, 112 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. 75 cts. Letters from Roy. By Leon H. Stevens. 12mo, 114 pages. Christopher Publishing House. $1. Now Ready AMERICAN BOOKS OF ALL PUBLISHERS sent to any address, here or abroad DIRECT IMPORTATION FROM ALL ALLIED AND NEUTRAL COUNTRIES LEMCKE & BUECHNER (Established 1848) 30-32 W. 27th Street, New York 40 [January 3, 1918 THE DIAL TO LIBRARIANS, PUBLIC, SCHOOL, OR HOME That Rare Thing- A Good Book for Girls H. M. H. writes to May Lamberton Becker of “The Readers Guide” department of THE NEW YORK EVENING POST: "My little sister, who is nine years old and has just joined the public library, asked me for a list of books that I thought she would like to read. I should appreciate your advice." . Mrs. Becker gives a list of such books and then adds : So far, I have kept closely to books sure to be in the Children's Room of any library. There is, however, a book that has just been published, and that may therefore have not yet been included—that it will not be is unthinkable, for it stands a chance, and a very good chance, of entering that only permanent, unshakable body of “immor- tals” in American literature, the small but firmly defended group of children's favorites. Conservative in this, as in everything, children go on reading “Little Women" over and over, one generation after an- other, while wave after wave of juveniles breaks unheeded at their feet. But this book, "UNDERSTOOD BETSY," by Dorothy Canfield (Illustrated, $1.30 net), has come to stay; the children say so. When it was coming out in St. Nicholas, a mother of my acquaintance used to read it aloud to a group of children of all ages, and I have seen it charm children in this city as well as those in the same sort of Vermont town as that where it happens. A little girl who has been nearly "un- derstood" to death by a devoted relative who has kept her feeling her own spiritual pulse, goes to Vermont on a farm and is gloriously let alone; that is practically all there is to it, but it is enough to hold laugh- ter, some excitement, and all outdoors. Dorothy Canfield's UNDERSTOOD BETSY (4th printing, $1.30 net). By the author of “The Bent Twig." HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 19 West 44th Street New York City PRESS OF THE BLAKKLY-OSWALD PRINTING 00., OHICAGO. THE DIAL a fortnightly Journal of Criticism and Discussion of Literature and Chr Mits War's Heritage to Youth Pierre de Lanux is the ambassador of a able to keep and use the whole of its cre- group of ideas and tendencies, in their ative energy? infancy before the war, and still at the I do not mean that M. de Lanux devel- awkward age where they have to be loved ops this general idea. But it is, I believe, a little before they can be understood at the matrix of his argument. And it im- all. His “Young France and New Amer. plies that if we are to develop this common ica" (Macmillan; $1.25) will for the first aim, if we are to unite in this common pro- time bring to the attention of many people gramme, it is of the highest importance for in this country a certain question over us to understand the unique conditions that which our own writers have long been hamper the creative life in each individual meditating, without being able to arrive at country. What we want is the fullest and very definite conclusions. He has in mind, the freest expression of every people along if I am not mistaken, a sort of conquest of the lines of its own genius, for it is of the the world carried out by the common ac- nature of the creative spirit that its mani- tion of the young people of all nations. festations cannot conflict with one another Conquest, I say; I mean rather the slough- and that the more various they are the ; ing off of the old skin of society, the con- richer and the more harmonious life scious and deliberate formulation of a new becomes. That is why M. de Lanux, in way of living, a new way of seeing life selecting certain of our writers to trans- and arranging its conditions. late into French, says that the more genu- Let us say that industrialism has de- inely American they are the more France veloped among the nations a certain will be inclined to welcome them. community of experience, and that this Now, there is something so disinter- community of experience has in turn given ested and so beneficent in the French spirit birth to certain universal desires, emo- and we feel so keenly our debt to it at the tions, hopes, ideas, and plans, universal, present time that we are much more dis- yes, even in the face of the war. Well , posed to be virtuous for France's sake . M. de Lanux constantly touches upon this than for the beautiful eyes of virtue itself. group of desires, emotions, hopes, ideas, If M. de Lanux tells us that his country. and plans. The writers from whom he men are certain to rejoice in the work of quotes, the leaders of the young French Vachel Lindsay, whose "muse essentially “ intellectual class during the twentieth cen- belongs to Springfield, Illinois, and knows tury, have ardently expressed perhaps the no other shores," adding that "that is pre- greater part of them. Is it necessary to cisely why we shall be glad to welcome mention Verhaeren, for example, a “good her," is it not the simplest of all deduc- European" if there ever was one, the tions that we ought to set to work imme- spokesman of modern humanity? And diately producing as many poets as the behind Verhaeren there is Whitman, homely muse of America can be induced whose influence on the French literature to yield ? I say this lightly because I want of to-day, M. de Lanux says, may well be to take advantage of the present French called decisive. What do they portend, do they portend, alliance that seems to appeal so strongly these writers, if it is not a heightened to the common sense of the average common consciousness in all who are still American of the dominant class. In point young enough in spirit to harbor generous of fact, of course, it implies a complete hopes for civilization, a common aim lead- reorientation of American life. This of ing them to struggle for a world that is itself the average American of the domi- 48 [January 17 THE DIAL nant cláss could:never .be .brought to con- find it good. How simple we arel How tėmplate. -.But how far: vould he not be little we know of the realities that our reconciled. tp it if he were obliged to see unconscious life reveals to the least expe- that it is merely the logical outcome of his rienced observer! Have we never tried to own loyalties in the war and that the more explain to ourselves that weary, baffled closely he draws to any of the societies of expression one sees in so many thousand Europe the more he will have to surrender middle-aged American faces, typical the baser elements of his own American American faces, "successful" faces, the ism? faces of bewildered men like Mr. Henry We speak of the obligations the war Ford? Has it never occurred to us to com- has laid upon us. Have we in fact begun pare Mr. Ford's face with Mr. Ford's to realize how grave they are? We say recent career ? that the time has come for us to play our I think, indeed, one could hardly find a part among the societies of the world. But more perfect symbol of American life in we do not yet see that this means infinitely the present decade than Mr. Ford pre- more than “men, money, and ships," that sents—Mr. Ford and his millions and his " it requires nothing less than a mobiliza- peace ship and the total failure of these tion of new, characteristic, and unique elements to coalesce in any effective forces for the universal contest between purpose. purpose. If, therefore, we are dreaming darkness and light. Let us say that, thanks of a national culture, it is because our largely to our isolation, the spirit of our characteristic idealism has itself forced life in the past has been innocent of many the issue. The gifts we possess are unique of those baser elements in European life gifts, but of what avail are these gifts that produced the war. Let us say this if if we have no technique that enables them we find it comforting, for it is true. But to find their mark? And what sort of what have we to put beside those finer ele- technique will ever do this that has not ments in European life that the war has arisen out of a consciousness of those gifts, not been able to destroy and that are even that is not peculiar as they are peculiar now giving birth to whatever the future and so adapted as to make them yield their seems to hold of promise for the human fullest value? We want to share in the spirit? A great deal, I should say, but higher life of the world, and we are inca- little indeed in presentable form. That is pable of doing so because we have no what enables our unkinder critics to assert, organized higher life of our own. Could with a certain air of plausibility, that we there be a more unmistakable demand really have nothing at all. for just that release, that synthesis of the We have been a primitive people, faced creative energies of the younger genera. with an all but impossible task. "But is it tion which M. de Lanux proposes and not abundantly evident now that we have which the younger generation itself de- accomplished this task and that most of sires more deeply even than it knows? the customs we developed in the process An organized higher life—that is to of meeting it have long since passed into say, in the first place, a literature fully the limbo of “good customs that corrupt aware of the difficulties of the American the world"? The struggle that has hith- situation and able, in some sense, to meet ”? erto engaged us has been a struggle not them. For poets and novelists and critics between the more creative and the less cre- are the pathfinders of society; to them be- ative in man, but between man and nature, longs the vision without which the people and the impulse that has determined it has perish. Our literature in the past has come not from the pressure of humane failed to produce sufficient minds capable desires within, but from the existence, the of taking that supreme initiative; in con- allure, and the eventual decay of material sequence, it has fallen by its own weight opportunities outside. The resultant char under the chaos of our life. But for this acter of our civilization we know too well. it has not only the best of excuses, it has Like children whistling in the dark, we also at least one striking precedent. reassure one another that we like it and Could there be a stranger parallel to the a 1918] 49 THE DIAL state of our literature to-day than the state sequence, the writers of the younger of German literature in 1795, as Goethe generation inherit all the difficulties of describes it in the following words: their elders, and at compound'interest. “Germany is absolutely devoid of any central For the intellectual life is sustained by point of social culture, where authors might asso- the emotional life; in order to react vig- ciate with one another and develop themselves by orously against one's environment one following, each in his own special branch, one aim, one common purpose. Born in places far remote must in some degree have been emotion- from each other, educated in all manner of ways, ally nurtured by it. Our gifted minds lack. dependent as a rule upon themselves alone and too generally a certain sort of character upon the impressions of widely different surround- without which talent is altogether fickle ings; carried away by a predilection in favor of and fugitive; but what is this character if this or that example of native or foreign litera- ture, driven to all kinds of attempts, nay, even it is not the accumulated assurance, the blunders, in their endeavor to test their own pow- spiritual force that results from preceding ers without proper guidance; brought to the con- generations of effort along the lines viction, gradually and only after much reflection, toward which talent directs us? Profes- that they ought to adopt a certain course, and sor Brückner points out in his history of taught by practice what they can actually do; ever and anon confused and led astray by a large public Russian literature that "the direct transi- devoid of taste and ready to swallow the bad with tion from uncultured strata to strenuous the same relish with which it has previously swal- mental activity is wont to avenge itself: lowed the good—is there any German writer of the individual succumbs sooner or later note who does not recognize himself in this picture, to the unwonted burden.” And as for us and who will not acknowledge with modest regret the many times that he has sighed for the oppor- young people, how often do we not wear tunity of subordinating at an earlier stage of his ourselves out constructing the preliminary career the peculiarities of his original genius to a platform without which it is impossible to general national culture, which, alas! was nowhere to be found? For the development of the higher create anything! We have so few ideals classes by other moral influences and foreign liter given us that the facts of our life do not ature, despite the great advantage which we have instantly belie. Is it strange, therefore, derived therefrom, has nevertheless hindered the that we have, unlike the peoples of Germans, as Germans, from developing themselves Europe, no student class united in a com- at an earlier stage.” mon discipline and forming a sort of nat- How keenly our conscientious writers of the older generation must have experi- that we desire ? ural breeding ground for the leadership enced that regret, those, I mean, who have Nevertheless, a class like this we must never quite submitted to the complacent have, and there are, I think, many signs colonialism that has marked so much of that such a class is rapidly coming into our culture in the past! But, unfortu- existence. To begin with, the sudden con- nately, they have left no testimonies traction of the national cultures of Europe behind them. They have considered it so during the war, owing to which many cur- much an obligation to justify American rents of thought, formerly shared by all, life merely as American life that they have have been withdrawn as it were from glossed their own tragedies, not real- circulation, has thrown us unexpectedly izing perhaps that in this way they have back upon ourselves. How many drafts glossed also the failure of those higher we have issued in the past upon European aims that they themselves were born thought, unbalanced by any investment to represent. { “Not the fruit of expe- of our own! The younger generation have rience, but experience itself, is the end.” come to feel this obligation acutely. At That is the essential European doctrine, the same time they have been taught to and it is because Europeans value life as speak a certain language in common by such that so great a part of their vital the social movements of the last twenty energy goes into the production of minds years. Acquainted through study and capable of heightening that value, minds travel with ranges of human possibility that are able to keep the ball of life roll- which their ancestors were able to contem- ing in the sight and to the glory of all. plate only in the abstract, they feel that But that was not the doctrine of our for- the time has come to explore these possi- bears; quite the contrary, indeed. In con- bilities and to test them out on our own 50 [January 17 THE DIAL R! soil. They see that we Americans have of our own younger generation have al- never so much as dreamed of a radically ready, owing to the aridity of our cultural a more beautiful civilization, our Utopias soil, fallen victims to the creeping paralysis having been so generally of the nature of of the mechanistic view of life! So many, Edward Bellamy's, complex and ingenious more poetically endowed, have lost them- mechanisms, liberating the soul into a vac- selves in a confused and feeble anarchism! uum of ennui. They see that it is art and So few Americans are able even to imag- literature which give the soul its higher ine what it means to be employed by civil- values and make life worthy of interces- ization! sion, and that every effective social revo- Certainly no true social revolution will lution has been led up to and inspired by ever be possible in this country till a race visionary leaders who have shown men of artists, profound and sincere, have what they might become and what they brought us face to face with our own miss in living as they do. “Thought, experience and set working in that expe- according to one of the greatest of modern rience the leaven of the highest culture. philosophers, "is strong enough to disturb For it is exalted desires that give their the sense of satisfaction with nature; it validity to revolutions, and exalted desires is too weak to construct a new world in take form only in exalted souls. But has opposition to it.” Only desire can do this, there ever been a time when masses of , they feel, these Americans of the new age; men have conceived these desires without that is what separates them not only from leaders' appearing to formulate them and our traditional leaders, but also from our press them home? We are lax now, too awakeners, the pragmatists, who are so lax, because we do not realize the respon- busily unfolding the social order of which sibility that lies upon us, each in the meas- , they form an integral part. ure of his own gift. Is it imaginable, They feel this, I say; they feel it very however, that as time goes on and side by deeply. How deeply they desire another side with other nations we come to see the America, not like the America of to-day, inadequacy of our own, we shall fail to grande et riche, mais désordonnée, as Tur- geniev said of Russia, but harmonious and rise to the gravity of our situation and beneficent, a great America that knows recreate, out of the sublime heritage of how to use the finest of its gifts! Is there human ideals, a new synthesis adaptable in this fact any promise for the future?. to the unique conditions of our life? Who can say ? So many of the best minds Van Wyck BROOKS. > The Swallows (The Swallows sang) - Alien our hearts are From your springs and your cotes and your glebes; Secret our nests are, Although they are built in your eaves; Uneaten by us are The grains that grow on your fields ! (The Weathercock on the barn said)— Not alien to ye are The powers of un-earth-bound beings: Their curse ye would bring On our springs and our cotes and our glebes, If aught should befall Your brood that is bred in our eaves! (And the Swallows answered)- If aught should befall Our brood that 's not travelled the seas, Your temples would fall, And blood ye should milk from your beaves: Against them the curse we would bring Of un-earth-bound beings! PADRAIC COLUM. 1918] 51 THE DIAL The Rhythms of Free Verse no An artist works intuitively; a scientist deliber- words as interchangeable that the distinction has ately. Yet there seems reason why each become blurred to the average person. The should not recognize the value of the other's man who could write "by listening for rhythm in method. The long quarrel between artist and irregular sequences, in the criss-cross lapping of scientist is based upon a misconception. Neither many waves upon the shore, in the syncopating opponent understands the peculiar language of cries of a flock of birds, in the accelerating and the other well enough to see when they are say- retarding quivers of a wind-blown tree, we have ing the same thing. The more ignorant artists found a new form of pleasure,” knows very well exclaim at the desecration of analysis; the more what poetry is. unimaginative scientists recoil from what appears Dr. Patterson's theory of prose and verse to them the illogical and vague mind-processes rhythm as set forth in this first book is very by which the artist gains his end. But let us simple to state, but immensely difficult to have forget the quarrel; let us see what can be done conceived. It is, briefly, that in "verse" the , when sympathy takes the place of hostility, and rhythm is what he calls “coincident"; in “prose" let us bear in mind a simple and incontrovertible it is "syncopated.” This result is achieved fact; namely, that science is merely proven truth. through a system of tapping. For instance, I have been a good deal amused lately to repeat “Mary had a Little Lamb,” and at the read in many of the reviews of Dr. Patterson's same time tap the rhythm of the stressed syllables book, "The Rhythm of Prose” (Columbia Uni- with your finger on a table. It will be found that , versity Press; $1.50), that the author has finally the tappings and the stressed syllables exactly disposed of the claims of vers libre to be con- coincide. Now tap again and read any prose sidered as poetry, and that my theories in particu- passage you like while you are doing it. You lar have hereby suffered a total eclipse. This will find that the syllables and stresses come would undoubtedly be an unfortunate thing for every which way, sometimes on the beat, it is me if it were true. The facts, however, are true, but more often before or after it, either quite otherwise. Dr. Patterson and I are not directly between two taps or at varying distances at variance, but perfectly in accord; and for a from one or the other. year we have been working together to prove, Dr. Patterson has made a great number of not my theories or his, but the facts. It is true experiments with a number of subjects, and his that the sun has not yet risen in this first book, main theory would seem to be absolutely proved. "The Rhythm of Prose," but the clouds are His object—to show that verse (really metrical beginning to disperse! and in his next book, which verse) and prose have a different mechanical I I believe he is to call “The Making of Verse," base, but that prose also has its rhythm or rhythms there is a good chance that they may be swept -he has certainly achieved. So far so good, but away altogether. Dr. Patterson has given me it is not the whole of the story. leave to state his new theories in this paper. But, At the conclusion of the chapter on vers libre before doing so, I must first state his fundamen- in the first edition of "The Rhythm of Prose," tal bases and mine, in order that our final is this sentence: “On the whole, however, the agreement may be fully understood. message will always be blunted for those 'timers' In the first place, it should be clearly recog- who feel, in reading or hearing these productions, nized that Dr. Patterson does not use the words the disquieting experience of attempting to dance "verse" and "poetry" as interchangeable terms. up the side of a mountain. For those who find I speak advisedly, for I charged him with a too this task exhilarating, vers libre, as a form, is narrow conception of "poetry" and asked him if without a rival.” It is significant that this pas- he considered metrical verse to be its proper sage was omitted from the second edition. vehicle. To my relief, he disclaimed any such Dr. Patterson calls "timers" those people who idea, and explained that he had carefully used the have "an aggressive time sense”; people who word "verse" throughout his book, have no difficulty in performing complicated “poetry" in that connection. This proved at the tasks of syncopation, and who are capable of outset the refreshing accuracy of the scientific holding in their minds a psychologic beat from mind. We are so likely to consider the two which they may depart at moments by accelera- never 52 [January 17 THE DIAL 21 tion or retardation, or by sublimating such beat a moderate 18. The curve of progression might be drawn as follows into images, etc., and yet of holding constantly to the unexpressed rhythm. Dr. Patterson has named this psychological beat the “unitary pulse.” Where the suppressed passage ran thoroughly + wrong was just in the premise that an "aggres- A series of such progressions could possibly be sive timer" would feel discomfort in tracking taken as the basis for your feelings of vers libre the rhythms of vers libre, the fact being that cadence." We see therefore that intuition