f the charms, if not the charm, of the
book to read "just this paragraph."
essay is that the essayist may talk about anything
B. I. KINNE.
he please, and the reader may expect anything,
no matter what the ostensible subject was at
starting. Therefore in Mr. Brooks's essay "The
.
Man of Grub Street Comes from His Garret"
a splendid, yea a brilliant, résumé of Fifth Ave- The QUESTION: "IF A MAN Die SHALL He Live
AGAIN ?” By Edward Clodd. Clode: $2.
nue is quite in place.
Mr. Edward Clodd presents—in the impresa-
Is there a scene like it in the world? The boule-
vards of Paris in times of peace are hardly so gay.
rio sense—a review of the follies of 1917 in the
Fifth Avenue is blocked with motor cars. Fashion has revival of the ancient miracle-play of spiritual-
gone forth to select a feather. A ringlet has gone ism. The year is pertinent only in that it marks
awry and must be mended. The Pomeranian's health
is served by sunlight. The Spitz must have an air-
the appearance of “Raymond,” the tragic vol-
ing. Fashion has wagged its head upon a Chinese ume in which Sir Oliver Lodge records the
vase-has indeed squinted at it through a lorgnette
inconsequential evidence of the communications
against a fleck-and now lolls home to dinner. Or
style has veared an inch and it has been a day of
of his son killed in battle, received through medi-
fitting. At restaurant windows one may see the feed- umistic harlequins and their vaudeville "con-
ing of the overfed. Men sit in club windows and
still wear their silk hats as though there was
trols”; also the evidence of his own pitiable cre-
glass between them and the windy world. Footmen dulity. In spite of a high regard for Sir Oliver's
in boots and breeches sit as stiffily as though they
well merited reputation, for his sincerity and
were toys grown large and had metal spikes below
to hold them to their boxes. They look like the
noble qualities, and in spite of a keen sympathy
iron firemen that ride on nursery fire-engines. with his loss, Mr. Clodd does not permit himself
Moreover, to honeycomb this review with to mitigate his duty to speak plainly as a defender
quotations is only to follow the best essay tra- of science and reason:
dition. Thus is the victim often treated in the You, Sir Oliver, knowing, as you must have known,
kindest manner. Montaigne, certainly, set a
the taint which permeates the early history of spiritual-
ism, its inception in fraud and the detection of a suc-
record that, though it may not be desirable to
cession of tricksters from the Fox girls onwards, and
attempt beating it, gives dignified justification. thereby cautioned to be on your guard, have proved
,
Therefore another:
yourself, on your own admission, incompetent to detect
the frauds of Eusapia Palladino. Your faith in
Had I been the artist I would have run from either the integrity of Mrs. Piper, despite her failure,
F's praise or disapproval. As an instance, I saw a crowned by her confession, withdrawn, it is true, but
friend on a late occasion coming from a bookstore none the less a fact, remains unshaken. You lose a
with a volume of suspicious color beneath his arm. dear son in the holiest of causes for which a
I had been avoiding that particular bookstore for a can die; you forthwith repair to a modern Witch
week because my work lay for sale on a forward of Endor to seek, at second hand, consolations which
table. And now when my friend appeared, a sud- assuredly he whom you mourn would, in preference,
den panic seized me, and I plunged into the first pour direct into your attuned and sympathetic ear;
doorway to escape. I found myself facing a soda you—one of the most prominent and best known of
fountain. For a moment, in my blur, I could not ac- men-are simple enough to believe that your anonym-
no
man


290
[March 28
THE DIAL
ity and that of your wife and family was secure But even Lucian and his intellectual ancestry
at the early séances which Mrs. Leonard and Mr.
Vout Peters gave you. And with what dire result-
are recent compared with the racial antiquity
the publication of a series of spurious communica- of all this longing inquiry, and of the beliefs and
tions, a large portion of which is mischievous drivel, legends that surround it. It goes back to the
dragging with it into the mire whatever lofty con-
ceptions of a spiritual world have been framed by early history of mankind and is found in its
mortals.
spontaneous expression wherever the primitive
What is more serious, your maleficent influence
mind survives: in the angekok of Labrador, the
gives impetus to the recrudescence of superstition
which is so deplorable a feature of these days. The
shaman of Siberia, the mediums of unenlightened
difference between the mediums whom you consult lands from China to Peru, the mahatmas of
and the lower grade of fortune-tellers who are had
up and fined or imprisoned as rogues and vagabond's Adyar or the voodoos of the Congo. Here is its
is one of degree, not of kind. The sellers of the authentic root and its true service; it is anthro-
thousands of mascots--credulity in which as life- pology and not psychical research. The interest is
preservers and luck-bringers is genuine-the palmists,
and all other professors of the occult, have in you
not in the evidence but in the beliefs and the ways
their acknowledged patron:
of satisfying them precisely the same interest
Thus you, who have achieved high rank as a phy- that attaches to primitive medicine-magic and the
sicist, descend to the plane of the savage animist,
crude ritual of the medicine man.
surrendering the substance for the shadow.
That such
Introductory to this climax of application, Mr.
ways of thinking survive, and must in the nature
Clodd brings within the covers of a readable sur-
of things survive, brings them within the equally
vey a brief account of the several factors and legitimate study of folklore. And if our inter-
personalities that have contributed directly to
est lies in the manner of their appeal, and in
modern spiritualism, and of the kindred influ-
the understanding of the processes by which such
ences hovering congenially in the hazy penumbra
evidence continues to impose on modern and
of occult notions and befuddled verbiage. The
schooled minds, psychology is ready to furnish
historical prelude is spoken in these words: "Pic-
an answer to the logical minded. The difficulty
ture to yourself a little chamber in which no very
is that cold logic is less satisfying than hot (or
brilliant light was admitted, with a crowd of
warmed over) dramatic superstition; that the
people from all quarters, excited, carefully
otherwise open-minded are also open to the lure
worked-up, all a flutter with expectation.” The
of the obscure and the soothing siren tones of
reader will assume that this account of the psy-
prepossession. Logic does well enough for the
chological atmosphere of the séance refers to
workaday world, where reason is at a premium,
some "evidential" sittings with the entranced
or at least at par, but is not welcome at the pri-
Mrs. Piper revealing private affairs of her sit-
vate hearth of desire and the reserved sanctum of
ters among the élite of Boston; or to the crude
the will to believe. Even a mild indulgence in
but much headlined and conspicuously sponsored
this toxic atmosphere closes the door of reason.
Eusapia in London, Paris, or New York; or if
“When men have once acquiesced in untrue opin-
not so recent, to the slate-writing performances
ions and registered them as authentic records in
of Slade or the "cabinet" pranks of the Daven-
their minds, it is no less impossible to speak intel-
ports; or at the earliest to the raps and table-
ligently to such men as to write legibly on a
tippings of the original (?) Fox sisters. Not at
paper already scribbled over.” That remains as
all; they were written eighteen hundred years
true today as when Hobbes wrote it.
ago by that rare modern, Lucian, whose accounts
Mr. Clodd's antidote consists of select doses
of such impostures are as good reading and as
of anthropology, reënforced by plain tales of
good sense today as when they were written for
exposures of mediums, who at the worst are ras-
the benefit of any Greco-Roman Society for
cals and scoundrels and at the best "are an
Psychical Research that may have flourished in
unwholesome lot"_"a mad world, my masters."
his day. The strange unoriginality of the tricks The anthropology is not all of the primitive
of the spiritualist trade prove that the longings
type; much of it is in the nature of survival,
of men have always led to the same modes of
and naturally takes on the color of a sophisticated
seeking and finding satisfaction: mysterious raps
mysticism, and an intellectual speculation. But
and voices and forms, rocking of tables, miracles wherever spiritualism seeks the evidence of phys-
in transporting objects, handling live coals, float- ical manifestations and deserts the spiritual field
ing through space, seeing at a distance, reading for "materializations," it is bound to come in
sealed messages, foreseeing the future, holding contact with fraud and hysteria, to which it
converse with the dead.
usually succumbs. The byways of the pursuit


1918]
291
THE DIAL
a
are many and devious, some of them rescued
The Poetry of Conrad Aiken
from the mire of pseudo-science and made intel-
ligible and respectable as authentic psychological NOCTURNE OF REMEMBERED SPRING, and Other
facts with a proper and scientific explanation. At
Poems. By Conrad Aiken. Four Seas; $1.25.
It is a difficult business to be a poet. It is not
that point the psychical researcher loses interest
in them. Such are "crystal-gazing" and "telep- only difficult; it is highly dangerous. For the
athy" and hypnosis and hallucinations. But the poet must constantly employ not only his mind,
difficulty remains that while all this is fairly
but his feelings. He must see the world not only
convincing to the normal stable mind, the aver-
as objective phenomena for meditation, but as sub-
age degree of stability is still compatible with a
jective influence for emotion. Now it is perfectly
belief in the existence of black swans that are
true that the majority of mankind, the “average
not biological variants of white ones, but intrin-
sensual” man and woman, only maintain their
sically of a different color, taking their appear-
mental equilibrium through the rigorous suppres-
ance and behavior from a different set of laws
sion or the progressive atrophy of their feelings.
than those that rule in a commonplace universe.
From this state of emotional prohibition the poet
To these may be repeated the dictum of Wil-
alone, the man of imagination, is free; and his
liam James-whose psychological hospitality was
is a dangerous freedom, for himself and for oth-
wide—that the interpretation of events for their
ers, since in it the rules of social conduct, the
personal significance is an abomination. Once regulations of the average, do not exist.
the personal element in such beliefs is reduced
Therefore it is difficult to be a poet. I do not
to proper proportions, their restriction to the mean by this that it is at all difficult to be the
middle ground of sanity is assured.
prevailing fashion of the day in poetry, or even
Such is the question that Mr. Clodd pro-
the fashion of the year before last. For that, one
pounds, and such his firm matter-of-fact answer.
needs only a certain crude vigor of the pen, and
(Mr. Clodd, an anthropologist and writer by
a voice loud enough to dominate the market
avocation, is a banker by profession.) Out of place. But the true poets do not dominate the
the same rank growth he garners a very differ- market place. They may think themselves lucky
ent harvest. The task is likely to prove an
if they find a hundred serious readers, and among
ungrateful one, but must constantly be repeated them, two or three friends. They may consider
if the world is to be made safe and held safe themselves fortunate to find a publisher. They
for rationality. It must be done in modern may hold themselves highly favored if they retain
terms and by way of modern instances. The some measure of health and can wrest a suffi-
follies of 1817 or 1857 seem indeed old-fash- ciency of food from the world.
ioned follies; but not so those of 1917, with Conrad Aiken is a poet in the sense that his
their reputable sponsors whom we know and
work displays a certain harmonious development
respect. Prestige remains a dangerous influence,
upon a given groundwork. His first volume,
and yet an indispensable one. The right dispo- "Earth Triumphant,” proved that he was the
“
sition of our confidence is one of the pragmatic
possessor of an instrument. It is true that he
tests—not of learning but of wisdom in the played on this instrument with a dangerous facil-
higher reaches of thought, and of common sense ity. For in him the sense of metrical rhythm
in the lowlier ones. It is not pleasant to con- and the answering recall of rhyme was given
template the lapses of noble minds, nor is the
from the very first. Other poets have to en-
self-approval of our superior shrewdness an envi-
ter the great vague world of thought that
able trait. The true lesson of the review is
beckons them, by hacking and hewing their way
a subjective modesty, and an objective firmness; through a forest of experimental forms—a proc-
it is of the same order as that moral stability
ess which is calculated to kill off all but the
that holds to the might of right, though the
stoutest. There was nothing of this in Aiken.
wrong celebrate its triumphs. Anthropology is
He was master of a smooth limpid flow of verse
the proper study of mankind, its legitimate narrative from the beginning. He did not have
drama; though the annals of psychical research to learn and unlearn his technique. It was an
make an interesting motion-picture of the va- authentic gift. Such a poet is rare enough even
garies of all sorts and conditions of men.
in England, still rarer in America.
JOSEPH JASTROW. But it was not until the appearance of his
а


292
[March 28
THE DIAL
»
second volume, “Turns and Movies," that Aiken from these hard and fast compartments. Freud's
began to use his powers for the deliberate expres- theory, even if true, is merely a limitation of our
sion of any new idea. Since that volume he has activities; it clears up old ground, but it does not
published two others, "The Jig of Forslin" and point the way to any new sphere of thought-
now the "Nocturne of Remembered Spring," activity.
which this morning's post has brought to my desk I have been led to this digression by the neces-
in London. Throughout these three works there sity of examining critically the basis of Aiken's
runs a sole essential idea. Aiken is the poet of thought before proceeding to the study of his
sexual illusion and disillusion.
poetry as illustrative of that basis. Now it seems
It will be remembered that Aiken admits being to me that, apart from his incontestable gifts as
a Freudian. Indeed, his most remarkable work, a prosodist and word-controller, Conrad Aiken's
“The Jig of Forslin," was constructed as a delib- mind has up to the present worked on somewhat
erate Freudian synthesis of civilized man's mind too narrow a basis. His poems, in short, are
-to quote its author, “Forslin is not a man, but
variations of but one idea—the idea of sexual
man." Now the substance of the Freudian psy-
disillusionment. It is true that this method as
chology is this; that the major part of the higher employed in the case of "The Jig of Forslin,
“"
psychical reactions of mankind may be traced to
produced a poem of very remarkable range and
sexual impulse, suppressed, transformed, and sub- beauty. But "Forslin" in a sense exhausted the
limated. It is true that Freud himself has never
range of variations possible to its theme. And
pushed this theory to the point which it occupies
in his more recent work Aiken contents himself
in the minds of many of his more fanatical fol-
with repeating a little more wearily and subtly
lowers, such as Jung. For Freud, what part of
his familiar cry. There is an atmosphere of bore-
any human imaginative effort could be traced dom about it all, a hint of yawns, a trail of dust.
to sublimated libido would probably vary with
This should not be. Any poet with one half
every given case. But the theory that man does the powers Aiken has should mentally rouse him-
normally discharge along lines of imaginative self to tackle other themes. There is nothing
art and phantasy the superfluity of his sexual
which wearies the mind more quickly than to be
reactions, remains to Freud, as to Aiken, un-
chained down to one particular type of work.
questionable.
Shakespeare, and not only Shakespeare, found
Now the difficulty with any psychological the-
that the way of the utmost range was the way
ory of this sort is that it tends to stereotype
of the fullest development. The best poem in
minds, to make all the activities of the human
Aiken's present volume is the one called "1915:
brain seem alike. If it be true, as I believe it is,
The Trenches." It is a very fine picture of the
that the transformation of species has been
weariness of waiting, with the poignant cry at
brought about by adaptation to changed sur-
the end "Will the word come today?" It proves
roundings, rather than by natural selection of
that the war is legitimate matter for poetry in
any particular species, then it follows that of all
so far as it enlarges one's mental horizon—as a
species man is the most adaptable to all given
great spectacle to be looked upon impersonally,
circumstances and, further, that the mental and
without partisan spirit, in the way in which the
psychical reactions of man vary according to the
veteran soldier now looks upon it. Next to this
circumstances in which he is placed. The theory poem I like best the one called "Episode in
of Freud and Jung would fasten upon mankind
Grey." This too is a study in disillusionment,
a certain fixed type of thought—that all imag-
but it has a harsher, more poignant, more mascu-
inative activity is reducible to a transformation
line accent than the others. It carries disillusion-
of primitive sex-impulse. This theory fails com-
ment far beyond mere boredom, to the point
pletely to take into account the claims of evolu-
where disillusionment begins to live a new pas-
tion. If the sex-impulse can thus transform
sionate life of its own. Conrad Aiken is devel-
itself, what is to hinder it from becoming another oping, after all, and when he arrives in the new
kind of impulse altogether? And having become
country whither he is tending, I caution the dry-
that, what is to hinder it from again reacting rotting celebrities of yesteryear in America to
upon the untransformed remainder, and again
look out! They will find a poet.
transforming it? We must keep our minds away
John Gould FLETCHER.


1918]
293
THE DIAL
A Year of Mistakes
speeches—the record stands out with terrifying
clearness.
APPROACHES TO THE GREAT SETTLEMENT. By Yet curiously enough it has been the last two
Emily Greene Balch. Introduction by Norman
Angell. Huebsch; $1.50.
speeches to Russia and Von Hertling which have
IN OUR FIRST YEAR OF WAR: Messages and
given most concern to our unofficial but strident
Addresses to the Congress and the People, March moulders of public opinion, who somehow have
5, 1917 to January 8, 1918, by Woodrow Wil-
got the idea into their heads that the United
son. Harpers; $1.
States is composed entirely of fools and cowards
We have recently been told that until a cen-
who cannot hear the word "peace" uttered with-
tury or two has elapsed we cannot expect to dis-
out going into a collapse. These swivel-chair
-
cover the deeper significance of the Russian
diplomats have been fearfully whispering the
Revolution. Perhaps—but unfortunately it will
word "morale" ever since we entered the war,
then be too late to draw lessons from the mis-
takes of the conventional diplomacy of 1917.
and have successfully persuaded themselves that
That is, it will be too late for the present war.
the larger part of our population must be treated
Doubtless there would be a certain intellectual tenderly, like babies. Any discussion of war
aims—except, naturally, those that they engage
pleasure in assessing the year with so secure a
in—will certainly break our spirit, and put us
detachment and assurance, yet like a great many
under the heel of Potsdam. That is why the
intellectual pleasures it would be bought only
first two speeches of President Wilson in 1918
at the price of practical impotence. We shall
embarrassed them so. Here was the acknowl-
have to risk our interpretations in a world of
edged leader of the nation saying just the sort
perversity and change, just as we have to risk
of thing which, if the private citizen had uttered
our actions. The intelligence which explicates
only accomplished facts somehow cuts a pitiable it
, would certainly merit the reproach of faint-
only accomplished facts somehow cuts a pitiable heartedness, pacifism. Why not be honest?
figure in our immediate world, where thousands
Many editors and speakers secretly thought that
of men are every day blown to bits because we
seem unable to control events beyond expressing "morale” (oh, magic word!), although they
our President was guilty of this weakness in
a mild surprise when the “inevitable" (always hadn't the courage to more than hint as much.
called that afterwards) takes place. Indeed, it
It is a hard thing to say, yet it is perfectly true
is a kind of duty to attempt our interpretation,
that many regarded the pitiable plight of Russia
even perhaps a false interpretation, when the
less with democratic sympathy than with some-
great body of American public opinion still seems
thing of gratification that here was proof posi-
blissfully unaware that any blunders were made.
tive that President Wilson's "peace offensive"
Mistakes are forgivable; but the ostrich habit
was untimely. “Now," they are all bleating
of refusing to recognize them after they have
again in joyous unison, "is no time for peace
occurred, a habit so beloved by our newspaper
talk." In other words, as long as President
editors and too many of our public spokesmen, Wilson's diplomacy did not appear to work, had
is a sure way to lose the war. As far as the
no striking effect in Germany, they were all for
casual observer can discern, President Wilson is
it. The moment it began to stride, to become
about the only person of influence who has
a genuine force, they grew uneasy and anxious.
shown any clear perception of what the big dip- Beating Germany by the sword they understood;
plomatic blunders of 1917 were. Of course he beating Germany by the power of ideas was,
hasn't advertised these blunders from the house-
of course, a chimera. But to combine, to beat
tops—to do so was hardly necessary, nor would Germany both by the sword and the power of
it be exactly tactful towards certain of our co- ideas, which is President Wilson's method, they
belligerents. But in his speech to Russia of Jan- completely failed to comprehend. However,
uary 8, 1918, and in his answer to Von Hert- Germany did not disappoint them; it did not
ling, President Wilson revealed a democratic become liberalized. After that dubious January,
vision and an understanding which not only put they are again living in a world they understand,
our case admirably before the world and before a world of victory and defeat by arms alone, a
history, but by implication exposed the more world of international crime and punishment, a
glaring errors of Allied diplomatic policy in the world in which President Wilson's diplomacy
previous year. In these two books—the first doc- has no legitimate place. At a time when most
umentary, the second merely a collection of of all we need to voice and perform a great
9
:
a


294
[March 28
THE DIAL
act of faith towards Russia, they are only half- Misunderstanding of the Russian Revolution
heartedly supporting the President in his obvi- resulted in a failure to revise war aims until that
ous desire to check the hand of Japan. Once revision came too late to allay Russia's suspicion
more they are urging him to abandon all his of the Allies' disinterestedness and democratic
originality, his force, his moral distinction and intentions. It resulted in the fall of the Keren-
to become the shouter for a stale and flaccid sky government and the rise of the Bolsheviki.
shibboleth. Seemingly America is to contribute
It resulted in foolish and untimely attempts to
nothing more than men, money, and munitions. foster counter revolutionary sentiment and in
But these alone will not win the war. A false charges of a desire to make a separate peace
superiority of material forces will not break the (on June 15, for example, the Council of Work-
spell of the German autocracy over the suffer- men and Soldiers' Deputies expelled Grimm for
ing German people, any more than those pos- suggesting a separate peace). It resulted in
sessing an inferiority of material forces will be complete failure to take advantage of the great
compelled to bow to that autocracy. The whole strategic opportunity offered by the Russian invi-
history of 1917 shows that. The obvious les- tation to attend the Brest-Litovsk conference.
son from 1917 is not that we need Wilson And finally it has resulted in the practical loss
diplomacy less, but more. After all, President of Russia to the Allies. If anyone can study the
Wilson's chief error in 1917 was not an error record and remain satisfied, he must be singularly
of intention but of emphasis, a mistake arising lacking in imagination. Russia is not even yet
from lack of self-assertion of his diplomacy and irremediably lost, but if we continue the fatuous
delay in winning our co-belligerents to an accep- policy of 1917, if we do not firmly support Presi-
tance of that diplomacy. He has made notable dent Wilson in his obvious attempt to render
efforts to retrieve the harm of this error in the aid and comfort to a stricken nation, we shall
first two speeches of 1918 and in the message lose Russia beyond all hope of recovery in this
to the Russian soviets at Moscow. Likewise, or the next generation.
his seemingly steadfast disapproval of Japan's The second blunder, the failure to give encour-,
assertion of her right to preserve "law and order" agement to the liberal elements in Germany
in Siberia will some day be one of the events which had put through the Reichstag resolution by
of this war that we shall look back upon with a vote of 212 to 126, was less obvious, although
the most pride. Our political aims and objects almost as pernicious in its effects. In moving
in this war to a great extent stand or fall as the resolution Deputy Fehrenbach, of the Cen-
the Russian Revolution stands or falls. Presi- ter, said: "One must despair of humanity, if the
dent Wilson has been quick to see and empha- people in enemy countries do not recognize
size this. Others may abandon Russia, but he the note of honesty in this Resolution. If the
will not.
enemy should scorn again this manifestation for
What, then, were the chief mistakes in Allied
peace, then, of course, the slaughter must con-
diplomacy during 1917? There were three tinue until the Entente group tire of sacrificing
major mistakes: first, the misunderstanding, their nations." Yet what was the reception
partly malicious and deliberate and partly accorded this resolution? On July 26, one week
through innocent lack of information (as in our after its passage, even so fair and liberal a man
own case), of the Russian Revolution and its as Asquith himself made the blunder of refer-
purposes; second, the failure to emphasize the ring contemptuously to the resolution in a speech
importance of the Reichstag resolution of July in the House of Commons. And his attitude was
19 and to give it moral encouragement; third, but a reflection of the conventional attitude of
the refusal by the Allied governments of per- the Entente countries. The Reichstag itself was
mission to attend the Stockholm conference of jeered at as a “hall of echoes”; the German
Socialists. All three mistakes were the results Socialists were called “Kaiser Socialists." In a
of a suspicious and embittered temper, and word, Germany was mocked for her absence of
sprang from a lack of faith in that democ- democracy, yet when the more decent men in
racy which it is the object of this war to pro- the government made their first rather feeble
mote. They were blunders applauded, if not and timid step towards democracy, they were
engineered, by the reactionary and purblind pow- reproached for not having gone the whole way.
erful minorities that still exercise too great a It was precisely like condemning a man for giv-
control over the destinies of the Allied nations. ing up whiskey because all his life he had been
Consider what the first mistake achieved. a drunkard. This error, too, President Wilson
>


1918]
295
THE DIAL
OF
has tried to rectify in his explicit appeal to mock us for our failure if no cleaner and more
the makers of that resolution in his first two decent system of international relations is cre-
addresses of 1918.
ated as a result of this war. Already they
The third mistake, not allowing the Stock- demand of us a nobler record than that of 1917.
holm conference to meet, is already costing us It is not enough to punish Germany for her sins;
almost as much as the other two. “Ninety-nine we must win her people in spirit and purpose.
per cent of all the peoples looked with longing We cannot begin the plans for that campaign
and hope to Stockholm. If France and Great too soon. We cannot examine our own democ-
Britain renounce annexation and Germany insists racies too critically or too severely. We cannot
thereon, we shall have a revolution in the coun- forget that it will be impossible to confer on a
try.” So said Scheideman in the German Reichs- people by the sword an idealism of which we
tag on May 15, 1917. On May 28, the organ- ourselves are only the half-hearted champions.
ized Socialists of France accepted the invitation
HAROLD STEARNS.
to the Stockholm conference. On June 1, 1917
the Council of Workmen and Soldiers' Deputies
issued a new appeal to the Socialists and workers New Plays and a New Theory
of the world to go to Stockholm. On June 6,
1917 the organized Socialists of Italy accepted
PROBLEMS
THE PLAYWRIGHT. By Clayton
Hamilton. Holt; $1.60.
the invitation. On August 10, 1917 the British
SACRIFICE, and Other Plays. By Rabindranath
Labor Party, on the advice of Arthur Henderson,
Tagore. Macmillan; $1.50.
voted to attend the conference. Yet early in THREE SHORT PLAYS: Rococo, Vote by Ballot,
August Samuel Gompers, presuming to speak for
Farewell to the Theatre. By Granville Barker.
American labor, refused to send delegates to the
Little, Brown; $1.00.
Two BELGIAN PLAYS: Mother Nature and Prog-
conference; and on August 13, 1917 the British ress. By Gustave Vanzype. With an introduc-
government, following the American govern- tion by Barrett H. Clark. Little, Brown; $1.50.
ment's lead, denied passports to the delegates,
The fisher for dramatic ideas who has cast his
and a day later France followed suit. Whether
net by publishers' coasts finds little to hearten
such a conference would today be similarly
him this season. There is Clayton Hamilton's
flouted is perhaps doubtful. It is clearer now
"Problem of the Playwright"-it is a sizable,
than it was in 1917 that if the labor and peoples but not a flavory fish; Rabindranath Tagore's
of the world want to acquaint the German peo-
“Sacrifice” has the favor of remote seas, but one
ple with the opinion held of them outside their
finds that one's appetite for it does not persist;
own country, we stand a better chance to do it Granville Barker's "Three Plays" is long in the
by talking to them directly than by addressing head, bony in the middle, but has a nice bit near
them through the intermediary of their lying gov-
the tail—also there is some sport in landing
ernment.
it; then Gustave Vanzype's "Two Belgian
Such is the record of 1917, a tragic year Plays," while not a very important catch, has
indeed for democracy. It must be plain by now
flesh and flavor that make it better than medi-
that we cannot win this war by force of arms
On the whole the haul is not at all ex-
alone. If it is not a war of ideas, it is a war citing
without meaning and purpose. But if it is a war And now to particularize. “Problems of the
between two conflicting attitudes of viewing the Playwright" is a reporter's note-book. It is in-
world, what is our ultimate goal? Eventually telligent and conscientious, but of the kind of
we shall have to capture the hearts and minds criticism that one finds in every page of Bernard
of the German people. Even though we hoist Shaw's dramatic essays—the kind of criticism
our standards in Berlin and march triumphantly that immediately puts you into possession of
through Potsdam, we shall have lost the war dramatic standards there is not a gleam. Clay-
unless we have achieved that moral capture. ton Hamilton simply gives us his reports on the
Even though millions more wade through blood American Theatre for the past two years. Ar-
and suffering, unless at the end Germany has resting things in connection with dramatic the-
become liberalized and has acquired a govern- ory are sometimes given, but one invariably finds
ment that can be trusted in a community of them enclosed between quotation marks. "A
nations, those that have laid down their lives play is a more or less rapidly-developing crisis
so generously and fearlessly will have laid them in destiny or circumstance, and a dramatic scene
down in vain. The very ghosts of our dead will is a crisis within a crisis, clearly furthering the
ocre.


