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(LEMCKE & BUECHNER, Agents) New Catalogue of Meritorious Books Now Ready AMERICAN BOOKS OF ALL PUBLISHERS sent to any address, here or abroad DIRECT IMPORTATION FROM ALL ALLIED AND NEUTRAL COUNTRIES LEMCKE & BUECHNER (Established 1848) 30-32 W. 27th Street, New York 88 [January 17, 1918 THE DIAL What Are You Paying For Typewriters Now? I F you are paying more than $49—the price of a brand new Oliver Nine-whatever you pay over that amount is merely the extra cost of selling a typewriter to you. By eliminating such wasteful selling methods, the price of the Oliver Nine has been reduced from $100 to $49, without changing the typewriter in the slightest. Mind you, this $49 Oliver is not second hand, nor rebuilt, but exactly the same Oliver in size, material and workman- ship that formerly sold at $100. This Oliver Nine has a universal keyboard-so any oper- ator may use it-visible writing, wonderful durability, 2000 fewer parts. It is built in our own factories, devoted exclu- sively to the manufacture of Olivers. Additional factories have increased our output over 300 per cent. Over 600,000 Olivers have been sold. Among the users are such large concerns as those listed below. Don't you think that you, too, should take advantage of this new economy in office equipment? You save $51 without the slighest sacrifice. Used machines accepted in exchange at a fair valuation. For proposal to you, similar to that enjoyed by other large users, address The Oliver Typewriter Company, Ass't to the President, Oliver Typewriter Building, Chicago. U. S. Steel Corporation Montgomery Ward & Co. Baldwin Locomotive Works Pennsylvania Railroad Columbia Graphophone Co. Bethlehem Steel Co. National Cloak & Suit Co. New York Edison Co. Cluett, Peabody & Co. National City Bank of N. Y. Hart, Schaffner & Marx American Bridge Co. International Harvester Co. Diamond Match Co. Fore River Shipbuilding Corporation Corn Products Refining Co. Boston Elevated Railways PRESS OF THE BLAKELY-OSWALD PRINTING CO., CHICAGO. THE DIAL a fortnightly Journal of Criticism and Discussion of Literature and The arts And What of Art? When I was in the United States in the tries—are most of them in the war them- early winter of 1914 I was continually selves, those that have not already given being asked how the war was going to their lives. affect art. As if I knew! As if anyone On the day I write this I have seen knew! I soon became weary of this ques- Wyndham Lewis, the leader of the Eng- tion. But as the war bites deeper into our lish Vorticists—one of the groups inspired lives, those who are interested in art as by the new reaction from "representative" a living thing cannot help asking it of art—on his way back to the front. He is - themselves, even if they forbear from now a gunner in Flanders. He told me worrying others with it; and it is worth he wanted to paint a picture of a gun-pit, while to face the question and see whether and he was sure that with his intimate there is anything that can profitably be knowledge of the guns he would produce suggested in answer. something of far more character than the The first thing to note is the fact that no pictures by those artists who draw such analogies from the past are likely to help us. subjects from outside after a casual visit. So far as we can see, the Franco-Prussian Since he has the real artist's gift, as well war made no difference to French art, as the gunner's knowledge, he is probably which just went on as before. And one correct, and I hope he may get the chance. may doubt whether the far more pro- Already in England we have had many longed, world-engulfing wars of Napoleon pictures of the war from Nevinson, a made much greater difference to the art young artist who was something of a of the countries involved, except by reac- Cubist but who, from contact with the tion. The Romantic movement of 1830 moving and terrible reality of war, has in France may well have been the reaction struck out a new style, in which his pre- of youth from a period of drab, following occupation with geometrical forms finds a on a time crowded with glorious life and natural outlet. Modern war-machinery, itself full of the romance of action and of the march of drilled men, the searchlights marvelous events. In England the long and aeroplanes, give him the straight lines peace after Waterloo meant increased and angles formerly wooed rather forci- manufactures and a new wealth which got bly and capriciously from peaceful and the kind of art it wanted, an art reflecting reluctant landscapes. But it is not only comfort and complacency rather than any- the young men, those who have been in thing heroic or inspired. But this war is the actual fighting, men like Nevinson and not like any other war, and we cannot like Eric Kennington (a painter who expect that the years which have irrevoca- promises great things), who have painted bly altered the world for so vast a number at the front. Muirhead Bone, William of its inhabitants will not affect in some Orpen, and now Augustus John are among way all the activities of life. In this war the brilliant painters who have been sent the whole of a country's population, if not on official missions to portray the war for actually engaged, is tried and challenged; Britain or Canada. It is somewhat sur- there is no sitting at ease, a remote and prising, indeed, to find how well the indifferent spectator, as in older days. authorities have chosen, how awake their And the artists of the young generation— advisers have shown themselves to the liv- in England and France at least; I cannot ing forces in English art. speak with knowledge of the other coun- But, after all, pictures of the war won't 94 [January 31 THE DIAL The war of men. in themselves make a new art. a determination to have nothing heroic in may beget images as terribly memorable as subject—an outbreak and a suppression at Goya's “Desastros de la Guerra," and the same time. the deeply flowing currents of art remain Curiously, art seems to have anticipated in their old channel. Artists as a race the atmosphere of war before the war have a faculty for remaining wonderfully itself exploded. I will not prophesy about impervious to external circumstances. Yet the effect of the altered world on the arts; can we relegate this planet-convulsing war I will only say what I hope. That is that to external circumstances? Does it not go art may recover its full freedom. The lat- too deeply into mankind's experience? It est movement in art is of real value, in spite comes to us all—man, woman, and child, of numberless eccentricities, affectations, noncombatants no less than soldiers—as and incongruous applications of a new for- discipline, suffering, sacrifice. We endure mula, because it tends to get away from and hope through it all, but not perhaps surface-imitation, to liberate energy, to till it is over shall we realize either the bring into use a more direct and vibrant extremity of the stress we have borne or means of expression. What it lacks is the tremendous changes it has wrought. adequate content; it tortures itself with It is then that we may expect a difference self-consciousness, obsessed by theories of in mood among those who express, in revolt. It is not human enough. Well, whatever form, the desires and emotions I hope that in the world of new experience after the war, art will no longer be afraid Was there not in the years just preced- to take all that is human for its province, ing the war's outbreak a wave of restless- will picture for us things imagined as well ness and violence visible in the arts, among as things observed. To confine painting the young men ? It seemed an energy that to what is presented to our eyes is to rob craved to break itself upon something, it it of a whole world of riches, the world did not quite know what. I think it may of dynamic movement, of forms in com- have been partly the result of the tenden- plex rhythm, which imagination alone can cies which had imposed themselves on master and express. Why turn away from modern painting. Pictorial art has been that mine of creative symbol, for fear of trying to empty itself of content. The being called "literary”? Poets are not dogma that one should paint only what reproached for being pictorial in their one sees with one's eyes had been widely poetic way. Painters need not become accepted. The fear of being "literary "literary," in the only sense in which that had become a perfect terror. Hence a term is a condemnation-I mean by trying narrowing-down of theme and motive, and to express in paint what words could bet- an enforced passivity in the artist. Then ter express—because they take into their came a younger generation which wanted range of subject matter not only sense- to conquer a new kingdom, but was still impressions but the memories, the dreams, afraid of imagination and romance, and, the central emotions and spiritual desires using the same meagre stock of subjects, of our race. Triviality of approach is' tried to force into them a significance they a worse sin even than encroaching on did not possess. Primitive and savage art another art. And if once painters can rid have come into fashion; the advanced themselves of the bad old habits of the youth are all for the fierce emphasis of the studios, the dressing-up of posed models roughhewn. Ludicrous things sometimes and the copying of them so posed in a result, as when one sees a picture of whatstatic arrangement against a pseudo-nat- twenty years ago, would have been a cozy uralistic background, there will not be the group in a parlor, ambitiously trans- prejudice now justifiably prevalent against formed into savagely angular figures, with the painting of history and legend. A con- a false air of being tremendously signifi- gruous and coherent symbolism, the find- cant of something for which there is no ing of an idiom in which the essence of a motive in the picture. It seems to be a theme can be pictorially expressed, with hunger to be heroic in style, combined with no false out-of-key elaboration of the 1918] 95 THE DIAL parts—that is what is wanted: a method restless because it is so clogged by lega- that uses the spirit and not the letter. cies of dogmas it has no need for. The Whether the style be summarily short tragic and spirit-searching experience of hand or piercingly imaginative in detail the war, the wrestle of fundamental does not matter, so it be personal and causes which underlies all its waste and native to the artist. Intensity, conviction, horror, draws us down into the burning human emotion, directness, breadth- elements and energies of man. Why these are the essentials. And here, it should not these find as direct and potent seems to me, is the true, as yet unrealized, expression in painting and sculpture as in goal of the new movement in contempo- poetry and music? rary art, which as yet is so uneasy and LAURENCE BINYON. The Folk Culture of the Kentucky Cumberlands I venture to assert that, in spite of all the rather loose assertion, regarding the that has been written, less is really known former, that they are "largely Teutonic about the Cumberlands than about any in origin”; but she says nothing at all here other corner of the country. The reason of the aboriginal element, which she is that those who have done the writing refers to elsewhere as "insignificant. have usually had a very slight, or else a Now, on the contrary, Indian blood is very narrow and limited, knowledge of widely diffused, and it is a question their subject. Often they have had none whether there is a single family without at all, at first hand. This applies particu- at least a trace of it. Some families have larly to the novelists. I know of two much more than a trace. In short, far mountain novels whose authors had never from being “the purest Anglo-Saxon stock seen the mountains. Not, of course, that in all the United States," as Miss Semple it is in the least necessary to see them. calls them, these mountaineers are perhaps The mountain novel has become stand the most composite; though the thorough- ardized, and anyone can easily get the ness with which the melting-pot has done formula. Several stock types—the moon- its work, and the freedom from any recent shiner, the feudist, and the rest—con- tide of immigration, may entitle them, in stantly reappear in them, and the dialect a very special sense, to be called "pure is passed along from one hand, or mouth, Americans”—types strangely prophetic, it to another. may be, of the Americans of the future. But the novelists are not the only offen- But the most remarkable passage in ders. The same evidence of superficial Miss Semple's article is that dealing with acquaintance is to be encountered in much the negro. that is not fiction. It is to be encountered If the mountains have kept out foreign elements, even in the work of such a writer as Miss still more effectively have they excluded the Ellen Churchill Semple, who is an author- negroes. This region is as free from them as ity on the relation of geographic environ- northern Vermont. There is no place for the ment to historic development, and whose negro in the mountain economy, and never has been. In the days of slavery this fact had momen- article "The Anglo-Saxons of the Ken- tous results. The mountains did not offer condi- tucky Mountains," which appeared orig- tions for plantation cultivation, the only system of inally in the “Geographical Journal," is, agriculture in which slaves could be profitably all things considered, the best descriptive employed. The absence of these conditions and of the capital wherewith to purchase negroes made account of the mountain world of Ken- the whole Appalachian region a non-slave-hold- tucky. ing section. Hence, when the rupture came To begin with, Miss Semple's title is a between the North and South, this mountain misnomer. She herself admits the pres- region declared for the Union, and thus raised a ence of Scotch-Irish, French Huguenot, Southern States. It had no sympathy with the barrier of dissatisfaction through the centre of the and Pennsylvania Dutch elements, though industrial system of the South; it shared the demo- she seeks to minimize this admission by cratic spirit characteristic of all mountain people, 96 [January 31 THE DIAL and likewise their conservatism, which holds to the ter guerilla warfare that raged there, and established order. Having, therefore, no intimate hence the dominance of the Democratic knowledge of the negro, our Kentucky mountain- eers do not show the deep-seated prejudice to the party in at least one mountain county, social equality of the blacks and whites which char- Knott—at the present day, and its acterizes all other Kentuckians. strength in several others. It would be difficult to compose a single For there is by no means that "staunch paragraph more completely packed with adherence to the Republican party" on the misstatements and false conclusions part of the mountaineers as a whole, that derived therefrom. There is, indeed, but Miss Semple speaks of later on in her one gleam of truth in it. This appears in article, and it was not so many years ago the last sentence. It is a fact that the that a party of "furrin” women daring — mountaineers do not show the deep-seated and devoted settlement workers—riding prejudice to the social equality of the blacks through the North Fork country, came , and whites which characterizes all other near being mobbed by the mountaineers Kentuckians; but it is not a fact that this because they displayed an American flag, is because the mountaineer has no intimate known in that particular locality only as knowledge of the negro, though the theory the Republican, or “Radical,” emblem! is undoubtedly a convenient and comfort- I have thought it worth while to men- able one for the "other Kentuckians," who tion these misstatements, first, because so can find in it a sort of negative support far as I am aware they have never been for their own attitude. For there are corrected before; and second, because they negroes in the mountains. Not many, to illustrate so well the prevailing ignorance be sure, and not in all parts alike; but still about the mountains, even among those enough, and of sufficiently wide distribu- who, like Miss Semple, herself a Kentuck- tion, to confute Miss Semple's broad state- ian, have actually been there. I am not, ment of fact, and to discredit her theory however, primarily interested in ethnolog- based upon it. ical questions; nor do I, as Miss Semple There are negroes in Clay County, does, attach any particular importance to where they are thick-settled all about these racial differences, these racial differences, an importance Manchester, the county seat; and there which clearly cloaks an Anglo-Saxon chau- are negroes also in Knott and Perry coun- vinism in her case, as when she turns ties, where they have their principal set- certain admirable traits of the mountain- tlements on the waters of Carr's Fork. eer-his gentle, gracious manners—into a What is more, these negroes are all the tribute to the "inextinguishable excellence descendants of slaves, and of slaves held of the Anglo-Saxon race.” My own prin- in the mountains. For it is, again, not cipal preoccupation is with the civilization, , , true that slavery did not exist there. The the culture, of the mountain people, or mountains as a whole certainly did not perhaps more exactly, with the cultural offer conditions for plantation cultivation; survivals among them; and these, I am but there are certain creeks with broad quite prepared to admit , are pretty nearly , bottoms that did, and slaves were owned pure Anglo-Saxon, or English. there, precisely as they were in the Blue It is really amazing, when one considers Grass. the number of racial elements that have entered into this strange mountain amal- These sections, moreover, did have a gam, how little they have contributed to very decided sympathy with the industrial the common store. Or it would be amaz- system of the South, sided with Secession, ing, if we did not already know how com- and fought for it; so that, in Kentucky, at pletely one culture can dominate, and least, the mountains were by no means the eventually supplant, all other cultures, , , absolute barrier of disaffection they are even when it is that of the submerged represented to be. Indeed, the division of minority—as in Rumania, where we have sentiment which marked the state of Ken- the spectacle of a nearly pure Slav people tucky as a whole, extended right through with a Romance language and literature. this southeastern end of it. Hence the bit- I have met mountaineers with German 1918] 97 THE DIAL names, such as Schell, Huff, Gayhart, Next to the the speech—the mountain Amburgy, Eversole, Reisner, and so on, speech at once so fresh, so vigorous, and who could recall that their grandparents so archaic; so close to that of the Eliza- spoke German; but not a vestige of that bethans—these songs and ballads are, of tongue remains in the mountains to-day, course, the chief cultural possession of the or, indeed, anything else that is specifically Cumberlands. There, favored by the Germanic. For surely we cannot so regard widespread illiteracy, they have been that Faustian legend of a man who sells handed down from generation to gener- his soul to the Devil, a legend which one ation by authentic oral tradition. Every- encounters everywhere and of which, in one to-day knows something about the one of my mountain tales, I have given a romance of their recovery there, long version almost verbatim as a mountain after it was assumed that they had all but story-teller told it to me. disappeared from the modern world. It It is the same, or nearly the same, with was on this assumption that the late Pro- the French; since the few French words, fessor Child made his monumental com- or derivatives, that survive—such as "ner. pilation of "English and Scottish Bal- vous" (nerveux) for "strong," "muscu- lads," deriving them almost entirely from lar”; and "denounce" (denoncer) for printed sources. He included a few vari- "announce"-may very well have entered ants reported to him as still surviving in into the popular speech (as the second, of the United States but he attached no course, did into legal phraseology) long importance to them, and after his death before the migration to America. In one those who, in a sense, became his heritors instance what persists, apparently, is not committed themselves to the view that bal- the word itself, but the idea underlying it. lad-singing, like ballad-making, was a lost In the little village of Hindman, Knott art. Yet to-day between 70 and 80 of County, there is a settlement school, the Child's 305 have been identified on Amer- first of its kind instituted in the mountains. ican soil, besides many not included in his Among the buildings that belong to it is collection, some of which he doubtless one small cottage, high up on the hillside, never knew. where tired workers may rest and recuper- In this number, however, it is necessary ate. It is called “Rest Cottage." But to distinguish between those found in such the village people have another name for sophisticated sections as New England, it, “pouting-house.” Now one has only to and those collected in the South, where consider the derivation of the French alone they may be said to survive in any boudoir from bouder—"to pout” or, in vital sense. Of these last Professor C. the older sense, to "absent oneself”—in Alphonso Smith, the head of the move- order to perceive the curious interest, if ment in this country, gives a total of 42. not necessarily the etymological signifi- Mr. Cecil J. Sharp includes versions of cance, of this quaint mountain coinage. only 33 in his recent book, “Folksongs When we come to the Scotch-Irish or, from the Southern Appalachians,” which better, the Scotch and Irish—for there are is largely confined to the Carolina moun- both—the case is somewhat different. tains; but since then he has visited Ken- Certain traits of the mountaineer suggest tucky and increased his bag to 46. He the Scotchman, and a trace of the Scotch has also taken down a thousand tunes. dialect is often discernible in his speech. For the modern collector understands bet- Also, there is his passion for theological ter than the old that the ballad is not a discussion, coupled with the harsh, Cal- mere literary composition; it is song—a vinistic cast of his historic creed. Finally, form of musical speech, or story-telling. he may have contributed to the common This speech lingers to-day, as perhaps stock of songs and ballads; though it is nowhere else in the civilized world, on the difficult to determine to just what extent, lips of men and women in the Smokies and inasmuch as the two countries, England in the Cumberlands. In England, Mr. and Scotland (Lowland), constitute, I Sharp tells us, only the old people, past believe, a single area for the folklorist. seventy, sing these ballads; in this country 98 [January 31 THE DIAL he hears everyone sing them, even the chil. ful; for, as far as I know, there is nothing dren—especially the children. I myself among the courtly lutes, viols, gitterns, have heard them everywhere—on the or citoles that shows the slightest affinity creek, in the cabin, in the cornfield—and with it. with it. My own theory is that it is I know of nothing more strangely moving descended from the medieval monochord, than to listen, in those lost lands, to the once common throughout Europe and still slow, mournful, tragic strains of such found among savage races. It is true forgotten old-world songs as “Barbara that the monochord has, as its name Allen," "The Jew's Daughter,” and “The implies, only one string; but two of the Turkish Lady: three strings of the dulcimer are merely Nor is the initial creative impulse itself the "drone" strings that are found equally by any means exhausted. Indeed, in in other descendants of the monochord, nearly every community will be found such as the hurdy-gurdy and the “zithers” someone who "follers makin' ballets.” A used by German peasants and Vosges "" robbery (rare occurrence in this region), mountaineers as late as the eighteenth a railroad wreck, an assassination, like century. It is to these last, perhaps, that that of Goebel or Marcum--any one of the mountain dulcimer comes closest. — these affords fitting material for a new Indeed, there is in the Metropolitan , folksong which, married to some old tune, Museum an instrument, catalogued as passes thus into general circulation, to be "German, 18th Century," that seems to be sung alone or to the accompaniment of identical with the standard Kentucky type. banjo or dulcimer. If this description is correct, then of course For the mountaineer has an instrument the question of origin is settled. of his own, no less than a distinctive music But the dulcimer has nearly disappeared and literature. It is a curious instrument, nowadays in favor of the inevitable banjo, and there is considerable mystery as to its and the ballads are fast following after it. origin. In fact, the one thing absolutely Nothing primitive Nothing primitive or peculiar can long certain about it is that it is not a dulcimer, withstand the advance of civilization in that instrument being, of course, one whose the Cumberlands. Progress is very rapid strings are struck with little mallets, or at the present day, and will be still more hammers, whereas these are plucked, or rapid when the war is over and the price "picked." of steel rails recedes. The whole region Nothing resembling this so-called moun- is one vast coal field, and the railroads are tain dulcimer has been found among the invading it from every direction. It will peasants of England. The suggestion has not be many years before every creek has been made, therefore, that it may possibly its spur, its mining town, and its coal tip- be the degenerate form of some court ple. Then goodbye to the ballad and all instrument brought over by an early gen- that strange, fascinating, semi-barbarous tleman-adventurer—one of Raleigh's, per- life that has so long survived in these hills haps, since there is a tradition that they and has made them the “Balkans of found their final refuge in the moun- America." tains. But this is, to say the least, doubt- WILLIAM ASPENWALL BRADLEY. The Two Rains SPRING RAIN Tinkling of ankle bracelets. Dull striking Of jade and sardonyx From whirling ends of jointed circlets. SUMMER RAIN Clashing of bronze bucklers. Screaming of horses. Red plumes of head-trappings Flashing above spears. AMY LOWELL. 1918] 99 THE DIAL The Structure of Lasting Peace VIII THE ORGANIZATION OF PEACE The business of organizing lasting spontaneous natural differences from its peace is, after all, only the business of fellows. The cases of the Irish in the making more extensive, deeper, and more British commonwealth and of the Poles thorough-going in application the irreduci- under Prussian rule will aptly illustrate ble principles which are the commonplaces how these principles apply. of all community life. They are so Fifty years ago Ireland was a landlord- implicit in the simplest act of coöperation ridden country with a terribly exploited a between men that it is not until they are and miserable agricultural population. It maimed and bruised as they are par was a population overtaxed, underfed, and excellence by war—that they are ever hunted, Catholic in religion yet paying brought to vividness and focus. Ironically tithes to the Protestant Episcopal Church. and pathetically enough, we then herald It was without opportunity for decent edu- them as original and triumphant methods cation, without means or help wherewith for creating and organizing international it could preserve and study and develop amity, although they have been known and the Irish language and literature and the repeated since the days of Plato's “Repub- other contents of the Gaelic culture. In lic." What are some of these ancient 1869 essential reform began. The Prot- principles to which the war has brought a estant Episcopal Church was disestab- new dignity? lished and disendowed; the expropriation The history of social development is of the landlord and the establishment of largely the history of the acquirement, as the Irish peasant was begun, and the gov- private property, by a few peoples and by ernment with its law and its credit has a few individuals among those peoples of ever since stood behind the latter against most of the tools and materials of life. the landlord. It initiated and is still car- One phase of history then becomes the rying on a great housing reform; it gave attempt of the expropriated to recover a aid to home industries; it made local control over the necessities of life, a chance self-government universal; it created a for freedom, and a hope for happiness. department of agriculture and technical What we call the principles of democracy instruction for the whole island; it estab- and nationality is simply a shorthand sign lished and endowed the Irish National for this endeavor. Its success is marked University, with its headquarters in Dublin by the socialization of what is private, by and with colleges in Cork and Galway; it the application of the principle of “emi- made knowledge of the Irish language obli- nent domain"—the substitution of the rule gatory for entrance. This language, be- of law, which is only force made imper- cause it was the speech of the poor and the sonal, for the rule of force, which is only miserable, with prosperity began to be law taken by the individual into his own abandoned by the Irish in favor of English. hands. Hence, between states, exclusive The event follows the definite law of imi- . sovereignty has invariably meant interna- tation which governs such matters. The tional anarchy; equalization of sovereign- law operates in precisely the same way in ty, international peace. As for the peace the United States, where immigrants aban- within the nation there is the law, be- don their mother-tongues for that of fore which all men are equal, so for the the English-speaking upper classes. The peace between nations there must be a law Irish politicians noted the Irish politicians noted the process but gave before which all nations are equal. Such no heed to it. When the Irish Renais- an equality does not mean similarity. On sance came and the Gaelic League was the contrary, such an equality means the organized, it was not the politicians but opportunity for each natural human group the British government that endowed its to liberate, to develop, and to perfect its endeavors, and endowed the teaching of 100 [January 31 THE DIAL Irish in the public schools. Indeed, since . even after a cursory reading of history. 1901 the government has paid about $60,- Only if the common bases of the com- 000 a year from the Imperial funds for mon life, only if the world's highways, these purposes—twice what was collected harbors, raw materials, and undeveloped in the same period from voluntary con- lands are possessed and used in common, tributions in Ireland and the rest of the only if a violation of community can be world. The result: four million Irish- swiftly and adequately punished, can men men, mostly small farmers, have lent the be free for the life and the pursuit British government very nearly $250,000,- of happiness appropriate to each accord- 000 since the war broke out. The Irish ing to his kind. In a word, we require Renaissance has added to Ireland's phys- no political nostrums to secure lasting ical as well as spiritual stature. Home peace. We need only shift our attention, Rule is here an issue beside the point, and and profit by our own example. no one would pretend that the Irish prob- How may this may be done? Well, lem is solved. The significance of the sit- turn to the conduct of the war itself, par- uation is in the fact that the establishment ticularly to its failures, for answer. In of equality before the law for the Irish the past three years there have arisen has liberated the Irishman, given him at occasions when complete military victory any rate the beginnings of prosperity, and might perhaps have been attained by the made him loyal to the British common- armies of Democracy. Such victory is wealth and the war to the extent of almost indispensable, and we must go on fighting a quarter of a billion dollars. until it is won; we must go on killing yet Now consider Prussian Poland: the more and more of the most hopeful and Prussian policy has offered the Poles the bravest of our blood, and leaving more alternative of extirpation or Prussianiza- and more of the future in the hands of tion. For a score of years the Prussian men too old for preoccupation with any. government spent $5,000,000 anually try: thing but the past, in the hands of back- $ ing to buy out the Polish landowners; and ward-looking men. ; Why? Because, in failing that, enacted repressive laws; and truth, though the democracies have been finally, in 1908, passed a law providing fighting a single enemy, they have not been for the compulsory expropriation of fighting a single war. a Between Russia Polish landowners who would not Prus- and Rumania, between Italy and Serbia, sianize. Although the Treaty of Vienna even between France and Russia there definitely provided for religious and cul- have been conflicts of desire. Each was tural freedom for the Poles that then fighting first for its own ends, then for the came under Prussian dominion, the use of common end. Lacking a common end, Polish at public meetings is prohibited. there could not be a common front; lack- Since 1873 German alone may be taughting a common front, there could not be a in the national schools; teachers, under a final victory. So our soldiers paid and our decree of 1899, may not speak Polish in workers paid for the illusion of exclusive their own homes. Teaching the language sovereignty. So they will continue to pay and possessing Polish literature are crimes unless the precarious alliance of the democ- punishable with imprisonment. The Poles racies is turned into a real one, into a gen- . are unequal before the law, and their atti- uine international organization. It took tude toward Prussia expresses the inequals the defeat of Rumania, the disintegration ity. As Plato points out in the first book of Russia, the Italian débâcle to teach us of the “Republic," there must be honor this. And we have still much to learn. among thieves if thieves are to make com- As Norman Angell has pointed out cause against honest men. How again and again, military victory is indis- much the more amongst honest men if pensable, but not sufficient. Only the they are to live in freedom and safety! mobilization of the public opinion of the And that the system of exclusive sovereign- democracies in behalf of a democratic and ties makes every nation think of every other lasting peace can actually establish such a nation as a thief, should become clear peace. The needed mobilization requires mon a 1918] 101 THE DIAL common understanding and assent between willingly and happily. Labor gave up its the democratic powers, particularly be- rights, and intellect its necessary preroga- tween the powers of the West and Russia. tive; and a heyday of profiteering, tax- The President's message of January 8 dodging, and bitter-endism began. But the recognized this necessity in clear and vig, people soon grew restive. England and orous terms. Prostrate in a military sense France changed the incidence of taxation; as Russia seems to be, she is today the one their governments deferred more and saving and constructive factor in the whole more to the condition of labor, though not international situation. to its position. Liberalism and intelli- To those who have been following gence were everywhere censored and the political history of Europe since the repressed. Secret diplomacy prevailed; German assault upon civilization began, the obvious will of the people to a just it must be clear that the Russian revolu- and democratic and lasting peace was tion has not merely overturned Czardom ignored. An abyss developed between and its bureaucracy; it has seriously peoples and governments, an abyss which shaken the whole war-breeding structure Lloyd George's address to the Labor of secret diplomacy among the Allies. It Party closed in England, but which the upset the arrangements of the misguided intransigeant attitude of Clemenceau Paris Conference; it strengthened liberal- widens in France. Governments, speak- ism in England, France, and Germany; ing for the future of capital, saw peace in the Bolshevik publication of dynastic trea- the old terms of diplomatic deceit. Peo- ties shamed into withdrawal and retire- ples, war weary, hungry for freedom and ment the ruling Tories who had made happiness, saw peace in the new terms of them; the Bolshevik negotiations with the a commonwealth of nations. Friction and Central Powers have now exposed the unrest began to show themselves, with one duplicity of the German government and terminus in the Rumanian débâcle and have farther deepened the gulf between another in the Italian disaster. Mean- the government and the German people. while came the Russian revolution and the Lord Lansdowne's magnificent protest was fear of it and revulsion against it by the made possible by the Bolsheviki. The Tories, embattled everywhere but in the religiously uncompromising adherence to trenches, where Toryism cannot survive. the international position by the leaders Accusations, condemnations — everything of the Bolsheviki has thrown the prepon- that the interests who saw their preroga- derance of influence at last with the plain tives threatened thereby could hurl, was people of Europe. Without it, the second hurled against the revolution. Mean- of the great constructive formations of the while events in Russia took their inevitable war, the new British Labor Party, could Two provisional governments not have been encouraged to announce so that failed to execute the deep-lying will radical a programme; without it the state- of the Russian people for a just, demo- ments of Lloyd George and President cratic and lasting peace disintegrated and Wilson would hardly have been forthcom- disappeared in much smoke and some ing. The Bolsheviki are making the war blood. The history of the present Bol- not only a war for democracy, but a war shevik administration merits all that Pres- at last of democracy and by democracy. ident Wilson said of it, and much more: For when the war began, the Tories it is the one fertilizing force that through- everywhere got into the saddle. They out Europe is making governments were the men of affairs and enterprise, answerable to peoples. By its mere being accustomed to dealing efficiently with large it is forcing an extension of the scope of matters. They controlled, as they still are democracy not less in England than in controlling in this country, men and mate- Rumania and Austria and Germany. rial to please themselves. The masses of The one country where it has not this the people were only to feel, to pay taxes, effect is the United States. The reasons and to serve in army and factory. The are not too ambiguous. President Wilson masses of the people everywhere did so at least I will not say our government- course. 102 [January 31 THE DIAL has an international vision coincident with German government. It is an action that the Russians'. The very causes that must be taken at once, in common with the brought us into the war throw together workingmen of England, France, Italy, the hopes of the two democracies. And and Russia. It means getting efficiently so the government of the United States behind our President at home and holding has from the beginning stood by the new up the hands of our soldiers abroad. Russia with men, material, and opinion; But how is such action to be taken? and it has in this carried out the will of What is to be asked for and how is it to the American people. But the vocal class be obtained? All the peace conferences of our country, the class that controls the that have ever been, have been held by press, that is amassing fortunes because of diplomats under appointment and behind the war, that resists equitable taxation closed doors. How can the forthcoming . such as our allies have ordained, that is conference be held otherwise? There is administratively in the saddle, and that no precedent. demands the (to it) profitable establish- But there is a precedent, and a prece- ment of permanent and universal military dent that is absolute in similarity. " It is service—this class has opposed that coöp- to be found in the history of our own eration. It has done all it could, by country. We do not regard it as a prece- denunciation and what not, to destroy the dent, because we have come to think of the understanding, precarious at best, between United States of America as one nation. Russia and the United States. So has it But between 1776 and 1787 the thirteen given aid and comfort to the enemy. It independent and sovereign states that has strengthened the morale of the enemy underwent the American Revolution were by creating materials that the enemy govin precisely the same position and con- ernment could use in urging the German fronted precisely the same problems, in people to go on fighting in “self-defence.” principle, as the present states and gov- It has used patriotism as a cloak for par- ernments of the world. They won tisanship, and national loyalty for local through to a combination of interstate advantage. It has been loud in denounc- unity with state sovereignty from which ing freedom of speech and of the press. we benefit today. There is far less reason In Russia this class, the Junker and ruling why the peoples and states concerned in class, has been heard and discussed far the present war should not win through, more than any other American class. To and by methods analogous or the same, to the Russian democracy they are America, an analogous end. H. M. Kallen. and until the democracy of America makes itself heard as the democracy of England has made itself heard they will remain America. Today it is not believed Reproof in Russia that President Wilson will be E'en as the mole blinks at the sun and makes able to carry out that wise programme of In the dank earth his starless heaven, black war aims, restated upon the demand of the And furrowed with a hundred roots that track democracy of Russia. Only the action of Out downward ways and outward, and mistakes American labor, in common with all our The gleamless paths for light, and shrewdly country's other liberal forces, discussing breaks and endorsing these aims, can awaken that New burrows in his endless realm, and back belief. Only the action of labor, in com- And forth disports himself with never lack mon with all our country's other liberal Of proud to-do; so dost thou blink the aches forces, in demanding and helping to create And ecstasies of living in the light an international machinery, can make that Of sorrowing and gladsome day, thou weak belief secure. Such action will render dem- Vainglorious soul of me, and in a night ocratic and lasting peace inevitable. It will Of endless, brooding self-pursuit dost seek enable the democratic allies to reap the To build thyself a heaven dead to sight? full benefit of military victory because it And can to thee no stranger's music speak? will detach the German people from the EDWARD SAPIR. 