UC-NRLF B4 705 177 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ THE DIAL 1 Monthly Journal of CURRENT LITERATURE VOLUME V. MAY, 1884, TO APRIL, 1885. KRAUS REPRINT CORPORATION New York 1968 Reprinted with the permission of James S. Watson, Jr. and Scofield Thayer. Advertising has been omitted in this reprint edition. The elimination of full-page advertisements accounts for minor gaps in pagination. Printed in U.S.A. INDEX TO VOLUME V. PAGE . . . • . . . . . . ALEXANDER THE GREAT, HISTORY OF AMERICA BEFORE COLUMBUS AMERICA, DISCOVERIES OF AMERICAN PATRIOT, AN . ANDERSEN, HANS CHRISTIAN AURELIUS, MARCUS BACON, FRANCIS BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA BISMARCK, CHANCELLOR BUBBLE REPUTATION, THE . CARLYLE'S MEMOIRS, MORE OF COLD-BLOODED REFORMER, A CONSTITUTION, OUR WORKING Cosmos, CO-ORDINATION OF MIND WITH THE DICKENS'S READING TOURS DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH HISTORY, A EDUCATION, COMMON-SCHOOL ELIOT, GEORGE, LIFE OF EMERSON, HOLMES'S LIFE OF FICTION, A NOVELIST'S THEORY OF THE ART OF FICTION, RECENT FRENCH NOVELS, SOME RECENT FRY, MRS., AND ENGLISH PRISON REFORM GINDELY'S THIRTY YEARS' WAR GORDON, CHINESE, THE STORY OF GOVERNMENT, RUDIMENTARY, HAMERTON, PHILIP GILBERT HAMERTON'S LANDSCAPE HARTMANN'S PHILOSOPHY OF THE UNCONSCIOUS HUTCHINSON, THOMAS JAPAN. JEVONS'S STUDIES IN CURRENCY AND FINANCE . LANIER, SIDNEY LIFE AND DEATH OF WORLDS LINCOLN, ARNOLD'S LIFE OF MADISON, JAMES, MR. Gay's BIOGRAPHY OF MALLOCK ON SOCIALISM MARLOWE, KIT . MAURICE, FREDERICK DENISON MELVILLE'S STORY OF THE LENA DELTA MONTCALM AND WOLFE . MOQUIS INDIANS, CAPTAIN BOURKE's NARRATIVE OF THE MORAL SCIENCE, PRESIDENT PORTER'S Mott, LUCRETIA, AND HER HUSBAND Charles Mills Gayley . 80 Alexander Winchell 260 W. F. Poole. 97 Wm. Henry Smith 296 Hjalmar H. Boyesero 159 David Swing 32 Melville B. Anderson 77 Sara A. Hubbard . 58 N. M. Wheeler . 315 Alexander C. McClurg 201 Sara A. Hubbard 172 George Batchelor 135 Albert Shaw 291 Alexander Winchell 1 299 Herbert B. Adams 323 J. B. Roberts 102 Rossiter Johnson 289 George P. Upton 257 Melville B. Anderson 132 Wm. Morton Payne 63, 203, 318, 326 James B. Runnion 170 Sara A. Hubbard 106 Charles Kendall Adams 13 James 0. Pierce 325 Horatio N. Powers 199 Horatio N. Powers 331 Paul Shorey 237 W. F. Poole 54 Selim H. Peabody. 9 A. L. Chapin 104 Francis F. Browne 244 Augusta Tovell 81 W. F. Poole 261 Wm. Henry Smith 162 M. L. Scudder, Jr. 56 Richard Henry Stoddard 197 Horatio N. Powers 29 Sara A. Hubbard 240 Edward G. Mason 235 W. F. Allen. 242 John Bascom 294 38 60 . . . . iv INDEX . I NORTHERN HISTORY, THE HEROES AND ROMANCES OF NOTES, UNITED STATES, HISTORY OF ODYSSEY, THE, IN RHYTHMIC ENGLISH PROSE PEPYS, SAMUEL PICTURES FROM THE ETERNAL CITY PIONEER HISTORIAN, A POCAHONTAS STORY, THE POEM OF LOVE AND FAITH, A POETRY, RECENT PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION RECLUSE, A FAMOUS RELIGIONS OF THE ORIENT, THE RUSSIAN TSARS, GREATEST OF THE SHAKESPERE AS A JURIST SHAKESPERE'S PREDECESSORS SOCIALISM OF TO-DAY, THE SPENCER, HERBERT, AS A PROPHET OF SOCIETY . SWINBURNE'S POEMS TAYLOR, BAYARD TRAVELLER, RECORDS OF A FAMOUS WORK AND WAGES, Sıx CENTURIES OF George P. Upton Frank Gilbert Paul Shorey Richard Henry Stoddard Horatio N. Powers Wm. Henry Smith W. F. Poole James S. Norton Wm. Morton Payne . J. B. Roberts Wm. Morton Payne Simeon Gilbert Sara A. Hubbard . James 0. Pierce Melville B. Anderson W. F. Allen J. A. Jameson Wm, Morton Payne Horatio N. Powers 35 101 129 269 79 133 318 207 83, 265 168 8 264 4 57 262 166 127 136 125 ( . 