296
[March 28
THE DIAL
ultimate event. The drama may be called the vaine and Sélysette" accept the mechanics of
art of crisis, as fiction is the art of gradual de- "The Second Mrs. Tanqueray"? If there was
velopment." This saying is interesting and really ever a play that was an insult to the imaginative
instructive. But it is William Archer being and spiritually informed mind it is that bad
quoted by Clayton Hamilton. He is combat- play of Pinero's. And yet one beholds Clayton
ing Brunetière's generally accepted assertion that Hamilton rising off his knees in the conventicle
the essential element of drama is a struggle of Pinero to give a benediction in Maeterlinck's
between human wills. Not finding this theory grove. One is left to wonder how it can be
always applicable, Mr. Archer puts forward the done.
theory of "more or less rapidly-developing If we had been told that the five plays in the
crisis." Clayton Hamilton does not find Arch- volume called "Sacrifice" had been written by
er's theory invariably applicable either. This the pupils in Rabindranath Tagore's seminary
leads him to put forward his own theory of con- we could easily accept the statement.
Not one
trasts: “A play,” he says, “becomes more and of the plays given in the volume is at all on a
more dramatic in proportion to the multiplicity level with “The Post Office," or "The King of
of contrasts it contains within itself.”
the Dark Chamber," or "Chitra." The persons
This idea too is interesting and instructive. in these five plays have the indistinctness of
But it is not really a defining idea as William character that is in romances composed by chil-
Archer's is. Clayton Hamilton's theory of con-
.
dren. And the dooms meted out to these per-
trasts would cover any interesting piece of lit- sons are just such dooms as imaginative children
erature. One could say only of a play, "It is a would be touched by. For each of the plays
more or less rapidly-developing crisis." But there is a philosophic setting, but then the chil-
one could say of an epic or a novel or an ode, dren of a philosophic people might lisp in such
"The one indispensable element of success terms. There is a suggestion that the play called
is the element of contrast.” Then one could “Sacrifice" is a pronouncement upon the pres-
point out the very marked contrast between ent disaster to civilization. One can hardly
Achilles and Hector, between Dante and the accept it as such. Indeed it is the child's detach-
blessed souls, between Sancho Panza and Don ment that is on each one of them that makes
Quixote, and in the “Ode to the Skylark” or these plays cherishable.
the "Ode to the Nightingale” the poets' con- Many plays published in book form are
trast between their own joyless state and the dramatic without being theatrical, but it might
happiness of the bird that seems destined to sing be said of the three plays that Granville Barker
for all time.
presents us with that they are theatrical without
There is a comment of Arthur Pinero's re- being dramatic. They are not, of course, the-
peated in "Problems of the Playwright" that is atrical in the sense of being meretriciously ap-
valuable and that gives us a standard. Pinero pealing; they are theatrical in the sense that they
makes a distinction between "strategy" and "tac- are written with the two eyes of the author
tics" in playmaking. Strategy is the general fixed on the stage and that they actually demand
laying-out of the play, and tactics is the craft a looker-on. Take, for instance, the scene in
of getting the characters on and off the stage, “Rococo" where the vicar is on the carpet with
and so forth. Such a distinction opens our eyes Reginald's knee holding him down while the
to what is a real plan and what is merely a de- vicar's sister makes interventions. What is
vice. It is a pity that Pinero has not written dramatic in this scene does not come into the
a book of dramatic criticism. One feels inclined written word. The breaking of the rococo vase,
to say that one would give several of his plays too, is only half dramatic in the text; it would
for such a book.
be a sensation on the stage, but it is a sensation
One very intriguing thing about “Problems of at a remove in the book. “Vote by Ballot” like
the Playwright" comes out of the way in which “Rococo” is mordant, and like “Rococo" the
Clayton Hamilton contrives to admire the most best that is in it does not come out through the
sharply contrasted types of playwright. He is dialogue. The truth is that these two plays
devoted to Pinero-yes, devoted: he takes to have the matter of the unusual, but not the fine,
him as one takes to a religious belief. But he short story, and that we look for something more
also admires Maeterlinck. Now how can a man filled with life and experience in plays presented
who appreciates the internal drama of “Agla- to us in a volume.


1918]
297
THE DIAL
.
"Farewell to the Theatre," however, does hold thesis is imposed upon humanity. In the case of
more than the experience that is in the unusual “La Nouvelle Idole” humanity is straitened into
short story. But one is left wondering if all a thesis. In "Mother Nature" an intellectual
Granville Barker's adroitness could make it (Olivier) degrades his wife Renée: he will not
effective on the stage. For “Farewell to the The- share his life with her and he will not permit her
atre” is a dialogue only—indeed one might de-
to have children. In the end Renée goes to a
scribe it as an Imaginary Conversation between lover (Méryac), but not before she assures her-
a Celebrated Actress and her Constant Lover. self that her escape is willed not from weakness
A poetry that, as it would seem, should have been but from strength. She obeys Mother Nature
very hard to disengage, comes out of this dia- (La Souveraine) in her choice. In "Progress"
logue:
there is a conflict between the two generations
I found that the number of my looking-
represented by the physicians Dr. Thérat and his
glasses grew. Till one day I counted them
son-in-law Dr. Leglay. The younger finds out
-
and big and small there were forty-nine. That day that the elder's methods are not advancing and
I'd bought the forty-ninth—an old Venetian mirror
so popular I was in those days and felt so
that they are becoming destructive to life. He
rich. Yes
and then I used to work out my breaks with him and in doing so breaks with his
parts in front of every mirror in turn. One would
wife, who is devoted to her father's reputation.
make me prettier and one more dignified. One could
give me pathos and one gave me power. Now there
The generation that succeeds Dr. Leglay recon-
was a woman used to come and sew for me. You ciles the methods of each.
know! I charitably gave her jobs . . took an
interest in her "case"
The distinctive element that Vanzype brings
encouraged her to talk
her troubles out for comfort's sake. I wasn't inter- into the thesis play is a strong sense of home and
ested. I didn't care a bit. It didn't com- of family life. The action of both plays takes
fort her. She talked to me because she thought I
liked it. But oddly, it was just sewing she liked and
place within a family circle. Vanzype evidently
she sewed well and sewing did her good ... belongs to that race of artists who loved to paint
sewing for me. You remember my Lily Prince in
“The Backwater"?
ordinary groups and homely interiors. His
Yes.
people are types rather than characters, but the
My first real failure.
strong sense that he has of their solid surround-
I liked it.
My first dead failure
dear Public. Do you
ings makes it possible for the dramatist to give
know why? I hadn't found her in the mirrors. I'd them an accent and a complexion.
found her in that woman as she sewed.
I didn't think it a failure.
PADRAIC COLUM.
Well
the dear Public wouldn't pay to see
it. and we've found no other word. But I
knew if that was failure now I meant to fail
and I never looked into a mirror again. Except, of
"A Queer Fellow"
course, to do my hair and paint my poor face and
comically comfort myself sometimes
to say
Booth TARKINGTON. By Robert Cortes Holliday.
“Dorothy, as mugs go it's not such an ugly
Doubleday, Page; $1.25.
I took the looking-glasses down. I
turned their faces to the wall. For I had won free
Remy de Gourmont called the critic a "créa-
from the shadowed emptiness of self. But nobody teur des valeurs" and contended that Sainte-
understood. Do you?
Beuve had no small share in “making" the poets
There is no struggle of human wills in this of the French romantic movement by imposing
conversation between Dorothy Taverner and Ed- them upon the public at his own valuation of
ward McLenegan; there is a crisis, however, their talents and genius. Usually, however, it is
although it is hardly marked. And because there the public that creates its own values. Criticism,
is a crisis there “Farewell to the Theatre" exists as we have it today in the absence of a Sainte-
as a piece of drama.
Beuve, does little more in the long run than
Gustave Vanzype, the Belgian dramatist, has
echo popular approval, confirming or substantiat-
obviously been influenced by the French play- ing it. Now and then a critic essays some ra-
wright Curel, whose "La Nouvelle Idole” has
tionale of this taste-seeks to explain why, in his
opinion, such and such a novelist has achieved
been produced in New York by the French The-
success. Even this is something, and one wishes
atre. But the Belgian has a distinctive accent.
it were attempted oftener in America on the scale
Indeed in the two plays presented in this volume,
of Mr. Holliday's clever and candid study of
in “Mother Nature" and in “Progress," he sug-
Booth Tarkington.
gests a richer human life than does Curel. Both
In England [he writes in his "Foreword"] it seems
wrote thesis plays, but in the Belgian plays the
to be quite the fashion to get up all the while very
.
mug."
O


298
[March 28
THE DIAL
respectable little biographical and critical affairs about Yet this is the man who on leaving college made
Mr. Wells and Mr. Chesterton, Mr. Shaw and Mr.
Galsworthy. And we do have knocking about over
his debut in a fin-de-siècle little magazine called
here admirable little books about foreign writers such "John-a-Dreams” and who still in his conver-
as Conrad, Anatole France, and the one-time Ameri- sation refers more frequently to the "artist" than
can Mr. James. But certainly we have rather neg-
lected to pry into living home talent.
anyone, “except a painter or two," whom Mr.
Now that Mr. Holliday has made the start,
Holliday has ever heard!
perhaps others will follow and we shall have
The modern painter himself is not above this
similar studies of Theodore Dreiser, Robert
particular form of insincerity and affectation. I
Chambers, Edith Wharton, Mary S. Watts, and
know one who makes a boast that he would
Gertrude Atherton. After all, it is just as well
rather be taken for a professional baseball player
to make the most of what we possess; and even
than anything else. Of course his is a more
if the material at times seems somewhat thin, and
or less inevitable recoil from the velvet jacket
the writer a little ill at ease in his effort to
and long hair pose of the preceding generation.
thicken it, something will no doubt be gained if But may we not express the hope that the time
only in the useful practice of the critical genre
will come—and soon !—when both painter and
which, as M. de Gourmont implied, is as im-
writer will be content to be simply themselves
portant in its way as the creative. Indeed, it may
and nobody else? Certainly Mr. Tarkington's
itself become entirely creative in the hands of a
personality, as Mr. Holliday presents it to us,
critic who, like Mr. Holliday, is also something would be far more engaging without this taint
of a literary artist in his own right, and who
of morbidity and self-consciousness, which seeks
can combine sound analysis with the ability to
expression also in a pretentious disclaimer of
construct out of the qualities and characteristics "highbrow" interests. It is difficult to find any-
thus disengaged a complete and well proportioned thing either amusing or edifying in the anec-
portrait of the man and his work.
dote of his encounter with a friend whom he had
a
In the present instance it is a portrait some-
not seen for some time and who, in the interim,
what fantastic and by no means altogether flat-
had become a professor at an Eastern college.
tering. For Mr. Holliday has accepted seri-
After their first greetings Tarkington remarked
ously, though with a light heart, his task of musingly, “Let me see, what is it you are doing
interpretation; and if he has made the most of
now?”—then added quickly, “Oh yes, I remem-
Mr. Tarkington's good points—as he was bound
You are doing the serious.”
to do if he was to justify the job at all—he has Something of the undergraduate's supercilious-
by no means failed to stress the weak points of
ness towards the faculty survives in this jejune
this popular favorite among contemporary Amer-
flippancy, which is therefore not without a cer-
ican novelists. As such, Mr. Tarkington con-
tain significance. For all his days Mr. Tarking-
stitutes a somewhat peculiar case. We may take
ton, like the late Richard Harding Davis, has
with what qualification we will his indignant remained an undergraduate in his outlook on life.
denial that he has ever deliberately courted pub- The world as he views it is an essentially unreal
lic favor; he has, nevertheless, clearly and to an
world, and his realism is no less romantic than
unusual degree tried to please himself as well as
his romance itself. Mr. Holliday professes to
his readers. Even when most superficial in mat-
trace a development in his work as a novelist,
ter and most artificial in manner, perhaps most
a growth in seriousness and human interest, but
of all at such times, he has shown an uncommon
we are unable to follow. The mere abandon-
concern for at least certain aspects of his art
ment of a complicated plot at one point in his
as a writer. This is the more remarkable in career proves nothing except that he is as ready
that among the many conventions which he im- to accept one convention as another, and that
plicitly accepts and which, as Mr. Holliday without being imitative in any strict or slavish
points out, make him so markedly a man-an
sense, he is yet responsive to the current changes
American man of his time, none is more pro-
in literary fashions. Mr. Tarkington's lack of
nounced than his ostentatious aversion to any-
any real grip upon life is perhaps even more ap-
thing in the least savoring of the “artistic."
parent in "The Turmoil" than in his earlier
His little short of violent reaction to the whole
works, just because the stark simplicity of its
idea of the “literary” atmosphere is a subject for plan throws into still higher relief his complete
the literary alienist. His friends know that
at public dinners he always "winches," as he puts it,
inability to create characters of a sufficient depth
at every oratorical reference to "literature."
or complexity to make them either credible or
ber now.


1918]
299
THE DIAL
a
interesting. It, no less than "The Gentleman Rebecca West—Novelist
from Indiana" and "Monsieur Beaucaire,”
strikes one as the sort of book that might per- The RETURN OF THE SOLDIER. By Rebecca West.
fectly well have been written by a clever college
Century; $1.
boy who knew nothing of life save by divination,
What first interests me in this story is its
and for whom literary art consisted exclusively length, or rather its brevity: all is done within
in the cultivation of a sometimes heightened and
one hundred and eighty-five pages. We have
colored style. It is noticeable that the melodrama
here an acute compressed exemplar of the form
which forms an important element in so much
lately advocated by the Folletts—that mode of
of Mr. Tarkington's earlier work is by no means
novel-writing which has produced James's "The
eliminated from "The Turmoil.” It has merely Spoils of Poynton" and Mrs. Wharton's "Ethan
been transferred from the plot itself to the de-
Frome.” Say they: “The novel as it is best
scriptive passages, and to the idea of modern
written today has the sharp focus, the unity in
industrialism which supplies the emotional at-
purpose and point of view, of the short story.
mosphere.
The change came about through the invention
Compared with "The Turmoil," "Seventeen,
of an intermediate form, the kind of two-hun-
which I believe appeared the same year, is a
dred-page narrative which results, not from fore-
masterpiece and certainly marks the height of
shortening the novel into the novelette, but from
Mr. Tarkington's accomplishment to the present.
expanding the short story into the ‘novella.'”
The one type of character into which he has thus
Miss West's “novella” is an episode, a situation
far shown any real insight is that of the small involving but a few days or would be, were it
—
boy and adolescent youth—and there, perhaps, be-
not for a chronological backthrow which provides
cause he has had to depend less upon imagination perspective, complications, and the road to a
highly effective climax.
than memory. The one being of whom each of
us is certain to know a little something is him-
We think, at the start, that we have to deal
with Rebecca West as still the brisk and brusque
self, at the different stages of his development,
while at the same time there are no experiences
young radical of "The Freewoman" and "The
which men and women share so completely and
New Republic," walking through life in a trim
universally as those of youth and childhood, be-
tailor-made, with her feet setting themselves
fore lives and souls alike draw apart and become
down firmly and her elbows in vigorous action.
"specialized." Mr. Tarkington, of course, by
Well, she is all of that-in certain phases of her
social criticism; but she is much more.
no means invented this boy genre, which has
Later on we incline to image Miss West as
been one of the most popular in recent litera-
a spirited young filly, speeding it over her race
ture. But I can think of no one else who has
track. For two-thirds of her course she trots,
exploited it at once so seriously and so systemat-
true to form, on the old well-known course,
ically. “Seventeen" is a good deal more than a
though she covers it with a quickened stride; then
mere funny book, which is the aspect under which
comes a moment of tangled hoofs and a threat
Mr. Holliday principally views it. It is a study
to bolt the regular track and to finish up before
of adolescence that is searching almost to the the judges' stand anyhow. It is this that makes
point of cruelty-cruelty such as Flaubert and the fifth of her six chapters, which is crowded
Maupassant have been accused of in their wield- with unskilled transitions, both the worst and
ing of the scalpel upon adult subjects. The style, the best; surely it is the most novel and moving.
too, in this particular department of Mr. Tark- “The Return of the Soldier" is of course a
ington's work is admirable. Indeed, one is war-story—a story of shell-shock, amnesia, and
tempted to say that whereas in other depart-
the suppressed wish. The author is of the new
ments he has displayed styles, here he has achieved
day, and the new nomenclature shall not fail.
Style. The question of Mr. Tarkington's fu-
But she throws out a decisive arm and tames
science to art—all with a tense economy of means
ture career as a novelist is largely a question of
his ability to carry over this singularly simple,
that helps open a fresh era for the novel. Shall
the returned soldier be left in his happy penum-
nervous, and forceful manner into his other work,
bra of uncertainty by the one woman out of his
as a result of increasing insight into other, and
past who understood and satisfied him, or shall he
more mature, types of character.
be cured and restored to the slight-natured wife
WILLIAM ASPENWALL BRADLEY. who never satisfied him at all? Shall the worthy


300
[March 28
THE DIAL
woman make the sacrifice for the unworthy one,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
condemning the rescued hero to face the future
with a "dreadful, decent smile"?
COLORADO, THE QUEEN JEWEL OF THE
ROCKIES. By Mae Lucy Baggs. Page;
One's sense at the beginning is that the book
$3.50.
may be a contraption ad hoc: it indeed derives
FLORIDA, THE LAND OF ENCHANTMENT.
from the war, and it rests on a combination of
By Nevin O. Winter. Page; $3.50.
circumstances impossible before our own day;
Give the imagination the task of constructing
but one presently perceives that it is animated
an unexperienced whole out of the bits of evi-
by a higher and better spirit, and one willingly dence at hand, and it is likely to play strange
meets the applied psychology which, exercised tricks. A certain writer confesses that he was
near the end on the basis of homely domestic bitterly disappointed at his first sight of a swan
detail, brings the clouded mind safely through it was so different from the bird he had recon-
the labyrinth and throws a last grateful light on structed on the basis of the china cygnet that
a memorable and essentially lovable heroine. served as a match safe in the farmhouse where
It is in the social setting of her scene that Miss
he had spent his boyhood. There are probably
West seems most her radical self. Though she
not a few people to whom, similarly, Colorado
loves the changing aspects of nature and is lav- highly colored post-card mountains, with cog-
appears in the mind's eye as a wilderness of
ish with vignettes portraying them, she is severe
ways running to the summits; or to whom Flor-
upon the landscape-gardening of the country- ida, if not the paradise depicted on land-agents'
house and upon all its implications. A border pamphlets, is a vivified woodcut of the Ever-
of snowdrops and crocuses has no æsthetic rea- glades, with a lambrequin of Spanish moss and
son: "its use is purely philosophic; it proclaims reptiles. Perhaps in no respect is the average
that here we esteem only controlled beauty, that American more deficient than in the geography
the wild will not have its way within our gates,
of his own land. As an aid to his imagination,
that it must be made delicate and decorated into accordingly, the “See America First” series, of
felicity.” Yes, most of the people in this story
which these two books are the latest volumes,
must prove invaluable. If the books themselves
live in “the impregnable fort of a gracious life,”
hardly justify their sub-titles any more than a
and have but scorn for the sordid dowdiness of
chamber of commerce bulletin ever paints a con-
the low-born heroine when she must be intro- vincing "Wonder City,” they yet furnish abun-
duced into its choice precincts. Opposed to her dant material from which the active imagination
stands the mistress of the place; she is of those of the reader can reconstruct the true wonder-
who are “aware that it is their civilizing mission lands in which to go aroaming.
to flash the jewel of their beauty before all men, The prospective tourist or the rocking-chair
so that they shall desire it and work to get the traveler will find “Florida" and "Colorado"
wealth to buy it, and thus be seduced by a pres-
complete guides. Both books follow practically
ent appetite to a tilling of the earth that serves
the same plan, showing the rich historic back-
the future." And the curse of life under such
grounds against which the modern life of the
general conditions is quietly but memorably its most interesting phases. The chief emphasis
states is lived, and depicting that modern life in
expressed by the lady (under process of reforma-
(not unnaturally, since one of the chief indus-
tion) who tells the tale: “People like me, who
tries of both states is the tourist) is placed on
are not artists, are never sure about people they playgrounds. “Florida,” while not neglecting
don't know.”
Palm Beach, will be found especially interesting
Miss West's diction (I may even call it style) and valuable for its descriptions of wild life; and
is of a richness—a tempestuous, tangled richness the account of Colorado's mountain sports is
that keeps one interested and excited. She lav- enough to awaken a long-stifled wanderlust. The
ishes it alike on her landscape and on the psy-
fact that the books have small literary merit is
chology of her people. Truth to tell, as regards
not greatly in their disfavor. One could wish that
this last, she is her own brusque, peremptory self,
the writer had not used "glimpse" as a verb,
and sometimes does rather cursorily what, with
or had been a little more careful with their rela-
due regard to the mysterious temple of the human
tive pronouns; but one can recommend the books,
mind, might justly enlist a little more leisure
in spite of crudities of style, as bits of honest
and finesse. But she has set her own limits and workmanship, brimming over with facts, attrac-
tively printed and bound, well illustrated, and
done her best-a pretty good best-within them.
presenting each a businesslike bibliography for
HENRY B. FULLER. the reader who wishes to travel further.
а


1918]
301
THE DIAL
A DIARY OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION. tive efforts on the statistical junk-heap—and he
By James L. Houghteling, Jr. Dodd, has at the same time resolutely refused to take
Mead; $1.25.
a short cut to taste. The evolution of the styles
From January 20 to Easter, 1917 Mr.
in England from 1603 to 1800, which have given
Houghteling was either in Petrograd or Mos- a distinctive stamp to English and American
cow-or on the train between the two cities.
social life, is developed so that it is impossible
Although this is only the start of the Revolution
to read his twelve chapters without drawing an
-indeed, the really dangerous revolution to pro-
inference. English style is our heritage, and
letarian control did not come until last fall-
others are but exoticisms. When Mr. Dyer
it is the most dramatic period, the period one
chooses eleven decorators from Inigo Jones to
would give most to have seen. But it is not an
Sheraton, we can question only his choice of
especially dramatic period in Mr. Houghteling's Chambers, and this is effaced in the joy of escap-
narrative, which is just what it says it is, a diary. ing. Isaac Ware and William Kent. It is not a
He sees some of the street fighting; he witnesses
book telling the component parts of all style,
the perverse and imperturbable manner in which how to recognize them in polite society, and how
the ordinary activities of everyday life insisted
to imitate them on a small income: hints as to
on continuing; he talks with people on the train, the adaptability to the present are left, as they
in the hotel, at street corners. Perhaps if Mr.
Perhaps if Mr. should be, to the personality of the reader. It is
Houghteling had made pretenses to a subtle lit-
a book not only for those Americans whose social
erary style instead of writing straightforward position forces them to take an interest in style,
description his story would have lost most of
but also for those who honestly wish we could
its present genuine effectiveness and interest.
boast a national decorative style of our own.
For that effectiveness comes largely from the nat-
uralness and matter-of-factness of Mr. Hough-
ORGANIC EVOLUTION. By Richard Swan
teling's tone, its very lack, as it were, of the
Lull. Macmillan; $3.
theatrical and melodramatic. A revolution loses By far the larger number of books dealing with
most of its terrors under such a treatment; it the subject of organic evolution have been written
becomes almost temptingly easy and conven- from the standpoint of interpretation of the exist-
tional. On March 13 the author writes: “It ing organic world. Inductions from observations
was growing dark and we could not make out on structure, development, distribution, and
who were skirmishing, but the thought surged activities of animals and plants as we find them
in upon us that we might be taken for police- to-day have been made the basis for the analysis
men. We were near home and by unanimous of the factors of evolution. In the last decade
consent adjourned for the day. The streets of experimentalists have been busy putting to the
the city are no place for an innocent bystander test the inductions of the Darwinian and post-
tonight.” Fortunately Mr. Houghteling was Darwinian period, not always with confirmatory
content to be an innocent bystander with respect results. Professor Lull's book is written from
to interpretation of events. He wisely remains the standpoint of the actual record of evolution
a reporter. Yet one report we cannot read but
as read by the paleontologist in the fossils from
with pride—the eagerness of the Provisional the past. Of necessity, this record deals mainly
Government to be recognized by the United with the diversifications and successions of types
States, and the historic fact that we were the already established, for all the great groups of
first nation to accord that recognition.
animals were in existence in Lower Cambrian
times or shortly thereafter. The investigator of
CREATORS OF Decorative StyLES. Ву
fossils is constantly called upon to reconstruct
Walter A. Dyer. Doubleday, Page; $3. the whole animal in his imagination from a single
Mr. Dyer's book reminds one of Oscar Wilde's organ system, the hard parts or skeleton, and to
accusation that we love art but do not sufficiently conjure up its environment and habits of life
honor our craftsman. In fact it has chiefly been from the slightest of clues and by analogies from
the epigrams in Wilde's “Decorative Arts in living relatives. His attention is also repeatedly
America" which have been remembered, with the called to changes in structure, with lapse of time,
result that the book's effectiveness in the drawing in changing environmental conditions. Function
room has largely robbed it of its value as inspira- and environment thus come in his view of the
tion in the workshop. Mr. Dyer, however, evolutionary process to be the fashioning ham-
wisely does not attempt to draw morals from mers which incessantly shape the evolving life
his clear and concise history of our decorative of sea, forest, desert, and plain.
styles and their leaders. Yet he has avoided the It is this historical dynamics of life, richly
pitfall of describing all styles or all decorators- illustrated from the records of the ancient faunas,
an attempt which has cast so many interpreta- which is presented in this latest effort to


302
[March 28
THE DIAL
trace the course of evolution and evaluate its HEARTS OF CONTROVERSY. By Alice Mey-
factors. Here the author is on familiar ground nell. Scribners; $1.75.
and his contributions are illuminating and
While other critics are engaged in appraising
authoritative. When he enters other fields, how-
and placing the authors of “today" and of "yes-
ever, he relies quite freely on previous summaries. terday" Mrs. Meynell in this little volume
Hence his uncritical acceptance of the mimicry
concerns herself with the authors of day before
hypothesis and his unqualified ascription of the yesterday. Time has moved on; yet Tennyson,
biogenetic law to Haeckel. Even the germ plasm Dickens, Swinburne, and Charlotte Brontë, after
dogma of Weismann, which he incorporates with-
the pendulum-swing of appreciation and depreci-
out qualms, does not seem to disturb his lateration, are not even yet in the places where they
applications of Lamarckian principles. From the precisely belong. Mrs. Meynell
, in her delicate,
standpoint of the cytologist, the geneticist, the none too conclusive fashion, holds up her little
mutationist, and the experimentalist, the work taper, throwing a new light and producing some
leaves much to be said, but they must look else-
delayed nuances. She occupies herself largely
where for a critical, up-to-date presentation of with the culling of verbal felicities, securing
their conflicting contributionus to this ever-
many even from Dickens, and not a few-of a
widening field of investigation.
stark, direct kind—from Emily Brontë's "Wuth-
ering Heights." She also follows Charlotte from
The Note BOOK OF AN INTELLIGENCE
her early days of "unscholarly Latin-English"
OFFICER. By Eric Fisher Wood. Cen-
to the later period of the better, more vital Eng-
tury; $1.75.
lish in which she describes her sister Emily's
There are many good things in Major Wood's death. Mrs. Meynell praises Tennyson for his
book. It is the gossip of a man who has met in independence of French influences, and taxes
the impact of work the personalities which direct Swinburne for having so often merely applied his
the operations of the British Empire. He has own verbal dexterity to other men's passions.
had an eye to their revealing ways as well as to Mrs. Meynell is always and everywhere very
the humorous wayside incidents of war. He has
He has obviously concerned with diction; and diction,
an interesting study of the workings of the stu- in most of the present essays, is her dominant
pendous British censorship. In his account of the preoccupation.
Battle of Arras, in which he marched forward
into machine gun fire and was wounded, there A LITERARY PILGRIM IN ENGLAND. By
is the simplicity of strong feeling. There is the Edward Thomas. Dodd, Mead; $3.
simplicity, too, of good form, which makes the
For the chimney corner and slippered ease
volume the talk of a gentleman rather than the this series of twenty-nine topographical biogra-
revelation of an artist.
artist. For although what
phies is good company. The author is not in-
Major Wood writes is carefully observed and
terested, for the moment at least, in the tragedy
under favorable conditions, he betrays the anæs-
of Keats's life, the sternness of Arnold's, or the
thesia of class. He is a fierce admirer of Lord
boisterousness of Burns's. His intent is merely
Northcliffe. He talks of the "progressive ele- to show how certain districts of England re-
ments in British public life under the leadership
acted on certain of her writers: what London
of such men as Lloyd George, Carson, Milner,
meant to Lamb, for example; to what extent the
and Derby." He cannot even resist his impulse Downs affected the prose of Jefferies, the Lake
of enthusiasm, quite natural to the man who
District the poetry of Wordsworth, and Wilt-
fights, for war and war's galvanic effect on the shire the delightful gossip of John Aubrey. The
emotions of a people. “There are moments of principal question always is: What is Her-
exaltation,” he writes, "when one finds oneself
rick's country? Fitzgerald's? Stevenson's? And
agreeing with the detestable Nietzsche that war
to what degree and in what manner did this
is a great moral rejuvenator, both for the nation
country, with its hills, flowers, birds, streams,
and for the individual." He has become con-
and trees, find its way into the author's mind
vinced that "war psychology lies very near to and thence into his work? Although Mr.
fundamental truths.” Major Wood is an exam- Thomas tells us little that is new, it is a pleas-
ple of the upper class man at his best—convinced ure to have half-forgotten landscapes brought
of the rightness of his cause, ready to sacrifice thus deftly before our eyes again. Liberal,
himself and be a gentleman in the act, humor- though skilful, quotation from letters and poems,
ous, charming, not too impressed with the power and the reproduction in color of several paint-
of his own emotions. And yet if Major Wood ings after Walter Decker, R.B.A., and others,
were not an American, one might call him insu- help materially to make the volume what it is
lar. For those rumblings that may some time out- -a leisurely and unruffled journey through the
sound the clamor of war itself, he has no ear. garden that is all England.