1918] 103 THE DIAL Our London Letter standards of English literature, but it has pro- duced a dozen or more fine pieces and a mass of (Special Correspondence of The Dial.) stuff the average level of which is really much The war poets are always with us; and as if higher than we had any right to expect. All the there were not enough of them appearing every established favorites are here, set against a back- day, Mr. E. B. Osborn has made a selection of ground of lesser work which Mr. Osborn has pieces which have already been published and disposed so cunningly as to draw from it the has called the volume “The Muse in Arms." utmost effect of which it is capable. Indeed the Mr. Osborn is a member of the staff of the only offense committed against literary standards "Morning Post,” which is almost the only paper is that the book is so well edited as to make a in England which has not paid even lip-service great many poems seem better poetry than they to the creed that the winning of the war stands actually are. The chief weakness revealed is one above our ante-bellum internal quarrels. But in that can be detected not only in our own war- spite of this it is perhaps the most vociferous and poetry but also in that of previous ages; namely, a blood-thirsty of all the organs which demand a certain lack of concreteness. Love-poets write, fight to the finish, and Mr. Osborn himself re- thank Heaven! not only about Love but also joices in a sort of academic blood-lust which is about love-affairs. War-poets prefer to confine terrifying to witness. Even our determined jus- themselves to War, and the best of them seem qu'auboutistes—I am one of them—cannot bring unable to come to grips with the things that hap- themselves to believe that war is a thing in itself pen in war. This has been due in the past good or to do anything but deplore the necessity largely to the fact that poets have not often been under which we find ourselves of continuing this fighters and, like wise men, have dealt very gin- riot of misery and pain. But from the begin- . gerly with affairs of which they had no first- ning Mr. Osborn has taken the attitude that hand knowledge. Most of the men writing to- slaughter is the queen of outdoor pastimes and day, though they have the requisite first-hand has written about it very much in the spirit of knowledge, are imitative souls and cannot get a football reporter who has at last found some- past the only models available to them. But the thing worthy of his most frenzied paragraphs. few who are real poets are getting closer to the Mr. H. G. Wells caricatured him mercilessly in facts, and we shall have the full fruit of their "Boon," drawing him in several pictures as the experience when the war is over. Meanwhile embodiment of the martial spirit. One of them Mr. Osborn's anthology provides an excellent that I remember was a spirited composition enti- interim report from the poets upon the matter, tled “Mr. Osborn, in a moment of virile indig- and at the same time it owes much more to its nation, swiping St. Francis of Assisi one with a editor than anthologies usually do. Were Mr. club." But Mr. Osborn survived ridicule that Osborn to encounter my timid attempt at prais- would have oppressed a man whose thirst for ing him, he would no doubt repudiate it and call blood was less fervent, and the great “Morning me-I am not a constant reader of the “Morn- Post” building in the Strand still echoes daily ing Post” and so I am not aware of the present with his calls for carnage. state of its vocabulary of abuse, but I think he would call me either a Bolshevik or a Bolo. But But, oddly enough, this quaint aberration has done nothing to rob him of a taste in literature he would be wrong. And I am inclined to believe that if he could read the thoughts of singularly fine and exact. His newspaper arti- some of his fighting contributors he would call cles have always been distinguished by a curious them Bolsheviki and Bolos also, and be equally talent for apt and unhackneyed quotation, and wrong. his judgment and skill have enabled him to make One at least among his contributors has pub- a very presentable volume out of a highly miscel- lished a volume which deserves to be better laneous mass of material. He has not given each known than it can be by a few extracts in an of his poets in a lump but has divided his book anthology. Mr. Robert Graves is a captain in into sections according to subject and has arrayed the Welsh Fusiliers. He is also a son of Mr. the pieces really "in the most poetically effective Alfred Perceval Graves, who wrote “Father order," as Palgrave called it. It cannot be said O'Flynn" and other well-known pieces. These that the war has yet produced much which could two influences, presumably, have bred between startle any critic who tested it by the highest them an odd mongrel of a book called "Fairies 104 [January 31 THE DIAL and Fusiliers,” which it is the kind of book course, is a periodical publication, purporting to that calls for a personal recommendation-has gather up every couple of years or so the best given me huge and undiluted pleasure. Mr. verse which has been produced. Such a venture Graves has a pleasant phantasy, a strong, whim- is obviously open to criticisms, which are, as obvi- sical sense of humor, an equally strong vein of ously, not sufficiently profitable to be worth the poetry, and a good style; and he has just man- trouble of making. I will content myself there- aged, as the mythical sergeant advised his men, fore with random observations, such as that it not to take this war too seriously. He is gay includes Mr. J. C. Squire's magnificent poem without affectation and can be proud without "The Lily of Malud” and an outwardly less pomposity or false sentiment, as in this first stanza impressive but deeper piece by him called “The from "To Lucasta on Going to the Wars—for House." There are also six very remarkable the Fourth Time": pieces by Mr. W. J. Turner. Eighteen poets in It doesn't matter what's the cause, all are included; but of the rest I will only men- What wrong they say we're righting, tion Mr. Drinkwater, and him only because, A curse for treaties, bonds, and laws, When we're to do the fighting! having established for himself a factitious popu- And since we lads are proud and true, larity in England, he will probably soon make an What else remains to do? attempt on the American public. I can see in his Lucasta, when to France your man Returns his fourth time, hating war, work only a sort of essence of bad poetry, all the Yet laughs as calmly as he can poetical common-places of all time embodied in And Aings an oath, but says no more, a language of the utmost splendor, the meaning That is not courage, that's not fear- Lucasta, he's a Fusilier of which is very imperfectly understood by the And his pride sends him here. author. I cannot see, for example, anything but The easiness of the piece substantiates its swag- sheer pretence in this: ger, and a certain exactitude in the style justi- Lord Rameses of Egypt sighed fies the presumption implied in using the name Because a summer evening passed; Lucasta. This poem is a genuine and individual And little Ariadne cried That summer fancy fell at last attempt at expressing a genuine and individual To dust; and young Verona died emotion. And in some way the poet has con- When beauty's hour was overcast. trived to get far enough away from his trench Theirs was the bitterness we know experiences to make vivid pictures of them in a Because the clouds of hawthorn keep few words, as: So short a state, and kisses go To tombs unfathomably deep, Here by a snowbound river While Rameses and Romeo In scrapen holes we shiver, And little Ariadne sleep. And like old bitterns we Boom to you plaintively. It seems to me to be nothing more than the This is not quite what we expected our best merest manipulation of the counters of poetry, an war-poetry would be when we should get it at appeal to facile emotion, what in short is called last; but after all what right have we, in a war by low-down newspaper reporters a “clutch-at- of surprises, to predict exactly what kind of war- the-heart-strings story." I would not thus go out poetry it will produce? Enough that Mr. Graves of my way to attack Mr. Drinkwater if he had has genius and that he writes neither haughtily not made a reputation; Heaven knows there are about War nor vulgarly on subjects suitable for too many bad poets for even the most zealous of recitation, but sincerely and humanly about what critics to be always weeping over them. But I he himself has felt. hereby solemnly warn the American public Mr. Graves is included with other new poets against Mr. Drinkwater's verse. I may be in the new volume of "Georgian Poetry" which wrong. It may be that, instead of showing too has just appeared for 1916-7. Among the other patently the effects of a study of Swinburne, new men are Mr. Robert Nichols, whom I have Shelley, and Milton (with others), he is the mentioned in a previous letter, and Mr. Siegfried Swinburne, Shelley, and Milton (with others) Sassoon. Both of these are soldiers and owe, I of our time, all in one. But I think not. think, some of their popularity to the fact; and It would have been more profitable perhaps both of them show promise and should improve to have left myself space to say something about considerably when they have forgotten the war. Mr. Hardy's new “Moments of Vision" instead Neither of them can render military experience of attacking a man who has never done me any as can Mr. Graves. "Georgian Poetry," of harm-for, after all, I am under no compulsion 1918] 105 THE DIAL to read Mr. Drinkwater's voluminous and rap- Dreiser's work is essentially a complete nega- idly increasing works. But, on the whole, I tion of all artistry will think that he has re- think I have done right. Mr. Hardy's book is a ceived too much attention has drawn too much glorious collection of over one hundred and fifty space too emphatically employed. But the critic new poems, not one of which is not thoroughly is determined to drive his point home. He will characteristic, none of which are without merit, make the distinction between a “naturalist” and and a large proportion of which are in his very a “realist.” The realistic novel, he maintains, best manner. But there is nothing new to say is a representation based on a theory of human conduct, whereas a naturalistic novel is a repre- about Mr. Hardy. As is only natural, he shows no special change or development. He continues sentation based on a theory of animal behavior. Thus is Dreiser sealed of the tribe of Zola and to perform miracles with a style which would at branded as a follower of a discredited theory of once sink any other poet to the bottom; and he fiction. sends the reader away in a state of mind in which only delight at the power of his poetry If Theodore Dreiser is the blackest of Pro- mitigates the profound gloom it induces. fessor Sherman's beasts, George Moore is the "highest"—the most odoriferous. Moore, it is EDWARD SHANKS. declared, denies the notion of a rational self- London, January 15, 1918. determination, of an intelligible object guiding a man to ideal ends: man is but the victim of the same unconscious energy that animates the beasts Thistles and Grapes in Professor of the field. But to maintain the concurrence of Sherman's Garden nature in the moral ends of man is impossible. The fork in the road awaits us: either "we must ON CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE. By Stuart P. turn to the right with reason to guide us into Sherman. (Holt; $1.50.) the walled and steepled cities and the civil life To say that Professor Sherman's book is a of our kind, or turn to the left and trust to reprint of essays from "The Nation" would not instinct.” In that case, there lies ahead the land give an adequate description of it. For the es- whose chief offer is but the flush and fading of says have been retouched, have been adjusted to sensual excitement. “When a man has shaken one another as component parts of a general off the bonds that united him with civil society, scheme, and have been provided with an intro- the only confession that he can make of sig- duction of some explicitness, as well as with a nificance to civil readers is that such emancipa- Shakespearean epilogue to drive the thesis home. tion is exile.” In addition to all these points, which disclose But, after all, Mr. Sherman's favorite bête themselves gradually, the reader is met at the noire appears to be H. G. Wells. A recent start with a motto from Matthew Arnold on the American critic has declared that Wells will be title-page and a dedication to Paul Elmer More. thought to have played in his own time a part These last arouse expectations or apprehensions. much like that played by Matthew Arnold in his: Arnold's line says: “Man must begin, know "Wells, on Education, on Criticism, on Politics, , this, where nature ends." Nature, one soon even on Religion, continues the propa- comes to surmise, means that body of “natural ganda of Arnold.” This, Mr. Sherman indig- men" who are more intent on indulgence in in- nantly and with full circumstantiality denies; he dividual latitude than on a due deference to an finds, with a circumstantiality as full, the earlier established social organization. More specifically, Wells not in Arnold but in Shelley. This serv- and for the purposes of this book, the “natural- ice, he thinks, should be gratefully received by ist" is the writer who gives the natural man Wells and his followers: "for I have denied him and his lawless ways support and countenance, the rank of a Victorian critic only that I might and who shows but a light regard, or none, for elevate him to the rank of a Georgian angel." the conventional framework of things as they An analogue equally acute and startling have come to be. “places” John M. Synge. Synge's years in Paris Possibly the blackest of Mr. Sherman's bêtes left their mark. He became steeped in Anatole noires—though not the most important-is The- France: “the two men are absolutely at one in odore Dreiser, as he shows himself in his five their aloof, pyrrhonic irony and their homeless notorious novels. Those who feel that Mr. laughter—the laughter of men who have wan- . a a 106 [January 31 THE DIAL a dered all the highways of the world and have refined, too fastidious. I know the type, and like found no abiding city.” Synge, among the Aran it. Let us pass on to Shakespeare. Islands, was as Hearn in Japan or as Loti in Shakespeare is present because our author finds Polynesia: “he wished to escape into a per- him the most interesting and suggestive of living fectly strange and virgin environment”; and “the writers. His presence helps one to distinguish the drift of all his work is to emphasize the eternal value of his competitors. His humanism serves hostility between a harsh and repugnant world as a measure of the degrees of their naturalism. of facts controlled by law, and the inviting realm Banish the current notion that Shakespeare was of lawless imagination." but a neutral, unmoral, unconscious creative Well, all these items are on one side of the force. On the contrary: he knew immensely well ledger. Let us look a little on the other. Come, what he was about. Though he ranged through here are Arnold Bennett and Mark Twain. various planes, he "dwelt habitually in that Yes, and Shakespeare. cleared and settled and spacious region of con- Henry James, it will be recalled, gave due sciousness in which a man's thinking is right and recognition to Bennett's prodigious accumulation his feelings are sure, in which the elementary of facts, but asked, in effect, "Where does it all human values are fixed, in which truth and good- get you?" Mr. Sherman gives the answer. He ness and beauty remain the same from age to quotes Bennett's own words: “The full beauty age." of an activity is never brought out until it is All these differing names by no means exhaust subjected to discipline and strict ordering.” This the items found in Mr. Sherman's ledger. Vary- represents, says Mr. Sherman, the views of a ing testimonies in addition are wrung from man who has taken his stand against Wells's George Meredith, Henry James, and even from Utopia on the one hand and Dreiser's jungle on that "complacent tory," Alfred Austin. But we the other. Such views, as old as civilized so- know by this time about where we stand. We ciety, have the conservative complexion of all tra- are asking for a definite social order, and we re- ditional and enduring things. The line of prog- quire that man be responsibly exhibited in re- ress in human society cannot possibly lead “back sponsible relations to that order. But what are to nature"-society being in great part an or- that order's characteristics? The fixed, the static. ganized opposition to nature. The promptings We are in the qualified paradise of the middle- and inclinations of the natural man—the man aged conservative. The young man of the new detached from social relations—are not to be ap- generation and the young-spirited genius of the proved and encouraged. No novelist can quite earlier generation must not bumptiously, defi- afford to treat a small detached group "in the antly, deliriously presume to ask for change. round.” Socialized man cries for relationships This order is, in perhaps too great a degree, one and background. Nothing less praiseworthy than in which an exceptional Middle-Westerner has amorous wantonings in an ethical vacuum—or, been found worthy to write for “The Nation" what is just as bad for the present purpose, a and now enjoys the privilege of dedicating his social vacuum. That way D'Annunzio lies. A volume to its former editor. It is an acceptable novelist who paints men in preference to tigers, order, of course, but one in which even the best supermen, or scientific angels, justly says our of us does well to mind his p's and q's. This is author, has interestingly taken sides. His pref- all just a bit of a pity. For Mr. Sherman really erence is indeed "an entirely discussible ‘criticism offers us many acute and many weighty pages; of life.'" there is a subterranean stream of humor from The essay on "The Democracy of Mark whose half-hidden courses one may occasionally Twain" contributes less to the cause. I find it sip a gratefully saline draught; and his intro- perfunctory and pumped-up. I don't blame the duction, which is really the essence of the book, writer. If I were doing an essay on Mark begins on a charming, captivating note, and rises Twain, I should be even more perfunctory and toward the end, where the war enters, to a tone pumped-up. Mr. Sherman seems to feel it ap- of noble gravity. Yet one finds a little too much propriate that he, a highly literate inhabitant of deference, however cloaked, for our farther East, the Mississippi Valley, should show himself ap- preciative and sympathetic toward one of that and an unwillingness to give recognition to the valley's major literary lights. But he doesn't fact that this spinning world must change. quite bring it off. He is too self-disciplined, too HENRY B. FULLER. 1918] 107 THE DIAL > A Pilgrim Interprets the Promised presents as a safety razor, a fountain pen, and a music box. From an American millionaire the Land unwitting ex-Rumanian is elevated in popular fancy into a prefect, a minister, and at last, that AN AMERICAN IN THE MAKING. The Life Story of an Immigrant. By M. E. Ravage. (Harper; he may live up to the picture, by his own admis- $1.40.) sion, into an American Ambassador. Then with In my Bahama picture gallery I have a pic- fervor indeed he sets in to preach the gospel of ture of a walk along the flat shore of Andros, New York, pointing out in the advertisements now on a curving beach, now on a rough-cobbled, in the Yiddish papers he has with him the choice shrub-bordered path—a walk where neither coral positions offered to all, even to girls in that amaz- —a sands nor cocoanut trees nor translucent seas ing land where girls are not a burden. In New were as usual first claimants on attention; but York is one not paid even for voting? There in their stead a retinue of barefoot little girls, were other reports: "that in New York the rail- no longer shy and dumbly curious, but full of ways ran over the roofs of houses; that the questions about the world outside or of chat- dwellings were so large that one of them was ter about that notorious island pair, B’o Rabby sufficient to house an entire town in Rumania; and B’o Boukee, in whom the stranger from New that all the food was sold in sealed metal pack- York had shown such unexpected interest. On ages; that the water came up into people's homes this occasion, however, it was the questions without having to be carried; and that no one, rather than the folklore that appealed to me. not even a shoemaker, went to the temple on "They say you can go in a store in New York Saturdays without wearing a stovepipe hat." In- and get everything you want; is that so?" "Is flamed by such lore, the America fever spreads it true houses in New York are ten story high ?” and in the year 1900 a national exodus across It was a fairy land they wanted to hear about. seas begins. The propertied classes are the first As we neared the settlement where lived the to go, selling houses and farms and forest-hold- old man who told so well the "ol' storee," I ings, and giving away their personal goods in could not forbear adding to the legend of New such quantities that trade comes to a standstill. York that after all there were no beaches there For the poorer sort the Walking Movement de- to run on, no seas to swim in, no piles of pink pink velops, a phenomenon curiously reminiscent of conchs, but little sunshine and much cold. But the Children's Crusade. in this supplement the children were not in- As a belated member of one of these pilgrim terested. groups our autobiographer himself starts forth, They were as little interested as I find certain leaving home with two gold napoleons sewed New York friends in accounts of life or culture into his waistcoat and in his bag the gold-clasped outside of New York. Some years ago I had prayer-book given his mother by his father at a "revelation" of New Mexico—of its mesas betrothal. When he has arrived in New York and skies, of its Indians and ranchers and and the East Side, his spirit of high adventure returning home I tried to share the revelation; becomes an acute sense of depression, broken but I soon saw it was im sible give the only by bewilderment over the life he sees his friend who slept between linen and silk, and who own people leading. He sees them eating cake for breakfast, and meat twice a day, not to speak ate a five course dinner served by Englishmen, of eggplant in midwinter and cauliflower, a rar- any desire to sleep between blankets on a roof ity at home at any season. or eat from a common bowl off an earthen floor, They even drink beer in their houses. To go to market his kins- even were she to wake to glorious sunrises or woman wears the taffeta dress she had been mar- to find sitting next to her hospitable members ried in. To clean her kitchen she uses soap too of a race whose culture allured to endless study. good at home to wash clothes with, and this Such indifference of one culture to another kitchen and the other rooms are located on the as New York has of New Mexico, or such mis- third floor, whereas at Vaslui only the rich lived understanding as Andros Island has of Manhat- upstairs, and only one Aight up at that. And tan Island, is described with marvelous skill yet in this kitchen his kinswoman and her baby and charm in "An American in the Making." would sleep at night on the washtubs, and the For the townspeople of Vaslui, Rumania, the parlor sofa became a bed for four boarders, with New York legend is initiated by the return of a others sleeping on the floor. The air was fetid townsman bringing with him such impressive and the elevated road clattered by the sealed up 108 [January 31 THE DIAL > a windows. And at home was it not only the very terly intolerant of the American heathen given lowest people who kept boarders ? As for the over to wealth and show, and who keep an ever other shifts to make money the newcomer sees burning faith in the regeneration of human his townspeople put to society. Here was Jonah Gershon, who had been the chair- After vicissitudes in private night school and man of the hospital committee in Vaslui and a prom- public high school Max, the indomitable, turns inent grain-merchant. He was dispensing soda-water and selling lollypops on the corner of Essex Street. away from the intelligentsia of the East Side to This was Shloma Lobel, a descendant of rabbis and seek out the real Americans" and to qualify for himself a learned scholar. In America he had at- the professional life he has always dreamed of. tained to a basket of shoe-strings and matches and candles. I myself recognized young Layvis, whose He enters the Missouri State University. Dis- father kept the great drug store in Vaslui, and who, cerning and subtle as are the pictures of the con- after two years of training in medicine at the Uni- tacts between Vaslui and New York, they are versity of Bucharest, was enjoying the blessings of American liberty by selling newspapers on the streets. surpassed by the pictures of Max in the Western More and fuller pictures of the seething life college town, where he felt farther from New of the New York ghetto follow, of that life York than in New York from Vaslui. From which is neither Old World nor New, where the spiritual fervor of the East Side it was a far as one of “the semi-independent allied states of call to the practical indifference of the Mis- the miniature federation of the East Side” a gay sourian to things of the spirit. Talk of religion Rumanian city is "framed in the stench and was tabooed by the college boys; their Christian- squalor and the oppressive, noisy tenements of ity they took as a sort of drug to make them feel New York's dingiest slums”; where vermin and good. Socialism was dreaded by them, and all filthy ways unknown at home are taken as a reference to sex was precluded except by way joke; where respect for the elders has disap- of the funny story. Their worship was of the peared, the elders aping the "Americanism” of "strong man," their talk was mostly of ath- their more facile juniors; where “a grossness of letics, and their cult was football. behavior, a loudness of speech, a certain repellent A football match in full swing had all the solem- nity and all the fervor and color of a great religious American smartness in intercourse, were thought service. The band and the songs, the serpentine necessary if one did not want to be taken for a processions and the periodic risings, the mystic sig- greenhorn or a boor”! Max, who at home was nals and the picturesque vestments, the obscure dra- matic conflict with its sudden fights and hot pursuits, known as Mordecai—in this land names, like the transfigured faces of the populace, the intense the rest, lose their dignity and romance-Max silences alternating with violent outbursts of approv- passes through the greenhorn period of struggle, ing cheers and despondent groans-all this was plainly starvation, and disappointment, an experience A diverting bit of ethnology, is it not? not a game but a significant national worship. known to the East Siders as “purification,” a The East Sider grasped these general aspects heart-breaking circle in which American clothes of alien life, but in little personal ways he was are necessary to get the job without which Amer- baffled by his college mates. He could not make ican clothes are ungetable. After peddling and his successive roommates stay with him; he found tending bar Max reaches the sweatshop, his cradle it was but a matter of time for them to look of liberty and first university. Here literature the other way when he spoke to them, or to take and labor problems and socialism are talked of; the other side of the street. Their manners were here books are read during the lunch hour; and not his. Too "polite" for decisiveness in argu- here Max becomes aware of the cleavage of ment, yet they would go whistling about indoors; East Side society into "clodpates" and "intelli- insistent on elaborate introductions (one of the gents,” those who care more for dollars than oddities, let me say, not only of Missouri but ideas, who work hard so that some day they may of certain American circles anywhere), yet they have others to work hard for them, whose amuse- would toss biscuits at one another in the dining- ments are dance hall or card party, and whose To get into touch with them the in- course is that scrupulous respectability which domitable adventurer read Mark Twain aloud qualifies for business success and, let me add, for the vernacular and labored over the Mis- even for the possession of an opera box in the sourian vocabulary; he set about acquiring that Metropolitan—and those whose nights are spent lore of field and forest and workshop taken for in school or lecture hall or at serious plays, granted by his fellows but sealed to him; he young people to whose radicalism the only choice even joined the cadet corps and went scrupulously is between socialism or anarchism, who are ut- to chapel, although the speeches bored him and room. 1918] 109 THE DIAL the prayers jarred. The harassing discipline and As far as North America is concerned the Jews the tragic loneliness were made supportable by are indeed the chosen people. To what other a growing realization that, given the normal element in the population can Americans look openness, and even the warmth, of the distinctive for that leaven of spiritual fervor they so sorely pioneer neighborliness of the Missourians, if he lack? Unfortunately the function is not always was not taken in among them the fault was not recognized even by the Jew himself. The dif- with them but with himself. That insight went ferentiation between "clodpate" and "intelligent" far to take the conceit out of him and to give is not limited to the East Side. Throughout him, as he truly observes, something novel for America the Jew tends to be either the betrayer an East Sider-a sense of humor. of modern culture or its regenerator, the leader Finally Max made a college friend, his first in science or the exploiter of gullibility, the fem- American friend, and the exchange of values inist par excellence or the cadet, the interna- friendship brings rescued him from his heart- tionalist or the profiteering politician, the Judas sickening isolation. Even this process in denat- or the Jesus of American society. uralization has its price, however; for when Max But not as a portrayal of the Jewish spirit returned in the vacation to his people in the nor as a recognition of its leaven, not as a study East Side he seemed different to them, and to in Americanization, despite the rather unfortu- him the atmosphere around them had become re- nate title and the occasional lapses to conform pellent. Even the ardent revolutionary meeting to title, is this book primarily arresting. It is he attended with his girl friend seemed a sham a remarkable sketch indeed of contacts between —what did they know of Americans? Given diverse cultures, but it is not alone an ethno- this stirring of the defensive impulse, it needed logical sketch; it is a picture of the life of the but the genial welcome Max received on his re- spirit, it is literature. In its ironic restraint and turn to college for his allegiance to be made subtle interpretation the book is unsurpassed, it valid, for him to feel that now at last he was an seems to me, in the literary art of this country. American. Elsie Crews PARSONS. An American, yes, if you like, but not a Mis- sourian, and not a New Yorker, East Side or West Side or Morningside, indeed not the The Painted Devil of Politics product at all, thank God! of those American- izers who would purify the newcomer of the THE UNITED STATES AND PANGERMANIA. Ву dross of the Old World and improve him by André Chéradame. (Scribner; $1.00.) making him as much like themselves as can be M. Chéradame is an ingenious gentleman -a practical, clean, and humorous American, who has spent some twenty years of his life uncritical of spiritual values, without passion, elaborately proving a plot which everyone drab and anæmic. These loud mouthed senti- knew existed beforehand; namely, the Berlin to mentalists to whom the city slum is merely an Bagdad railroad scheme of the German im- importation, better at that than the conditions perialists. In fact the "plot" was so fully of life the immigrant has escaped from, and the known in England before the war that the Eng- immigrant himself blank paper to write on or lish government had come to a written agree- fresh putty to mold, these complacent and fatu- ment with the German government concerning ous Americanizers will find scant comfort in a division of capitalization in the project. "An American in the Making.” Indeed, there This agreement had been sanctioned by the dip- is perhaps little encouragement in the book for lomatic representatives of both powers and any American if the experience of the immi- awaited only the formal approval of their re- grants in bulk be considered—a vastly demoral- spective governments. Yet M. Chéradame did izing experience. And yet a country is revealed a useful service in pointing out the dangerous where there are at least no insuperable walls political ambitions involved in this seemingly for the spirit that will not succumb in the small- innocent commercial enterprise. He discovered est degree to the mere pressure of untoward cir- Pangermanism and he labored to make others cumstance. see its menace. Unquestionably it would have That indomitable spirit is incorporated, as been of immense value to the Allied nations if nowhere else in the country, in Jewish youth. they had given more heed to M. Chéradame's In it, too, are incorporated other inspiring traits. warning and admonitions before the war began. a 110 [January 31 THE DIAL a Today, however, the value of his advice is ex- happy in her alliance? Yet it is true that tremely questionable. chief consideration revolves after all around Aus- Why? Because the basic presumption of M. tria-Hungary. As long as the Dual Monarchy Chéradame—that the Pangerman plot has been follows the leading strings of Berlin, the peril largely accomplished—is in fact a false presump- which M. Chéradame pictures will be more or tion. Furthermore, in so far as Pangermany less a reality. It is a pertinent question, however, does exist today, it is, paradoxically enough, an just to what extent Austria-Hungary is a vassal asset to the Allies rather than an asset to Ger- of Germany, and if she is, how long she is likely many as such. Mittel-Europa is not so much to remain so. Certainly she is not a vassal in an an accomplished fact for Prussian militarism as economic sense, even after nearly four years of a precarious adventure already bristling with war. Professor Naumann's plea for a better un- a difficulties and likely to collapse totally on the derstanding between Germany and Austria was resumption of peace. And as to Pangermanism after all a plea. The great customs union has not outside Mittel-Europa—well, ask the Ham- yet come into existence, even under moral isola- burg exporter, ask the Berlin business man, ask tion, economic blockade, and close military inter- the Munich manufacturer for Argentine how dependence. If the economic alliances which are much of that Pangermania exists today. Not to make Mittel-Europa a reality cannot be put even M. Chéradame pretends any longer that through under such stress, then in the name of there is serious danger from German influence common sense how can one reasonably ex- beyond the seas. He still clings, however, to his pect them to be put through when that pressure idea of Middle Europe, and he never tires of is removed? Consider Hungary, for example: -to quote President Wilson's phrase-"From not once during this war has Hungary furnished Hamburg to the Persian Gulf the net is spread." an ounce of bread or other foodstuffs to Germany, Now what warrant has anyone for saying that or even to Austria, her own neighbor, except for Mittel-Europa, in M. Chéradame's sense, is a definite quid pro quo. Or read carefully this by no means an accomplished fact? First of all, dispatch: let us look at the map to which he himself so "When the Brest-Litovsk developments made it less frequently refers us; just where is the British likely that the German military leaders could carry line today in Palestine? Is it this side of Bag- out undisturbed the program of absorbing Lithuania and Courland, Germany apparently began pressing dad, or is it on the Turkish side? In fact, was Austria for this grant of commercial concessions. At Bagdad not in the possession of the British for the same time it appears that this grant began to lose its attractiveness for Austria. Both Vienna and Buda- many weeks, even before President Wilson gave pest began to put obstacles in the way of a commercial his Flag Day speech? Second, what of the settlement." (Chicago “Daily News,” January 22, famous reorganization which the German general 1918, page 2.) staff was to effect in the Turkish army? Has M. For a vassal, Austria-Hungary seems to have an Chéradame read General Allenby's recent report embarrassing amount of individual spirit. that over 160,000 Turkish troops have deserted We need to regard the larger outlines of the re- within the last few months? The Persian Gulf, lations between Austria-Hungary and Germany. except as an object of desire, hardly enters into As long as Russia existed as a unified militaristic the calculations of even the most extreme Pan- nation controlled by an irresponsible autocracy, germans when confronted with the realities of Austria-Hungary could feel, perhaps with some today. Mesopotamia seems definitely lost to Ger- justification, that there was a Panslavic menace. man influence. So much for the war map. Of course German militarism, while outwardly And how about the vassal states—Austria- bewailing the existence of this menace, secretly Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey-which, accord- was thankful for it, if, indeed, the Junkers did not ing to M. Chéradame, are willing accomplices in encourage it. It gave her an opponent against the German plot because of military and financial whom she could claim the legitimate right to arm. obligations to Prussia ? Does M. Chéradame re- But the whole political complexion of southeast- call Arthur Balfour's recent statement in the ern Europe has undergone a radical transforma- House of Commons that, whatever the outcome tion since the Russian revolution. That worst of the war in other respects, it was the object of bugaboo of European politics, the Panslavic the English government to see that it resulted in menace, has vanished. Austria-Hungary, who a "strong” Bulgaria? Could even this obsessed allied herself with Germany for protection against author contend today that Turkey is blissfully Russia, has now no reason for that unpleasant 1918) 111 THE DIAL defensive alliance. Unpleasant? Well, it would jump at the chance of abandoning their "map" of be difficult anywhere in the world to find more conquests to retain this jewel. Somehow, however, cordial hatred of Prussian militarism today than the facts appear to be otherwise. The Pan- exists in the Dual Monarchy. If the Allies really germans cling desperately to the jewels of con- wish to embarrass Germany, they could play no quered land and say very little about Berlin to worse trick upon her than by making her an open Bagdad. The truth is, of course, that the Ger- gift of Mittel-Europa. After the experience of man imperialists realize that Middle Europe is this present war, it is no paradox to state that only a painted devil wherewith to frighten the Germany may find many of her former allies Allies. They themselves are quite aware of its more embarrassing to any policy of commercial difficulties, its lack of permanent value and its expansion than her former enemies. As with meagre compensation for what they cynically term all industrial nations, Germany's future depends “sacrifice of the people.” They know only too upon her ability to take her place in the in- well that the average German citizen will not ternational organization of world trade-a place regard a very problematical winning of a road to which she so frivolously threw away when she the Near East as a victory of German arms in this started on her great imperial adventure. Against war. They know that Middle Europe is crum- this real place in the sun the sullen resentment bling beneath their fingers. The war has utterly of Austria-Hungary at the suffering she has gone changed its character since 1914—and they know through will act for many years as a definite bar- it. M. Chéradame still cherishes a belief which, rier. Indeed, at no time in recent modern history whatever its validity even as late as a year ago, has the outlook for Pangermany, in any effective has by this time entered the stage of legend. If sense, been so black. Germany knows this and acts on it, American Why, then, does M. Chéradame insist on paint public opinion will lose its intelligent driving ing Germany's prospects for the accomplishment force if it is lured by such specious and clever of this desire in such rosy colors? Primarily, be- writing as M. Chéradame's to linger in the dark cause he is afraid of what he calls the “drawn ages of ante-bellum "balance of power" concepts. game,” or a negotiated peace. Anything short It is high time for intelligent optimism on that of that will of course be but a respite and breath- bugaboo, Pangermania. “Terrify babes, ing space before the next attack. So sure of this my lord, with painted devils. I am past such is M. Chéradame that he states that nothing needless palsy." HAROLD STEARNS. would be so agreeable to the Prussian militarists as a peace "without annexations and without in- demnities.” This sort of peace is, according to New Curiosity Shop—and a Poet him, nothing but a German “plot." Yet it would a be easier to believe M. Chéradame if the German OTHERS: AN ANTHOLOGY OF THE NEW VERSE. militarists had in fact showed alacrity in accept- 1917. Edited by Alfred Kreymborg. (Knopf; $1.25.) ing the Russian formula in all its implications, The Closed Door. By Jean de Bosschere. Trans- What is the homely, unromantic truth? They lated by F. S. Flint. With an introduction by appear to regard it as a defeat, and they have May Sinclair. (Lane; $1.25.) not hesitated to say so. Russia offered them the Who it was that started the current poetic chance to accept this formula; yet they were so fad for curio-collecting is a question not hard crude in their practical rejection of it that even to answer: Ezra Pound is the man, let the Im- the Bolsheviki lost their temper. Who would agists and others deny it as loudly as they will. deny today that Germany is split in two in a polit- Pound has from the outset, both as poet and ical fight between the annexationists and the no- as critic, been a curio-collector-a lover of annexationists—a real fight, not a sham one? trinkets, bijoux of phrase, ideographic objets de But this is very curious. If, as M. Chéradame vertu, carved oddities from the pawn-shops of would have us believe, Germany would give us the past, aromatic grave-relics, bizarre importa- even Alsace-Lorraine for the sake of retaining tions from the Remote and Strange. There is Middle Europe, why this sudden reluctance of the no denying, either, that it is a delightful vein Pangermanists even to come within reasonable dis- No great exertion is demanded of the tance of the minimum demands of the Allies for reader; he is invited merely to pause before the restitution ? According to M. Chéradame's view, display-window and to glance, if only for a mo- Middle Europe is such a prize that they would ment, at the many intriguing minutiæ there ar- in verse. . 