85 W. F. Allen. 33 BRIEFER NOTICES OF BOOKS. 1 . . . . Abbott's A Naturalist's Rambles About Home 176 Adams's (H. B.) Influence of Maryland upon the Land Cessions to the United States 301 Adams's (O. F.) Brief Hand-Book of American Authors. 43 Allen's (Grant) Flowers and their Pedigrees 16 Allen's (W. F.) History Topics for High Schools and Colleges 19 Aldridge's Life on a Ranch 141 Atkinson's (Edward) The Distribution of Products 272 Atkinson's (W. P.) Lectures on History . 110 Bacon's Essays and Wisdom of the Ancients 212 Bain's Practical Essays 86 Baldwin's The Book-Lover 210 Ballard's Handbook of the Agassiz Associa- tion 89 Bancroft's History of the United States, Re- vised Edition 19, 274, 303 Barnard's Character-Sketches from Dickens 215 Barneby's Life and Labor in the Far, Far West 140 Bates's (Mrs.) Selections from Æsop's Fables 219 Bianciardi's (Mrs.) At Home in Italy . Bonner's Suwanee River Tales 212 Boughton's Sketching Rambles in Holland 216 Boy's Workshop, The 141 Brassey's (Lady) In the Trades, the Tropics, and the Roaring Forties 247 Browne's Maryland 175 Bunce's My House, an Ideal 17 Burroughs's Fresh Fields 246 Cable's The Creoles of Louisiana 273 Caird's India 41 Calcott's (Lady) Little Arthur's History of England 110 Calcott's (Lady) Little Arthur's History of France 304 Calendars for 1885 . 219 Carnegie's Round the World 69 Cassell's Magazine of Art for 1884 218 Century Magazine for 1884 218 Champney's (Miss) Three Vassar Girls in South America 220 Clarke's Chemistry . 88 Clarkson's (Miss) Violets Among the Lilies . 218 Clover's Leaves from a Diary 70 Comstock's Civil Service in the United States 303 Cooke's (Mrs.) Game of Mythology 221 Corning's Brain Exhaustion 87 Cowper's Letters 90 Cox's (Mrs.) The Baby's Kingdom 217 Cox's Mrs.) The Guest Book 217 Craddock's In the Tennessee Mountains 43 Craik's (Mrs. Muloch) Unsentimental Journey through Cornwall 216 Crane's and Brun's Tableaux de la Revolution Française 140 Crane's and Moses's Politics 17 Croker's Correspondence and Diaries 271 Crowell's Standard English Poets 212 Daryl's Public Life in England 69 Davidson's The New Book of Kings 304 De Candolle's The Origin of Cultivated Plants 301 Déliée's Franco-American Cook-Book 42 Discriminate 336 Domett's History of the Bank of New York . 109 69 . . . INDEX. V . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 . . Dorr's (Mrs.) Bermuda, an Idyl of the Sum- mer Islands 247 Drake's Indian History for Young Folks 220 Drake's Our Great Benefactors 218 Duval's Artistic Anatomy 304 E. J. L.'s Ten Days in the Jungle 109 Elbon's (Barbara) Bethesda 15 Eliot's (George) Complete Poems 212 Eliot's George ) Essays and Leaves from a Note-book . 42 Ely's French and German Socialism in Mod- ern Times. 210 English Illustrated Magazine for 1884 218 Ewing's (Mrs.) Daddy Darwin's Dovecot. 336 Farren's Cathedral Cities, Ely and Norwich 213 Farren's The Battle-Ground of the Eights 214 Fiske's (John) The Destiny of Man. 177 Fiske's (Stephen) Off-Hand Portraits of Prominent New Yorkers 43 Fortune's Black and White 211 Frost's Stuff and Nonsense 220 Gildersleeve's The Olympian and Pythian Odes of Pindar 336 Gower's Reminiscences 41 Grove's Nine Symphonies of Beethoven 88 Hamerton's Human Intercourse. 211 Hamerton's Paris in Old and Present Time 215 Hammond's Lal Hare's Florence 109 Hare's Sketches in Holland and Scandinavia . 336 Hare's Venice · 109 Harland's (Marion) Eve's Daughters 302 Harper's Young People for 1884 221 Harrison's Old-Fashioned Fairy-Book . 