may some- only an “aggressive timer” can properly interpret these subtle and various rhythms. The mistake times hit upon a fact, without realizing exactly how such a conclusion is reached. came in overvaluing syllabic import. Metrical I did not meet Dr. Patterson until after the verse, being based upon accent, has everything to publication of his first edition. We were brought do with the counting of syllables. Prose, con- together by a common friend who felt that we taining as it does so many rhythms in a single were working toward the same end, but with page, even in a single paragraph, may very well apparent hostility. I confess that I went to this be termed "syncopated” as far as syllables are meeting with misgiving. I feared to find Dr. concerned, but it, too, is based upon “cadence,” Patterson so wedded to a theory that nothing or rather "cadences," for it is just here that it would induce him to forgo a tittle of his attitude. differs from vers libre. The returning cadence I was wrong. I found an open-minded man who unit of vers libre has slight counterpart with the cared more for truth than for anything else, who changing cadences of even the most rhythmic had not an ounce of vanity, and who was chock prose. Where the vers libre poem as a whole full of artistic feeling. A man who reacted keeps to a single recurring psychological beat, keenly to music and poetry, and whose sympathy the prose page or chapter conforms to no unit. and perception made the whole discussion a de- A passage of prose divorced from its content may light instead of a labor. sound like a section of a vers libre poem; but, I told Dr. Patterson that with his main con- if it be taken with what goes before and after, tention in the chapter on vers libre—that there the uniformity is lost. is no tertium quid between prose and regular So long ago as March 1914 I wrote an article verse—I was in perfect accord. I insisted that none of the better instructed vers libristes had on "Vers Libre and Metrical Prose," in which I endeavored to prove the difference of “curve" ever held such an opinion, but that we took our stand from Paul Fort's dictum, “Prose and verse in vers libre and even the most rhythmical prose. are but one instrument graduated.” Of course, Having neither the psychological training nor the Dr. Patterson could hardly concur with this apparatus, I was obliged to rely entirely upon my view, and noting that he has carefully defined intuition. I felt cadence as a line rising to a "verse" as "regular verse"-his point undoubtedly certain height and then dropping away to mount holds. Of course, one might be said to gradu- again, farther on. I called this rising and falling ate from "syncopation" to "coincidence," but line a "curve.” In a letter to me, written last that is merely to confuse the issue. From the winter after one of our experiments, Dr. Patter- exact scientific analysis of Dr. Patterson, we find son says: "regular verse" to be based upon a rhythmic "It is interesting, first of all, to find that the conception quite other than that of prose. measurements made from the film on which are Still Paul Fort's phrase held good for a form recorded your readings of vers libre cadences prove that you possess an unusually accurate time-sense.” of poetry founded upon a different scheme from Then, after a reference to another poem and that of metrical verse. Upon a verse built upon cadence, in short. What was cadence? How an explanation that the figures refer to the inter- did the cadences of vers libre differ from those of vals between the chief accents, he continues : prose? I did not know. I could feel it, could "Cadence from 'Thompson's Lunch Room': illustrate by examples, but of course this was too 14-15-21-18 personal to warrant a scientific deduction's being The cadence from "Thompson's Lunch Room' is also drawn from it. But Dr. Patterson suggestive of syncopating experience, but it is dis- immensely interested. He arranged to set up tinctly more subtle. The interval 14 rises gently to 15, then violently to 21, after which it rebounds to his sound-photographing machine, which had was 1918] 53 THE DIAL been taken down, in order that we might make Whirl up/ sea-/ Whirl/ your pointed pines / some experiments. I found out that he had Splash/ your great pines/ on our rocks/ never heard vers libre read by an expert, and I Hurl/ your green over us/ well know how it can be garbled by a poor ren- Cover us/ with your pools/ of fir./ dering. It was immediately after this that Dr. Pat- That first day we experimented with two terson published the second edition of his "Rhythm of Prose." examples only, the passage from one of my own In the preface to this new edition, Dr. Pat- poems given above and "H.D." 's "Oread.” terson referred to our experiments, and added read both poems into the machine several times, the conclusions to be drawn from them. As his and then, at Dr. Patterson's desire, I repeated diction, however, is a little difficult of compre- the poems to myself, pronouncing the syllable hension, I will quote the concluding paragraph "tah" aloud on the chief accents. Dr. Patterson of the letter already referred to so often. then gave me certain tests which proved me to contains the gist of the preface, and is expressed be "aggressively rhythmic," and permitted me a in simpler language. certain right to say “I feel.” This was satis- "My own decision at this date, February 12, 1917, factory as far as it went, but the result was all a decision which depends partly upon my having to be found. The films would have to be heard you read with such tremendous effect bits of your own free verse, is that the spell of vers libre developed and the intervals measured. is at its best when syncopating experience pre- I returned to Boston and shortly afterwards dominates—when the 'cadences' follow each other in the magical manner and with the occult balance of received the letter from Dr. Patterson of good prose. Is there then no difference between such which I have already spoken. The result of his ‘unrhymed cadence' as you have written and good prose? Yes, I am ready to admit what I have not measurements of the passage from my own poem, admitted before. There is at times, not always, a I have given. The measurements of “H.D.” 's difference; but it is a difference not of kind, but of degree. The separate spacing of the phrases, whether "Oread” were as follows: printed or orally delivered, puts emphasis upon the “ 'The Oread': (intervals between chief accents rhythmic balancing as such. It keeps us from for- given in tenths of a second, roughly estimated). getting it when we see the phrases, first of all. On the other hand, when we hear them spoken by 13-22-15-24-13-13-19-13-15-13 another, we detect this suggested emphasis on the The recurrence or 'return' of 13/10 sec. speaker's part upon a sequence of balances which interval length in five cases in the 'Oread' is quite might readily be blurred, both for him and for us, remarkable, and seems to indicate that you had in were the text from which he reads printed in the your mind an exact interval which you increased or solid blocks of ordinary prose.” retarded twice by 1/5 sec. (giving intervals 15/10 I quite agree with Dr. Patterson that "vers sec. in length), and three times by from 3/5 to 11/10 libre is at its best when syncopating experience sec. (giving one interval as long as 24/10 sec.) You must tell me exactly what you think about predominates.” In my “Tendencies in Modern the significance of the figures. This much, at least, American Poetry," I spoke of Richard Alding- seems clear. The opening sequence of four inter- ton's and “H.D.”'s practice of vers libre as vals: 13-22-15-24 always following the syncopating experience. involves acceleration and retarding of an obviously These poets arrived at their conclusions quite irregular nature. As soon, however, as we strike independently, and I remember an animated dis- the 5th intervals, 'return' is evident in the presence cussion of the subject which I had with them in of '13,' which interval-size dominates conspicuously the rest of the passage, and so suggests at once the summer of 1914. This is again a proof of coincident and therefore typical 'verse experience.' the intuitive working of the artist's mind, fol- The opening sequence, on the other hand, could lowed more slowly by the accurate foot by foot hardly suggest anything else but syncopating and advance of the scientist. therefore 'prose experience.'”. Dr. Patterson's preface goes on to say: That the reader may understand what this "Miss Lowell delivers her vers libre with much means, I will print here "Oread" broken up into more swing and vim than one commonly hears in time units. It will be seen at once that the prose; but surely all particularly vigorous prose, if it is to be valued as a fit medium for vigorous thought form is non-syllabic, in that the chief accents and feeling, must also be thus delivered.” come after a greater or lesser number of sylla- This has seemed to the reviewers a negation bles. The units conform in time—allowing for of my attitude. It is no such thing. I have the slight acceleration and retardation of the always maintained that oratory, being impas- unitary pulse, guided by an artistic instinct-but sioned speech, is therefore exceedingly rhythmi- not in syllabic quantity. cal, for it is well known that all emotion tends as the 54 [January 17 THE DIAL or “the.” a to become rhythmic. The rhythms of oratory of "verse" and "poetry," in his use of these differ from those of vers libre principally in being terms. so diverse. That is, in having no definite time The preface to the second edition is dated unit for the whole speech. It is a fact that vers March 31, 1917. So we may take the above as libre may change its time units several times in a Dr. Patterson's theories up to that date. But long poem, but these changes fall into sections, nine months have passed since then, and much a device long practiced in metrical verse where progress has been made beyond the standpoint the metre often varies. For instance, Matthew taken in that edition. Arnold's "Church of Brou" has three sections Independently of Dr. Patterson, I continued and in each section is a change of metre. In to study the rhythms of vers libre as well as I other metrical poems, changes of metre occur in could with no testing apparatus. My endeav- alternate stanzas, or even at irregular intervals. ors to beat time to vers libre poems led to the So many examples may be given that I will leave discovery that every poem had a more or less my readers to think of them for themselves. consistent beat. That the accents were, of It is undoubtedly Dr. Patterson's calling vers course, determined by the sense; but that in libre "spaced prose," which has led reviewers to accepting or rejecting words, the poet was guided prophesy my immediate demise. And yet Dr. by the necessity of having his beat fall con- It could not come Patterson has carefully, if astringently, explained sistently with this sense. his use of the term, not only in the preface, but upon connecting words, for instance, like "and" in a paragraph which he has added to the chapter Of course, I had always known this on vers libre. He says: subconsciously, but now I began to analyze it consciously. I also found that some poems, “A word, finally, must be added as to terminology. When regular prose becomes consistently emotional, although apparently read as slowly as others, had whether through richness of tone-color, abundance of a much faster beat. What determined this beat? images, or conspicuous 'return' of certain prose re- frains, such as we find in Matthew Arnold's repeti- It must be some psychological time unit in the tion of 'sweetness and light or De Quincey's 'Fanny poet's mind. For years I had been searching the and the rose in June,' all we need is to space the unit of vers libre, the ultimate particle to which phrases on separate lines in order to obtain some- thing which is not to be distinguished from the best the rhythm of this form could be reduced. As 'free verse.' This resulting experience is different the "foot" is the unit of "regular verse,” so there from that obtained from ordinary prose in that the must be a unit in vers libre. I thought I had spacing serves to focus our attention upon the rhythm as rhythm; but, in spite of this self-consciousness and found it. The unit was a measurement of time. its emotional consequences, our 'glorified' prose still The syllables were unimportant, in the sense that remains a kind of prose. What shall we call it? there might be many or few to the time interval. Since all prose has its rhythmic possibilities, ‘rhyth- mic prose' is as misleading a name as vers libre. The form being therefore non-syllabic, Dr. Pat- Rhythmically self-conscious 'spaced prose' is an un- terson's system of tapping seemed not to apply. inviting but fairly accurate description of it in its more inspired manifestations, such as abound in the But in setting aside his system, I was wrong, as work of Miss Amy Lowell." we shall see. This last sentence should have proved to the In May, I again saw Dr. Patterson, and again critics that Dr. Patterson was in no way hostile read into his sound-photographing machine. I to the results obtained by the freer forms; and also told him my time unit discovery, and read it must never be forgotten that he is concerned several poems to a metronome. The reading did in this book with rhythm only, and that he not, in every case, exactly follow the metronomic is juxtaposing, by means of his tapping experi- swing, but the variance was so slight as to be ments, prose and “regular verse," that is metrical accounted for by the natural acceleration and verse. The word "prose," in his "spaced prose," retardation of the artistic impulse. Dr. Pat- has no more significance as far as poetry is con- terson has dealt with this variation from a strict cerned than the “prose” in my own “polyphonic time unit in his chapter on “The Sense of prose." He uses “prose” because of the syncopa- Swing," where he says: tion involved in vers libre; I used “prose” because "But surely the sense of swing means nothing unless of the typical form in which "polyphonic prose" it be a sense of progressive movement. When a is printed. In neither case does it imply an melody is played in strict, unvarying metronome time, swing is at its lowest, and the 'psychological moment absence of “poetry" in the forms concerned, for for an accent is merely a matter of remembering once more let me call the reader's attention to that two and two make four. What is usually meant by swing is really 'elastic' swing, where the simple Dr. Patterson's strict denial of the identification mathematical relations are complicated for purposes > 9) 1918] 55 THE DIAL ) of expression. Compensation figures conspicuously. 'blends,' in which effects not commonly found to- Time stolen in one place, is repaid in another. What gether are superimposed.” Reimann calls ‘agogic accent (the deliberate addition Of these divisions, it is not necessary here to of length to a note, instead of stress in order to give it prominence) and, of course, tempo rubato (stolen explain Dr. Patterson's use of "metrical verse,' time), belong to this category; so, though it does not ‘unitary verse," "polyphonic prose," or "spaced seem to be generally remembered, all effects due to accelerating and retarding the standard tempo. prose.” Everyone knows what the first is. The Varying rates of speed, in a broad and general sense, second and the fourth have been sufficiently need now to be distinguished from the specific form noticed already in this article; it is enough to in which they can appear as 'Progressive motion,' which means nothing more than varying rates of say that in “unitary verse” the sense of swing is speed in which the variation is roughly spoken of as more marked than in "spaced prose.” The third 'gradual,' and more accurately as occurring accord- has been so often analyzed as to need no farther ing to some law of progressive increase or decrease. An interval, for instance, of at first one second, is explanation. By “Auid prose,” Dr. Patterson shortened by one tenth of a second, successively, until means a highly stylistic and rhythmic prose, such it becomes three tenths of a second, after which it is lengthened by similar steps until it reaches its former as is found constantly in Walter Pater's works, size. This would be a case of rapidly progressing in which, however, the rhythm is not sufficiently acceleration and retarding. The rate of decrease in conscious to warrant separate spacing for its the interval could be expressed by a mathematical equation. Another equation could express the retard- phrases. “Mosaics” are those vers libre poems ing movement. The number of ways in which an which are sometimes "syncopated" and some- interval could become progressively shorter is, of times "coincident." “Blends” are rare in Eng- course, infinite. The point to keep clear is that every ‘gradual' (i. e., not jerky) progression, such as is lish practice. He regards “polyphonic prose" as plainly implied in what we mean by swing, must practically the only English "blend," but he has be subject to some law, instinctively felt, no matter how difficult to phrase. The 'sense of swing,' then, found other such forms in Sanskrit literature. would mean the ability to move according to pro- As “polyphonic prose" employs all the rhythms gressive laws, however occult.” of metrical verse, vers libre, “Auid prose," and I again saw Dr. Patterson in September, and prose proper, so combined as to produce the im- the results he had then reached commanded my pression of a constant weaving, and also affects instant admiration and acceptance. Working its own movement by the use of rich timbre and on the possibility of a time unit, he had come to "return" of thought and images, we see why it the conclusion that there were really several is a "blend" rather than a "mosaic," in which forms of vers libre. These he determined by a verse experience and prose experience follow combination of time tests and tapping experi- each other in sharply edged blocks. ments. One was the "spaced prose" which he It should be observed that Dr. Patterson's had cited in the second edition of "The Rhythm groups differentiate carefully every possible form of Prose”; another, a more obviously rhythmic of rhythmic poetic experience, but that, if we form, which he has named "unitary verse" be- employ the term as a defining artistic form, only cause it conforms to a satisfying time unit; three of them properly come under vers libre. while still a third is marked by an alternation These are "unitary verse," under which head , of prose and verse experience. Dr. Patterson he places "H.D."'s "Oread"; "spaced prose,' defines seven distinct groups, starting from metri- which is illustrated by my own “Reaping”; cal verse, in a paper prepared for the meeting and "mosaics,” where he takes Mr. Masters's of the Modern Language Association held "Father Malloy" as an example. Metrical at New Haven in December. In the bulletin verse on the one hand, "polyphonic prose" on the of the Association his paper is listed as follows: other, stand out as individual forms, while vers "An attempt at a sharper analysis of verse and libre is another, subdivided again into three dis- prose. Seven types: (1) 'metrical verse,' in which tinguishable sections. the effect of a repeated stress-pattern is in evidence; "Fluid prose" is really a prose form (the (2) 'unitary verse,' in which equal time-intervals (marked by chief accents and filled in with a quite others are really verse forms); but owing to its variable number of less accented syllables) form a suitability for poetic content, Dr. Patterson has satisfying succession of units; (3) ‘polyphonic prose,' in which tone-color patterns are more in evidence included it in his grouping. than in ordinary prose; (4) 'spaced prose,' in which It is not very difficult to prove that the the balancing of broader groupings in prose rhythm is accentuated by printing the phrases on separate cadences of even the most highly developed “Auid lines; (5) ’Auid prose,' in which the rhythm as rhythm prose” differ from those of true vers libre. I is less obvious than in ‘spaced prose'; (6) ‘mosaics,' have already shown that "Auid prose" is built, in which verse and prose, or several kinds of verse and prose, alternate successively; and, finally, (7) not upon one unitary pulse, but upon many. To 56 [January 17 THE DIAL go a step farther, it can easily be demonstrated I fail to see how any thoughtful person can that although certain single cadences of "Auid discard these divisions which Dr. Patterson has prose" may coincide with the cadences of vers been at such pains to discover. To me, they libre, others, satisfying in their position in a clear up much which had hitherto remained dark. "Auid prose" piece, would completely fail to For even in France, where more attention has satisfy in a vers libre poem. To illustrate, I been paid to the technique of the freer forms will take this sentence from Walter Pater which than in any other country, no experiments have Dr. Patterson has used in so many of his tests: been conducted with any such thoroughness, and "It is the landscape, not of dreams or of fancy, no such far-reaching results have been achieved. but of places far withdrawn, and hours selected Other books upon the subject appear as merely from a thousand with a miracle of finesse." a brushing of the surface. Leaving out the question of wording as not For the ordinary reader, it is undoubtedly a pertinent to the present discussion, we can hear, pity that Dr. Patterson's style is so technical and if we read the passage aloud, a strange jar be- so devoid of explanatory additions. He takes tween its two halves. The first cadence ends no account of misunderstandings arising from with "withdrawn.” If the passage stopped here the incorrect, but popular, use of words. He we should have a perfect vers libre cadence. But says exactly what he means, and expects his it does not stop; it goes on, and how? No new readers to approach his work with the same cadence, conforming to the original unitary pulse, exactness. He announces that he is dealing with is announced by “and hours selected from a rhythm, and with rhythm only, and he does not thousand." This reads, not like a second self- allow for those persons who read into his study sustaining cadence, but like a continuation of one of rhythms a study of the whole content of already partly completed, and yet the rhythm of poetry. Taken for what it is, a technical inquiry the passage ending on "withdrawn” is so rounded into the mechanism of rhythm, his book is a and final that, read it as we will, we cannot volume rich in knowledge and suggestion, and consider it incomplete. Dr. Patterson has tapped it must perforce augment, and in many ways "hours" as two syllables, but whether it be taken supersede, all other textbooks on versification. " as one or two, the objection remains. To make The Modern Language Association paper the passage fall into a perfect vers libre cadence, stands as the nucleus of his next book, “The we should have to add some words to the second Making of Verse.” Together, the two treatises part; for instance, we might say, "and of hours form a theory of rhythm more advanced than carefully selected,” etc. . . I admit that this spoils any heretofore suggested, and it is probable that Pater's sentence, but it adds the second cadence they will come to be considered as definitive. necessary to the beating of the unitary pulse. Amy Lowell. a The Structure of Lasting Peace VII. SOME PROBLEMS OF READJUSTMENT: CONTRIBUTIONS AND INDEMNITIES That the formula, "no contributions, the foundation of lasting peace, there- no indemnities," is sound economics any- fore, it becomes more needful to regard body is bound to acknowledge who has their indirect influence on the mental states read Mr. Norman Angell's trenchant and of the nations between whom they are to convincing dissipation of the "great illu- pass, than their direct influence upon sion.” But that it