112 [January 31 THE DIAL a a ranged for him in trays. Is he tired of strug- consciousness-provided he has the requisite skill. gling with the toxic energies of a Rodin? Then Mr. Eliot's "Preludes" and "Rhapsody" are, in let him rest in contemplation of a carved ushabti. a very minor way, masterpieces of black-and- Does a Strauss drag his spirit through too vio- white impressionism. Personality, time, and en- lent a progression of emotional projections? vironment-three attributes of the dramatic-are Does a Masters overburden him with relevant set sharply before us by means of a rapid and facts ? A Fletcher fatigue him with ästhetic concise report of the seemingly irrelevant and subtleties prolonged ? Let him concentrate on a tangential, but really centrally significant, obser- gargoyle. vations of a shadowy protagonist. This method in the writing of poetry is to be From Mr. Eliot to M. Jean de Bosschere, seen at its purest in the Others anthologies, the the Flemish poet whose volume “The Closed second of which Mr. Alfred Kreymborg has Door" has now been translated into English by now edited, apparently undeterred by the suc- Mr. F. S. Flint, is a natural and easy step. It cess of the first. Nevertheless it is a variegated would appear, indeed, that Mr. Eliot has learned band that Mr. Kreymborg has assembled, and much from M. de Bosschere; certainly he is, in if they have in common the one main tenet- English, the closest parallel to him that we have. that their poetic business is the expression of a It is a kind of praise to say that in all likelihood sensation or mood as briefly and pungently (and Mr. Eliot's “Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" oddly?) as possible, with or without the aids of would not have been the remarkable thing it is rhyme, metre, syntax, or punctuation—they are if it had not been for the work of Jean de by no means the slaves of a formula and present Bosschere: in several respects de Bosschere seems us with a variety that is amazing. There is like a maturer and more powerful Eliot. What much here, of course, that is merely trivial, and then is the work of M. de Bosschere? a measurable quantity of the proudly absurd and To begin with, and without regard to the naively preposterous; but if there are no such matter of classification, it must be emphatically outstandingly good things here as "The Portrait said that this book has the clear, unforced, and of a Lady" by T. S. Eliot in the earlier issue, captivating originality of genius. Whether, as or Wallace Stevens's “Peter Quince at the Miss Sinclair questions doubtfully in her intro- Clavier," or John Rodker's "Marionettes," we duction, we call him mystic or symbolist or deca- can pass lightly over the studiously cerebral ob- dent—and all these terms have a certain aptness scurantism of Marianne Moore, the tentacular -is after all a secondary matter. These poems, quiverings of Mina Loy, the prattling iterations in a colloquial but rich and careful free verse, of Alfred Kreymborg, the delicate but amor- occasionally using rhyme and a regular ictus, phous self-consciousness of Jeanne d'Orge, Helen very frequently employing a melodic line which Hoyt, and Orrick Johns, and pause with ad- borders on the prosodic, seem at first glance to miration and delight before the "Preludes" and be half-whimsical and half-cerebral, seem to be “Rhapsody of a Windy Night” by T. S. Eliot, in a key which is at once naif and gayly pre- and “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black- cious, with overtones of caricature; in reality bird" by Wallace Stevens. It is not that one is they are masterpieces of ironic understatement at all indifferent to the frequent charm and de- and reveal upon closer scrutiny a series of pro- licious originality (at least as regards sensibil- found spiritual or mental tragedies. The method ity) of the other poets, but that one finds in the of M. de Bosschere might be called symbolism two last mentioned not only this delicate original- if one were careful not to impute to him any ity of mind but also a clearer sense of symmetry delving into the esoteric; his themes are inva- as regards both form and ideas: their poems are riably very simple. One might call him a mystic, more apparently, and more really, works of art. also, if one could conceive a negative mysticism In comparison, most of the other work in this of disbelief and disenchantment, a mysticism volume looks like happy improvisation. It is sig- without vagueness, a mysticism of brilliantly nificant in this connection that Mr. Eliot uses colored but unsustaining certainties. But per- rhyme and metre, a telling demonstration that haps it would be more exact to say that he is the use of these ingredients may add power and merely a poet who happens to be highly devel- finish and speed to poetry without in any way oped on the cerebral side, as well as on the tactile, dulling the poet's tactile organs or clouding his a poet for whom the most terrible and most 1918] 113 THE DIAL > > a beautiful realities are in the last analysis ideas, one case as in another, a natural action of forces who sees that as in life the most vivid expression universally at work. of ideas is in action, so in speech the most vivid It would be rash, however, to carry too far expression of them is in parables. These poems, this notion of parables. Some of the poems in therefore, are parables. In "Ulysse Bâtit Son "The Closed Door" are so sensitively subjective, Lit" we do not encounter merely the deliciously so essentially lyrical, so (confound the word!) and fantastically matter-of-fact comedy, naif as naturally mystic—in the sense that they make a a fairy story, which appears on the surface; we clear melody of the sadness of the finite in the also hear in the midst of this gay cynicism the presence of the infinite, of the conscious in the muffled crash of a remote disaster, and that dis- presence of the unconscious—that one shrinks aster arises from the attitude of the animally from dropping such a chain upon them. All one selfish crowd towards the man of outstanding can say is that they are beautiful, that for all achievement. He refuses to be one of them, so their cool and precise and colloquial preciosity, they kill him. “They roast Ulysses, for he is their sophisticated primitivism, they conceal an theirs." Likewise, in “Gridale," we do not wit- emotional power that is frightful, not to say ness a merely personal tragedy; the tragedy is heartrending. What is the secret of this amaz- universal. We see the crucifixion of the dis- ing magic? It is not verbal merely, nor rhyth- illusioned questioner by the unthinking idolaters. mic; for it remains in translation. It springs In "Doutes,” under a surface apparently idiosyn- from the ideas themselves: it is a playing of ideas cratic in its narration of the humorously bitter against one another like notes in a harmony, discoveries and self-discoveries of a child, we have ideas presented always visually, cool images in really an autobiography of disillusionment which a kind of solitude. It is not that M. de Bos- is cosmic in its applicability. schere is idiosyncratic in what he does, that he And yet he still believes, sees qualities that others do not see; but rather This burlesque of a man that he combines them unexpectedly, that he Who has given himself a universe And a god like an immense confiagration felicitously marries the lyrical to the matter-of- Whose smoke he smells; fact, the sad to the ironic, the innocent to the And indeed it is perhaps only a bonfire secular—the tender to the outrageous. He sees Made with the green tops of potatoes. that truth is subtler than it is supposed to be, and Nevertheless he still believes, he finds new images for it, images with the dew Axe in hand, this burlesque of a man still believes; of truth still on them. If novelty sometimes He will cut his dream, four-square, in the hearts of contributes to the freshness of the effect, it is by means novelty alone: these novelties have There is nothing to laugh at, nothing to object to, meanings, unlike many of those factitiously We are not animals Living to feed our seed. achieved by some members of the Others group. There is something to believe. This is a poet whose quaintness and whim and All men are not made of pig's flesh. There is something to believe. fantasy are always thought-wrinkled: they are hints of a world which the poet has found to be Who said that I am a poor wretch, overwhelming in its complexity. Song is broken Mere flotsam Separated from its imaginary god ? in upon by a doubting voice; flowers conceal a Again, in "Homer Marsh," we make the ac- pit; pleasure serves a perhaps vile purpose; quaintance of the gentle recluse who loves and beauty may not be a delusion, but is it a snare? is loved by his house, his fire, his kettle, his And what do thought and memory lead to? ... pipe and tobacco, his dog, his bees; but he goes Nevertheless he still believes, away to travel, and lends his house to his friend Axe in hand, this burlesque of a man still believes. Peter; and on his return finds to his bewilder- Axe in hand! It is precisely such bizarre but ment and despair that all these beloved things significant imaginings that constitute the charm have curiously turned their affections to Peter. of this poet. And it is a part of his genius that, The tone is lyric, seductively playful and simple; although hyperæsthetic, he is able to keep clearly the overtone is tragic. It is a translation into in mind the objective value of such images, and action of the profound fact that ideas, no mat- to contrast them deliciously with the sentimental, ter how personal, cannot be property; that they or the decorative, or the impassioned. are as precious and peculiar and inevitable in CONRAD AIKEN. men, no . 114 [January 31 THE DIAL ) BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS to the legendary lore of our northern ancestors. The new volume bore the title “Epics and The ROMANCE OF THE ROMANOFFS. By Romances of the Middle Ages.” Both works Joseph McCabe. Dodd, Mead; $2. are now republished. They are accompanied by Evidently it is not without ironical implica- numerous illustrations which, though of scant tions that Mr. McCabe entitles his tale of artistic merit, will entice youthful readers. tyranny and bloodshed, of licentiousness and The first volume gives in more detail than is intrigue, of sordid greed and revolting cruelty, found in ordinary handbooks of mythology the a "romance." "To any who find romance," he stories that connect themselves with Odin, Loki, says in his preface, "in such behavior as kings Thor, Freya, Baldur, the Norns, the Valkyries, and nobles were permitted to flaunt in the eyes of Fenris the Wolf, the Midgard Serpent, the tree their people in earlier ages the story of the Yggdrasil, and the other wonders and wonderful Romanoffs must be exceptionally attractive." figures of those stanch and primitive times. Being the story of a dynasty, not the chronicle These conceptions Wägner philosophized in a of an empire, the narrative concerns itself largely way that sometimes seems arbitrary, but that with the personal peculiarities, the greater or the conceptions themselves have been written into lesser degrees of depravity, the pet foibles and the life of our people may be seen from the deri- dominant vices, historical or legendary, of the vation of the names for our days of the week Peters and Catherines, the Ivans and Elizabeths, and from both the name and much of the spirit of the Romanoff line. And a most wondrous of our Easter. The second volume consists of a wicked lot they show themselves to have been. retelling in prose of the great northern hero lays, The last of them is made by this writer to outdo, supplemented by the French Carolingian and the , voluntarily or involuntarily, even the most con- British Arthurian cycles. It does not always ad- scienceless of the tyrants that had preceded him here meticulously to the details of the epic ac- on the Russian throne; for “his reign was dis- counts, but it catches their spirit admirably and graced by a more bloody and cruel coercion than is true to their broader facts. In short, the two had reddened the reign of any of his predeces- volumes bring alive for us the pristine era of sors.” But it was, of course, weakness of robust heroism, and even after the lapse of thirty- character rather than viciousness of disposition five years constitute for us "a fairly complete that must be blamed for the crimes of Nicholas treatment of the mythical and traditional lore of the Second's reign. He never could have con- the Germanic race. ceived the horrible exploits, such as soaking his adversaries in brandy and setting them afire, that RINCONETE AND CORTADILLO. By Miguel gave to Ivan the Terrible his unique fame. Mr. de Cervantes. Translated, with an intro- McCabe's book would be more useful, and the duction and notes, by Mariano J. Lorente. story of the Romanoffs could be followed more With a preface by R. B. Cunninghame easily and intelligently, if he had appended a Graham. Four Seas; $1.50. family tree of this not too familiar line of monarchs, or if he had even given a chronological "exemplary” tale of Spanish thieves in an unaca- It is extremely interesting to read Cervantes' list of the Romanoff czars. demic and spirited English translation by a coun- tryman of the great novelist. The thief is an ASGARD AND THE GODs. Adapted from the work of Dr. W. Wägner by M. W. Mac- exciting figure in literature as in life, but com- M paratively little has been written of his organi- Dowall and edited by W. S. W. Anson. zations—his despotisms and hierarchies (for Dutton; $2. thieving seems to preclude democracy)—and this EPICS AND ROMANCES OF THE MIDDLE old Spanish classic has an almost contemporary Ages. Adapted from the work of Dr. W. interest in its social satire. “The little master- Wägner by M. W. MacDowall and ed- piece," writes Cunninghame Graham, in a pref- ited by W. S. W. Anson. Dutton; $2. ace which graces the new translation, "gives In 1880 there was published under the title perhaps the best sketch of Spanish low life which of "Asgard and the Gods" an adaptation from has come down to us. . . The meeting of the the work of Dr. Wägner intended to supply a two vagrant boys, their entering into the confra- need not previously met—the need for “a com- ternity of thieves, with the picture of the house plete and popular English account of the reli- in which dwelt Monipodio, the arch-thief of gious beliefs and superstitious customs of the old Seville, all are touched in as only Cervantes Norsemen, suited to our younger readers.” Two could touch in such scenes. He uses but few years later, when the second edition of this vol- words and yet in the short sketch there are a ume was brought out, the decision was made that dozen portraits which once read are as indelible it should be supplemented by a volume devoted in the mind's eye as is a picture of El Greco." 1918] 115 THE DIAL About half the present volume is devoted to was not until Washington King, the rich Ameri- illuminating notes and introductions, for beside can, began his altruistic mission of exporting Cunninghame Graham's preface there is Cer- unnecessary English ruins for the spiritual en- vantes' prologue, containing the writer's full- richment of his native country, that England length lovable portrait of himself, and a long looked upon them with seeing eyes. King's fruit- introduction by the translator, bristling with less quest is Mr. Graham's concrete expression controversial points. Cervantes and Cunning- for the ideal that his lay priest, Richard Hamp- hame Graham wrote genially, for they had not den, preached. His self-imposed mission was the read Mr. Lorente's introduction, and they were illumination of the pages of history by mystic and not concerned with translators. Mr. Graham, individual interpretation. Where the present in fact, does not seem to care how often or how was concerned, is power came through his re- ill "Rinconete and Cortadillo" has been done liance upon-hence his appeal to—the individual. . into English. "An idiomatic translation of a . “Dedicate your life to men and women, to classic is never out of season,” he remarks toler- personal relationships. You will find that the antly, “and there are intricacies of the Spanish causes look after themselves,” said Hampden. tongue hard to present." "Causes always disappoint, human beings seldom Mr. Lorente, on the contrary, has a cudgel in disappoint." hand for all previous translators, attacking them In Mr. Graham, there is a voice as fearless one at a time and chronologically. He leaves if not as exceptional as Tolstoy's. His book is, very little of their pretensions to accuracy or in fact, a review of England through Russian excellence. Finally, he informs us that it was eyes, in Russian terms. Though it is formless the "mediocrity" of Norman McCall's version, in the formalistic sense, yet it possesses the most made intolerable by Fitzmaurice-Kelly's "fan- enduring form of all: it transfers its message tastic praise," which moved him to attempt some- into the fabric of human imagination and mem- thing more worthy of the original. Mr. Lorente ory. Mr. Graham makes the reader coöperate does not claim infallibility, only superior accu- in the writing of his book. The author serves, racy, for his “Rinconete and Cortadillo.” It is that is, to suggest, to point here and there, as certainly very human and lively. might the perfect guide, and to illustrate his "I know one is not always in the churches," meaning through his characters, who are not, we wrote Cervantes, "nor is one always occupied must admit, vividly real. It is the reader's work with business ... there are hours of recreation to follow the road thus suggested-rather, per- in which the afflicted spirit rests.” “Rinconete haps, to make his own path. There is no hard and Cortadillo" was written for just such hours. brilliance here, no cleverness, no mere reflection of the current temperature, but a very genuine, A PRIEST OF THE IDEAL. By Stephen Gra- if over-sober, consideration of the problems con- ham. Macmillan; $1.50. fronting modern England. What Stephen Graham calls a "novel” will probably, so limited are our definitions, appear MILITARISM. By Karl Liebknecht. Huebsch; to the average reader anything but a novel. "A $1. Priest of the Ideal” is in the fullest sense—the Liebknecht's resistance to Prussianism has Russian sense and the spiritual sense—a novel. stimulated an unusual interest in his book, “Mil- It has been said that Mr. Wells is the thermome- itarism,” written ten years ago and now trans- ter of current opinion. It was said in praise. lated into English. It is but fair to Liebknecht, Mr. Graham is, rather, barometric; he does not however, to point out that his present opposition tell us what we already know (and consequently to German militarism is not based upon the con- love to hear well said); he interprets for us viction that the cause of the allies is just. His the unseen values of the age, and predicts the attitude is a consistent application of views coming changes. He makes vivid the relation of expressed in 1907. He is an international social- permanent and of transitory elements in the ist of the Marxian school. national fabric; he makes us pause in our un- Militarism, for Liebknecht, is a phenomenon, thinking acceptance of modern organized life; "deeply rooted in the very nature of societies he points out the things that England is proud divided in classes,” which assumes various shapes of in her past and by implication the things "in societies of equal structure, all according to that she could very well do without today. It the physical, political, social, and economic con- is always the "unseen significance” which is the ditions of states and territories.” At all times it most significant, only the "not for sale” which is is designed to perpetuate the control of capital- imperishable. But it is true that this quality ism. It does this in two ways: (1) it serves as may rest disregarded until someone asks its an instrument of aggression or protection with material value in order to deprive us of it. It reference to foreign nations; (2) it is a “pillar 116 [January 31 THE DIAL of capitalism and all reactionary forces in the PAIN AND PLEASURE. By Henry T. war of liberation engaged in by the working Moore. Moffat, Yard; $1.25. classes." This volume, which is the second in a series The standing army, navalism, and the colonial of ten devoted to the senses, surveys a field of army are means of serving the first purpose. peculiar interest. In general, the sensations on England, Germany, and the United States have the basis of which we lead the mental life are each utilized the colonial army to drive “the mis- divided between the special senses, which bring erable natives to slave in the bagnios for capital- us, for the most part, the things from without, ism, and to shoot and cut them down and starve and the organic senses, contributing to the same them without pity whenever they attempt to pro- end within; but mingled with these, and over- tect their country against foreign conquerors and lapping them, are the general feelings of pain extortioners.” Liebknecht sees nothing but injury and pleasure for which the sensory life so plainly to the proletariat in this function of militarism. stands. The contrast between the epicurean, He believes it perpetuates a ruthless system of who lives in the pleasures of sense, and the stoic, capitalistic exploitation of the masses and leads who cultivates an indifference, as well as the to international complications which imperil the ascetic, who deliberately discards every comfort existence of civilization. He would point to the and satisfaction, lies in the manner of accep- war as a tragic verification of his words written tance of the parts of pain and pleasure. The phy- ten years ago. The duty of the worker is clear. siology of this process has only recently been “There is only one real enemy of the proletariat intelligible, though the peculiar rôle of pain in of every country—the capitalist class which the diagnosis of disease has always been recog- oppresses and exploits the proletariat"; "the nized. nized. Beginning at this level, pleasures rise international coalition of exploiters and oppres- rapidly to the æsthetic field, and beyond that sors must be opposed by the international coali- there is always a penumbra of moral value. It tion of the exploited and oppressed.” is this field that Professor Moore surveys in a In confirmation of his statement that the sec- popular and systematic fashion. ond function of militarism is to protect capital- ism within the nation, Liebknecht describes the The Sense Of Sight. By Frank N. Spind- army organization of the European nations and ler. Moffat, Yard; $1.25. the United States. He particularly condemns This, the third volume in the series on the the organization of the Belgian civic guard and senses edited by Dr. George Dearborn, is in the employment of gunmen by American capital- many ways the most important of the ten vol- ists. While not strictly a part of the American umes which together are to survey the field of military organization, these private armies are sensation. Sight is rightly called the queen of permitted to exist under state laws and thus the senses, and the scope and direct prominence directly assist the capitalist in his war against of its contributions are unassailed. So far as labor. Liebknecht maintains that in all coun- bare requirements go, the volume considers ac- tries the police and the military forces stand ceptably the structure of the eye, the mode of ready in an emergency "to preserve order," its functioning, the character of the sensations while in Germany, Hungary, Roumania, and which it brings, and something about the bear- even France soldiers have been used as strike ing of vision in the general mental field. It breakers. rarely rises above this meagre adequacy; and it The chapter "Means and Effects of Militar- is in a measure unfortunate that so important ism” discusses the methods of education which a subject fails of any distinctive handling. The create a military spirit in the army and the presentation is rather casual: the high points in people. Here Liebknecht deals primarily with the field of vision are covered, but the oppor- the Prussian system of military education. The tunity of such a volume has hardly been met. last chapter presents what he believes to be the The arrangement of the chapters is admirable, fundamental contradictions in militarism which, passing rapidly from the study of process to the in obedience to Hegelian dialectical development, interpretation of the work of sight as we see it, will lead to its ultimate destruction. He does then to the effect of our eye-mindedness upon not plead for an international organization which our general psychology, including our emotional shall regulate international competition and thus nature. A practical chapter on the character of control, if not abolish, militarism. "Militarism," vision is added. It takes more, however, than a he writes, “is one of the original sins of capital- proper plan and an acquaintance with the data ism which may be susceptible of being mitigated to bring to the reader an appreciation of the here and there, but of which it will be purged marvelous sense of vision and the manner in only in the purgatory of Socialism." which the eye makes the mind. 1918] 117 THE DIAL a NOTES ON NEW FICTION of Genius” (Houghton Mifflin ; $1.50) by Mary Austin, the writer of Chapter XIII of "The Even war, as certain harassed officials at Sturdy Oak” and the builder of its plot. "A Washington might be willing to testify, cannot Woman of Genius” hammers at the very under- engulf the "woman question." The roots of that " pinnings of the false social structure that makes question are too deep in the foundations of things a woman question possible. It is a passionate to be swept away, as less relevant issues are swept protest against the conditions that keep women away, by the current that seems, sometimes, to from being persons, and at the same time it is a be undermining life. War has proved woman's decidedly creditable piece of work. It is the ability to bear her share of the burdens of society kind of propaganda that will succeed with intel- and has thus substantiated her claim to be con- ligent people, for the simple reason that it is not sidered as an individual entitled, under her own propaganda at all. Sound advice to the reading right, to the privileges of society that her male public would be: Buy “The Sturdy Oak” for protectors, acting vicariously, formerly enjoyed the sake of the cause and read “A Woman of for her. There are however-beyond doubt, for Genius” to find out what it is all about. the Congressional Record reveals them-certain In "Missing” (Dodd, Mead; $1.50) Mrs. purblind people who are unable to read the clear proof that the hour of woman's emancipation clinging Englishwoman, who learns through the Humphry Ward tells the story of a pretty, has arrived. It was for them, doubtless, that war's hard lesson the essential dishonesty of "The Sturdy Oak” (Holt; $1.40) was assem- clinging. Work brings her spiritual freedom, as bled. it has brought spiritual freedom to hundreds of "The Sturdy Oak” is, so to speak, an all-star women since the beginning of the war. “Miss- novel, written by fourteen leading American ing” might be a contribution to the contemporary authors, each of whom-after the fashion of the literature about woman, as vital in its way as old game of capping verses—furnished a single "A Woman of Genius," but, like most of Mrs. chapter. Though it is obviously a tour de force, Ward's work, it lacks reality. It is a cleverly it turns out to be no worse, if no better, than staged, well-managed drama of the Pinero type. dozens of novels set adrift by the publishers each You look on, are interested, entertained, but season. However, the personnel of its authors never for a moment carried away. It is all a Mary Austin, Henry Kitchell Webster, Kath- play. It might have happened, you are willing leen Norris, Dorothy Canfield, Samuel Merwin, to admit, but that these very clever ladies and Alice Duer Miller, Harry Leon Wilson, Fannie gentlemen are living it, not acting it—that is too Hurst, Marjorie Benton Cooke, Leroy Scott, great a demand upon your credulity. Mrs. Ward William Allen White, Mary Heaton Vorse, can produce polished drama; but she cannot Ethel Watts Mumford, and Anne O'Hagan, reproduce life. fortunately releases one from any obligation to “The Four Corners of the World” hold a regard "The Sturdy Oak” from the point of view of literary criticism; for there is probably Mason, the author of a collection of stories by number of bizarre things such as A. E. W. not a writer on the list who would advance any that name, loves to describe. (Scribner's; claim to literary merit for the book as a whole $1.50.) From an intriguing robbery at the or for his share in it. Semiramis Hotel in London his imagination Aits “The Sturdy Oak" is propaganda pure and to Gibraltar and the bomb plots of the miserable simple, dedicated to the cause of suffrage. Its writers have received no recompense; its publish- Peiffer; from the story of “Green Paint” in a Latin Republic, to murder and suicide in an ers expect no profits; the entire proceeds from English country house. But though his imagina- its sale are to be devoted to the achievement of tion has range and facility, it has little depth. He votes for women. The prospect of getting four- has been reading Freud, or perhaps a book review teen leading authors for the price of one should on Freud, and to the varied complexes of his entice the public into making the propaganda personages he has brought his own excellent short profitable from a pecuniary point of view. story technique. They are very enjoyable, these Assuming that only the unintelligent are left in stories; and if writers like Conrad, Thomas the ranks of the unbelievers, it may prove to be Burke, and H. G. Dwight had not projected popular also from the point of view of morale. into the short story a quality that gives it vitality As a presentation of the "woman question," and endurance, we should perhaps be fully con- of which suffrage of course is only a phase, "The tent with the temporary satisfaction to be got Sturdy Oak” is absurd, even though it advances from "The Four Corners." According to the all the stock pros and demolishes all the stock standard created by these writers, Mr. Mason's cons. It is made to seem the more absurd by work is Aat. According to the standard of the comparison with the new edition of "A Woman average, it is most excellently good. 118 [January 31 THE DIAL CASUAL COMMENT sound was repeated I used to tell myself, 'There goes a telegram. After a bit I persuaded my IN HIS ANNUAL REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES OF playmates, finally myself, that I understood the COLUMBIA President Butler states that the messages in those sounds. I used to put my ear academic society of which the teacher is a mem- against the base of that science-grown tree, the ber owes him “protection from unfair attack, as telegraph pole, and announce the latest news: well as from all avoidable hamperings and em- 'The chief of the secret police is ordering the barrassments in the prosecution of his intellectual arrest of a murderer. A gentleman is work.” Fair words! Yet they would somehow telegraphing his wife that. A general is have a more genuine ring if Dr. Butler had ordering Later I studied physics; and ever attempted to protect Professor Charles A. for a few months I was a journalist, young, Beard from the unfair attacks of the New York naive, ardent, and I had new illusions about the press when the notorious "flag incident" took rectitude of the telegraph. The war, my dear place; if trustee inquisitions had never occurred friend, has dissipated whatever remained of at Columbia; if newspaper accounts of the ac- them. I now know that the telegraph is just tivities of Professors Dana and Cattell had not what I knew it for in my small-boyhood. I been accepted at their face value. Dr. Butler know that the agencies of information employ must be an adept in casuistry to square his moral scholars and poets who just seat themselves on precepts with his recent conduct. Or is the the grass at the foot of telegraph poles and phrase "academic freedom," like "freedom of hearken to the song of the wind in the wires: speech,” merely a verbal idol to be adored pub- 'Berlin-Kaiser and Crown Prince have quar- licly by those who in private expend their ef- reled. The Kaiser smacked the Crown Prince; forts on its destruction? Probably Dr. Butler New York-A new explosive, of unprecedented would defend himself by stressing the equivocal adjective “avoidable”: in this case he could plead ings to you. And my best New Year's wish is power. O my friend, the season's greet- necessity and so lay claim to exemption from all the consequences of the phrase. Does not this, of the wind in the telegraph wires." that your serenity remain unshaken by the song however, suggest a similar ingenuity exhibited by a recent Chancellor of Germany ? Dr. Michaelis, it will be recalled, gracefully accepted the Reichs- IN THE DAYS BEFORE F. P. A. DESCENDED tag resolution of July 19 respecting "no forcible from his “Conning Tower" in the New York annexations,” and so on. That is, he accepted “Tribune” to take a hand in this war, he was it verbally. But he repudiated it in fact by a wont to keep a sharp, but withal friendly, eye light modifying clause-"as I interpret it." upon the editing of the “Bookman”—a fact re- Thus do certain distinguished minds exhibit their called this month, with graceful acknowledgment, basic identity of method. both by the editor of that magazine and by a distinguished contributor. “How we all miss him!” exclaims the contributor, William Lyon A MELANCHOLY JAQUES WRITES us in iron- ical mood from "an Atlantic port.” He says: Phelps. And indeed the month's “Bookman" might be said to carry internal evidence of its "We here are in the dark, and the more numer- loss. For a correspondent takes Miss Jessie Rit- ous the news items become, the sabler grows the night which everywhere engulfs us. tenhouse to task for having confused her pro- The nouns in the preceding issue. Later we read news keeps arriving from the four corners of the that “‘Richard Mahoney' will be called a dif- earth: Copenhagen—Czar Nicholas escaped ferent book to 'Maurice Guest.' And then yesterday; Stockholm-Lenine is said to have been hanged by the Cossacks; Rome–A meeting lish at Yale) mislaying a modifier: “One night, comes Mr. Phelps himself (a professor of Eng- has been arranged by persons interested in a half-dead with fear, the giant crane swoops separate peace between Turkey and the Vatican; Zurich—The Kaiser seemed deeply moved by him, bed and all, above the sleeping city, among down upon him, clutches his bed, and swings the news that Russia was inclined to return her German prisoners. Such an act would markedly the blazing stars.” Professor Phelps is not re- complicate the food-problem in Germany. porting a thousand and second tale; the crane is When I was a kid, I was passionately interested not a fabulous bird, but a swinging arm of in the mysteries of the telegraph, that I saw only steel. The “Bookman's" correspondent added as little knobs and iron wires. I used to wonder that “other examples could readily be cited, for how such a simple arrangement could send so our magazines are fairly bristling." As a mat- far the important news entrusted to it. I used ter of justice then, here are two dangling bristles to stop on the road to listen to the music of the plucked from other esteemed contemporaries: wind in the wires, and each time the mysterious from a recent "Nation”—“Situated at an alti- . C 1918] 119 THE DIAL a tude expected to provide an Alpine climate in EVERY RIGHT-THINKING MAN MUST HOPE summer, it is not strange that frozen pipes made that F. P. A. is only temporarily absent from his it impossible to fight the flames”; and from the watchtower. Meanwhile B. L. T. remains to January “Atlantic”—“After wishing each other light the matutinal eye of him who runs and good-night and a Happy New Year, I climbed reads another "Tribune." And in his “Line o' the dark, dirty stairway to the fourth floor." Type or Two” B. L. T. sometimes performs for (And this last is not a case of the double per- The DiaL the sharp, but withal friendly, office sonality that afflicts many New Yorkers on New that F. P. A. performed for the “Bookman.” Year's Eve.) Such editorial phenom- Nevertheless our faith in the Mentor's infalli- ena, occurring in such high places, are something bility has been shaken. bility has been shaken. Not long since, Mr. more than casual contributions to the gayety of Kenneth Macgowan used the word "panderer" "colyums"; they are symptomatic of a relaxing in these columns and unexpectedly "made the ” disorder in English speech. While the rhetori- Line," where it was announced hat no such cians have been busy elaborating their quaint word exists. Even the Collegiate “Webster" is " jargon of faulty reference, solecism, misplaced more hospitable; it not only admits "panderer" modifier, cleft infinitive, and dangling participle, but with a magnificent impartiality opens the the actual users of our tongue have somehow door to “panderess” as well. enjoyed increasing license to orphan pronouns, outrage idioms, jostle modifiers, cleave infinitives asunder, and hang participles to any incongruous THE WAR SERVICE OF THE AMERICAN LI- peg. While the experts have employed them- BRARY ASSOCIATION has now a fund of a million selves compiling manual after manual of mis- and a half dollars for erecting library buildings leading short-cuts to "correctness" and rules of at the camps, purchasing books, and meeting the thumb annulled by their exceptions, there has expenses of administration and distribution. grown up without effective let a “magazine Eng- Thirty-four such libraries are built or building. lish” only less licentious and much more in- In addition, three or four hundred branch libra- sidious than "newspaper English.” Until the ries are reported as established in clubs, etc. young student of the mother tongue, utterly be- The public has already donated more than a wildered by the intricacies of an hypothetical half million volumes for distribution, and the "correctness,” remarks the gulf that stretches Service has bought a hundred thousand more, between the theory of the classroom and the chiefly non-fiction. Indeed, one of the surprises , practice of the world and wisely concludes that in the work has been the demand for serious, there is also a “Freshman English," which he and especially for technical, books and for all must contrive to hoodwink in college and ignore kinds of advanced reference material; the libra- after graduation. And indeed the silken Eng- . rians have had to meet thousands of these special lish which is meticulously woven on the loom requests by purchase and inter-library borrowing. of rhetorical dogma bears as faint a resemblance At Camp Sherman the record of issues on to the homespun English which carries the day's recent Sunday showed 46 fiction as against 67 thought, as the classical “correctness" of the non-fiction. The former ran all the way from rhetoricians bears to any pragmatic correctness Mr. Henty to Lord Dunsany, from Mr. Cham- implicit in everyday usage. No correctness, bers to H. G. Wells; the latter, from “Magi- however, will help a writer very far: the im- cians' Tricks” to “How to Judge a Picture, portant difficulties in composition are not mat- and from the "Foolish Dictionary" to Henry ters of what is right or wrong, but of what is George's “Law of Human Progress.” But more or less effective, and more or less agree- probably some 40 of the issues might legiti- able. Had the experts been writing current mately be grouped as war books and as directly English instead of compiling outworn taboos, they pertinent to the work in hand, the rest dividing might have guided a living technique, they might between entertainment and general (or often even have relieved editors from the thankless task very particular) information. Their library is of mooring derelict modifiers in manuscripts to accompany these men to France, and the fact otherwise effective and agreeable. Lacking such is arresting. Is the soldier's leisure, so long practical guidance, however, and staggered by devoted to the romance of foraging for the day's the complicated elegance of a "correctness" thrust necessities or the night's violent luxuries, now at them in toto, young writers have caught the to be dedicate to the cultural pursuits of peace? trick of evading stylistic issues. This habit of Time was when no army was complete without evasion is chiefly responsible for the disappearance its train of loot and camp followers; is the time of the subjunctive and the ascendancy of "would." coming when no army will be complete without It leads away from the clarity of technical assur- its library, lecture room, concert hall, and art ance into a fog where participles hover without gallery? Is the phrase "civilized warfare" to visible means of support. take on yet another overtone of irony? a 120 [January 31 THE DIAL BRIEFER MENTION experience on rubber, tea, and rice plantations in the Straits Settlements, in the Federated Malay The avalanche of war literature increases. We States, and in British Guiana, has visited Sumatra are told a great deal these days about bombs and and Hongkong, and has made an exhaustive in- mud and cigarettes, and yet we continue to read quiry into the American methods and accomplish- about them with avidity. “Best o' Luck" by Alexander McClintock (Doran; $1.) is a sort of ments in sanitation at Panama. Of especial interest technical primer of explosives and other weapons, to every American is the high tribute paid by the writer to work at Panama and to the men who their use and dangers, told naïvely in purest Ameri- can. Mr. McClintock declined a lieutenancy in have accomplished the conquest of disease in that infamous sink-hole of fever and death. He notes the Canadian Grenadier Guards, in which he had served as sergeant during some of the hardest the singularly happy spirit in the Panama Sanitary fighting of the war, to enlist in the American Department, the spirit of coöperation, the esprit army. "It's the army of Uncle Sam for mine," de corps, and regards it as one of the greatest says Mr. McClintock, “It's up to us to save the privileges of his life that he saw the department issue where it's mostly right on one side and all at work. He urges the complete publication of wrong on the other—and I'm glad we're in.” “The the accumulated records of the work and of the First Canadians in France" by Colonel F. McKel- investigations connected therewith, believing that vey Bell (Doran; $1.35) is a random set of reminis- "in these records we have observations and truths cences, a trifle wordy, but sincere, of the first of infinite value to all tropical countries and that Canadian hospital unit in France. It is another their publication in full would be a lasting benefit answer to the question, "What is it like, over to mankind.” Colonel Gorgas has done far more there?" than assist in the construction of a great canal, Written in the form of a diary, Agnes Edwards's "he has conducted a school of Applied Sanitation "A Garden Rosary” (Houghton Mifflin; $1.25) is whose lesson will benefit the world-I say with a record of her garden, which calls forth imagistic confidence—for all time.” Wherever large num- reactions and philosophical musings on the part bers of laborers are employed in the tropics, the of the author. The rush-and-tumble coming up appalling mortality of the past need not recur. of the tulips hastily “Aung in at the last moment, The book deals mainly with the practical measures she compares to women pulling on their gloves for the prevention of malaria and its extermination as they hurry down the street; the soullessness of in isolated country districts under tropical condi- the columbine, she likens to the same quality in a tions. The breadth of vision and penetrating crit- certain little Japanese manservant; the lily of the icism of the writer combine with his wide valley evokes reflections upon virginity. And so experience to make this work one of unusual sug- it happens that there is much in these pages which gestiveness and value to all who deal with prob- might find its way into free verse. It should be lems of sanitation and preventive medicine. added that a genuine and delightful tenderness In “A Green Tent in Flanders" (Doubleday, obtains throughout for the memory of the author's Page; $1.25) Miss Maud Mortimer, an Ameri- mother, to whom the “Rosary” is dedicated. can nurse, describes her experiences in a hospital E. F. Borst-Smith's “Mandarin and Missionary five miles back of the British line in Belgium. The in Cathay" (Dutton; $1.75) is a “story of twelve story moves along with much spirit and no little years' strenuous missionary work during stirring humor; and it is entertaining, cheerful, human, times mainly spent in Yenanfu, a prefectural city and natural, like a clever woman's letters home. of Shensi, North China, with a review of its his- The wounded soldiers who pass under Miss Mor- tory from the earliest date.” The writer was a timer's care are portrayed with graphic, sympa- pioneer in the district he describes, being the first thetic touch, and the numerous anecdotes could English resident in North Shensi, while his wife only have been told by an acute observer with a was the first European woman ever seen there, and sense for the picturesque. Altogether the book is his little girl the first non-Chinese baby ever born pleasant company for an evening. there. Of this he assures us after a careful In “Green "Green Trails and Upland Pastures" scrutiny of North Shensi annals for the past four thousand years and more. His twelve years' ex- (Doubleday, Page; $1.60) Walter Prichard Eaton shows once more that he can write with ease and perience was evidently not lacking in variety, and it occasionally had its thrilling episodes. Life in a first-hand knowledge of the whole outdoors, from country undergoing the pains of transition from maple seeds to the Grinnell Glacier, from song monarchy to republic is not likely to be without sparrows to sky lines. He talks of weather, trees, excitement, including the element of danger to life snow, stone walls, rural free delivery, gardening, and liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Thus the wild flowers, bridges, and mountain peaks with pages of this book offer rather more of varied impartial and quiet enthusiasm. His spirit is as interest than is commonly to be found in a mis- much at home on the wind-swept heights of the sionary chronicle. Rockies as amid the soft contours of the Berk- A series of experiments and observations on shires. But the shining merit of these nineteen health control on estates and plantations in the essays is the fact that their author treats nature tropics is presented in a lucid and pleasing manner simply; there is little or none of the extravagant in Dr. Watson's “Rural Sanitation in the Tropics" rhapsody and the tiresome homily that mar many (Dutton). The author has had much practical "nature books," early and late. 1918] 121 THE DIAL In “The Hilltop on the Marne" Mildred Ald- appreciation with its penetrating phrase about "the rich had something to say and said it well. In strange reserve” than to hear such meaningless and "On the Edge of the War Zone” (Small, Maynard; bombastic comparisons. $1.25) she appears to have nothing of much mo- When Mr. Colum tells us of "La Malquerida" ment to write of and she only succeeds in being I regret that he does not mention the scene be- tiresome. One suspects that the success of the tween the husband and the outraged wife, for it earlier work led to a call for more "copy," with is inseparable from one's memory of the play as an unhappy result. The hilltop is now back of an unequaled example of the conflict of simul- the French line and little seems to happen there taneous emotions. The wife, raging at her hus- except as soldiers pass to and fro along the road. band as she gives him a glass of water, is angry The days go by in comparative monotony, and the to the point of cursing the water, that it may intimate details of household affairs fill up many poison him, and yet at the moment he is to gulp weary pages. With so many interesting stories of it down, her habit of wifely solicitude gets the war to be told one can only regret this long-drawn- better of her and she warns him not to drink out, gossipy chronicle of small happenings. while he is hot and perspiring. That Starr King, “Saint of the Pacific Coast," I agree with Mr. Colum that “La Malquerida" was a good deal more than a mere pulpit-pounder should be given a hearing on the American stage: was long ago made clear, and is again demonstrated aside from the value of the play itself, it would in Mr. William Day Simonds's study of that re- prepare the taste of the public for the Spanish markable man's services to the Union and free- theatre with its rich inheritance of fine plays. dom—"Starr King in California" (Elder; $1.25). J. Garcia PIMENTEL. A short opening chapter devoted to King's early New York. life in New England is followed by two longer ones on California in the early sixties and King's part in helping to turn that state to the side of AN UNPUBLISHED POEM BY POE the North in those critical times; then comes a (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) review of his work as philanthropist and preacher, Students of Poe may be interested to learn that and finally a brief retrospect of his career as a a file of the "Baltimore Saturday Visiter” for whole. Contemporary sources of information have 1833, no copy of which was supposed by Poe been diligently sought out and judiciously drawn editors to be in existence, has been preserved by upon, a few of King's old friends and acquaintances descendants of the proprietors. I have been per- being still alive to contribute their testimony and mitted to examine the volume and have found in reminiscences. The book is a scholarly and con- it, besides interesting information about the prize clusive estimate of the part played by the great contest which proved so momentous in the poet's preacher and orator in saving his adoptive state literary life, a hitherto unpublished poem by Poe. from joining the Confederacy or, perhaps, from I hope shortly to give some account of the “Visi- proclaiming a Pacific republic of its own. ter” and its relation to Poe. The poem is of such immediate interest that it seems desirable to make it available at once. It was printed in the issue COMMUNICATIONS of April 20, 1833, as follows: SERENADE.