221 Harte's On the Frontier 110 Hawthorne's Wonder-Book for Boys and Girls 219 Heber's From Greenland's Icy Mountains 218 Heilprin's Historical Reference Book 274 Hepworth's Photography for Amateurs 141 Herrick's Some Heretics of Yesterday . 178 Higginson's Biography of Margaret Fuller 40 Hitchcock's Some Modern Etchings 214 Holder's Zoology 273 Holmes (Oliver Wendell), Illustrated Poems of 216 Hoppin's Two Compton Boys 219 Household Conveniences 17 Howland's Æneid in the Original Metres 140 Hudson's Studies in Wordsworth 208 Hugo's (Victor) Book of Gold, Selected Pic- tures from . 215 Ingersoll's Country Cousins 212 Jackson's (Mrs.) The Hunter Cats of Connor- loa 221 James's French Poets and Novelists 16 Jerome's (Miss) One Year's Sketch-Book . 217 Johnson's (Miss) The Fainalls of Tipton . 110 Karr's (Mrs.) The American Horsewoman Kellerman's Plant Analysis 42 Knortz's Representative German Poets 302 Knox's The Voyage of the Vivian to the North Pole and Beyond 219 Laboulaye's Last Fairy Tales 220 Lang's Custom and Myth 275 Lang's The Princess Nobody . 221 Lang's (Mrs.) Dissolving Views 91 Laughlin's Abridgment of Mill's Political Economy 275 Le Conte's Geology 273 Lee's (Vernon) Euphorion . 209 Lee's (Vernon) The Countess of Albany 176 Leland's The Algonquin Legends of New England 175 Leonowen's (Mrs.) Life and Travel in India 335 Lincoln's (Mrs.) Boston Cook Book 70 Long's The Three Prophets 175 Loring's A Confederate Soldier in Egypt . 40 Lynch-Botta's (Mrs.) Handbook of Universal Literature 304 MacArthur's Education in its Relation to Manual Industry 272 Mackenzie's Day-Dawn in Dark Places 70 Maryland Historical Society's Publications 108 Mason's Personal Traits of British Authors 335 Masson's Richelieu 303 Maupas's Story of the Coup d'Etat 89 McCarthy's History of the Four Georges 212 Merriam's Herodotus 336 Miller's (Mrs. F. Fenwick) Life of Harriet Martineau . 334 Milton's Prose Writings, Selections from 176 Miss Toosey's Mission, and Laddie 90 Morley's Emerson 70 Müller's Biographical Essays 247 Munger's Lamps and Paths 275 Obiter Dicta 333 Oliver's (Mrs.) Biography of Dean Stanley 333 Paice's Energy and Motion 304 Parlor Muse, The , 43 Parton's The Captains of Industry 139 Payn's Literary Recollections 209 Pennell's (Mrs.) Mary Wollstonecraft 246 Pierrepont's Fifth Avenue to Alaska 90 Ploetz's Epitome of Ancient, Mediæval, and Modern History: 18 Porter's Protection and Free Trade To-Day 176 Probyn's Italy : 335 Queen Victoria's More Leaves from the Jour- nal of a Life in the Highlands 40 Ranke's Universal History . 139 Rawlinson's Egypt and Babylon . . 274 Reid's Life and Times of Sydney Smith 248 Réville's Native Religions of Mexico and Peru. 139 Rich's (Mrs.) A Dream of the Adirondacks, and Other Poems 140 Riordon's French Etchers 214 Rod and Line in Colorado Waters 18 Roe's Nature's Serial Story 216 Romanes's Mental Evolution in Animals 18 Roosevelt's Florida and Game Water Birds 17 Roosevelt's Superior Fishing : Roosevelt's The Game Fish of the Northern States and British Provinces . 18 Ruskin Birthday Book, The Savage's Man, Woman, and Child 89 Sayce's The Ancient Empires of the East. 177 Scudder's The Viking Bodleys 220 Shakespere's The Seven Ages of Man Shaler's First Book of Geology 110 . . . . . . . . . O 70 70 . . 218 . . . • 217 vi INDEX. · 109 . Shaler's Kentucky 273 Shaw's Icaria, a Chapter in the History of Communism 177 Shepard's Young Folks' Josephus 220 Sheppard's Darwinism as Stated by Himself . 