1918]
303
THE DIAL
MEDICAL RESEARCH AND HUMAN Wel- prise only a small part of the whole country.
FARE. By W. W. Keen. Houghton Mif- But if Mr. Bell saw only what may be seen by
Alin; $1.25.
other tourists, he seasoned what he has written
America is fortunate in the medical tradition
with a few nearly original investigations that
that has set in high regard the practitioner with
go far toward justifying his effort. His experi-
broad human interests. The tradition begins
ences in a native theatre in Shanghai give rise
early in the career of Benjamin Rush. It to some interesting comments about what the new
received a popular sanction in the writings of
art in our theatrical world owes to the very
Oliver Wendell Holmes, and again in those of
ancient Chinese drama, especially in the matter
S. Weir Mitchell. It is to this group that one
of stage technique. A short excursion into Nip-
may add the services of Dr. Keen—the fact that
ponized Korea, with observations on Japan's
three of the names belong to Philadelphia is
methods of efficiency, completes a volume which,
worthy of mention. Dr. Keen's volume tells the were it as valuable as readable, would take a
deeply significant story of the conquest of dis dignified position in the literature of travel. .
ease by human endeavor; it tells it convincingly,
with adequate reënforcement of data, with tell-
THE HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE. By
ing evidence, with a human charm in the pride
Lynn Thorndike. Houghton Mifflin ; $2.75.
of triumph of a professional devotion. The vol- Thorndike's history belongs to the new school.
ume contains a photograph of Dr. Keen as he The dominant interest here developed is in great
served in the Civil War, and another that shows movements cutting across nationalities and polit-
him in the dignity and vigor of his present age. ical geography. Artificial boundary lines tend
The contrast serves to illustrate the tremendous to disappear in the writer's mind and interna-
advance in methods of surgery and medicine tional tendencies in the development of Europe
which a single life, consecrated to the allevia- are seen as wholes. The book is primarily a his-
tion of ills, has witnessed and aided. We accept tory of culture. It develops the economic and
all too thoughtlessly the gifts of the physician, social, the literary and artistic, the religious and
rising no higher ordinarily than the personal moral life of the people quite as much as, or
tribute of the “G. P.,” the grateful patient. It even more than, the course of political intrigue
is well to have passed in review the achievements and military exploits. However, dynastic and
of the army of medical science, an account of its other class ambitions are not without their rôle
many campaigns, its sore trials, its still imper- in the medieval drama as here described, and the
fect control of many of the ills that flesh is heir observable kinship to present tendencies in this
to—but through it all a persistent and consistent regard is sometimes striking. Through all the
advance and a series of battles won. Dr. Keen's book one gains a sense of continuity, of orderly
story belongs in every library in the country. progression. This effect is especially helped by
With the country at war, the service of the the chart at the end of the volume which por-
medical fraternity is again conspicuously recog- trays graphically by use of maps the major move-
nized. The laboratory and the hospital sustain ments in medieval times.
the men at the front, and sustain them with the
international humanity of a common service. AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL PARTIES
One discordant note has appeared, the protest AND PRACTICAL POLITICS. By P. Orman
of sentimental extremists against the use of Ray. Scribners; $1.60.
animal life to save the precious lives of the
Politics has been somewhat obscured, if not
defenders of our country. The lesson of the
placed in abeyance, by the war, but the present
contribution of medical research to human wel-
revision of this popular handbook, reviewing the
fare still needs to be vigorously enforced.
latest legislation and usage in the field, is wel-
come. Professor Ray, who teaches at North-
The Spell OF CHINA. By Archie Bell.
western University, has produced the most prac-
Page; $2.50.
tical and incisive work that has yet appeared in
There is a good deal of agreeable chit-chat this division of social science. There is scarcely
about some of the better known parts of China a phase of the subject—from an analysis of cur-
in this book of tourist travel, and a flowing rent party policies and methods to the practical
nalistic style makes it easy and occasionally nominating and campaigning machinery of the
diverting reading. The so-called "spell” is parties in action which is not illumined by his
exerted by little more than the regulation sights wide investigations. The extended bibliographies
-Hongkong, Canton, Macao, Shanghai, Hang- at the end of each chapter are probably the most
chow reached via houseboat, Hankow, Peking, complete of the sort anywhere to be found and
Tientsin-cities which, although they spread over will be of particular interest to students of prac-
a large part of the eastern coast of China, com- tical politics.
a


30+
[March 28
THE DIAL
CASUAL COMMENT
WHAT DO OUR PUBLIC LIBRARIES COST US?
The following figures of appropriations per
FROM FRANCE COMES THE BLACKEST NEWS
capita in certain cities have been roughly com-
of the war, as The Dial goes to press, and for
piled from data on library taxation in 1916,
the present everything else will shrivel into
drawn from the current report of the Pratt
insignificance beside the issue being decided in
that long roar of guns whose steady throbbing reported in the 1910 census. Probably they are
Library in Baltimore, and from the populations
.
can be heard on the house-tops even in London.
far from accurate, since some of these cities grew
Perhaps when these words are read the final
very rapidly between 1910 and 1916; but if a
direction of the tide of battle will be known.
similar study were to be based on the 1920 cen-
For ourselves, we cannot lose faith.
We remem-
sus it would doubtless discover much the same
ber the Marne, and take courage. We remember general conditions. There are given figures for
Ypres. We remember Verdun and the Somme.
three cities of more than one million inhabitants:
And one thing now is clear. German autocracy
New York is taxed about 29 cents per inhabitant,
must win this battle or lose the war—the mili-
Chicago about 25, and Philadelphia about 18.
tarists dare not stand upon the defensive and
The next group includes cities of less than a mil-
appeal to the judgment of mankind. Their record
lion and more than half a million: Cleveland
in Russia shows that they know no other way to
73 cents, Pittsburg 60, and St. Louis 42. Com-
win peace than the way of force. That way,
parison of these groups suggests that there is
we firmly believe, is forever barred to them.
something like a maximum cost for the first-class
It is no longer a question whether militarism
library and that it mounts much less rapidly than
and autocracy will or will not be defeated; they
does the population the library serves. Baltimore
are already defeated.
would fall in the second group; but whereas the
three cities named in that group average an ap-
AN ARTISTS' COMMITTEE HAS NOMINATED TO
propriation of 58 cents per capita, Baltimore en-
the War Department eight American artists to
joys only 9 cents per capita, to which must be
accompany our armies and make a pictorial rec- added from its endowment 9 cents more. The
ord of the war. The list is something of a com-
fact that this total of 18 cents is 40 cents less than
mentary on the status of painting in this country.
the average for his group certainly supports the
It includes only one representative of the salon
Pratt Librarian's plea for more funds. The re-
tradition of vested “Art”-only one of secure
maining groups divide at the quarter-million
reputation-Ernest Peixotto, pupil of Benjamin-
mark:
Constant, Doucet, and Lefebvre. It includes
OVER 250,000
UNDER 250,000
only one etcher, J. Andre Smith. There are two
Los Angeles..
.70 Oakland
.79
others who are primarily painters, neither of Detroit
.59 Seattle
.74
whom is very widely known—Harvey Dunn and Minneapolis
.56 Springfield
.71
Newark
.43 Grand Rapids. .51
Harry Townsend. But there are four illustra-
Milwaukee
.38 Worcester
.44
tors: Wallace Morgan, Walter Enright, Wil- Cincinnati
.33
St. Paul.
.33
liam Aylward, and George Wright. A few of Buffalo
.29 Louisville
.27
these eight have done, or bid fair to do, good
Denver
.26 Omaha
.24
Rochester
.24 Atlanta
.21
work; yet at least half of them are unknown
quantities so far as the public is concerned.
The discrepancy between the upper cities in each
Britain and Canada (as Laurence Binyon said
group and their group averages is doubtless ac-
in The Dial for January 31) have commis-
counted for by their greatly augmented popula-
sioned for the same purpose such men as Muir-
tion since 1910. Fair averages might omit Los
head Bone, William Orpen, and Augustus John Angeles and Detroit from the first column and
-brilliant painters, “living forces." We have
Oakland, Seattle, and Springfield from the sec-
nominated four representatives of our craft of
ond. That would yield an average appropriation
illustrating, than which nothing could be more
of 35 cents for cities of between a quarter and a
stagnantly conventional, and some young men of
half million population, and of 33 cents for
whom we have hopes. It is quite possible that
cities of less than a quarter million. Compare
among them the opportunity might discover a
these averages with those of the million and
man of brilliance and force; all of us trust that
half-million groups:
it would. Meanwhile, however, shall we not
.33
Under 250,000..
recognize that when there arises an opportunity
250,000—500,000
.35
for distinguished talent and originality in art, 500,000—1,000,000
.58
we have to meet it with practitioners of a popu- Over 1,000,000...
.24
lar craft, with a graceful acknowledgment to the It would appear that libraries in cities approach-
academic, and then with blank checks drawn on ing the million mark cost per capita about 25
our hopes?
cents more than those in cities of a quarter mil-
GROUP AVERAGES


1918]
305
THE DIAL
>
a
lion, and about 34 cents more than those of cities THE DEBUTS OF THREE MORE MONTHLY MAG-
that have passed the million mark. Accurate azines have taken place in the last few weeks:
statistics would doubtless alter the relations be- In January appeared the first number of "The
tween particular cities in the groups tabulated, New World,” a liberal “medium for the free
but they would scarcely affect the expensive situ- discussion of questions relative to the interpre-
ation of those in the half-million group. Appar- tation of Christianity to our age and its appli-
ently the American city requires a metropolitan cation for the reconstruction of society." It is
.
library long before it is able to finance one on a published in New York City. The editors are
metropolitan appropriation per capita.
Norman N. Thomas (Managing), Edward W.
Evans, Harold Hatch, John Haynes Holmes, Ru-
fus Jones, Richard Roberts, Oswald Garrison
How WILL AMERICA'S DEMAND FOR BOOKS Villard, Harry F. Ward, and Walter G. Fuller
during the war differ from the demands of the (Secretary). “The Liberator," of which the
other nations? Publishers and booksellers have first issue appeared in February, has no relation
long since noted the shift in interest from the to the late "Masses"; but, curiously enough, Max
light sentimental novel to the political and his- Eastman is Editor, Floyd Dell is Associate Ed-
torical study, and the list of war books an- itor, and the list of Contributing Editors—which
nounced for publication this spring is staggering. includes Cornelia Barnes, Howard Brubaker,
Yet the implications of our peculiar geographical John Reed, Boardman Robinson, Charles W.
and psychological position have not been fullyWood, and Art Young-no less than the format,
realized. Curiosity about the war is more in- suggests once more that in real life coincidence
satiable with us than with other belligerents, is often more perfect than it is on the stage.
who live too close to it. There is a whole "liter-
And “Bruno's Bohemia” makes its bow. “De-
ature of release" in France and Germany and voted to Life, Love, and Letters," it is published
England, the avowed object of which is to “take from 1476 Broadway, New York, by Guido
one's mind off the war. With us, who do not Bruno, sometime editor and publisher of “Bru-
live in fear of air raids, any emotional strain is no's
no's Weekly." These periodicals, together
quickly snapped by a visit to a "movie" house or
with “Upton Sinclair's" and other arrivals that
a musical comedy, perhaps by a detective story. The Dial has welcomed to the lists since the
Generally speaking, however, we can endure first of the year, should reassure all pessimists.
much more realistic and depressing descriptions The rising mortality among magazines need no
of the battle line than those peoples to whom the longer alarm; the birth-rate is rising as rapidly.
trenches are only a few hours' railroad journey
distant. Robert Dell has told how little the war
itself is mentioned in Paris. In Holland ONE HAPPY SCHEME FOR RAISING MONEY
the one sure way to make yourself unpopular is for the Red Cross we might well copy from
to start a discussion about the war. Ambassador England. For three years the funds from the
Gerard has told of the great throngs at the races gifts of rare books and autographs have all been
in Berlin, and recent accounts from neutral cities used for the benefit of the Red Cross. This year
give the picture of the German people as in- Sir James M. Barrie and Mr. E. V. Lucas have
terested in almost everything except politics and control of the collection, and Sir James has
belligerency. The theatrical season in London is written a characteristic letter to the papers with
admittedly banal, mere revivals or musical re- the felicitous title "The Hundred Best Gaps."
views. One aspect of Europe's war-weariness He pleads that in a time of sacrifice all of us
which has escaped attention is the disinclination may well take from our bookshelves our one val-
to buy just those kinds of books which today uable treasure, either a first edition or a manu-
crowd our own shops. We have an eagerness to script. Sir James has himself given the original
learn the political and historical background of manuscript of "The Little Minister.” Mrs.
the war, as well as to read the more intimate, Reginald Smith has given the original manu-
personal descriptions, which would be regarded scripts of Thomas Hardy's "Far From the Mad-
with astonishment in any of the European capi- ding Crowd" and of Stevenson's “Virginibus
tals. To us it is all still an intellectual novelty Puerisque.” But one of the most interesting gifts
and an emotional novelty. We are only begin is that of Sir William Robertson Nicoll—the
ning to participate, and until the autumn at actual copy of "Vanity Fair" which Thackeray
least it is not likely that the first wave of interest sent to Currer Bell when he first read her novel
will subside. We shall probably end by being “Jane Eyre.” He did not then, of course, know
better informed about the war than those who who the author was, but the book is autographed
live next door to it. Who was the peasant who with "W. M. Thackeray's kind regards." Surely
was born in 1785 and lived until 1840 in a sub- our own collectors and bibliophiles will not be
urb of Paris, yet had never heard of Napoleon? outdone in generosity by their English brethren?


306
[March 28
THE DIAL
9
NOTES AND NEWS
The Putnams will shortly publish “Militarism
and Statecraft,” by Munroe Smith, Professor of
Paul Rosenfeld, who writes about Rimsky-Kor- Jurisprudence at Columbia; and a posthumous
sakov in this issue of The Dial, is a well-known ok by Benjamin Kidd, “The Science of Power.”
critic of the arts whose discussions have appeared They also announce two publications from the
in various periodicals. His residence is in New Cambridge University Press: "Rabelais in His
York.
Writings,” by W. F. Smith; and “Cambridge Es-
Maxwell Bodenheim is one of the “Others” group. says on Education,” edited by A. C. Benson, with
His verse has appeared in "The Poetry Journal," an introduction by Viscount Bryce.
"Poetry," and other magazines.
The more recent “Annals" of the American Acad-
The other contributors have written for previous
emy of Political and Social Science have been:
issues of The DIAL.
November, “The World's Food”; January, “Financ-
ing the War”; March, “War Adjustments in Rail-
"Literary Chapters," by W. L. George, was pub- road Regulation.” The May issue will be devoted
lished March 27 under the imprint of Little, Brown
to "Social Case Treatments," and the July issue,
& Co.
which will report the proceedings of the annual
The Woman's Press announces for publication
meeting, will discuss "Mobilization of America's
early in April “Mobilization of Woman-Power,"
Resources for the Winning of the War."
by Harriet Stanton Blatch.
Among the books that B. W. Huebsch has in
“The Sonnet," a bimonthly magazine published
preparation are: a volume by Van Wyck Brooks,
in Williamsport, Pa., has issued “Sonnets: A First
which will probably be called "Toward an Ameri-
Series,” by its editor, Mahlon Leonard Fisher.
can Culture"; "Horizons," by Francis Hackett;
Among the March Scribner's books about the
"Exiles," by James Joyce; "The Poets of Modern
war is the personal narrative of Capt. R. Hugh
France,” by Ludwig Lewisohn; and—in the field
Knyvett, Anzac Scout and lecturer. It is called
of international affairs—"Approaches to the Great
“ 'Over There' with the Australians."
Settlement," by Emily Greene Balch; "The Aims
Dora Morrell Hughes, sometime editor of one
of Labour," by Arthur Henderson; and "Down-
or another domestic magizine, is the author of
fall or Democracy,” by Frank P. Walsh and Dante
“Thrift in the Household,” listed by Lothrop, Lee
Barton.
& Shepard.
The tanks are figuring largely in the new war
books. Following Derby Holmes's "Yankee in the
Judge Otto Schoenrich has written a survey of
the history and present condition of Santo Domingo.
Trenches" (Little, Brown) and Ian Hay's "All
The book, which is entitled "Santo Domingo: A
In It" (Houghton Mifflin), both of which gave
Country with a Future,” is on the spring list of
much space to them, comes “Life in a Tank," by
Captain Richard Haigh, announced for spring pub-
the Macmillan Co.
lication by the latter company. Other Houghton
Henry Holt & Co. have announced "The Coun-
Mifflin publications are: March 144"On the
try Air," a volume containing "six long short-
Stairs," by Henry B. Fuller; “In the Heart of
stories" by L. P. Jacks, editor of “The Hibbert
German Intrigue,” by Demetra Vaka; “Serbia
Journal.” Two of the stories end in the Canadian
Crucified," by Lieutenant M. Krunich; "Creating
Northwest.
Capital,” by Frederick L. Lipman; “Higher Edu-
The New York Public Library has lately re-
cation and Business Standards,” by Willard E.
printed from its January “Bulletin” an address,
Hotchkiss; and for March 28—“Miss Pim's Cam-
“The Joys of Librarianship,” which Arthur E.
ouflage,” by Lady Stanley.
Bostwick delivered before its Staff Association last
The April list of the Century Co. includes “The
fall. Mr. Bostwick is Librarian of the St. Louis
Blue Jays in the Sierras,” camping experiences in
Public Library.
the California mountains, by Helen Ellsworth;
Ten essays by Bertrand Russell have been col-
“The A. B. C. of Voting," a handbook for the
lected from various periodicals-among them “The women of New York State, by Marion B. Cothren,
Monist,” “The International Monthly,” and “The of the New York Bar; “Runaway Russia,'
New Statesman”—and published by Longmans, woman's report of the Russian Revolution, espe-
Green & Co., as "Mysticism and Logic, and Other
cially as it affected women, by Florence Harper;
Essays."
"The War Whirl in Washington," snapshots of
Among the Harpers books announced for later
the capital in war time, by Frank Ward O'Malley;
March are: “Songs of the Shrapnel Shell," by “The Nations at the Peace Table," a summary of
Cyril Morton Horne; “Your Vote and How to the problems must likely to come up for settlement
Use It," by Mrs. Raymond Brown; "The Winning
after the war, by Lothrop Stoddard and Glenn
of the War," by Roland G. Usher; and a novel, Frank; “Right Above Race," war papers by Otto H.
“Miss Amerikanka," by Olive Gilbreath.
Kahn; “Ladies from Hell,” experiences in action of
The Marshall Jones Co. announce that the a member of the famous London Scottish regiment,
volumes of “The Mythology of All Races,” hitherto R. K. Pinkerton; Raemaekers's “Cartoon History
sold only in sets, may now be obtained separately. of the War," Vol. I; and "A Woman's War-Time
Two volumes more are in press: Vol. ii—“Celtic, Journal,” an account chiefly of Sherman's march
Slavic," by Canon John A. MacCulloch and Jan through Georgia, by Dolly Summer Lunt (Mrs.
Máchal; and Vol. xii—"Egyptian, Indo-Chinese,” Thomas Burge), with an introduction and notes
by W. Max Müller and Sir James George Scott. by Julian Street.
a
>
9


1918]
307
THE DIAL
Selective List of Spring Books
Heretofore it has been The Dial's custom
at this season to present as complete a list of
spring publications as trade conditions permitted.
Departing a little from that custom the present
list includes only the more important issues and
announcements of the publishers. As before, they
are classified according to subject matter. The
list has been compiled from data submitted by
the publishers and covers the entire field of
general publication, except that new editions of
standard literature, works of reference, military
handbooks and manuals, books on woman and the
home, juvenilia, and nature studies which are
primarily instructive have been reserved for the
Spring Educational Number, which will appear
April 11.
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCE
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cis S. Philbrick, $4.50.- Three Centuries of Treaties


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of Peace and Their Teaching, by Sir W. G. F.
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Our Debt to the Red Man, by Louise Seymour Hough-
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ton.


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The Foundations and Nature of Verse, by Cary F.
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Harvard Plays, edited, with introductions, by Pro-
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316
(March 28
THE DIAL
Worth While Books
of especial interest to
Dial readers
Aliens
9)
By William McFee
Author of "Casuals of the Sea"
“A great romance flowering out of a com-
monplace New Jersey town populated by
commuters and a few literary and artistic
folk. A romance that takes you up and
down the wide seas, across to Genoa, down
to South America, to England.
"He has woven one of the most fascinat-
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The richness of his own personality, the
stores of humor and wisdom, and observa-
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part of his literary equipment, find, it may
be, their best outlet in this somewhat ramb-
ling and discursive method.
“It is Mr. McFee's personality that makes
this a great story. He has the quality of
genius."
-Philadelphia Press
by Woodrow Wilson, portrait, $1.-America's War
Task, by Frank A. Vanderlip. (Harper & Brothers.)
Wonderful Stories: Winning the v. C. in the Great
War, illus., $2.50.--Intimate Prussia, by A. Ray-
mond, $2.-We of Italy, by Mrs. K. R. Steege, $2.-
My Experiences on Three Fronts, by Sister Martin-
Nicholson, $2.-Inside Constantinople During the
Dardanelles Expedition, by Lewis Einstein, $1.50.-
A Crusader of France, Capt. Ferdinand Belmont,
introduction by Henry Bordeaux, $1.50.–Marching
on Tanga, by Capt. Francis Brett Young, $1.50.-
Over There and Back, by Lieut. J. S. Smith.-Front
Lines, by Boyd Cable.—Germany's Annexationist
Aims, by S. Grumbach, translated by J. Ellis Bar-
ker, $1.50.-The Schemes of the Kaiser, by Madam
Adam.—The High Call, by Rev. Ernest M. Stires,
$1.50. (E. P. Dutton & Co.)
History of the World War, by Frank H. Simonds, 5
vols., Vol. II, "The Making of Middle Europe,”
$3.50 per vol.-Comrades in Courage, by Lieut.
Antoine Redier, translated by Mrs. Philip Duncan
Wilson, $1.40.-Cavalry of the Clouds, by “Con-
tact” (Capt. Alan Bott, M.C.), introduction by
Maj.-Gen. W. S. Brancker, $1.25.-Fighting Star-
vation in Belgium, by Vernon Kellogg, illus., $1.25.
-Blown in by the Draft, by Frazier Hunt, fore-
word by Theodore Roosevelt, introduction by Brig.-
Gen. Evan M. Johnson, illus., $1.25. (Doubleday,
Page & Co.)
Aircraft and Submarines, by W. J. Abbott, illus.-
The Science of Power, by Benjamin Kidd, intro-
duction by Franklin H. Giddings.-Militarism and
Statecraft, by Munroe Smith.-Brave Belgians, by
Baron C. Buffin, preface by Baron de Broqueville,
translated by Alys Hallard, $1.50.-A “Temporary
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cer at the front, introductory chapters by Capt.
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illus., $1.50.-Democracy and the War, by John
Firman Coar, $1.25. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
The Cradle of the War: The Near East and Pan
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A. Lawrence Lowell, illus., $2.50.—Letters of a
Canadian Stretcher Bearer, by "R. A. L.,” edited
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A Soldier Unafraid: Letters from the Trenches of
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The Nations at the Peace Table: Their Problems,
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Glenn Frank, maps, $2.50.-Runaway Russia, by
Florence Harper, illus., $2.-Donald Thompson in
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Roots of War, by William Stearns Davis, William
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Keeping Our Fighters Fit, by Raymond B. Fos-
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American Jurist, $1. (The Century Co.)
Covered with Mud and Glory, by Georges Lafond,
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Flame of France, by Maude Radford Warren, illus.,
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1918]
317
THE DIAL
OLD PEOPLE
AND THE THINGS
THAT PASS
By Lovis Cooporus
Author of The Books of the Small Souls, etc.
This is a tale of the very, very old a hero ninety-
three and a heroine ninety-seven-and the subtle
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descendants. To the young people of the story it
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thing of a tragedy. What was the secret of these
old lives? They alone knew—they thought. A truly
remarkable book; by far the finest effort of this
noted novelist, as
well
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Alexander Teixeira de Mattos.
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core des Blessés, by Julien H. Bryan, illus., $1.50.-
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Approaches to the Great Settlement, by Emily Greene
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Over the Threshold of War: Personal Experiences,
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Russia's Agony, by Robert Wilton.-Visions and Vig-
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ಆ w


318
[March 28
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Religions of the Past and Present, edited by J. A.
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1918]
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THOUGHTS FOR THE KIT-BAG
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Foreword by Malcolm James MacLeod
BUILT on foundation of sound psychology,
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THE WAR.
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Serbia Crucified. By Lieutenant Milutin Krunich.
12mo, 305 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50.


1918]
321
THE DIAL

TWINKLETOES
By THOMAS BURKE
Author of "Limehouse Nights"
en
was Monica Minasi ; but no one who ever saw her little
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Thomas Burke has again proved himself a magician, for
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Have You Read These?
$1.36 Net
LIMEHOUSE NIGHTS
By Thomas Burke
Strange tales of love and life in Limehouse. One of the most
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324
[March 28, 1918
THE DIAL
Secretary of War BAKER and Secretary of
the Navy DANIELS INLETTERS TO THE ARTIST
LIPPINCOTT
BOOKS
16
1792
1918
FOR SALE AT ALL
BOOKSTORES
J B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
MONTRRAL PHILADELPHIA LONDON
PRAISED AND
JOSEPH PENNELL'S PICTURES OF WAR WORK IN AMERICA
85 plates. Lithograph on cover. $2.00 net.
Reproductions of a series of lithographs of Munition Works, Shipyards, etc.,
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lithographs will prize these splendid reproductions.
THE VIRGIN ISLANDS
Our New Possessions and the British Islands
By THEODOOR DE BOOY and JOHN T. FARIS
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In the most interesting manner this volume tells the general reader, the
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By MORRIS JASTROW, Jr., Ph.D., LL.D.
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THE ORGANIZATION OF THOUGHT
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AND PRESENT
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PRESS OF THE BLAKELY-OSWALD PRINTING co., CHICAGO.


THE DIAL
VOLUME LXIV
No. 764
APRIL 11, 1918
CONTENTS
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
• 355
.
.
EDUCATION AND SOCIAL DIRECTION John Dewey
333
THE UNIVERSITY AND DEMOCRACY. Charles A. Beard. : 335
ON CREATING A USABLE Past
Van Wyck Brooks 337
The Creative AND EFFICIENCY CON-
CEPTS OF EDUCATION
Helen Marot.
341
On the BREAKWATER Verse Helen Hoyt
344
OUR PARIS LETTER .
Robert Dell
344
SHADES FROM THE TORY TOMB
Harold J. Laski
349
The OXFORD SPIRIT
R. K. Hack
. 350
POETS AS REPORTERS
Conrad Aiken.
. 351
APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY ON TRIAL Joseph Jastrow . 353
A LONG WAIT IN VAIN
M. C. Otto.
CLIPPED WINGS.
Randolph Bourne 358
BRIEFS ON New BOOKS
360
History of India.--Diderot's Early Philosophical Works.-The Development of
the British West Indies, 1700-1763.-The Spirit of Revolt in Old French Litera-
ture.—The Great Problems of British Statesmanship.-American Pictures and
Their Painters.—The New Greek Comedy.—The Story of the Salonika Army.
CASUAL COMMENT.
364
COMMUNICATION
366
American Liberals and the War.
NOTES AND NEWS
. 367
Selective SPRING EDUCATIONAL LIST
368
LIST OF New BOOKS
· 374
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, CIRCULATION, ETC. 378
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
GEORGE BERNARD DONLIN, Editor
HAROLD E. STEARNS, Associate
Contributing Editors
CONRAD AIKEN
VAN WYCK BROOKS
H. M. KALLEN
RANDOLPH BOURNE
PADRAIC COLUM
KENNETH MACGOWAN
ROBERT DELL
HENRY B. FULLER
CLARENCE BRITTEN
The Dial (founded in 1880 by Francis F. Browne) is published fortnightly, twenty-four times
a year. Yearly subscription $3.00 in advance, in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. For-
eign subscriptions $3.50 per year.
Entered as Second-class matter Oct. 8, 1892 at the Post Office at Chicago, under the Act of
March 3, 1879. Copyright, 1918, by The Dial Publishing Company, Inc.
Published by The DIAL Publishing Company, Martyn Johnson, President; Willard C. Kitchel,
Secretary-Treasurer, at 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago.