-By E. A. Poe. “LA MALQUERIDA" So sweet the hour, so calm the time, (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) I feel it more than half a crime, Reading Mr. Padraic Colum's review of Mr. When Nature sleeps and stars are mute, To mar the silence ev'n with lute. Underhill's translation of Benavente's plays, I was At rest on ocean's brilliant dies struck by the justness of the criticism of “La Mal- An image of Elysium lies: querida,” which Mr. Colum declares "... has dis- Seven Pleiades entranced in Heaven, tinction by reason of a strange reserve that goes Form in the deep another seven: through it all.” I have heard “La Malquerida" Endymion nodding from above acted in Spanish and I have heard Mimi Agulia Sees in the sea another love. in "La Lupa," and as the plots are very much Within the valleys dim and brown, alike I can, I believe, contrast “fury out-topping And on the spectral mountain's crown, The wearied light is dying down, fury” with the "strange reserve" through which, And earth, and stars, and sea, and sky Mr. Colum adds, "we are made to feel the gravity Are redolent of sleep, as I and the dignity of the Spanish character all through Am redolent of thee and thine the play.” Enthralling love, my Adeline. “La Malquerida” won phenomenal praise in But list, o list,—so soft and low Madrid, a well-known critic going so far as to de- Thy lover's voice to night shall flow, clare that it is in line with the great tragedies of That scarce awake thy soul shall deem My words the music of a dream. the Greek stage and dramas such as “Hamlet” Thus, while no single sound too rude, and "Othello," and that as a national work it Upon thy slumber shall intrude, ranks with Calderon's "El Alcalde de Zalamea,” Our thoughts, our souls-0 God above! with Lope de Vega's "La Fuente Ovejuna," and In every deed shall mingle, love. so on, and so on, ad libitum. But the author would John C. FRENCH. certainly be more pleased to read Mr. Colum's Johns Hopkins University. ) 122 [January 31 THE DIAL a NOTES AND NEWS Harper & Brothers have lately printed for pri- vate distribution “The Harper Centennial: 1817- Laurence Binyon, who writes in this issue of 1917,” an attractive volume containing a selection The Dial about the effect of the war upon art, from the messages of congratulation received by is an English poet and critic, the author of a dozen them during their centennial year. The frontispiece volumes of verse, who is perhaps best known to is a facsimile of the title-page of the first book to Americans by his drama "Attila.” He won the bear the Harper imprint. Newdigate prize in 1890. Mr. Binyon is in the The Newark Public Library is making a collec- Department of Prints and Drawings in the British tion of "journals and bulletins published by the Museum and has been a frequent contributor to soldiers at the front, also engravings and pictures periodicals of the fine arts. and souvenirs of all kinds, letters from soldiers Elsie Clews Parsons, who contributes to this to their friends, and so on.” The plan is to exhibit issue a refreshingly unconventional discussion of an the collection in the library gallery with the purpose immigrant's point of view, has long since made her- of making the war as real as possible to relatives self known to the public as an original and keen and friends of departing American soldiers. critic of social problems, and especially of the The January issue of “The Piper," the folder status of women. She is the author of “The Fam- in which Houghton Mifflin Co. chat with pros- ily," "Fear and Conventionality," "The Old pective customers, promises that there will shortly Fashioned Woman,” “Social Freedom," "Social appear the first number of a monthly brochure to Rule," and many magazine articles. be called “Pen Pricks from the Piper" and to be devoted to thumb nail descriptions of worthy books. On January 17 the University of Chicago Press It is primarily intended for "those who sell books," published “The Millennial Hope: A Phase of War- but upon application it will be sent free to the time Thinking," by Dr. Shirley Jackson Chase. interested buyer or reader of books. The Page Co. have just published a detective George H. Doran Co. have recently removed story_by George Barton, “The Mystery of the from 38 West 32nd Street, New York, to 244 Red Flame.” Madison Avenue, at 38th Street, where they occupy Harry Butters, a California boy who fell at the the sixth floor of a new building at the top of Somme and whose letters were recently issued by Murray Hill. Among their recent_publications John Lane Co., was the great-grandson of Samuel connected with the war are: “Naval Power in the Woodworth, author of “The Old Oaken Bucket.” Great War,” by Charles Clifford Gill; “The Great The Macmillan Co. announces a new book by Crime and Its Moral,” by J. Selden Willmore; Edgar Lee Masters, "Toward the Gulf.” Among “In Mesopotamia," by Martin Swayne; “The their January publications were “Hill-Track," by Brown Brethren,” further studies of the London Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, and “Per Amica Silentia Irish in France, by Patrick MacGill; and “World Lunae," by William Butler Yeats. Peace," a written debate between Mr. Taft and James Lane Allen has written a companion novel Mr. Bryan. to “A Kentucky Cardinal” in “The Kentucky Before the Russian Revolution Leon Trotzky, Warbler,” a story of a boy's first awakening to now Foreign Minister in the Bolshevik govern- nature. It was published last week by Double- ment, wrote “The Bolsheviki and World Peace," day, Page & Co. which has just been published by Boni & Liveright. In this month's Scribner issues are: “Credit of A first prize of $500 and a second prize of $300 the Nations,” by J. Laurence Laughlin of Chicago are offered by the Publishing Committee of the University; "The Desert: Further Studies in American Tract Society for manuscripts “of a Natural Appearance," by John C. Van Dyke; and religious character with a strong Christian motive. "American Democracy and Asiatic Citizenship," The manuscripts desired are a story for children, by Sidney L. Gulick. a story for young people, a story for adults, and a The Boston Museum of Fine Arts has announced manuscript setting forth the necessity of the con- that publication of the “Print Collector's Quar- servation of the moral and spiritual forces of our terly" must be suspended for the duration of the nation. Manuscripts of biographies and missionary war. Houghton Mifflin Co. are preparing a cumu- achievements, also other manuscripts carrying a lative index of the seven volumes that have been strong Christian message will be eligible.” The issued, 1911-1917. manuscripts must be suitable for publication in An article on Coleridge as a great talker, by book form, but must not exceed 75,000 words. Coventry Patmore, which had not been reprinted In addition to the prizes, the customary book royal- since 1886, when it appeared anonymously, is in- ties will be paid the successful authors. Manu- cluded in a new volume in the Oxford Standard scripts which fail to receive prizes, but are accepted Authors (Oxford University Press) which will by the Committee, will be published upon a royalty contain “Table Talk,” “Omniana, and H. N. basis by mutual agreement. The prize books will Coleridge's preface. be published under the imprint of the Meridian The following fiction was issued on January 12 Press and are to become the property of the So- by Dodd, Mead & Co.: “Nine Tales," by Hugh de ciety. Manuscripts must be typewritten, on one Selincourt; “Under the Hermes," by Richard side of the sheet, and must be received not later Dehan; and "South Wind,” by Norman Douglas. than May 15, 1918 by Rev. Judson Swift, D.D., On the same day they published a translation of General Secretary, Park Avenue and 40th Street, Benjamin Vallotton's "Potterat and the War." New York City. " 1918] 123 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS [The following list, containing 117 titles, includes books received by The DiAL since its last issue.] “The Most Sensational Book of the War" THE BOLSHEVIKI AND WORLD PEACE By LEON TROTZKY opening the eyes of the world to the fact that the r Bolsheviki are really Anti-Hohenzollern FICTION The U. P. Trall. By Zane Grey. With frontispiece, 12mo, 409 pages. Harper & Bros. $1.50. The Kentucky Warbler. By James Lane Allen. With frontispiece, 12mo, 195 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.25. Just Outside. By Stacy Aumonier. With frontis- piece, 12mo, 344 pages. The Century Co. $1.35. Comrades. By Mary Dillon, Illustrated, 12mo, 396 pages. The Century Co. $1.40. Teepee Neighbors. By Grace Coolidge. 12mo, 225 pages. Four Seas Co. $1.50. The Land Where the Sunsets Go. By Orville H. Leonard. 12mo, 209 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1.35. The Flamingo's Nest. By Roger Sprague. 12mo, 369 pages. Lederer, Street & Zeus. Berkeley, Cal. $1.35. The Call of the Wild. By Jack London. Edited by Theodore C. Mitchell. With frontispiece, 16mo, 132 pages. The Macmillan Co. 25 cts. WAR. The Commonwealth at War. By A. F. Pollard. 8vo, 256 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $2.25. The Ways of War. By Prof. T. M. Kettle. With a Memoir by his wife, With frontispiece, 12mo, 246 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50. The Nemesis of Mediocrity. By Ralph Adams Cram, 8vo, 52 pages. Marshall Jones Co. $1. Naval Power in the War. By Charles Gifford Gill, U. S. N. Illustrated, 12mo, 224 pages. George H, Doran Co. $1.25. The United States and Pangermania. By André Chéradame. Illustrated, 12mo, 170 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25. The Willy-Nicky Correspondence. Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Tsar. By Herman Bernstein. With a foreword by Theodore Roosevelt. Frontis- piece, 12mo, 158 pages. Alfred A. Knopf. $1. A Crusader of France. The Letters of Capt. Ferdi- nand Belmont. Translated from the French by G. Frederick Lees. With a foreword by Henry Bordeaux. With frontispiece, 12mo, 366 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50. A Yankee in the Trenches. By Corp. R. Derby Holmes. Illustrated, 12mo, 214 pages. Little, Brown & Co, Paper. $1.35. The Invisible Guide. By C. Lewis Hind. 12mo, 208 pages. John Lane Co. $1. The High Call. By Ernest M. Stires. 12mo, 180 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50. The Defenders of Democracy. Edited by the Gift Book Committee of the Militia of Mercy. Illus- trated, 8vo, 324 pages. John Lane Co. $2.50. The Cantonment Manual. By Major W. G. Kilner and Lieut. A. J. MacEltoy. 16mo, 307 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1. We of Italy. By Mrs. K. R. Steege. 12mo, 269 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. In the National Army Hopper. By Draftee No. 357. 16mo, 54 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. Small Arms Instructors' Manual. Compiled by the small arms instruction corps. Illustrated, 16mo, 184 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. 60 cts. The Undying Spirit of France. By Maurice Barrès. Translated by Margaret W. B. Corwin, 16mo, 58 pages. Yale University Press. 80 cts. Alsace-Lorraine. By Daniel Blumenthal. 12mo, 60 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 75 cts. Don Hale in the War Zone. By W. Crispin Shep- pard. Illustrated, 12mo, 312 pages. Penn Pub- lishing Co. 60 cts. French for Soldiers. By Arthur W. Whittem and Percy W. Long. 16mo, 130 pages. Harvard University Press. The Attack in Trench Warfare. By Captain André Laffargue. Illustrated, 16mo, 82 pages. D. Van Nostrand Co. 50 cts. For the Boys at the Front. Fifteen war tracts. Presbyterian Board of Publication. Per set, 25 cts. As remarkable and unexpected as the man who wrote it Six months ago he lived in a Bronx Tenement- Today He Is Dictating to the Kaiser! Introduction by Lincoln Steffens, the man who knows him $1.50 Net. Wherever books are sold BONI & LIVERIGHT 105 West Fortieth St., New York City 124 [January 31 THE DIAL PUBLISHERS ONSELLERS CLURO BOOKSELLERS CURO MONERO “I visited with a natural rapture the largest bookstore in the world.” See the chapter on Chicago, page 43, "Your United States," by Arnold Bennett It is recognized throughout the country that we earned this reputation because we bave on hand at all times a more complete assortment of the books of all publishers than can be found on the shelves of any other book- dealer in the entire United States. It is of interest and importance to all bookbuyers to know that the books reviewed and advertised in this magazine can be procured from us with the least possible delay. We invite you to visit our store when in Chicago, to avail your- self of the opportunity of looking over the books in which you are most interested, or to call upon us at any time to look after your book wants. to The Wings of the Morning.. Special Library Service We conduct a department devoted entirely to the interests of Public Libraries, Schools, Colleges and Universities. Our Library Do partment has made a careful study of library requirements, and is equipped to handle all library orders with accuracy, efficiency and despatch. This department's long experience in this special branch of the book business, combined with our unsurpassed book stock, enable us to offer a library service not excelled elsewhere. We solicit correspondence from Librarians unacquainted with our facilities. POETRY AND DRAMA. Nocturne of Remembered Spring, and Other Poems. By Conrad Aiken. 12mo, 140 pages. Four Seas Co. $1.25. Gardens Overseas, and Other Poems. By Thomas Walsh. 12mo, 155 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25. Songs of the Celtic Past. By Norreys Jephson O'Conor. With frontispiece, 12mo, 171 pages. $1.25. The Potter's Clay. By Marie Tudor. 12mo, 80 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50. Muffie's Prophecy. By William Wallace Muffie. 12mo, 134 pages. Oxford University Press. The Old Huntsman. By Siegfried Sassoon. 12mo, 109 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. The Soul of America. By Robert M, Wernaer. 12mo, 98 pages. Four Seas Co. $1.25. To-morrow and Other Poems. By Innes Stitt and Leo Ward. With a foreword by Canon H. Scott Holland. 12mo, 59 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1. Pawns of War. By Bosworth Crocker. 12mo, 85 pages. Little, Brown & Co. $1.25. Efficiency. By Robert H. Davis and Perley Poore Sheehan. 12mo, 40 pages. George H. Doran Co. 75 cts. The Moods of Ginger Mick. By C. J. Dennis, 16mo, 150 pages. John Lane Co. $1. A Father of Women, and Other Poems. By Alice Meynell. 8vo, 30 pages. Burns & Oates Ltd. London. Paper. 2s. Lee. An Epic. By Flora E. Stevens. 12mo, 80 pages. Burton Publishing Co. GENERAL LITERATURE. Rinconete and Cortadillo. By Miguel de Cervantes. Translated with an introduction and notes by Mariano J. Lorente. With a preface by R. B. Cunninghame Graham. Illustrated, 12mo, 152 pages. The Four Seas Co. $1.50. Edmund Spenser, A Critical Study by Herbert Ells- worth Cory. Vol. 5 of the University of Cali- fornia Publications in Modern Philology. 8vo, 478 pages. University of California Press. $3.50. Jonathan Swift. The Leslie Stephen Lecture. By Charles Whibley. 12mo, 45 pages. G. P. Put- nam's Sons. A Bookman's Budget. Composed and compiled by Austin Dobson. Illustrated, 12mo, 201 pages. Oxford University Press. $1.50. By Arthur Grant. 12mo, 290 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. Wander-Ships. By Wilbur Bassett. With frontis- piece, 8vo, 136 pages. Open Court Publishing Co. Aeneas at the site of Rome. By W. Warde Fowler. 12mo, 129 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50. Maxims of Le Duc de La Rochefoucauld. Trans- lated by John Heard, Jr. With frontispiece, 16mo, 110 pages. Houghton Mimin Co. Boxed. $4. Limited edition. Twenty-two Goblins. Translated from the Sang- krit by Arthur W. Ryder. Illustrated, 8vo, 220 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3. BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCE. Latest Light on Abraham Lincoln, and War-time Memories. By Ervin Chapman. Illustrated, 2 volumes, 8vo, 275-295 pages. Fleming H. Revell Co. Boxed. $5. Life and Letters of Thomas Hodgkin. By Louise Creighton. Illustrated, 8vo, 445 pages. Long- mans, Green & Co. $4.50. Memories of Eton Sixty Years Ago. By Arthur Campbell Ainger. With contributions from Ne- ville Gerald Lyttelton and John Murray. Illus- trated, 12mo, 354 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50. Political Portraits. By Charles Whibley. 12mo, 327 pages. The Macmillan Co. $2.50. TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. On the Eaves of the World. By Reginald Farrer. 2 volumes. Illustrated, 8vo, 311-328 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $9. Chicago. By H. C. Chatfield-Taylor. Illustrated, 8vo, 129 pages. Houghton Miffin Co. $8. The Book of New York, By Robert Shackleton. Illustrated, 12mo, 377 pages. Penn Publishing Co. Boxed. $2.50. A. C. McCLURG & CO. Retail Store, 218 to 224 South Wabash Avenue Library Department and Wholesale Offices: 330 to 352 East Ohio Street Chicago 1918] 125 THE DIAL Just Published DISASTERS By J. BYRON DEACON Even for the unforeseeable a measure of prepar- edness is possible. This little book, which sums up for the first time the experience of the American Red Cross in dis- aster relief, also tells what to do when one of the half dozen great catastrophes bound to happen every year in the United States arrives—what to do at the time—what to do later-what should have been done beforehand by public-spirited citizens. Cloth, 230 pages; price 75 cents net. PUBLICATION DEPARTMENT RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 130 East Twenty-second Street New York City THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO. announce their new Catalogue of Book Bargains 1918 Edition-Just Issued Showing their greatly reduced prices on hundreds of books from their overstock, including many of recent issue. Sent free on request. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO. Wholesale dealers in the books of all publishers 354 Fourth Ave. New York At 26th Street AUTOGRAPH LETTERS FIRST EDITIONS OUT OF PRINT BOOKS BOUGAT AND SOLD CORRESPONDENCE INVITED CATALOGUES ISSUED ERNEST DRESSEL NORTH 4 East Thirty-Ninth Street, Now York City Columbia University Press (LEMCKE & BUECHNER, Agents) New Catalogue of Meritorious Books Our Hawall. By Charmian Kittredge London. Il- lustrated, 12mo, 345 pages. The Macmillan Co. $2.25. Highways and Byways in Wiltshire. By Edward Hutton. Illustrated by Nelly Erichsen, 12mo. 463 pages. The Macmillan Co. $2. Intimate Prussia. By A. Raymond. 12mo, 286 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. THE ARTS. A History of Art. By William Henry Goodyear. Illustrated, 8vo, 394 pages. A. S. Barnes Co. An Introduction to the Study of Landscape Design. By Henry Vincent Hubbard and Theodora Kim- ball. Illustrated, 4to, 406 pages. The Mac- millan Co. Boxed. $6. Furniture of the Olden Time. By Frances Clary Morse. Illustrated, 8vo, 470 pages. The Mac- millan Co. $6. Early English Portrait Miniatures. In the Col- lection of the Duke of Buccleuch. By H. A. Kennedy. Illustrated, 4to, 44 pages and 68 plates. John Lane Co. Kultur in Cartoons. By Louis Raemaekers. 4to, 219 pages. The Century Co. Boxed. $5, Modern Water-Color. By Romilly Fedden. Illus- trated, 12mo, 115 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $2. Landscape and Figure Painters of America. By Frederick Fairchild Sherman. Illustrated, 8vo, 71 pages. Privately printed. $1.75. One Hundred Songs by Ten Masters. Edited by Henry T. Finck. 2 volumes. 4to, 189-186 pages. Oliver Ditson Co. Paper. $1.50. Cloth. $2.50. Sword and Scissors or Napoleon Caught Napping. A Military-Millinery Operetta. By Frederick H. Martens and Will C, MacFarlane. 8vo, 90 pages. Oliver Ditson Co. $1.25. The Sleeping Beauty. Cantata for Women's Voices. By Alfred Tennyson and Frances McCollin. 8vo, 28 pages. Oliver Ditson Co. 50 cts. Columbus. A Short Cantata for Mixed Voices. By Joaquin Miller and E. S. Hosmer. 8vo, 14 pages. Oliver Ditson Co, 25 cts. NATURE AND OUTDOOR LIFE. Green Trails and Upland Pastures. Walter Prich- ard Eaton. Illustrated, 12mo, 303 pages. Double- day, Page & Co. $1.60. Wood and Water Friends. By Clarence Hawkes. Illustrated, 12mo, 307 pages. T. Y. Crowell Co. $1.25. The Spring of Joy. By Mary Webb. 12mo, 136 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25. The Human Side of Birds. By Royal Dixon. Illus- trated, 8vo, 246 pages. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1.60. Our Backdoor Neighbor.. By Frank C. Pellett. Illustrated, 12mo, 209 pages. The Abingdon Press. $1.50. Messages of Flowers. With frontispiece, 16mo, 144 pages. George H. O'Neill. $1. The Story of Some French Refugees and their “Azilum." By Louise Welles Murray. Second edition. Illustrated, 8vo, 158 pages. Mordecai M. Noah. By A. B. Makover. 16mo, 96 pages. Bloch Publishing Co, Paper. 75 cts. Happy Days. By Oliver Herford and John Cecil Clay. Illustrated, 16mo. Mitchell Kennerley. Reed Voices. By_James B. Kenyon. 12mo, 122 pages. James T. White & Co. $5. HISTORY. The Fall of the Romanoffs. By the author of "Rus- sian Court Memoirs." Illustrated, 8vo, 312 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. Guide to the Study of Medieval History. By Louis John Paetow. 12mo, 552 pages. University of California Press. The Land of the Two Rivern. By Edwyn Bevan. 12mo, 126 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1. Minois in the Fifties or A Decade of Development, 1851-1860. By Charles Beneulyn Johnson. Il- lustrated, 12mo, 175 pages. Flanigan-Pearson Co, $1.25. The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 1803-1906. By Roy Gittinger, Ph.D. Vol. VI of the Uni- versity of California Publications in History. With maps, 8vo, 256 pages. University of Cali- fornia Press. Now Ready AMERICAN BOOKS OF ALL PUBLISHERS sent to any address, here or abroad DIRECT IMPORTATION FROM ALL ALLIED AND NEUTRAL COUNTRIES LEMCKE & BUECHNER (Established 1848) 30-32 W. 27th Street, New York 126 [January 31 THE DIAL SCIENCE. F. M. HOLLY Authors' and Pabllobero' Representativ. 156 Fifth Avenue, New York (Istablished 1908) ung MD VOLL WIOLLATION VILL BD SENT ON REQUEST BOOKS, AUTOGRAPHS, PRINTS. Catalogues Free. R. ATKINSON, 97 Sunderland Road, Forest HIII, LONDON, ENG. ANNA PARMLY PARET A Short History of Science. By W. T. Sedgwick and H. W. Tyler. 8vo, 474 pages. The Macmillan Co. $2.50. Organic Evolution. By Richard Swann Lull. Illus- trated, 12mo, 729 pages. The Macmillan Co. $3. Everyman's Chemistry. By Ellwood Hendrick. 12mo, 374 pages. Harper & Brothers. $2. The Mystery of Matter and Energy. By Albert C. Crehore. 16mo, 161 pages. D. Van Nostrand Co. $1. Medical Research and Human Welfare. By Dr. William Williams Keen. With frontispiece, 12mo, 160 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25. Navigation. By Harold Jacoby. 12mo, 330 pages. The Macmillan Co. $2.25, A Short Account of Explosives. By Arthur Mar- shall. Illustrated, 8vo, 96 pages. P. Blakiston's Son & Co. $1.50. Baldness. By Richard W. Müller, M. D. 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A CATALOGUB of books and pamphlets relating to the Civil War, Slavery and the South (including a number of scarce Confederate items) will be sent to collectors on request. W. A. GOUGH, 26 WEST 420 STREET, NEW YORK For the Book Lover bons. Books now out Rare - of print. Latest C. Gerhardt, 25 W. 420 St., New York logue sent on request. EDUCATION. Fifty Years of American Education. By Ernest Carroll Moore. 12mo, 96 pages. Ginn & Co. Motion Picture Education. By Ernest A. Dench. 12mo, 353 pages. The Standard Press. $2. A Handbook on Story Writing. By Blanche Colton Williams. 12mo, 356 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Composition and Rhetoric. By Alfred M. Hitch- cock. Illustrated, 12mo, 575 pages. Henry Holt & Co. Pattou's French-English Manual. By E. E. Pattou. Illustrated, 12mo, 227 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Drei Märchenspiele. By Emma Rendtorff. 16mo, 66 pages. D. C. Heath & Co. 35 cts. She Stoops to Conquer. By Oliver Goldsmith. Edited by Dudley Miles. Illustrated, 16mo, 99 pages. 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Special Prize Offer Two cash prizes, the First $500.00 and the Second $300.00, will be given for the two best original manuscripts submitted under conditions which will be furnished upon application to the Meridian Press, care of Judson Swift, D.D., Park Avenue and Fortieth Street, New York, N. Y. Reclaiming the Arid Wert. By George Wharton James. Illustrated, 8vo, 411 pages, Dodd, Mead & Co. $3.50. Forecasting the Yield and the Price of Cotton. By Henry Ludwell Moore. 12mo, 173 pages. The Macmillan Co. $2.50. Personal Accounts Record. By Stephen Gilman. Tables, 4to, 20 pages. La Salle Extension Uni. versity. Non-technical Chats on Iron and Steel. By La- Verne W. Spring. Illustrated, 8vo, 358 pages. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $2.50. If I Were Twenty-one. By William Maxwell. Il- lustrated, 12mo, 295 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25. REFERENCE. Bibliography of Woodrow Wilson: 1910-1917. Ву George Dobbin Brown. 8vo, 52 pages. The Library of Princeton University, Paper. 75 cts. Report of the Librarian of Congress: 1917. lustrated, 8vo, 223 pages. Government Print- ing Office. 40 cts. Il- 1918] 127 THE DIAL Strangling the Periodicals Congress at its last session passed a hasty postal law increasing the postage on periodicals from FIFTY TO NINE HUNDRED PER CENT. Some periodicals will be killed-all will be restricted in circulation and crippled. There will be fewer readers, and the habit of reading curtailed. The great function of periodicals is to assist in the spread of ideas—by printing the achievements in the world of thought, culture, and science. Thus to shut out farm journals—as these zone rates will-will lessen the productive power of our country by millions of dollars through loss of better methods. Shut off trade journals and you decrease the manufacturing power by more millions. Shut off the religious papers and there are shut off channels that have raised millions of dollars for distressed humanity. Shut off the great peri- odicals of the home and there is throttled an avenue that has given expert in- struction to hundreds of thousands of mothers and saved their babies to health and citizenship. These national periodicals are printed in the big cities and the first zone, the cheapest zone, is in or near those cities; there are many educational oppor- tunities near cities, and the cities will read anyway. Small towns and distant districts depend to a large extent upon periodicals; thus this law increasing peri- odical postage where it is most needed shuts off opportunity where needed. It penalizes periodical readers. It is not a War Tax. It is postal legislation, pure and simple. Repeal this law. Repeal this FIFTY TO NINE HUNDRED PER CENT periodical postage increase. Sign the petition below and mail it. Put a cross mark in the square-save the periodicals and the work that they have done and are doing for national education and patriotism. SIGN BELOW CUT OUT. MAIL TO CHARLES JOHNSON POST, Room 1417, 200 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY. PETITION TO CONGRESS-Sign Here! The spread of education, of culture, of scientific knowledge and advancement, and of our vast internal mer- chandising and manufacturing has been, and always is, vitally dependent upon the freest and cheapest circulation of periodicals. The penalties resulting from any restriction on the freest possible circulation of periodicals will be destructive of the best interests of our economic life and the opportunities of developing our best citizenship. The postal amendment passed by the last Congress increasing the postage on periodicals from FIFTY TO NINE HUNDRED PER CENT will throttle or destroy our periodicals at time when the widest and most extensive circulation of publications is essential to the patriotism, education, and upbuilding of our country. Therefore, I, the undersigned, do most earnestly demand the repeal of this burdensome periodical postage amend- ment. a Name... City or County...... Street Address.... State .... Periodicals mean much in your life. If you will help by a few arguments with your acquaintances and an occasional letter in & spare moment, put a cross mark here. Will you help in securing the repeal of this iniquitous law? Cut Out. Mail to CHARLES JOHNSON POST, Room 1417, 200 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 128 [January 31, 1918 THE DIAL CAMION LETTERS FROM AMERICAN COLLEGE MEN VOLUNTEER DRIVERS OF THE AMERICAN FIELD SERVICE IN FRANCE, 1917 Duty, and the bit more which counted..." Fine-spirited boyish letters from young Americans driving motor transports for the French Army. The splendid ambulance work of the American Field Service is well known, but the recent undertaking of munition transport has not yet come into the general public's notice. The young camionneurs tell in these spontaneous letters the story of their day's work, with no worry over its drudgery and no solicitude for its dangers. The volume is one more evidence of the growth of American youth into American manhood. (Just ready, $1.00 net.) FOR COURSES IN PHYSIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, MAP READ- ING, HISTORY OF THE WAR, OR A GIFT TO SOLDIERS TOPOGRAPHY AND STRATEGY IN THE WAR By DOUGLAS W. JOHNSON Associate Professor of Physiography, Columbia University 20 special maps, numerous half-tones, 8vo. $1.75 net. Professor W. M. DAVIS, Professor Emeritus in Harvard University: "Johnson's 'Topography and Strategy of the War' pleases me greatly because of the clear statement that it makes of the importance of geographical features in affecting military move- ments. Current newspaper reports are very deficient in this respect. Summary statements of prog- ress in the various campaigns are too often little better, apparently because their authors have small knowledge or appreciation of the topography on the different fronts. Johnson is, on the other hand, exceptionally competent as a geographer; from the beginning of th war he has given especial attention to the movements of the opposing armies as affected by the form of the surface. His book is, therefore, a valuable contribution to a phase of contemporary history that has too generally suffered from neglect.” Professor JOSEPH BARRELL of Yale University: “It is the most valuable single work which I know on the conduct of the war." Professor WALLACE W. ATWOOD of Harvard University: “The most notable and timely contribution in physical geography of the year." ALSACE-LORRAINE UNDER GERMAN RULE By CHARLES DOWNER HAZEN Author of “Europe Since 1815" "By far the best short, yet actually sufficient, presentment of a question that is at the very heart of the present struggle.”—Boston Transcript. (Net, $1.25. 2nd printing.) SOME MODERN NOVELISTS. A volume of appreciations and estimates By HELEN THOMAS FOLLET and WILSON FOLLET Novelists of Yesterday: Meredith, Gissing, Henry James, Hardy, DeMorgan. Novelists of To-day: Howells, Phillpotts, Wells, Bennett, Galsworthy, Edith Wharton, Conrad. With an introductory essay about the general direction of the novel in English, and a supple- mentary essay about The Younger Generation. (With portraits. $1.50 net.) . HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 19 West 44th Street New York City PRESS OF THE BLAKELY-OSWALD PRINTING CO., CHICAGO. THE DIAL a fortnightly Journal of Criticism and Discussion of Literature and The arts Unromantic War When I first read Barbusse's "Le Feu," the decencies and reticencies of our civi- now more than a year ago, I knew it for lization. So I came to regard a man's what it is—the most searching, the most judgment upon this single book as a kind revealing statement of what modern war of test of his soul, especially of the civilian means both morally and physically. The soul—of its ability and its willingness to book has all those intimate signs of truth face the truth, to understand War. I that carry immediate conviction even to put my question to every sort of French- him who has had no personal experience man whom I met, in order to sound the with which to corroborate its record (as civilian temper en derrière, for that after all vital literature convinces—as Dostoev- all must ultimately determine the destiny sky or Gorky convince millions who know of the terrific conflict. The sentimental- nothing personally about Russia and Rus- ist, I found—the incorrigible middle class sians). I have read many books, private romanticist, who can never swallow life as well as published diaries, which attempt without some sugar coating-condemns to reveal what men suffer and endure in Barbusse because he has sternly torn away this most hateful of all wars. Not one of the last shreds of illusion from the horrid them—and there are many honest revela- business. "It is not fine," the literary per- tions, unaffected, simple, and sincere ef- son complained. (I am thinking of a cul- forts to put into words the meaning of tivated French professor.) "It is not this monstrous calamity—has approached Art,” he said. (O sacred Art, how many "Le Feu” in perception, in sheer capacity petty cowardices shelter beneath thy mys- for truth. Nothing since heard or read tic robe!) “It is like Zola—all dirt and has effaced its stinging impression. Others horrors, no 'relief' ... Not the whole deal with familiar surfaces, with personal truth Without that elevation of and incomplete reactions, often noble and spirit which art requires .. Without the sensitive, humorous and philosophical; but sense of beauty ." And so on accord- Barbusse gives the thing itself-War. ing to the chatter of the pretty-pretty I sent the book to soldier friends, asked school of literature. The raw truth's many others, "What do you think of 'Le which we moderns must face do not fit Feu'?” The invariable answer these politer canons of the old world. We "That's it—War! He's got it all in." are creating new ones to hold a new wine. Grimly, taciturnly, as soldiers speak of the What the literary person thinks counts bitter mystery into which fate has plunged for little. for little. There is another sort of objec- them. The book began to go, enormously, tion to “Le Feu," which carries more among soldiers, also among çivilians. It weight. “The book does not show a good soon ran into the tens of thousands in spirit”—this from a serious minded, patri- the French editions before the attention otic Frenchman engaged in the work of of Americans was gained for it by an propaganda. His is a political, a patri- English translation, supplanting in popu- otic, a moral condemnation of the picture larity such journalistic triviality as “Gas- of War as presented in “Le Feu."' Bar- pard." Civilian comment on Barbusse's busse has shown us soldiers, not only book was less direct, often given with a as dirty and unidealistic, degraded by the reserve, almost a resentment, even where occupation to which they are condemned, the praise was loud enough for its extraor- but also as too obviously the blind sport dinary "literary strength"-as if its of life_human sacrifices of human soci- author should be punished for violating ety, killing and being killed in a war that was, 134 [February 14 THE DIAL is insanity, whose origin and conclusion which the minds of all men will be awak- they cannot affect. A recent letter in the ened to the recognition of supreme sin. It New York “Times" contains the same must drag on its dreary, blood-stained objection to the book. Barbusse, the course until all whose selfish, thoughtless correspondent charges, is a pacifist in conduct in times of peace, all grasping and a disguise, preaching an "insidious propa- power-loving statesmen, journalists, busi- ganda” against War! He has failed to pre- ness men, indifferents, have received suffi- sent the stereotyped poilus dying with "La cient vision to recognize their errors, France" on their lips, a smile on their which cause wars. Until, as Prince Lvoff faces. Instead he has shown that unfor- so nobly and sadly said, “Europe—and gettable company of civilian soldiers the world—has accomplished a new soul.” awaiting quietly in the gray morning the That new soul will hardly be achieved order to attack, each one fully conscious while we lie to ourselves about War, even of what lies beyond the parapet: "These from the highest literary or patriotic are men, not heroes," he says of them. motives. motives. What the French novelist has Which is the higher heroism? courageously perceived, all of us must be Of course Barbusse is a "pacifist,” if brought to see and accept. Humanity that wretched word means anything after is on the way—there are sure signs even all the mishandling it has received by in Germany—to this great realization. patriots. If a disgust for the insanity Those who for self-interest or cowardice and the inhumanity of War, a steady per- or mistaken zeal would conceal or disguise ception of its futilities and its crimes, any least particle of essential truth about means "pacifism," I think there must be the War are hindering the coming of the some millions of such “pacifists” on the day of our final release. The most lament- European battle fronts. All the intelli- able immediate effect of War upon human gent soldiers and officers whom I have met psychology is the tendency to cover up, are pacifists in this sense—heroic and mili- conceal, distort the truth, for one or an- tant pacifists—and it is from them that other of innumerable specious reasons. To hope for the world must be born again. the stupidity of military censorship, which . For they know War, and knowing it they is fit subject only for opera bouffe, we add hate it. They know how War is con- the misguided zeal of propagandists and ducted, the full stupidity of it. They sus- self-appointed guardians of national mo- pect how wars are bred and do not believe rale, who serve out the Truth to the public in their inevitability. It is the warriors in homeopathic doses, tardily, and agree- en derrière—some of them women—who ably disguised. ably disguised. To this fatal tendency have any illusions about the glory of mass toward obscurantism must be attributed, slaughter, and some of the journalists, among other things, the slow awakening statesmen, business men, who run the war of our own country to the crisis upon us. machine from behind and often run it Why Prussianize our minds? With the very badly. Those who know best what fatal example of Germany before us, of a it is like abhor its every aspect: many of people in blinders to whom after three and them are fighting with the splendid faith a half years of War the first gleams of that they are giving their lives to end truth are slowly penetrating, why do we War, not just this war. And others are imitate the very vice that we are combat- dying with splendid resignation, in the ing in our foes? Why do we admit that hope that somehow their sacrifice may "there are things which must not be said" serve against the evil of the world. They in public? Barbusse's soldiers—filthy, des- , are fighting pacifists, if you like—than perate, subjected to infamous degrada- whom there can be no braver fighters. tions—suffer without seeking to evade Indeed, what Barbusse believes and their fate, for a cause in which every one what the person who thinks in terms of of us has his personal responsibility. newspaper and politician formulæ cannot Why, then, can we not look steadily at the , see, is that War is most of all an awful truth about War? , process of religious conversion through ROBERT HERRICK. 