18 Sherwood's (Mrs.) Manners and Social Usages 90 Sinnett's Esoteric Buddhism 273 Skelding's (Miss) Flowers from Garden and Glade 218 Smiles's Men of Invention and Industry 248 Smith's Extempore Preaching 90 Stanford's Play-Time 221 Stanton's The Woman Question in Europe Sterne's Sentimental Journey . 214 Stevens's History of Gustavus Adolphus 248 Stevenson's Treasure Island 19 St. Nicholas Magazine for 1884 221 Straub's The Consolations of Science 275 Talbot's (Miss) My Lady's Casket . 218 Tapley's Manual of Amateur Photography 90 Tayler's Studies in Animal Painting . 304 Taylor's (Bayard) Poems, Selections from 142 Thayer's A Western Journey with Emerson 88 Thomas's Captain Phil . 141 Thoreau's Journal, Extracts from 68 68 Timayenis's Greece in the Times of Homer 334 Tourgee's Appeal to Cæsar 211 Townsend's The Entailed Hat . 87 Tracy's Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene . 88 Traill's Life of Coleridge 210 Trowbridge's The Principles of Perspective 141 Trumbull's The American Lesson of the Free- Trade Struggle in England 212 Turgenef's Annouchka, a Tale Vedder's Rubaiyát of Omar Khayyam 213 Walford's Greater London . 334 Wallace's Amateur Photographer 43 Ward's Memoir of Humphry Sandwith 334 Washburn's Early Spanish Masters 42 Weatherly's Out of Town 220 Wesley's Hark, the Herald Angels Sing 217 White's Herodotus for Boys and Girls . 220 Winthrop's (Theodore) Life and Poems 41 Wolf's Biography of Sir Moses Montefiore . 248 Woodberry's Biography of Poe 303 Wordsworth's Ode on the Intimations of Im- mortality 217 Working-Men Coöperators · 177 Yates's Memoirs of a Man of the World 248 Young's History of the Netherlands . 304 . . . . . . . . MISCELLANEOUS. American Historical Association, The 338 Poole's Index, First Supplement to 20 Arnold's (Matthew) “Word More About Amer Lenox Library, The . 71 ica” 306 Schopenhauer, Arthur, Proposed Monument to 44 Gordon (Poem) 306 Wells, William H. 278 LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS. 19, 43, 71, 91, 110, 142, 178, 275, 304, 337 TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 178, 221, 249, 278, 307, 338 BOOKS OF THE MONTH 20, 44, 72, 91, 113, 144, 179, 221, 249, 278, 307, 338 THE DIAL J Monthly Journal of Current Literature PUBLISHED BY JANSEN, MCCLURG & CO. CHICAGO, MAY, 1884. (Vol. V, No. 49.] TERMS --- $1.50 PER YEAR. Aler- ander Winchell 1 Sarı A. THE GREATEST OF THE RUSSIAN TSARS. Hubbard - A FAMOUS RECLUSE. William Morton Payne 8 JAPAN. Selim H. Peabody 9 THE STORY OF CHINESE GORDON- 13 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS: - 15 Barbara Elbon's Bethesda.-James's French Poets and an Ideal.-Household Conveniences.- Roosevelt's Florida and Game Water Birds.-Roosevelt's The Game Fish of the Northern States and British Provinces. --With Rod and LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS. 19 BOOKS OF THE MONTH 20 PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENTS 22 CONTENTS. More fully stated, the views of the author embrace the physical unity of the inorganic COORDINATION OF MIND WITH THE COSMOS. realm, as revealed in the phenomena of gravi- tation, light, the mechanism of the heavens, the laws of sound, chemical affinity, crystallization, atomic and molecular laws, and the correlation of the physical forces. They bring into ac- count the structural elements of organic bodies and the fundamental processes of functional activity. The unity of man with the lower animals is considered, as also his psychic diver- gence ; though in instincts and appetites, and Novelists.-Grant Allen's Flowers and their Pedigrees.- in some of the sentiments and higher attrib- Crane's and Moses's Politics, an Introduction to the Study of Comparative Constitutional Law.