is sound psychology is national economies. Now it is significant itself an illusion. If it were sound psy- that the formula against indemnities and chology, wars would never be waged by contributions is a democratic and socialis- nations, nor murders and thefts commit- tic formula. It is heard in Russia and ted by men. In the long run both are fore- the United States and England, not in doomed to economic failure and social Germany. And it comes from the mouths scorn. Both recur, nevertheless, with such of those who are preoccupied with eco- constancy and so typically as to be institu- nomic, not psychological, relationships. tional to civilization. When defining the In terms of the latter, contributions and place of contributions and indemnities in indemnities are of the same type of thing 1918) 57 THE DIAL as the pinch and blow of the childish bully. There are, hence, two sets of consider- They constitute jointly and severally an ations for the peace conference to heed in immediate gratification of the sense of the financial adjustments between the Ger- superiority, of the lust for power, regard- man government and people and the less of future consequences. They belong democratic powers. The first of these is to the intoxicants, and although specious of reparation for goods stolen and dam- ratiocination may give the demand for age done. All levies should be returned, them the appearance of a policy, they are, with interest at an appropriate rate. All if history is to be trusted, the most impoli- forced labor should be paid for, at twice tic thing a conqueror can undertake who the market rate, because it was forced, wishes to hold his conquests with ease and with interest at an appropriate rate. For permanence. “Frightfulness” is merely a the murder of helpless civilians there can nearer and directer view of the gratifica- be no adequate compensation, but their tion of the same lusts. dependents should receive a pension at the The problem of contributions and hands of the German nation. All prop- . ; indemnities is at bottom the problem oferty wantonly destroyed should be paid the control and extirpation of these lusts. for, with an additional contribution for No doubt the democracies allied against the absolute loss involved. Germany have them, but precisely because The foregoing stipulations apply to they are democracies, the lusts have their matters individual and private, and the own counterpoise in the national mental obligation of the Germans on both fronts states: the creation of the formula about is not without its analogue in the obliga- contributions, indemnities, and annexations tions of the Russians in the East. The is sufficient proof. The lusts are most Germans, it is to be remembered how- constitutional to Germany. The German ever, are the aggressors. Damage done is rule in Belgium and northern France, for the direct consequence of their initial and example, has consisted of resurrecting and malicious act. There is a type of funda- applying the imperial malpractice of the mental damage to which the technique of piratical empires of antiquity. This usage modern warfare compels the defenders has established, in the attitude of the also to contribute. Such is the damage suf- inhabitants of these lands, in their emo- fered by the terrain of Champagne. The tional set, a hatred toward Germany that soil of that once beautiful and prosperous is deep-rooted and permanent. Nothing region has been literally shot away: Its short of complete extermination can miti- subsoil is chalk, of the same formation as gate the blood-feud which has been cre- the unbearing chalk-cliffs of England. The ated by the use of the levy and the corvée, latter have been barren from time imme- the wanton and malicious destruction of morial, and the Champagne region is likely property and of the self-respect of women to be so henceforth. Should this prove to and men. Any plan looking toward the be the case, France has suffered a funda- permanent holding of these territories by mental damage, one that means for her an Germany, or in case of their evacuation, altered economy after the war. For this any friendly relations between their gov- damage full payment is impossible, but that ernments and that of Germany after the payment should be required, sufficient at war, would—had it been guided by con- least to ensure life and health and security siderations of advantage and the lessons to the natives of the region while their of history instead of sadistic vainglory- government helps their lives into new have required a policy precisely the oppo- channels, seems not only just, but indis- site of that adopted, particularly in the pensable. What that payment should be very beginnings of the occupation. The could of course be told only by a body of conspicuous absence of such a policy is geological and economic experts. symptomatic, and the terms of peace must Payment for such and the other dam- be such as to remove the causes of the ages reviewed above would be in the symptom. These causes are the German nature of reparation. And for reparation ruling class and the system of education the German people as well as the German they imposed upon the German masses. government is responsible. The people is 58 [January 17 THE DIAL responsible because the whole nation lion of which it was a victim even more assented to the government's aggression, than they, the United States alone, of all because its representatives in the Reichs- the powers, directed the application of its tag raised at no time and under no cir- share to defraying the expenses of edu- cumstance any significant voice against cating young Chinese in America. Let the the policy of "frightfulness" of the polit- democratic powers follow this precedent ical and military leaders. That not even with regard to the government of Ger- the Socialists uttered such a protest is tes- many. Let the terms of peace require timony to the extraordinary grip of the that one young German out of every thou- government upon the fears and hopes of sand, both men and women, shall from his its subjects. Its grip on their fears is or her twelfth year on be educated abroad obvious enough. Its grip on their hopes —in the United States, in England, in would have been impossible without its France, in Italy, or in Russia. An indem- thoroughgoing and programmatic use of nity should be required to defray the cost the nation's educational system for its own of so educating the new generation. The especial purposes. By its almost absolute money of this indemnity ought not, how- control over education, a control the only ever, to be raised by taxes from the Ger- parallel for which is that exercised by the man people. It ought to consist of a priesthood over the Catholic's education, trust-fund, created by confiscating all the the government succeeded in keeping the properties of the royal families of Ger- people of Germany subjects of a dynasty many, and of the great German landlord when they should have been citizens of a class, the Junkers. This trust might be state. By virtue of its control of education held and administered by an international the German government is a cause of the commission for the good of mankind. iniquity of the German people, instead of There are certain desirable extensions one among other constituents in that of this procedure to other governments iniquity. According to some thinkers, its that I shall discuss in connection with the control of education makes it the chief, if organization of peace. At present I am not the only, cause. Now the elimination concerned only with its influence on the of this causal power from the government mental set of the government and people of Germany is the second of the two sets of Germany. An indemnity so specified of considerations in the financial readjust as the foregoing should be satisfactory to ments between that goverment and the liberals as well as conservatives in the democracies of the Entente. This set of matter of war-settlements. It obviously considerations demands the annihilation- can work no injustice upon the people of in fact, only a little more in Germany than Germany. Rather is it a service to them, elsewhere—of governmental control of deriving as it does, not from taxation, but education. Annihilation may be accom- from the appropriation to public use of the plished in two ways. First, educational property of their exploiters and masters. institutions can be rendered completely It is bound to set them free from one of autonomous (a consummation devoutly to the most potent instrumentalities of this be desired everywhere) at home. Sec- mastership. Upon the minds of the mas- ondly, as many as possible of the German ters, on the other hand, it is bound to im- youth can be educated abroad. press the fact that they have been whipped For the second method the democratic in the only language that they, like use of indemnities offers precedent. The all bullies, are capable of understanding. precedent derives from the relations It is bound to go a long way toward between the Western powers and China, converting the bully into a peaceful citizen, and its application in the form estab for the expropriation of the propertied lished by the United States—to their rela- classes cuts the ground from under their tions with Germany cannot but be liberal arrogance, while participation, through and liberating. When the Western pow- educated men, in the life and labor of other ers exacted from the quite helpless Chi- peoples, leads the citizenry of a land to nese government and people indemnities respect and understanding for these others. for the damage done by the Boxer rebel- H. M. KALLEN. 1918] 59 THE DIAL a a Our Paris Letter is one of such men, as is shown by the little volume just published with the title: "Trois (Special Correspondence of The DIAL.) Péripéties dans la Crise Mondiale” (Paris: M. Paul Louis is one of the best-informed Alcan; 1 fr. 25). It is a collection—the fourth and shrewdest observers in France of interna- of its series—of eight articles originally published tional affairs. A Socialist in politics and an by M. Louis in the “Revue Bleue"; they date active member of the executive committee of from October 1915 to April 1917. Two of the his party, he has the faculty, too rare among articles are concerned with the Austrian Em- publicists, of taking an objective view of the pire, three with Russia, and the remaining three facts and not allowing his judgment of them to with the policy of President Wilson. A writer be warped by his own sympathies, desires, or that republishes long afterwards, and without the prejudices. Thus he is able without any com- alteration of a word, articles written on the spur promise of his principles to be the expert on of the moment exposes himself to a severe test, foreign affairs of the “Petit Parisien,” to which for all his readers have now the wisdom that he contributes daily a commentary on events, as comes after the event; but M. Louis stands the frank and objective as the censors will allow. test well. As he reminds us in his short preface, Since the war the number of people able to he had to write under the eye of the censor, so take an objective point of view has become that he could not say all that he thought, but he smaller than ever. Indeed, most people seem managed to say enough to prove his possession to regard such a point of view as unpatriotic of that prescience that comes from knowledge. and to think it their duty always to believe and The articles on the death of the Emperor Fran- anticipate what they desire. They seem in- cis-Joseph and on the "new era" for Austria- capable of understanding that, if one considers Hungary that many people anticipated as a re- at a given moment that things are not going sult of the new reign have been in many respects well for the Allies, it is not necessarily because confirmed by the events. M. Paul Louis thought one desires them to go badly; and they are dis- last February, when the second article was first posed to dismiss any expression of what, in published, that this anticipation of a "new era" ignorance of the real meaning of that term, would prove to be an illusion, "for so old a they are pleased to call “pessimism," as an indi- construction cannot easily be repaired," and cation of "pro-boche" sympathies. This ten- events seem to justify his skepticism. He fore- dency has been encouraged by the governments saw that Austria must remain under Prussian in all belligerent countries and by the press, which domination. they control by means of the censorship. Some M. Louis's historical sketch of the four Rus- of its results were exposed by Mr. Lloyd George sian Dumas, the first in date of the articles, is in his now famous "Paris" speech. Nobody can still a valuable aid to the understanding of de- doubt that one of the causes of the numerous velopments in Russia. The article, "Veille de military and diplomatic blunders mentioned by Crise," written a month before the outbreak of Mr. Lloyd George, which have prevented the the Russian revolution, foretold that revolution Allies from profiting by the superiority of their as plainly as the censors would allow; and that resources over those of their enemies, has been on the downfall of the Tsarism, originally pub- the lack of informed and balanced criticism, due lished last April, is a shrewd appreciation of the to the press censorship. Moreover, this so- consequences of the revolution to the Allies and the Central Empires. If those consequences have called "optimism,” which is not optimism but not been quite what M. Louis anticipated, that merely a refusal to see things as they are, inevit- is because the Allies have not known how to ably leads sooner or later to dangerous reactions of real pessimism. A whole people, as you were deal with the forces of democratic Russia; their delay in revising the secret treaties, the imperial- told long ago in America, cannot be fooled all ist and aggressive nature of which has now been the time; sooner or later illusions are dispelled revealed to the world, their omission to re-state by obstinate facts and those that have cherished their war aims, the violent and indiscriminating them fall from their fool's paradise into the attacks of a large part of the French and English abyss. press on the revolution and its leaders: all these The few men that have kept their heads and factors have contributed to the present state of tried to see things as they are, not as they would affairs in Russia. But M. Paul Louis is prob- like them to be, are, therefore, more than ever ably still right in his belief, first expressed eight valuable at the present time. M. Paul Louis months ago, that in the end the Russian revolu- 60 [January 17 THE DIAL > tion will injure the German and Austrian autoc- should make the acquaintance of such representa- racies, not the allied democracies, if the latter tive writers as M. Paul Louis. will not forget to be democratic. One by one the great artistic figures that have Of the three articles on President Wilson's survived the nineteenth century are passing away; policy, the first was originally published imme- the death of Rodin has followed closely on that diately after his election, the second last March, of Degas, who was his senior by six years. Renoir and the third, on American intervention and the and Claude Monet, who were both born, if I am society of democracies, on April 21. All three not mistaken, in the same year as Rodin (1840), show an understanding of Mr. Wilson's policy still remain, and so does Bartolomé, who, al- and its guiding principles which contrasts with though he cannot be put on anything like the the superficial comments of most of the French same level as Rodin, will still be immortalized papers, which, at the time of Mr. Wilson's elec- by his Monument of the Dead in Père Lachaise, tion, criticized him very unjustly. Last March so immeasurably superior to all the rest of his M. Louis was able to say that his very different work. Rodin was buried in his own garden at judgment had been completely justified, and to Meudon, in the tomb surmounted by his famous show that the development of Mr. Wilson's “Penseur," where lay already the faithful com- policy had been perfectly logical. He would not panion of his life, whom he had married just admit that Mr. Wilson's breach with Germany before her death. To have buried him in the was sudden; on the contrary, he maintained that Panthéon would have been to fly in the face Mr. Wilson's policy had been settled nine of his own formal injunctions, but the Govern- months before, that "he had foreseen all the ment thought at first of bringing his body to hypotheses, particularly that which has been veri- Paris for a State funeral before its interment fied, and decided on a line of conduct appro- at Meudon; the idea was abandoned, however, priate to each of them." In the last article M. in consequence of the present critical military Louis deals with that "society of democracies" conditions and there was only a simple lay cere- which he believes to be Mr. Wilson's chief mony at Meudon, at which a member of the aim; he says with truth that even the allied Government spoke. It was a touching scene, countries are not yet real democracies, but only that last farewell to the great artist in the hill- “democracies in course of formation,” and he side garden under whose trees he had so often does not except America. walked with many of those present. If I have given so much space to a book Rodin, who had once been so violently at- which costs only a quarter of a dollar and little tacked by all the artistic pontiffs and regarded exceeds a pamphlet in size, it is because the by the public as a crank, lived to become one of size and price of a book are no indication of the chief glories of France. The State gladly its value and M. Paul Louis is representative of accepted from him the generous gift of his works, an important section of contemporary French and the Hôtel de Biron, that beautiful old thought, which is likely to be paramount in the house with its huge garden at the corner of near future. For the future in France is in the the rue de Varenne and the boulevard des In- hands of the Socialists and M. Louis is an in- valides, will in future be the Musée Rodin. By fluence among the Socialists, although he is not an irony of fate Rodin died just at the moment in Parliament and has not, so far as I know, when the Académie des Beaux Arts had at last any intention of entering it. During this war discovered that his absence from its ranks was each belligerent country has known very little not to its credit and was thinking of asking him of what is being thought and done in the others; to allow himself to be proposed as a member. all the Americans newly arrived in France that Would he have accepted? I hardly think so, I have met agree that there is an astonishing for the proposal came too late to confer any difference between the real state of things here honor on him and there was no particular rea- and what it is supposed to be in America. I son why he should have honored the last ram- gather that even the American military chiefs part of artistic obscurantism. You have, I believe, have had some surprises. This is inevitable with no official academies in America and you may be a censorship that suppresses facts and doctors thankful for it. They are the bane of litera- opinion. It is therefore desirable that the Amer- ture and art, and the enemies of individuality. ican public should not take its notions of French A pupil of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, which is opinion from the newspapers, which cannot pos- controlled by the Académie, has either to sink sibly be well informed in the circumstances, and his individuality and ruin himself for life as an > 1918] 61 THE DIAL > artist, or else to live in a state of constant con- an entirely different character, could not take Alict with his teachers, unless, like Degas, he the same form and, as it was rather long, too leaves it in disgust after a few months. It is many people have not taken the trouble to read melancholy to read the list of former "Prix de it through and have been content with cross Rome” and notice how very few of them count head-lines and newspaper comments. The French at all as artists; there is not among them a single translation of the speech, by the way, was much painter or sculptor of the first rank. Nor have better than that of Mr. Wilson's reply to the the great artists of modern France belonged to Pope. Some of the papers, for their own pur- the Académie des Beaux Arts, not Rodin, nor poses, selected for comment only such passages Degas, nor Renoir, nor Claude Monet, nor Bar- of Mr. Wilson's speech as seemed, when sep- tolomé, for instance. Yet, because the Acadé- arated from their context, to support the theory mie is an official institution, it is to the that the war must be continued until the Allies academicians that the State has almost always have a victory in the field, or that of an eternal given its commissions; that is the reason why boycott of Germany. M. Maurice Barrès, for public monuments and paintings ordered by the instance, in an article in the "Echo de Paris," State are usually so bad. As Degas used to say, actually represented Mr. Wilson as having art should not be “encouraged.” declared that we must never again have any rela- Even the unofficial Académie Goncourt, tions of any kind with Germany in any circum- founded by the brothers Goncourt in order to stances, basing the assertion on the passage in the encourage the sort of literary work that the speech about “this intolerable thing of which Académie Française discourages, is falling into the masters of Germany have shown us the ugly the conservatism of its official prototypes. It face," which says nothing of the kind. "Nothing has just preferred to M. Georges Courteline a that is German," said M. Barrès, "must ever gentleman called Ajalbert, who is generally liked again come out of Germany or remain in our and is the director of the State tapestry factory midst.” Previous articles of his show that this at Beauvais, but whose literary production is means a permanent boycott even of Goethe and unimportant both in quantity and quality. The Wagner. The result of all this is that there is election had been postponed several times because considerable confusion in the public mind here as no candidate could obtain a clear majority. Yet to President Wilson's real meaning. It would the claims of M. Courteline were infinitely su- seem desirable that the American administration perior to those of all the other candidates. The should have some means of correcting misunder- author of "Le Train de 8h. 47,” of “Messieurs standings and misrepresentations. les Ronds-de-cuir," of "Boubouroche," of all the There were at first few press comments on marvelous studies of military service, is a genius, Lord Lansdowne's letter, for the papers that with limitations, it is true, but with a power of would have liked to criticize it hesitated to at- observation hardly ever surpassed. Moreover, tack the statesman who is universally respected his work, so intensely realist, is exactly of the in France as the founder of the Entente Cor- kind that the Goncourts wished to encourage. diale. The "Figaro" and the "Echo de Paris" It is understood that the objection to him was even deprived their readers of any extracts from that he is a “humorous author"; I hope that this the letter. But, although no paper published a is not true, for it would imply a failure on the complete translation, the extracts given in the part of the majority of the Académie Goncourt press excited immense interest. Lord Lansdowne, to recognize the pathos that underlies M. Cour- in fact, said what the majority of the French teline's humor, like that of Bret Harte. He people already thought; that is the explanation might say with Beaumarchais's Figaro: "Je me of the profound effect of his letter. The force presse de rire de tout . . de peur d'être of public opinion is shown by a leader in the obligé d'en pleurer." "Intransigeant" warmly supporting Lord Lans- During