1918] 135 THE DIAL Edward Thomas In the war, we have lost, among thou- is too self-consciously "literary" in style sands of young men of high intellectual to rank with them.) gifts, a few whose literary talent has We have heard a good deal about been recognized to the full, as Rupert Celtic magic in literature since Matthew Brooke's; but the sorest loss to English Arnold's famous article appeared, but literature is that of Edward Thomas, poet without denying the claims of other men, and critic, born March 3, 1878, killed in I think Edward Thomas a finer example the Battle of Arras April 9, 1917. The of the Celtic sense of beauty than any of general public has, I believe, heard of the young Irish school. Thomas, though "The South Country” (1909), “Rest and born and reared in England, was of Welsh Unrest" (1910), "Light and Twilight” blood on the paternal side, and in his spir- (1911), the "Life of Richard Jefferies" itual affinities he harked back to the old (1909), "The Happy-Go-Lucky Mor- ruling caste which speaks to us in litera- gans” (1913), the five books most steeped ture through the "Mabinogion" and the in Thomas's beautiful characteristic quals poems of Daveth Ab-Gwylliam. Ex- ity. Thomas wrote many books, for, mar- tremely fastidious, diffident, and proud, rying early, he had to support his young Thomas by his reticence and fine reserva- family by miscellaneous literary work and tions of feeling rather chilled the com- constant reviewing. In youth he was fas- mon man. His sensitive self-consciousness cinated by the work of Richard Jefferies, did him no good with editors, who, busy our great nature writer, whose essays and mortals, were as incapable as their public , romances, abounding in the joy of life, of appreciating the unique quality of his are saturated with passionate feeling for imaginative sketches. To his intimates the magic and abundance of nature; and Thomas's quiet, cool irony, his proud del- some years before he died Thomas repaid icacy of feeling, his shy hauteur wafted an his debt by the “Life of Richard Jeffer- atmosphere as refreshing as a mountain “ ies,” one of the most perfect biographies stream's or a spring birch grove's in the in the language. In the first chapter, a Welsh mountains. A fresh chastity of preliminary survey of the Wiltshire down spirit, a nobility of strain (he had a touch lands, Jefferies's native place, Thomas of Spanish blood), an aloofness from shows that he himself is a poet richly dow- everything mediocre in human affairs, pre- ered with observation and imaginative served his nature from the least touch of insight into the great pageant of rural life worldliness. Poet and scholar, however, as under the open sky. It has been said that Thomas was, he had a keen eye for men Thomas was not sufficiently himself in his and manners and when he wished he could nature books, and this is true of such early get into touch with homely people and work as “The Woodland Life" (1897) enjoy, none better, whatever is racily “ , and “The Heart of England” (1912), but human. His noble head, his tall figure, the few passages in "The South Country" and sensitive bearing often attracted peo- which recall Jefferies's example one would ple's eyes, but of this he was unconscious. not alter. The writer has perfected his His temperamental melancholy and a own manner of recording what he sees and touch of hypochondria he combated by feels, and his discipleship is now bearing long, solitary walking-tours in the south its spiritual fruit. of England and Wales, where he found Thomas's rare individuality, however, fresh material for his nature books and found its most perfect expression in his prose sketches. exquisite prose sketches, “Rest and But how is one to depict the spiritual Unrest" (1910) and “Light and Twi- essence of Thomas's work? I shall not light" (1911), and I believe that his speak here of his critical studies of Swin- claim to high, permanent rank rests on burne, Pater, Maeterlinck, and George these little books. ("Rose-Acre Papers”. Borrow, which, highly individual in 1910—a reprint from some early essays, insight, are perhaps sometimes marked by 136 [February 14 THE DIAL a judgments of too fastidious severity. As and iron has passed away to the scrap a critic of poetry Thomas particularly heap. So powerful is the written word excelled, and I may mention here that a and the spirit of beauty! And to Thomas posthumous volume of his poems is shortly beauty was no cult of æstheticism cloistered to appear. Some remarkable specimens or divorced from reality, but the simple given in "An Annual of New Poetry?' love of whatever is gracious, pure, precious (1917) are as new a departure in English in human feeling, and of all that purges the verse as was Mr. Robert Frost's “North spirit and awakens it to joy in the earth of Boston” in American verse. But what- and in nature's activities. His finest prose ever may be the verdict on his poetry, sprang from direct contemplation of the Thomas was essentially a poet, thinly dis- old-world hills and valleys, the coasts and guised, in his imaginative prose sketches, streams, the woods and fields and pastures as in "The Flower Gatherer," "Home, from which the inhabitants of the mon- “Mothers and Sons," "Olwen,' and, strous modern towns have, in one genera- indeed, in the scores of others that make tion or another, severed themselves. And up “Rest and Unrest” and “Light and this strange, incongruous spectacle of the Twilight.” In these little volumes he new and the old life in the country and shows he is master of English, pure, lim- the towns, pushing from roots interlaced pid, delicate and for clear beauty of in our British soil, arrested Thomas's imagery and sensitive grace of contour he imagination. With what perfection rivals even W. H. Hudson. Thomas captured the essential character To Thomas, a poet, a thing betrays its of a landscape and its inhabitants is shown spiritual origins. And his descriptions in "Mothers and Sons," a sketch, cunningly relate a thing seen to the main stream of exact, of a South Wales mining village human activities, to which it is as a drop where all the horrors of raw industrialism, in a sentient ocean. Thus "A Group of crude, glaring, and greedy, are seen at Statuary”—a haunting description of a work, swallowing up the quiet simplicity group of broken men with heads bowed in of an old-world parish with its three or weary apathy, seated in a hot, dusty Lon- four farms, watermills, the chapel in the don Square—contrasts this human wast- ancient oak wood, and scattered cottages age, cast aside by industrialism's hurrying in the brambly lanes. And Thomas was wheels, with the dull indifference of the no sentimentalist. The realities of the old passers-by, to whom this sight brings life and the new are shown in the chat of neither wonder nor pity. The civi- wise Mrs. Morgan and Mrs. Owen, and lization that bears an abundance of the virtues of the mining folk shine forth such malformed fruit is indicted by in this picture of a Welsh family's hospital- the writer's grave detachment. But the ity and homely kindliness. In a companion shades of Thomas's reflective irony here sketch, “A Cottage Door,” Thomas sums are too fine for more than one in twenty up, in his poetic apostrophe, the contradic- readers to grasp their deep import. This tions in this “demon of humanity" which ” sketch, “A Group of Statuary,” came to is “hideous and beautiful, cruel in igno- my memory the other day on a journey rance, recking not what it is making, as it by train which carried me through the squats there upon the earth. It is old but six-mile breadth of mean streets, huge fac- it is a babe. It would be noble but it tories, dirty tenements, wharves, ware- must be vile.” “Home," this beautiful houses, and workshops of East London, vision of the Welsh countryside, conveys a lying under their dreary pall of dusty truer sense of the wild character, the smoke. I reflected that probably not a strange beauty of Wales in her fierceness score of people among these millions of and her antique melancholy, than any other workers had ever heard of Thomas or passage I have met in literature. For a read a line of his writings. Yet “Light study of character, read "Sunday After- and Twilight” and “Rest and Unrest” will noon," where the spirit of a narrow- be read as classics when all this mass of minded, exacting, steely-natured woman, dirty brick and mortar and frowning stone Mrs. Wilkins, dreadful in her hard virtue 1918] 137 THE DIAL and intense unimaginativeness, is explored. romantic feeling, are the beautiful "Win- We give unstinted praise to the great Rus- ter Music," "The Castle of Lostormel- sian realists for the spiritual truth of their lyn,” “Snow and Sand,” “The Queen of pictures of life; but the sketches I have the Waste Lands,” and “Maiden's Wood." cited, and others, such as "Olwen," "The The extreme subtlety of Thomas's thought, Attempt,” “The First of Spring,” vie in his apprehension of the finest shades of delicacy of perception and poetic in- those mysterious sensations which declare sight with Turgenev's "A Sportsman's the unity of all life and the oneness of Sketches.” Thomas, too, shows that he time and eternity, is expressed with con- , has grasped with unerring intuition the summate felicity in “The Fountain," "The evasive secrets of human life. Thomas, Queen of the Waste Lands," and "Winter however, rarely treats a man's character Music.” That such perfect poems in prose at full length. He is too subjective, are so little known to our public is a reflec- . too introspective a writer to do more tion on the intelligence of our critics. I than sketch the figures of men and did not myself, I fear, ever fully express women seen in their appropriate atmos- to Thomas my appreciation of these phere. As a poet he is more intent on exquisite achievements. Now he lies in observing and recording the beauty of life his grave in France and his own epitaph as it mirrors itself in the calm glass of his he has written in one of these sketches : imagination. “July," the description of In that company I had learned that I am some- thing which no fortune can touch, whether I be two lovers lost in the stream of their soon to die or long years away. Things will hap- mutual joy as they wander hand in hand pen which will trample and pierce, but I shall go through the forest, is very characteristic on, something that is here and there like the wind, of the brooding depth of his thought- arated from the dark earth and the light sky, a something unconquerable, something not to be sep- a human joy is shown here in the waning strong citizen of infinity and eternity. I knew light of nature's mutability. As “poetical, that I could not do without the Infinite, nor the but Infinite without me. more characteristically Welsh in EDWARD GARNETT. The Structure of Lasting Peace IX. THE FEDERALIZATION OF SOVEREIGN STATES: A PRECEDENT NOT ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW The thirteen original British colonies in variety of reasons, religious and economic, America, united against the aggressive and it was only the menace of a common exploitation of the British government, enemy that at first drew and held them differed in one fundamental respect from together. They came together as "sov- the free states today in alliance against ereign and independent states," reluctantly, Germany: they had no "problems of strongly suspicious of one another and nationality.” By and large, they were of inclined to act each in its own behalf. To one blood, one language, and one legal meet an enemy strong, well armed, and and political tradition. That this did not well supplied, they had to provide an army prevent bitter quarrels and even warfare with all that an army needs for effective among them is only another evidence that effort in the field. And they had to create nationality, even when sovereign, is not this provision out of practically nothing the antidote to warfare its contemporary at all, to secure the very finances with protagonists assert it is. Men go to war which to create. From the beginning each from other motives as well, and the phe- state held to its right to perform its share nomenon of two states of the same nation- of this work for itself and as it chose, ality at each other's throats is not so without regard for, or any attempt at infrequent in history that it may be coöperation with, the other states. From ignored. Members of the thirteen colon- the beginning each state failed to do its ies were at each other's throats for a proper share, out of fear, largely, that it 138 [February 14 THE DIAL on. might be doing more than its share; and delegated sovereignty; that they were each state, correspondingly, complained to constitute an absolute military unity of the inefficiency of the central authority, against the enemy assaulting any one of the Continental Congress. But the Con- them; that the citizens of one, moving to gress was in effect a consulting and ad- another, were to receive equal treatment visory body, becoming negligible through with the citizens of that other; that each inaction, and doomed to inaction because should have equal authority with the it was without real power. The war, in- others, large or small, on the basis of deed, was not truly one war but many one state, one vote; that no state might wars, and the remoter states were colder enter into special relations with another, to the issues and conditions of the conflict or with a foreign power, except by general than those at its seat. These issues and consent; that no state might ordain a tariff conditions were the inevitable ones of at cross-purposes with the general interest; finance, of the control of the food-supply, that Congress alone, representing the of the army commissariat. The lack of general interest, might determine the common action and unified authority on armament of each state; that no state these points caused untold suffering to the might go to war except by general con- soldiers and indefinitely prolonged the sent; that hence treaties, alliances, the struggle. making of war and peace were to be the To secure the necessary unity the Con- functions of Congress; that Congress was gress had discussed for a year and finally to be the “last resort on appeal on all dif- submitted to the legislatures of the states ferences now subsisting or that hereafter articles of a confederation without which may arise between two or more states con- the war could not successfully be carried cerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any These articles did not win final rati- other cause whatsoever." Its proceedings fication till 1781. They were accompanied were to be publicly recorded in a journal by a circular letter the following extract to be kept for that purpose. The Articles from which is relevant: provided, please observe, for all the con- The business [of unification], equally intricate tingencies that liberal opinion finds it and important, has in its progress been attended desirable to guard against in the relations with uncommon embarrassments and delay, which between contemporary states. They are the most anxious solicitude and persevering dili- gence could not prevent. To form a permanent a programme of internationalism. Under union, accommodated to the opinion and wishes of them the Revolutionary War dragged out the delegates of so many states differing in habits, to a successful conclusion. But with the produce, commerce, and internal police, was found coming of peace the force of the inter- to be a work with which nothing but time and reflection, conspiring with a disposition to conciliate national authority, of the Congress they [italics mine] could mature and accomplish. provided for, lapsed altogether. The states Hardly is it to be expected that any plan, in the reverted to their aboriginal sovereignty, variety of provisions essential to our union, should exactly correspond with the maxims and political and worse. The central authority carried views of every particular state. Let it be re- an enormous burden of debt, the states marked that, after the most careful inquiry and were destitute, the country disorganized. the fullest information, this is proposed as the best Patriotism, that is, local loyalties of the which could be adapted to the circumstances of all, and as that alone which affords any tolerable pros- peoples to their different state govern- pect of general satisfaction. ments, was intense. The Articles of Confederation were The mutual antipathies and clashing interests primarily a war measure, designed to make of the Americans, their difference of governments, the efforts of many sovereign states effect- habitudes, and manners [wrote Josiah Tucker] indicate that they will have no center of union and ive against one common enemy. They no common interest. They can never be united were by second intention an instrument of into one compact empire under any species of security between the states themselves, government whatever; a disunited people till the designed to maintain lasting peace between end of time, suspicious and distrustful of each them and to strengthen each with all and other, they will be divided and subdivided into little commonwealths or principalities, according to all with each. They provided therefore natural boundaries, by great bays of the sea, and that the states were to retain all un- by vast rivers, lakes, and ranges of mountains. 1918] 139 THE DIAL to it. Add dynastic and national interests, and and alliances were initiated. Massachu- the description absolutely dots the present setts tried to detach the other New Eng. and future of both the powers within the land states into a separate union. New democratic alliance and those opposed York went to war with Vermont, which had declared its independence of New But the Dean of Gloucester was mis- Hampshire, over the strip of Vermont taken. The situation he described, the settled by New Yorkers and paying taxes unnecessary length and hardship of the to New York. Maryland and Virginia war, the horrible civil blunders never organized a sort of zollverein which Ďela- would have arisen at all if the Articles ware and Pennsylvania were later invited of Confederation had made Congress to join. It did seem as if the threatened truly authoritative and had provided it distintegration of the Confederation were with power to enforce its ordinances. Its inevitable. One thing held it together power unfortunately was like that of the and kept for Congress such authority as Hague Tribunal, purely advisory: “They remained to it. This was the public do- may declare everything," wrote Justice main. Prior to the confederation the Story, “but can do nothing." Only the various states had held or claimed enor- presence of the common enemy kept Con- mous reaches of territory, stretching gress in force during the war. With the to the Mississippi or beyond. (These coming of peace, not only did its power territories correspond to the colonial tend to lapse; it was scorned, and the possessions of today's warring states.) several states treated it with the sus- Maryland's refusal to confederate until picion due an encroaching foreigner. “The all the holdings of the states should be Confederation was,” according to J. Q. surrendered to the common authority Adams, "perhaps as closely knit together compelled the pooling of these lands, as it was possible that such a form of polity and the lands pooled thereupon became could be grappled; but it was matured the national domain. The domain consti- by the State Legislatures without consul- tuted a tangible obvious interstate interest tation with the people (the italics are mine] and was in effect the cornerstone of the and the jealousy of sectional collisions and Union. the distrust of all delegation of power, At the same time, the best minds in all stamped every feature of the work with of the states—not those in Congress but inefficiency.” Mr. Adams hit upon the those that had the respect of the masses- very heart of the difficulty. The Con- were agitated by the difficulties of the federation was a thing made by statesmen situation. The problems that needed ad- and diplomats. Reputable though they justment were precisely those that so were, their mere authority could not win largely need adjustment today, the prob- for it the allegiance of the masses, and lems of international commerce and fi- without that it could have no force. Had nance, of the common highways of trade, the masses been instructed by discussion of tariffs, of undeveloped territories. and analysis, and had public opinion been Their solution, it was recognized, re- awakened to reënforce the obviously wise quired an effective easement upon the ex- programme, the history of these United clusive sovereignty of each state. The States would have been otherwise written. initiation of the Maryland-Virginia zoll- Because public opinion had not been verein was an attempt at such an easement roused, the removal of enemy pressure with respect to a vital matter, analogous was followed by a reversion to pre-war in contemporary Europe to the inter- conditions, aggravated by the disabling nationalization of the Danube. The consequences of the war. The separate movement to include all the states in an states at once began to act upon the tradi- extension of this arrangement led to the tional principle that a government's safety Constitutional Convention, an "assembly depends upon its own strength and its of demigods” that owed its existence as neighbors' weakness. Tariff war began much to the self-sacrifice and initiative of almost immediately. Various ententes the non-administrative leaders of political 140 [February 14 THE DIAL thought in the country as to the action of courageously true to their convictions, the state legislatures. These leaders that disaster need not have befallen us. created the Constitution and with it the But with respect to the elimination of United States of America. basic causes of war between nations the Now there are many strictures to be Constitution is definitive. made upon the Constitution. It is un- In this definitiveness it does not, how- doubtedly the instrument of the conservers ever, surpass the Articles of Confedera- of the powers and privileges of property, tion. Those delimit more precisely the as Charles Beard says it is. And it is possibilities within the will and the effective deserving of all the other objections that reach of mankind today. Add to them the have been leveled at it. Nevertheless, it has designated for the states that have put will, and you have provided, not absolute necessary power to enforce this common themselves under its rule the structure of insurance against war, but a structure that lasting peace. That it did not do so absolutely, that in spite of it we underwent will progressively make war less and less a Civil War, is acknowledged. Had the likely. For all beginnings force is the framers of the Constitution been more needful thing H. M. KALLEN. Distance Two pale old men Sit by a squalid window playing chess. The heavy air and the shrill cries Beyond the sheltering pane are less To them than roof-blockaded skies. Life flowing past them: Women with gay eyes, Resurgent voices, and the noise Of peddlers showing urgent wares, Leaves their dark peace unchanged. They are innocent Of the street clamor as young children bent Absorbed over their toys. The old heads nod; A parchment-colored hand Hovers above the intricate dim board. And patient schemes are woven, where they sit So still, And ravelled, and reknit with reverent skill. And when a point is scored A Aickering jest Brightens their eyes, a solemn beard is raised A moment, and then sunk on the thin chest. Heedless as happy children, or maybe Lovers creating their own solitude, Or worn philosophers, content to brood On an intangible reality. Shut in an ideal universe, Within their darkened window-frame They ponder on their moves, rehearse The old designs, Two rusty skull-caps bowed Above an endless game. Babette DEUTSCH. 1918] 141 THE DIAL Our Paris Letter tact with the Russian people. Nevertheless, he says, M. Albert Thomas, M. Emile Vander- (Special Correspondence of The DIAL.) velde, M. Moutet, M. Laffon, and M. Marcel The "Fait de la Semaine" (Grasset, Paris) is Cachin, who have all visited Russia since the a periodical of which each number is a complete revolution, all succeeded in penetrating below the surface and getting into touch with the pro- pamphlet on a given subject. The idea is an excellent one since it enables an important ques- letariat. M. Cachin, in particular, discovered tion to be treated much more fully than it could why the Germans gained so strong a hold in Russia. We are accustomed, says M. Sembat, be treated within the limits of a review article. to think of the Germans as having played the Recently the subjects have often been not only important ones but also ones about which the parts in Russia of spies, courtiers, government public is least informed. Number Three, for officials, and even generals; but it was not their instance, was entitled "Ce qu'un Français doit intervention in this respect that gave them their savoir des Etats-Unis" and was the joint pro- influence before the war. As M. Cachin dis- duction of four authors: MM. Emile Boutroux, covered, the secret of their influence was that Jules Lepain, Firmin-Roz, and Mr. W. Morton- they had also been the educators of the Russians. Fullerton. Most people in France know very At Moscow M. Cachin was entertained most little about America; the only type of American hospitably by some charming Russians, devoted with whom they have come into contact or of to France, but he noticed that all their furniture whom they know something by repute is the was in the Munich style and he could not help multi-millionaire—for the humbler tourist is remarking upon it. His hosts, after a moment's known chiefly to hotel-keepers—and their con- hesitation, explained that whereas the French ception of the American people is consequently were hardly seen in Russia, the Germans had not very accurate. An account of America, its been the constant educators of the Russians. institutions, its people, and its leading character- There was a French colony at Moscow of from 1,000 to 1,200, but the German colony before istics, was therefore useful and timely. Now that Paris and certain other localities in France the war numbered about 100,000. At the great are full of the American army and its auxiliary Moscow Coöoperative, which has millions of services, the French public is acquiring a per- members all over the country, M. Cachin heard sonal knowledge even more valuable, which the same story. It was the German coöperator, cannot but strengthen the traditional ties of Muller of Hamburg, who came to start the insti- friendship between the two peoples. tution and teach the Russians how to run it, and Another country about which we talk a great the first managers were Germans. "We are their pupils,” said the Moscow coöperators; “how can deal just now, but of which most of us know nothing, is Russia. It is with Russia that the we help being grateful to them?" issue of the “Fait de la Semaine” of December This discovery made a profound impression 22 (Number Nine) deals. Its title is "Perdons- on M. Cachin and, as M. Sembat says, it pro- nous la Russie?" and its author is M. Marcel vides matter for reflection; the preponderant Sembat, one of the leading members of the Social- German influence in Italy was, he adds, due to ist party in the Chamber of Deputies, who with exactly the same reasons. I myself remember M. Jules Guesde entered the first war Cabinet, an Italian friend's lamenting to me some five formed by M. Viviani on August 26, 1914 when or six years ago that it was almost impossible von Kluck was marching on Paris, and who was to attract English capital into Italy, in spite of also a member of the first Briand Ministry, the marvelous openings there. We prefer the which succeeded to the Viviani Ministry on English to the Germans, he said, but the English October 29, 1915 and remained in office for will neither settle in Italy for business purposes about fourteen months. nor invest in Italian enterprises and the Ger- M. Sembat remarks that it is very difficult for mans do both; the result is that the Germans Frenchmen—and that is equally true of other control a large proportion of Italian commerce foreigners except those belonging to Slav peoples and industry. Instead of denouncing the Ger- —to get a real knowledge of Russia, for their mans for their industry and enterprise, it would ignorance of the Russian language prevents have been wiser on our part to imitate them. them from coming into direct and intimate con- The success of the Maximalists is attributed 142 [February 14 THE DIAL by M. Sembat to three causes: the desire of the leave France in the lurch. Natural as that feel- Russian people for men of action, their fear of ing is, it is not altogether just and M. Sembat's the restoration of the Czardom by a military wise remarks may help to modify it. He treats coup d'état, their longing for peace. Kerensky his serious and thorny subject with that light- came to grief because he did not act, and his ness of touch that is characteristic of him; the government ceased to have any support in the pamphlet is full of wit and of tact. His dex- country; it fell so easily because nobody cared terity in skating over thin ice is marvelous. This to defend it. The Korniloff attempt, which so apparently almost frivolous way of dealing with large a proportion of the French and English a grave question does not in the least detract press foolishly supported, aroused the fear of a from the value of the pamphlet; on the contrary, Czarist restoration; Kerensky was more or less it merely makes it eminently readable. There compromised in it and the people were driven into is a certain intellectual affinity between M. Sem- the arms of the extremists, who became the bat and Mr. Bernard Shaw; dull people think saviors of the revolution. Above all, the Maxi- that neither of them is serious and complain of malists triumphed because they promised peace. their tendency to paradox, as if the most pro- Not that the Russian people had the least desire found truths were not expressed in paradox. One to make a separate peace or to desert the Allies; of the greatest of living Frenchmen once said to it wished to go on defending Russia against the me that he could not stand anybody that had not invaders, but it also wished that there should a touch of the paradoxical. be general peace negotiations while the war con- It is a long time since we had a new play by tinued. All the official declarations of the Soviets M. de Porto-Riche, one of the most accomplished prove that. In M. Sembat's opinion it is the and interesting of contemporary French drama- mistaken policy of the Allies that has driven the tists, and we had pleasant anticipations of "Le Russians into separate negotiations with the Cen- Marchand d'Estampes,” recently produced at the tral Empires. Another mistake was the refusal Athénée theatre. But the reality was rather a to permit the Stockholm conference, which disappointment, for the play is not equal to its would have had the immense advantage of not author's best work. Of course, it is admirably compromising the governments, since the Social- written, for M. de Porto-Riche could not write ists alone would have taken part in it, at their otherwise than well; it is also undoubtedly inter- own risk and peril, and they could subsequently esting, but it is not entirely convincing. It is the have been disowned, if necessary, by their respec- story of a print-dealer, who has been wounded tive governments. M. Sembat urges that the at the front and whose nervous system has been mistake should be immediately rectified so far as so shaken that it has suffered permanently. He it can be at the eleventh hour. The only hope comes home, discharged from the army, to a wife of keeping Russia in the Alliance is to get into whom he has adored and who has returned his contact at once with the men that have the devotion; but he has fallen in love with another power in Russia, and only Socialists can do that The latter refuses his advances and he with any hope of success. The French govern- is reduced to a state of helpless depression, while ment has made use of Catholics in Spain, very his wife bravely continues to run the shop and rightly since it was the Catholic party in that bear her trouble. When at last the other woman country that was Pro-German; why should it consents to become his mistress and they are not make use of Socialists in Russia ? If the about to go away together, he cannot bring him- objection is the fear of increasing the importance self to leave his wife; he confesses to her the of the Socialist party, it is a very petty one. step that he contemplates and they agree to die Perhaps the recent courageous attitude of the together, since happiness is henceforth impossible British Labor Party has somewhat mitigated that for them both. Considering the mental condi- objection. tion of the man, this conclusion is quite possi- This extremely able and interesting pamphlet ble and natural on his part; he might well have comes at an opportune moment, for the Russian committed suicide in such circumstances. But situation occupies much of our attention. Nat- given the character of the wife as M. de Porto- urally, popular feeling in France is very strong Riche depicts her throughout the play, it is not against the Russians. France was dragged into natural and hardly possible on her part. And the war by fidelity to the Russian alliance and it it is here that the play fails to convince. Such is felt to be very hard that Russia should now a woman might have been capable of sacrificing woman. 1918] 143 THE DIAL herself and abandoning her husband to the other Staff; who is too weak to decide whether or not woman to secure his happiness; she might have to chance his dynasty on the stopping of a war, proposed to her husband to give up their shop which, begun to enhance his prestige, will unless and leave Paris to try a new life elsewhere; soon ended destroy him utterly. Not a sovereign there are many solutions possible. But never who cowers before a possible military dictator- would she have consented to commit suicide. ship, yet lacks the courage to lead his people from Nevertheless, the play is a welcome contrast to the morass of misery and shame into which their most of those that we have been given since the Hindenburgs and Hoffmanns and Ludendorffs war and even for some years before it. What- and von Steins have led them. The little kinglets ever its faults, it remains the work of a great and petty tyrants of the Balkans, or even young dramatist and, with the exception of M. Gér- Charles, protesting his innocence and good inten- aldy's "Noces d'Argent,” it is the only new play tions loudly to heaven, with an uneasy glance worth serious notice that has been produced since backward towards Berlin? All, all are gone, the war. Let us hope that now that M. de Porto- even Enver Pasha. Riche has broken his long silence—we had had America, you say. Yes, but we have only one nothing from him for several years before the war leader-Wilson-and he has himself repudiated - he will not again desert the theatre. the laurel of leadership. He prefers to regard ROBERT DELL. himself as an “interpreter.” Nor is it likely that the future historian's estimate will disagree with Paris, January 4, 1918. his own. In contrast to most teachers who have come into power, Wilson has exhibited an ex- traordinary flexibility of mind before actual Trotzky, A Doubtful Ally events. He has been able to learn as well as teach; he has imbibed knowledge as well as im- THE BOLSHEVIKI AND WORLD PEACE. By Leon ; Trotzky. With an introduction by Lincoln Stef- parted it. In other words, he has not been stub- fens. Boni and Liveright; $1.50. born before the logic of circumstances. When Suppose the war were to end tomorrow- he could not control, he has chosen the path of where would the historian look for his Car- wisdom and adopted as his own—as in the case lylean hero? Even the most churlish Prussian of Russia. This, according to the modern doc- would scarcely begrudge admission that France's trine, is "interpretation," and it is soundly levée en masse was as thrilling as anything we pragmatic. It means that one learns, but not have seen since nationalism became a political necessarily that one leads. reality. But France's spiritual energy seemed Of course it may be that the "hero”-in the well-nigh exhausted in the achievement. Cer- Carlylean sense—is only one more of the many tainly she has not yet brought forth leaders who myths that the war has subjected to the barrage are the complete inheritors of her glorious tra- fire of everyday reality. Leadership of the ditions. Can Clemenceau or Joffre or Poincaré grandiose, old-fashioned sort becomes rather ar- fill the bill? The pettifogging deputies of the chaic in a world of machines, “coördination,” and Chamber? Hardly. Nor has England done technical experts. It is unquestionably risky. much more than reveal the enduring virtues of Today the powerful man appears not so much her liberal and laborite leaders, like Asquith and as the fountainhead of moral forces as the skilful Henderson, when contrasted with the stark reac- juggler of parliamentary majorities, the com- tionism of the Tories. Her present leader, Lloyd promiser and astute trimmer among the winds George, cannot stir us. Many of his own coun- of unreason, greed, and flickering nobility, the trymen regard him as the apotheosis of middle- adjuster and adapter of circumstances. Every class mediocrity, energy disguising itself as in- intelligent man seems fascinated with the "in- sight, an early chauvinism and braggadocio modi- strumental" theory by which the grapes of "pri- fied into a later temperateness by the unrelenting ority” and “centralized control” are cheerfully casualty lists from Flanders. Germany then? plucked from the bloody thistles of the trenches. Surely not the Kaiser, with his childish vanity Forces grow up imperceptibly to be "directed." and love of a bright uniform; the Kaiser, who It is sheer arrogance to become a force oneself. in the words "Vorwärts” employed to describe To be downright, consistent, clear, uncomprom- Bethmann-Hollweg "means well—feebly." Not ising—all that, we were told, is merely for the an emperor who is the football of his General doctrinaire and the ineffectual, the déclassé who 144 [February 14 THE DIAL as de- He was war. hover jealously on the fringes of authority. So defense. Has he brotherly words for the meek ran the song of the day. German Socialists? Listen to what he has to Until Trotzky appeared. By all the rules of . say of “Vorwärts's” exhortation to the German the game, as heretofore played, he should not workers "to hold out until the decisive victory have counted. He lacked birth and manners is ours": and taste. He was a fanatic, an obsolete Marx- Of course we must not look for ideas, logic, and ian who clung pertinaciously to a theory of the truth where they do not exist. This is simply a case of an ulcer of slavish sentiments bursting open and foul class war which up-to-date thinkers regarded as pus crawling over the pages of the workingman's outworn. He had been exiled from one country press. It is clear that the oppressed class which pro- to another, landing finally in the East Side, New ceeds too slowly and inertly on its way toward free- dom must in the final hour drag all its hopes and York. There he lived the obscure and hand-to- promises through mire and blood, before there arises mouth existence of the Socialist orator and in its soul the pure, unimpeachable voice—the voice of revolutionary honor. feuilletonist—according to well-fed radicals, a pathetically unimportant figure. Even on his He condemns the German Socialist Party for too return to Russia, after a few weeks' detainment, tender regard for their party organization, too he was regarded as only mildly dangerous and much "minimalism," too solicitous an eye for on the protest of the Kerensky government per- their prestige and power. In tying itself to the mitted to continue his journey. When his name chariot wheels of the imperialistic state, the party began to appear more frequently in the Allied lost its own soul. It developed the "machine," and neutral press, the ostrich game of belittling which for its continued existence was his importance went cheerfully on. pendent as any other political "machine" in merely one of the crazy "reds" then leading Rus- Germany upon the government's success in the sia on to her dance of death, a wild-eyed, long- Thus developed, as a by-product of op- haired anarchist to be laughed at as long as he portunism, the frightful spectacle of working- was out of power and roundly cursed as a traitor class imperialism. Trotzky has full realization to the Allied cause when he came into power. of the danger of a German victory. All this, of course, was absurd-how absurd Why then does he want immediate peace? his book, written before the Russian Revolution, Because on its military side he believes the war has reached a deadlock, and its continued pro- now shows. Does he repudiate the idea of na- tionality? Not at all: his choicest epithets are longation means the mutual exhaustion of the reserved for the archaic and feudal Austro-Hun- fighting spirit in the working-class. He wants garian government. Nothing would please him the war to end before the belligerency of the more than to see the Dual Monarchy smashed proletariat is sucked dry in what he regards as and the "suppressed" nationalities given their this irrelevant conflict. Enough force must re- own language, schools, government. He argues main in the proletariat to overthrow their gov- with great force for something less mild than ernments and to conduct a first-class revolution, federation as a solution of the Southeastern Euro- Russian style. With the disillusion which will pean question. Provided the curse of imperial inevitably follow peace negotiations, he feels that jealousy and economic aggrandizement—to him, events can be so maneuvred that revolution will an inevitable consequence of the present capital- result in almost every country—but especially in istic system—can be overcome by revolution of Germany and Austria. And he warns all 'and the proletariat everywhere, it is merely a matter sundry governments that when the revolutions of taste, "self-determination,” how many national do start, the working-class will have learned a states are in existence. In the new world of lesson from this war which it will not speedily forget—the lesson that necessity knows no law. proletarian control, according to Trotzky, na- tional states will lose their menace. When the Bourgeois legalism will not frighten workingmen workers of the world are united, they will save who have lain in the mud and shot their brothers. their machine guns only for the bourgeoisie- Had the average good citizen read this book everywhere. You will be a worker before you a few months ago, he would probably have re- are a Russian or German or American. Does he flected: "Well, this fellow is certainly a devil, excuse Germany for starting this war? On and if he ever gets loose nobody's property will the contrary, no bitterer indictment of Ger- be safe. Whatever else he may be, he's certainly many's guilt has ever been written than Trotzky's not Pro-German. He's a clear and vigorous analysis of the Germans' claim of a war of self- thinker, a dangerous revolutionist. But there's 1918] 145 THE DIAL > one consolation. If he ever does get into power enemy, even while you refuse to sign a “formal in Russia, he won't be able to put his ideas across. peace treaty." Yet it is impossible to read his On the other hand, he's a real menace to the book without searching for a more complex ex- Allies. With all his fine talk, an agitation for planation. No man could be such a consummate an immediate peace will only, as a matter of liar, so shameless a betrayer of his own prin- cold fact, result in an advantage to Germany. ciples. No: Trotzy is risking everything on an The Russian army is already gone; its morale ultimate revolution in Germany, brought about is broken. The people want peace at any price. by passive and moral resistance, propaganda, Trotzky will be in no position to be impudent words. It is a terrible chance to take, and may to Germany. He will have to truckle. He may result in handing Russia over to German dom- have words, but the Germans have guns. Let ination for a century. What lesson is there in us get together and call him a Pro-German any- this tragedy of Russia for the Allies? How can way and discredit him. Then he can keep his be stopped? What chance have we now to theories to himself, and not sell Russia out to make Germany revolt? It is too late to retrieve Germany in the name of the holy Revolution." our former blunders and diplomatic stupidity. Such, at any rate, seemed to be the tactics of All we can do is to make sure that the much- the reactionary press in England and America heralded German "drive," if it comes, is blocked. and France. They were content to remain in When that fails—as it must fail—the arrogant the intellectual twilight of opinion which has Junkers will not have a single card left to play. characterized them since the war began. They Then in truth the revolt may come in Germany. exhausted the vocabulary of mud on Trotzky: What irony if the democratic Peace Trotzky his pockets bulged with German gold (as per- preaches shall be won for him on the fields of haps they did, for the Junkers believed, on Allied Flanders by the blood of those he has, in his skep- authority, they had found an easy mark); he was ticism, repudiated! if those whom today he ques- a traitor for whom hanging was too good. In tions should tomorrow prove his doubts groundless! this strain the abuse continued until Brest- HAROLD STEARNS. Litovsk. Then something happened, which sur- prised the Germans no less than the Allies. Trotzky didn't truckle. He was impudent, Why a Poet Should Never Be truthful. Armed with his idea and his honesty of purpose, he snapped his fingers at the entire Educated German army and told them to come on, what good would it do them? Did the diplomatists FIRST OFFERING. By Samuel Roth. Lyric Pub- lishing Co.; $1. dare to go back home and tell their proletariat RENASCENCE, and Other Poems. By Edna St. that they didn't want a democratic peace? Vincent Millay. Kennerley; $1.50. British Labor responded almost immediately to First Poems. By Edwin Curran. Published by the author, Zanesville, Ohio; 35 cts. this amazing spectacle; so did Wilson in a speech which was his finest accomplishment. Of course These three first volumes, with their curious kinship and even more curious contrasts, furnish it had always been plain what Trotzky would do, plain, that is, to anybody who knew how a variety of themes. They offer material for several essays: on "What Constitutes Rap- religiously our newspapers misinterpret, plain ture"; on "The Desire of the Moth for the to those who had ever seen or talked to Trotzky. Star”; on "The Growing Tendency among Cer- Today it is plain to the world. The Russian tain Publishers to Ask One Dollar and Fifty delegates at Brest-Litovsk have the public, open approval of our President. Cents for Seventy Pages of Verse"; on "A Bill Today, with the news of Russia's exit from for the Conservation of Conservative Poetry”; the war, the situation remains a puzzle. Has on “Life, Literature, and the Last Analysis”; Trotzky sold out to the Germans ? On the on “Why a Poet Should Never be Educated.” surface it looks like it. For it is one thing to One cannot deal with all these fascinating con- take control of a nation which has gone to pieces, siderations, but I hope to suggest the crippling which has lost its army, and to try to make cap- effect the college usually has on the embryonic ital out of this very weakness as Trotzky did at poet; how imagination is slurred over and Brest-Litovsk. It is quite another thing to throw form is magnified; how rhapsody is tuned down open the economic resources of a country to the to rhetoric and regularity; how poetry, in short, 146 [February 14 THE DIAL emerges not as an experiment, a record of varied formalism has smothered all originality out of days, meditations, and adventures, but as an the lines. For example: orderly procession of standard thoughts, a codi- Lo, I have touched the waters of the tides fied treatise, a course in pattern-making. Take Of many days, who through dim vision spun Of sheltered deeds now catch the glow of Sun these three books, for instance. Mr. Roth has As o'er grey waters ploughed by Morn he rides, been brought up at a university, and its formal Waving aflame the reckless flag of dawn, stamp is over all his pages. Miss Millay wrote Breaking the doors of caves where darkness hides, And having freed the world, loftily glides two of the most fresh and beautiful lyrics which The blue resplendent mountain peaks upon. contemporary American poetry can boast–before It is no single teacher, no one influence that has she went to Vassar. Since that time she has pro- shaped these lines with such academic accents; duced nothing that has more