332
[April 11, 1918
THE DIAL
History of Labor in the United States
By JOHN R. COMMONS
With collaborators, John B. Andrews, Helen L. Sumner, H. E. Hoagland, Selig Perlman, David
J. Saposs, E. B. Mittelman, and an introduction by Henry W. Farnam. A complete authentic
history of labor in the United States based on original sources. 2 vols.
Ready April 16
er
THE END OF THE WAR
By WALTER E. WEYL
The relation of this war to the history of
American thought and action, for
easting
our future policy.
Ready HOA pril
HISTORIC MACKINAC
By EDWIN O. WOOD
The historical, picturesque and lengendary
features of the Mackinac country. Many il-
lustrations. In 2 vols. Ready April 9
WAR TIME CONTROL OF
INDUSTRY
By HOWARD L. GRAY
The English experience and its lesson to
America.
$1.75
WHERE DO YOU STAND?
By HERMANN HAGEDORN
Awappeal to Americans of German origin.
$0.50
THROUGH WAR TO PEACE
By ALBERT G. KELLER
"Evolution Against Culture"-a discussion
of the war from the point of view of the
societal theory.
Ready April 9
se
EVERYDAY FOODS IN
WAR TIME
By MARY SWARTZ ROSE
What to eat in order to save wheat, meat,
sugar, and fats, and how to make out an
acceptable menu without excessive cost. $0.80
Coöperation: The Hope of the Consumer
By EMERSON P. HARRIS
The Failure of Middlemanism, Reasons and the Remedy, Practical Co-operation, Background and
Outlook are the titles of the parts into which this new work is divided.
$2.00
THE MARTIAL ADVENTURES
OF HENRY AND ME
By WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE
The high spirited narrative of the adven-
tures of two Americans in the war zone-
full of deep insight and colored by delightful
humor. Illustrated.
$1.50
FLOOD TIDE
By DANIEL CHASE
The story of the effect of a successful busi-
ness career on the life of man who at the
start was essentially a student and dreamer.
$1.50
THE HIGH ROMANCE
By MICHAEL WILLIAMS
“A spiritual autobiography"—the story of a
writer's inner life and development. $1.60
MASHI AND OTHER STORIES
By SIR RABINDRANATH TAGORE
New tales of the magical East. $1.50
THE BOARDMAN FAMILY
By MARY S. WATTS
The story of a girl's escape from the smug
gentility of her environment and her develop-
ment as a democrat and lovable individual.
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TOWARD THE GULF
By EDGAR LEE MASTERS
The successor to “Spoon River Anthology"-
another series of fearlessly and beautiful
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THE FLYINC TEUTON
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hood."
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LOVER'S GIFT AND CROSSING
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“The Dark People": Russia's Crisis
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Ill. $1.50
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, New York
When writing to advertisers please mention THE DIAL


THE DIAL
a fortnightly Journal of Criticism and Discussion of Literature and The arts
Education and Social Direction
more
It is not surprising that many persons warfare, the effects of warlike prepara-
in the United States who are accustomed tion, and indoctrination with warlike arro-
to think of themselves as belonging to gance are
necessary
than the
the "upper” and therefore rightfully rul- technique of the class room. Only “bureau-
ing class, and who are impressed by the cratic surveillance and unremitting inter-
endurance and resistance of Germany in ference in the private life" of subjects can,
the war, should look with envious admira- in the face of the disintegrating tendencies
tion upon the Prussian system of authori- of contemporary industry and trade, de-
tarian education. To suppose however velop that “passionate aspiration for sub-
that they desire a direct importation of servience” which is a marked feature of
the German system of autocratic power the Prussian diathesis. If we look these
and willing submissiveness in order to se- facts in the face, we shall quickly see the
cure the discipline and massive order of romanticism of any proposal to secure the
Germany, is to make a blunder. They see German type of disciplined efficiency and
America retaining its familiar traditions; of patient and persistent "industry" by
for the most part they would be sincerely borrowing a few features of the personal
shocked at a suggestion of surrender of relation of teacher and pupil and install-
democratic habits. What they see in their ing them in the school. Only an occasional
fancy is an America essentially devoted pedagogical Dogberry can rise to the level
to democratic ideals and rising to the of a New York school administrator who
service of these ideals with a thorough- would secure permanent good loyal citizen-
ness, a unanimity, an efficiency and ordered ship by "teaching [sic] instinctive obedi-
discipline which they imagine would be ence” in the schools.
secured by a judicious adoption of German Taken in this crude form, the desire to
methods. Since they do not perceive the Prussianize the disciplinary methods of
interdependence of ends and means, or of American schools is too incoherent and
purposes and methods, their error is intel- spasmodic to constitute a serious danger.
lectual rather than perversely immoral. A serious danger there is, however, and
They are stupid rather than deliberately it lies in the confused thinking which such
disloyal.
efforts stimulate and strengthen. The dan-
It is one of the many merits of Veblen's ger lies not in any likelihood of success.
most enlightening book on Imperial Ger- Save here and there and for a brief period,
many that he makes clear the high human the attempts run hopelessly counter to the
cost of the envied German habit. Under trend of countless social forces. The dan-
modern conditions social automatism is ger is that the vague desire and confused
not automatically self-sustaining. It repre- thought embodied in them will cover up
sents a delicate and complicated piece of the real problems involved in securing an
machinery which can be kept in proper effectively loyal democratic citizenship,
working order only by immense pains.
and distract attention from the construc-
The obedient mind is not a thing which tive measures required to develop the kind
can be achieved by the segregated means of social unity and social control required
of school discipline alone. All the re- in a democracy. For the whole tendency
sources of all social institutions have to be of current lamentations over the failure of
centred upon it without let-up. “It can American education to secure social inte-
be maintained only by unremitting habit- gration and effective cohesion, is to put
uation, discipline sagaciously and relent- emphasis upon the futile and irritating
lessly directed to this end.” Successful relations of personal authority and per-
“


334
(April 11
THE DIAL
sonal subjection, or else upon the regu- ology—the “social control” of the unre-
lative power of blind engrained habits, generate, unsocialized individual.
whose currency presupposes an authori- This thoughtless sociology does some-
tative deus ex machina behind the scenes thing, however, even more harmful than
to supply the ends for which the habits the rationalization of mere personal
are to work. And anybody who hasn't authority. It serves to justify the laziness,
put his soul to sleep with the apologetics the intellectual inertia, of the educational
of soporific “idealism” knows that at the routineer. The latter finds it easier, say,
present time the power which would fix
to rely upon books than to make himself
the ends to which the masses would be a well informed man at first hand. He is
habituated is the economic class which has solemnly told that textbooks socialize the
a selfish interest in the exercise of control. pupil, for they embody the intellectual
To cater to this class by much talk of the heritage of the race. He then puts to one
importance of discipline, obedience, habit- side the onerous task of achieving any per-
uation, and by depreciation of initiative sonal originality in the subjects he teaches,
and creative thought as socially dangerous, lest he might fire his students with “indi-
may be a quick path to favor. But it rep- vidualism" having socially disastrous con-
resents an ignobility of spirit which is
sequences. An uneasy intellectual con-
peculiarly out of place in an educator, who science tells a teacher that in his methods
above all others is called upon to keep his he is following the lines of least resistance
supreme interest sensitively human.
furnished by school customs which he has
Unfortunately there is much in the tradi- unreflectively picked up.
But he is con-
tion of what is regarded as scientific soled by being told that thinking merely
sociology which lends itself, unwittingly, to develops individualism, that custom is the
such base uses.
Sociological science in-
great .
social balance wheel. And far be
herited a basic error from the older it from him to undermine the sanctities
political science, and has too often devoted of institutionalized habit by a little adven-
itself to a pompous dressing-out of solu- ture in personal reflection. He has a sense
tions of a problem resting upon a "fact” that his ways of dealing with pupils are
which isn't a fact. It has taken as its
external and perfunctory. He feels that
chief problem how individuals who are
if he took pains to acquaint himself with
(supposedly) non-social become social-
social- the scientific methods of gaining insight
ized, how social control becomes effective into human nature and applied himself
among individuals who are naturally hos- with sympathy to understanding it in its
tile to it. The basic supposition is, of immense diversity, he might be able to
course, mythological. Docility, desire for work from the inside to release potentiali-
direction, love for protective control are ties instead of from the outside to impose
stronger original traits of human nature conventionalities. But then the solemn
than is insubordination or originality. The guardian of "social control” comes along
scales are always weighted in favor of and warns him of the "social" value of
habituation and against reflective thought, respect for authority as such, and the dan-
Routine is so easy as to be "natural," and
gers of "catering"' to individuality. A
'
initiative is so difficult as to require the scientific excuse for natural laziness and
severe discipline of art. But the socio- ignorance can go a long way.
logical antithesis of the individual and the
The worst of all this, I repeat, is that
social has invaded educational thought and it leaves problems which are pressing un-
is employed by the pedagogue to defend touched and ignores the urgent need for
unintelligent convention, unexamined tra, the particular kind of social direction fitted
dition, and to feed the irritable vanity of to a democratic society—the direction
that petty tyrant, the educational adminis- which comes from heightened emotional
trator, who learns by study of the new appreciation of common interests and
sociological pedagogy that the exercise of from an understanding of social responsi-
his personal authority is in reality an bilities, an understanding to be secured
exemplar of the great problem of soci- only by experimental and personal partici-


1918]
335
THE DIAL
pation in the conduct of common affairs. loyal to its common maintenance. It is not
At this point the antithesis between indi-
an antithesis of social control and indi-
vidual and social ceases to be merely silly. vidual development which our education
It becomes dangerous. For the unsolved requires. We want that type of education
problem of democracy is the construction which will discover and form the kind of
of an education which will develop that individual who is the intelligent carrier of
kind of individuality which is intelligently a social democracy—social indeed, but
alive to the common life and sensitively still a democracy.
John Dewey.
The University and Democracy
Though personalities and institutional in the scale of power. The agrarians are
jealousies thrust themselves into the field astir once more. Great hopes shine in at
of academic controversy, those who really the Eastern door, but who knows what
care most about the future of the university trials or what disasters await? The wrath
in America must ignore them. They must of man may praise God, but it cannot man-
keep for guidance one ideal—the orderly age an industry or conduct a government.
and progressive development of democ. It may pull down such pillars of order
racy in the United States. Whether this and justice as we have now erected, and
college professor is unworthy of his call- leave—dust and ashes. Every student of
ing, or that college president is clearly democracy, every enlightened socialist
lacking in courage and understanding, is familiar with history, knows that popular
of slight moment. Solemn before us is uprisings may lead to ruin as well as to
the future of our country—war against the higher things. The fate of republics,
German menace to civilization; the im- democracies, and empires teaches us this.
pending, nay existing, struggles between The wise Aristotle learned it centuries ago.
capital and labor; grave problems of effi- When the fierce light of popular inquiry
cient government; the abolition of unde- beats upon our institutions of government
served poverty; the call for science and and property after the great war is over,
service, for the counsel and advice of the where is to be found the trusted leader-
wisest and best, of the unafraid and the ship that can guide and mould the forces
unbought. At bottom and forever, the that may upbuild—or destroy—civiliza-
question of academic freedom is the ques- tion? What can wisdom accomplish if it
tion of intellectual and spiritual leadership is regarded with suspicion and distrust?
in American democracy. Those who lead How can the calm voice of reason prevail
and teach, are they free, fearless, and if it is known to be modulated to suit the
worthy of trust? If they fain would lead whims of paymasters who come once a
the people, do they lead under the eye of month to see that their servants have
eternity or under the eye of the trustees' obeyed orders? And if our universities
committee on salaries, pensions, and pro- are to be distrusted by the people whose
motions? If they find through research labor of hand and brain supports them,
and mature thought that a popular move- whether they be public or private, why
ment is full of peril can they say so and should educational incomes and endow-
command, as known freemen, the respect ments be maintained? A democracy that
of the masses? When they face the ques- suspects will disestablish and disendow.
tioning multitude, whose whimsies and The smug security afforded by the Dart-
fallacies they would overbear, do they mouth College case will avail little against
encounter distrust and contempt or high a people demanding services from those
esteem and confidence ?
who have privileges. Loud professions of
Everywhere the tide of democracy self-approved righteousness will become
comes in. Ancient China struggles for a merely amusing. Those who behold as well
republic. The crown of the Romanoffs is as those who perform the auguries will
in the dust. Labor rises higher and higher laugh, and the day of undoing will come.


336
(April 11
THE DIAL
cant.
Intimately related to this greater ques- get what they pay for, and the teacher
tion of spiritual leadership is the effect delivers standardized goods.
of trustee guardianship upon the class of To many a simple mind this seems
men who will seek academic positions. sound enough. But let us examine the
President Lowell has called our attention working of this doctrine. A great uni-
sharply to this point. Men who love the versity has several hundred professors in
smooth and easy will turn to teaching. As all the known sciences and arts, from
long as they keep silent on living issues, anthropologists, biologists, and chemists
their salaries will be secure. It will not down through historians and political
be important that they should arouse and economists to zymotic disease experts.
inspire students in the class room. They They speak a various language which only
need not be teachers. They are asked to the adept understands. It is a matter of
be only purveyors of the safe and insignifi- common knowledge that an expert can
Afraid of taking risks, they will teach the most violent and subversive doc-
shrink into timid pusillanimity. Risking trines in technical terminology, which the
nothing, they will make no mistakes; risk- students of the subject understand, but
ing nothing, they will accomplish nothing. which would be as Greek to the average
Perfunctory performance of statutory lawyer or business man. By spending a
duties will bring the pay check. They may few hours a week or a month on censor-
sit in the chimney corner and curse the ship, however, the trustees are to guaran-
trustees and president and even laugh at tee that all the teachings of all the experts
capitalists, providing they laugh softly. are pure, 100 per cent pure! Obviously,
Men of will, initiative, and inventiveness, the advocates of the trade-marked aca-
not afraid of falling into error in search demic article are amusing as well as Prus-
for truth, will shun such a life of futile sian. They can silence the coward and
lubricity, as the free woman avoids the transform the frightened professor into a
harem." Undoubtedly it will be possible master of ingenious evasiveness. Having
to fill all vacant chairs and keep the num- done this, they may be as smug as they
ber of "learned” publications up-to-date; like.
but to what purpose ? That the belly may It is significant that this factory brand
be full, the mind slothful with paid and of learning, guaranteed pure, has been
pensioned ease? Those who have the utterly rejected by the three leading jour-
great passion to create, to mould, to lead, nals that appeal to the intellectual classes
to find new paths will look upon the uni- of America—The Dial, “The Nation,"
versity professorship as an unclean thing, and “The New Republic.” The youth
or at best no thing to challenge their hope and the faith of America reject it. The
and courage.
American Association of University Pro-
We have before us two ideals. Accord- fessors rejects it, demanding that proceed-
ing to one of them, a board of trustees, ings against any professor should be "in
who meet for an hour or two once a month accord with the principle of faculty
or once every three months, will assume responsibility,” and that the accused should
full and undivided responsibility “as to have “a fair trial on those charges before
whether the influence of a given teacher either the judicial committee of the faculty
is injurious to private morals or dangerous or a joint committee composed of an equal
to public order and security.” They will number of professors and trustees."
guarantee the intellectual output of their
One college president, among the first
factory to be 100 per cent pure. Any in the land, President Lowell of Harvard,
member of their institution who teaches has utterly rejected the childish philosophy
or writes, either as a professor or as a of standardized learning. In fine and
citizen, will have their stamp as to the restrained language, revealing a
clear
correctness of his views. The professors vision and a firm grasp of the problem and
commodities will bear the trade-mark of its solution, President Lowell, in his report
the firm. The teachers are to be relieved of December 12, 1917, enunciates the ideal
of moral responsibility. As long as they which will command the hearty approval
are retained, they are pure. The trustees of the American people. It is to be re-
a


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gretted that his classic statement cannot be is not a question of academic freedom, but of per-
reprinted here in full, but the two main sonal liberty from constraint, yet it touches the
points deserve repetition:
dignity of the academic career. . . If a university or
college censors what its professors may say, if it
The teaching by the professor in his class room restrains them from uttering something which it
on the subjects within the scope of his chair ought does not approve, it thereby assumes responsibility
to be absolutely free. He must teach the truth for that which it permits them to say. This is
as he has found it and sees it. This is the primary logical and inevitable, but it is a responsibility
condition of academic freedom, and any violation which an institution of learning would be unwise in
of it endangers intellectual progress.
assuming.
On other questions and outside his class There is no more to be said. A scholar
room the professor speaks as a citizen. Of and a gentleman, commanding the confi-
the professor's rights as a citizen Presi- dence of the best men and women in
dent Lowell says:
America, secure in his own position as an
In spite, however, of the risk of injury to the intellectual leader, secure in his social posi-
institution, the objections to restraint upon what tion, secure in the splendid traditions of
professors may say as citizens seem to me far
greater than the harm done by leaving them free. his university, has spoken in language that
In the first place, to impose upon the teacher in a
cannot be misunderstood. His report for
university restrictions to which members of other 1917 will be the Magna Carta to which
professions . . . are not subjected, would produce a universities in all times and in all countries
sense of irritation and humiliation. In accepting a
chair under such conditions a man would surrender
may turn for guidance in sound principles.
a part of his liberty; what he might say would be
No nobler word has been spoken in the
submitted to the censorship of a board of trustees, present crisis; no greater promise of the
and he would cease to be a free citizen... Such a future in America has been given.
policy would tend seriously to discourage some of
the best men from taking up the scholar's life. It
CHARLES A. BEARD.
On Creating a Usable Past
There is a kind of anarchy that fosters people is not so much without elements
growth and there is another anarchy that that might be made to contribute to some
prevents growth, because it lays too great common understanding in the present, as
a strain upon the individual—and all our that the interpreters of that past experi-
—
contemporary literature in America cries ence have put a gloss upon it which renders
out of this latter kind of anarchy. Now, it sterile for the living mind.
anarchy is never the sheer wantonness of I am aware, of course, that we have
mind that academic people so often think had no cumulative culture, and that conse-
it; it results from the sudden unbottling of quently the professors who guard the past
elements that have had no opportunity to
and the writers who voice the present
develop freely in the open; it signifies, inevitably have less in common in this
among other things, the lack of any sense country than anywhere in the Old World.
of inherited
resources. English and The professors of American literature can,
· French writers, European writers in gen- after all, offer very little to the creators
eral, never quite separate themselves from of it. But there is a vendetta between the
the family tree that nourishes and sustains two generations, and the older generation
them and assures their growth. Would seems to delight in cutting off the supplies
American writers have done so, plainly of the younger. What actuates the old
against their best interests, if they had had guard in our criticism and their energetic
any choice in the matter? I doubt it, and following in the university world is appar-
that is why it seems to me significant that ently no sort of desire to fertilize the
our professors continue to pour out a present, but rather to shame the present
stream of historical works repeating the with the example of the past. There is
same points of view to such an astonishing in their note an almost pathological vin-
degree that they have placed a sort of Tal- dictiveness when they compare the "poet-
mudic seal upon the American tradition. asters of today" with certain august
I suspect that the past experience of our figures of the age of pioneering who have
a


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[April 11
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a
long since fallen into oblivion in the minds consequently the corpus of inherited
of men and women of the world. Almost experience which he lays before the prac-
pathological, I say, their vindictiveness ticing author is not only infinitely richer
appears to be; but why not actually so? I and more inspiring than ours, but also
think it is; and therefore it seems to me more usable. The European writer, what-
important, as a preliminary step to the ever his personal education may be, has
reinterpretation of our literature, that we his racial past, in the first place, and then
should have the reinterpretation of our he has his racial past made available for
professors that now goes merrily forward. him. The American writer, on the other
For the spiritual past has no objective hand, not only has the most meager_of
reality; it yields only what we are able to birthrights but is cheated out of that. For
look for in it. And what people find in the professorial mind, as I have said, puts
literature corresponds precisely with what a gloss upon the past that renders it sterile
they find in life. Now it is obvious that for the living mind. Instead of reflecting
professors who accommodate themselves the creative impulse in American history,
without effort to an academic world based it reaffirms the values established by the
like ours upon the exigencies of the com- commercial tradition; it crowns everything
mercial mind cannot see anything in the that has passed the censorship of the com-
past that conflicts with commercial mercial and moralistic mind. And it ap-
philosophy. Thanks to his training and pears to be justified because, on the whole,
environment and the typically non-creative only those American writers who have
habit of his mind, the American professor passed that censorship have undergone a
by instinct interprets his whole field of reasonably complete development and in
learning with reference to the ideal not this way entered what is often considered
of the creative, but of the practical life. the purview of literary criticism.
He does this very often by default, but What kind of literature it is that has
not less conclusively for that. The teach- passed that censorship and "succeeded” in
ing of literature stimulates the creative this bustling commercial democracy of
faculty but it also and far more effectually ours, we all know very well. It has been
thwarts it, so that the professor turns chiefly a literature of exploitation, the
against himself. He passively plays into counterpart of our American life. From
the hands that underfeed his own imagi- Irving and Longfellow and Cooper and
native life and permits the whole weight Bryant, who exploited the legendary and
of his meticulous knowledge of the past scenic environment of our grandfathers,
to tip the beam against the living present. through the local colorists, who dominated
He gradually comes to fulfill himself in the our fiction during the intermediate age and
vicarious world of the dead and returns to whom the American people accounted
to the actual world of struggling and mis- for artistic righteousness their own pro-
educated mortals in the majestic raiment vincial quaintnesses, down to such living
of borrowed immortalities. And he pours authors, congenial to the academic mind,
out upon that world his own contempt for as Winston Churchill, who exploits one
the starveling poet in himself. That is after another the “problems” of modern
why the histories of our literature so often society, the literature that has been al-
end with a deprecating gesture at about lowed to live in this country, that has been
the year 1890, why they stumble and hesi- imaginatively nourished, has been not
tate when they discuss Whitman, why they only a literature acceptable to the mind
disparage almost everything that comes that is bent upon turning the tangible
out of the contemporary mind.
world to account but a literature produced
Now it is this that differentiates the by a cognate process. Emerson, Thoreau,
accepted canon of American literature Whitman—there you have the exceptions,
from those of the literatures of Europe, the successful exceptions; but they have
and invalidates it. The European pro- survived not because of what they still offer
fessor is relatively free from these in- us, but because they were hybrids, with
hibitions; he views the past through the enough pioneer instinct to pay their way
spectacles of his own intellectual freedom; among their contemporaries.


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a
There is nothing to resent in this; it tion that is, in part at least, remediable.
has been a plain matter of historic destiny. The present is a void, and the American
And historically predestined_also is the writer floats in that void because the past
professorial mind of today. But so is the that survives in the common mind of the
revolt of the younger generation against present is a past without living value. But
the professorial mind. Aside from any is this the only possible past? If we need
personal considerations, we have the clear- another past so badly, is it inconceivable
est sort of evidence that exploitation is that we might discover one, that we might
alien to the true method of literature, if even invent one?
only because it produces the most lament- Discover, invent a usable past we cer-
able effect on the exploiter. Look at the tainly can, and that is what a vital criticism
local colorists! They have all come to a always does. The past that Carlyle put
bad end, artistically speaking. Is it neces- together for England would never have
sary to recall the later work of Bret Harte existed if Carlyle had been an American
after he had squeezed the orange of Cali- professor. And what about the past that
fornia ? Or the lachrymosity of Mr. Michelet, groping about in the depths of
James Lane Allen's ghost revisiting the his own temperament, picked out for the
Kentucky apple tree from which he shook France of his generation? We have had
down all the fruit a generation ago ? That our historians, too, and they have held
is the sort of spectacle you have to accept over the dark backward of time the divin-
complacently if you take the word of the ing-rods of their imagination and conjured
professors that the American tradition in out of it what they wanted and what their
literature is sound and true; and the pub- contemporaries
contemporaries wanted—Motley's great
lic in general does accept it complacently, epic of the self-made man, for instance,
because it is not averse to lachrymosity and which he called “The Rise of the Dutch
cares nothing about the ethics of personal Republic.” The past is an inexhaustible
growth. But the conscientious writer storehouse of apt attitudes and adaptable
turns aside in disgust. Seeing nothing in ideals; it opens of itself at the touch of
the past but an oblivion of all things that desire; it yields up, now this treasure, now
have meaning to the creative mood, he that, to anyone who comes to it armed with
decides to paddle his own course, even if it a capacity for personal choices. If, then,
leads to shipwreck.
we cannot use the past our professors offer
Unhappily, the spiritual welfare of this us, is there any reason why we should not
country depends altogether upon the fate create others of our own? The grey con-
of its creative minds. If they cannot grow ventional mind casts its shadow backward.
and ripen, where are we going to get the But why should not the creative mind
new ideals, the finer attitudes, that we dispel that shadow with shafts of light?
must get if we are ever to emerge from So far as our literature is concerned,
our existing travesty of a civilization ? the slightest acquaintance with other na-
From this point of view our contemporary tional points of view than our own is
literature could hardly be in a graver enough to show how many conceptions of
state. We want bold ideas, and we have it are not only possible but already exist as
nuances. We want courage, and we have commonplaces in the mind of the world.
universal fear. We want individuality, Every people selects from the experience
and we have idiosyncrasy. We want vital of every other people whatever con-
ity, and we have intellectualism. We want tributes most vitally to its own develop-
emblems of desire, and we have Niagaras ment. The history of France that survives
of emotionality. We want expansion of in the mind of Italy is totally different
soul, and we have an elephantiasis of the from the history of France that survives
vocal organs. Why? Because we have in the mind of England, and from this
no cultural economy, no abiding sense of point of view there are just as many his-
spiritual values, no body of critical under- tories of America as there are nations to
standing? Of course; that is the burden possess them. Go to England and you
of all our criticism. But these conditions will discover that in English eyes “Amer-
result largely, I think, from another condi- ican literature” has become, while quite as


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complete an entity as it is with us, an into an entirely new focus. What emerges
altogether different one. You will find then is the desire, the aspiration, the strug-
that an entire scheme of ideas and tenden- gle, the tentative endeavor, and the appali-
cies has survived there out of the Ameri- ing obstacles our life has placed before
can past to which the American academic them. Which immediately casts over the
point of view is wholly irrelevant. This, spiritual history of America a significance
I say, is a commonplace to anyone whose that, for us, it has never had before.
mind has wandered even the shortest way Now it is impossible to make this ap-
from home, and to travel in one's imagina- proach without having some poignant
tion from country to country, from decade experience of the shortcomings, the needs,
to decade, is to have this experience indefi- and the difficulties of our literary life as
nitely multiplied. Englishmen will ask you it is now conditioned. Its
Its anarchy is
why we Americans have so neglected Her- merely a compound of these, all of which
man Melville that there is no biography are to be explained not so much by the
of him. Russians will tell you that we
absence of a cultural past as by the pres-
never really understood the temperament ence of a practical one. In particular, as
of Jack London. And so on and so on, I have said, this anarchy results from the
through all the ramifications of national sudden unbottling of elements that have
psychology. By which I do not mean at had no opportunity to develop freely in
all that we ought to cut our cloth to fit the open. Why not trace those elements
other people. I mean simply that we have back, analyzing them on the way, and
every precedent for cutting it to fit our showing how they first manifested them-
selves. Presumably the orthodox inter- selves, and why, and what repelled them?
preters of our literature imagine that they How many of Theodore Dreiser's defects,
speak for the common reason of human- for example, are due to an environment
kind. But evidently as regards modern that failed to produce the naturalistic mind
literature that common reason is a very
until the rest of the world had outgrown
subtle and precarious thing, by no means it and given birth to a more advanced set
in the possession of minds that consider it of needs? And there is Vachel Lindsay.
a moral duty to impose upon the world If he runs to sound and color in excess and
notions that have long since lost their sap.
for their sake voids himself within, how
The world is far too rich to tolerate this. much is that because the life of a Middle
When Matthew Arnold once objected to Western town sets upon those things an
Sainte-Beuve that he did not consider altogether scandalous premium? Well,
Lamartine an important writer, Sainte- there you have two of the notorious diffi-
Beuve replied, "Perhaps not, but he is im- culties of contemporary authorship; and
portant for us." Only by the exercise of for all that our successful tradition may
a little pragmatism of that kind, I think, say, difficulties like those have been the
,
can the past experience of our people be death of our creative life in the past. The
placed at the service of the future. point for us is that they have never pre-
What is important for us? What, out vented the creative impulse from being
of all the multifarious achievements and born. Look back and you will see, drift-
impulses and desires of the American lit- ing in and out of the books of history,
erary mind, ought we to elect to remem- appearing and vanishing in the memoirs of
,
ber? The more personally we answer this more aggressive and more acceptable
question, it seems to me, the more likely minds, all manner of queer geniuses,
we are to get a vital order out of the wraith-like personalities that have left be-
anarchy of the présent. For the imper-
For the imper- hind them sometimes a fragment or so
sonal way of answering it has been at least that has meaning for us now, more often
in part responsible for this anarchy, by a mere eccentric name. The creative past
severing the warm artery that ought to of this country is a limbo of the non-elect,
lead from the present back into the past. the fathers and grandfathers of the talent
To approach our literature from the of today. If they had had a little of the
point of view not of the successful fact sun and rain that fell so abundantly upon
but of the creative impulse, is to throw it the Goliaths of nineteenth-century philis-