the last month we have had Lord downe's views. For the "Intransigeant," which Lansdowne's letter and President Wilson's speech has the largest circulation of the Parisian to Congress, which agreed on several important evening papers, is extremely Nationalist and points. Both have had a great effect on public jingo. Another sign of the influence of public opinion, but perhaps that of Lord Lansdowne's opinion is the declaration made by M. Clemen- letter was the greater, for the simple reason that ceau to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the it was shorter and set forth clearly five definite Chamber that if the Central Empires made propositions. The speech to Congress, being of serious peace proposals, he would consider them. 62 [January 17 THE DIAL behind the back of England, which is the crime now alleged against him. There has been so much personal and party animosity against M. Caillaux that suspicion of the motives of the present affair is inevitable; it has all the appear- ance of a political move and its preliminary stages have had a disquieting resemblance to those of the Dreyfus affair. I am convinced that M. Caillaux's innocence will be established, if he has a fair trial (a secret court martial would not be one); the whole affair might in certain cir- cumstances turn out to his advantage and lead to the discomfiture of his enemies. But the pos- sible consequences, to both France and the Allies, of the terrible political conflict that is inevitable cannot be contemplated with equanimity. M. Caillaux has against him the forces of militarism, which are powerful in war time, but he has for him the Socialists and Trade Unionists. The internal situation is critical and M. Clemenceau is running a grave risk. ROBERT DELL. Paris, December 13, 1917. There is a great deal of talk about “pacifists” and "défaitistes" (a barbarous word recently coined), but in reality the difference is between those who say, with President Wilson, that the war will be won when we have attained our aims by any means and, therefore, also say that our aims must be clearly defined, and those who hold that our sole aim is a military victory and that it will be time enough to decide what use to make of it when we have won it. M. Clem- enceau has hitherto belonged to the latter cate- gory; he seems now to have joined the former. To the numerous scandals has now been added a far greater one, the proposal of the Govern- ment to prosecute M. Caillaux for treason. It is already plain that France will be divided into two hostile camps and we shall have another Dreyfus affair. Ever since he prevented war in 1911, M. Caillaux has been pursued by the bit- ter hostility of a certain party both in France and England. The London “Times" in 1911 opposed an arrangement between France and Germany and has never forgiven M. Caillaux for making one. Lord Northcliffe was the first to begin the campaign against M. Caillaux in re- gard to his visit to Italy a year ago, which is the chief basis of the present accusation. Yet M. Caillaux went to Italy with the consent of the Foreign Ministry, which gave him a diplomatic passport, and M. Briand and M. Ribot, who were respectively Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time of the visit, took no action on the reports now made the ground of a charge of treason, nor did their successors until M. Clemenceau came into power, after a violent controversy with M. Caillaux. Another reason of the hostility against M. Caillaux is the fact that he was the author of the income tax, which is deeply resented by the French rentiers. As to M. Caillaux's policy in 1911, there can be no doubt that he made an excellent bargain for his country when he obtained complete con- trol of Morocco in return for a small piece of the Congo and that, by preventing war, he saved France from disaster. Russia had definitely de- clared that France must not count on her sup- port in the event of war with Germany about Morocco. Since the present war, he has un- doubtedly been one of those that desired to make peace whenever it should be possible to obtain our conditions, and he has always advocated a clear statement of war aims on democratic lines, and opposed imperialist designs. But none of his friends has ever heard him suggest that France and Italy should make a separate peace Largesse The moon, new-minted, an untarnished treasure, O mendicant, behold! How will you hoard or hazard for your pleasure That coin of gold? Pauper no more, no longer shall you wander A beggar in the land; Kingdoms are yours, and royal wealth to squan- der Lies in your hand. Streams of surprise, swift cataracts of wonder Flow in your realm to buy; Mountains of miracle, that glimmer under A magic sky. Think you to purchase with the polished guerdon Laughter to wear-or tears? No ransom can redeem your beggar's burden Of outworn years. The chest of days, for all that you may offer Is ever bolted fast; You cannot buy from Time's eternal coffer One moment past. Miser or prodigal, whate'er your spending, Illiberal or free, As they began, so must your days have ending In poverty. J. M. BATCHELOR. 1918] 63 THE DIAL Greek Meets Greek Methodologie der Philologischen Wissenschaf- ten" (pp. 263-300), devoted to a general ap- THE GREEK GENIUS AND ITS INFLUENCE. SELECT praisement of the nature of antiquity. Many of ESSAYS AND EXTRACTS. Edited, with an Introduc- Boeckh's specific studies are, of course, of unsu- tion, by Lane Cooper, Ph.D. (Yale University Press; $3.50.) perseded value, and in this particular extract Lane Cooper has performed another of those there are numerous sagacious observations; but creditable tasks that fall in the twilight zone not only as a whole does it move in that omni- between pedagogy and scholarship. It is neither conscious Weltanschauung and Geschichtsphi- a handbook nor a set of texts that he has pre- losophie which make the stream of German pared, but a sort of anthology, in the main culled speculation such muddy swimming, for there are from the broad meadows of prose criticism, but few of the thirty pages that do not contain ribboned by a few passages from the poets- judgments challenged or condemned by the Shelley, Milton, Browning. The immediate course of time. An instance is Boeckh's state- purpose of the book, so the preface tells, is to ment that "it was a fundamental notion of supply the need of background to a class study- antiquity that fate necessarily determined every- ing Greek and Latin masterpieces in standard thing, even the will of the gods.” The essay translations; yet it looks, with an ulterior eye, by Abby Leach, which follows Boeckh in the also to the classical specialist, and again to the sequence, is devoted to refutation of this judg- incorrigible possessed of "the provincial notion ment—though it must be confessed that the that we have nothing to learn from the past." brand of fatalism which Miss Leach is inter- This comprehensive order is met by a score ested in showing to be non-Greek probably of selections chosen with that studied wilfulness never had any existence except as a fiction- which is in the anthologist's charter. To say that writer's explanation of his hero's foolhardiness they are of various value were platitudinous; or of his heroine's inability to control her besides, it might not be true, for the selections passions. Boeckh, indeed, gives the proper cor- are obviously chosen for various ends not all rective of his own statement when he adds that, of them self-evident. Certainly, the levy is after all, the old idea of necessity and the mod- made only upon the irreproachable, and it is ern idea of freedom are the same, “since in God stoutly international and without taint of the freedom and necessity are identical.” What the tempestive-Newman, Jebb, Gildersleeve, Gil- Greeks were concerned about, as are most Chris- bert Murray, or again, Croiset and Renan, tians, was not the absence of Providence but its August Boeckh and von Wilamowitz-Moellen- inscrutability—which is the devil of it for us dorff, all honorable men. Certainly, too, the poor mortals. In any case, a note on the sub- reading is good reading, for the whole two ject should have added philosophical quality to hundred odd pages. Only—and one must ask the implied controversy. it-why isn't it edited ? If the book were But it must not be inferred that the editor merely for the scholar, other editing than the is blind to what might be termed the indiscre- arranger's meticulous bibliography would be tions of contributors. Their differences of opin- unnecessary; but then, the book is hardly neces- ion, he hopes, will be so neutralized by their sary for scholars. If it is primarily for the agreements that in the composite presentment collegian and the more studious of the public which results the accidental will dissolve away called general, it is absurd to it is absurd to let such a and the pure Hellene be shown in true perspec- characterization of Attic education as Newman's tive. And something like this actually takes go with an unexplained apology for anachronism, place as a result of the collocation; for the reader to pass without exposition a polemical con- can hardly turn from the book without a vivid demnation of neo-classicism such as is represented image of Lane Cooper's true Greek. Needless by S. L. Wolff's review of one of Mahaffy's to say, this Greek is stylistically correct, and not books, or, more than all, to present without at all unfamiliar. He is verily humanistic and something of the correction which stores of more rationalistic and is endowed with all the aca- modern learning afford, such a myopic view of demic virtues—nice as to his pomades, with ancient paganism as Renan's. The “keystone of manner so subdued as to convert his thorough my arch,” says Professor Cooper (referring to conceit into a proper charm, as to his tongue the structural self-sufficiency of his collection) is with just enough of the risqué to give him spice, the translation from Boeckh's “Encyclopädie und and what with his garlands and his architec- 64 [January 17 THE DIAL a roars tural backgrounds (a sort of archetypal college Keats as Thinker campus) converting the whole of life into a series of pleasantly plastic tableaux. Any teachers' John Keats: His LIFE AND POETRY, His FRIENDS, bureau would guarantee to place him from the Critics, AND AFTER-FAME. By Sir Sidney Colvin. (Scribner's; $4.50.) mere description! To add, as it were, the grace Thirty years ago Sir (then Mr.) Sidney Col- of a final modesty to this image, our Greek is vin published his life of Keats in the English already deprecatingly rearing his altar to the Men of Letters series; it has held the field ever "Unknown God," in solicitous anticipation of since as the best treatment of the subject for the St. Paul-(my reference here is to the last general reader. Even now, when the author re- of the essays, in which Gilbert Chesterton turns to the subject in his admirable new work, defends Christianity as against Lowes Dickin- he seems to find little cause to revise or to re- son's honeyed paganism). tract any of his former judgments; his task is Now I, too, have a Greek, but of quite chiefly one of amplification. Books will still be another build-a most fascinating savage (for, written about the poetry of Keats; but it may culpa mea! I move with the anthropologists), be doubted whether the present biography will with whom I should dearly love to do "field ever be superseded, either in completeness or in work.” He has all the unblushing vices and charm. It is a book to read with delight; better shameless imaginings that beset the natural man, still, it is a book that compels one to turn back and he with vainglory and panics and reread the poet himself. Its form is at- with peril like the other barbarians—whom, tractive; the illustrations are well chosen and incidentally, he despises in proportion to his well executed; even the very exhaustive index ignorance of them. Yet, for all this, his utter- is inviting. ance is endowed with so wicked a sagacity as Sir Sidney is fortunate in his subject, for the shall never cease to ruin human complacency, and material is abundant-he is able occasionally to such mordancy of double intention as shall add to our knowledge by tapping sources hitherto eternally tantalize human ingenuity. Like his not available—and much of this material con- books, so his art: all is two-faced-for, by all sists of writings by men of talent, if not of the singing heavens! my Greek knew that the genius. He does well to paint carefully for us power of his handiwork was in no smooothness the society in which the young poet found his to the sense, that his marbles are but horrible wings, quoting freely from the letters of Keats , blanks of life if they be not transfigured by and of his friends; for Keats was nothing if not unearthly glories, that than sensuous beauty no impressionable, and even when he reacted most thing is less possible, and that the very essence decidedly against his environment, it is only by of the beautiful is something never serene, but understanding that environment that we can always troubled. hope to understand him. So we welcome the por- Very likely an historical Hellene, could he traits of his friends and acquaintances: Leigh sojourn among us, would regard both these, and Hunt, elegant and always sipping the delicious- the multitude of other portraits by which his ness of life, tea-cup fashion; Wordsworth, vain memory has been perpetuated, with small recog- and rather heavy, but indubitably a great poet; nition; certainly he would feel some wonder at the irrepressible Lamb; Shelley, during the life the attention paid him. To be sure, as he became of Keats, never in spirit more than a neighbor; habituated, this attention would gradually grow the faithful Cowden Clarke; Haydon, the sure intelligible to him, and eventually he, too, would critic and pompously mediocre painter; and Sev- be looking back to his native age with a sigh for ern, to Keats a fidus Achates. We are glad to an hour happy in that, for once, the life of learn, through liberal quotation, such homely de- the mind was lived unweighted by apparatus. tails about the poet's life as these, by himself Which is a noble argument for the most direct half-humorously recorded : “the candles are burnt possible acquaintance with the classical books. down and I am using the wax taper-which has The roads of indirection lead by facile grades; a long snuff on it—the fire is at its last click- they are pleasant, and not profitless. But what I am sitting with my back to it with one foot would one not give to take Plato or Euripides rather askew upon the rug and the other with aside for a quiet quiz, or to treat Aeschylus or the heel a little elevated from the carpet. Sophocles to an honest pipe after the play? To know such trifles," observes Keats, “of any H. B. ALEXANDER. great Man long since dead it would be a great 1918] 65 THE DIAL delight: As to know in what position Shakes- same air and space without fear.” The man peare sat when he began 'To be or not to be'- who could write thus was not the man to be such things become interesting from distance of killed by adverse reviews, and one is glad to time or place.” see with what emphasis Sir Sidney has disposed More important is the biographer's record of of the foolish legend to the contrary. Whether Keats's mental life. Here again we trace the Keats was altogether wise in trying to pack so workings of a personality quick to appropriate much significance into such a poem as, for ex- vicarious experience, whether it is old English ample, "Endymion," a poem that was from the poetry, in which Keats was at times entirely first bound to be read, if at all, chiefly for its steeped, or an engraving of a painting by Claude purple patches, is another question. The gift or a print of an ancient vase. Not that Keats of "invention" and of making images was his in ever slavishly imitated anything or anybody. In a supreme degree, as well as the gift of music; such a matter as the handling of the heroic coup- yet a great part of his glory lies in his ability to let, as Sir Sidney's masterly sketch makes clear, enter into the spirit of an old myth or an old he was bound by no worship of precedent; work of art, and to seize with unerring instinct meanwhile he was learning to take what he that element of it which is as much alive for us needed for his purposes from the graphic arts as it was for its first creator. Such interpreta- and from myth and from romance and to jumble tion and transmission of the life of things is in them without much consideration of context. itself a claim to originality of the first order. When is the story recounted in “St. Agnes' Rediscovery is, after all, discovery. Eve" supposed to have taken place, in the Middle WILLIAM Chase GreenE. Ages, or last night? And how much does it matter what the setting is supposed to be? So even a life of Keats proves to be necessa- Mr. Chesterton's England rily much more than a calculation of influences and counter-influences. The central fact is not A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By G. K. Ches- that Keats enjoyed this or disliked that; it is terton. (Lane; $1.50.) G. K. Chesterton has committed a great sin; that various experiences, almost always felt as he has written a didactic poem, a work of art, concrete images, were by him fixed in the most and has called it history. It is no easy thing to musical of verse. More than that, Keats was thoroughly cured of his early tendency, bred by give a list of all the complex sanctities that he his association with Hunt, merely to voice the de- has violated by this one act; as a mere incident in liciousness of things. We have learned to real- the accomplishment of his main purpose he has ize how large a part of him was “Aint and iron,” arrayed against himself anti-Catholics, material- to use Matthew Arnold's phrase. Mere re- ists, aristocrats, plutocrats, and the whole tribe of action to the stimulus of the beauties of nature scientific historians. But it is true of Chesterton's was not for him; “scenery is fine,” he wrote as "History of England," as it is true of any work early as the spring of 1818, “but human nature of art, that the sanctities which it violates are is finer.” Hence his devotion to "the continual not so important as the vision which inspires it. drinking of knowledge." Let any one who The hero of this poem is the people of England; thinks of Keats as the mere dreamer, preoccupied and it is Chesterton's central thesis that the with sentiment and romance, listen to the poet's people of England spent the Middle Ages in own words: “I find there is no worthy pur- fighting and earning its way towards liberty and suit but the idea of doing some good to the independence, that in the fourteenth century the world. . . There is but one way for me. people made an unsuccessful revolution in the The road lies through application, study, and attempt to consecrate and complete its partial thought. I will pursue it... An extensive independence, that Parliament, an aristocratic knowledge is needful to thinking people. and plutocratic council, frustrated that revolu- The difference of high Sensations with and tion, and that the sixteenth century was marked without knowledge appears to me this; in the by a successful counter-revolution of the rich. latter case we are falling continually ten thou- From that time on the condition of the populace sand fathoms deep and being blown up again, grew worse; the social reforms of the nineteenth without wings, and with all [the] horror of a century all tended in the direction of the Servile bare-shouldered creature in the former case, our State. The sign of the Servile State is the per- shoulders are fledged, and we go through the mission granted to employees “to claim certain 66 [January 17 THE DIAL a advantages as employees, and as something per- economic "laws," but to entirely human and per- manently different from employers." sonal causes which are quite within the power of The relapse into slavery was interrupted by the the public to control. war. “The English poor, broken in every revolt, Thus Chesterton issues a direct challenge to bullied by every fashion, long despoiled of the historians, and thus at the same time he pub- property, and now being despoiled of libertylishes his recipe for the improvement of society. entered history with a noise of trumpets, and For decades past, historians have proclaimed that turned themselves in two years into one of the "the aim of history is not to please, nor to give iron armies of the world. And when the critic practical maxims of conduct, nor to arouse the of politics and literature, feeling that this war is emotions, but knowledge pure and simple.” They after all heroic, looks around him to find the have thought that it was sacrilegious, a sin against hero, he can point to nothing but the mob." science, to write a history which suggested any Now this is poetry; and the fact that it is particular course of political or moral action. didactic does not destroy or even seriously impair And now, ironically enough, Chesterton accuses its essential value. Chesterton intends to wake them of having done the very thing they were men up, and to urge them to see the past for most anxious to avoid ; inasmuch as all their his- themselves. He addresses himself to his task with tories did suggest a course of action, or rather of all the vigor of a man trying to rescue a friend inaction, to the disinherited English people. But from the deadly effects of an over-dose of opiate. if this is true, it is obvious that history can never Hence comes his use of paradox and emphasis. be “knowledge pure and simple," since whatever They are far from being the idle devices of a men believe about their past is bound to affect man who “stands upon his head and cries that their action in the present. Therefore the the world is upside down”; on the contrary, they “scientific” historian may struggle as he will; are desperately earnest attempts to awaken the he cannot prevent his history from being in some public out of its torpor. It is no more relevant degree a pamphlet and a creed. Chesterton's to criticize Chesterton for his extravagance than “History of England” is both a pamphlet and a to praise him for his brilliance; we do not criti- creed; but he has one great advantage over his cize a doctor, under similar circumstances, for "scientific” rivals. He really knows what he is shaking the patient roughly, any more than we writing and why; whereas the science of the praise him for rare intelligence when he ordinary historian has not even taught him what announces that the patient has been drugged. history is. Chesterton is a poet, and therefore The real and relevant question is the question he is still capable of the emotion of wonder which of fact. Has the patient been drugged? If not, is the beginning of all philosophy; while the Chesterton's poetry is superfluous, to say the historians who try to treat the past as if it were least. But if the public has been drugged, then knowledge pure and simple, prove perhaps we must also ask who the criminals were that their simplicity and their purity, but not their put the people to sleep, and what was the nature knowledge. of the opiate. It is to be hoped that Chesterton's book will To each of these questions, Chesterton has an assist in destroying this old and popular but answer ready; but the philosophy on which they false conception of the relation between past and are based is so unfamiliar to most men that it present. Otherwise intelligent men are always runs a risk of being denounced without being telling us to forget the past and set our faces understood. Chesterton believes that the torpor resolutely towards the future, which is like urging of the nineteenth century, which still afflicts much us to be really progressive marble statues. Noth- of our thinking, was due to a radically false con- ing forgets the past more readily than inanimate ception of the past, to a misinterpretation of matter; nothing has its face set more resolutely history, administered by popular scientists and towards the future. The very definition of popular historians. “The complaints of the poor living beings is that they do not wholly forget were stilled and their status justified" by a fairy the past; and it is worth noting that their control story told in the name of evolution and of prog- over the future is precisely proportionate to their ress. The only remedy, therefore, is to inform control over the past. One does not render a the public that progress is not automatic, and baby more gloriously and gladly free by telling it that the sufferings of men in the present are not each day to forget all that it learned the day due to the impersonal action of rigid social and before. On the contrary, memory is essential a 1918] 67 THE DIAL to freedom. But it is equally essential that the has no quarrel with the genre. His one obiter memory should be correct. We maintain asylums dictum on the subject, in a footnote, will scarcely for men who remember that they were Napoleons satisfy hostile critics. “If the thesis is good, why and Cæsars. But if the delusion of past grand- should the play not be good also ?” Of course eur is mad, so also is the delusion of past slavery. the thesis must not only be "good" in itself, but ” , Neither the growth nor the loss of human free- adapted to treatment on the stage. And even so, dom is automatic; and as men can be enslaved there is always the lurking danger that the thesis by being taught that they were never free, so can may warp the characters or lead to special and they be liberated by being taught that they were undramatic pleading. Brieux is by no means never wholly slaves. R. K. HACK. beyond censure here. But Mr. Scheifley is chiefly concerned with his author as a realist, dealing with certain social conditions in France. He analyzes in detail sixteen plays, gives a rapid Eugene Brieux historical sketch of the question treated, and ex- amines the same problems as presented by BRIEUX AND CONTEMPORARY FRENCH SOciety. By William B. Scheifley. (G. P. Putnam's Sons; contemporary dramatists, novelists, and social $2.) and literary critics. Thus the reader is given a . "Such are the victims of fathers who have large perspective and is made to realize the vital- married in ignorance of things which you now ity of Brieux's themes. One of his constant pre- know, things which I should like to shout in the occupations is the lot of children of divorced market-place !