-Bunce's My House, utes, the author traces a degree of unity which may excite the alarm of some who are even more conservative than he. Some striking in- stances of the action of instinct are cited, in Line in Colorado Waters.--Sheppard's Darwinism as Stated by Himself.--Romanes's Mental Evolution in Ani- the gall-fly, the water-ousel, the dun-diver, the mals.-Ploetz's Epitome of Ancient, Mediæval, and Mod wild duck, and an Italian moth. These illus- ern History.-Bancroft's History of the United States, trate the intimate correlations established be- Volume IV., Revised Edition.-Allen's History Topics for tween the undeliberative instincts of animals and High Schools and Colleges.-Stevenson's Treasure Island. the circumstances by which they are surround- ed, or are to be surrounded at some future pe- riod in the life of the individual. The author discusses the old problem of the limits of hu- man knowledge, and shrewdly suggests that our consciousness of a reserve of power argues future opportunities for its adequate exercise. COÖRDINATION OF MIND WITH THE As to the knowability of the infinite, he enun- COSMOS.* ciates the only common sense view: that it cer- The noble author of "The Reign of Law” tainly is apprehended but not comprehended promised his readers a later exposition of the by us. On the truthfulness of human knowl- subject within the domain of Christian Theol-edge and the anthropomorphic mould in which ogy. The present volume is a first installment we apprehend it, the author's views seem en- of a fulfillment of the promise. “Nature” is tirely just, and rich in suggestiveness. All conceived as the total system of material knowledge is necessarily anthropomorphic; not. and intelligent existence. The “unity of na alone religious and theological, but quite as ture” is not alone the conformity of the material truly that which is denominated scientific and universe to method and law, but also a consum- secular. mate coördination between the method and law A couple of chapters are devoted to the ele- of the material universe and the method and mentary constitution of matter, both in its re- law of mental life. Mind is responsive to the lation to the inorganic and the organic. He realities of the world. The world is the cor- recognizes in organization the presence and relative, the fulfillment, and the sanction of agency of some force which is supramaterial. the instincts, capacities and longings of psy- There is too much coördination, too many anti- chic existence. Harmony and correspondence cipations, too many new beginnings of exist- pervade the entire realm of being. In this ence or attributes of existence, to admit the reigns a principle of unity. inference that life and organic structure exist only under the same conditions as minerals * THE UNITY OF NATURE. By the Duke of Argyll. New York: and mechanical products. All the forces and G. P. Putnam's Sons. 2 [May, THE DIAL. are 1 ( 1 conditions which determine inorganic modes of path toward civilization, and by another toward existence are recognized as operative in organi- savagery. Modern savages do not typify pri- zation ; but here their actions are grouped, meval man any more truly than do the jurists coördinated, and directed, by some power which and scholars of modern civilization. The ear- leads to the production of quite a different liest men were possessed of a high standard of order of results. For all this, the author does intelligence and morality, but they were