than a trace of it is something more institutional which places her initial spontaneous quality; her subsequent its determined or half-conscious emphasis on tra- poems strain to make up in intellectual concepts dition-an emphasis that makes the student bend what they have lost in naïveté. Edwin Curran and conform or, if he is made of tougher fibre, is a railroad telegrapher, a beginner, ignorant of react with a violent desire to shock. Both of the laws of prosody, of scansion, even of gram- these impulses are thwarting and inhibitive, for mar; he would not recognize a chant royal or an neither of them is the result of natural and free amphibrach even if it were introduced to him. creation. And so what here should have been And yet there is more vitality and vision in these flexible, young, and frankly experimental has paper-bound and undiscriminating twenty-seven been hardened in a tough and time-eaten mold. pages than in a score of more elegant and more Turning to the second volume is like opening erudite volumes. a window in a musty class-room. Here is air It is impossible to tell how far the universities and motion, sunlight and the reflection of cloud- are (from a literary point of view) responsible driven skies—even though the shadows are some- for so many sudden blossomings and so many times seen upon charted walls. For the greater early deaths. But everyone can name at least part, these pages vibrate with an untutored sin- half a dozen examples. Was it not less precocitycerity, a direct and often dramatic power that than the hot-house atmosphere of Harvard which few of our most expert craftsmen can equal. made John Hall Wheelock bloom too quickly- Turn, for instance, to the opening poem that a forced growth that almost sapped him for a begins like a child's thoughtless rhyme or a scrap sturdier flowering? And, at the other extreme, of nonsense verse: (to change the metaphor) was it not the uni- All I could see from where I stood versities that almost succeeded in extinguishing Was three long mountains and a wood; Robert Frost's guarded Aame with their damp I turned and looked another way, And saw three islands in a bay. disapproval? Perhaps it was not so much dis- So with my eyes I traced the line approval that they exhibited as, what was worse, Of the horizon, thin and fine, a ponderous indifference to what did not conform Straight around till I was come Back to where I'd started from; to the curriculum of prescribed beauty. It was And all I saw from where I stood this placid unconcern which made Frost realize Was three long mountains and a wood. that these halls of learning (he attended and left An almost inconsequential opening, but as the two of them) were built not to prepare the poem proceeds, one with a haunting and cumu- lative effect. future but to perpetuate the past. The list of ruined or rejected originators might be extended Over these things I could not see These were the things that bounded me, to the back cover of this magazine; every reader it goes on. And then without ever losing the might add his own quota. But catalogues are simplicity of the couplets, it begins to mount. tiresome and unsatisfactory as evidence. I shall There is an exquisite idyllic passage beginning: return to my trio and particularize. The grass, a-tiptoe at my ear, Mr. Roth's volume contains thirty-three son- Whispering to me I could hear; nets, half a dozen lyrics, a few efforts in vers I felt the rain's cool finger-tips Brushed tenderly across my lips, libre; all of them pleasant, precise, undistin- Laid gently on my sealed sight, guished. There is grace in them, an echo if not And all at once the heavy night Fell from my eyes and I could see- an evocation of beauty, and sparks from what, A drenched and dripping apple-tree, in other circumstances, may have burned with A last long line of silver rain, an authentic Aame. But the cold compress of and suddenly, beneath the descriptive rapture, 1918] 147 THE DIAL > one is confronted with a greater revelation. It another, possibly better, will be issued,” the thin is as if a child playing about the room had, in booklet is free of both poetic cant and critical the midst of prattling, uttered some shining and selectiveness. Lines of startling beauty precede terrific truth. This remarkable poem is, in parts, sentences of childish bombast; exquisite and dar- a trifle repetitious, but what it repeats is said so ing conceptions rise from the most tawdry and poignantly that one thinks of scarcely any lesser sentimental of themes; vivid images leap to the poet than Blake when one begins the ascending astonished eye and are followed by passages of climax: the most mawkish emotionalism. Magic takes I know the path that tells Thy way this poet and does with him whatever it wishes. Through the cool eve of every day; He has little or no control over the music; it God, I can push the grass apart controls him. And lay my finger on Thy heart! See, for examples, the quietly Or witness the first of the unnamed sonnets, that ecstatic poem "To Future Generations," the has a similar mixture of world sadness and a related love songs scattered without title through painful hunger for beauty, a hunger so great that the booklet, the blend of fatness and magnifi- cence in “Christ" with its sudden climax: no delight is great enough to give her peace: Thou art not lovelier than lilacs-no Sentinel, where is morning on the world? Break the night for night has slept too long. Nor honeysuckle; thou art not more fair Where is the dawn? Is her rose still uncurled ? Than small white single poppies-I can bear Unburst it! Let us have a harp and song! Thy beauty; though I bend before thee, though From left to right, not knowing where to go, Turn to the sonnet “Autumn," where even I turn my troubled eyes, nor here nor there "by the ruins of the painted hills” this new singer Find any refuge from thee, yet I swear So has it been with mist—with moonlight so. can find none of the proverbial end-of-the-year Elsewhere (as in “The Suicide”) the tone is melancholy, but only the “earth stripped to grap- more sophisticated. The results of reading begin ple with the winter year . . . her gnarled hills to show. In “Interim” we see the intrusion of planned for victories.” foreign accents; echoes of other dramatic mono- I love the earth who goes to battle now, To struggle with the wintry whipping storm logues disturb us as the poem wanders off into And bring the glorious spring out from the night. periods of reflection and rhetoric. And there I see earth's muscles bared, her battle brow, are pages where all that was fresh and native And am not sad, but feel her marvelous charm As splendidly she plunges in the fight. to this young poet seems to have turned to mere prettiness and imitation. “Ashes of Life” might Everywhere this individuality of utterance is manifest. It shines even out of sentimental have been written by Sara Teasdale in a weak moment; “The Little Ghost” lisps sweetly after poems like the one on the statue of “George Margaret Widdemer. After the preceding exhib- Washington in Wall Street" with passages like: its such lapses are doubly distressing. The inclu- He is not dead; some blood still courses thru him warm, Some light still burns behind those marble eyes, sion of these merely pleasant pieces is all the more A pulse knocks thru the darkness of that form, surprising when one notes the inexplicable omis- And this man here still knows and is aware; sion of "Journey" from this volume—a youthful His heart is broken with the world's sad cries And he longs to throw away his sleep and charm- poem, but sharpened and illuminated with a suc- Slip off the stone as some cold cloak of air. cession of original touches. Here is a part of it: or like "The Sailing of Columbus" that begins: Cat-birds call The wind ran out across the golden sea, Through the long afternoon, and creeks at dusk Are guttural. Whip-poor-wills wake and cry, Chained to our snowy shrouds, pulling our ships; Drawing the twilight close about their throats; A slave who creaked the beams and dragged the hulls Only my heart makes answer. Eager vines Like plows across the waves in creams of foam. Go up the rocks and wait; Aushed apple-trees On down the watery field, that hill of rain, Pause in their dance and break the ring for me. We stumbled on the wind, leaning on the sky, Round-faced roses, pink and petulant, Running into eternity and blue space, Look back and beckon ere they disappear. Trying to touch that azure wall ahead. Edwin Curran's work has no trace of "lit- It is these Aashes of brilliance that make one erary" temper or tradition, no polite echoes of an anxious for Edwin Curran when he will begin echo. Nothing more than the most elementary to become "cultured" and sophisticated. And it schooling can be found in his unpretentious and is such an unknown bit of fire, springing from almost ungrammatical pages. Published by him- so apparently uninspiring a centre as Zanesville, self with the assurance that “any help in dis- Ohio, that makes one surer of the vigorous poetic tribution will be appreciated" and the tentative renascence in these scattered but somehow united states. promise that “if this volume meets expenses, LOUIS UNTERMEYER. . . 148 [February 14 THE DIAL 9) Lincoln in Biography and Letters Biographically, Lincoln has been scanned from many angles. Only the emergence of new facts THE LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. or a more radiant exposition of his temperament Tarbell. Macmillan; $5. and experience, his environment, and the spirit Honest Abe. By Alonzo Rothschild. Hough- ton Miffin ; $2. of the age which fashioned his fortunes, would UNCOLLECTED LETTERS OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. appear to justify further attempts to explain him. By Gilbert A. Tracy. Houghton Mifflin ; $2.50. During the last decade a sufficient body of such As a product of American democracy, Abra- new matter has accumulated to sanction the new ham Lincoln bids fair to be of perennial interest. edition of Miss Tarbell's “Life," first given to We preserve every scrap of his writing, trivial or the public in 1900. Her work at that time important, and perpetuate every tale or tradition embodied the important results of an extended that promises to add to our memorial of the man investigation of sources of information unappro- and his achievements. For many, his utterances priated by Nicolay and Hay. She took prac- on public questions have become as touchstones tically the last opportunity to gather up a large of political wisdom. Those who study his per- body of facts and impressions, corroborative and sonality discover in it much that is highly cheer- new, held in solution among numerous survivors ing and spiritual. The historian, interpreting his from Lincoln's own generation. Much of what service to the republic, has estimated him high she so competently reported in her two volumes in the conception of greatness. The feeling is would have perished in a few years or survived general that his life contains a validity and charm in uncertain and confusing tradition. Among the worthy to be bequeathed to succeeding genera- spolia opima which she contributed was "The “ tions of our people, native and foreign born. Lost Speech," delivered at Bloomington in 1856, In the literature that Lincoln has left us there and regarded by Herndon as “the grand effort" is very little that directly bespeaks a philosophy of Lincoln's life. This most notable of Lincoln's of government, though much is implicit. Not unreported speeches Miss Tarbell recovered as often do we read his works in the spirit of polit- we have it through H. C. Whitney, who made ical exegesis. The time may come when this will notes on the address during its delivery and at be their dominant interest. But we have found Miss Tarbell's request expanded his notes me- that he could bestow upon a political concept a moriter. powerful application of ideas provoked by the Miss Tarbell presented also a better impres- disposition of his time. The Declaration and the sion of Lincoln's father, the much disparaged Constitution stimulated in his brain many pro- Thomas. With all his "backwoodsiness," he was found observations of great consequence in form- fairly representative of his community. He was ing public opinion upon the issues confronting a landowner at twenty-five, possessed credit at his mature mind. There may be some basis for the village store, and Miss Tarbell furnished assent to the assertion of an able student of his documentary evidence that he enjoyed the local legal history that Lincoln was a great constitu- distinction of appointment as road-surveyor, or tional lawyer. He at least possessed a clear grasp She was able also to clear up several of the leading principles governing the meaning contradictory traditions about his ancestry, edu- of the Constitution. His ethics was personal cation, and other matters, as well as to give fuller rather than platonic. We revere him first of all outline to the prevailing meagre impression of as an exemplar, as "a gentle, good, and great his professional life. This aspect of his career, man.” His character was such as the Greek however, has been in large measure restored to dramatists found for praise in Pericles: “Persua- us by the researches of F. T. Hill and Mr. John sion sat upon his lips, such was his charm.” The T. Richards. T. Richards. The latter's important work, qualities Plutarch ascribes to the Athenian states- among others, was reviewed in The DIAL, Octo- man fit our mental portrait of Lincoln's person- ber 19, 1916. Although Miss Tarbell exhibited ality and power: "He was indeed a character the greater problems which Lincoln encountered deserving our admiration not only for his equita- in the presidency and his manner of meeting ble and mild temper, which ... in the many them, it was not her purpose to lead her readers affairs of his life and the great animosities he into the plexus of events making up the history incurred, he constantly maintained; but also for of his administration or the story of the Civil his high spirit and feeling," whereby "he never War. Instead, she pictured the personal aspects gratified an envy or passion, nor ever treated an of his life and character in terms of the large enemy as irreconcilably opposed to him." amount of fresh testimony which she brought a overseer. 1918] 149 THE DIAL > to together from so many sources to supplement the illustrated by his keeping "so carefully from his old. Her primary purpose was to exhibit “Lin- colleagues the preposterous suggestions of Mr. coln the man," yet her researches enabled her Seward in April, 1861, to invite a general Euro- to add nearly 200 pages of Lincoln letters and pean War and to take over the government.” speeches not included in any preceding work. When Seward learned that a caucus of Repub- The new edition of Miss Tarbell's “Life” lican congressmen had voted to ask the President amends the old by means of a review of the most remove him, he resigned. Mr. Lincoln important of the materials bearing on Lincoln's regarded the action of the congressmen as an life made accessible since 1900. These materials interference with executive authority. At this consist in the main of the "Diary" of Gideon time, also, the self-conceit of Chase, whom Lord Welles, Secretary of the Navy under Lincoln Charnwood regards as "unhappily a sneak," con- and Johnson; the "Reminiscences" of Carl tributed greatly to the cabinet ferment. Chase Schurz; the "Diary" and letters of John Hay; disingenuously intimated his desire to resign, and the “Personal Recollections of Abraham Lin- expecting to be suppliantly begged to remain. coln," by Henry B. Rankin, whose fortune it To his chagrin, the President evinced great sat- was to be associated with the firm of Lincoln and isfaction that the “Gordian knot" was cut at last. Herndon for the ten years preceding Lincoln's After both Seward and Chase had experienced election to the presidency. The new section, con- some perplexity as to their fate, they were asked tributed as a second preface, makes reference to by the President to remain at their posts. Welles's dislike of Seward's bumptious manner From 1860, when William Dean Howells and of impressing others with his primacy in the John L. Hayes published "Lives and Speeches administration. By many of those, in and out of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin," to of Congress, who shared Welles's irritation, Lin- the present, the lives and special treatises inspired coln's forbearance with his Secretary of State was by the career of the great President have been interpreted as weakness; even Welles thought his legion. Nicolay and Hay wrote a history of his chief was being managed by one inferior to him. time, with a benevolent eye always upon their At the time, Miss Tarbell shows, none appeared hero. Herndon's book furnished a large store to know that Lincoln fully understood the pro- of personal, if sometimes unauthenticated, intel- pensities of Mr. Seward, and that with "shrewd ligence. Morse followed the academically trained calculation" he was suffering himself to be mis- paths of the biographic art. Browne's readable judged in order to put through his great task. volume is less critical than intimately sympa- Both Seward and Chase, through self-assertive thetic and personal. Of more recent lives of Lin- and muddling ambition, were vexatious; yet the coln, that by Brand Whitlock is the best example , President's high aims and fine tact led him to we have of successful condensation. The mélange esteem the abilities of the secretaries in spite of of biographical and historical matter in the vol- the discreditable annoyance they engendered. ume by Mr. Ulrich divaricates between personal In evidence of the President's attitude, Miss reminiscence and an array of documents avail- Tarbell reminds us of his refusal to publish his able and quite useful for the comparative study correspondence with Greeley in connection with of modern constitutional history. The recent the peace fiasco at Niagara Falls, in July, 1864. book by Alonzo Rothschild under the name of Greeley had emotionally urged a peace confer- "Honest Abe” has a purpose single and conjoint. ence between representatives of the two warring This purpose is to complement the author's sections upon what he asserted was competent well-known “Lincoln, Master of Men," pub- assurance that the South was ready for such a lished a decade ago. In “Honest Abe” we have The President tactfully appointed Gree- the reduction of a large amount of matter writ- ley to exploit his own futile suggestion. The ten about Lincoln, with an eye single to the latter's severe reproach of the President for the portraiture of his fundamental characteristic of failure of the conference was left unheeded, even integrity. The former book was a study of the though the publication of the letters that passed President's personality on the side of its power between them "would have shown that Greeley to envisage and manage the diversity of men con- had lied.” Mr. Lincoln chose to bear the blame nected with the civil and military branches of which the editor threw upon him in order that the government. It was well written, and the cause he represented might continue to com- impressed the reader with the greatness of the mand the powerful influence of the “Tribune." President's task in his relations to the personnel The self-effacing temper of Mr. Lincoln is further of his administration in a time of crisis. The > move. 150 [February 14 THE DIAL a new book seeks to find the secret of Lincoln's public interest, consisting as they do of brief success in his “fidelity to truth.” Much testi- notes on law cases, brief letters of acknowledg- mony of a well-known character is collated for ment, or on local political events. A number are this purpose around the subjects of "Pinching executive orders of a routine nature. a Some of Times," "Professional Ethics," "Honesty in Pol- them, however, are of biographical or historical itics,” and so on. Professionally, "Lincoln in rank, though they contain nothing that would court was truth in action.” Many causes in modify our present impression. The letters to which Lincoln participated as a lawyer are indi- Lincoln's confidential friend, Lyman Trumbull, cated to illustrate his acumen in discerning the are full of observations upon political matters “kernel" of a suit as well as his disposition to and contain numerous references to Douglas and concede the point when it appeared that he was the Kansas-Nebraska propaganda. One of these in the wrong. The volume closes with Lincoln's letters protests his firm opposition to any "com- success in the congressional race against Cart- promise on the question of extending slavery." wright. The author's death prevented his car- The same position is averred in a letter to Owen rying his study over the highly important period Lovejoy, but in terms combining political caution of the Lincoln-Douglas debates. He has written with the courage of sincere conviction. After his with sincere purpose, has winnowed his material defeat by Douglas for the Senate he writes to skilfully, and enriched each chapter with ample General Eleazar Paine admitting his defeat and bibliographical and historical notes. The style prophetically affirming that the contest must con- is clear and elevated. Yet it is difficult to say tinue. “The question is not half settled. New that the book adds appreciably to our impression splits will soon be upon our adversaries, and we of Lincoln on that side of his character which will fuse again.” A letter of November 18, its pages are intended to establish. Its thesis is 1862, to General Steele and Governor Phelps of so well maintained by numerous biographies, so Arkansas contains one of his earliest expressions exactly parallels the common opinion of the Great of the plan of reconstruction which was carefully Emancipator, that one could wish that the good maturing in Lincoln's mind. style and conscientious endeavor of the author The letter to Carl Schurz, replying to the had been turned toward the writing of a life latter's complaint that the President in making of one who has been none too often, nor yet with appointments had given too great consideration competent artistry, represented as a classic for the to Democrats, confirms Lincoln's political pru- youth. dence, as Schurz later appreciated. Those who But the most original and striking contribu- recall the "Lost Speech" will identify in the tion to Lincoln literature made during the pres- letter to Alexander H. Stephens, January 1860, ent year is Mr. Gilbert A. Tracy's “Uncollected certain of the ideas which became fixtures in Letters of Abraham Lincoln.” The volume con- Lincoln's thoughts about slavery and states rights; tains about 350 letters not included in a previ- for example, the declaration: "We will not ously published collection. Only a small number secede and you shall not.” In some respects this of them have been printed in any form before. letter reflects the body of ideas which made up Mr. Tracy, a clerk in the War Department dur- the Cooper Institute address delivered a month ing the Civil War and later a Connecticut later. But the literary feature of this collection farmer, gave many years to the collection of is the letter to the King of Siam, February 3, these letters, found singly and in number in the 1862, acknowledging the receipt of certain costly possession of individuals and historical societies, presents from his admiring majesty, including and among the treasures of professional collectors. "your Majesty's tender of good offices in for- After the publication in 1906 of the Gettysburg warding to this Government a stock from which edition of Lincoln's works, presumably inclusive a supply of elephants might be raised on our soil. of all he wrote, it is surprising that the editors This Government would not hesitate to avail should have been able to give us so large a com- itself of so generous an offer if the object were pilation. Miss Tarbell, who writes an intro- one which could be made practically useful in duction to the volume, suggests that the stream the present condition of the United States. Our of new Lincoln materials has not yet run dry. political jurisdiction, however, does not reach a Indeed, Mr. Tracy indicates the existence of latitude so low as to favor the multiplication of certain other letters whose owners are as yet the elephant, and steam on land as well as on unwilling to make them public property. Many water has been our best and most efficient agent of the letters in the present collection are of little of transportation in internal commerce." This 1918] 151 THE DIAL a letter is as delicately informed with the rare "credits,” a system which cultivates the "taking essence of humor as the well-known letter to Mrs. of courses” and not the study of a subject. The Bixby is irradiant with the pure spirit of patriot- gap between his ideal and his mild and indirect ism. It strengthens any preconception one may criticism and suggestion for improvement is too have had that Lincoln, under another set of glaring to make the discussion very satisfactory. circumstances in life, might have become as There is no more obvious fact about the Ameri- distinguished as a man of letters as he was em- can college than that its administrative and cur- inent in statesmanship. L. E. ROBINSON. ricular organization has not, in these last few years of standardizing, been in any way directed by the ideal of the "intellectual community of Quadrangles Paved with Good youth.” While floundering deans and quarrel- some faculties have debated, the registrar and Intentions the athletic coach have gone busily and invinc- ibly ahead setting the motives and the values THE UNDERGRADUATE AND HIS COLLEGE. Ву Frederick P. Keppel. Houghton Mifflin; $1.60. for the social and intellectual life of the great Mr. Keppel is known to all Columbia under- majority of students in college. In the presence graduates of recent years as one of the kindest of an idealist like Dean Keppel, who is also an and most helpful of college deans. He has now executive officer and presumably has a rare oppor- given his impressions of college life in a book tunity for leadership, the question insistently which has a kindliness that rather impairs the rises: How could the present flagrant divorce critical emphasis, and leaves still unanswered the between ideal and actuality have arisen? question: What is the American college for? But if this book does not answer that ques- The audience he imagines and for whom he tion, it does present a very human and chatty writes is evidently the comfortable father of the picture of the boyish undergraduate as he passes better-bred boy-"your boy and mine"-and not before the dean. The author disarms a good that more critical public which desires an ideal deal of our criticism by showing us how very of what the college should be, or an incisive bad the colleges used to be, and how very good analysis of the forces which block that ideal's are the present good ones in comparison with realization. Only in the very last pages does . the bad. In the light of that earlier institu- Dean Keppel suggest his ideal and, admirable tion which was little more than a boys' academy, as it is, it comes too late to aid him in correcting where the students had a generous taint of the his observations of college life. "A group of hoodlum and the professors were pedantic theo- young men living and working and thinking and logians, the present college appears an earnest dreaming together, free to let their thoughts and honorable place indeed. It is a clever touch and dreams determine the future for them; these of Mr. Keppel's to trace the current organized young men, hourly learning much from one athletics and fraternity life out of the ancient another, are brought into touch with the wis- mischief and disorder. If the colleges today are dom of the past, the circumstances of the pres- being strangled in their own standardization, ent, the visions of the future, by a group of think of the degree scandals of twenty years ago, older students, striving to provide them with and of the salutary disappearance of charlatan ideas rather than beliefs, and guiding them in institutions and the stiffening of the weak. If observing for themselves nature's laws and one bemoans the corruption of athletics, let him think of the rowdyism and low standards of the human relationships"-how could this idea of last generation. Mr. Keppel presents an engag- a college be bettered? But Dean Keppel pre- ing picture of the fraternities sobering up from sents no very clear picture of how young men their historic debauches, and even engaging in might live and work and think together. Nor competitive scholarship. And the old parental does he explain why professors so emphatically discipline of the college he sees to be broadening do not look upon themselves as “older students," into a real concern about the student's respon- and why the curriculum is not designed more sibility to society, as well as about his personal intelligently and deliberately to effect that obser- morality and habits. vation of "nature's laws and human rela- Reforms, however, will have to be presented tionships.” He dismisses lightly the prevailing ” with more fervor and with a greater sense of utterly mechanical and demoralizing system of their integral place in the "youthful commu- measuring intellectual progress by "points" and nity" before they are likely to stir the college 152 [February 14 THE DIAL (6 By mind. Actually there seems to be little halt in he may expect for "his boy" from the college the process of complicating the machinery of will find the book amusing and informing. He manufacturing the degree, in getting rid of may even like the author's generous use of aca- plain-speaking and idealistic teachers, and in demic slang, such as "the quituate and the bust- turning more and more of the teaching over to itute,” and the tendency to "pad and distract” mediocre young instructors. The quality of the rather than to add and subtract. Nevertheless undergraduate will depend on these influences, the more restless will long for a fiercer tone. to which Mr. Keppel gives all too little heed. After all, when one is strategically placed and No college has sinned more grievously than his sees evils and goods in a system, why be so tepid own in these respects. Mildly to urge toler- about it? RANDOLPH BOURNE. ance and tact upon trustees and professors alike is scarcely enough, even though one admit that "errors of tact are more likely to be expensive “Labor, Right or Wrong” to the professor whose views on social and polit- ical relations are disturbing to those about him." TRADE UNIONISM IN THE UNITED STATES. These are sterner times, and youthful idealists Robert Franklin Hoxie. Appleton; $2.50. who saw Mr. Keppel himself pass from the direc- This volume is the last will and testament of tion of a pacifist society to a post in the War a singularly clear and cogent thinker who looked Department, and Professor Beard resign because out upon the world with sympathy and under- of the sinister menaces to intellectual freedom standing and sought to unravel, by patient col- within the American college, will be a little lection of data and careful analysis, the tangled skeptical of the power of the present system to skein of that most protean of all democratic produce in the average student a love for the movements, trade unionism. The scholar who clear intellectual conscience. It is not enough It is not enough wrought these pages lay down to his rest before for Mr. Keppel to have a good word for the his work was done and we owe this book to student "conscientious objector," for the student labors of love on the part of those who knew socialist agitator, and for the ostracized Jewish and cared for him. It is not unjust to say, there- , student. We should be assured that the college fore, that this is a group of essays—not a finished is tending toward a community where tolerance work-reminding one, in a way, of Arnold is not merely chivalrous but organic. Toynbee's "Industrial Revolution." And yet it Mr. Keppel has the task, in this book, of play is a volume which will be valuable in the thought ing the rôles of both prophet and loyal tender that it will stir in those widening circles now con- of the machine. Few people could fuse them scious of the significance of industrial democ- happily. He does not fuse them happily. He racy. does deplore the lack of thoroughness in college Professor Hoxie's book is mainly analytical, learning, the sin of smattering, and the lack of but there are two chapters, all too brief, given adjustment of the college to the world. He to the history of the labor movement in the desires a closer understanding between faculty United States from the earliest days to the rise and students, between college courses and stu- of revolutionary unionism. One chapter sets dent activities, between college life and mature "the problem” of the student, warning him activity. But he has too much sense of the against hasty generalizations and class bias, and immalleability of his raw material, too much showing him how complicated and fugitive are sense of their being much to be said on both the data of the labor movement. Some fifty sides, to be a convincing prophet. And he is pages are devoted to an analysis of the several too uneasy about the idealists to be a mere loyal types of unionism and their significance, with machine-driver. His mind is liberal and yet it due reference to structure and function. The serves reaction. It is good to have “liberals” relation of labor to the law, collective bargain- as machine-tenders; however, they should not ing, and the economic program of labor occupy complain if their interpretation disappoints. One nearly one hundred pages. Scientific manage- becomes, in reading a book like this, a little too ment in relation to labor is given the emphasis conscious of those qualities for which, as Mr. which its importance warrants; there is a sketchy Keppel says, the college graduate “has a good chapter on employers' associations, and some reputation" — resourcefulness, social agreeable- shrewd observations on the psychology of lead- ness, cheerfulness, adaptability. The liberalership which recall the exceedingly clever work alumnus or the father who wants to know what of Michels. a a 1918] 153 THE DIAL It would be impossible within the limits of a peculiar pleasure of disinheriting Annie and the review to enumerate the essential conclusions and other children of their misbegotten brood. Thus capital suggestions of this volume, but some are the apple of discord was planted before the hero so outstanding that they cannot escape. The The himself came on the scene, as Ishmael Ruan did shortcomings and failures of the American Fed- only a few hours after his father's death. The eration of Labor are temperately set forth (page struggle of the youngest Ruan to assert his au- 133); we are warned that we shall see more, thority in the family and in turn to pass his rather than less, of industrial unionism (page inheritance on to his eldest son is, very roughly, 174); much that concerns labor disputes and the theme of the story. There are no legal com- administration must be taken out of the field plications, and but little play of personal risk. of contentious litigation (page 251); the estab- The author is too deft a hand for that. The lishment of labor standards and the education struggle between Ishmael and his eldest brother, of the public offer more of promise for the Archelaus, is mainly psychological, but not for future than does legislative wrangling (page years has there been in fiction a plot so shocking. 252); we cannot afford to give up the vast pos- The shock at the end is the refreshing one of sibilities of increased productiveness which scien- sheer cold water-no common quality in psy- tific management offers (page 324), and yet chological narrative. scientific management falls afoul of craft union- From the first the tale strikes an eerie tone ism and all its rigid rules (page 347); the public reminiscent of “Wuthering Heights,” perhaps, is poorly equipped by knowledge and understand- or “Jane Eyre.” To some extent the fancied ing for taking part in labor controversies, and resemblance is due to similarity of setting and yet it is continually compelled to render drastic the same dour aspect of the characters, as much judgments (Chapter xiv). The upshot of it all as to the fact that the excellent plot emerges is that rough and ready generalizations about the from the grim eccentricities of one or two of the class conflict avail little and that the grand old persons. As the history of Ishmael progresses, slogan, "Labor, right or wrong," is not much of however, from his boyhood among the Cornish a guide amid the bewildering technique of mod- country lads through his school days at St. Renny ern industry. Patience, understanding, knowl- and his young manhood, the author's very sure edge of the facts, Alexibility of thought—"these searching of the emotions and fancies of youth are the seals of that most firm assurance which reminds one, on quite a different hand, of the bars the pit over Destruction's strength.” realistic analyses of Lawrence's “Sons and Lov- ers. There is here more in common between CHARLES A. BEARD. the two writers than the same Cornish country. But such comparisons serve merely an impression- istic purpose. The distinct achievement of the A Novel with a Plot author of "Secret Bread” is spinning a tale of over five hundred pages on the neatly tied thread SECRET BREAD. By F. Tennyson Jesse. Doran; $1.50. of plot one customarily finds in a short story, "There was silence in the room where James playing incessantly on rather intimate sensations, Ruan lay in the great bed, awaiting his marriage and at the same time weaving the story round a and his death.” When a novel makes such an clearly enunciated philosophy—"that we all have arresting entry as this of “Secret Bread,” the something, some secret bread of our own soul, temptation is to quote it, with the comment that by which we live, that nourishes and sustains us.” Ishmael's secret bread was his love of the the beginnings of their novels and their own dying land, the earth of his paternal Cloom. The three words must be among authors' heavy responsibil- necessary ingredients for a substantial novel are ities. But the long and absorbing tale behind here: vivid characters, a good plot, and an un- these strange words proves them to be no mere derlying purpose, philosophy, or unifying motive pomp of paradox. The first chapter gives a of the author's (whatever term you will) which good measure of the whole book. In it Ruan gives a novel its third dimension and keeps it of Cloom, an estate in Cornwall, died on the from being a mere bas-relief frieze of more or night the story opens, after making a wife of less entertaining figures. Annie, a servant and his mistress. Ruan had To the influence of Da Boase, a local priest, the marriage performed in order to bequeath his was largely due the wholesome character and estate legally to a posthumous child, and for the disposition of the hero, born under such unlikely 154 [February 14 THE DIAL auspices, the barely legitimate son of a boor and not suffer from the neurotic sort of severity, the his wench. It was Da Boase who, when Ishmael hard overdrawing characteristic of Mrs. Hum- was twelve years old, insisted that he take his phry Ward and some other contemporary fem- place at the head of the table, on the occasion of inine writers. Miss Jesse's sharp corners are "crying the neck," a pagan festival celebrated at gracefully beveled with a fine sense of humor. harvest time partly in the open fields at twilight A chance description of Killigrew's mother sug- and partly within doors shortly after. It was gests the author's cheery eye for foibles : Da Boase also who suggested the theory of secret "I'm sure that will be very nice, my dears," was her bread. Undertaking Ishmael's education until invariable comment on any programme suggested by he should go away to boarding school, Da Boase the young men; and there was a legend in the family that Killigrew had once said to her: "How would tried not so much to make of him a Christian it be, Mother, if I were to murder the Guv'nor and gentleman, in perhaps the English sense of the then take you round the world with me on the money? We could settle in the South Sea Islands, word, as to make him a respectable and self- and I'd marry a darky and you could look after the respecting farmer, since that seemed the boy's pickaninny grandchildren?" To which Mrs. Killi- natural trend. With other characters Da Boase grew had responded: “Yes, my dear, that will be very nice; and on your way, if you're passing the fish- behaved similarly, heartily relishing Killigrew, monger's, will you tell him to alter the salmon a delightful lad who grew into an engagingly for this evening to cod, as your father won't be in to dinner?” unmoral young man to whose soul the priest laid no siege. The most interesting doubt concerning “Se- Set over against this priest is the dispossessed cret Bread" is the conjecture whether this novel, Archelaus, who returned to Cloom manor from undeniably modern in tone and admirable in wanderings in Australia, California, Canada, workmanship, is the product of an essentially Victorian mind striving toward the present, or to harass at irregular and significant intervals the of an iconoclastic modern mind harking back legal proprietor. Ishmael's peace of mind, thanks to his secret bread, remained proof against the toward the days of Unity, Mass, and Coherence —that seemly trinity. Quite apart, of course, revenge motif of Archelaus, which runs through the book like the disappearing thread in home- from Miss Jesse's nieceship to the laureate, one must decide that she is one of the latest of the spun, observable but not at all obvious. The ultimate twist was the work of the elder broth- Victorians. Something in the firm grip which the immaculate Da Boase has on the history of er's most advanced proficiency in the diabolical. events contributes to that decision. In this un- There is unquestioned reality in the figure of the final Ishmael—an old man bereft of friends and grateful vein of criticism two or three other wife, all of whom he outlived, and finally losing objections may be made. “Secret Bread,” like his own son, yet remaining content to the end, many another biographical novel, suffers from consoled by some power within himself. That the author's proportioning. If Miss Jesse was this is the amazing way of all flesh, we have only not especially interested in the antepenultimate to seek the fellowship of grandparents to ascer- period of Ishmael's career, and was eager to tain. Considerably fewer elders than certain hasten on to the brilliant conclusion ahead of novelists would have us believe, trade very her, she would have done better to omit some extensively on kingdom come. résumé chapters that report only the dotage and deaths of lesser characters. Ishmael himself It is avowedly only an exercise in literary marksmanship to call Miss Jesse a twentieth made a stately old man. Moreover, with such century Brontë, or a twentieth century anybody a wealth of engaging men in the story, one's sense of balance is a little offended at the almost un- else. But in so aiming, whether the result be Fi- a hit or not, we are certain at least of the right exceptional unattractiveness of the women. direction of our aim. The greatest emphasis nally, it is not sufficiently clear that the lack of must be placed on the difference a hundred years resentment in Ishmael's nature was simply ab- has made in the growth and outlook of an Eng- sence of rancor and not absence of spirit. To lishwoman of letters. Nowadays, for example, this extent alone will we play the devil's advo- it is no particular tribute to remark that the cate. Whether or not “Secret Bread” is a great reader of “Secret Bread” would not readily as- novel, there is a fair measure of greatness in it. sume the author to be a woman; yet that was an Not the least of its distinctions is its being an incense especially grateful to the author of intelligent novel of these times with an actual "Wuthering Heights." Certainly this novel does plot again. MYRON R. WILLIAMS. 