- I have told you everything, with- parents. No fewer than eight of his plays turn on out dramatising anything.' Thus the doctor, this subject and there is hardly one in which the mouthpiece of the author, in “Damaged Goods," welfare of the children has not a prominent and the declaration may stand for the epigraph place. Mr. Scheifley's chapter on the place of of Brieux's theatre. There are many things he the child in French life at the present time and would shout from the house-tops and he finds the in the past is among the best in the book. stage the most effective medium. He uses it as Probably no two critics will agree on the lit- a rostrum to bring before a wide audience the erary merit of the different plays. Mr. Scheifley great social questions of the day. For him the is so intensely interested in their value as social theatre has no nobler goal, and he would doubt- documents that he is too often lenient toward the less say with Voltaire: "J'ai fait un peu de bien; havoc wrought in character-portrayal by the c'est mon meilleur ouvrage.” Many of us may requirements of the thesis. There are too many disapprove this mingling of stage and pulpit, but examples in Brieux of a sudden shift from cling- Brieux is a master of his craft and the thesis ing-vine weakness to Cornelian heroism, or the seldom proves fatal to the artist. One of his contrary. A dash of skepticism concerning the most successful and admired plays, “Le Berceau,” legitimacy of thesis drama might have led with seems almost a challenge to the critic. The text profit to a study of the greater or less intrusive- —there shall be no divorce where there are chil- ness of the thesis in Brieux. As it is Mr. Scheifley dren—is never for a moment forgotten, and we finds thesis everywhere and fails to mark its rela- are reminded of a geometric demonstration. The tive importance in the plays. Thus he remarks theorem is rather ostentatiously enunciated in the in passing of "Les Hannetons” that it "explodes first scene, and each one following adds a line to the claim that free love is less enslaving than the construction figure; at the end we have the marriage." Possibly, but Brieux is wont to use Q. E. D., where the thesis assumes the dignity of explosives of higher power, which leave no doubt the ancient fate. "I see dimly something which of his intentions, and it is probable that ninety- is soaring above you, above me, above us all, above nine out of a hundred spectators will see in “Les human laws, and of which we may well be only Hannetons" only a delicious bit of realistic farce. the victims." In general, Mr. Scheifley deplores the comic or Unfortunately the work by which Brieux is farcical scenes, although these are always in char- best known in America is "Damaged Goods," acter, as lessening the serious effect of the play. perhaps the unique example in his theatre of a He fails to see that, in addition to the needed thesis without a play. It is in the effort to right relief from angry denunciation of social injustice, this injustice that Mr. Scheifley has published his these little scenes, which are intensely realistic, book. He makes no attempt to discuss the legiti- prove close observation and incline the spectator macy of thesis drama, but it is obvious that he to accept the whole play as true to life. The > a 68 [January 17 THE DIAL thesis drama, if it is to make for reform, must at the original text and in a series of careful para- least give the impression of realism. We must phrases); but who would quite have expected be convinced that the giant is genuine and not a to find them learning about the verse of Lord windmill before we charge. Doubtless this is De Tabley or about the fairy literature of the the explanation of the introduction of statistics North? For matured Anglo-Saxons the most into certain of Brieux's plays. interesting of Hearn's chapters are the first three, Mr. Scheifley's two introductory chapters are which deal with general opinions and which state excellent. The first contains a brief biography his views on the reading and writing of litera- showing Brieux's humble origin and early strug- ture-particularly the one in which he gives his gles for recognition, to which he owes his sym- ideas on Composition. pathy for the working classes. His six years' He considers the architecture of composition: sojourn as journalist at Rouen perhaps gave him How shall one overcome the difficulties of be- his insight into the provincial character. His ginning? he asks. By not beginning at all, he peasants are among the best that French literature answers. When you draw a horse, do as the has produced. The second chapter gives a rapid Japanese artist does: he is no more likely to survey of the author's early plays through which start with the head than with the tail or the he was led to find his proper field. hoof. Hearn, in fact, seems to see a work of The American public owes a large debt of literature evolving and shaping just as nebulæ gratitude to Mr. Scheiley for his scholarly and spin and whirl into concrete solidity. Once sympathetic treatment of Brieux. He has shown more we are conscious of him as the devotee of admirably Brieux's sincerity and versatility, and color rather than as the devotee of form. “The amply justified, for American eyes, the place literary law is, let the poem or the story shape accorded to the author in his native land. itself. Do not try to shape it before it is nearly done. The most wonderful work is not the BENJ. M. WOODBRIDGE. work that the author shapes and plans; it is the work that shapes itself. . . In other words, A Thwarted Cosmopolite one may best put his intellectual pride in his pocket, and plunge himself, at hazard, into an irresponsible emotional welter. LIFE AND LITERATURE. By Lafcadio Hearn. With an Introduction by John Erskine. (Dodd, Mead Hearn's observations on style may meet with & Co.; $3.50.) more acceptance. What we once called "style,” This is the third volume of selections from he says, no longer exists. What is called "style" the lectures delivered by Hearn at the Univer- ought to be called "character.” He might have sity of Tokio prior to 1902. The other vol- paused to mark the distinction between style and umes appeared in 1915 and 1916. All three diction. Style, of course, is "of the man"; it have been constructed in great part from the will attend to itself—must do so inevitably, notes of his Japanese students. Hearn, as Mr. since anything a man writes is necessarily a dis- Erskine instructs us, spoke slowly and distinctly, closure, a give-away. Yet diction, that lesser a using simple words and constructions; and in concern, is by no means to be neglected. What some instances the students were able to take the books on rhetoric and composition have to down his lectures word for word. say about "clearness," "correctness," "unity," and These volumes are different indeed in text the like still holds valid. No due heed to sen- and tone from those which he addressed directly tence-structure paragraph-building is to the English and American public. Here we sip going to screen the essential man from his per- from a cup of clear cold water a succession of ceptive readers—though Lafcadio Hearn, address- draughts quite uncolored and unseasoned. Buting the Japanese student-body according to its it all serves admirably for the high-school or peculiarities and needs, does offer, to those fa- university student in our own country, as well miliar with his usual manner, an aspect which is as for the older reader who enjoys being fresh- lmost a disguise. ened up by a series of capable résumés. His general table of contents rather tends to The range of subjects seems quite hit-or-miss. lead the reader into literary bypaths. Hearn Doubtless the young Orientals need to know himself, as a reader, seems to have had a wide about the French romantics and about George scope—and to have felt that anything which in- Meredith's poetry (which is presented both in terested him could be absorbed and assimilated >) or 1918] 69 THE DIAL 5 by others, regardless of race or tradition. Perhaps passionate soberness that stirs the mind as deeply not every Western student, even, would follow as it moyes the heart. In him intellectual power him through all the ins and outs of "Rossetti's and concern for human values have fused at a Prose" or would share his interest in "French more intense point than in almost any other mind Poems on Insects.” But youth is teachable and of our time. He has welded together ideas from tends to absorb, and Eastern youth can doubt- the newer psychology, from syndicalist socialism, less respond when Duty seems to whisper, "Thou from the philosophy of internationalist aspira- must." And who, after all, shall decide as to tion, into a coherent and creative philosophy, at what, among the accumulations of the mind's once the basis for a personal as well as a social vast lumber-room, may or may not be turned, idealism. The need of liberating the creative later, to account? After all, a university is not rather than the possessive impulses, the principle a bargain counter, at which one satisfies merely of growth, the value of reverence towards one's immediate and clearly perceived needs. individuality, the obsolescence of a society based Mr. Erskine's introduction is graceful and on property and power, the inadequacy of security sympathetic. If he inclines to stress a little un- and liberty as sole political ideals, the need of duly the importance of his material, that is a autonomy within the state for subordinate groups, fault which leans-properly enough in the cir- the hope for gild socialism, and the organization cumstances—to generosity. At all events, the of an international order that shall harmonize book helps build up the inner life-story of a with the true community of sentiments among thwarted cosmopolite. HENRY B. FULLER. mankind-these are the ideas which have been made familiar in "Justice in Wartime" and in "Why Men Fight." In this summary, one finds A Primer of Revolutionary the same style, the calm, clear, pragmatic flavor Idealism of science and not of religion. Without any mystical taint, and with none of the traditional POLITICAL IDEALs. By Bertrand Russell. (Cen- vague symbols that have become charged with tury; $1.) emotion, Bertrand Russell's fusion of intelligence “In dark days, men need a clear faith and a with what we can only call “love for humanity" well-grounded hope, and as the outcome of these gives these ideas an emotional drive that we are the calm courage which takes no account of hard- accustomed to associate only with the mystical. ships by the way. The times through which we This is the novel power of his writing. are passing have afforded to many of us “Political ideals must be based upon ideals for a confirmation of our faith. We see that the the individual life. The aim of politics should things we had thought evil are really evil, and be to make the lives of individuals as good as we know more definitely than we ever did before the direction in which men must move if a better possible. There is nothing for the politician to consider outside or above the various men, women, world is to arise on the ruins of the one which and children who compose the world. The is now hurling itself to destruction." The emotion with which one reads these open- problem of politics is to adjust the relations of human beings in such a way that each severally ing sentences of Bertrand Russell's must be like may have as much good in his existence as nothing so much as the thrill which went through possible.” the men who opened "Le Contrat Social" and Is there not a peculiar appeal in these clear saw on the first page: “L'homme est né libre, et partout il est dans les fers.” Just as they must old truths, so almost trite in their expression? have felt that in Rousseau were the liberating ity of Huxley and Mill, but with an added de- Russell keeps something of the noble intellectual- ideals of the immediate future, we feel that it is around the ideas expressed in this book that the classed revolutionary spirit that they did not feel. younger generation will rally for a clear faith We have no thinker in this country to do this and a well-grounded hope. Mr. Russell has forward-pointing work. What irony that it is Bertrand Russell who comes from the chill and expressed these ideas in his other books. But here they are organized into what is virtually a remote regions of mathematics with this liberat- primer of revolutionary idealism, written with a ing idealism! RANDOLPH BOURNE. 70 [January 17 THE DIAL > A Lucky Thirteen "We began to call a roll of American story-tellers, and as name after name was mentioned, the question arose in our minds as to whether or not every story- The Grim THIRTEEN. Short Stories by Thirteen teller might not have one story in his private drawer Authors. Edited by Frederick Stuart Greene, which no magazine would agree to publish because with an Introduction by Edward J. O'Brien. of its gruesome character. The conviction grew (Dodd, Mead & Co.; $1.40.) among us that a grim story, no matter whether it From time to time, and often with surprising was a little masterpiece or not, was hoodooed. And then the inspiration came. Why not try to mildness, we hear complaints of the low quality find thirteen hoodooed masterpieces by thirteen un- of magazine fiction and the even lower opinions lucky masters, and throw them upon the mercies of that the editors of most of our “leading jour- the public for a vote? No sooner suggested than done. Story-tellers, critics, and publisher for once nals” have of the public that reads and runs. agreed. If there were thirteen unlucky stories in "The New Republic" has attained its position of America good enough to print in a book, we would find them and publish them with our appeal for authority in so short a time, since it realized from judgment.” the first the force of F. P. A.'s epigram that the This book is the result-an excellent record average reader was a good deal above the aver- for the now fortunate thirteen and a definite age. And it is because most of the magazines indictment of the editors that made it necessary. still fail to recognize the essential truth of this The consistent rejection of some of these stories simple paradox that they remain (at least as far is nothing short of amazing. And the puzzle as their fiction is concerned) the Aabby, cheaply deepens as one examines them in detail. Vance sensual, or falsely sentimental monthlies that fail Thompson's "The Day of Daheimus" is sev- to interest even the proverbial mid-western bar- eral shades less “grim” than some of Irvin ber's wife for whom they were designed. Espe- Cobb's tales published a few years ago in so rep- cially shortsighted has been the "happy ending" resentative a publication of the middle-class as fallacy. The theory behind tragic tales and "The Saturday Evening Post." Dana Burnet's dramas holds as good today as it did in the time "Rain, Richard Matthew Hallett's "Razor of of Sophocles and Shakespeare. All art is an un- Pedro Dutel,” and Wadsworth Camp's “The conscious catharsis; and it takes a violent purge to Draw-Keeper" might have appeared in “Col- rid us of violent emotions. This old philosophic lier's” or “Every Week.” And Robert Alexander platitude is given new life daily in every extreme, Wason's "Knute Ericson's Celebration," far from from a consideration of the most horrible of wars having the prohibited “unhappy ending," comes in the most peaceful of ages to a scrubwoman to a major and decidedly buoyant climax. Truly weeping at the movies. The need of violence the American editor's mind moves in a myste- and tragedy is something that many of our rious way its wonders to perform! There is not editors do not dare or do not desire to believe in. one story in the volume that is mechanical, medi- They forget that the great mass of people is no ocre, or of the merely competent order that suf- less interested in the dark hazards of life than fices for our monthly fiction. And what is . were the Greeks or the Elizabethans; they refuse similarly surprising is the distinguished style, to believe that the tamer we become, the wilder the poetic perception, the high literary quality grows our only half-repressed imagination. They revealed in most of the rejected thirteen. Exam- offer an adventure-hungry public a series of ine Vincent O'Sullivan's story, "The Abigail pink and white heroines with perfume in their Sheriff Memorial," and observe how delicately veins, endless variations of the Cinderella-Zenda yet deeply the characters, the landscape, and the romances, wax dummies with virile pretentions psychology are etched with a masterly hand. I on their lips and riding breeches on their souls- snatch one illuminating fragment-a description and wonder why they cannot compete with the of a house in New England—from its context eloquent, richly detailed, and-elementary though to indicate his power: its psychology still is—the more searching spool "Something unfriendly and depressing emanated of film. Mr. O'Brien hints at the reason in the from the house as soon as you crossed the threshold. preface to this interesting volume, which started If I were a practiced writer, I suppose I could bring the sensation home to you; but as it is, it baffles me as a discussion around the fire. After a few to realize it on paper. It was not so much a sensa- speculations by the six who had gathered there, tion of mystery as of secrecy. Those who had died it became clear that, in spite of many differences, in that house, in the seventy years or more it had been standing, had not quite gone away; something there was a taboo against the gruesome stories of them remained in the still rooms. At mealtimes and "that American editors believed the public there always seemed to be some other presence, or presences, at the table besides the master and mistress demanded the happy ending." of the house. a 1918] 71 THE DIAL > The word for them is subdued. They are subdued for most of the book, the trip chronicled begins to the atmosphere of their house, to their traditions, at Sacramento, California, and includes Lake to the naïve furniture they sat among. This unpro- testing acquiescence in the unlovely was, of course, Tahoe and other points east of the Sierras on to be expected, given the locality. The tradition the way north. There is a short account of a was the same as that of the British small tradesman, stopover at Reno, Nevada, a town which, it will nonconformist in religion and politics—the stock they occur to the reader, is one of the least familiar originated from. Dreary and unpicturesque religion had no doubt in the first place inspired the dreary of places, though its name is celebrated in song and unpicturesque surroundings. In a community (of a kind) and story. The chapter on Crater which had never opened its eyes to any of the arts Lake embraces most of the data included in the except literature, and to that only on its inartistic Government bulletins, and its originality consists side, the absence of any testimony to aesthetic needs was not surprising.” principally of notes that may assist future motor- It is too bad that these highly differentiated ists. Its value to motor tourists is, in fact, the stories end on so obvious and overemphasized a book's best justification, for as a piece of descrip- tive literature it does not take high rank. The note, a note that is in many ways the weakest. author fails to invest the open road with the Frederick Stuart Greene's tale, “The Black charm that it has in this region, while his por- Pool,” has, in common with one or two of the trayal of the major scenic marvels lacks the others, a specious and melodramatic horror that power of conveying even a modicum of the re- tries to take the place of raw strength. In its very actions produced by the originals. "Into the “ desire to adhere to a realistic programme, it ceases Yosemite by Motor” and “A Run to the Roose- to be real at all and depends on a fictitious and velt Dam and to the Petrified Forest" are articles forced romanticism; a plot whose villain is as supplementing the main narrative. There are automobile maps showing the routes covered, overdrawn, whose terrors are as stereotyped, and and many excellent illustrations in color and whose atmosphere is as artificial in its way as the halftone. pallid and precise society-fiction from which it revolted. Otherwise the collection is an unusual BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY IN EUROPE. By and noteworthy one, and its publication is not Hugh E. Egerton. Macmillan; $2. only a sort of trial of the public but a test of our It has often been charged "by German publi- editors. It is something more than an interest- cists and historians that the past history of British ing assemblage; it is an experiment that is also foreign policy has been conspicuous for its display a challenge. of perfidy and unscrupulousness." So impressed Louis UNTERMEYER. was a recent German writer with the vicious character of English diplomacy that, while heart- ily supporting the movement to rid his native BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS language of foreign words, he felt that an excep- tion should be made of the word “perfidious” in OREGON THE PICTURESQUE. By Thomas its German form, as otherwise it would be impos- D. Murphy. Page; $3.50. sible to characterize properly the policies of Oregon is one of the few states west of the Westminster. Apparently Englishmen have come Rockies that have not been advertised to the point to feel that the charge ought to be refuted; and of familiarity. References to it in history centre Professor Egerton, of Oxford, has undertaken to chiefly around the Columbia River, which it provide