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THE DIAL
tinism, how much better conditioned would mind, we might throw an entirely new
their descendants be!
facę not only over the past but over the
The real task for the American literary present and the future also. Knowing
historian, then, is not to seek for master- that others have desired the things we de-
pieces—the few masterpieces are all too sire and have encountered the same ob-
obvious—but for tendencies. Why did stacles, and that in some degree time has
Ambrose Bierce go wrong?. Why did Ste- begun to face those obstacles down and
phen Crane fail to acclimatize the modern
make the way straight for us, would not
,
method in American fiction twenty years the creative forces of this country lose a
ago? What became of Herman Melville ?
little of the hectic individualism that keeps
How did it happen that a mind capable of
them from uniting against their common
writing “The Story of a Country Town”
enemies? And would this not bring about,
should have turned up thirty years later
with a book like "Success Easier Than
for the first time, that sense of brother-
Failure"? If we were able to answer the
hood in effort and in aspiration which is
hundred and one questions of this sort
the best promise of a national culture?
that present themselves to every curious
VAN WYCK BROOKS.
The Creative and Efficiency Concepts of Education
Since Germany has evolved the best place in the scheme of things and rigidly
known methods of attaining industrial effi- held them there. By circumscribing the
ciency, and since the German schools have experiences of individuals and by produc-
played a leading part in that attainment, ing specialists, the scheme both increased
our own business men often argue that— production and aided the dynastic pur-
for patriotic reasons—the German system poses of the Empire. This classification
of industrial education should be given a and training of the people was naturally
trial in the United States. If the system the work of the schools. The sorting
were introduced here it is, of course, not begins in the elementary schools at the
certain that it would be effective; we can early age of ten. The child's social posi-
by no means be sure that it would produce tion is determined at that time. It is
wage earners readier for service, more decided then whether the child shall enter
single purposed in their industrial activity the great army of wage earners or whether
than they now are. In Germany it was a he shall be trained for one of the several
comparatively simple matter for the vocations higher than that of the common
schools to prepare the children for effec- laborer. This tolling off of children at the
tive and efficient service. For when the age of ten—the assigning of them to a
modern system of industry, with its own place for life in the social scheme—is not
characteristic enslavement, was imposed American in spirit or purpose. To be
ready-made upon the German people their sure, our habit of letting children escape
psychology was still a feudal psychology. into life with their places undetermined has
Unlike the Anglo-Saxon, the German has made difficulties for our promoters of
not experienced the liberating effects of industry. These difficulties in Germany
the political philosophy which developed were avoided in exact proportion to the
along with modern technology in both elimination of the workers' chances of
England and America.
escape from their predestined position.
First, then, it is not certain that the Avenues of escape from jobs because they
system of German industrial education, if are uncongenial are effectively denied, and
introduced into this country, would suc- apparently to the German they are ac-
ceed. Second, if it did succeed, is it the ceptably denied. The German has no
sort of education that America wants ? pressing sense of the need to experiment
Let us see.
with life. Compulsory attendance at a
As a requisite of efficiency, Germany continuation trade school is required of all
classified its people; gave them a definite German children between the ages of four-


342
[April 11
THE DIAL
teen and eighteen years. It is this final experience in their power to master the
moulding of each young person to fit a subject.
specific trade, which protects the German It is often suggested that civilization
manufacturer and the national industrial demands the elimination of machinery and
efficiency as a whole against such vagaries the division of labor. In a spirit of weari-
as individual preference for this or that ness we are sometimes told that we must
job. It is true that in no country do retrace our steps and go back to crafts-
modern conditions of industry offer gen- manship and guilds. But it is idle to talk
erous opportunity for individual prefer- about going back or eliminating institu-
ence. Yet when people's desire to choose tionalized features of society. We can-
for themselves is inhibited by such a not go back, we have not the ability to
scheme of national organization as ob- discard this or that part of our environ-
tains in Germany, their enslavement is ment except as we make it over. This
assured.
making over might be vitalized by methods
Before the war the movement in Amer- which belonged to earlier periods. But
ica for industrial education, based on the neither the methods nor the periods, we
German idea, was faltering in its progress can safely say, will live again. Neither
because the German idea was essentially our own nor future generations will escape
at variance with our national concepts and the influence of modern technology. It
political institutions. Moreover, our pro- will play its part. It may be a part which
a
moters of the scheme were suspended be- will lead away from some of the destruc-
tween conflicting interests: industry, as it tive influences which developed in the era
is actually administered, stultifies individ- of craftsmanship—and which dominate
ual development, while the development the present era.
of children necessitates some linking-up of In machine production and in the divi-
the school with the world of work. The sion of labor there are emotional and
result is that as the system has been intro- intellectual possibilities which were non-
duced in America it neither prostitutes existent in the earlier and simpler methods
the schools in the interest of industryof production. As the power latent in
nor does it give the children the power inorganic matter has been freed and
through experience to meet the real prob- applied to common needs, an environment
lems of industry. In our industrial schools has been evolved, filled with situations
there is an elaboration of technology; incomparably more dramatic and signifi-
there is, as well, its application to the cant than the provincial affairs of detached
general principles of physical science, in- peoples and communities. But technolog-
dustrial and political history, even to the ical subject matter, rich in opportunities
æsthetics of industry. But all of these
for associated' adventure and discovery,
But
attempts have emphasized the absence of is not a part of common experience.
the really significant factors.
isolated as it is, it exists, and if released
These factors are those which give for common experimentation, it is fit mat-
men the ability to control industry. After
ter for making science a vital experience
all, no work in the subject matter of
And since capital-
in everyday life.
industry is educational which does not
and, up to the present time, labor-has
failed to make industry an expansive ex-
in intention or in fact give the persons perience, it becomes the business of edu-
involved the ability to participate in
the administration of industry. Even the individuals, to cultivate the field.
cators, concerned with the growth of
best of schemes for industrial education
If educators regard such opportunities
have so far left the pupils helpless before for growth with sufficient jealousy, they
their subject. As they furnish them with a will not wait for industry to emerge with a
certain dexterity and acquaintance with the
new programme, or with a new system of
processes and a supply of subject matter production. They will of themselves ini-
necessarily more or less isolated, the tiate productive enterprises wherein young
pupils gain more the sense of the power people will be free to gain first-hand ex-
of the subject to control them, than an perience in the problems of industry, as


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THE DIAL
those problems stand in relation to their know that the marketing of goods is an
own time and generation. The alliance extensive experience in the world of men
of educators should be made with engin- and desires. They are not alone in their
eers and architects and those managers of lack of courage in admitting that to limit
industry who, through experience and
,
this experience perverts normal desires
training, have made themselves the mas- and creates false ones. For the sake of
ters of applied science and of the economics education it is to be hoped that such en-
of production. Engineers, not under the gineers as Mr. Wolf may overcome the
influence of business, are qualified to open timidity of educators, and that in conjunc-
up the creative aspects of production to tion with men capable of productive enter-
the workers and convince them through prise they will undertake to give young
their own experience that there are adven- people, not an experience which is tagged
turous possibilities in industry outside the on to industry under the influence of
meagre offerings of pay-day. Mr. Robert profits, but an experience which is inspired
Wolf is one of the engineers who is ready by the desire to produce and the oppor-
for the venture. He told the members of tunity to develop the inspiration.
the Taylor Society that "scientific man- America is, of course, "different" from
agers have not been scientific enough in Germany. Yet so is our position in the
dealing with this very important subject of world different from what it was. Our
stimulating the thinking and reasoning position is not now, nor could it be, pre-
,
power of the workman, thereby making cisely the German position. Our past is
him self-reliant and creative.” In describ- different, and that alone, if nothing else,
ing the field in which practical engineers will continuously have its effect on our
should operate he laid stress on their future. But we are facing a great period
giving large space to the originating, of change, and the strongest forces in the
choosing, adapting power in men and the country are the industrial forces, and the
direction of it into positive constructive strongest leaders are the financial leaders.
channels—to men's self-consciousness of what the financiers and the industrial
their place in the great scheme of things. managers most want is efficient, docile
This conception of the field of opera- labor. The German system of education,
tion for engineers also describes the field in spite of the fact that we are "different,
for educators. In the present industrial might conceivably have that effect on the
arrangement the latter have failed to seize youth of the country. Under the pressure
the chance for the development of "the of industrial rivalry after the war, under
originating, choosing power" in the work the pressure of an imperial industrial
ingman because they have been obsessed policy, it might be that the people of the
by the business appreciation of the work- country would yield to the introduction of
ingman's power of adaptation. It is a scheme of education which had been
because they labor under this obsession proven elsewhere could better than any
that they turn industrial education into other known scheme fit children into a
industrial training whenever they include system of mass production.
industry in their curricula. Educators It is clear that industry could set up
know that there is adventure in industry, models of behavior more successfully in
but they believe that the adventure is the the name of education than in its own, and
rare property of a few. They believe to the extent American children come up to
this so finally that they surrender this these models the more employable they
great field of experience, with its priceless would be from the standpoint of business.
educational content, without reserving the If the pressure is sufficiently strong, the
right of such experience even for youth. people may yield to the introduction of a
They know, as we all do, that industrial system of compulsory continuation schools
problems carry those who participate in similar to those of Germany. If they do,
their solution into pure and applied sci- I believe they will eventually fail. But
ence, into the study of the market for raw there is danger and loss of purpose in their
materials and finished products, into the introduction. The problem for American
,
search for unconquered wealth. They educators is the retention of our native


344
[April 11
THE DIAL
concept of experimental life and the at-
Our Paris Letter
tainment of standards of workmanship
-the realization of the strength of asso- “This book is an act of faith in and love for
ciated effort, together with the advance of that Greek and Latin tradition, all wisdom and
wealth production.
beauty, outside of which there is but error and
In conjunction with educators it is the confusion.” This epitome of the creed of Ana-
business of engineers, architects, and tole France is quoted from his few lines of
others who know the releasing power of preface to "Le Génie Latin," of which a "new
creative effort to make it clear to the edition revised by the author" (Calmann-Lévy,
people of the country that our industrial Paris) lies before me. The whole work of
structure is built on a predatory concept Anatole France-his whole outlook on life is
instead of a creative one. They need to inspired by that tradition; no faith has been more
make clear that as capture is rewarded operant than his. He is lineally descended from
rather than work, as the possessive desire the great French classics of the seventeenth and
is stimulated and the productive impulse eighteenth centuries, through them from Rabe-
sacrificed, as employers of men and own- lais, and ultimately from the Greek and Latin
ers of machinery do not engage in produc- founders of European civilization. “The France
tion because of any interest in the process of Montesquieu and of Voltaire—that is the
or the product, as wage earners hire out great, the true, France," I heard him say in a
for the day's work and continue in their speech at London in 1913: to that France he
trade without interest in its development himself belongs.
because, like their employers, they want There is a reaction at present against a
the highest cash return—wealth exploita- classical education; it has some justification.
tion has come to be synonymous in the Most of us wasted our time at school on Latin
minds of men with wealth creation. A
and Greek, since we spent several years in their
creative concept which can survive and
almost exclusive study and learned neither of
inhibit the predatory concept must rest them. Few men when they leave school, or
upon a people's desire for productive
even when they leave the university, can read
experience, and their ability to associate
with ease or pleasure Horace or Vergil, Homer
together for that common end.
or Sophocles in the originals, or have the least
HELEN MAROT. desire ever to open a Greek or Latin book again.
The result of a classical education in most cases
is a hearty dislike for the classics. But I cannot
On the Breakwater
admit that a knowledge of Greek and Latin
civilization and culture is useless; a knowledge
O breadth and beauty
And placid splendor of water,
of the sources of our civilization cannot but be
How fierce
useful. The fault of a classical education is that
For all the smooth quiet,
as a rule it does not give that knowledge. We
Must be that secret sharpness of your waves' cannot return to Greek or Latin civilization and
teeth
we do not want to, but they are part of our
Eating the drowned earth.
heritage and, even if it may not be necessary to
read Greek and Latin authors in their own
What bar has man to your unresting purpose ?
tongues-although it is always an advantage to
What are these pillars and high walls of wood
And heaped stone
read an author in the original—they should re-
Before the advancement of your soft delicate
main an integral part of our instruction.
Most subtle entrances?
As Anatole France says in the remaining lines
of the preface just quoted, "we owe everything-
These jagged rocks,
philosophy, art, science, jurisprudence—to Greece
This chained solidity of beams,
and to her conquerors whom she conquered. The
And forged bands,
What is their strength against your patient
ancients, yet living, teach us still.” They have,
Ceaseless tireless
indeed, still much to teach us. The modern
world is the result of a return to the Greek
Pushing, pushing, pushing
Of multitudinous impact ?
tradition after its normal development had been
HELEN Hoyt. arrested by a reaction which kept back human


1918]
345
THE DIAL
progress for centuries. Unfortunately, thanks to de Saint-Pierre seems to me the most character-
Martin Luther, the Renaissance itself was istic and the most entirely successful; it is an
arrested by another reaction and I doubt whether, appreciation of remarkable justice and critical
in all respects, we have yet covered the lost insight. One need not at this time of day praise
ground or quite caught up with the Greeks. We the style of Anatole France, which makes what
need not, therefore, be too proud to learn from he writes a pleasure to read for the sheer beauty
them. It is not my experience that a real knowl- of the language. French prose at its best has
edge of the classics makes men reactionary or no equal, and he writes French prose at its best.
even conservative. Is not Anatole France him- The sumptuous limited edition of the story of
self a Socialist and, at the age of seventy-three, Hassan Badreddine, illustrated by M. Kees van
in the vanguard of contemporary thought? One Dongen (Les Editions de la Sirène, 12 bis rue
might, indeed, say that the two permanent cur- La Boétie, Paris), is beyond the reach of many
rents in human thought are represented by the purses, for the lowest price at which it can be
Greek tradition on the one hand and the Catholic obtained is $100. M. van Dongen's drawings
or medieval on the other.
are distinguished by a firm line and remarkable
To review at length “Le Génie Latin" would decorative design; they are, moreover, inspired
”
be superfluous. Readers of Anatole France know by the spirit of the “Thousand and One
it already and are aware that it is among the Nights" and their Oriental flavor is natural and
slighter of his works. I have not made a detailed sincere. M. van Dongen has also designed the
comparison of the revised with the original edi- book itself, so that there is a harmony between
tion, but I can see that the revision has been the drawings and the printed page which pro-
thorough; there are many changes, and the result duces an artistic whole. The artist has evidently
is a perfected work. The short essay of ten found a means of expression peculiarly suited to
pages on "Daphnis and Chloë," with which the his very personal talent and he should continue
book begins, is a fine piece of criticism which on this path. The text of the story is that of
exposes the artistic skill of the unknown author Dr. J. C. Mardrus's French translation of the
of that ancient love story. The other essays of "Thousand and One Nights," the best in the
which the book is composed are for the most language. The book is beautifully printed in a
part biographical; the exceptions are the interest- fine font of type by Lahure, and the reproduc-
ing discussion of La Fontaine's vocabulary tions are unusually successful, especially those in
and the appreciations of Benjamin Constant's color. The hundred pages of black and white
“Adolphe" and of Sainte-Beuve's poetry, the lat- drawings are printed from blocks by Demoulin
ter particularly important. But the biographies Frères, and M. J. Saudé is responsible for the
contain incidental passages of searching criticism seven reproductions of water colors.
and characteristic flashes of inimitable irony. The new monthly publication called "Les
“Beware of those that are hard on themselves,” Cahiers Britanniques et Américains" (Georges-
says the author in the essay on Paul Scarron, Bazille, 16 rue Taitbout, Paris) is an attempt
"they will illtreat you by mistake.” The essays to familiarize the French public with English and
on Scarron and on the Abbé Prévost are per- American authors which deserves success. The
haps among the most interesting, partly because third number, just published, is an excellent
the subjects are eminently suited to Anatole translation by M.. Georges-Bazille of Mr.
France, partly because we know less about Stephen Leacock's essay on American humor.
Scarron and Prévost than about Molière, Racine, Each number costs 1 fr. 50 and it is not pos-
Chateaubriand, and some of the others whom the 'sible of course to present the translation of a
author has chosen as subjects. Few men have long book for that price, especially in war time;
had so extraordinary a career as the Benedictine but the object of the "Cahiers" is to introduce
author of "Manon Lescaut," a prolific writer the public to short stories, essays, and so on that
with a dangerous facility, who produced his one have not yet been translated into French.
masterpiece by accident, throwing it off in a few Bolo has been convicted and condemned to
weeks as a supplement to his plethoric and death in order, as the public prosecutor said at
rambling "Mémoires d'un Homme de Qualité." the beginning of his speech at the trial, to "give
To its author "Manon Lescaut" was à trifle, and satisfaction to public opinion”; but most lawyers
it has made him immortal. Of all the essays in are not satisfied with the evidence of treason.
"Le Génie Latin," however, that on Bernardin There can be no doubt that he obtained money


346
[April 11
THE DIAL
6
part with
from the German Government, but he used if their authors succeed in their object, M. Ribot
about half of it to finance "jusqu'auboutiste" and M. Briand will be the next victims. M.
propaganda and put the rest in his own pocket. Viviani is violently attacked by the Royalist
He gave money to the committee for annexing paper, the “Action Française,” because during
the left bank of the Rhine, but not a sou did he the last week of July, 1914 he very properly
ever give to “pacifist” or “défaitiste” propaganda. kept the French troops at a distance of some six
All the witnesses for the prosecution, with one and a quarter miles from the frontier to prevent
shady exception, said that they had never heard any risk of frontier incidents. The “Action
from Bolo any but the most patriotic sentiments, Française" asserts that the measure was taken at
and there was not the smallest evidence of any the suggestion of a German Socialist, who arrived
connection on his
any but ultra-
in Paris on August 1 to confer with the French
patriotic movements. Unless it is treasonable to Socialists; whereas I myself was informed of
advocate the annexation of the left bank of the it at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on July 30,
Rhine and war to the bitter end, it is difficult to 1914 and on that day M. Viviani mentioned it
see where the treason comes in. It is clear that in a despatch to the French Ambassador at
Bolo, being in need of money, jumped at the London (See No. 106 in the French Yellow
chance of getting it which was afforded by M. Book, 1914). The attack on M. Viviani is
Charles Humbert's desire to find $1,100,000 for grotesque, but so deplorable a state of mind has
the "Journal.” He got more than double that been created by the treason hunt that people are
sum from Germany on the pretext of influencing ready to suspect anybody and to scent traitors
the press, and did not use quite half of the total
everywhere.
in financing newspapers. The case is one of com-
There are two accusations against M. Pain-
mon swindling. M. Charles Humbert has been
levé. One of them that he tried to hush up
arrested, also perhaps in order to satisfy public the Bolo affair-he easily disposed of in a short
opinion. Neither the Bolo trial nor that of cer-
and dignified speech in the Chamber on Feb-
tain wealthy capitalists accused of selling to Ger-
ruary 2. He was loudly applauded by the whole
many a chemical used in the manufacture of
of the Left, especially when he said that there
explosives increases one's confidence in trial by
an organized conspiracy to discredit the
court-martial.
The accused in the latter case
Republic by discrediting every successive Prime
were acquitted in the teeth of the evidence, and
Minister since the war, “except the last.” He
the public prosecutor almost asked for their ac-
might have added that the very people who now
quittal.
attack him wanted to hush up the Bolo affair
The hunt for traitors continues and
because Bolo was on their side in politics and
"affairs" crop up every week. Last week we had
discovered that it was a "vast plot" only when
a sensational story of the discovery of a “nest of they discovered that Bolo knew M. Caillaux.
spies” at St. Etienne, the great industrial centre The other and much more serious charge against
which M. Briand represents in the Chamber. M. Painlevé is that he stopped the French
The chief conspirator was a German officer who, offensive last April just when it was going to be
by some mysterious means, had obtained a permis
This story, embellished with a wealth
de séjour and was running a café at St. Etienne; of fictitious details, has reached the American
a cipher correspondence was seized and there public through the medium of a popular weekly.
seemed to be all the material of a first-rate spy
It is quite untrue, and it is of course equally
novel. Alas! the German officer has turned out
untrue that there was ever the slightest chance
to be a French citizen of Alsatian descent and
that "the war might have ended with an Allied
the cipher correspondence relates to the "White military victory before Christmas Day”—why
Slave" traffic and to the smuggling of absinthe, not before May 1, since it appears that “the end
which are the chief occupations of the persons of the German invasion in France seemed at
arrested. The press has hastily dropped the hand”? I am sure that the writer of the article
matter and the St. Etienne newspapers are mak- in which these absurd statements occurred cannot
ing rude remarks about M. Clemenceau.
have realized what harm such assertions might
Much more serious is the organized campaign do to Franco-American relations by leading the
to discredit French public men and, with them, American public to believe that the French Gov-
the Republic itself. After the Caillaux affair we ernment had prevented an Allied victory. The
have now the Painlevé and Viviani affairs and internal evidence of the article itself should make
was
new
a success.


1918]
347
THE DIAL
was
a
it quite clear by whom the writer was inspired, extent on President Wilson and was immensely
and the American public is certainly intelligent relieved to learn that he had no responsibility
enough to understand that generals who have for the Versailles Note. In fact, the American
been removed for incompetence and for uselessly Ambassador did not attend any of the Varsailles
sacrificing French lives by their blunders nat- meetings; a secretary of the Embassy was present
urally bear a grudge against the Minister who at them, or some of them, but only as an observer;
had the courage to do his duty by removing them. he did not take part in the discussions or deci-
It is a great pity that France had not at the sions. The decision of the Inter-Allied Socialist
beginning of the war a Minister of War with the Conference held in London last week to send a
courage to act after the disasters of Charleroi delegation to Mr. Wilson shows what confidence
and Morhange as M. Painlevé acted after the is felt in him by the mass of the people in all the
disastrous offensive of last April. Nothing is Allied countries. The delegation will also prob-
more convenient than to put the blame for one's ably visit Mr. Gompers and enlighten him in
own mistakes on to other people and generals regard to the European situation. [Since Mr.
find it convenient to put the blame on the "poli- Dell's letter was received, this delegation has
ticians” when things go wrong. It should be been appointed.Ed.) Astonishment
understood in America once and for all that the caused by a report in the press that he had tele-
responsibility for the strategical and tactical graphed to Mr. Henderson that the Inter-Allied
blunders which have cost the Allies so dear lies Conference was inspired by German influences.
entirely with the military authorities. If the
If the Mr. Henderson has explained that the report
politicians have erred it has been in giving the was false and that the telegram received by him
military too free a hand.
contained no such statement, but it has since
Paris has been deluged with copies of the been reported that Mr. Gompers has declared
American magazine containing this grossly unjust that peace cannot be made until France and Bel-
attack on M. Painlevé and French readers of gium have been evacuated by the Germans.
the article in question have been painfully sur- Everybody here is, of course, agreed that com-
prised at the callous way in which the writer of plete evacuation is an essential condition of peace,
it speaks of French losses. It appears to be to
but that is quite a different matter. Nobody now
him a light matter whether a few thousand imagines that complete evacuation will precede
Frenchmen more or less are sacrificed. Perhaps peace negotiations. A few jingo papers may
if he himself were at the front, or even if the applaud such utterances as that attributed to Mr.
United States had had about 1,700,000 men Gompers, but they make a very bad impression
killed in the war, he would think differently. on the general public in France.
Over here we do not like people who are bellicose May I, without giving offense, beg Americans
in arm-chairs and risk other people's lives with to be careful what they say about such matters?
a light heart; there are still a good many such They need not be more exacting than the French
people in France and they are very unpopular, people. I am neither an American nor a French-
especially at the front. I am sure that the writer man, but I have been deeply attached all my
of the article in question does not represent life both to France and to America and I believe
American opinion, but such articles are neverthe- that it is through France that America can most
less extremely mischievous. They unwittingly easily get into touch with Europe. That is why
help to undo the good that is being done by I venture to make this suggestion. The Wash-
President Wilson's policy.
ington correspondent of the London "Times"
Mr. Wilson is now extremely popular in recently said that it was the growing opinion in
France. His last speech to Congress was hailed America that it would not be to the “interest”
as a welcome contrast to the Note of the Ver- of the United States that the war should end
sailles Council, which was very badly received The effect over here of such statements
by the mass of the French people. The "Pays" as that is deplorable. President Wilson knows
described the Versailles Note as "a fresh declara- how to appeal to the French people and, indeed,
tion of war" and that was the prevailing opinion to all the belligerent peoples of Europe; questions
about it. It is not a fresh declaration of war of war aims and peace conditions had much
that the French or any other people in Europe better be left to him.
wants just now. It is not too much to say that The unanimity of the Inter-Allied Socialist
the French people pins its hope of peace to a great Conference at London is a great step in advance
soon.