1918] 155 THE DIAL BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS There is a sweet simplicity in F. E. Harpel's song about the unequipped cavalry: TRIVIA. By Logan Pearsall Smith. Double- day, Page; $1.25. The Cavalry, the Cavalry, they haven't any horse, They're taking riding lessons by a correspondence It is not easy to be candid and charming in course, You'd think they were equestrians to hear the way just this fragmentary way of “Trivia." These they talk, thumbnail essays read much better in quantity But when it comes to riding, why! We always see than separately in the pages of a magazine. Most them walk. of them are delightful in the quaint turn of their The illustrations parallel the verses in pleas- wit or in the revealing glimpse of personal whim. ant, if commonplace, good humor. The one Perhaps there is more playful irony than real young rookie who writes verses with a distinct wit. Some of the little sketches are rather too quality of their own is Anch Kline, Co. 1, 1st “precious"; occasionally there is a veritable P. T. R. His “They Believe Us Back Home" descent to Alatness. The book shows a mild-man- and "Sunday in Barracks” have that gentle irony nered English gentleman reflecting on the figure which the other ready jingles do not achieve. he cuts not only in the country village where he They are written in free verse, and the author's lives, but in town society and in the Universe. sense of cadence makes the form adequate. On The stars and the wheatfields, the Vicar of the whole it is an agreeable, and by that very Lynch, the lady he is frozen to find himself bor token, a tragic little book. ing, insects and the solar system, destiny and ennui all start his reflections. Perhaps many RECLAIMING THE ARID WEST. By George readers will give the little book up as all too Wharton James. Dodd, Mead; $3.50. appropriately named, but others will enjoy the When history is written for the next genera- beauty of the rhythm in these prose sentences and tion one of the bigger achievements for the good the sudden dénouement of a thought that is not of mankind to be recorded will be the work of quite so innocent as it looks. And there is to be the United States Reclamation Service. Mr. found also a wisdom which almost spoils one's James, who has made the study of the West a pleasure, for it irritates one that the author should life work and has popularized this vast region in have whittled down his ideas to so microscopic numerous volumes, has described in this work a form and left them with, on the whole, so the development of some thirty irrigation proj- spinsterly a flavor. ects scattered throughout the dry territory from Canada to Mexico. The data, collected largely ROOKIE RHYMES. By The Men of the from official documents, is dependable and pos- 1st and 2nd Provisional Training Regi- sesses a greater degree of human interest than ments, Plattsburg. Harper; 75 cts. might have been given it by a less skilful writer. The spirit of camping, in its holiday rather The part of the book of most interest to the than its military sense, shines cheerfully out of general reader is perhaps that setting forth the the songs and jingles in which the rookies cele- government administration of the projects, the brate their labors. The little book of rookie methods of encouragement to settlers, and the rhymes is as smooth and jolly as its title, always economic problems of the irrigated communities. facile, occasionally clever. These are such verses The illustrations are numerous and good. as a group of boys might make over the petty trials of a rough life, the lack of familiar creature ADVENTURES AND LETTERS OF RICHARD comforts, their absurd misadventures, the rather HARDING DAVIS. Edited by his brother, engaging novelty of discipline. Seldom do they Charles Belmont Davis. Scribner; $2.50. strike a solemn note. Their rhymes of hate These letters were almost all addressed to the might be heard on a football field, and except members of Richard Harding Davis's immediate for a very few poems there is no reference to the work of war for which they are preparing, or family, and they give a veracious picture of the to the agony they go to face. They have the more intimate and personal life of the writer. schoolboy code of sportsmanship, and the reiter- They are tactfully edited, with a minimum of ant word is here: explanation and comment, and, except in the Better to pack your troubles with your kit, latter chapters, the selections have been wisely To keep your shirt on, and to play the game. made. Here the long series addressed to the They have too, a lively sense of humor. With author's wife, consisting of little but protesta- tender regret they lament the lack of the happy tions of love for her and their little daughter, bowl: become wearisome. Such expressions are not for All, all are gone, the old familiar glasses, the public, and these, coming from a man of Where once they glistened on the fragrant bar. Davis's age and worldly experience, seem to have 156 [February 14 THE DIAL and pose. career. something almost strange and hectic about them. fiction. His book is not frankly a story, with the The best letters of all are those to the author's freedom and privileges of a story; it masquerades T mother. It is impossible not to feel the genuine- as autobiography and discards none of the mate- ness and wholesomeness of these, and they reveal rial which the mere fictionist would ignore; it is characteristics of the man never suggested by therefore tedious and heavy at times. Finally, contemporary newspaper portrayals, which al- it is rather cynical. That Arnold was mistreated ways hinted at something of superciliousness any student of the period will admit; that other men prominent then and still well thought of do Readers who, themselves young in the early not deserve their reputations, will be conceded; nineties, remember how the first short stories of but there were splendid men in those times, a Richard Harding Davis seemed to them a fact of which Mr. Stimson's readers may grow promise of great and fine literary achievement forgetful. forgetful. In short, “My Story” is not good will try to trace in this new book the causes that fiction on the one hand, or sound history on the led to a journalistic rather than a truly literary other. It is a bold experiment but, taken by and Early letters from Rebecca Harding large, it is not a success. Davis-for example, those printed on pages 33 and 55-express a mother's fears of this result, THE CRUISE OF THE CORWIN. Journal of and caution against haste, and against writing the Arctic Expedition of 1881 in search of for money alone. Part of this advice he followed DeLong and the Jeannette. By John Muir. well. A friend who knew him best in his later Edited by William Frederic Bade. Hough- years says (page 348): "Every phrase in his ton Mifflin ; $2.75. fiction was, of all the myriad phrases he could The Corwin cruised in search of the ill-fated hink of, the fittest in his relentless judgment to Jeannette Expedition in Behring Sea and the survive. Phrases, paragraphs, pages, whole Arctic Ocean, along the coasts of Siberia and stories even, were written over and over again.' Alaska, visiting Herald Island, and made the first It was probably the unbounded energy of the landing of white explorers on Wrangell Land. man, his fondness for life in all its aspects, and John Muir accompanied this searching party and the possession of a rare gift for meeting, manag- his private journals, letters published at the time ing, and observing men that directed the course in the San Francisco “Bulletin," and his contribu- of his activities, and that still leaves his admirers tions to the government reports of the Corwin's in doubt whether he could have been as great a explorations have been skilfully woven by the novelist as special correspondent. At all events editor into a connected narrative of the summer's he was a picturesque character; the well-chosen cruise amidst the ice-floes, fogs, and storms of illustrations, equally with the text, of the book these little known seas. John Muir was an inter- before us, are a reminder of how much of the preter of nature and of men, an observer of history of the last generation he saw in the mak- rare acumen and marvelously sympathetic ap- ing, and how many men of world note he knew. proach. This rare quality, combined with his own zest in exploration, undaunted valor, and MY STORY. Being the Memoirs of Bene- unreserved worship of the beautiful on land and dict Arnold. By F. J. Stimson. Scrib- sea, lift his writings above the commonplace nar- rative to the level of permanent distinction. The The tendency to levy upon history for char- appendix contains valuable notes on glaciation acters in fiction has led Mr. Stimson to make a and glaciers in these high latitudes, with illus- bold experiment. He gives us a narrative as pro- trations from Muir's sketches and his notes on ceeding from the pen of the arch-traitor of the the Arctic Aora. American Revolution. The more than six hun- dred pages of this historical novel, if we may THE NATIONAL BUDGET SYSTEM AND term it that, purport to give a detailed account AMERICAN FINANCE. By Charles Wallace of Arnold and his career. They show a careful Collins. Macmillan ; $1.25. study of some sides of the Revolution and a still more exhaustive study of the life of the hero. For The naïve belief that providence takes care it is as a hero that Arnold is pictured. of children, drunken men, and the United States satisfactory hero, however; for while Mr. Stim- is singularly well illustrated by the strange fact son's acquaintance with sources will not permit that, among the great nations of the world, the him to suppress facts, his conception of Arnold United States is the only one without the ade- is fully as imaginative as it is historical. The quate knowledge and necessary control of its result is, of course, inconsistency. Another diffi- public finances afforded by a budget. Any well- culty under which Mr. Stimson labors is that his managed enterprise would have an annual budget method allows him none of the advantages of with its consideration of income and expenditure ner; $2. Not a 1918] 157 THE DIAL and the measures necessary to make these two COÖPERATIVE MARKETING. By W. W. items balance. The same should be true of a Cumberland. Princeton University Press; state, because an adequate revenue must be had $1.50. in order to meet necessary expenditure. In most The subject of coöperative marketing of farm countries the executive is made responsible for products has been growing in public apprecia- the preparation, as well as for the execution, of tion for some years, and present food shortages the budget. Here in the United States nobody in and distribution problems have greatly accentu- particular is responsible for the annual finances. ated this interest. This volume is a detailed Responsibility is scattered over the entire range of study of the best-developed field of coöperative governmental organization and divided among a marketing in this country, the California Fruit number of detached sections. The departments Growers' Exchange, which in the last twenty are responsible to the treasury or to the presi- years has grown from humble beginnings to a dent for their estimates, the committees of the position from which it superintends the packing two houses are not responsible to any central and marketing of three-fourths of the citrus organization, and the two houses themselves are products of the Golden State. With its general responsible to the people only by localities. There manager, earning a salary of $10,000 a year, and has been a shifting of the blame for our finances its corps of experienced salesmen and traffic ex- from the executive to Congress, from the house perts, this is one of the best and most scientific- to the senate, from the committees to the floor ally organized businesses in the world, bringing of the two houses, from Congress to the execu- profits to the producer and economy to the con- tive, and even from Congress to the people. Thus sumer through its elimination of the superfluous is the idea of responsibility reduced to an ab- middleman. The development of the enterprise, surdity. Chaos, log-rolling, and either a surplus in the face of all sorts of unfriendly interests, or a deficit in the national revenues are the result. constitutes a chapter from real modern romance. Presidents Taft and Wilson have both urged the Its success may well serve as a stimulus, as its adoption of some form of budget system. Fiscal methods may afford a model, for coöperation in reform will be one of the great needs after the other fields of food-production and distribution. present great war, and Mr. Collins shows in a clear and interesting way why and how the The Book OF THE WEST INDIES. By A. United States should look after its finances in a Hyatt Verrill. Dutton; $2.50. better way than it has in the past. Although it treats of practically every island of the West Indian archipelago, with the addition CHATHAM'S COLONIAL POLICY. By Kate of Bermuda, this volume scarcely justifies its Hotblack. Dutton; $2.50. title; it is a book, rather than the book. Pur- The twentieth-century student will misjudge posing to be a combination guide, history, and the elder Pitt unless he remembers that the general description, it fails to be adequate in any eighteenth century was one marked by European single attempt. To accomplish so much would contests for commerce and power; for there ran be difficult even in a single, moderate sized vol- through Pitt's entire public career the motive of ume; therefore Mr. Verrill almost inevitably "war for and on commerce" for the benefit of gives the impression of sketchiness. Further- England. In short chapters, richly annotated, more his style is hardly meticulous—for example, sometimes based upon unpublished manuscripts he speaks of the “healthy” climate when he ” and records, Miss Hotblack has reviewed Pitt's means, of course, a “healthful”; and his too insis- influence in all parts of the globe. She shows tent habit of inverting subject and predicate in her hero as a man with lofty ideals, a statesman with infinite patience, careful of minute details, descriptive paragraphs deteriorates into a mere mannerism. But interest is not lacking. Many and with a strong sense of justice. Contrary to historical tidbits are served—the plot wherein the opinion of many political leaders of the day, Pitt firmly maintained that colonies should be a George Washington secured a hundred barrels source of commerce for the mother country, not of gunpowder from the Bermudians; the mar- of direct revenue. Some of his last efforts were riage of Lord Nelson and the birth of Alexander made to prevent imposition of taxes upon Amer- Hamilton in Nevis, of the Leeward Islands; in ica; but Miss Hotblack shows that the protest Martinique the birth of the child who was to against "taxation without representation" did not become the Empress Josephine; and the first pub- mean then what modern writers understand by lic appearance of Adelina Patti in Santiago, the term. Pitt, in one of his last speeches, sup- Cuba. The intending tourist is told what he ported the plea of American representatives that may see and a few hints are given as to the the colonies be permitted to govern themselves costs that are to be reckoned with. The book in the British Empire. is copiously illustrated from photographs. 158 [February 14 THE DIAL CASUAL COMMENT side might easily become bitter. And to divide between both sides presents almost insuperable ANCIENT WISDOM SOMETIMES COMES to our difficulties. Yet admitting gladly that the high aid in the attempt to understand the bewilder- standard of modern Danish literature justifies ing chaos of events we call the world war. this year's choice of nationality aside from any "Whom the gods would destroy they first make political aptness, why were these particular mad" seems a guiding aphorism for comprehen- authors selected? One feels abashed at quarrel- sion of the antics of the Pangermans. We don't ing with the Royal Academy of Sweden, that know whether Hindenburg boasted that he august body of eighteen men and one woman would be in Paris by April, as reported in the (Selma Lagerlöf being the sole representative for press. But we hope so. Nor is there confirma- womankind). But there is one Danish name tion of the dispatch which told us that the Ger- which, unsought, stands in the foreground, the man delegates at Brest-Litovsk threatened to name of Georg Brandes. Nor should we have capture Petrograd unless the Russians should at been other than pleased had Martin Anderson once conclude a separate peace satisfactory to Nexo been chosen. 'His "Pelle the Conqueror," Berlin. But again we hope they did. Our picturing the life and career of a modern labor compassion goes out to the courageous German leader, ranks as one of the great books of today, strikers who were imprisoned. Yet even in this and critics have agreed that it possesses “the lit- case, can we honestly pretend that we are sorry? erary qualities that burst the bonds of nations." History, if it teaches us anything, teaches us that Perhaps the stipulation in Alfred Nobel's will an autocratic and unpopular clique, losing con- which makes it imperative that the winners trol, displays certain stigmata of degeneration. should represent the idealistic tendency" in lit- It brags about the overwhelming love which erature has been taken too literally. Nobel unites it with its people, at the same time ruth- reacted strongly from the pessimistic naturalism lessly suppressing any signs of discontent. It which dominated Scandinavian literature in the tries to disguise an inner weakness by an out- later part of the nineteenth century. "Ideal- ward bluster that all is going well. Von Hert- istic,” however, is a flexible adjective: it would ling exhibited the typical sort of sickening hypoc- be a pity to create a stable dogma. The currents risy when he said, “In the officers and the men and forces of literature change with the currents lives unbroken the joy of battle." The old, old and forces of life, and any specific form our circle is closing in upon the German tyrants writers of today may choose demands tolerant exactly as it has closed in upon the tyrants of interpretation. history. Their boasts become more and more absurd, their performances more meagre, their threats more dire, their strangulation of their IDEALISM, IN THE OLDER SENSE, is certainly own people more shameless and severe. “Wise one quality which Pontoppidan and Gjellerup, otherwise of diametrically different tempera- men," the proverb tells us, "learn by other men's Of the two, Pontop- mistakes; fools, by their own.” From this pointments, have in common. of view the men in control of Germany today, pidan is the more individual. Born in a family of whom his father and several other members are lower in the scale of human intelligence than even fools. They cannot learn by their own were clergymen, he is deeply interested in the mistakes. many sectarian movements characteristic of the peasant class in his youth. Although he began as an aggressive realist, a religious feeling is present FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE ITS FOUNDATION in his later books. In his many novels picturing seventeen years ago the Nobel Prize for litera- Danish life-its religion, politics, art, and home- ture goes to Denmark. The award for excel- sphere—an all absorbing search for Truth is lence has been divided between the two Danish manifest. He does not look at his characters authors Henrik Pontoppidan and Karl Gjellerup. from a respectful distance; their souls are Is it possible that politics were not left wholly analyzed. He exhibits sober mastery of a clear, out of consideration in making the choice for sometimes biting or quietly humorous style. 1917? Certain circumstances seem to justify a Among Pontoppidan's foremost works stands suspicion. Visible efforts for a rapprochement the trilogy "The Promised Land," and the between Sweden and Denmark have recently great cycle appearing in the last seven years: been made by the royal families and diplomatic “Torben and Jytte,” “Storeholt,” “Publicans leaders of the two countries. No doubt it is a and Sinners," "Enslew's Death,” and “Fav- ticklish business to determine on a candidate in singsholm.” Henrik Pontoppidan might be a time of world war. Obviously if Sweden, as called Denmark's Björnstjerne Björnson, his a neutral state, were to select an author from work often recalling the great Norwegian's, the warring nations, criticism from the opposite though lacking its dominant grandeur of , > 1918] 159 THE DIAL a conception. Karl Gjellerup, who with ARE THE COURTS USURPING THE FUNCTIONS Pontoppidan divides the prize, has behind him an of criticism? Some months ago Judge Tuthill exceptionally versatile literary production, com- of Chicago ruled that Bacon wrote Shakespeare. prising lyric poetry, novels, scientific works, scientific works, It now comes to light that a member of the East- dramas, even a tragedy in old verse. It is a wide ern bench had anticipated that precedent in lit- step from the challenging novel of his youth, "An erary criticism. Apropos of a recent divorce, a Idealist," to his recent book, "The Pilgrim Kam- newspaper quotes from an earlier decision pro- anita," a beautiful work full of the mysticism voked by the same couple's matrimonial diffi- of the East and the teaching of Buddha. Here culties, a decision handed down by Justice Borst the fiery idealism of his earlier writing has been of New York. He said: "After becoming sobered by a life of philosophic research and sci- acquainted, the defendant paid the plaintiff entific study. attention, and from his letters and conduct was evidently much enamored of her, writing her ANNUALLY OUR GREAT LIBRARY in Wash- numerous letters, and even lapsing into poetry, ington reminds us afresh of its riches and an- which, from its composition, was evidently orig- nounces the year's accretions. For 1917, in spite inal with him" (italics ours). At this point of war and rumors of war, the Librarian of Con- somebody—whether the learned judge or the gress has no occasion to apologize. The biog- reporter, indeed, does not clearly appear—has raphers of Whistler, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Pen- kindly introduced "a specimen of this poetry.” nell, have presented the library with their notable Although entitled, originally enough, “To Elea- assemblage of Whistleriana, which adds to the nor from L. R.," the fifteen lines introduced are most complete existing collection of prints, etch- those of a favorite song which the merely liter- ings, photographs, and other reproductions all ary world has for nearly three centuries igno- the books by and about the painter, a compre- rantly accepted as Robert Herrick's—the lines hensive representation of works in which his art "To a Rose," beginning: is discussed, some 60 folio volumes of press and Go, happy rose, and, interwove magazine clippings, catalogues of exhibits, and With other flowers, bind my love. several hundred letters. Doubtless the next most and ending: important acquisitions are the numerous items Lest a handsome anger fly, of Americana, including John Wesley's journal Like a lightning, from her eye of his trip to Georgia, Sir Walter Raleigh's And burn thee up as well as I. description of Guiana ("auri abundantissimi"), To be sure, there are textual variations, “from Diedrich Knickerbocker's "History of New her eye" becoming "from the sky" for instance; York" with unpublished corrections by the but they are only such variations as seem inev- author, and in manuscript the personal papers itable to newspaper quotation. For the decree of Charles Thomson (Secretary of the Conti- that Shakespeare's plays were written by Bacon nental Congress throughout its life), as well as we were not altogether unprepared; this decree papers of Robert Morris, James Madison, that Herrick's songs were written by an Ameri- Andrew Jackson Donelson (nephew and secre- can lover is, however, revolutionary. Is the tary to Andrew Jackson), and of many other critical fraternity too weakly divided against worthies who have enjoyed peculiar opportuni- itself to present a solid front to the encroaching ties to observe our history in the making. The judiciary? Music Division can now boast nearly 800,000 items; manuscript scores by many important com- WRITING FROM LONDON Mr. Edward Shanks posers were added last year. Some 5000 addi- discussed, in the preceding issue of The DIAL, tions were made to the collection of prints. A Robert Graves and his "odd mongrel of a striking part of the report discusses accessions book called 'Fairies and Fusiliers' the from China, Japan, and their neighborhood even kind of book that calls for a personal recom- to Tibet, of which upwards of 6600 were mendation.” Of this poet the New York "Even- secured. Altogether the Congressional Library ing Post” quotes an anecdote by John Masefield, is richer now by 120,769 items (exclusive of who has lately returned to America: “Graves manuscripts, which are not counted) than it was was picked up for dead. He heard them say he a year ago. Of these some 86,000 items are printed books and pamphlets-eight times the was dead and he called out, 'I'm not dead. I'm number of books published here last year. Minds damned if I'll die.' And he didn't. And he not yet made numb by the iteration of the vast wrote a poem about it.” Mr. Masefield cites totals of war finance may feel a pardonable Graves as one of the young men who are writing thrill in the fact that our national library now "the best poetry written in England now. .. contains (still excepting manuscripts) nearly These poems come out of experience—hard, big, four million titles. deep experience.” . 160 [February 14 THE DIAL COMMUNICATION Three Large Printings In Thirteen Days! THE BOLSHEVIKI and WORLD PEACE by LEON TROTZKY (Russian Foreign Minister) The man the Wall Street Journal says Is Fated to Exert a Greater Influence on the Destinies of the World than Napoleon Bonaparte. “The Bolsheviki and World Peace," shows Trotzky's keen conception, and straight-forward detestation of the German war aims, and the German spirit in international politics. Trot- zky's great stroke has been the un- masking of the German war aims." -Springfield Republican. A LITERARY MIDDLE ENGLISH READER (To the Editor of The DIAL.) I should like to say a word for a book that may easily escape your attention. The "Literary Middle English Reader," by Professor Albert S. Cook (Ginn; $2), bears a title suggestive of peda- gogy and pedestrianism; yet a careful examination convinces me that it is, in its limits, an important service to literature. The English language from the Conquest to the Reformation is, indeed, a philo- logical paradise; but to the seeker of literary satis- factions it presents a first appearance like the Plain of Shinar at the moment the building of the Tower of Babel came to an end. Those, however, who love our language and literature because, apart from their merits, they are our very own, cannot but be strongly drawn to Professor Cook's volume, the first representative anthology of Middle English that has aimed to make literary interest the sole criterion of selection. Middle English has but two classics some knowl- edge of which is necessary for all English-speaking persons who aspire to be well read. These classics are Chaucer and Malory. Professor Cook, how- ever, who brings to his task a wide and close acquaintance with his subject, and an enthusiasm that has perhaps never been surpassed, has demon- 'strated that besides Chaucer and Malory there is in Middle English a large amount that is at least readable, much that is decidedly interesting, and a few things that even evoke enthusiasm. The book is excellent alike for what it includes and for what it omits. The "Ormulum" is where it belongs-outside the volume. So is the “Ayenbite of Inwit,” that curiously prosaic composition which so distinguished an archæologist as Mr. Ridgeway once guessingly called “a poem.” A few only of the happy inclusions in Mr. Cook's volume may be mentioned. The "Secunda Pastorum” is rapidly winning recognition as a work of genius. To my thinking "Gawain and the Green Knight” is of unequal merit. The ethics of the poem are mushy. Professor Cook has selected from those passages, fraught with adventure and a feeling for nature, which show real genius. He gives a liberal selec- tion from the better lyric poetry of the period. "Sir Orfeo” is a really pretty perversion of the story of Orpheus. The passages selected from "Piers the Plowman” really exhibit that poem at its best. “The Fox and the Wolf” is distinguished by a sly humor and a happy characterization that remind one—not too distinctly—of Chaucer. The format of the book is convenient, the print- ing is excellent. Professor Cook has supplied each selection with an introduction. A series of glosses at the foot of each page does much to make the book intelligible to the general reader. Whatever defects the specialist may spy in the execution, I would urge that a note of them be sent to the editor. If I were engaged in teaching Middle English, I should regard some use of the book as absolutely indispensable for those who wish to begin the study under favorable auspices. HENRY BARRETT HINCKLEY, New Haven, Connecticut. “Leon Trotzky's confession of faith is naturally the most conspicuous book of the week. This work is the most explicit exposition that has yet ap- peared of Russian Revolutionary socialism in its relation to the war, and cannot but be of interest to Ameri- readers."-New York Evening Post. can "The book presents a fair picture of the man, and illuminates the principles upon which his policy at Brest-Litovsk is based.”—The New Republic. Wherever Books Are Sold $1.50 BONI & LIVERIGHT, Publishers NEW YORK 1918] 161 THE DIAL NOTES AND NEWS From STOKES'Spring List Will German Women Stop the War? Edward Garnett, who writes in this issue about Edward Thomas, is the second son of the English scholar, Richard Garnett. He is the author of "The Breaking Point," "The Feud," and "The Paradox Club,” and of books on Hogarth and Tolstoy. Myron R. Williams is a graduate of Harvard who is now teaching in the Hartford, Connecticut, High Schools. The other contributors to this issue are familiar to readers of The DIAL. GERTRUDE ATHERTON answers this question in her stirring novel of the German Revolution that may come THE WHITE MORNING Based on a startling idea, with an intense love interest, and told as only Gertrude Ather- ton could tell it-it's a story that everyone thinking about the War will want to read. “The story is enthralling. It holds a fierce, pitiless love story; it is crowded with living characters, and moves before a vivid back- ground. A book that will be read far and wide over the world. Alive with the beat of the pulse of this time."-N. Y. Times. Cloth, 12mo, net $1.00 THE NEW BUSINESS OF FARMING By JULIAN A. DIMOCK How to put the farm on a paying basis by a man who did it; how to stop the leak in profits ; how to farm for profit; what to plant and when-these are some of the main sub- jects treated in this condensed handbook on the business side of farming. A book for the city man who returns to the soil and for the "born and bred" farmer. Net $1.00 Last month T. Fisher Unwin published Jean Massart's account of “The Secret Press in Bel- gium.” "Our Schools in War Time-and After," by Arthur D. Dean of Teachers College, Columbia, is on the list of Ginn & Co. The Macmillan Co. published in January Edoardo Webber's technicological dictionary in English, French, Italian, and German, with the four languages in parallel columns. Among the early February publications of Small, Maynard is “Buddy's Blighty and Other Verses from the Trenches,” by Lieut. Jack Turner, a Canadian. The Four Seas Co. announce “The Gentleman Ranker and Other Plays,” by Leon Gordon, and “The Path of Error and Other Stories,” by Jo- seph M. Meirovitz. The Brooklyn Public Library has recently issued a brochure, “Dramatized Tales," which lists nearly two hundred plays founded upon popular tales, prose and verse, in all languages. An appendix adds some "novelized dramas." Edward J. Clode has lately announced the pub- lication of “The Story of the Salonica Army," by G. Ward Price, and "If a Man Die, Shall He Live Again?" by Edward Clodd, with a Postcript by H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S. February sales at the Anderson Galleries in New York include a large library of Shakespereana, offered on the thirteenth and fourteenth, and Mr. Stephen Caplin's collection of Americana, sched- uled for the nineteenth and twentieth. Early February issues from Harper's are "In Our First Year of War,” by President Wilson; "Traveling under Orders," by Major William E. Dunn; and a new novel by Kate Langley, “Kitty Canary." B. W. Huebsch has now added the seventh vol- ume to the "Collected Dramas” of Hauptmann, which brings the dramatist's work down to the war. Among these pieces is the “Commemoration Masque,” which the Crown Prince ordered with- drawn from the stage after its first presentation, in Breslau in 1913. The National Board of the Young Women's Christian Associations has recently established a secular press under the publishing style of the Woman's Press. Its first announcement promises a book by Mary Austin on the young woman citi- zen, looking toward instruction in political tech- nique for feminine voters. ARMY AND NAVY UNIFORMS AND INSIGNIA By COL. DION WILLIAMS The latest, most accurate information, taken directly from official sources, regarding the uniforms and insignia of the American army and navy, and of all the fighting powers. The illustrations—117 in black-and-white and 8 in full color-form a complete and authentic record of the uniforms, corps and specialty marks of the nations represented. Net $1.50 a Notable Poetry A CELTIC PSALTERY By ALFRED P. GRAVES English versions of a wide selection of Irish and Welsh poems. Net $1.75 ARDOURS AND ENDURANCES By ROBERT NICHOLS Poems of rare beauty by a young English soldier. Net $1.50 THE GREY FEET OF THE WIND By CATHAL O'BYRNE Poems essentially Gaelic, full of beauty and the magic lore of the Gael. Net $1.00 FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY 162 [February 14 THE DIAL READING FOR “EN- FORCED HOLIDAYS” 9 > Where "Heatless Mondays" are the rule, they will at least give us all a chance to read those books which are really worth while such as the four new ones below. DP) 186 > > CAVALRY OF THE CLOUDS By CAPT. ALAN BOTT, M.C., R.F.C. Net $1.25 Here is "unexaggerated fact" by one who faced the machine guns of the Boche on the giddy roof of things. This book gives you a clear comprehension of the whole thrilling business of wartime flying so full of amazing possibilities that the author prophesies "avia- tion will be the destruction of war." THE FULL MEASURE OF DEVOTION By DANA GATLIN Net 50 cents In this story is wonderfully compressed the essence of the spirit of those who march away to war and those who must stay behind. The February list of Longmans, Green & Co. includes "The Secret of Personality," by George Trumbull Ladd; “Physical Chemistry of the Pro- teins,” by T. Brailsford Robertson; and “The Life of John Cardinal McCloskey, First_Prince of the Church in America," by Cardinal Farley. Two forthcoming offerings of the Century Co. are “Roving and Fighting: Adventures under Four Flags" by "Tex" O'Reilly (Edward S.), soldier of fortune, and “Donald Thompson in Russia," be- ing letters home from a free lance newspaper pho- tographer and moving-picture man. The Scribners announce the seasonable publica- tion of “The Voice of Lincoln,” by R. M. Wana- maker, a Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court. The book is an attempt to reveal Lincoln through his own many-sided utterances, with the biographical and historical significance of the selections dis- cussed by the author. The poems which appeared as chapter-headings in Thomas Burke's “Nights in Town," with others in the same vein, are collected in his “London Lamps,” just published by Robert M. McBride & Co. Late this month it will be followed by the author's “Twinkletoes," a novel in which some of the persons of “Limehouse Nights” reappear. For February the Stokes Co. offer in fiction "The Girl from Keller's," by Harold Bindloss, and "Stepsons of France,” by P. C. Wren. Their gen- eral list includes "A Celtic Psaltery,” by A. P. Graves; “Ardours and Endurances,” by Robert Nichols; and “The New · Business of Farming," by Julian A. Dimock. With “Red Ruth,” a novel of the "birth of uni- versal brotherhood," by Anna Ratner Shapiro, the Arc Publishing Company, 122 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, makes its bow. It will special- ize in fiction. “Red Ruth," which begins where the war leaves off, is a utopian prophecy of Amer- ica's part in the reconstruction of a Europe still prostrate many years after the close of hostilities. Mr. Philip Goodman, one of the latest comers to the New York publishing field, has announced his books for the new year: “Forty-Nine Little Essays,” by H. L. Mencken; “How's Your Sec- ond Act?" by Arthur Hopkins; and “A Book Without a Title," by George Jean Nathan. This spring he will issue books by Benjamin de Casseres, Eugene Lombard, and Don Marquis. For February G. P. Putnam's Sons offer four war books: “First Call,” by Arthur Empey; “Air- craft and Submarine,” by Willis J. Abbott; and “Tactics and Duties for Trench Fighting," by Georges Bertrand, a captain in the Chasseurs Al- pins, and Major Oscar N. Solbert of the United States Corps of Engineers. On February 14 Henry Holt & Co. will publish "Camion Letters,” a collection of letters from American college men who have been Camionneurs (drivers of ammunition wagons) in France; on February 28, “The Problems of the Actor," by Louis Calvert; on March 7, “Professor Latimer's Progress,” the book title of the anonymous “Atlan- tic Monthly” serial, “Professor's Progress"; and later in the spring De Morgan's last novel, “The Old Mad House." THE KENTUCKY WARBLER By JAMES LANE ALLEN, author of "A Kentucky Cardinal,” etc. Net $1.25 The study of a lad buried in the great adventure of finding himself. The book can be read in a few hours, but the fascination it exerts lasts and grows.—New York Times. THE FALSE FACES By LOUIS JOSEPH VANCE Net $1.40 The New York Tribune says of this tale of “The Lone Wolf” at war: “We have indeed seldom read a more incessantly fascinating detective or secret service tale than this. There is literally not a dull page in it.” For Sale At All Bookstores DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO GARDEN CITY, N. Y. MIHANOUMAINITUITUMINIUMINI 1918] 163 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS [The following list, containing in titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] “You Germans have only one will, and that is My will; there is only one law and that is My law; only one master in this country, that is I, and who opposes Me I shall crush to pieces." -Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany. A Survey of International Relations Between the United States and Germany August 1st, 1914–April 6th, 1917 (Based on Official Documents) By James Brown Scott An authentic account of the conduct of the United States during the period of neutrality. Every step up to the actual declaration of war is fully treated. Also an extended introduction comprising quotations from the writings of leading German authors as Frederick the Great, Treitschke, Bernhardi, Bismarck, etc., showing the German Conceptions of the State, International Policy and International Law. Royal 8vo, cloth, 506 pages, net $5.00 At all Booksellers or from the Publishers OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH NEW YORK THE WAR. The Bolsheviki and World Peace. By Leon Trotzky. Introduction by Lincoln Steffens. With frontis- piece, 12mo, 239 pages. Boni & Liveright. $1.50. A French-English Military Dictionary. By Cor- nélis De Witt Willcox. 8vo, 584 pages. Harper & Bros. $4. The Prisoner of War in Germany. The Care and Treatment of the Prisoner of War, with а. History of the Development of the Principle of Neutral Inspection and Control. By Daniel J. McCarthy. Illustrated, 8vo, 345 pages. Moffat, Yard & Co. $2. The New Warfare. By G. Blanchon. Translated by Fred Rothwell. 12mo, 254 pages. Thomas Y. Crowell Co. Six Women and the Invasion. By Gabrielle and Marguerite Yerta. With preface by Mrs. Hum- phry Ward. 12mo, 377 pages. Macmillan Co. $2. To Arms! (La Veillée des Armes.) By Marcelle Tinayre. Translated by Lucy H. Humphrey. With a preface by John H. Finley. 12mo, 292 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50, Potterat and the War. By Benjamin Vallotton. 12mo, 326 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Campaigns and Intervals. By Lieut. Jean Girau- doux. Translated by Elizabeth S. Sargent. 12mo, 273 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1,50. On the Field of Honor. By Hugues Le Roux. Translated by Mrs. John Van Vorst. 12mo, 281 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50. Comrades in Courage. (Méditations dans la Tran- chée.) By Lieut. Antoine Redier. Translated by Mrs. Philip Duncan Wilson. 12mo, 260 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.40. At the Serbian Front in Macedonia. By E. P. Stebbing. Illustrated with photographs by the author. 12mo, 245 pages. John Lane Co. $1.59. Marching on Tanga. (With Gen. Smuts in East Africa.) By Francis Brett Young. Illustrated, 12mo, 265 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50. Facing the Hindenburg Line. Personal Observa- tions at the Fronts and in the Camps of the British, French, Americans, and Italians, during the Campaigns of 1917. By Burris A. Jenkins. 12mo, 256 pages. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.25. A Roumanian Diary: 1915, 1916, 1917. By Lady Kennard. Illustrated, 12mo, 201 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. Letters of Canadian Stretcher-Bearer. By a Important New Publications Principles of American Diplomacy By John Bassett Moore "R. A. L." Edited by Anna Chapin Ray. 12mo, 289 pages. Little, Brown & Co. $1.33. Visions and Vignettes of War. By Maurice Pon- sonby. 12mo, 116 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. Boards, $1. America Among the Nations. By H. H. Powers. 12mo, 376 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.50. Democracy and the War. By John Firman Coar. 12mo, 129 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25. Democracy After the War. By J. A. Hobson. 12mo, 212 pages. The Macmillan Co. $1.25. The Collapse of Superman. By William Roscoe Thayer. 16mo, 77 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. 60 cts. The Scar That Tripled. By William G. Shepherd. 12mo, 48 pages. "Harper & Bros. Boards, 50 cts. Military and Naval Recognition Book. A Handbook on the Organization, Insignia of Rank, and Cus- toms of the Service of the World's Important Armies and Navies. By Lieut. J. W. Bunkley, U. S. N. Illustrated, 16mo, 224 pages. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York. $1. Hand-to-Hand Fighting. A System of Personal Defense for the Soldier. By A. E. Marriott. With a foreword by Benjamin S. Gross. Illus- trated, 16mo, 80 pages. Macmillan Co. $1. Crown 8vo, $2.00 National Progress, 1907-1917 (American Nation Series) By Frederic A. Ogg Maps, Crown 8vo, $2.00 French-English Military Dictionary By Col. Cornelius De Witt Wilcox, U.S.A. Octavo, $4.00 Your Vote and How To Use It By Mrs. Raymond Brown 12mo, Cloth, 75 Cents The Scar That Tripled By William G. Shepherd Frontispiece, Thin, 12mo, Paper Boards, Cloth Back, A History of Architecture By Fiske Kimball and G. H. Edgell Fully Illustrated, Crown 8vo, $3.00 Traveling Under Orders A Guidebook for Troops En Route to France By Major William J. Dunn, N.A. 32mo, Khaki Cloth, 50 Cents HARPER & BROTHERS, Established 1817 50 Cents FICTION. South Wind. By Norman Douglas. 12mo, 464 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.60. The White Morning. By Gertrude Atherton. With frontispiece, 12mo, 195 pages. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1. Nine Tales. By Hugh de Sélincourt. With an in- troduction by Harold Child. 12mo, 311 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. 164 [February 14 THE DIAL GREAT WAR, BALLADS By Brookes More Readers of the future (as well as today) will understand the Great War not only from pe- rusal ofhistories, but also from Ballads-having a historical basis-and inspired by the war. A collection of the most interesting, beauti- ful and pathetic ballads.- True to life and full of action. $1.50 Net For Sale by Brentano's; The Baker & Taylor Co., New York; A. C. McClurg Co., Chicago; St. Louis News Co., and All Book Stores THRASH-LICK PUBLISHING CO. Fort Smith, Arkansas, U. S. A. “An important contribution to present- day questions." -Los Angeles Times, Socialism and Feminism By CORREA MOYLAN WALSH 3 volumes, octavo $4.50 net Sold separately: The Climax of Civilization $1.25 net Socialism $1.50 net Feminism $2.50 net “In fact these are the ablest anti-social- istic books the reveiwer has ever seen.” -The Boston Transcript. STURGIS & WALTON CO. New York Those who buy TEXT BOOKS for schools, colleges, private institutions, will find our Catalogue of School and College Text Books a convenient reference book. It lists the books of all publishers, including nearly every book used to any general extent as a text book. Write for a copy. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO. Wholesale Dealers in the Books of All Publishers 354 Fourth Ave. NEW YORK At 26th Street Columbia University Press Under the Hermes, and Other Stories. By Richard Dehan. 12mo, 341 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Mary Regan. By Leroy Scott. Illustrated, 12mo, 385 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50. The Transactions of Lord Louis Lewis. By Roland Pertwee. Illustrated, 12mo, 332 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Mistress of Men. By Flora Annie Steel. 12mo, 368 pages. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1.40. The Golden Block. By Sophie Kerr, With frontis- piece, 12mo, 323 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.40. The Mystery of the Downs. By Watson and Rees. 12mo, 306 pages. John Lane Co, $1.40. Cleek, the Master Detective. By T. W. Hanshew. Illustrated, 12mo, 343 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1,40. Carolyn of the Corners. By Ruth Belmore Endi- tt. Illustrated, 12mo, 318 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.35. Red Ruth. The Birth of Universal Brotherhood. By Anna Ratner Shapiro. Illustrated, 12mo, 268 pages. Arc Publishing Co., Chicago. $1.35. POETRY AND DRAMA. Oxford Poetry, 1914-1916. 