the refutation. shares with Washington for the last few hundred Professor Egerton is widely known for his miles of its course, but the bibliography is limited studies in colonial history; and since the growth of the British Empire is in large measure the in comparison with that of almost any other state. Tourists are only beginning to know it result of diplomatic activities, a student of colo- nial problems is peculiarly fitted for the task in for its more spectacular sights, such as Crater question. The author has produced a readable, Lake, the Columbia River Highway, and the Pendleton Round-up. Mr. Murphy endeavors interesting, and useful work, but it is not likely to add to his fame as a historian. The book is to show that these are but a few of Oregon's to a large extent a compilation and gives evidence claims to the attention of the world in general and motorists in particular. The subject is pre- of somewhat hurried preparation, as is true of many of the "timely" books that have been sented in an informal and somewhat personal published since 1914. Professor Egerton is less manner, as one might write a detailed record concerned with the details of diplomatic history of a trip by automobile, including comment on than with the opinions and purposes of the states- hotels, garages, the price of gasoline, and the men who have controlled the policies of the Brit- color of sunsets. ish foreign office; his work is consequently a Although Oregon furnishes the inspiration discussion rather than a narrative. After having 72 [January 17 THE DIAL presented and examined all the important facts tious, indeed, that one wonders why one has relating to English foreign policy since the days finished it at a single sitting. But as a graphic, of Elizabeth, he concludes that, while English moving picture it will hold any reader. The diplomats have always watched carefully over story is rapidly told, the scenes are unforgetable, what were supposedly British interests, the treat- the human touches vivid, and underneath all ment accorded to neighbors and allies by the runs the tone of cheerfulness and quiet courage English government has nearly always been in of the man who has forgotten that he is brave. agreement with the highest political morality of Such a book is a tonic and its popularity will be the time. He denies that the Emperor was richly deserved. betrayed in 1713 and that Frederick II was deserted by the English in 1763; in both A SOLDIER'S MEMORIES. By Major-Gen- instances the original issues of the conflict had eral Sir George Younghusband. Dutton; $5. been settled and there was no longer any good It is not the fortune of everyone, General reason for continuing the war. During the wars Younghusband says, “after traveling six thousand with the French Republic and the Napoleonic miles and arriving in time for lunch, to discover Empire England alone of all the countries allied incidentally in the course of conversation that against the French was steadfast in maintaining he is expected to take part in a bloody battle the cause of European freedom. Time and again shortly after the completion of the meal.” But Prussia and Austria came to terms with the it was repeatedly his own experience. Conse- enemy and left England in the lurch; and the quently he has in greater degree, perhaps, than record of Russia during that trying period is any other writer about modern warfare the scarcely more creditable than that of her Teu- spirit of the soldier-adventurer. His remi- tonic neighbors. niscences reflect an unshackled joy in adventure, The author discusses in some detail the many difficult problems of the nineteenth-century diplo- ories to the full with his readers. and an evidently keen delight in sharing his mem- macy, and he finds that with few exceptions the "One learns much, and sees much,” is his positions assumed and the methods employed by own conclusion after his years on the Indian the English government have been not only frontier and his campaigns during the Boer defensible but in accord with rational principles. War, the Burmese War, and the Egyptian Cam- As one might expect, the problem of Belgium in paign. The reader sees much, too, through his its various phases is given a prominent place in eyes, and possibly because the author is not con- the history. Professor Egerton concludes his sur- vey with a chapter on British sea power: he holds sciously pedagogical , the reader also learns much that the vulnerability of the British Isles makes of the feelings and the character of the men of every sort and degree that he has known. a large navy necessary; that in the treatment of enemies and neutrals the English admiralty has Of Tommy Atkins and his evolution there are shown less arbitrariness and ruthlessness than any some interesting revelations. “I myself," he other naval establishment; and that in times of writes, “had for many years served with sol- diers, but had never once heard the words or peace the British navy has rendered important expressions that Rudyard Kipling's soldiers used. service to humanity, the suppression of the slave Many a time did I ask my brother officers trade being cited as a conspicuous instance. whether they had ever heard them. No, never. At The Right OF THE BRITISH LINE. By But sure enough, a few years after, the soldiers Captain Gilbert Nobbs. Scribner; $1.25. thought, and talked, and expressed themselves exactly like Rudyard Kipling had taught them A war book likely to be widely read is Gilbert in his stories! Nobbs's “At the Right of the British Line.” A here, or a stray expression there, and weave them He would get a stray word ” civilian officer of the new English army, Captain into general soldier talk, in his priceless stories. Nobbs was only five weeks in the fighting line. Rudyard Kipling made the modern soldier.” His small command was given what proved to be an impossible task in the fighting on the Somme, Whether General Younghusband writes of and after losing most of his men, Captain Nobbs Kitchener and Lord Roberts, of his dogs, his was struck blind by an unlucky bullet and lay Indian servants, the too frequent sallies of other many hours in a shell hole until found and made native gentlemen "who were out for a short road prisoner by the Germans. After a short term to Paradise by killing a British officer," of the of captivity, which enabled him to write an inter- long marches over dusty Indian roads, or of life esting description of two German prisons, he was in the officer's mess, he writes with appreciation sent back to England where he is today, "hap- of that individual difference in men that makes pier,” as he says with pathetic cheerfulness, "than part of the infinite humor of life, with vigor he has ever been before in his life.” and good humor, and care that every point in This is not a great book. It is so unpreten- his narrative shall be well made. “Memories,” a a 1918] 73 THE DIAL from the point of view of interest and of work- ing the French Revolution and the reaction to manship, is one of the best collections of remi- institutionalism afterwards. niscences that have recently been brought out. On Southey the writer, time has already given One is envious of the life that has made them its verdict. He was better in prose than in verse, possible. he always had merit, and yet he was always sec- ond-rate. Still, he played for high stakes and it The Early LIFE OF ROBERT SOUTHEY, often seemed he was destined to win. Those 1774-1803. By William Haller. Columbia ambitious epics of his have nearly every analyz- University Press; $1.50. able quality of great poetry. Southey put into Southey played so prominent a part in the them practically everything that counts except intellectual and literary generation that sprang the ultimate thing-genius. from the French Revolution that a competent study of him has long been needed. That need HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. By is now being supplied. Dr. Haller's biography, Henry William Elson. Macmillan; $1.80. as published thus far, brings the story down to This "revised edition" is merely a reprint of the poet's settlement at Keswick in 1803. If the the original edition of 1904, with the addition second volume is marked by the same qualities of two new chapters. The first, on “The Twen- of care, accuracy, and poise, the biography will tieth Century," carries the story from 1904 down be indispensable to students of the period. to the election of 1916; another on “Latest In- Materials for a study have not been lacking, dustrial Progress and Inventions” purports to for Southey was a prolific author. The mere give in some eight pages a survey of American bulk of his writings has frightened scholars, how- industrial development since 1850. Any ex- ever, and the vanity of the man has to some tended discussion of the older parts of this book extent repelled them. Nobody has been willing is out of place here. The reader is referred to to grapple with an author who wrote endless let- contemporary reviews. But time is a sore trier ters, reviews, biographies, lyrics, and epics, and of books and especially books of history. In this complacently deemed them all masterpieces. Yet case the author's habit of illuminating text and the story of this man is not only worth the tell- footnotes with forward-looking passages and his ing; it is rich in interest besides. In this interest finality of statement render the book especially the chief elements are his association with Cole- vulnerable. The fact that similar generaliza- ridge in the pantisocracy scheme, the condemna- tions in the new chapters attempt to set matters tion along with Wordsworth as a Lake poet, and right but calls attention to the need of real re- the savage mockery he underwent at the hands of vision. Byron. But these elements are by no means all. Perfunctoriness might be expected in the new Before he settled at Keswick, Southey was an chapters published under such conditions, and in outspoken rebel against the existing order. He this the reader will not be disappointed. Espe- was expelled from Westminster School; he was cially is this true in the chapter on industrial driven from his aunt's house on a rainy night; progress, which is not at all illuminating, is dis- he was distrusted as an enemy of the country tressingly inadequate, and contains many irrele- and religion. Yet this man, like Wordsworth, vant things that belong in earlier chapters. It only in greater degree, became in his old age a gives the impression of being dragged in to meet hidebound conservative. Burke had not loved the growing demand for more industrial history, change, but had been willing that the rotten and serves only to furnish the book with an anti- bough should be lopped off that the tree might climax. The chapter on the twentieth century be saved. Southey grew unwilling that a single is better. But even here there is almost an entire bough should be touched. From his beloved failure to correlate events into movements or to library by the lake he hurled anathema after show their significance. Legislative acts are listed anathema at the champions of political, economic, with apparently little regard for their connec- or religious innovation. In the course of this tion with each other and less for their bearing metamorphosis from iconoclast to conventional- ized laureate, Southey was absolutely honest and on the industrial development hinted at in the outspoken. That is why he is so interesting. He succeeding chapter. The author is left with a always wished that everybody should know group of miscellanies, which he must crowd into exactly where Robert Southey stood. In the the closing paragraphs for want of some better days of his respectability, to be sure, he was vexed place. The result of the whole is to come short that his enemies should make known where he of a real explanation of recent United States had stood when he wrote “Wat Tyler.” But history, an achievement which was quite within this was only a token of his hatred for what he reach. himself had once been. The two halves of his Since the middle of the nineteenth century a life show the extremes to which men rushed dur- great change has taken place in American life. 74 [January 17 THE DIAL In unnumbered ways it has been apparent that something to be said in favor of the vastness and America has been growing up. Rank individu- variety of a great museum. Such a storehouse of alism, born of our frontier and of our rapid ex- wonders attracts the young especially, and facili- pansion, has been giving way to socialization tates certain studies of a widely inclusive nature and group action. At times scholars have singled . and those which call for research along parallel out special phases of this change and given us or divergent lines. accurate and permanent appreciations of their meaning, even while the change was going on. THE RELIGIONS OF THE World. By It has remained for the present decade to bring George A. Barton. University of Chicago to American scholarship generally a realization Press; $1.50. of the national development as a whole which Instruction in comparative religions has had a had expressed itself in these various ways to va- varied history in American colleges. When it rious observers. In 1904 Dr. Elson purposely first appeared, it was as an advanced course in foreshortened and condensed that part of his his- "Bible." Later, anthropologists began to talk tory treating the period subsequent to 1884, on about primitive religions, diverging from them the ground that the events were too close to ad- into the higher types. But recently sociologists mit of proper perspective. Since then events have been claiming the field as theirs. They have moved so rapidly and so much light has have not succeeded, however, in substantiat- been thrown upon them that it would seem pos- ing their claim to any great extent. The sible and practicable now to present a unified present work makes one wish they had, for its story of our national development down to the author is obviously a Protestant theologian, present. There is a real place for a medium- though one who has read some anthropology. sized history of the United States such as Dr. His work is colored throughout by the convic- Elson conceived, and a thorough-going revision tion of the Protestants that man is saved by faith of his book in the light of recent scholarship alone; his book is little more than a summary with a greater emphasis on recent history would of the views which various peoples have enter- be welcome. But it should be done rightly or tained in regard to God, the soul, immortality, not at all. and so on. The following passage, which con- tains not the slightest hint that it is to be taken THE MUSEUM. By Margaret Talbot ironically, well sets forth the author's opinion: Jackson. Longmans, Green; $1.75. "Among primitive peoples the essential part of As a pioneer in its field this study of the mu- religion is not belief but practice. One must be seum, its site and its architectural plan, its needs, careful to do the things that are pleasing to the its management, the preparation and care of its gods. They are supposed to be pleased not with collections, and kindred matters, is a notewor- what men think of them, but by the service that thy book. The author has spent several years in is rendered them. The emphasis in early re- visiting and examining the chief museums of this ligions is quite different from that in the so- country and of seven European countries, and called positive religions." her advice on the practical questions presented As we read this book, therefore, we see a is therefore worthy of a respectful hearing. number of religious philosophies spread out be- Among other wise counsels she urges economy of One can take one's choice. In con- space in the architectural plan of a museum. The cluding his chapter on Christianity, the author grand staircase, which in a European museum is tells us that he prefers his own particular choice, often a reminder of the original palatial charac- and that he thinks it would be better if all men ter of the building, of its having been erected were of his opinion. But if men persist in in the first place to house royalty or nobility, disagreeing, it can, in the last analysis, only be has no useful or appropriate place in a modest because tastes differ; perhaps with the advance- museum planned for the preservation and exhibi- ment of public education tastes will be brought tion of a growing collection of art objects, nat- into closer harmony. But this is all that can ural-history specimens, or other products of be said so long as it is generally believed that genius or skill, industry or research. On the a religion is merely a system of metaphysical prop- topic of wall-coverings the writer well character- ositions, unanimously admitted as true by all izes the too-prevalent burlap somewhat the believers in that particular religion, and suggestive of potato sacks. Miscellaneously com- rejected as false with equal unanimity by prehensive museums, such as the South Ken- others, and as to the truth or falsity of which, sington and the Metropolitan, she pronounces argument is impossible. “monstrosities” and advises instead a number of As a matter of fact, we are told to-day that smaller specialized collections "dotted about in concepts are but tools, and that philosophical the different quarters of the city.' But there is systems are generally ex post facto justifications fore us. as 1918] 75 THE DIAL > of what we are doing-or at best rationalizations feasibility, but because many do raise a question of it. A society organized in a certain way, and of policy, it may be pertinent to say that the gains pursuing certain aims, may find the metaphys- in property values and the greater security of life ical statement of one religion useful, and another from an improved sanitation, to say nothing of prefer a different one. Thus these differences of bettered recreational , transportation, and civic metaphysics reduce to differences of social envi- facilities, make town-planning decidedly worth ronment: a history of religious thought should while from most or all angles from which it may be the story of the repercussions of society and be considered. metaphysics upon one another. This volume concerns itself with such aspects But our author does not realize this. For of town-planning as the organization and example, in the chapter on the Hebrew religion, improvement of housing, parks and playgrounds, he speaks of the development which that religion streets and roads, town forests, social life, public underwent at the time of the prophets; he is health, and transportation. health, and transportation. The book itself is apparently oblivious of the fact that at just that an outgrowth of the research of the Walpole time the Hebrew people were engaged in a life- (Mass.) Town Planning Committee, which got and-death struggle for their national existence. together for their own guidance the source mate- In agony and bloody sweat, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Eze- rials here published. Parts two and three of kiel, and the others hammered out a conception the volume consist of detailed plans for the work- of God and the world, which they induced their ing over of Walpole and descriptions of the countrymen to accept and which enabled this publicity methods employed to arouse popular people to survive when another would have gone interest in the project. The inclusion of this into oblivion. To speak of this conception as practical matter renders the book all the more "purer" or "higher" is meaningless; it was more useful as a guide to other communities seeking useful on that particular occasion. In so far as to rebuild themselves in a scientific and eco- all races of men are generally in a position some- nomical manner. what analogous to that of the Hebrews in the sixth century B. C., this conception will be use- ANTHOLOGY OF SWEDISH LYRICS. Trans- ful to them all—though of course another may lated by Charles Wharton Stork. The be still more useful. If religious beliefs were American Scandinavian Foundation ; $1.50. thus shown in the environment in which they There is something reminiscent of the textbook were born, we might come to see that belief is in the bird's-eye view of Swedish poetic literature not so important a part of religion as practice, shown forth in this volume. It boasts not merely after all, though of course it may determine ac- notes on pronunciation, textual and biographical tion. If studies were made along this line-if notes, but an introductory sketch as well. From religions were watched working in their social this one gathers that the lyric poetry of Sweden environment—we might eventually arrive at an “is inferior to none" in quality, “and in richness answer to the perennial question of what religion it is not far behind the best of any nation during is. To this, the most fundamental of all ques- a similar period of time," that is, from the mid- tions in the study of comparative religions, the eighteenth century to the present. Free compari- author gives no answer: we lay his book down sons are drawn between the poets represented no better able to answer it than we were before, and Burns, Arnold, Heine, Rossetti, and Goethe. nor could we recognize a new religion, if we saw One turns to examples of their emphasized excel- it, without a label. lences with an eagerness not unnaturally tem- pered by fear. Town PLANNING FOR SMALL COMMUNI- The compiler and translator does not transmit TIES. Edited by Charles S. Bird, Jr. Apple- his enthusiasm in the verse which he presents. ton; $2. The distinctions which shine out so clearly to him between the work of the Horatian Bellman and Civic beauty has come to be almost as much a popular demand as that for civic efficiency. the realist Fröding are less apparent to one who depends on the anthology for his appreciation of Indeed, the two are not infrequently comple- them. One receives less a definite impression of mentary motives. But hitherto the smaller cities the change and development of Swedish poetry, and the semi-rural communities have been sadly as suggested by the introduction, than of certain neglected in matters both of efficiency and of things which the lyrists of Sweden continuously beauty. This little volume is a practical pre- celebrate. The awful majesty and bright loveli- sentation of the reasons for, and the methods of ness of the forests and the fields, a cherishing of securing, planned cities and towns. the name of Sweden, recurrence to her martial communities have already embarked upon schemes history as well as to dim, mythical legend, these for physical reorganization that it would seem inform the lyrics of both the older and the more scarcely necessary to raise the question of recent poets. Whether the naïve sentimentality So many 76 [January 17 THE DIAL and morality which prevail are due to the man- His genius is ascribed to his intuition, not to his ner of translation or to the poems themselves, it knowledge of the science of war. is difficult to say. Inversion and frequent dac- Mr. Coolidge presents an informing and, on tyls combine to detract from that intensity which the whole, judicial account of Grant's presi- is the essence of lyrism. The variance between dency. The student of our history knows that the significance of the poetry presented and that this is no easy task. Under the burden of delicate which its translator believes to attach to the an- foreign questions and the unexampled problems thology weakens the effect of the interesting of reconstruction, Grant's habit of following his poems it contains. own counsel led him, in the absence of political experience, into numerous difficulties. The THE LIFE OF ULYSSES S. GRANT. By Ву author brings him out of the several scandals Louis A. Coolidge. Houghton Mimin; $2. involving subordinates in the administration Of those personalities emerging from the Civil without personal stain. It is admitted that Grant War with distinction, Ulysses S. Grant, next to erred in overdevotion to his friends, in a too rig- Abraham Lincoln, commands the largest share orous