348
[April 11
THE DIAL
was
if, as there is good reason to hope, it proves to gave way and the Italian delegates went to
be real and not merely verbal. The Socialist London.
party in every belligerent country has hitherto Nobody here blinks the fact that the military
been paralyzed by internal dissension, but now situation is very grave and that we are at the
the Socialists of all the Allied countries in Europe most critical and the darkest moment of the war.
have unanimously declared in favor of an inter- [Written, of course, before the present German
national conference. The delegates from the offensive.—Ed.] The German triumph in Rus-
—
British Labor party who came to Paris just be- sia is a melancholy confirmation of M. Marcel
fore the London conference are in great measure Sembat's warning about the policy of refusing
responsible for this happy result, particularly Mr. to "recognize the Maximalist government.
Henderson and Mr. Ramsay MacDonald, as is Allied diplomacy in regard to Russia has, un-
also M. Camille Huysmans, the able secretary fortunately, been deplorably inefficient and it
of the Socialist International Bureau, who accom- has a large share of the responsibility for the
panied them. [M. Huysmans is the head of the present disastrous state of affairs in that coun-
delegation to America.-Ed.] They appealed try. It was the bourgeois parties of the Ukraine
to the French Socialists to sink their differences who by making a separate peace betrayed Russia
in order to get an international conference, and and forced the Maximalists to yield to Germany;
the appeal was heard. The memorandum on peace those parties were actually subsidized by the
conditions, like all compromises, is not always French government, which sent a military mis-
very clear. For instance, the paragraph relating sion to the Ukraine just before the separate
to Alsace-Lorraine contains some superfluous peace was made. M. Clemenceau and M. Pichon
verbiage introduced to satisfy those that had pre- were warned by everybody that knew Russia
viously objected to a consultation of the inhabit-
that they were making a mistake; but although
ants, but its practical conclusion is in favor of M. Pichon was ready to listen to advice, M.
leaving the future of Alsace-Lorraine to be Clemenceau
not. In particular, M.
decided by the inhabitants, which is the only just Maklakoff, the Russian Ambassador at Paris
and reasonable course. There was some difficulty appointed by M. Milyoukoff and confirmed by
in obtaining agreement on this point at the M. Kerensky, implored M. Clemenceau to recog-
National Council of the French Socialist party, nize the Maximalist government and warned
which preceded the London conference, but it him against trusting to the Ukranians. M.
was obtained at last.
Maklakoff is a “Cadet” of the Right wing, who
On questions of internal policy the French has not the least sympathy with the opinions or
Socialist party is still sharply divided; one of the policy of M. Lenine and M. Trotzky, but he be
burning questions is whether the Socialist deputies lieved that it was to the interest both of Russia
shall continue to vote the war credits. At the and of the Allies to recognize facts and that
National Council the delegates were just about nothing but harm could be done by refusing
equally divided on this point; one vote gave to get into touch with the men that had the
1476 mandates for refusing war credits at once power in Russia. [There is a movement now
and 1461 for continuing to vote them at present. on foot in France to recognize the Soviets'
Ultimately the Council decided by 1548 man- government. Seemingly, even M. Clemenceau
dates against 1415 to vote them for the present, now supports it.-ED.)
but to reconsider the matter if the Government The policy of the Allied governments, of
refused passports for an international conference. which the results are now before us, closely
At present M. Clemenceau is believed to be resembles that of Burke in regard to Robes
opposed to giving passports, but the British Gov- pierre, against which Charles James Fox so
ernment is prepared to give them and so, I eloquently but vainly protested. The speeches
understand, is the Italian. M. Clemenceau at of Fox read as if they were delivered yesterday,
first refused permission to the delegates of the so exactly do they apply to the present war.
Italian official Socialist party to cross France in The adoption by England of the policy of Burke
order to attend the London conference, although produced Napoleon and led to twenty years of
they had been given passports by their own war. Let us hope that the similar blunder of
government; but in consequence of a vigorous the Allies will not have a similar result.
and unanimous protest by the French Socialists,
ROBERT DELL.
backed by the British and Belgian delegates, he Paris, March 6, 1918.
a
a


1918]
349
THE DIAL
>
Shades from the Tory Tomb from a lofty and self-erected pinnacle like the
younger Pitt. He hates men like Fox who think
POLITICAL PORTRAITS. By Charles Whibley. Mac- there may have been some right on the French
millan; $2.50.
side in '1792, or Cobden, who preached the
Mr. Whibley has an excellent style and his
mean commercialism of free trade to benefit his
book is in every sense entertaining, but he belongs
own pocket. For him the true civilization is
to a bygone time and it is perhaps in that aspect
neatly ordered into ranks and classes, and the
that he most deserves analysis. For he belongs coachman knows that he is inferior to the man
in reality to those great dead days when the
inside the coach. He wants our gratitude for
"Edinburgh” and “Quarterly" Reviews decided
the Duke of Devonshire because he engaged in
the reputation of statesmen. Like the first-rate politics when he might have been at agricultural
journalist, he has read the right books and has
shows; or for Lord George Bentinck because he
all the fitting anecdotes at his fingers' ends. He
sold his stud to oppose the abolition of the sugar
can retell what every one knows, with a certain
duties. It all has the fine air of a Hannah
fine simplicity that almost conceals the fact of its More turned Archbishop of Canterbury. The
threadbare antiquity. He has all the splendid gait is masculine but mincing. The air is
prejudices of Macaulay, and a genius for invec-
pleasant so long as you are content to rest on
tive that has not a little of the arch-Whig's Olympus; but the sad fact is that there are
charm. Only, and this is for him of vital im-
valleys beneath and those valleys are the facts
portance, he is definitely on the other side.
that Mr. Whibley most blithely avoids.
He likes the past. He clings to the venerable
Not that he cannot give you the air of scholar-
umbrae nominis we call Church and King and
ship. He can quote you the long out-of-print
Aristocracy. He sniffs doughtily in the presence
book of Mr. Brewer on Henry VIII; though
of dissenters. He can hardly breathe when a
he Aanks it by an admiring reference to an
manufacturer obtrudes his personality into poli-
essay of Mr. Law's which is only a worthless
tics. He does not doubt that not Thomas
piece of war-time bookmaking. That makes you
Aquinas (as Acton said) but, in sober truth,
suspect that Mr. Whibley's scholarship is rather
the devil was the first Whig. He dispenses the of the drawing-room variety. It goes pleasantly,
kind of patriotism which consists in a loud-
doubtless, at a fashionable dinner, or barks with
mouthed assertion of the superiority of your a certain air of fantastic charm when the ladies
own country in every quality that makes life
have gone out and the cigars are lit. But Mr.
a thing worthy to be lived. He seems to have Whibley is about as competent to interpret his
no hesitation in pronouncing that a very special story as a dinosaur. A man who can think of
Providence was good enough, somewhere about
Charles James Fox only as a somewhat dishonest
the time of Agincourt, to take charge of the
gamester of pleasing manners; a man who has
destinies of England. He is certain that the the historic insolence solemnly to urge that
rural arts are superior to the industrial. He
Cobden favored corn law repeal for purely selfish
likes the kind of world in which the working-
reasons; who can exalt with enthusiasm Disraeli's
man knows his proper place. He has the right
treatment of Peel and never mention that Dis-
sort of fine, literary contempt for the low huck-
raeli was at one time his sycophantic suppliant;
sters of political wares. What he likes is the
who praises Bentinck's attitude on the sugar
stern bluff soldier like the Duke of Wellington,
duties of 1846 and does not know that the
or the haughty gout-tortured rhetorician like the
Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1852 admitted
Earl of Chatham. Of course he is a stern
that the Tory policy in that regard was one
Protectionist; and he still gnashes his political long economic mistake; who tells us in seeming
teeth in anger when he thinks how Peel betrayed seriousness that Wolsey was the government of
the country gentlemen in 1846. The strong
.
England, and Henry a mere puppet, in the face
silent man is his beau idéal of a ruler; except of so solid and final a document as Professor
when, under the name of Frederick the Great, Pollard's history; who can write twenty eulo-
his strength—here, admittedly, tempered by gistic pages on Clarendon and yet forbear to
garrulousness—goes to the enrichment of Ger- mention the hideous iniquity of the Clarendon
many.
He wants his statesmen to look upon Code; whose study of Metternich sees nothing
humanity with their tongues in their cheeks like of his lies, his trickery, his coldness, his utter
that prince of ignoble tricksters, Talleyrand, or incapacity for generous aspiration—this surely is


350
(April 11
THE DIAL
no trustworthy chronicler. His hero, if he has
The Oxford Spirit
one, seems to be William Lamb, Lord Mel-
bourne. Lamb was, indeed, kindly enough; but OUR RENAISSANCE: ESSAYS ON THE REFORM AND
one of those cheap gamesters who treat politics
REVIVAL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES. By Henry Browne,
as a branch of the hunting-field and are con-
S.J. Longmans, Green; $2.60.
VALUE OF THE CLASSICS. Edited by Dean An-
sidered learned because they have read the classics drew F. West. Princeton University Press; $1.
is hardly material for a Pantheon. “He ab- The OXFORD STAMP. By Frank Aydelotte. Ox-
ford University Press; $1.20.
horred high-sounding talk,” says Mr. Whibley,
EDUCATION AFTER THE WAR. By J. H. Badley.
by which, if he means that Melbourne cared
Longmans, Green; $1.25.
nothing for what was great and generous in his LATIN AND THE A.B. Degree. By Charles W.
Eliot. General Education Board.
age, I judge that Mr. Whibley likes politicians
The WORTH OF ANCIENT LITERATURE TO THE
who shift a twopenny tax on malt or alter the
MODERN WORLD. By Viscount Bryce. General
constitution of that kind of government board Education Board.
which never meets. “Born out of my due time,” With one or two exceptions, this group of
Mr. Whibley might well cry with a far dif- books and pamphlets deals directly with the
ferent critic of his age, “why should I try to set classics; it is therefore gratifying to find that
the crooked straight?" It needs no assurance to they are comparatively free from the rage of con-
urge Mr. Whibley to absolve himself from fur- troversy. Father Browne's essays are a thought-
ther efforts.
ful and at times eloquent argument on behalf of
In the good old-fashioned days the man of internal reform among teachers of the classics.
letters was the timid dependent of a great lord.
The “Value of the Classics" is a record of the
He published his books by subscription, and
addresses delivered at the Conference on Classi-
boasted of the names displayed in the list. He cal Studies held at Princeton in 1917; and the
wrote sonnets to my lady on the birth of her great names contained in it, together with the
eldest son, and Latin elegiacs to his Majesty long series of opinions derived from business men,
on a fortunate recovery from a serious illness. scientists, and professional men, will undoubtedly
He was adept in the gentle art of album-verses, encourage many a timid soul who looks forward
the sly insertion of an asterisked paragraph in with horror to the total disappearance of Greece
a morning paper. He frequented the clubs and and Rome from the school. J. H. Badley's small
carried rumor abroad. He was indispensable at
volume is a sensible but not inspiring plea for a
a dinner-party when a desired guest failed in his national system of education in England; the
response. He had always a smiling face for
best thing in it is his emphasis upon the neces-
rank and income. Poor enough himself, no one sity of making the system a highroad accessible
treated with greater contumely the shivering to all who have the ability.
curs who pressed their faces to the railings in But on turning to Frank Aydelotte's "The Ox-
Berkeley Square to catch a cheering glimpse of ford Stamp," we find a genuine note of original-
the radiance within. After middle age the gout ity. Mr. Aydelotte is one of those rare men who
afflicted him, and he retired to Bath or the have noticed that here in the United States a
Wells to support himself on whist and faded tremendous amount of time is devoted to the
memories. A century has passed since then; study of the English language and literature,
and the Tory man of letters is independent. He without the attainment of any proportionate
curses the poor and the peaceful and the radical. result. He gives several very interesting chap-
He likes the glitter of Ascot and the mahogany ters to his diagnosis of the disease, and to the
magnificence of Pall Mall. He reads the discussion of the remedy; and these chapters
"Quarterly" and "Blackwood's" and the "Morn- should be read by every one who has suffered
ing Post," and chuckles over the fine logic of under the old thoughtless régime of “composi-
Mr. W. H. Mallock. He discusses port and tion" and skeletonized fragments of the living
the latest bishopric and the deterioration of body of literature. The conclusion to which
our times. He sees with disturbed distress radi- he comes is that the “point of view which is
cals as prime ministers, heretics as bishops, scien- destined to be the salvation of our English studies
tists as heads of colleges. Yet, in a sense, he is has much in common with the Oxford study of
the most fortunate of mortals; for he does not the literatures of Greece and Rome; our study
know that he is dead.
of the classics and of English literature as well
HAROLD J. LASKI. has tended to confine itself to belles-lettres, while


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for us.
the study of the classics at Oxford owes its dis- desire the next generation to be even more sleepy
tinction to the fact that it is a study of Greek and self-satisfied than this one is, then we can
and Roman civilization."
follow President Eliot's advice. But if we are
Now this statement is substantially true, and tired of narcotics and if we are fond of liberty,
the only danger in making it is that Americans then we shall insist that the next generation study
who have heard of Gilbert Murray and have science to be sure, and plenty of it, but above
only the vaguest ideas about Oxford will at once all that they apply themselves more and more
admit the truth of Mr. Aydelotte's statement vigorously to the study of the history and litera-
and nevertheless deny that it carries any lesson ture and thought of the past. Our freedom in
Men who ought to know better, in the present is exactly proportionate to our under-
cluding many so-called educational experts, are standing of the failures as well as of the suc-
fond of saying that the undoubted success of the cesses of the past; and that understanding can be
classical studies at Oxford is due really to the won only by hard personal work. There will
intellectual traditions and training of an aris-
of course be nothing easy in this process; it is
tocratic class of students. Some misconceptions always easier to relax "requirements” and to take
will never die, but it may be worth while to the class on a jaunt to the City Hall to study
point out that this perennial error has its root “civics,” or to show them how to make a fire-
in intellectual laziness. The secret of the suc- less cooker. But (pace Mr. Flexner) it is never
cess of classical studies at Oxford is simply that
easy to be free.
R. K. HACK.
the student has to study and to acquire for
himself; he is compelled to sharpen his com-
prehension by an ever-renewed effort to under-
Poets as Reporters
stand the history, literature, and philosophy of
the greatest periods of Greece and Rome. The
A BOOK OF Verse OF THE GREAT WAR. Edited
real doctrine of Oxford is the doctrine of con- by W. R. Wheeler. With a preface by Charlton
centrated intellectual hard work; and since that
M. Lewis. Yale University Press; $2.
A TREASURY OF WAR POETRY. Edited by George
doctrine is the very anthithesis of the educational
Herbert Clark. Houghton Mifflin ; $1.25.
dogmas current among us, since we are so busy THE WIND IN THE CORN. By Edith Wyatt. Ap-
devising machinery for the dissipation of intel- pleton; $1.
BEGGAR AND KING. By Richard Butler Glaenzer.
lectual energy, we are inclined to explain away
Yale University Press; $1.
the good results obtained in the Oxford school SONGS FOR A LITTLE HOUSE. By Christopher Mor-
of Literae Humaniores, and to attribute them to ley. Doran; $1.25.
any reason but the true one.
Poets, it may be said, quite as clearly as scien-
Mr. Aydelotte has called our attention to a
tists or historians, are reporters for the Journal
way in which the methods of classical Oxford
of Humanity. They are the scientists of the soul,
can be utilized for the study of English. And
or as others might prefer, of the heart, or of
consciousness. We can imagine them sallying
now we are in urgent need of some book which
will disengage the doctrine of Oxford from its
forth into the city of consciousness to report to
merely local and temporal associations and show
us what is going on there—some of them per-
us how it could be applied not only to the study haps to get no further than the main thorough-
of English, but to the regeneration of our whole
fare or the shopping centres, while others, bolder
secondary and college system. There are signs spirits, penetrate to obscure and dismal alleys or
of healthy discontent among us; the future does
to suburbs so remote and unfrequented that we
not seem so secure as it did a few years ago;
are at first inclined to question whether they exist
and the law of automatic progress has been dis-
at all. In any generation the great majority of
credited, except among the members of that
the ephemeral poets are those who early in life
earnest but old-fashioned school of thought to
have discovered the park in this city and are
which President Eliot and Mr. Flexner belong. forever after to be found there, loitering. One
It is, for example, manifest from President conceives them as saying: “This is pleasant, so
Eliot's pamphlet on Latin that he still believes why go farther? No doubt there are mean
in Herbert Spencer; the world has only to streets, sinister purlieus, but let us not distress
abolish a few more "requirements for the A.B. ourselves over them!" If we reproach them for
degree,” and to put "science" on a pedestal, in thus misrepresenting our city, for exaggerating
order to be quite happy and virtuous.
the relative importance and beauty of the park,
If we


352
[April 11
THE DIAL
more secure.
(calling them, as Freud does, wish-thinkers) they gladly and without question, and he observes it
-
can retort that those who ferret out exclusively carefully. His report is mildly rich, blandly
the mean and sinister are quite as precisely wish- sensuous, unoriginally tuneful. His observations
thinkers—impelled, as Nietzsche said of Zola, by are more precise than Miss Wyatt's, his technique
the "delight to stink.” To this, of course, we
On the other hand he lacks force
reply that our ideal reporter—who only turns up or direction, he seems to be unable to transpose
at rare intervals, as a Shakespeare, a Dante, a from one key to another so as to obtain climax,
Balzac, a Turgenev, a Dostoevsky—is the one and the exigencies of rhyme lead him a helpless
who sees the city whole. We might also add that captive. It should also be remarked that his
those who report extensively on the shabby pur- sense of humor occasionally fails him, as when he
lieus are so much in the minority always that directs his plover to exclaim:
they are far more worthy of encouragement than
Coodle
coodle · Hist!
the park loungers. Their influence is, in the Expletives of this sort-and one recalls Miss
-
aggregate, healthy.
Lowell's tong-ti-bumps and Mr. Lindsay's boom-
Miss Wyatt, Mr. Glaenzer, and Mr. Morley lay-booms—are dangerous, to say the least.
are all three in this sense devotees of the park. Mr. Morley, one is at first inclined to add,
But if they are at one in their representing the would not have made this error, for one of the
park as of supreme importance, their reports are dominants in his book, "Songs for a Little
delivered in manners quite distinct. Miss Wyatt House," is humor. And yet, on second thought,
is clearly more aware than the other two that that is not so certain, for Mr. Morley has a
there are other aspects to the city-she has disheartening talent for spoiling an otherwise
glimpsed them; she alludes to them; she is a refreshingly light or fancifully humorous lyric
little uneasy about them. She has heard the by collapsing at the close in a treacle of hideous
factory whistles at morning and evening, and seen sentimentality. Sentimentality is Mr. Morley's
people going to work. Is it possible that there is dark angel, and it is curious to see how at the
a certain amount of suffering and fatigue and first whisper of its approach his sense of humor
dulness entailed? Yes, it is; but at this point she either abandons him incontinently or assumes a
closes her eyes, and goes into a dactylic trance heavy-footedness and loutishness which suggests
with regard to wind, rain, flowers, wheat, water- the Teutonic-as indeed his sentimentality does
falls, sunset over a lake. Life is beautiful, dis- also. Thus, as an example of the latter quality:
turbing; it moves one to exclamation or subdued
Pure as the moonlight, sweet as midnight air,
wonder.
Simple as the primrose, brave and just and fair,
Such is my wife. The more unworthy I
The Vesper star that quivers there
To kiss the little hand of her by whom I lie.
A wonder in the darkening air,
And of the former:
Still holds me longing for the height
And splendor of the fall of night.
More bright than light that money buys,
In these four lines Miss Wyatt gives us her
More pleasing to discerners,
The shining lamps of Helen's eyes,
poetic attitude-hands clasped and lips parted. Those lovely double burners !
A great poet could endow this attitude with One must turn to some of Mr. Morley's sonnets
dignity and power; but Miss Wyatt is not a for a maturer and more persuasively imaginative
great poet. She lacks on the one hand the pre- touch, or to his parodies for a surer delicacy of
cision, on the other hand the magic, for the task, humor. The parodies of Hilaire Belloc and
though in such a poem as "An Unknown Coun- Edgar Lee Masters are excellent.
try” she comes close enough to the latter quality If these three poets are all determined, as re-
to make us regret that she could not come closer. porters, to emphasize the pretty and sweet and
She succeeds in making us see how beautiful this to ignore the surlier and more tragic demons of
poem might have been, by comparison with which consciousness, one finds in the anthologies of war
vision the actual accomplishment leaves us frus- verse edited respectively by Mr. Wheeler and
trate. Rhyme and rhythm-particularly the Mr. Clark that the disposition to glorify, to
dactyl and the use of repetition—tyrannize over escape the unpleasant, is equally prevalent. One
Miss Wyatt, frequently to her undoing; and this would have supposed that by this time war would
sort of tyranny is symptomatic. It relates to a have become so terribly real as to paralyze any
certain emotional or intellectual incompleteness. such attempt; yet here they are, hundreds of
Of the other two poets Mr. Glaenzer is dis- poets, frantically waving once more the dubious
tinctly the more varied. He accepts the park emblems of honor, glory, duty, revenge, self-


1918]
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sacrifice. So unanimous is it that it has almost
Applied Psychology on Trial
the air of a conspiracy. An amazing intoxica-
.
tion! Yet truth has many ways of revenging APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY. By H. L. Hollingworth
itself, and in this instance it does so by effectively
and A. T. Poffenberger. Appleton; $2.25.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY. By Kate Gordon.
frustrating the effort to beautify war or make
Holt; $1.35.
pretty poetry of it. For the uniformity or failure
The appearance of two texts in applied psychol-
in these two collections is nothing short of aston-
ogy, both deserving a place as standard manuals,
ishing. One closes them with the feeling that
offers occasion for the discussion of the funda-
few if any of these poets, even those who have mental position of this candidate for scientific
made names for themselves, have come within a
status. Within limitations, the value of such
thousand miles of the reality. They shout, they pursuit is secure; but the determination of these
exhort, they lament, they pæan, but always with
limitations is the issue upon which psychologists
a curious falseness of voice; it is painfully appar-
are likely to arrange themselves in opposed camps.
ent that they have failed to imagine, or more The most unquestioned field is that of the psy-
exactly, to see. Their verses are histrionic. For
chology of the specialized educational processes.
a glimpse of the truth one must turn to Miss Reading, writing, drawing, the handling of num-
Lowell's “Bombardment,” in a richly imagined bers and quantities, and the more puzzling case
and dramatic prose (which Mr. Charlton M.
of spelling, have a psychology of their own. The
Lewis dismisses in his preface with patronizing expression of these in the analysis of psychological
fatuity), to Rupert Brooke's Sonnets, to Alan
relations, and the precise study of the basis of
Seeger's "Champagne," or to some of the work
their acquisition, is a useful pursuit. They are
of Mr. Gibson and Mr. de la Mare. For the
indispensable mental disciplines directly amenable
rest, one alternates between Kiplingesque narra-
to exact research. Back of these lie the more
tives of incident and sterile odes. What is perhaps general functions of memory and imagination,
the finest poem of the war, Mr. Masefield's
association and reasoning, motor skill and com-
"August: 1914," is in neither anthology, nor is
posite learning by experience; and still further
Mr. Fletcher's "Poppies of the Red Year."
back, the general laws of behavior, and the ad-
Are we to conclude from all this that poetry justment of instincts to the demands of the en-
cannot be made of war? Not necessarily. What vironment. The problems of heredity and sex,
immediately suggests itself is that as
war is
of work and rest, of play and stimulation, of
hideously and predominantly real, an affair of
fatigue and efficiency, stand in coördinate impor-
overwhelmingly sinister and ugly forces, it can
tance. The vocational applications form the com-
only be embodied successfully (with exceptions) prehensive remainder of the field: the psychology
in an art which is realistic, or psycho-realistic.
of law and medicine, of workshop and market,
To return to the simile with which this review
of the executive and social control of men. The
was opened, we might say that those poets who
program suggests a pemican encyclopedia or a
are devotees of the park rather than of the slum
smattering — something that everyone should
will almost inevitably fail in any attempt to de-
know, or with which everyone can dispense, be-
scribe war in terms of the park. And to succeed
cause he should acquire what he needs of it
at all is to falsify, to report the desire rather than
otherwise.
the fact. It is of such failures-adroitly written
An engineer studies his physics and his mathe-
and interesting, but ephemeral and with the air of
matics and then applies them; he does not
hasty marginal notes—that these two anthologies
substitute an applied for a basic pursuit. The
largely consist. Meanwhile, we await with inter-
psychological student is under temptation to study
est the return of the poets from the trenches. It
the application, and let the psychology go. He
is possibe that we shall then learn what war is:
finds that his applied psychology has lifted
they will perhaps tell us directly and simply and
selected chapters from the orthodox science and
subtly what a human being really thinks and feels
pointed them to a practical use. This works
in such a fantastic environment. And we shall
fairly well for the simpler principles and their
probably be surprised.
simpler applications, as in a boy's book of enter-
Of the two collections Mr. Clark's is the more
taining tricks and experiments based on simple
comprehensive and the better selected, Mr.
physical principles. But the project of applied
Wheeler's the less militaristic and partisan.
psychology is inherently ambitious, and it extends
CONRAD AIKEN. to all the complications of human relations and


354
[April 11
THE DIAL
a
to all the employments of the hands and minds instructional work, their value depends directly
of men. The psychological engineer advises the upon the judgment and competence of the in-
advertiser how to advertise; the executive how structor. In this respect, these texts are well
to judge, organize, and manage men; the teacher sponsored.
of whatever subject how to teach (in so far as Doubtless there are students whose interests
the professor of pedagogy has not forestalled are primarily and legitimately practical. The
him); and everyone how to work and play, open question is: how far does the satisfaction of
learn and improve. How far does the fact that that interest, in the detailed terms of application,
the practitioner of medicine, law, teaching, manu- aid or interfere with the acquisition of the maxi-
facturing, trade, industry, and the many unnamed mum benefits from the study, and the maximum
and unspecialized businesses of life, from parent- training of the student mind in psychological
hood to "society" (in the reporter's sense), exer- power? The temper of a study of psychology in
cises his craft on the basis of mental powers and which psychological interests are dominant, and
relations—how far does this fact give the psycho- application is subsidiary and largely for illustra-
logical student the authority to lay down the law tive purposes, and the temper of an applied psy-
on all these occupations?
chology in which application is central and the
Psychology clearly stands in a relation apart, principles appear darkly in an unaccented back-
in so far as all things learned and done are, in ground, must of necessity be decidedly different.
one aspect, affairs of the mind, although, in an- A student becomes scientific-minded as readily by
other aspect, they are technical acquisitions. The the study of physics as of chemistry, of geology as
responsible applied psychologist recognizes this of biology, although the contents of his ideas are
vital distinction; he interprets his problem not. markedly different in the several pursuits. But his
as that of advice or replacement, but as one of scientific-mindedness would have a very different
seeking and intensive study of processes and prin- cast if it were shaped by the workshop or the
ciples which happen to have a special application farm and not by the laboratory. Consequently
in the world of affairs. He seeks the quickening applied psychology is careful to give the student
of interest, both for psychology and for the voca- the laboratory spirit; it points towards applica-
tions, which comes from recognizing the mental tion, but it utilizes the technique that has come
basis of the pursuits of daily life. If he goes from the interest in principles and basic analyses.
beyond this toward a promise of aid to practical Yet with all this conceded and well main-
success by a knowledge of the psychological as- tained, as it is in the perspective of these volumes,
pects of activities that can be learned by no other the query is not dismissed. There lurks in the
art than the art of their practice, he enters upon discipline the danger of a false emphasis—the risk
a dubious career.
of a hasty plunge into application, unequipped by
In carrying out their tasks, Professor Holling- solid achievement of comprehension. The details
worth and Dr. Poffenberger have concentrated of tests of proficiencies loom large; the interpreta-
their aims upon supplying a systematic survey of tion of what they mean tends to be slighted. This
the field of application. They base this upon the is particularly unfortunate for the student of
interpretation for the practical life, of the general American temper, whose habits of thought need
laws of behavior and the specific study of the strengthening in the very direction which applica-
typical mental processes. The task is well done tion is prone to neglect. This, for the peda-
and supplies an easy approach to the content of gogical aspect. For the more serious one of ap-
the new discipline. Miss Gordon proceeds simi- preciation of psychological values in evidence, in
larly for the educational field alone. The two interpretation, and in those vital conceptions that
volumes overlap in their treatment of the indis- determine at once the forward steps in a science
pensable factors of heredity, sex, environment, and the range and grasp of the psychologist's
behavior, and the basic mental procedures. Miss personal hold, the criticism is yet more pointed.
Gordon includes a more detailed treatment of The issue emerges jointly in the handling of
the logical processes.
Since education not only
method and conclusion. Application emphasizes
instructs but proposes to teach reasoning, both the definite numerical statement; in its confidence
texts are written for the specific purpose of it proceeds to substitute what is measurable for
directing instruction in courses introducing stu- what is important. There is an analogy in the
dents to the applied phases of psychology. As aids æsthetic field. When machinery saves labor, it
to study they will prove efficient. But, like all is an aid to the finer effort and thus to æsthetics;


1918]
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THE DIAL
are
a
when the machine dictates the design, and the stools is due to the circumstance that each is
designer begins to think in terms of the machine already occupied by a rightful claimant. It re-
and not in terms of the principles of design, the mains to be seen whether the new discipline can
machine is or may become an insidious power for find a third stool and encamp amicably between
evil. Applied psychology is so young that it still the theorist and the practitioner.
has this issue to face.
All this is said as much in caution as in criti-
A fair illustration is that of the consideration cism, as much in appreciation of the important
of sex differences, which are rightly placed as service which applied psychology has done—and
matters of first importance by all the chief con- which is attractively presented in these volumes
tributors to the movement here reviewed. On as in depreciation of certain tendencies which
the basis of laboratory tests, which show—with have already appeared. The irritating applied
fair equivalence of capacity and much overlap- psychologist, like the yet more exasperating poli-
ping in various fields—that in all respects the tician, is the one who assumes that anybody who
powers of men and women are equal, they con- disagrees with him does so in ignorance of facts
clude that any different treatment of boys and and figures, whereas the disagreement may well
girls is due to tradition and prejudice, and that be based upon certain considerations deeper than
the different careers of men and women facts and more significant than figures. The
largely the result of imposed license and disquali- immediate problem of the new discipline is to
fication. This conclusion is absolutely refuted by develop in its practitioners a broader appreciation
history, by biological and social science, and by of what lies within their field, and a more catholic
discerning analysis in every field. The right comprehension of what by nature lies beyond it.
conclusion, of course, is that the source of the
JOSEPH JASTROW.
significant sex differences lies outside the tests,
and also that the tests fail to bring them out-
all of which is an intelligible, though not a sim-
ple, tale. The assumption that a direct practical
A Long Wait in Vain
attack upon the problem will yield a solution is
THE LIFE OF JOHN FISKB. By John Spencer
a rough-rider procedure, totally unadjusted to Clark. 2 vols. Houghton Mifflin ; $7.50.
the obviously intricate and delicate features of
Something more is required to make a notable
the situation. This remains the general and biography han a rich collection of documents
deadly charge against the applied spirit. The and a large store of memories. Of this fact the
sin is by no means inherent in it. Sin is not recently published life of John Fiske is an irre-
inevitable-only temptation. As soon as applied futable demonstration. The work is in two
psychology accepts the responsibility of a more volumes from the pen of Fiske's intimate friend,
adequate analysis of the problems which it right- John Spencer Clark. It is a record not only of
fully attacks, and as soon as it cultivates the a significant life but of a significant contest in the
discerning insight which recognizes how many cultural history of America. Fiske's part in the
problems cannot be sampled (under the crude
struggle to wrest higher education from the con-
assumption that the whole is but the sum of its trol of theological tyranny, his early espousal of
fractional parts), its future will be more con- the theory of evolution, and his long battle for
sistent with the authentic source of its procedures. what he believed to be the true ethical and reli-
If it insistently affirms that the psychology of gious interpretation of Darwinism, connect him
advertising is important because its bills are large with episodes of historic importance. Should the
and do not yield to accounting, applied psychol- suspicion which appears to be gaining ground
ogy will lose perspective and invite suspicion. prove to be correct, should it come to be recog-
If, similarly, it concludes that men and women nized as true that somewhere near the turning
are different only as the differences appear in of the present century a new philosophy came
such parallel columns as it has found reason to into existence, a philosophy which is essentially
collect, it will arouse scientific protest. If it the voice of evolution, and that this thing hap-
presumes to dictate to the practitioner on matters pened in America, John Fiske would have to be
in which a practical sense has more value than regarded as the early pioneer of this extraordi-
acquaintance with the uncertain application of nary change. For this reason his life and work,
an uncertain theory, it will be accused of im- his educational, social, and religious environment,
pertinence. The danger of falling between two the magnificent support he received and the pet-
a