12mo, 190 pages. Long- mans, Green & Co. $1.25. Poems. By Edward Thomas ("Edward Eastaway"). With portrait, 12mo, 63 pages. Henry Holt & Co. Boards, $1. The Last Blackbird, and Other Lines. By Ralph Hodgson. 12mo, 95 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.35. The Binding of the Beast, and Other War Verse. By George Sterling. 12mo, 51 pages. A. M. Robertson, San Francisco. $1. Collected Poems. By Charles V. H. Roberts. 12mo, 143 pages. The Torch Press, New York. Boards, $1.25. Trackless Regions. Poems. By G. O. Warren. 12mo, 118 pages. Longmans, Green & Co, Boards, $1.25. Star-Drift. By Brian Padraic O'Seasnain. 12mo, 100 pages. Four Seas Co. Boards, $1.25. One Who Dreamed. Songs and Lyrics. By Arthur Crew Inman. 12mo, 102 pages. Four Seas Co. $1,25. Common Men and Women, By Harold W. Gam- mans. 12mo, 60 pages. Four Seas Co. Boards, 60 cts. Thor. By Felix E. Schelling. 12mo, 62 pages. Mrs. J. P. W. Crawford, 4010 Pine St., Phila- delphia 75 cts. THE ARTS. History and Methods of Ancient and Modern Paint- Ing. Vol. II: Italian Painting from the Begin- ning of the Renaissance Period, Including the Work of the Principal Artists from Cimabue to the Pollaiuoli. By James Ward. Illustrated, 8vo, 316 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50. Sonata for Violin and Piano. By Eric de Lamarter. 4to, 10+32 pages. Oliver Ditson Co. $2. HISTORY. Les Dessous du Congrès de Vienne. D'après les Documents Originaux des Archives du Ministère Impérial et Royal de L'Intérieur à Vienne. By Commandant M.-H. Weil. 2 vols., 8vo., 885-782 pages. Payot & Cie., Paris. Paper, 20 francs. A Sarvey of International Relations Between the United States and Germany: 1914-1917. By James Brown Scott. 8vo, cxvi+390 pages. Ox- ford University Press. $5. Norman Institutions. Vol. 24 of the "Harvard His- torical Studies." By Charles Homer Hasking. Illustrated, 8vo, 407 pages. Harvard University Press. $2.75. The History of Europe from 1862 to 1914. From the Accession of Bismarck to the Outbreak of the Great War. By Lucius Hudson Holt and Alexander Wheeler Chilton. With maps, 8vo, 625 pages. Macmillan Co. $2.60. National Progress: 1907-1917. Being Vol. 27 of "The American Nation: a History." By Frederic Austin Ogg. With frontispiece and maps. 12mo, 430 pages. Harper & Bros. $2. A Short History of France. By Victor Duruy. 2 vols., 12mo, 528-569 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. 60 cts. each. Ancient Law. By Sir Henry Maine, K.C.S.I. With an introduction by J. H. Morgan. 12mo, 237 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co, 60 cts. (LEMCKE & BUECHNER, Agents) New Catalogue of Meritorious Books Now Ready AMERICAN BOOKS OF ALL PUBLISHERS sent to any address, here or abroad DIRECT IMPORTATION FROM ALL ALLIED AND NEUTRAL COUNTRIES LEMCKE & BUECHNER (Established 1848) 30-32 W. 27th Street, New York 1918] 165 THE DIAL “AT MCCLURG'S” It is of interest and importance to Librarians to know that the books reviewed and advertised in this magazine can be pur- chased from us at advantageous prices by Public Libraries, Schools, Colleges and Universities In addition to these books we have an exceptionally large stock of the books of all pub- lishers - a more complete as- sortment than can be found on the shelves of any other book- store in the entire country. We solicit correspondence from librarians anacquainted with our facilities. LIBRARY DEPARTMENT A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago & C NEW AND FORTHCOMING PUBLICATIONS The Influence of Italy on the Literary Career of Alphonse de Lamartine SCIENCE. Experiments in Psychical Research. Being Psy- chical Research Monograph No. 1. By John Edgar Coover. Illustrated. 8vo, xxiv + 641 pages. Stanford University Press. Paper, $3.50; buck- ram, $4; half-morocco, $5. A Complete System of Nursing. By A. Millicent Ashdown. Illustrated, 8vo, 761 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $5. An Introduction to Statistical Methods. By Horace Secrist. Illustrated, 12mo, 482 pages. Macmil- lan Co. $2. United States Magnetic Tables and Magnetic Charts for 1915. By Daniel L. Hazard. With separate charts. 8vo, 256 pages. Government Printing Office. EDUCATION. Description of Industry: an Introduction to Eco- nomics. By Henry C. Adams. 12mo, 270 pages. Henry Holt & Co. Plane Trigonometry, with Tables. By Eugene Henry Barker, Illustrated, 8vo, 172 pages. P. Blakiston's Son & Co. A Handbook of French Phonetics. By William A. Nitze and Ernest H. Wilkins. With exercises by Clarence E. Parmenter, 12mo, 106 pages. Henry Holt & Co. Paper. Simplest Spoken French. By W. F. 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The Spirit of Protest in Old French Literature By MARY MORTON WOOD, Ph.D. 8vo, cloth, $1.50 net. A study of the problems of social justice and per- sonal liberty that interested the more thoughtful writers of medieval France. The Foundations and Nature of Verse By CARY F. JACOB, Ph.D. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net. An attempt to answer these interesting questions : What common physical and psychological basis have prose, verse and music; What differentiates prose from verse and music from both; From the point of view of structure, what is verse ? Aram and Israel, or the Aramaeans in Syria and Mesopotamia By EMIL G. H. KRAELING, Ph.D. 8vo, cloth. $1.50 net. A book on the Aramaeans has long been & de- sideratum for students of Hebrew and Oriental History and this volume supplies the need. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS LEMCKE & BUECHNER, Agents 30-32 West 27th Street New York City JUVENILE. This Country of Ours. By H. E, Marshall. Illus- trated, 8vo, 612 pages. George H. 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Mail me your book-"The High Cost of Typewriters- The Reason and the Remedy," your de luxe catalog and further information. | Namo Street Address City... State. Mail Today When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. 168 [February 14, 1918 THE DIAL WHAT IS MAN'S SUPREME INHERITANCE ? A Practical and Comprehensive Answer to This Question Will Be Found in an Original Work Man's Supreme Inheritance By F. MATTHIAS ALEXANDER With an Introductory Word by Professor John Dewey of Columbia University What are particularly original and valuable in this work are the author's analysis of the funda- mental conditions of human evolution and his demonstration that the time has now arrived for adapting man's life to these conditions, not by a fatalistic surrender to blind atavism and retrograde instincts, but by the exercise of conscious intelligence, by a conscious guidance and control of the human organism and human conduct which will meet all the demands of an advancing civilization. Man's Supreme Inheritance constitutes a preventive and remedial measure to combat the ills of modern civilization A practical system of physical and mental guidance and control is offered, based not on a specific, but on a general reëducation, coördination, and readjustment of the organism which commands ade- quate activity of the vital processes with the minimum of effort, and complete adaptability to an ever-changing environment. Prof. John Dewey of Columbia University in his prefatory word says: "No one, it seems to me, has grasped the meaning, dangers, and possibilities of this change more lucidly and completely than Mr. Alexander. His account of the crises which have ensued upon this evolution IS A CONTRIBUTION TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EVERY PHASE OF CONTEMPORARY LIFE. The ingeniously inclined will have little difficulty in paralleling Mr. Alexander's criticism of Physical Culture Methods within any field of our economic and polit- ical life. In his criticism of return or relapse to the simpler conditions from which civilized man has departed Mr. Alexander's philosophy appears in its essential features. He does not stop with a pious recommendation of such conscious control; HE POSSESSES AND OFFERS A DEFINITE METHOD FOR ITS REALIZATION, and even a layman can testify, as I am glad to do, to the efficiency of its working in concrete cases. IN THE LARGER SENSE OF EDUCATION, THIS WHOLE BOOK IS CONCERNED WITH EDUCATION. TRUE SPONTANEITY is henceforth not a birthright, but the last term, THE CONSUMMATE CONQUEST OF AN ART-THE ART OF CONSCIOUS CONTROL to the mastery of which MR. ALEXANDER'S BOOK SO CON- VINCINGLY INVITES US." John Madison Taylor, M.D., Professor of Applied Therapeutics Temple University, Philadelphia ; for 16 years Assistant of S. Weir Mitchell, Travelling Physician with Joseph Pulitzer, and ranch associate of Theodore Roosevelt, writing to Mr. Alexander about the theory and method set forth in the book, says: “I feel that you have reached THE HEART OF A GREAT MATTER which I shall watch with keen interest in its later developments. Do put your views on record fully, and make many revisions and elaborations so long as you live. It will prove A NOTABLE CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN WELFARE If it be practicable, I shall come to you and beg opportunity to learn at first hand. I particularly congratulate you on your ability to reduce to practical procedures the principles you would inculcate." PRICE $2.00 NET. AT ALL BOOKSTORES. POSTAGE EXTRA E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY, 681 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK PRESS OF THE BLAKELY-OSWALD PRINTING CO., CHICAGO. THE DIAL VOLUME LXIV No. 761 FEBRUARY 28, 1918 CONTENTS . . . . . . . . THE YOUNG WORLD Verse James Oppenheim . . 175 THE STRUCTURE OF LASTING PEACE H. M. Kallen . 180 A HAPPY ENDING FOR THE LITTLE THEATRE Kenneth Macgowan 187 OUR LONDON LETTER Edward Shanks 189 HAVEN. Verse Leslie Nelson Jennings 190 ART IN VICTORIAN SUBURBIA Robert Morss Lovett. 191 GOD AS VISIBLE PERSONALITY Edward Sapir 192 BACKGROUND WITHOUT TRADITION C. K. Trueblood . 194 Yet ONCE MORE, O Ye LAURELS! Conrad Aiken. 195 OUR CHANGING PERMANENCE . William E. Dodd. 197 IF This Be LITERATURE Give Me Death B. I. Kinne . 199 BRIEFS ON New BOOKS 200 Anne Pedersdotter.—The Food Problem.-Portraits and Backgrounds.—The Land Where the Sunsets Go.-Shakespearean Playhouses.—The Climax of Civilization. -Socialism.-Feminism.--Memories Discreet and Indiscreet.—Welfare Work.- Physical Chemistry of Vital Phenomena. NOTES ON New FICTION . 205 The White Morning.—The Terror.-Four Days.- Temporary Heroes. CASUAL COMMENT. . 206 COMMUNICATION . 209 Books on Palestine. NOTES AND News . 210 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 213 . GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN, Editor HAROLD E. STEARNS, Associate Contributing Editors CONRAD AIKEN VAN WYCK BROOKS H. M. KALLEN RANDOLPH BOURNE PADRAIC COLUM KENNETH MACGOWAN WILLIAM ASPENWALL BRADLEY HENRY B. FULLER JOHN E. ROBINSON The Dial (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published fortnightly, twenty-four times a year. Yearly subscription $3.00 in advance, in the United States, Canada and Mexico. For- eign subscriptions $3.50 per year. Entered as Second-class matter Oct. 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1918, by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc. Published by The Dial Publishing Company, Martyn Johnson, President; Willard C. Kitchel, Secretary-Treasurer, at 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago. 174 [February 28, 1918 THE DIAL May Sinclair's New Novel THE TREE OF HEAVEN (Already in the Fourth Edition) “A work of extraordinary power ranking assuredly among the novels of our time which will make a lasting mark upon literature and human thought and life ... one of the most impressive works of fiction of our day.”—New York Tribune. $1.60 Other New and Forthcoming Macmillan Books THE FLYING TEUTON ALICE BROWN's New Book. Shows the skilled literary workmanship which readers have come to expect of the author of "The Pris- oner," and "Bromley Neighborhood." Ready early in March THE CHRONICLES OF SAINT TID BY EDEN PHILLPOTTS. New stories of Devon and the west country by the author of “Old Delabole" and "Brunel's Tower." Ready in February FLOOD TIDE BY DANIEL CHASE. A new novel by a new author, vividly and convincingly written. Ready March 6 HILL TRACKS BY WILFRID Wilson GIBSON. A new vol- ume of poems by the author of “Daily Bread," "Battle,” etc. $1.75 A WAR NURSE'S DIARY The author has been "over the top” in the fullest sense. She tells of her unusual ex- periences in a gripping and vivid fashion. Ready February 27 THE SOUL OF DEMOCRACY BY EDWARD HOWARD GRIGGS. An inspired analysis of the war's effect upon our social philosophy and upon the future democracy. $1.25 THE RECORD OF A QUAKER CONSCIENCE: CYRUS PRINGLE'S DIARY With an introduction by RUFUS M. JONES, The personal diary of a young Quaker, who was drafted for service in the Union Army in 1863. Ready in February THE OLD FRONT LINE BY JOHN MASEFIELD. "What Mr. Masefield in print did for the Gallipoli campaign he does here for the campaign in France. The new work measures up to the standard set by its companion both in vital interest and in literary quality.”—Philadelphia North American. $1.00 WAR TIME CONTROL OF INDUSTRY BY HOWARD L. GRAY. A clear interpreta- tion of English government control. Ready in February COÖPERATION: THE HOPE OF THE CONSUMER BY EMERSON P. HARRIS. With an introduc- tion by John GRAHAM BROOKS. The failure of Our Middlemanism, Reasons and the Remedy, Practical Co-operation, Background, and Outlook, are the four parts of this new book. Ready in February THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, New York When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL. THE DIAL a fortnightly Journal of Criticism and Discussion of Literature and The arts The Young World a Red terror, red revolution, The end of the old Earth, The death, The struggle to be born. 4. O the joy Of the young world. They are lonely flames in far places, In wide-sown separated cities, In swamps of life But they are flame: They are the first winds of the morning that call the larks up, They are the rising of the sun and the turn of tides, They are the opening notes of a song- Each is a note seeking the other notes. How far they reach! how slowly, surely! And what a dawn there shall be When they surprise each other's faces And find they are a host, The notes blending together, The new song risen. . 1. I will make a song For the young world, And I will give this song to the winds To blow whither it will. In a Japanese garden the young poet Closing his book of Ibsen Shall look up and hear Some throbbing bird loosen that music. In a German night-garden by a lake The young sculptress, gazing On the moving torsos of men, Shall suddenly begin to listen To strange ripples of strange waters. In a Russian peasant's hut One of the boys waking at midnight Shall sit among his brothers and sisters And hear the forest whispering. Here and there on the Earth Youth shall listen, Hearing the song I have lifted Out of the song of youth. 2. O the pride Of the young world. These youngsters are aliens and exiles among their parents: Where they go Goes rebellion, It could not be otherwise. They have left narrow rooms And darkened doorways, and gone To new spiritual hills. Theirs is the salt sea that belts the planet, And the water they taste On the California shore Is the same bitter strong water They taste at Calais, At Dover, At China Bay. 3. O the darkness Of the young world. They dwell in wild weather. The wind of slaughter over the Caucasus Is the same wind That gulps blood over Cambrai And whirls dust in Chicago. The same wind That carries the same stern summons of terror, They are hewn stones in scattered quarries And the architect shall bring them to his city For the new cathedral. Each singing stone shall find his place. They are streets, gardens, workshops, They are temples and theatres, They are homes, And out of them shall the new city be built Shining on the hills With unspeakable grandeur. . 5. Only they shall be saved Who have sting in them, The bitterness unbreakable By temptation. Resisters of the false kindness and the crowd comfort, The ease of wealth, the power of place, . Only the true Aame shall burn through the world's damp tinder, Burn through to the future. Only they shall be saved Who have laughter in them, 176 [February 28 THE DIAL a . Not yet. Laughter that dances over the dead moralities, And the radiance of life- The embalmed frigidities, Whose heart needed song in the day The canons of good taste. And the marvelous adventures of intimacies, Laughter that mocks the dreadful-faced Idols. He was the fool and the failure The painted Satans, Among the great owners. The wooden Thunderers. Only they shall be saved 8. Who are willing to be alone. Not to a land alone is our allegiance, But beyond it to one another. Yes, they are greatest Scattered in our multitude of communities Who are willing to be alone. It is as if one hand had scattered the seed of the future 6. In many hidden places of Earth. O what is the word There are no boundaries between us, Burning in the heart of youth? Neither manners nor strange tongues nor per- Is it the word, God? sonal facts Is it the word, Fatherland? Can set up walls. Is it the word, Liberty? Have we not drunk the same wisdom? It is none of these words: the word Do we not follow the same poets ? Has not been shaped, has not Share the same Science ? Pealed its bugle-challenge on Earth. Are we not children of the same Earth? Walt Whitman and Tolstoi walk in the shadow But it burns in hearts, of Fujiyama It shapes almost to the lips, As they saunter on the East Side streets of New Each morning listens for it. York. Darwin teaches in Hong Kong and Calcutta 7. Sitting beside Buddha and Confucius. These are the spirits who have been alien from Our terrible and lonely standard-bearer, Nietzsche, birth Whispers on the heights of Colorado As if they had been born on the wrong planet. And in the pass of Thermopylæ. They have been brought up among miraculous machines, O little did the machine-makers know, In a universe widened by astronomy Trading on ships and railways, But sudden gone lifeless; With their newspapers, telegraph, laboratories, That was the age of the Earth's loneliness. That they were carrying the past and setting it The planet that had swung as a censer from the down vault of heaven, On every doorstep of Earth. Steaming with frankincense of prayer, But we, we have drunk from the breast of the And breathed on by angels and the inspirations great Mother of God, The same milk of vision, Now was a lonely atom, We belong to one nation, A wanderer in the universal void. The Land of One Another, Now no more were the men and women about And from us in every nation shall spring the new them life of Man on Earth. Souls struggling up out of flesh into a burst of 9. wings And fight into glory, The day of democracy?—Yes. But physico-chemical organisms made over in the And what is democracy? image of the new God, It is allowance for each man's wish, Yea, the Machine. And so the mass-wish rules. Not needs, not duties, not rights, Well-being, comfort, tools, sanitation, power- But wishes, desires, wills. Their brothers strove for these. But when shall men wish greatly? How many will volunteer Whose heart was set on the long visions of To create great lives and loves ? eternity, Look to the past: how many Whose eyes turned inward to the mysterious war Are the volunteers on the scroll? Of Demon and God in the soul- The war whose victory is wisdom and the con- Surely democracy quest of love Will mean the end of greatness . 1918] 177 THE DIAL Unless you, O young world, Spring forth to the call- Firstlings of the Voluntary Life To go forth in yourself To the terrible pains of growth, To new births and new visions, To the living of new values, To the risks of loneliness and persecution and dis- comfort. . When festival and laughter are shared in rever- ence, When a life without great sexual love is shunned and abhorred, When children are brought to bloom as by per- fect gardeners, When work has in it the joy of the unexpected And is wrought as a gift, Then shall the abomination of desolation, Money-striving, and slaughter, and disease Flee like night before the irresistible sun. Great is the task of the artist who works in stone or in flesh, In song or in values. But his epoch opens before us. 11. It is not enough to love, O Voluntaries. It is only enough when you turn hatred into love. Man is a natural hater, hunter, slayer, destroyer; He is a storm, a volcano. Examples—they are the contagious flame in democracy; Teachers—they are the revealing light for the people. For this, prepare, O Voluntaries ! 10. Let the great Artist teach you his secret, How he reaches his hands in his own dark breast, That rich jungle, And shapes from his sorrow, delight, From frustration, music, From lust, vision. He becomes, not a precipice of authority, But a hill that invites climbing. He tempts men to high places By the dazzling beauty of his own heights Which are but a transformation of his own depths. : He is a destroying storm turned into music, A hatred become love, an evil become good. . o . . This came to me: A dark mood out of the depths Like a storm rising out of the sea. But I hate darkness, I cannot spend it on myself except I slay myself. So I send it out upon others. I say, “They are the guilty; they are oppressing me; They have wronged me. How then does this suffice? I writhe in the coils of my hatred, I seek for a victim, yet have none (Am I not civilized? How can I slay or torture another?) But neither can I remain so encoiled, Confused, wasted, unable to sleep or toil.. What shall I do? He is the beginning of democracy, For in place of imposing his passion upon others He turns his passion into a gift, And the gift works more miracles than a king's command. And in place of submitting his soul and mind to the will of others He turns his herd-lust into a work of self Personal and new, And so renders service as no slave could render. I look to the wisdom of the past : “Forgive my trespasses Even as I forgive those who trespass against me. Are you artists, O spirits of the young world? Are you those who seek to transform destroying things Into symbols of glory and works of fruitfulness? Would you end war, clean out poverty, stop dis- ease? Neither law nor science shall suffice, But only Art. . Does this serve? I try it: I try it as one who prays. I put passion into a struggle to turn to mine enemies And in my heart embrace them and forgive them. And behold, I am released. For I have taken the storm of hatred And by passion made love of it. Now I have all this energy to give unto others Or unto my tasks, And so go free. Even in this is the great art of living. When men learn to sing together, When they passionately desire their cities To be songs in stone, musical to the eyes, The song of their gathered vision; When they love drama that reveals their future heights, . 178 [February 28 THE DIAL . . . . 12. From the Earth, the body, the passions, desires, It is not enough to love—no, Up into vision and love. It is only enough when you love strongly. Ours is the organic life- There is a weak love that is amiable and flat- No dream sent down from heaven And clapped on us willy-nilly, tering, It seduces a man to follow the demands of others, But the dream opening even like the petals of the flower To soothe, to coddle, to spoil with kindness. Out of our blood and impulse. Strong love may be a scourge. Not the scourge of hate and passion, Render unto the human what belongs to the human But the stab of the surgeon's scalpel Which goes with infinite deliberation That you may be free to render unto your vision And fine impersonal thrust What belongs to your vision. Into the core of the abscess. Only in a twist or two are we pioneers, Therefore, go strongly, Spirits of the Young A new color of thought, a new note of longing, World, A new flame of vision. Be advised by Nietzsche: be hard, Though our night belongs to ourselves, Creators must be hard. Our day belongs to democracy. Carry a saving bitterness and a stinging laughter We are different only because there is a future, As weapons of self-defence. Know the cruelty of the greatest love. We are united with humanity because of the great past. 13. 15. A new day has dawned for groups. Let us welcome each other at table O lonely young, With food and drink, Seek one another out, and be gathered to one Let us know the jolly unions of laughter, purpose. Let us have our hour of the wild Earth, A strength awakens in three or in ten The hour of the uncurbed gale, the whirling of That sleeps in one or in two. leaves, The pressure of mind against mind, The dancing of grass. The honorable high rivalries, The demands one on another, Let us know all healthy things—the long tramp, The sense of a herd backing one's vision, The swish of the canoe, the swimming in deep The drooping faith that fames again in the deep waters, warm shelter of others: The bed in the open air, the splendid ride, These are the gifts and the discipline of the The common labor. group. Let us burn the incense of our pipes among the pines, So comes massed power. And be a familiar of stars. A group is a giant, It is a flying wedge against the dull undergrowth 16. of humanity, Let us be morning-souls, It is a shock battalion against the entrenched. Meeting the sunrise with our own sunrise, It is a miniature brotherhood, the beginnings of We, too, fresh winds on the flowers, camaraderie. We, too, dew on the grass, We, too, lusty as the sleep-strong dog barking his Not in unions, commissions, and societies way to the forest. Organized for a common gain, Only too much have we been children of the But the natural coming of a few together depths, Like fragments flying into place The depths of night, To make a new personality The hugged of sorrow, the beloved of lament; Larger than a single man. But there is a depth in height, The blue sky spread over the Earth by the strong 14. Are the common things for you? Thins toward eternity. Are you for them? In ecstasy there is depth, in joy there is depth. Surely not only tubers are rooted in the soil, There is a laughter that belongs to eagles, But also roses, oaks, redwoods. There is a joy that the air-man knows Our law is from below upwards, Winging through universal radiance, a a . . sun . • 1918] 179 THE DIAL . 1 . The shadow of his plane on the clouds below. 18. O joy of the artist It is not an easy thing to love. Lost in his vision, his hands shaping forth a new Not easy to give one's greatest passion, universe, real and living. One's days, nights, unremitting efforts, O joy of the mother One's unabating service and thought, Like a sun spreading her radiant blue sky of Out to another. adoration But whoso has learned to give to one About her smiling contented planet. Has cut an outgoing channel from his heart O joy that must come to this Earth And through this now may love flow to the world, In the epochs opening, To tasks, to women and men. Or all is in vain, all is wasted. Yea, the love of man and woman Is the initiation into brotherhood. 17. It is the path out of self, It is the road to Man. There is a joy in love The love of man and woman- 19. Have you known it, О Voluntaries? Rarely without this love is there any other love. Sally out, young warriors. Haters as you are of slaughter, The great lover is he Enemies of war, Who first seeks community of spirit, Yet yours is the greatest war. A sharing of vision, You know that a man who does not slay himself And who next seeks community of mind Seeks to slay others, And dovetailing of habits, That he who does not grapple with the enemies And who last brings all these into marriage within Through the art of love. Must wrestle with the enemies without. O infinite delicacy Have you forgiven your enemies? have you em- Of the gentle and tender word, the gradual caress, braced them with love? The closer enfolding, the secret and intimate Not till you love these darknesses in yourself kisses, Shall you embrace the darknesses in others. The evocation from the instrument of woman Of a slow-rising song, that rises, rises, Sally out: but beware! Bursting into triumph, ascending in ecstasy, It is just for such as you that the Peril waits, Crowned, consummated with union. Temptation of Omnipotence. He who was an arrow of longing for the Super- In this union, If even for a moment, Became God, and went mad. The striking of Life into Life He slew God, leaving the world empty, Bears man and woman into the core of the sun- And filled the emptiness with self. fire, But beware of being God. And through them blazes the flame of the mys- We are nothing but ripples of foam riding the deeps, tery, And through them is revealed, The deeps that moved in our fathers as Demons and Divinities. Blindingly, the divinity and glory of the uni- What image haunts you? A Divine Man, a Star, a Christ? A marriage crowned with union Confess, do you sometimes think this image is Creates out of the flesh you? Turn from the peril: Depth of vision, It is but a symbol of the depths, Height of joy, A picture by which you may see and adore the And from these flow Inscrutable. A light over the troubled days and the darkened An image you may throw on the air before you, nights. Sundering yourself from the treacherous abyss; Through this door And as one who feels a God approach and en- They walk into the valleys of one another, fold him They reach to the last intimacy, You may give yourself to this symbol They bathe one another's faults with healing, And drink strength out of the depths, One another's sorrow with strength; And move, free of Omnipotence, Understanding is theirs. In the path of your destined self. man . . verse. 180 [February 28 THE DIAL Young spirits! be Burning nationalities down, and leaping till we Not Gods, but men and women, sat Not Saviors, but excellent fighters: In the central council circle of the sun; Enemies, indeed, of Magic, Our floor was flame, our walls were dazzling fire, Of Divine Rights in yourselves and others, And we were the children of the sun, Of Mob-Tyranny and King-Tyranny, Wrapped in one strong hosanna of glory. Warriors against every fear and caution and And out of the flames great shapes were leaning, world-wisdom that makes a man crawl Seraphic shapes, shapes of unutterable wisdom, when he should dance. The spirits of our brothers who are dead, The spirits by which we live, and the ancient spirits I was meditating last night before the fire, Of that invisible hierarchy I was meditating at midnight. That lifts to ineffable Light and Song. I saw the faces of the young world gathering in the chain of the mighty past We were that link I saw these faces Young, troubled, many in tears, a few radiant; Connecting Earth with Beyond-Earth, the Fu- I saw the divine brotherhood of the young, ture; Through us the glory ran, the song; I felt one flame pass through us all, a flame burn- Out of us the glory opened. ing Color of skin away, and dividing manners, JAMES OPPENHEIM. 20. . about me, The Structure of Lasting Peace X. A PROGRAMME FOR A LEAGUE OF NATIONS THE FEDERALIZATION OF SOVEREIGN STATES: To three causes is to be attributed the of the democratic nations echo those of failure of the Articles of Confederation the American states between 1776 and between the thirteen original and sov- 1787. What unity they have is enforced ereign states in the American Union. The by the presence of a common enemy. The most important was the fact that the Con- hypertrophied passion for exclusive sov- federation's central authority, its Con- ereignty which is the vicious side of patri- gress, had no power; and it had no power otism, and the drag of a diplomatic because it had no support in public opinion, technique determined by the interests of the citizens of the states being inordinately such sovereignty have made genuinely fed- jealous of the exclusive sovereignty of erated action on a single front unnecessar- their respective states; while the failure of ily difficult. Arrangements between the . public opinion to “get behind” the Con- allied democracies are separate arrange- gress was due to the fact that it had been ments and their character is that of treaty, created by an administrative fiat of the not of public law. When Mr. Lloyd State Legislatures, without any reference George, compelled by events to denounce whatsoever to such opinion, and hence the inexcusable impasse which this had without contact with the immediate life led the Allies into, made his famous de- and interests of the people from whose in mand for unification, this jealousy-in- terest and consent power derives. The stinctive, animal—for the integrity of the three causes were at bottom one: Con- herd, led to a vicious and unjustified as- gress could not enforce its rulings. How sault upon him. Withal, the degree of co- to secure for it this force was the one prob- operation between the democratic allies is lem before the Constitutional Convention, tremendously greater than was that be- and the advance which the instrument tween the American states. But here framed by that body made over the Ar again, the moving cause is not the will of ticles of Confederation is to be measured statesmen; it is the character of warfare ; solely by the degree of power it put into following from the nature of industrial the hands of the Federal agencies of gov- society. The organization of industrial ernment. life has changed warfare from an affair of At the present writing the relationships armies to an affair of nations: the logic of 1918] 181 THE DIAL social circumstance and of industrial ma- gramme that shall designate the personnel chinery has compelled a federalization far of the peace conference and the manner beyond the present good will of rulers. of their election, the organization of the Were the statesmen of the democratic conference into a congress, and the chief alliance intelligent and courageous and articles in an international agreement, such free enough to follow out immediately that they shall come home to the vital in- what events will force them to concede terests of the masses of men and women ultimately as the inevitable implications of everywhere. this logic, a constitutional convention Why the constitution of a league of would now be in public session for the nations ought to be the first proposition in federation of Russia, England, France, the the agenda of the peace conference should United States, the South American repub- be obvious enough. Once certain prin- lics, China, and Japan. It would be in ciples of public law are established, the session, war or no war, and it would gen- adjudication of all specific racial, terri- eralize the present practices of coöpera- torial, economic, and military issues will tion, integrate them, and enact them into follow easily and smoothly enough from law, with the doors open for the Central them. The converse is not true. Let Powers to come in or not, as they chose. these issues be taken up severally and sep- Such far-seeing relevancy in interna- arately, without regard to an international tional conduct is not however to be hoped rule, and the peace conference will become for. Everything international will be a bargain counter between dickering diplo- postponed until the peace conference; and mats representing military forces. The if we may trust the tone of the ruling and specific adjudications will preclude a gen- possessing classes, it is a bold aspiration eral principle which must necessarily con- to hope that even then the compulsion of tradict them. At best we shall have industrial interdependence and the im- restored a precarious balance of power; at pulsion of the very patent will of the worst we shall resume fighting. If the peoples of Europe and America to a league peace conference be permitted to begin at of nations and a democratic and lasting the wrong end of the series of problems, peace will find their realization and satis- there is little hope for a good end to the faction. conference. It is a bold aspiration. For the under- Whether or not it begins at the right currents of industry and the streams of end will depend on two factors. These feeling run counter the conscious life, the are the pressure of enlightened public opin- established habits, and the avowed pur- ion upon it and the personnel of the con- poses of men. The popular will needs to ference itself. The former must be be defined by discussion and articulated awakened by free discussion; the latter in a definite programme. And discussions will be determined by the manner of their are “disloyal” or “unpatriotic,” and pro- choice and the considerations leading to it. grammes are "visionary." The Real. In this regard the experience of the “sov- politiker of the public press and the ereign and independent” American states interests it guards have had very little is illuminating. At the Constitutional good to say of Mr. Wilson's address of Convention the only statesman who had January 8; yet they have not said the also been a member of the Continental worst thing that there is to be said about Congress that had conducted the war it. That worst thing is this. It puts the against England, was James Madison. cart before the horse, and the cart is only The rest were the "demigods” who had the skeleton of a cart. The article re- won the confidence of the citizens of their quiring a league of nations should have states through very specific and signal serv- come first, not last; and it should have ice during the war or through intellectual been a definite programme for the or- leadership during and after it. So now. ganization of such a league, not a state- Diplomatists are by training, habit, and ment that a league is desirable. The will usage unfit for the particular service in of the peoples to enduring peace needs hand. Servants of international conflict such a programme to integrate it—a pro- for exclusive national advantage, their 182 [February 28 THE DIAL a skill is only in the arts of innuendo and should have voice and place equally with dickering which such service demands. the Osmanli Turks for the Ottoman em- They would be as unsuited to a task requir- pire. How the representatives of the ing frankness and mutual accommodation minorities are to be elected, what their pro- as a pork-magnate to settle a strike in his portionate weight should be, are questions own packing plant. The men needed are to be solved by free discussion and public the men of international mind, who have opinion. That the cases for their peoples been studying these diplomatists in action, must be put by the chosen representatives who are aware of the defects of the pres- of these peoples, that they must necessarily ent state system, and who have thought have a voice in deciding their own fate in out alterations and improvements. Such the community of nations, is beyond argu- men are Sidney Webb, Brailsford, Hen- ment. So much so, indeed, that following derson, Lowes Dickinson, Norman Angell the principle involved, Mr. Norman An- in England;_ Thomas and his fellow gell suggests the representation not alone Socialists in France; the members of the of nationalities but also of political parties present Russian government and innumer within nations, according to their numerical able others in Russia; John Dewey, Louis strength. Thus Germany would be repre- Brandeis, Secretary Baker, David Starr sented by her Socialists as well as by the Jordan, and Tharsten Veblen in Amer- party in power, England by her Laborites ica. And so in every country. Represen- as well as by her Liberals and Conserva- tatives should be chosen from the effective tives, and so on. In this way fundamental leadership of that great body of sentiment differences in political principle would get and opinion which has for the last quar- representation, no less than differences in ter of a century kept the creation of a national character and interest. league of nations and the establishment of What the peace conference defining lasting peace constantly before the minds itself as such a congress would need to of men, which has so taught these ideals establish is the law of a minimum genuine that the present war is unique in that the international control. Now all political democratic urge to see it through to vic- control consists in the exercise of two func- tory is the community of sentiment and tions. One is limitation; the other, libera- opinion against all war. In short, a league tion. Limitation and liberation are distinct of nations can be most effectively estab- but not different, since every just and rele- lished only by representatives who are for vant limitation is a liberation-witness the it by habit of mind as well as desire, who traffic policeman. International limitation have given it prolonged study, and have would apply to national armaments, to made themselves expert in the programmes quarrels between states over the “stakes of of its inauguration. diplomacy,” to quarrels within states over But there is yet a further necessity in national hegemonies. The limitation of the delimitation of personnel . “Self-de- armament is of course basic. For no mat- termination” for nationalities, sincerely ter what may be the provocation to a fight, applied, would give place and voice in the the lack of weapons compels the substitu- conference to representatives of all na- tion of persuasion for blows and funda- tionalities whose fate and status the con- mentally alters the locus of the "national ference is to decide. An autonomous honor,” a figment for the defense of which Poland, for example, is undoubtedly de- most blows are struck. Hence the Inter- sirable, but the unspeakable Polish over- national Congress should determine for lords maintain a vicious hegemony over the nations of the world, as the Continen- Lithuanians, Letts, and Jews, no less than tal Congress was by the Articles of Con- over Polish peasants. Lithuanians, Letts, federation empowered to determine for and Jews as well as Poles should have the original thirteen American States, the voice and place at the peace conference. extent of the armament of each state. The Serbo-Croats, Bohemians, Poles, Jews, simplest way to do this would be to fix Rumans should represent Austria no less annually the amount of money each state than Magyars and Germans. Arabs, Ar- might spend on armament. Control of menians, Kurds, to mention just a few, expenditure would require the complete 1918] 183 THE DIAL socialization of the manufacture of muni- Publicity and education are the cornerstone tions, its subordination to the inspection of any international system that shall be and control of an international commis- democratic. democratic. Hence the rule of publicity sion on armaments, and absolute publicity is a paramount limitative rule. of records and accounts. All uses of ar- The foregoing provisions would, I mament should require license from the think, supply the coercive force the lack of International Congress, particularly such which rendered the American Confedera- uses as go by the euphemism “punitive tion so instructive a failure. That they expedition.” Failure to carry out these will absolutely prevent war cannot be provisions or to submit to the rule of the claimed. Even the Constitution of the International Congress should be regarded United States failed to do that, and the tantamount to a declaration of war. It interstate unity it provided for became a should be so regarded with respect to the permanent constituent of American polit- other causes of quarrel between and within ical common sense only with the Civil states. Interstate disputes of whatever War. No doubt history on the terrestrial nature should be submitted to the Interna- scale will repeat history on the continental. tional Congress, which would be also the No doubt there will be, as in America, highest and final court. There has been a blocs and combinations within the combina- good deal of silly differentiation between tion, nullification and attempts at dissolu- 'justiciable" and “non-justiciable” dis- tion; but there will be in operation also, as putes, but there's nothing that's one or the in America, a definitely formulated, agreed other but thinking makes it so. All group to principle of unity, insuring mankind disputes are justiciable if public opinion against a great many wars almost certain says they are. When the International to come without it. Congress has passed on them, they are Yet the chief power of this insurance settled. Failure to accept the decision of would reside in the function of liberation the Congress should automatically consti- that the instruments of internationality tute a challenge of international power and would perform. Those turn on the sat- be dealt with accordingly. isfaction of the basic wants of men, and The devices for dealing with such fail- the consequent release of their spontane- ure are not exclusively military. The mili- ous energies in the creative activities their tary machine, indeed, should be the last natures crave. Such satisfaction and re- resort. Initially, there is the tremendous lease demand, as we have already seen, a force of public opinion, which the Church free trade in material commodities at wielded in the middle ages