enforcement of the law in the South, in of our interest. But for the monumental achieve- his disposition to interfere unduly with the ment of the “Personal Memoirs," we should proper function of Congress, and in his failure doubtless have had, by this time, a greater num- to say "good-bye" to politics when he left the ber of serious attempts to represent him through White House. White House. Per contra, the biographer gives the medium of biographical writing. The vol- the reader a fair and interesting presentation of ume just added to the "American Statesmen the achievements of Grant's presidency. The Series" is written by Mr. Louis A. Coolidge, and more notable of these achievements, in which differs in general from the other volumes of the Grant's own statesmanship shares a highly hon- series in being less academic in style. Not only orable part, are the handling of the Virginius is the book highly readable, but it fills the need affair, the introduction of civil-service reform, of a biography giving an adequate proportion of the establishment of a basis of sound finance, and attention to the eight years of Grant's presidency. the arbitration of the Alabama Claims. The After a rapid survey of the early life and educa- author quotes Grant's "dream” of a world court tion of Grant, the writer engages attention upon for the adjudication of international problems. those military operations in the Mississippi Val- One of the best features of this excellent biog- ley culminating in the brilliant coup de maître raphy is the liberal quotation from Grant's let- at Vicksburg. The credit for this determining ters and state papers, written in that simple and blow against the rebellion in the West is given, forceful style which proceeded from his integrity on the authority of General Sherman, exclusively and strength of character, and was prophetic of to Grant. The chapter on the campaign against the remarkable literary performance with which Chattanooga shows Mr. Coolidge at his best in he closed his great career. the ability to unite picturesqueness with due restraint in narration. It concludes with the THE LIFE AND WORK OF GEORGE SYL- interesting judgment that the three days' fight VESTER Morris: A Chapter in the His- at Chattanooga was "the most completely planned tory of American Thought in the Nineteenth of all his battles, a feat unmarred in its perfec- Century. By R. M. Wenley. Macmillan. tion and as a spectacle unequalled in the history Professor G. S. Morris is known to students of war." as the learned translator of Ueberweg's “History The "Clinch with Lee" constitutes the heart of Philosophy," and editor of Grigg's "Philo- of what remains of the military history. The sophical Classics.” That is to say, his published interest deepens at this point because of the writings are such as to suggest the suspicion unpromising situation in the East when Grant that the erudition is an outer garment, and that took that situation in hand. That he approached the real personality of the man expressed itself his new problem with the silence and tenacity in his life rather than in his books. The present with which he conducted his western campaigns study of his "life and work” is thus peculiarly was to be expected. The feverish state of North- welcome, as introducing us to the real Morris, ern opinion, with its criticism and discourage- of whom most of us had caught only occasional ment, is forcefully described. The North was and doubtful glimpses. impatient for the capture of Richmond; Grant, For his is a personality worth knowing. Typ- on the other hand, wanted Lee's army. The ical, in a way, for the age in which he lived, his North was anxious for a swift conclusion of the spiritual development enables us to span the struggle; Grant saw from the beginning that bridge which separates the present from the gen- the question of endurance was involved. His eration which has just passed away. Brought power of offensive was his military distinction. up in the intensely religious atmosphere of New 1918) 77 THE DIAL a is no England, he is representative of the transition accepts as simplicities, or simplicities in his from a ready-made, traditional creed to that nuances, which she cannot even express to him. reasonable faith which is the outcome of whole- In short, they are profoundly unlike, and their hearted devotion to sincerity and truth. Devel- love, though deep, is too delicate to stand the oping though it does on the soil of New England test of their racial antagonisms. He wishes traditions, his philosophical position and final to find in their marriage the beauty of the ad- spiritual home is with Green, the Cairds, and venturous; to her, their marriage has never been other British idealists—with the thinkers who marriage in the French moral and social accepta- enlarged the rivulet of empirical thought which tion of the term, but her idea of the proprieties trickles down through Locke, Hume, and Mill, requires her to put up with what she dislikes so as to make room for the wider and deeper until she is offended by Cushing's imaginary in- rivers which form the main stream of European fidelity. philosophy, the work of Kant and Hegel. After losing him, however, she becomes sud- It is impossible to read the book—and it is denly sensible of fresh nuances; she has found very readable—without feeling that Professor Cushing's points of view contagious and his re- Wenley is peculiarly fitted to be its author. It finement of attitude and imagination unforget- is not only the fine qualities of style and ripe table. She fears the uncertainty of her control knowledge of men—these one would expect from over Irish and longs to return to the restrictive a writer of Professor Wenley's reputation—but and conventional, so she returns to France. the remarkable personal sympathy with every There she feels a rebirth of love for her country, phase of spiritual experience through which Mor- and she attempts to content herself again with ris passes, which especially impresses the reader. the significance of the perfunctory. But she Rare glimpses of the biographer's own personal- finds her relatives narrow, their conversation ity reveal a kindred spirit, who not only appre- confined to localisms, their social rules rigid, ciates, but is one with his subject, because he has their capacity to feel, limited. In short, her own himself passed through the fire. This personal imagination has expanded; she has insurgent penetration is dominant, and produces a living rushes of feeling, impulses of rebellion, that lead artistic unity rare in literature; so that the book her back in thought to the early days of her mere biographical study, but a living marriage with Cushing. drama, a true Odyssey of the spirit. Then Cushing himself yields to an impulse to disregard the formal codes, to which Anne- Marie is clinging so fiercely. He goes to see NOTES ON NEW FICTION her, and before the interview is over, she realizes what this idealist in sentiment means to her. “Every race," writes M. Gustave le Bon, She gives up what has always seemed most im- "possesses a mental constitution as determined as portant to her: her personal dignity, the sense its anatomical constitution.” The clash of tem- of expediency; and consents to marry the man peraments and traditions when two races are who had been her husband. brought together in marriage has been the theme Thus the author formulates the "impasse" of of many a novelist: Henry James, Edith Whar- this couple for us, a formulation compact and ton, Pierre de Coulevain, and—George Barr veracious. She puts before us the significant McCutcheon. These international novels vary episodes in their life together and shows us into in treatment from the psychological analyses of what spiritual changes these contacts grow. She a genius to chauvinistic pictures of conquering, never fumbles in handling the various episodes athletic heroes. The latest venture in this field, —all are rich in details; but the details always “Mr. Cushing and Mlle. du Chastel,” by Fran- contribute finally to the theme. (Lane; $1.40.) ces Rumsey, is worthy of respect and thoughtful perusal. It is a study of the reaction to each In "The Tortoise" (Doran; $1.50), a de- other of the French and American types. lightful tale of English village life, Mr. E. F. Paul Cushing marries Mlle. du Chastel. Af- Benson displays again his peculiarly feminine out- look to great advantage. We have nothing in ter two years she suspects him of infidelity and leaves him; they are divorced; she becomes the our tiled apartment buildings, nor in Greenwich mistress of Arthur Irish, an art collector; he village, nor in all our beanstalk cities, to ap- tires of her; she leaves him free; Cushing seeks proximate it, this stratified conventionality of her and persuades her to return to him. The the landed gentry. Tragedies we may offer, and plot, however, is the least of the story. Cush- pathos, but not these pinched and wistful groups ing is an idealist who trusts to his feelings for of utter correctness. It is not a sad book; it guidance. With Mlle. du Chastel, on the other is hilarious—and pathetic. hand, all is calculated-every gesture, word, Who but Sir Arthur Conan Doyle could have act. She is forever seeing nuances in what he devised the crushing blow for the German gov- 78 [January 17 THE DIAL man. a ernment revealed in “His Last Bow" (Doran; from comic, and leaves William's fall into the $1.35) ? No pains are spared by the crafty von arms of the heiress as a note of bathos rather Bork to play havoc with the plans of England; than of comedy. The book ends with the amorous but Sherlock Holmes appears, like a bad fairy, Penelope seeing her hero in khaki off for the to punish his Prussian pride. The other stories wars—a note that is utterly false in such a in the book are characteristic of our old friend comedy as the story began to be. This shift in Holmes, but have been successfully developed emotional tone betrays an unexpected inexpert- without the aid of the needle. ness in Mr. O'Sullivan. And this sense of in- Joseph C. Lincoln's style and his Cape Cod security one feels in him is reënforced by a folk are too well known to need introduction. sententiousness of comment which now and then We have, in "Extricating Obadiah" (Appleton; cuts across the comedy. “Sentiment" seems like $1.50), a simple sea cook much at the mercy of the work of a talented but not assured crafts- designing, unscrupulous landsmen; a shrewd old sea captain, who comes to his rescue and more "The Secret Witness," by George Gibbs than spoils the game for the confidence men; the (Appleton; $1.50), and "The Green Tree Mys- step-daughter of the chief villain; her lover, tery," by Roman Doubleday (Appleton; $1.40), much troubled by the villain's machinations; and are sops to the public that loves a mystery. a good housekeeper, who eventually tests the sus- "The Secret Witness" is political. A supposed ceptibility of the captain. The story moves for- plot of Germany's against Austria, a plot which ward at a leisurely gait and is full of the humor the latter thwarts by the famous assassination at that we associate with Mr. Lincoln. Sarajevo, affords an Englishman and an Austrian In "The Unholy Three" (Lane; $1.40) C. A. countess whom he loves, all the agonies of separa- Robbins gives us the history of a dwarf, a giant, tion caused by difference of political views. "The and a witless fellow who escape from a circus Green Tree Mystery" is a story of murder, sus- and go forth to spread terror of themselves in picion, and suspense. Its interest is largely due the world. They commit various gruesome mur- to the skill with which the author keeps the ders and always escape by means of clever dis- reader guessing as to the outcome. guises, the dwarf being dressed as a baby and If romance be taken as a synonym for un- the witless one as a woman. For one of the reality, then “Fishpingle," by Horace Annesley murders, an innocent by-stander is arrested. He Vachell (Doran; $1.35), is a veritable master- rather enjoys the experience until he realizes that piece of romanticism. We have come to the his life is in danger, for the notoriety enables conclusion that publishers and reviewers must him to sell the murder and mystery stories he frequently adopt this meaning of the word; has been trying to sell in vain. The book is The book is perhaps their readers accept it as a recommenda- rather better than this short résumé of it would tion. All that can be seriously commended in indicate, for the tale is told in a fantastic, charm- "Fishpingle," however, besides the title, is the ing style. attempt, rather half-hearted, to discuss in fic- Mr. Vincent O'Sullivan is one of those tional terms the problem of the passing of Eng- American novelists who return to their country- land's landed gentry. Beyond that, it is simply men with a letter of introduction from English a conventionally cheerful story of the variety critics. If he had come with only "Sentiment" termed pleasant. (Small, Maynard ; $1.50) as a visiting-card, we In "My Wife," by Edward Burke (Dutton; should have to express a slight disappointment. $1.50), a husband tells us about his wife—what The book has all the materials of charming a deceitful, wilful, untidy person she is. The comedy; his style has a light and yet assured point of the humor lies in his unwitting disclosure touch; his manner is ingratiating. But just of his own conceit, crudities, and faults. The what is he trying to do? The situation is comic love story is supplied by the affairs of his son enough: the matter-of-fact young William, and daughter. Here the father through stub- brought down by his aunt to the country from bornness and muddle-headedness both hinders and his hated London job to woo the plump and helps the wistful lovers. innocent heiress his aunt has selected for him; "Paradise Auction," by Nalbro Bartley (Small, his posing as a poet in order to defeat a lawyer Maynard; $1.50), is a garrulous tale that is rival; the coming of the wilful young woman chiefly occupied with a description of the disas- to whom William has engaged himself in Lon- trous effect of falling in love with the right per- don; William's alarm, and his aunt's impatience. son after one has already fallen in love with The author, however, before the story is finished, and married the wrong one. It is a rather futile deserts his opportunity for farce, to draw this and exhausted subject, handled in a manner that neurotic fiancée in rather deep and telling strokes. is skilful, though lamentably typical of modern Her intrigue with the rival assumes a tone far magazine fiction. 1918] 79 THE DIAL > CASUAL COMMENT so perverse as to wish still to live under so archaic and feudal a governmental system. He WHY DO NOT STATESMEN ABANDON THE HABIT expressed a wish rather than a war-aim. But of giving speeches and devote themselves entirely he did make clear what he was doing. Most to talking in the sign-language? This query is editorial writers spend all their time expressing prompted by the kind of editorial interpretation wishes and little else, only they don't make clear which everywhere greeted Lloyd George's defi- what they are doing. Again we ask, why do not nition of Allied war-aims, delivered before the statesmen talk in the sign-language? Then congress of English trade unions. Whatever else perhaps our publicists could understand them. . may be said of this speech, it was certainly the clearest and most explicit utterance which had yet come from any responsible political leader, Ir is, ONE BELIEVES, MR. PERCY MACKAYE until President Wilson's moving and strikingly who has made the greatest noise about the possi- straightforward announcement, less than four ble rôle of the pageant in our national life. He days later, of the objects for which we are fight- has written many, and the name of one, "Caliban on the Golden Sands," has been conspicuous on ing. Its temper was admirably calm and judicial. The old hysterical pugnacity about a "knock-out" the hoardings. All his pageantry has been pic- and a swaggering Prussia, the ancient vague torial. Some of it has attained the dramatic; phrases about "crushing Prussian militarism,” but none of it has been intelligible. When one the early boastfulness and threats-all seemed says intelligible, one means on the stage, during sublimated into a balanced, sane, intelligent production, not by the fireside, in a book. Mr. address. Nothing could be more obvious than Mackaye seems to be eye-minded, and to think in that Lloyd George felt deeply the responsibility terms of print. He is a poet of tender conceits for continuing the war—"even for a single day" and pretty fancies, but a poet too lettered, allu- —and that he was determined to justify what he sive, and dressed-up for the necessarily broad and still believes its necessary continuance, not only sweeping simplicities of the chronicle stage. by general principles, but by concrete application These reflections come to one who looks over of these principles to the actual war-map of the Mr. Thomas Woods Stevens's “The Drawing world. On the whole, his effort was successful, of the Sword.” Mr. Stevens makes a direct, and it is safe to assert that no speech of any specific, and unmistakable symbolization of the nations and causes involved in the war. His text Entente statesman had hitherto surpassed it in importance. Yet how was the speech in fact is straightforward almost to baldness, but it has received ? Evidently, according to the individual a masculine marching rhythm, and its meaning predilection and caprice of the editor comment- is beyond doubt. No wonder great audiences ing upon it. For example, nothing could be rose to it, again and again, miners in West Vir- more definite or emphatic than Lloyd George's ginia no less than mine-owners in New York. contention that the principle which is to govern all territorial settlements after the war must be THE COMPLACENT ASSUMPTION THAT WIL- that of "self-determination," or, as the Anglo- LIAM BLAKE was incapable of portraiture must Saxon phrase goes, "consent of the governed." now give way. In “Arts and Decoration” for Apply this principle to the difficult and delicate this month Mr. J. E. Robinson makes public the question of Alsace-Lorraine. Does it mean the presence in this country of an important Blake “restoration" of Alsace-Lorraine? Yes-pro- collection consisting of portraits in fresco and vided the peoples of that unhappy province them- water color, original manuscripts, drawings, and selves wish for it. In other words, it means a books, none of which is mentioned in any of plebiscite, or else words mean nothing at all in the biographies.” The collection, which once statesmen's speeches. Even when Lloyd George belonged to Sir Henry Irving, is now in the comes specifically to the question, he is extraor- possession of Dr. John W. Bartlett, President of dinarily careful not to use the word “restoration." the American Institute of New York. The half He employs the milder term “reconsideration.” hundred portraits are chiefly of men of letters Nevertheless most editors jumped at and include Chaucer, Bacon, Shakespeare, Jon- to the conclusion that England had son, Milton, Dryden, Pope, Goldsmith, Sheri- mitted herself to "restore" Alsace-Lorraine to dan, Byron, Burns, Keats, Shelley, Leigh Hunt, France, whatever the people peoples of of Alsace- Lamb, Franklin, and many others. The Keats, Lorraine might themselves have to say which is among those reproduced in “Arts and the subject. On other points, equally wilful Decoration," is striking for a certain refreshing blindness was displayed. Lloyd George did not vigor in the features. The question as to pretend that he loved the German constitu- whether the manuscripts will prove as important tion. Neither did he pretend that England must wait upon their publication. There is a would fight to change it, if the Germans were fifteen page folio in verse, “Theodicy"; a seven 6 once com- on 80 [January 17 THE DIAL page folio in verse, “America”; poems on a num- the strange unreality of peace, the hundreds of ber of persons; a 1767 “Handmaid to the Arts,” thousands who do return from the grinding battle with manuscript poems on the fly leaves; etc. physically whole will be broken in will and spirit. It is almost incredible that this rich collection Other competent observers maintain that after should so long have escaped the eye of modern the war something like anarchy or at least polit- publicity. Mr. Robinson thinks the nucleus of the ical violence will spread slowly over the Con- hidden treasure may have been a collection formed tinent and perhaps embrace the British Isles. by the elder D'Israeli and mentioned by Dibden Yet nearly everyone agrees that the great tradi- in 1824. The D'Israeli collection is not noted tions of Western civilization—what we know as in Gilchrist's “Life of William Blake," the the unbroken heritage of art and science and manuscript of which was edited by D. G. Rossetti literature—will for a generation be in supine after the author's death in 1861. It happens hands. Lassitude and fatigue, relief from strain, that the Bartlett collection contains a letter from will smother the creative impulses that are al- Rossetti which discloses the fact that in 1856 he ways, in the end, the outgrowth of a gracious was buying “wonderful drawings and manu- and liberal and economically unworried environ- scripts portraits and poems" by Blake, ment. For many years after the declaration of and also an agreement to sell them, dated peace the artists of Europe must call upon a the same year. If we assume that Benjamin Muse of somewhat grim visage. Art is not a D'Israeli inherited his father's collection in 1848, flower of impoverishment, any more than phi- that it passed to his friend Rossetti in 1856, and losophy or verse. And the task of carrying on that Rossetti disposed of it before revising Gil- those achievements and purposes in the more christ's book, we can understand for what reason gracious traditions of Western civilization may Rossetti may have avoided mentioning it five inevitably fall upon us. The cluster of activities years afterward. But such an explanation which we call art may have to rely upon America only makes the case more extraordinary: a col- for the necessary vitality to continue it unbroken lection of portraits of literary men, done by a through Europe's barren years. It is a responsi- prominent poet, passes from an author to his bility of which our artists and our writers are son, who is a popular novelist and a cabinet hardly yet aware, although a responsibility which minister shortly to be premier; thence to one of ultimately they cannot shirk. the most brilliant poets and painters of the day; thence, after an interval, to the most famous actor of his day; and finally crosses the Atlantic IF William JAMES HAD LIVED, January 11, -but receives no public mention between the 1918, would have been his seventy-sixth birthday. years 1824 and 1918! Almost the last thing he wrote before he died was “The Moral Equivalent for War." In these days of opposed madnesses, of the mad- WOULD ANY SINCERE LOVER OF PEACE DERIVE ness of militarism over-shouting the madness of JoY from pointing out the fortunate by-products pacificism, it is worth while, as we recall the of war? Assuredly not. This is the type of philosopher's nativity, to recur to the sanity of casuistry so congenial to the apologists for mili- tarism-one legitimately suspects the historian that essay for strength and vision. It takes the who attributes all the verve and splendor of mind from the secondary passions and interests Elizabethan literature to the defeat of the of controversy, to their original source in the Armada or who makes the Peloponnesian war nature of man. It defers to that nature in its synonymous with the glory of Athenian civiliza- wholeness; reverently, as is the manner of Wil- tion, forgetting, of course, that it was precisely liam James. It regards its assumptions and its this war and no other which destroyed that civi- repressions, and withal it finds that the adven- lization. It is usually from the intellectual ture of making the world a better place to live brothers of Bernhardi that one hears of "the in affords all the needed satisfactions, and more, canker of a long peace.” Certainly no recog- to the “military” instinct and the aboriginal nized thinker today would urge a war merely for blood-lust whose gratification motivates so much the sake of its spiritual by-products. No honest that is war. We in America, under the guid- realist would attempt to balance gains and losses ance of the President, are set to look forward and call them equal. Of France alone, can one to the incarnation of the ideals of liberty, jus- bear to think of the human potentialities gathered tice, and democracy whose danger has led us to so prematurely to the earth, whose beauties might take arms. In this latter of the American phi- otherwise have been sung in new accents or re- losopher's works we possess an instrument flected in new forms? Now, the reaction in whereby we may be helped to a realizing vision Europe after the war may take unexpected turns. of both the soil and the root, the flower and the Many believe that when again confronted with fruitage of these things. 