356
[April 11
THE DIAL
tiness of the opposition he overcame, are of vital and that he felt obliged to say something nice
concern to Americans jealous for the higher in- about Cranch. Let the reader be reminded that
tellectual life of their country. The more pity this is not an isolated example. It is strictly typ-
therefore that this long-awaited biography should ical of the book. The work makes the impres-
prove to be a failure.
sion of being an unusual approximation to what
These are not pleasant words to write, but is known in psychology as "total recall.” One
one must choose between writing them and the can understand of course how admiration of a
guilt of silently condoning the publication, by departed friend who was also a man of note
an old and distinguished house, of a performance might tend to interfere with the selection and
so amateur and inept. The more eminent the rejection of biographical material. But one may
subject of the memoir and the more distinguished not therefore excuse it, since without such dis-
the publisher, the greater the responsibility of crimination first-rate biography is impossible. So
the critic.
too of another feature of the book. One can
The reader who comes to this biography with
understand why an author who is by temper
the hope of finding a living portrayal of John a sentimentalist should feel moved to record
Fiske and a well considered estimate of his place numerous little family intimacies which, while
in the intellectual life of the latter half of the recalled with peculiar satisfaction by those im-
nineteenth century, may be promised a hand- mediately concerned, have little significance for
some disappointment. Mr. Clark appears to be
those who fail to get the original imaginative
dominated by a single ideal—to give in the origi- setting. But one deplores the lack of taste which
nal chronological order as many of the details of does not sense the absence of such setting and
Fiske's life, big and little, as can be packed into consequently does nothing to supply it. Then,
two good-sized volumes. An illustration will be
too, how can a man write an effective biography
the best criticism. The author has been retailing who is as innocent of a sense of humor as Mary
various incidents in Fiske's life covering the years
Baker G. Eddy herself?
1874-9: the death of his grandmother; his
A like mechanicalness is characteristic of the
preparation, in the absence of the maids, of a author's style. It is formalistic, wooden, stilted,
luncheon for Mother Brooks, who was ill; the monotonous to a degree rarely met with in lite-
removal of the Fiskes to a new house, built for rary attempts outside the writings of college
them by his mother and step-father; the visit of sophomores. The description of Fiske's court-
Professor and Mrs. Huxley (a rare bit of nat- ship-a theme calling for imagination and deli-
uralness); and so on. Quite in the vein not only cacy instead of literalness and pomposity--is a
of this chapter but of the entire biography he
classic of its kind. No one should read it unless
says (Vol. II, page 95] :
he knows the way of relief through mirth or
profanity. And how wearisome the author's
And now we come to an incident in the social life
of Fiske which has left an interesting memorial behind
labors to establish explicit coherence through
it. Among his neighbors in Cambridge was Christo- continuous prospective and retrospective refer-
pher Pearse Cranch-preacher, painter, and poet.
Cranch was a man of fine culture, and was one of
ence, as a substitute for the vital coherence to be
the small circle of Transcendentalists who made so secured only through the organic relations of the
much stir in the intellectual life of New England
inner movement of a story. Mr. Clark has
between 1830 and 1850.
One day in February, 1879 Cranch called upon
adopted as good literary technique the method of
Fiske at his house, 22 Berkeley Street, Cambridge. presentation suggested to teachers by a disillu-
Fiske was not at home; and, while waiting in the
sioned professor: First tell your pupils what it
library for Mrs. Fiske to come down, Cranch's feel-
ings were deeply stirred by the embodiments of human is you are going to tell them. Then tell it to
thought with which he was surrounded. Two days them. Then tell them what it was you just
after, he brought to Fiske the thoughts which came to
him while in Fiske's library, expressed in the follow-
told them. This for an example (and not the
ing lines:
worst one either):
The reader is then treated to a poem of no And now, having established the subject of this
special merit entitled "In a Library," and a
memoir in the helplessness of his infancy in the Fiske
family at Middletown, and having put in order his
double page insert reproduces the verses in fac- family antecedents which have revealed, on the pater-
simile! For the life of me I have been unable
nal side, the sturdy, free-thinking, genial qualities of
the Quaker, in contrast, on the maternal side, with the
to hit upon any reason why the author should
strict, religious character of the Puritan, embodied in
have felt it necessary to make anything of the
the attractive personality of his mother, we will leave
incident, save that he had the manuscript poem
him to be brought through the critical period of his
infancy, while we make ourselves acquainted with
N


1918]
357
THE DIAL
some of the physical and social characteristics of Mid- shelves; whose deportment at school was always
dletown, which served for his environment during the
perfect; and whose mental precociousness was the
period of his boyhood and his youth.
One is tempted to clinch the argument by outstanding wonder of all who knew him. This
further analysis of the author's style, calling
is interesting, and so is the slight reference to the
attention to monstrous hyphenates like “soci-
hero's schoolmates, who seem to have judged him
ologico-political," "philosophico-religious," "me-
by standards of their own, and whom the
taphysico-theological," "atheistico-materialistic,
author calls jealous and cowardly. But of much
and other irritating idiosyncrasies of diction. But
greater interest would have been a critical study
of the effect of Fiske's early environment upon
perhaps enough has been said to indicate the
author's literary inadequacy. I cannot refrain,
his personality and his views. He was brought
however, from quoting just one of his novel sen-
up by adoring grandparents. He was gifted with
tences. This one occurs in the narration of
an extraordinarily keen, agile mind, a quite unu-
Fiske's visit to the Pacific coast, a trip from which
sual intellectual curiosity, and a remarkably tena-
he returned rich in pleasant memories:
cious memory. What was the effect of such an
environment upon such an equipment? Here was
He took with him, as a particularly sweet remem-
brance, the home of the Reverend T. L. Eliot with a biographical opportunity. It is made use of
his accomplished daughters, where in the intervals to give us a catalogue of childhood virtues viewed
between lectures he had enjoyed several hours of rare
from the angle of age.
intellectual converse, mingled with delightful music.
[Vol. II, page 367.]
It is true that in the course of the long narra-
These defects of literary form are but the tive there is an occasional, temporary lapse into
superficial and more immediate manifestations of something resembling real biography. But on
something which goes deeper. In the only sense the whole the model followed in the portrayal of
that counts when it comes to writing a biog- Fiske's childhood is all too successfully adhered
raphy, the author has not known Fiske. He to. In place of a serious attempt to analyze
describes from the outside. He only half under- Fiske's personality—to arrive at the sources of
stands. He has never lost himself in the subject. his power and of his weakness—in place of a
His delight in Fiske is unmistakable; his admira- sober estimate of the nature and value of his
tion unrestrained ; his work clearly one long trib- contribution to the life of the interesting period
ute. For all that, he remains a spectator- in which he lived, we have again a catalogue of
perhaps just because his attitude is one of wor- virtues. We are told over and over of the orderly
ship rather than affection. This attitude is arrangement in Fiske's mind of the vast stores
clearly seen in his description of Fiske's entrance of knowledge at his command; we are assured
upon his career as an American historian: again and again of his lucid style, of his sim-
Feeling a deep interest in the occasion, I took a seat plicity of manner, of the "brilliant literary and
where I could observe critically both the speaker and
oratorical success” of his lectures; we are referred
the audience. After rising, Fiske paused a moment to
survey his audience; and when he had attention at to many an incident as "a further revelation of
full focus he said, in clear toneſ, and in a simple, the considerate kindness, the deep poetic sensi-
conversational way: "The voyage of Columbus was
bility, and the profound reverential feeling which
in many respects the most important event in human
history since the birth of Christ.” He then paused a
were constituent elements of Fiske's nature"-or
bit. The momentary effect upon the audience—the words to that effect.
attempt to grasp its significance-was clearly per-
ceptible. Observe the immense connotative suggestive-
The failure of the author to grasp and reveal
ness of this simple sentence. Brief, sententious as it personality is mitigated by his publication of let-
was, it threw a momentary searchlight over the whole
ters to and from Fiske and portions of the latter's
period of Christian history, and was a clear intima-
tion that a master mind had come to give a philosophic lively and graphic diary. With these to draw
interpretation to the events which had flowed from
upon the reader can find material to block out
the memorable voyage of Columbus from the port of
Palos on the 3d of August, 1492.
a rough portrait and even to fill in a few details
Fiske is not only great but sacred, and he must
with confidence. It is thus sufficiently evident
never be allowed to do or say anything out of
that he was a man of tremendous intellectual
character. So we are told about an angelic child, energy and great personal charm, who counted
who was always dutiful; who was never guilty among his friends a considerable number of the
of a blot or an erasure in a letter, or a mark of foremost thinkers of the English-speaking world
any kind in a book; who always knew how many of his day. It is clear too that he was able to
volumes he possessed, the color of each binding, move critical audiences, both here and in Eng-
and the exact order of their arrangement on his land, to the highest pitch of enthusiasm, and that


358
(April 11
THE DIAL
something about him enlisted men and women tory he seems to be assured a high place. His
of means in his projects. Even more obvious is historical writings have always been widely read,
the fact that affection for Mrs. Fiske and the and now even historical scholarship, which a few
children was his dominant passion to the end years ago was severe in its criticism, has changed
of life. "Being away from you," he writes to mildly qualified praise. And no one can tell
to Mrs. Fiske from the midst of friends in how far this reaction may go. At any rate it still
London, "amounts in itself to a serious illness. remains to be determined to what extent Henry
The agonies I have suffered since I landed in Irving was speaking with knowledge and judg-
England are such as no words can ever describe, ment when he wrote to Mrs. Fiske: "He was a
and it goes far to offset the good effects of my great philosopher and a great historian. The
seclusion. Nay, rather, let me come home and world was and is richer for his work, and he
work as in the old days. I fear that this awful has left a blank never to be filled in the hearts of
homesickness will break down my strength.” his friends."
M. C. OTTO.
And at last he was compelled to leave his task
unfinished and go home. One recalls Leslie
Stephen's remark about John Stuart Mill: “A
Clipped Wings
man who could love so deeply must have been
lovable himself."
THE HOUSE OF CONRAD. By Elias Tobenkin.
The case is worse for the reader interested in Stokes; $1.50.
arriving at an estimate of the value of Fiske's Is it the mission of America to break down
historical and philosophical work. Here the biog-
the revolutionary ardor of the immigrant, con-
raphy is of practically no help. Mr. Clark is vert his sons to a sane and cautious view of
more concerned for Fiske's personal glory than working-class progress, and reward his grand-
for the solid success of the movements in which children with an honest homestead in the West,
he was engaged. There was a time when Fiske wherewith they may become rich through their
was believed to be delivering great messages. He
own unaided toil? This is the immigrant process
was bringing new hope to people harassed by Mr. Tobenkin suggests in his new novel of the
fears of the religious implications of the theory
three generations of the "House of Conrad" in
of evolution, and he was interpreting American the New World. The story traces the slow frus-
political institutions to audiences uplifted by his tration of the dream of the fiery young workman
vision and thrilled by his eloquence. What is disciple of Lassalle who comes to New York in
the state of affairs today? How lasting was the
the late sixties. The young German socialist is
marriage between religion and evolution for obsessed with the idea of founding a "house"
which Fiske was responsible? Of what perma-
of stalwart sons who shall liberate the workers
nent value was his historical work? One wishes
of the land of the free. But the neighbors soon
that Mr. Clark had thrown some light on these turn the heir apparent, Ferdinand Lassalle
problems. But he appears quite unconscious of Conradi, into plain Fred Conrad, and to his
the fatal logical weaknesses inherent in Fiske's
father's chagrin the quiet boy grows up not into
religion of evolution. And while he is aware of the flaming leader of the masses but into an
unfavorable criticisms of the historical work, he intelligent conservative labor leader of his bakers'
undertakes no examination of their force. Per- unions—tepid towards the socialist dogmas,
haps it is just as well. For in the one instance slightly ashamed of his father's excitement and
where he attempts adjudication in the debate incorrigible foreign accent. He marries a maiden
—
.
between Fiske and William James—he quite from Vermont, and his two children emerge in-
misses the point, and condescendingly takes James distinguishably "American." The jealousy of
to task for opposing evolution when he is in fact rival labor leaders brings the unfortunate Fred
objecting to a specific speculative development of to prison; his wife dies; the children become
evolution.
waifs and are taken in charge by the authorities.
And so in spite of our long wait (the book is Salvation is found only when the grandson, Rob-
announced by the publishers as the long-awaited ert, carrying out his dead father's dream of a
biography) we shall be compelled to wait still homestead in California, rescues his sister and
longer for a definitive life of Fiske. It is not brings her and the mellowed old grandfather to
likely that he will ever be recognized as one of
his new ranch.
our leading philosophers, but in the field of his- In this more ambitious plot, Mr. Tobenkin


1918]
359
THE DIAL
leaves little doubt that the gaucheries of his each of his incidents actually happened, his novel
earlier “Witte Arrives" were not so much mere would still be riddled with untruth. I fear that
symptoms of inexperience as of a very limited his imagination, as soon as it strays out of the
imagination about American life. He has a real realm of what is pure and of good repute, is
sense for the intense idealism of the socialist exceedingly limited. This ingenious novel gives
workers, their self-sacrifice, and the heroic strug- the author a certificate of spotless moral char-
gles of their little journals and groups. He has a acter that any sinner might envy. Since the
real feeling for the boy Fred, with his quiet indus- Sunday-school books that we used to read in
try, his sober romance, the toil in the bakery, the childhood I know nothing quite equal to Mr.
little politics of his union. But the moment he at- Tobenkin's notions of the seamy side of life.
tempts to bring the house of Conrad into con- Fred's adventure with the "widow," from which
tact with the American native world, unreality dates all his woe, is quite characteristic. An
shows its face. Fred must given a strong insistent smugness, a note of the young and
Americanizing influence. He must meet some- earnest immigrant's proving to the wholesome
one who, while sympathizing with the "under and earnest native American how very whole-
dog," teaches the boy how necessary it is for some and earnest he can be, pervades this book.
these immigrant idealists to adapt themselves to One turns with relief to such a masterpiece as
American ways.
Yet is it plausible that this "David Levinsky," where both the immigrant
native American should be a shrewd New Eng- and the native world are seen veraciously, with-
lander, "of old Revolutionary stock," "graduate out moral bias. And Mr. Cahan's vigorous
of a leading college,” once a teacher but now command of English is as superior to Mr. Toben-
imperturbably a small contractor in the painting kin's feeble style as is his American vision to
and decorating business, and the uncle of the Mr. Tobenkin's conception of puritans.
Vermont maiden who no sooner is in New York But what concerns us most is the impression
than she is walking in the park with the young of clipped wings which this young novelist pro-
German baker apprentice? A good novelist can duces. Evidently he had the serious purpose of
make anything seem plausible: Mr. Tobenkin's illuminating the immigrant process; and he is
natives make one shudder. What are we to do important therefore, if for only his intention.
with the unhappy Edward Sumner Channing, of Now the main drama of the American immi-
impeccable Abolitionist ancestry and of the even grant's life lies in his reaction to our economic
more impeccable Fifth Avenue present? Do Chan- absolutism. “The House of Conrad" is almost
nings, when they are unfortunate in their do- a cunning evasion of that capitalistic issue. Gott-
mestic relations, talk that way about socialism fried, with his fiery socialist bitterness, is mel-
and about love? Do they fall in love with girls lowed down, one might say, into the harmless
like Fred's daughter, who has come out of a manager of a small bookshop. The quiet Fred
reformatory to be a companion to their aristo-
goes to prison, not so much a victim of the em-
cratic sister? And if they do, since Ruth is an ployers whom he is fighting as of his own com-
admirable girl, do they suddenly jump out of rades, punishing him for his sexual virtue. The
windows only because they are asked if their grandson finds liberation in that most inadequate,
proud sisters would want girls like Ruth for obsolete social institution, the individually ap-
sisters-in-law ? Perhaps they do. But it requires propriated homestead in the West. Nowhere a
more artistry than Mr. Tobenkin possesses to grappling with the issue, though the hero springs
make it plausible.
straight from the Lassallean furnace! Every-
The entire incident of Ruth is preposterous where the suggestion that while the heart of
melodrama. Are such resolute and rational girls revolutionary idealism may do it credit, Ameri-
so easily terrorized by cheap police bullies into can sober sense sees that its head is weak! For
fleeing the city, without a word to the neglected this young novelist the class struggle has been
father, for whom they have just driven their blurred. In a time of moral adventure it is
lover to his death? And is a girl of sixteen, so the pedestrian virtues that he delicately urges.
beautiful and intelligent, so resolute and rational Among the revolutionary appeals, his idealism
as this daughter of Fred's, immured in a House has grown tepid. Whatever America may have
of Redemption because she has once been found
done to the House of Conrad, it has done some-
with a neighbor's little boy asleep in her lap?
thing unfortunate to Mr. Elias Tobenkin.
Even though Mr. Tobenkin could prove that
RANDOLPH BOURNE.


360
(April 11
THE DIAL
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
ing pace with the recasting of our world, East
and West. The Black Hole of Calcutta is
HISTORY OF INDIA. By Captain L. J.
familiar enough, but not so the events that pre-
Trotter. Revised and brought up to date
ceded and followed that epochal incident. What
by W. H. Hutton. Macmillan; $3.50.
we know of the administration of Warren Hast-
Not since the soldier-scholar of the old East ings is still obscured by Macaulay's inaccurate
India Company days put the finishing touches to rhetoric. From our oldest preparatory school,
his history in 1899, has the text been revised or
Dummer Academy at South Byfield, Massa-
reissued.. The service has now been fittingly chusetts, came the American general, Sir David
performed by Archdeacon Hutton, the Oxford Ochterlony, whose statue greets the American
Reader in Indian History. It was in Oxford tourist in Calcutta. But little do we realize that
that the old soldier began and ended his career. he stopped that marauding race from Nepal,
Histories of India have frequently come from known today as the Gurkhas, who furnished the
the hands of administrators like Hunter, but finest soldiers in the Indian army; or that he
rarely, if we exclude Colonel James Tod's classic
saved Delhi to England in 1804the ancient
study of Rajputana, have they come from capital, whose name we mispronounce but per-
the hands of a soldier. This seems only natural
petuate in five states in this country, where an
when we consider the turmoil and anarchy, due American Vicereine entered to a durbar on a
to the decline of the famous Mughal empire,
state elephant. Inded, no more fascinating read-
from which the British rescued India. How-
ing can be offered than this brief history of
ever, those were the days when soldiers readily India. It is convenient to find the place-names
and efficiently assumed the role of administra-
and their spellings standardized and provided
tors.
It is now certain that we have seen the
with diacritical marks: this was the least due
last of this interesting type in Cromer and
our country, that has nurtured Sanskrit scholars
Kitchener.
like Whitney, Hopkins, and Lanman.
But the foundation for India's prosperity and
order were not fully laid until the keeping of DIDEROT'S EARLY PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS.
the new, inchoate, heterogeneous empire passed Translated by Margaret Jourdain. Open
from the overtaxed machinery of the outworn Court; $1.25.
Company of "merchant-adventurers" into that
It is a commonplace that each advance in sci-
of the British Parliament. It required an Ori-
ence, each change in economic and social condi-
ental imagination like that of Disraeli to seize
tions, has demanded not only revised conceptions
and improve upon the opportunity. Thus Vic-
of God but radically different methods for estab-
toria became Empress of India and ruler of
lishing the fact of his existence. Diderot lived
new, vast empire in 1877, nineteen years after
India passed into the hands of a central govern-
in one of these transition periods. His reaction
ment in London. Captain Trotter's pages deal against the traditional religion and the dogma-
tism of French intellectual vested interests is
largely with the early struggles of the British
in contesting the French and Indian adventurers Jourdain's admirable translation now makes ac-
manifested in the early writings which Margaret
that laid claims to the deliquescent dominions
cessible to American readers.
of the Mughal. Incidentally, Archdeacon Hut-
The "Philosophic Thoughts" are primarily a
ton's footnote on the struggle with the French
justification of the skeptic's position. "What
in southeastern India reveals the fact that a
is a skeptic? A philosopher who has questioned
"Sergeant Bernadotte, the future King of Swe-
all he believes, and who believes what a legiti-
den, was taken prisoner by the English." Trot-
mate use of his reason and his senses has proved
ter's survey of this military period makes swift
to him to be true.” He pleads for a free use
and entertaining reading.
Nowadays, the emphasis is rightly placed on
of reason as against a reliance upon superstition;
for demonstration as against faith in miracles.
the economic and political phases in history.
“
Turning over Captain Trotter's pages on early "He who does not deliberately embrace the faith
in which he has been bred can no more plume
Hindu and Muhammadan institutions and his-
himself on being a Christian or a Mussulman
tory, we find them readable and enlightening,
even though research and the discoveries of than upon not being born blind or lame. It is
archæology have uncovered more data than were
his luck, not his merit.” In common with Vol.
available at the time of his writing. For such
taire, Diderot was impressed with the argument
early history information is now sought in schol-
from design for the existence of God. In
arly work like that of Vincent Smith. But the “Thought XX” he presents this argument, but
American reader and student will find this vol- since within three years, in “The Letter on the.
ume sufficient to their needs, especially at this Blind," he ostensibly quotes the words of the
time when a swift survey is essential to our keep- blind Saunderson in which the latter applies the


1918]
361
THE DIAL
.
principle of relativity to God and suggests the were they able, in the sale of sugar, to compete
theories of evolution and survival of the fittest as with their French neighbors, who sold their
alternatives to special creation, it is probable wares at a considerably cheaper price. To force
that even in 1746 Diderot doubted the effective- the trade of the mainland to the English West
ness of this argument.
Indies and at the some time to strike a blow at
"The Letter on the Blind” and “The Letter French commerce, Parliament passed the famous
on the Deaf and Dumb" are valuable and in- Molasses Act of 1733, which must be counted as
teresting because of Diderot's thorough utiliza- one of the causes that led to the American revolt.
tion of the principle of relativity. He indicates The history of this act, the agitation that pre-
the dependence of morality, as well as intel- ceded it, and the futile efforts to enforce it are
lectual conceptions, upon our sense organs. “How to American readers the more important subjects
different,” he asks, "is the morality of the blind treated in Dr. Pitman's work on the British West
from ours? How different would that of a Indies. The author also discusses in detail such
deaf man likewise be from his? And to one matters as social life, the labor problem, slavery
with a sense more than we have, how deficient and the slave trade, foreign commerce, and eco-
would our morality appear—to say nothing nomic arrangements. His work further includes
more?" If the psychologist tells us these essays a number of carefully prepared statistical appen-
contain much crude and unwarranted specula- dices.
dices. It is elaborately indexed and is prefaced
tion, we should remember that Diderot expresses with a good map of the entire Caribbean region.
his keen disappointment with his inability to se-
cure experimental verification for his theories. THE SPIRIT OF REVOLT IN Old FRENCH
He clearly indicates that the test of valid specu-
LITERATURE. By Mary Morton Wood.
lation must be a scientifically controlled experi- Columbia University Press; $1.50.
ment, and he proffers suggestions for the educa- Dr. Wood draws from early French and Pro-
tion of the blind and the deaf which are now vençal literature typical passages which show
in operation.
striving toward social justice and freedom of
Americans who do not read French have been thought in the much abused “dark ages.” She
excluded too long from direct contact with the endeavors to make the work palatable to the gen-
intellectual life of eighteenth-century France. A eral reader by translating all her citations and
reading of this book will stimulate a desire for by using, to avoid repetition, less than one fifti-
direct acquaintance with the later writings of eth of the matter originally collected. She com-
Diderot and his fellow Encyclopedists. The ments on the character of the various authors
desire, however, is due in part to Margaret and the conditions under which they wrote when
Jourdain's excellent translation, which makes it such explanation is useful in fixing the exact
possible to read Diderot with no thought that bearing of their attack, but otherwise she refrains
the original was penned in a foreign language. from interpretation of her text, for fear of inject-
ing twentieth century ideas into the discussion.
The DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRITISH WEST A cardinal defect in much of the social philoso-
INDIES, 1700-1763. By Frank Wesley Pit- phy of the middle ages lies in the "substitution
man. Yale University Press; $2.50.
of charity for justice," or "the assumption that
In the earlier half of the eighteenth century privileged individuals have the right to bestow
the imperial interests of England extended chiefly happiness on others. So the moralists, with few
to four important parts of the world: the Hudson exceptions, urged the king to be merciful to his
Bay country, India, the North American colonies, subjects, instead of inciting the people to hold
and the West Indies. As the first two were, so their kings accountable to them.” But courage
far as England was concerned, the exclusive fields of expression is noted everywhere, and the right
of great trading companies, they produced no to personal conviction occasionally championed.
difficult administrative complications. Between The first and strongest chapter deals with the
the West Indies and the Northern colonies there revolt against political and economic injustice.
existed, however, a conflict of interests which in All notes are sounded, from the famous personal
a large measure was responsible for the disruption laments of the wretched Rutebeuf to the tragic
of the British empire later in the century. The picture of peasant misery drawn by the high
islands of the West Indies were sugar colonies; churchman Etienne de Fougères. “It is this
while the dominions on the mainland produced which distresses me the most," sings Rutebeuf,
lumber, live stock, fish, meat, and provisions in “that I dare not, empty handed, knock at my
other forms. It was the presumption at West-
own door."
And again: "These are friends
minster that these products could be disposed of whom the wind blows away and the wind blew
in the sugar colonies; but the islanders were hard before my door." Etienne de Fougères
unable to consume all the Northern products, nor writes: "If he (the peasant] has a fat goose or


362
[April 11
THE DIAL
a chicken or a cake of white flour, he intends and hence the wealth-producing power, of British
it all for his lord. He never tastes a good mor- industry, trade, and agriculture to an entirely
sel, bird or roast." The four following chapters
new level.
The argument is interesting and
deal with attacks on corruption among the plausible, although the effectiveness of it is les-
clergy or on church discipline. The last chap- sened by assertions that are palpably extravagant.
ter is entitled “Protest against Sex Discrimina- The flat statement, for example, that Great
tion.” Dr. Wood admits that this protest took Britain can “treble her yearly output, her yearly
a “perverted form” in that it was occupied almost income, and her national wealth by Americaniz-
exclusively with "discussion of female depravity.” ing her industries" is absurd, especially when
Since this particular protest is obviously near her viewed in relation to the enormous depletion of
heart, she could have greatly strengthened her the industrial population for which the war has
argument by extending her study to include the already been responsible. All in all, however, the
first French feminist, Christine de Pisa. Dr. author has established his point; namely, that
Wood apparently admires the “Roman de la however great the economic losses suffered since
Rose," and refuses to accept the violent asper- 1914, they do not yet even approach the character
sions of Jean de Meung as reflecting his per- of an irreparable disaster.
sonal opinion of women. Her case is weak here.
Indeed, when she observes that Jean's work is AMERICAN PICTURES AND THEIR PAINT-
a "defense of marriage against celibacy,” the ERS. By Lorinda Munson Bryant. Lane; $3.
reviewer is reminded of the mite once contrib- What first attracts one toward Mrs. Bryant's
uted to academic gaiety by an undergraduate book is the discrimination manifested in the
who, on being asked what the Rose symbolized, selection of the illustrations, which form a series
replied gravely, “The Heart of the Maiden.”
displaying the characteristic phases of American
painting from Colonial times to the present.
The GREAT PROBLEMS OF BRITISH STATES-
These examples reveal the general trend and
MANSHIP. By J. Ellis Barker. Dutton; $4.
vigor of native painting in oil. Artists differing
The problems of British statesmanship which widely in methods and aims are ranged side by
Mr. Barker considers fall into two general side in amicable historical review. Even the
classes—foreign and domestic. On the foreign
On the foreign much despised anecdotist and the latest of the
side he discusses questions relating to Constan- younger radicals are not denied admission. There
tinople, Asiatic Turkey, Autria-Hungary, Poland, is much biographical detail of an informing
and an "Anglo-American reunion"; on the nature, and here and there expositions of studio
domestic, the question of war finance as related theory. The book is written, however, from a
to the economic future, the attainment of British popular non-critical point of view; consequently
industrial supremacy, and the reorganization of there is little or no discussion of the various
government on the lines shown by the present technical methods used by the painters in obtain-
war to be advantageous. The book's title is ing their effects. Whether intentionally or not,
misleading. Certain problems of British states- the author constantly gives the impression of em-
manship are taken up at some length, but by no phasizing the importance of subject matter in
means all. The contents, in fact, display the painting. She even adds a rebellious little corol-
heterogeneity characteristic of books made up, as lary to one of Whistler's pronouncements, in
the present one is, of random articles published which he glorifies the manner at the expense of
in the magazines. All of Mr. Barker's chapters, the matter. One sincerely wishes that Mrs.
however, make good reading, and a few command Bryant in her enthusiasm for nature, both inani-
thoughtful attention. Among the latter are two mate and human, had focused her numerous
in which he argues that the present war, far from descriptions of the subject matter of the paintings.
impoverishing Great Britain, may greatly enrich That the painter has chosen to paint a wintry
that nation. In support of this contention he landscape under certain interesting conditions is
cites the experience of England after the Na- surely no
surely no excuse for a general panegyric on
poleonic wars, and of the United States after winter, or that the artist has selected a human
the Civil War. He finds in doubled or trebled being or several human beings as a means of
taxation a powerful stimulus to industrial initia- expression is no excuse for a general eulogy of
tive and to the development of latent resources. mankind. In the family circle a little girl, it is
He estimates British manufacturing, mining, true, may be a “darling,” but in a painting that
transportaion, and agriculture as only one third may be the least interesting of her attributes. If
as productive per capita prior to 1914 as Ameri- the subject is a man, the author dilates on mascu-
can. And he believes that the war will force line character; if the subject is a woman, and a
such an economic reorganization, largely on thin one at that, the author thinks the artist
American lines, as will bring up the efficiency, would have been wiser to select a plumper and
a


1918]
363
THE DIAL
a
rosier model. The author even says in one place should serve as clues to the general conditions
that each brush stroke of a certain artist was a which underlie events. In this sense Legrand's
"stroke of love.” Most artists will confess that book is a contribution to history as well as to
their own brush strokes are often accompanied criticism.
by something more closely resembling profanity.
Paint, as anyone knows who has worked with it, The STORY OF THE SALONIKA ARMY. By
is a mulish substance. And, furthermore, our
G. Ward Price. Clode; $2.
view is endorsed by famous testimony, for we all Mr. Price deserved a better sponsor than Lord
recall that historic outcry of Sir Joshua Reynolds, Northcliffe, for he has written a really admirable
“Damn paint!" Aside from these minor defects
book, entertaining and genuinely informative.
the book is a handy and valuable compendium. Liberal readers might easily be frightened away
It contains a goodly stock of information, and by such sweeping statements as Lord Northcliffe
one is readily able, by means of it, to trace the makes in his encomiastic introduction; for in-
leading tendencies in our native art.
stance, that "he (Mr. Price] makes clear the
chicanery which prevented the Greeks from fol-
The New Greek COMEDY. By Philippe E. lowing their natural bent. He sweeps aside, once
Legrand. Translated by James Loeb. Put-
and for all, the hollow pretense of Germany that
nam's; $4.50.
her dastardly action in Belgium finds a parallel
This book, which in the original French is in the treatment of Greece by the Allies.” This
entitled “Daos," has been familiar to scholars suggests a propaganda book. But this is precisely
since 1910 as a most valuable comprehensive the kind of book Mr. Price has not written. He
study of Greek New Comedy. Mr. Loeb has gives comparatively little of the confused diplo-
made it accessible to the general reader in some- matic background which both preceded and
what abridged form, and there is a brief intro- followed the landing of the Allied armies at
duction by that brilliant Hellenist, the late John Salonika. What he does give is the human side
Williams White. Professor Legrand deals with of the difficulties confronted by the Allied com-
the subject in the competent and thorough man- manders, the human side of the struggle on the
ner which we expect of the French critic; he Macedonian front, and the humor and tragedy
divides his work into three main sections, which and beauty of the fighting in Albania and around
treat of the subject matter of New Comedy, the Monastir. For example, the chapter headed
structure of the plays, and their purpose.
“Ourselves and the Greeks: Relations at
Probably the most interesting pages are fur- Salonika” is not a summing up of the evidence
nished by the sketch of the dramatis personæ of of the blue, white, red, yellow, and black books.
New Comedy, of the strange types which made On the contrary, it is an account of picturesque
up the stage world of Menander and his less Salonika, of the amusing profiteering at “Floca's"
famous fellows, and which were so meekly bor-
(the famous restaurant has since been burned
rowed by Plautus and Terence. Here they all down), of the adventures of the Allied military
are: foreigners
, rustics, sycophants and parasites, police when they had to arrest spies in the
old men virtuous or lecherous—rich or poor,
Turkish quarter, where every house had almost
as many secret doors as it had windows. The
young men in love, courtesans of every hue, the
pander and the omnipresent slave, the boasting of language, costume, and manners become vivid
congeries of races at Salonika and the contrasts
soldier and the misanthrope. The adventures
and intriguing under his descriptions. Yet Mr.
of such characters were excellently adapted to
Price does not wholly neglect the larger aspects
amuse the Athenians, now that the Athenians
of the whole Balkan situation. He gives as the
could no longer indulge in political satire; and
final justification for the Macedonian adventure
the career of New Comedy in Rome, and on the
not so much the desire to help the hard-pressed
modern stage through Molière, Goldoni, Dryden, Serbians—although that generous motive had
Shakespeare, and a host of other imitators, is
much to do in shaping Allied public opinion to
ample proof of its viability. But there is in the
assent—as the necessity of not allowing German
original comedies, as Legrand points out, an prestige to have it all its own way in the Balkans.
undercurrent of piety for which nothing in the He explains the natural difficulties of terrain
modern imitations would prepare us; we find which confronted the composite Allied armies.
throughout the New Comedy a tone of resigna- Yet even though Mr. Price is frank to admit
tion in the midst of the fun, and a belief that sal- that the expedition really came weeks too late to
vation is an individual and not a social concern, be as effective as it ought to have been, from his
which serve as a reminder that the days of Chris- book one gets the final impression that the wonder
tianity were coming. Such documents are too is not that the Allies have done so little in Mace-
often neglected by the political historian; they donia, but that they have done so much.


364
[April 11
THE DIAL
CASUAL COMMENT
the Russian Revolution will not be tolerated.
Yet with these clear evidences of a growing
HORACE WALPOLE'S EPIGRAM TO THE EFFECT
world leadership, President Wilson's liberal inter-
that life is a tragedy to the man who feels and national policy, instead of being warmly sup-
a comedy to the man who thinks, contains a sug-
ported in his own country where he might most
gestion for educators. Bertrand Russell, who
hopefully look for support, is the object of covert
derives as much ästhetic satisfaction from the
hostility. The very journals which give voluble
contemplation of a logical sequence in higher lip service to President Wilson and enthusiasti-
mathematics as a classicist from the niceties of
cally welcome any increase of our military
Attic prose, defines the scientific outlook as the strength, often slyly insinuate that the ideals for
refusal to regard our own desires, tastes, and
which all our sacrifices are freely given are really
interests as affording any key to the under-
Utopian ideals. In brief, far too many of our
standing of the world. Yet what is the final
newspapers seem glad of the chance to “stand
objection brought against the modernist by the
behind the President" just as long as it gives them
defenders of Greek and Latin in our schools, if it opportunity to pull their own militaristic chest-
is not that the new education develops a cheap
nuts out of the fire. When it comes to a genuine
utilitarian outlook in the student? In brief, the
world democracy they are skeptical. A year of
quarrels in the field of education seem to the
war has revealed their motives all too clearly:
outsider to make use of subjects only as an
they care nothing about a more decent inter-
occasion for condemning methods. It is not
national system; they care only about making
science in itself that the classicist really objects
America a strong military nation.
to, any more than it is pages of conjugations of
verbs which really arouse the ire of the modern-
ist. It is the fear that the opposing school of BUT WHY UNDER THESE CIRCUMSTANCES
pedagogy has not the power to evoke in the should American liberals have been so slow in
student that certain impersonality of outlook, coming to the enthusiastic support of President
that objectivity, which all appear to agree is a Wilson's international programme? Why, indeed,
man's most precious cultural possession. It is are they still unorganized and ineffective? Be-
fear, in a word, that the other fellow does not cause a year ago the liberals suspected not
know how to coax from youngsters the desire President Wilson or his intentions—but precisely
to think. For although we are long since too those reactionary forces which today stand so
sophisticated to accept Horace Walpole's naïve shamelessly revealed. There was legitimate sus-
distinction between thought and feeling, the picion of those who urged the country to “stand
direction and emphasis of his idea finds us recep- behind the President" when the very people who
tive. There is no quarrel with the contention urged this loudest had never lifted a finger to
that the life of reason has a humor, charm, and
further democracy at home. What liberals ob-
passion beside which the satisfactions of a lifejected to was not the employment of military
dominated by desire are as evanescent as steam.
force—for the words pacifist and liberal are not
synonymous—but to the purpose for which that
force was seemingly to be used. It appeared
Mr. DuranT'S PROVOCATIVE LETTER TO THE that, in spite of all President Wilson might be
DIAL (printed on another page) brings sharply able to do, the war would result merely in a
to attention a tragic, although neglected, truth: new imperialistic balance of power. Certainly
that while American newspapers and magazines those who were most ruthless in condemning the
and official spokesmen for public opinion are skeptical for their "lack of patriotism" did every-
unanimous in their support of the United States's thing they could to increase that skepticism. But
war policy, in his advocacy of a liberal inter- there is no longer any real justification for doubt.
national programme, of which this war policy is In the last year President Wilson has revealed,
the deliberate and conscious expression, President not once but again and again, that he really
Wilson stands practically alone. The irony of means what he says, that he purposes to fight
this is that already President Wilson has the for a new international system based on justice
support of the most powerful force in British and fair dealing. He is gathering to his support
politics, the British Labor Party; that he has the all the democratic forces of the world. Liberals
support of the common people of France and in America cannot afford to continue any longer
Italy; and that even in Russia the earlier sus- in their present state of disorganization. They
picions are vanishing before his courageous must present a united front. They must actively
insistence-emphasized again in his Baltimore and whole-heartedly support the President in his
speech—that as far as America is concerned an war programme, if they expect to have the right
imperialistic peace which sacrifices the fruits of to speak concerning his idealistic programme.


1918]
365
THE DIAL
As Mr. Durant has truly said, "they have noth- him as a little less persuasive than in his earlier
ing to lose but their isolation." Certainly those works. For all their fluidity and iridescence
who never objected to the use of military force they lack the warmth and passion and tenderness
for righteous ends have now, after Brest-Litovsk, that inform so beautifully the “Quartet,” the
less cause than ever before to question its em- "Nocturnes,” and “Pelléas.” During the last
ployment. The German militarists understand few years, in fact, Debussy's style became com-
no argument except force, and until they are paratively rigid. The poet in him, the blind im-
defeated or until they are thrown from power passioned being moved by a dark inner need, had
by a revolution, there can be no clean peace. It gradually given way to the critic, the man bril-
is obvious that the very ideals of President Wil-
liantly conscious of all that he intends. And
son, which look forward to making war impos-. toward the close of his life he might have said,
sible, cannot be realized without active support
with Rameau his master, “My taste becomes
of his present war programme. The DIAL, for
purer from day to day, but my genius has van-
its part, has never faltered from active and
ished.”
whole-hearted support of the President in his war
programme. But it has also, as a liberal journal,
IN WHAT DEGREE IS OUR PRESS RESPONSIBLE
gladly supported the President's attempts to
create a more tolerable system of international
for that dismal uniformity in American life
relations than existed in July, 1914, even when
which James Bryce discussed in a famous chap-
such support has been maliciously or stupidly
ter? The other day an influential paper said
misconstrued. And as a liberal journal, it will
editorially of a local non-conformist:
continue that support in the future. There is no It is not disclosed that he had anything to gain by
longer in America any question of active loyalty expressing himself. His egotism seems to have sug-
to the President's war programme, except among
gested to him that he was alone in an arcanum of
intelligence and that he ought to emerge from the
the handful of the embittered extremists or the mysteries of his intellect and set the poor boobs right
really treacherous. There is serious question, who were being used by Capitalism with a capital c.
however, of active loyalty to the President's inter-
When egotism suggests such isolation to the possessor
of an intellect and starts him on such a mission he
national programme which he hopes to make
becomes an awful thing.
effective as a result of this war. In this newer
and more significant sense, in this unwavering
Taste aside, this is a curiously frank amendment
support of the ideals and plans which alone,
of the theory underlying American freedom of
according to President Wilson himself, give the
conscience, of thought, and of speech. The the-
war meaning, The Dial proudly takes its place
ory is that if you will bring your ideas to the
with those few journals which sincerely and
open court of public opinion, it will circulate
honestly "stand behind the President."
their truths and let fall their errors. The
amendment is: make certain that your ideas con-
form before you bring them in (unless you have
DEATH DID NOT COME TO DEBUSSY UNEX- "something to gain by expressing" yourself).
pectedly. He had long known that he was Now a court differs from a mob chiefly in its
incurably ill with cancer and that his tenure of willingness to entertain and discriminate conflict-
life was short; calmly enough, he had even spoken ing ideas. The effect of the amendment is to
about it to his friends. Nor can we say that death turn the court of public opinion into a mob which
interrupted his work and deprived us of some will insist upon conformity or silence. That way
development of his art that we might hopefully lies something even more sinister than a stagnant
have anticipated. Doubtless the operas his pub- uniformity—the spirit which seeks to compel
lishers have been vaguely announcing season after agreement by enforcing the gestures of agree-
season—“La Légende de Tristan" and the others ment. To this futile and embittering intolerance
—will now of necessity remain sketches. Yet had we are already subject enough. The average man
Debussy lived another quarter-century, it is prob- has outgrown the notion that you can save people
able they would have remained sketches still. by herding them into churches; it is his own
Indeed, had he actually completed them, it is aphorism that you cannot make men good by law;
likely that they would have refined very little but daily now we hear of his attempts to make
upon the quality of his art. For he had long since men (and latterly women as well) "loyal" by
reached the climax of his powers.
forcing them to kiss the flag, on penalty of a duck-
recent compositions such as the piano preludes, ing or worse. Loyalty, of course, is our national
the music to d'Annunzio's “Le Martyre de Saint desire; but the mob spirit, encouraged by the
Sébastien,” the "Images” for orchestra—diaphan- emphasis our press puts upon superficial conform-
ous, exquisitely fashioned works though they are, ity, defeats the reality of loyalty by exacting its
add no cubit to his artistic stature. They reveal
His more
shadow.


366
(April 11
THE DIAL
a
COMMUNICATION
his outrageously open diplomacy has brought dis-
union into the aims of the Allies. It is forgotten
AMERICAN LIBERALS AND THE WAR
now (the victims of American journalism are
(To the Editor of The DIAL)
mostly those who are adepts in forgetting) that
This is a changing war. A year ago most of us the transportation of men and munitions depends
saw it as a rather interesting contest between two on the building of ships, this on the spirited co-
imperialistic systems for the exclusive domination of operation of the workers, and this on the intelligent
the world; today we begin to see it as a vast and
decency of employers (a decency that is decreasing
vital struggle between reactionary forces and pro- under cover of a war that shunts publicity from
gressive forces everywhere to determine whether domestic affairs); it is forgotten that revolution
any imperialistic system is to survive at all. What failed in the Central Empires, and sank into innocu-
is it that has so changed the focus and meaning of ous isolation in Russia, because of the refusal of
the war?
certain imperialistic forces to coöperate in a plan
Two factors chiefly: first, American participation,
which required more liberalism of aim, and threat-
under the guidance of a President whose intelligence ened more progress towards industrial reconstruc-
compels him to liberalism; second, the growth, in
tion, than these forces could digest; it is forgotten
every European country, of liberal forces standing that unity never existed in the war aims of the
on the power of labor to control production and Allies, and can be secured only through the tran-
morale, and strengthened by the indispensable sup- sient disunion necessarily incident to the demand for
port of the American government.
a democratic revision. All this must be forgotten
When, a year ago, President Wilson professed
now; for if it is remembered and understood, not
himself more interested in the democratic pacifica-
all the printer's ink in America can blacken the
tion of the world than in the development of that
President or make the world safe for autocracy.
baby imperialism which flaunts the flag in Wall
Surely this situation points a problem for Ameri-
Street, a considerable proportion of the liberals of can liberals, and offers them their chance. What
this country immured themselves in skeptical isola- are liberals to do? To wait for certainty is to
tion and suspense. But the last year has brought
court futility; to stand idly by is to lose the oppor-
them comfort, and brought them, too, a problem; tunity of coöperating with the liberals of Europe
for by all the tokens of American diplomacy the
in their uphill effort towards a democratic peace
President has meant that the splendid phrase which and the gradual demilitarization of the western
he coined about democracy should be taken at its world. Now is the time to wrest a strategical
face value, as the reliable issue of a government
point from the forces of reaction—to divert patriot-
prepared to sustain that value with all the resources ism from unwitting subservience to clever conserv-
at its command. He has repeatedly thrown the atism into such support of the President as will
weight of his prestige upon the side of the liberal not only strengthen him against imperialistic attack,
parties in Europe, and has formulated the pro- but will at the same time considerably enhance the
grammes which these parties have been glad to power and prestige of liberal ideas.
second and sustain; he has propounded terms of This may involve some mental reservation, to be
conciliation so obviously reasonable that no group sure; but participation in the compromising Alux of
in any country has dared to take open issue with events is the necessary price to be paid for partici-
them; he has announced himself as unequivocally pation in the direction and determination of events
.
opposed to the use of military force in the establish- The policy of a government is always in the end
ment of trade-routes or spheres of economic influ- determined by the source from which it derives its
ence; he has supported radical forces everywhere strongest support; if liberal support is not forth-
so far as they did not impede the effective participa- coming fully, the President will have to lean more
tion of America in the production of a warless upon the help, and towards the aims, of those forces
world; he has taken labor into his counsels with a that have ruled the past and have still a heavy
quite unprecedented fullness and candor, and has hand upon the future. Clearly the strategy of
definitely aligned himself against that industrial au- liberalism in the present conjuncture of events is to
tocracy which threatens to make American democ- throw whatever influence it commands upon the
side of President Wilson, offering him full support
And with what result? This, that the word has both in the prosecution of the war against feudalism
gone forth from all the Vaticans of privilege in at home and imperialism abroad, and also in the
America to the purchasable press that the position pursuit of the resolute purpose to write gradual
of the President in international diplomacy must disarmament and compulsory international arbitra-
be undermined and his high reputation at home bit
tion into the terms of peace.
by bit destroyed.
Let the liberals of America unite. They have a
Already the printed prostitutes of every city pro-
political leadership to gain under which perhaps our
claim that the President has failed: that he has
total economic structure may be rebuilt. And they
bungled the work of preparation; that he has not
have nothing to lose but their seclusion.
succeeded in stirring up revolution in Germany
WILL DURANT.
and Austria, or in guiding it in Russia; and that New York City.
racy a sham.


1918]
367
THE DIAL
NOTES AND NEWS
")
The Dial announces with regret the resignation
of William Aspenwall Bradley as Contributing
Editor. Our regret is, however, tempered by the
fact that Mr. Bradley's resignation is not the result
of any decrease in interest. He has accepted a
commission in the Sanitary Corps of the United
States Army, and for some time to come other
than literary or journalistic duties will fully en-
gage him. The Dial wishes Mr. Bradley good
fortune in his present task.
With this issue of The DIAL, Robert Dell as-
sumes the duties of Contributing Editor. Mr. Dell
has long been a Paris correspondent for English
newspapers, particularly for the "Manchester
Guardian," and for many weeks past has been
The DIAL's special correspondent on literary and
political affairs in France. He has always tried to
foster and make more friendly and secure Anglo-
French and Franco-American relations, for-as he
explains in his letter in this issue-he believes that
it is through France that America can best get in
touch with Europe.
Helen Marot, who discusses industrial educa-
tion in this issue, was a member of the Committee
on Industrial Relations and was for seven years
Secretary of the New York Woman's Trade
Union League. She is the author of a book en-
titled "American Labor Unions" and of several
magazine articles dealing with industry and educa-
tion.
Helen Hoyt, a former resident of Chicago, now
lives in Appleton, Wisconsin. Many of her poems
have appeared in "The Century," "The Poetry
Journal," "Poetry," "The Independent," and other
magazines.
The University of Chicago Press has lately put
out an illustrated report of the Quarter-Centen-
nial Celebration of the University, by David Allan
Robertson. Photographs, speeches, academic rec-
ords, and so on are included in this commemorative
volume of the 1916 festival.
Dr. William Miller Collier, who succeeds Rear
Admiral Charles H. Stockton as President of
George Washington University, in Washington,
D. C., is the author of "Bankruptcy" and "Civil
Service Law” (Matthew Bender & Co.), as well
as of several non-legal volumes.
March 29 Robert M. McBride & Co. published:
“Nothing of Importance,” by Bernard Adams, an
account of life in a quiet sector; “Captain Gault,"
by William Hope Hodgson; “Everyday Law," by
F. H. Bacon, a popular guide to law for the busi-
ness man; and a "wartime" edition of G. I. Far-
rington's "Home Poultry Book."
As American agents for the Cambridge University
Press the Putnams anounce: “Social Life in
Britain from the Conquest to the Reformation,”
compiled by G. G. Coulton; “Grace and Person-
ality,” by John Omar; “The Book of the Prophet
Isaiah, Chapters XL-LXVI,” in the Revised Ver-
sion, with introduction and notes by Rev. J. Skinner;
and “The Historical Register of the University of
Cambridge," a supplement to the Calendar down to
1910, edited by J. R. Tanner.
Two series published by the Page Co. are de-
signed for supplementary reading in schools: “The
Little Cousin Series” and “The Little Cousins of
Long Ago Series.” The former now comprises
fifty volumes, of which the latest is “Our Little
Roumanian Cousin." "Our Little Frankish Cousin
of Long Ago," by Evaleen Stein, has recently been
added to the latter series, and "Our Little
Pompeiian Cousin of Long Ago" is in preparation.
Both series are illustrated.
Among the April Houghton Mifflin issues is a
printing of John Pory's letter to Lord Southampton
describing the Plymouth colony, which he visited in
1622. The letter is from a manuscript in the John
Carter Brown Library in Providence. Unpublished
contemporary accounts of English colonization in
New England and the Bermudas have been added
to it, and the whole has been edited by Champlin
Burrage, former librarian of the John Carter
Brown Library. The edition, which contains maps
and facsimiles, is limited to 365 copies.
Among the recent Dutton books is “Shakespeare
and Chapman,” by T. M. Robertson, who dis-
cusses the latter's contributions to some of the
composite Shakespearean plays; "The Language
Student's Manual," by William R. Patterson, an
exposition of fundamental similarities and differences
between several languages; and “The Problem of
the Soul: A Tract for Teachers," by Edmond
Holmes, an attempt to determine what limits there
are to the transforming influence of education. “The
Book of Municipal House Cleaning,” by William
P. Capes, Director of the Bureau of Municipal
Information at Albany, assisted by Mrs. Jean Car-
penter, is announced as forthcoming.
D. Appleton & Co. have announced the fifteenth
edition of Dr. G. Stanley Hall's “Adolescence.”
The John Lane Co. are publishing “Just Behind
the Front in France," by Noble Foster Hoggson.
The Century Co. announces for early issue “Run-
away Russia,” by Florence Harper.
Ambassador Gerard's book “My Four Years in
Germany" (George H. Doran Co.) has been filmed.
It was shown in New York last month.
D. C. Heath & Co. are the publishers of an illus-
trated book of dialogues in everyday French, with
vocabularies, “At West Point,” by Maj. C. F. Mar-
tin and Maj. G. M. Russell.
Small, Maynard & Co. announce "Merry An-
drew," by F. Roney Weir, a novel, and for April
20 "Shellproof Mack: An American's Fighting
Story,” by Arthur Mack.
The third volume in Professor Wilfred P. Mus-
tard's studies in the Renaissance pastoral, the
“Eclogues” of Faustus Andrelinus and Joannes
Arnolletus, has been issued by the Johns Hopkins
Press.
The "Columbia Alumni News" reports that dur-
ing 1917 Columbia graduates published 326 works,
representing 300 authors, the titles ranging from
“Half Hours with the Idiot" to "New York as an
Eighteenth Century Municipality."


368
(April 11
THE DIAL
Selective Spring Educational List Fifty Years of American Education, by Ernest Carroll
The following is a selected list of the more
important spring issues and announcements of
educational books, volumes dealing with woman
and the home, and works of reference. With a
few exceptions, new editions, reprints of standard
literature, and juvenile books not primarily in-
structive have been omitted. Military treatises
and other books of first interest to men in
uniform are included under "Handbooks and
Manuals”; medical works are included under
“Reference.” The list has been compiled from
data submitted by the publishers.
a
-
EDUCATION
The Prussian Elementary Schools, by Thomas Alex-
ander.-Supervised Study, by Mabel Simpson, edited
by Alfred Hall-Quest.-Schools with Perfect
Score: A Method of Making Democracy Safe, by
George W. Gerwig.-The Melodic Method in
School Music, by David C. Taylor.—Modern Eu-
ropean Civilization, by Roscoe Lewis Ashley.-
The Development of Japan, by Kenneth Scott
Latourette.--Introduction to the Study of Science, by
Wayne P. Smith and Edmund Gale Jewett.-Prin-
ciples of Chemistry, by Joel H. Hildebrand.- Plane
and Spherical Trigonometry, by Leonard M.
Passano.-Merchandising, by Archer Wall Douglas.
-Yarn and Cloth-Making, by Mary L. Kissell.-
Effective Farming, by H. O. Sampson.-Butter, by
E. S. Guthrie.—The Book of Cheese, by Charles
Thom.—Good English, by Henry S. Canby and
John B. Opdycke.-A Foundation Course in Spanish,
by Leon Sinagnan.- Personal Efficiency, by Robert
Moore, 80 cts.-Our Schools in War Time--and
After, by Arthur D. Dean, illus., $1.25.-School Effi-
ciency: A Manual of Modern School Management,
by Henry Eastman Bennett, illus., $1.25. Begin-
nings of Modern Europe, by Ephraim Emerton,
maps, $1.80.—Methods and Materials of Literary
Criticism: Lyric, Epic, and Allied Forms of Poetry,
by Charles Mills Gayley and Benjamin O. Kurtz.
A Concise English Grammar, by George Lyman
Kittredge and Frank Edgar Farley.-España Pinto-
resca, by Carolina Marcial Dorado, illus., 96 cts.
(Ginn & Co.)
The Cambridge History of American Literature,
edited by William Peterfield Trent, John Erskine,
Stuart Pratt Sherman, and Carl Van Doren, 3 vols.,
$3.50 per vol.—The Loeb Classical Library, edited
by E. Capps, T. E. Page, and W. H. D. Rouse:
Greek Anthology, Vol. III; Plautus, Vol. II.; Plu-
tarch, Vol. V; Dio's Roman History, Vol. VI, $1.50
per vol.-A Manual of Qualitative Chemical
Analysis, by Joshua R. Morton, $1.25. (G. P. Put-
nam's Sons.)
Source Problems in American History, by Andrew C.
McLaughlin, $1.50.-One Hundred Masterpieces of
Music, by Romaine Collender, illustrated by refer-
ences to music rolls, $1.30.-From Appomattox to
Germany, by Percy Keese Fitzhugh, illus., $2.-
Strange Stories of the Great River, by ohnston
Grosvenor, illus., $1.—The Bubble Book, by Ralph
Mayhew and Burges Johnson, with phonograph
records, illus., $1. (Harper & Brothers.)
A Manual of the Art of Fiction, by Clayton Hamilton,
introduction by Brander Matthews, $1.50.-Educa-
tion for Life: The Story of Hampton Institute, by
Francis G. Peabody, illus., $1.50.—The Ransom of
Red Chief, and Other O. Henry Stories for Boys,
selected by F. K. Mathiews, illus., $1.35.-Chil-
dren's Second Book of Patriotic Stories: Spirit of
'61, by Asa Don Dickinson and Helen Winslow
Dickinson, illus., $1.25. (Doubleday, Page & Co.)
The Early English Customs System, by Norman Scott
Brien Gras, $3.50.-The State Tax Commission, by
Harley Leist Lutz, $2.75.-Trade and Navigation
between Spain and the Indies in the Time of the
Hapsburgs, by Clarence Henry Haring, $2.25.—The
Position of Foreign Corporations in American Con-
stitutional Law, by Gerard Carl Henderson.—Eng-
lish Pageantry: An Historical Outline, by Robert
Withington, illus.-Harvard Studies in Classical
Philology, Vol. XXIX: Joseph Scaliger's Estimate
of Greek and Latin Authors, by George Washing-
ton Robinson; Imperial Coronation Ceremonies, by
Arthur Edward Romilly Boak; Plato's View of
Poetry, by William Chase Greene, boards, $1.50.-
The Gospel Manuscripts of the General Theological
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man,
1
to


1918]
369
THE DIAL
as
Creative Criticism
Essays on the Unity of
Genius and Taste
By J. E. SPINGARN
Major, 311th Infantry
A
N attempt to define criticism anew, in the
face of the new ideals and literature of
our day. Attacked by all the critics of
the conservative school; quoted with enthusiasm
by the young hero of Eden Phillpotts's novel,
The Joy of Youth, and by all modernists in
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atre," "Prose and Verse," "Creative Connois-
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in London Daily News.
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esting."-JOHN GALSWORTHY.
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:
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detto Croce, J. E. Spingarn."-AMY LOWELL'S Ten
dencies in Modern American Poetry.
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Brightman.—The Psalms and Other Sacred Writ-
ings, by Frederick Carl Eiselen, $1.75.-The Book of
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(Abingdon Press.)
cts.


370
[April 11
THE DIAL
Outlines of European
History
By JAMES H. ROBINSON, Columbia Univer-
sity, JAMES H. BREASTED, The Univer-
sity of Chicago, and CHARLES A.
BEARD, Columbia University
An unequaled two-year course in general his-
tory for high schools. Emphasis upon changes
in conditions and institutions, a study of great
historical events taken in relation to the eco-
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By ARTHUR D. DEAN, Teachers College, Co-
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GINN AND COMPANY
Boston New York
Chicago London


1918]
371
THE DIAL
The Oxford Stamp
AND OTHER ESSAYS
Articles from the Educational Creed of an
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