1918] 81 THE DIAL BRIEFER MENTION On first noting the title of Richardson Brigham's book, “The Study and Enjoyment of Pictures” For the past forty years Dr. J. H. Kellogg, who (Sully and Kleinteich; $1.25), one is tempted to really made the Battle Creek Sanitarium, has been speculate whether the author makes any malicious answering questions pertaining to health, and in distinction between the study of pictures and the "A Thousand Health Questions Answered” (Good enjoyment of them, but one is reassured and de- Health Publishing Co.), he has published some lighted on opening the book to discover that art answers that he considers of most importance. The is something to be enjoyed. Only too often the book may be considered authoritative, though in dense fog of analysis and theory settles down some regards, such as in the use of tea or coffee, between picture and spectator, embracing the emo- the author is an extremist. Where medication is tions and the intellect like a strange malady. The needed, he asks his readers to consult their author, seeking to make an abridged statement of physicians. artistic principles, wisely searches at once for the If the versatile Mr. Dole may be said to have a milk in the cocoanut: “The merit of a picture lies, vocation as distinguished from his many literary in general, not so much in what it represents as avocations, it might not unfairly be considered to in how it is painted. As a basic quality in Art concern itself with Tolstoy and his works. Years simplicity may be named.” "With simplicity as a ago he distinguished himself as a pioneer in this fundamental must be closely associated Beauty." country in the translation and popularization of Browsing still further through the book, one Tolstoy's writings, and now he has written "The encounters a wise quotation from Innes: “A work Life of Lyof N. Tolstoi" (Crowell; $1). No of art does not appeal to the intellect. It does not fresh discoveries or hitherto unknown facts are appeal to the moral sense. Its aim is not to instruct, claimed for this retelling of the familiar story; not to edify, but to awaken an emotion. Its real its merit lies in its sympathetic understanding, its greatness consists in the quality of this emotion." compactness, and, in all essentials, its completeness. To emphasize further the fact that literature and After Mr. Aylmer Maude's two ample volumes of painting are something to be enjoyed, the author a few years ago we seek rather condensation than refuses to interpret works of art or literature for amplification in any subsequent biography for anyone else, which is a noble resolve. However, the general reading and handy reference. This 467- author has evidently made up her mind about page book meets the requirements and also Futurism and Post-Impressionism, for she consigns notably in sympathy with the views and teachings them to limbo. There are chapters on composition, of its subject. Mr. Dole's anti-militarism is as on the relation of poetry to painting, and on what pronounced as Tolstoy's, and in liberality of creed pictures to see in America and Europe. he is not unworthy to act as literary portrait-painter The function of chemistry in the development to the author of “Reason and Religion." of the civilization of to-day, as well as in its Not yet has the history of General Botha's cam- appalling destruction, is made plain for the non- paign in German West Africa become so familiar technical reader, if he be diligent and thoughtful, in as to render uninteresting such details of army Ellwood Hendrick's “Everyman's Chemistry" (Har- experience as are given in Dr. H. F. B. Walker's per; $2.). At least Mr. Hendrick attempts the "A Doctor's Diary in Damaraiand" (Longmans, seemingly impossible task of its presentation for ” Green; $2.10). Six months of hardship in his the man in the street. He may not succeed in struggle to follow up his brigade with his hospital making wholly lucid many of the obscure phases of unit are vividly described in these notes of minor ions and valencies, asters and ethers, and the other events which are none the less significant because more formidable features of the jargon of the of their comparative unimportance. A side-light on laboratory, but he lures the reader on from soap the vexed question of dumdum bullets is thrown by to candles and from bees to "deresinified Pontianak the remark of a German officer who "was shot and rubber” or, to be bald about it, cheap chewing- captured. The first thing he said, when taken, was, gum. In fact the industrial profiteers of crude 'Was I shot with one of our rifles or one of yours?' stuffs must feel somewhat abashed to find their On being told he was shot with a German rifle, ways so fully explained as they are by our chemical he replied, 'I am done for, then.'” And the writer reporter. One should use this book as a guide to continues: “One thing I have certainly noticed with the industrial advertising pages of our magazine regard to the Mauser bullets is that, if they meet press. There is much of the whimsical interlarded with resistance, such as buttons or bones, they are with formulæ and reactions. It shocks the scientific very easily stripped of their nickel casing, and the mind to find the Brownian movements served up lead, spreading or breaking up, makes a very large in lilting doggerel and the Periodic Law "put into wound; sometimes, indeed, there are several exit Irish.” Indeed, ere one has finished the book, as wounds.” The “Hun" of West Africa is pictured he is tempted to do before putting it down, he as true to type. He has a very elastic conscience, we has a strong suspicion that the author is no mere are told, and “is soldier to-day, Red Cross man chemist, but a journalistic bull that has broken to-morrow, civilian and spy combined the next, loose in the reagent room. One reads with interest whichever serves his purpose best. On more than of the magnanimous action of one chemical inven- one occasion I have been asked to release German tor, Frederick G. Cottrell, whose income-producing wounded because they were 'civilians.'” A reading chemical patents now support the Research Corpora- of the book does not leave one impressed with the tion, while their author lives on a modest govern- desirability of restoring Germany's African colonies ment salary. He learns also of the wonderful to her after the war. progress made in this country, since the war, in the 9) > 82 (January 17 THE DIAL these pages. ) dye industry, with all its infinite ramifications in Trees," and general paragraphs on tree and flower drugs; explosives, and photographic chemicals. The families contain elementary information of value. butcher, baker, and candlestick-maker, and all Both volumes are attractively illustrated in color their patrons, can find much to interest, much to and are of a convenient size to carry about for learn, and not a little to reread with care in purposes of identification. Alfred M. Hitchcock found Japan a land of With a fine feeling for artistic detail and setting unfailing and ever-fresh interest; hence “Over Sir Thomas Graham Jackson, the well-known Japan Way” (Holt; $2.) is free from the ennui English architect, presents his short book of recol- of the way-worn traveller and the author's quick lections of Italian travel, “A Holiday in Umbria" eye catches many points of interest which have lost (Holt; $3.). Less than a dozen cities of north- their charm to the expert in Japanese matters. eastern Italy comprise the list, but each castle, His book is therefore an excellent introduction to each doorway of artistic importance, brings with it Japan as it is to-day, in the process of rapid com- a mass of rich historical detail. And to present to mercialization and industrial transformation. He the reader in the midst of this development, extracts presents an occidental interpretation of this part from the famous "Cortegiano of Castiglione,” which of the Orient, sympathetic and critical without Dr. Johnson called "the best book that was ever being either rapturous or caustic. The main points written on good breeding," is to present him in of interest to the tourist are touched upon and person at that delightful court of Urbino in the not a few of the less frequented paths of travel fifteenth century. The author's contribution to the are followed. For a quick introduction to the life literature of travel is a valuable one. of Japan it is satisfactory and reliable as well as Thomas F. Millard has recently published the entertaining, a welcome relief from the indis- third of his volumes on the Far East. The present pensable but verbose Terry and the damascened one, “Our Eastern Question” (Century), possesses minutive of the official imitations of Baedeker with the desirable qualities of the earlier works, the which the enterprise of Japan is providing the voluminous appendixes made up of state papers Far East. and other documents, the gathering up of interest- The woman with the hoe is not so common a ing bits of information, and the generally readable sight in America as in Europe; but the trend of presentation. But it also contains all the old events is fast habituating us to the spectacle of faults, and to a higher degree. The work is women engaged in what hitherto has been regarded frankly “a journalistic summary rather than a by us as men's work, and if the work is strength- literary production," and the author might well ening and health-giving, there will be cause for have said, “rather than a sober, well-reasoned, and felicitation rather than for regret at this latest well-balanced production.” The great bulk of the industrial development. England has, naturally work is devoted to a scathing indictment of the enough, gone ahead of us in discovering fresh fields conduct and of the policies of Japan. In this part of usefulness for women, and Canada, with a new of the work, as another reviewer has said, "he is country's freedom from restraining conventions, has vindictive when he should be impartial; vitupera- led the way for the parent land. Viscountess tive where he should be expository; condemnatory Wolseley, founder and head of the College of to the exclusion of all mitigating facts or qualify- Gardening at Glynde, depicts attractively and hope- ing circumstances.” In addition, Mr. Millard fully in "In a College Garden” (Scribner; $2.25) makes a plea for the enforcement by the United the agricultural possibilities open to young women States of the so-called “Hay Doctrine." In this in quest of a vocation. An experience of twelve argument he proceeds from false premises to years or more in teaching the more ladylike generally erroneous conclusions. The "Hay branches, if one may so express it, of farming has Doctrine" so casually cited by Mr. Millard will qualified her to speak with authority upon what have to be defined by the student of international may and what may not be profitably and properly law and diplomacy rather than by the journalist. undertaken by women in the tillage of the soil For one who is fairly well informed concerning what has happened in the Far East in the past and the marketing of crops. Also, glimpses are afforded of woman's work and woman's capabilities few years Mr. Millard's work is of little value, and in other directions. for one who is not in a position to check up his statements and his inferences it may prove a source “In the Claws of the German Eagle," by Albert of much misinformation. Rhys Williams (Dutton; $1.50), the war corre- Two interesting volumes of the "Worth Know- spondent for the "Outlook," last year met with ing Series" are “Trees Worth Knowing,” by Julia a favorable reception in its serial form. Accounts E. Rogers, and “Wild Flowers Worth Knowing," of frightfulness might have added to the attractive- adapted from Neltje Blanchan's works by Asa Don ness of his story for those who enjoy shuddering, Dickinson (Doubleday, Page; $1.60 each). To but Mr. Williams finds himself unable, as an eye- nature students, the names of Julia E. Rogers and witness, to record any such atrocities, and so very Neltje Blanchan are well known, for they have wisely leaves them for others to write down. Yet written, in large and small volumes, of trees and it is no flattering picture he paints of German flowers. "Trees Worth Knowing," for example, conduct in Belgium, and without the prompt and is a compromise between the author's comprehen- energetic intervention of Ambassador Whitlock sive “Tree Book" and her small “Tree Guide,” he himself might have fallen a victim to Teutonic recently published. An essay, "The Life of the severity. > 1918] 83 THE DIAL to our 9) NOTES AND NEWS League and each member of Parliament has re- ceived a copy. “England's Debt to India,” by the Of the contributors to the present issue of THE same author, who is now in this country, was DIAL, the following are somewhat new published last month by B. W. Huebsch. readers: Critical papers by Helen Thomas Follett and Van Wyck Brooks has written several volumes Wilson Follett, some of which have appeared in of critical studies of American literature and was the "Atlantic" and the “Yale Review," have just one of the editors of the “Seven Arts." He has been published by Henry Holt & Co. under the recently become a contributing editor on the staff title “Some Modern Novelists." Henry James and of The DIAL. DeMorgan, it appears, are already “Novelists of Jean Muriel Batchelor, who writes under the Yesterday” with Gissing, Hardy, and Meredith. name of "J. M. Batchelor," is a graduate of Bryn The "Novelists of Today" include Howells, Phill- Mawr. She has published poems in several maga- potts, Wells, Bennett, Galsworthy, Wharton, and zines, but, as she writes us, “The single dollar Conrad. derived from the sale of these being insufficient Longmans, Green & Company's January an- for my needs, I do what is called 'teaching' Eng- nouncements include: “The Life of John Cardinal lish.” She at present “teaches” in Narberth, Penn- McCloskey, First Prince of the Church in America, sylvania. 1810-1885," by His Eminence John Cardinal Far- Hartley B. Alexander is a member of the fac- ley; “Canon Sheehan of Doneraile," by Herman J. ulty of the University of Nebraska. Heuser, D.D.; "Physical Chemistry of the Pro- William Chase Greene, who has recently contrib- teins,” by T. Brailsford Robertson; “The Gate of uted to The DIAL, is an instructor in Greek and Remembrance,” by Frederick Bligh Bond, F.R.I. Latin at the Groton School. He has contributed B.A.; "Visions and Vignettes of War,” by the Rev. to the "North American Review," "The Unpopu- Maurice Ponsonby; "French Windows,” by John lar Review," and other periodicals, since his grad- Ayscough; "The Outer Courts," by M. Agnes Fox. uation from Oxford. January publications from Little, Brown & Com- R. K. Hack is a member of the faculty of Har- pany include: “The Unmarried Mother," by Percy vard University and has contributed recently to Gamble Kammerer, and two novels—“Cabin "The Atlantic Monthly" as well as The DIAL. Fever,” a Western story by B. M. Bower, and Louis Untermeyer is a well known poet and "The Wolf-Cub," a picaresque romance of mod- critic. His home is in New York. ern Spain by Patrick and Terence Casey—as well as a play based on the invasion of Belgium, “Pawns The Century Co. announces the forthcoming pub- of War," by Bosworth Crocker; "A Yankee in the lication of "D'Orcy's Airship Manual," by Ladislas Trenches,” by Corporal R. Derby Holmes, a Bos- D'Orcy, M.S.A.E. tonian who fought alongside the tanks at the The Revell Company has just published “Facing Somme; and “Letters of a Canadian Stretcher the Hindenburg Line," by Burris A. Jenkins, and Bearer," by R. A. L. announces “The New Spirit of the New Army," by The first of "Les Cahiers Brittaniques et Améri- Dr. Joseph H. Odell. cains," paper covered translations from contempo- Norman Prince's letters from France are shortly rary English and American letters, was Sir Herbert to be published by Houghton Mifflin Co. in con- Tree's “The Ultimatum,” which appeared Decem- nection with a memoir by George F. Babbitt, “Nor- ber 15 with the Sargent portrait of Tree and a man Prince: An American Who Died for the poem, "To My Father," by Iris Tree. The series Cause He Loved.” Prince was among the first is published to further an "Entente Cordiale Intel- American aviators to die for France. lectuelle Franco-Anglo-Américaine." Among the Arrangements have been concluded for publica- American authors listed for translation are Henry tion in England of “Militarism,” Karl Liebknecht's James, Edward Carpenter, Bret Harte, O. Henry, , suppressed study of the war. The American pub- Isaac Marcosson, Josiah Royce, Stephen Leacock, lisher, B. W. Huebsch, has now issued the third and Edith Wharton. American friends are urged edition here. to subscribe in order that free copies may be sup- The Marshall Jones Company announces for plied to French soldiers at the front or in hospital. immediate publication an essay by Ralph Adams The annual rate is $3.50; and subscribers, whose Cram entitled “The Nemesis of Mediocrity.” The names will be printed in the “Cahiers," may indi- speeches of the members of the Russian Commis- cate to whom they wish the books sent. Corre- sion have just been published by the same company. spondence should be addressed to the translator and The Thomas Y. Crowell Co. will shortly pub- editor, M. Cecil Georges-Bazile, 8 Rue Bochart- lish a "Dictionary of Military Terms," by Edward de-Saron, Paris. S. Farrow; “The New Warfare,” by G. Blanchon, E. P. Dutton & Co. will shortly issue a novel of translated by Frederick Rothwell; and a revised ancient Roman life, “The Unwilling Vestal,” by edition of "Tuberculosis," by E. O. Otis, to in- Edward Lucas White, author of "El Supremo.” clude material about tuberculosis in the army. Other books which the publishers have ready for Apparently the British and Indian governments publication are Mme. Marcelle Tinayre's "To have lifted their ban on Lajpat Rai's “Young In- Arms!" translated by Miss Lucy Humphrey, with dia”; for Commander Josiah Wedgwood, M.P., an introduction by Dr. John H. Finley, President has written the introduction to an edition just of the University of New York and Commissioner brought out by the London Home Rule for India of Education in New York State; “Songs of a 1 a 84 [January 17 THE DIAL - Mother," written and illustrated by Marietta M. Andrews; and “Great Problems of British States- “AT MCCLURG'S” manship," by J. Ellis Barker, a prospectus of the questions which must be solved when Britain makes It is of interest and importance peace. The four volume authoritative edition of to Librarians to know that the Pinero's plays, edited by Clayton Hamilton, and Montrose J. Moses's selection of early American books reviewed and advertised plays, the publication of which was postponed in in this magazine can be pur- December, are now announced for the middle of chased from us at advantageous January. The latter volume will be the first of a series which Dutton & Co. intend to make include prices by all important American plays which have been Public Libraries, Schools, successfully produced. A prize of fifty dollars is offered for the best Colleges and Universities and most beautiful definition of poetry-in poetry. This contest has been inaugurated by The Poetry- In addition to these books we Lovers of New York City, and is open to all. The have an exceptionally large winning manuscript becomes the property of The stock of the books of all pub- Poetry-Lovers and publication proceeds will be do- nated by them to the work of the Red Cross Am- lishers - a more complete as- bulance in Italy, the country particularly dear to sortment than can be foand on poets and poetry-lovers. The judges will be Edwin the shelves of any other book- Markham, George Woodberry, Florence Wilkin- store in the entire country. We son, Ridgely Torrence, Edith Wynne Mattheson, and Robert Frost. The conditions are as follows: solicit correspondence from The definition is restricted to thirty-five words, librarians anacquainted with all words counted, and may be less than that num- our facilities. ber. Competitors may send in more than one def- LIBRARY DEPARTMENT inition. Manuscripts must be signed by a nom-de- plume only, accompanied by the name, address, and A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago nom-de-plume of the writer in a separate sealed envelope, and must be received before noon of Feb- ruary 28, by The Poetry-Lovers, 122 West 11th Street, New York City. The result of the com- The consummation of a great work petition will be made known on March 28, 1918. From France a friend sends The Dial the fol- lowing list of books concerning the war, all of which are regarded there as having more than ordinary importance. Novels: “Le feu," Bar- Dramatic Works busse (Dutton); “Gaspard,” R. Benjamin; “L'appel du sol," Bertrand; “Bourru, soldat de vanquois, Volume VII. Miscellaneous Dramas Jean des Vignes Rouges; “Le soldat Bernard,” Paul Acher; “L'adjudant Benoist,” M. Prévost; “La CONTENTS: guerre, Madame,” Geraldy (Scribners); “La veillée Commemoration Masque Fragments: des armes,” Marcelle Tinayre (Dutton); “16 his- The Bow of Odysseus 1. Helios toires de soldats,” Claude Farrise; “Celles qui les Elga II. Pastoral attendent," F. Boutet; "L'émbusqué," P. Marguer- $1.50 net itte; “Le sens de la mort," P. Bourget; “Le coeur et l'absence,” L. Daudet; “La vie à Paris une année If you write, act, read or criticise, you | Lavedan; '"Journal d'une Parisienne pendant le de guerre,” Abel Hermant; “Grandes heures," “ need this book guerre,” Baronne Michaud. Documents: “Lettres d'un soldat à sa mère," Anonymous (McClurg); Thomas H. Dickinson's “Ma pièce," Linbier; "Dixmude,” Le Goffie; "Les derniers jours du fort de Vaux,” H. Bordeaux; “Carnets de route de combatants allemands," J. de Dampierre; "L'avant-guerre," L. Daudet. Dis- A survey of the modern movement in cussions of the war: "Enseignements psycholo- the American theatre, featuring the aim, giques de la guerre" and "Premières conséquences scope and experience of pioneers in the de la guerre," G. le Bon; “Les causes profondes de la guerre,” E. Hovelaque; “Les bases d'une various fields. The economic as well as paix durable,” A. Schwan; “La guerre et le the artistic factors are thoroughly con- progrés,” J. Sageret; “Savoir consideration sur la sidered. $1.25 net methode scientifique la guerre et la morale,” Le Dantec; "Les lecons intellectuelles de la guerre,' R. Lotte; “Les trouçons du serpent,” L. Dimier; B. W. HUEBSCH Publisher NEW YORK and “La guerre nouvelle," G. Blanchon. Hauptmann's The Insurgent Theatre THIS MARK ON GOOD BOOKS 1 1918] 85 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS [The following list, containing 93 titles, includes books received by The Dial since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES. Further Nemories. By Lord Redesdale. Illus- trated, 8vo, 307 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50. Wensell Gansfort. Life and Writings. By Edward Waite Miller. Principal works transl