simply not deny that the method of organic history, uneducated ; not uneducated like the child, as well as that of inorganic, is a method of evo with parents and schools to supply deficiencies, lution. He inclines to affirm that evolution is but uneducated and destitute unable to rise a conception realized in universal nature ; but except through a long and slow accumulation it is a scheme implying mind — mind to origi- of experiences. There are many inductive evi- nate, mind to administer. Penetrating to the dences of human degeneracy as well as of human deeper significance of the being and conscious improvement. The lowest tribes are peripheral- ness of man, he stands as a revelation and rep- ly located around the Asiatic region assigned resentative of the supernatural. The manifes by tradition as the birthplace of man. • Fuegians, tations of mind in nature urge themselves upon Bushmen, Australians, Eskimo, these every attention, and cold science can give ex among the lowest types of humanity, and these pression to its concepts only in the anthropo are crowded from all the preferred situations for morphic phrase of teleology. Nature, being human occupancy into the remotest and most interpretable in terms of human intelligence, inhospitable corners of the earth. While intel- embodies the conceptions of human intelli- lectual and social development are not caused gence, and gives expression to a Mind. But by material forces, they are conditioning by ma- before the human intellect rises to a logical terial surroundings. This arises from the unity interpretation of nature, it discovers in its own between man and nature. Adverse physical consciousness a testimony to the existence of influences have been the conditionary causes of superior being, and, coupled with this discov savagery. The rise of civilized man, therefore, ery, it feels a relation of dependence upon su from his primeval state, has not been a rise perior power, and of obligation toward it. from so low a condition that the being could In discussing more particularly the moral barely be called a man. So far, there exists nature of man, the Duke points out the fact evidence of discontinuity in the evolution of that man's proclivity to evil is in conflict with organic beings. the unities of nature. In other departments The author traces the origin of religion to of knowledge and research, man possesses a man's unity with nature. Its germs are planted sense of ignorance and limitation; but in re in man's being, and they develop with his spect to his own unworthiness, he feels com growth. The conception of religion as some- plete assurance. Of the distinction of good thing superadded to man's constitution, is easily and evil, he has perfect knowledge; and yet shown to be erroneous. Religion is not ac- he inclines continually toward the evil. Here quired, but connatural. As well inquire after is a dissonance to be accounted for. the origin of memory and judgment. Its cen- has been, and still is, a constant prey to appe- tral principle is the cognition of superior being. tites which are morbid, to opinions which are This is first an intuition, then an impression irrational, to imaginations which are horrible, from nature, then an inference of the judg- to practices which are destructive.” Among ment. Among ment. The cognition is accompanied by awak- savages, these sometimes reach such a degree ened cognate sentiments. Prayer, thanksgiv- of enormity that we are accustomed to pro- ing, religious ceremonies, and a religious sys- nounce them “brutal” and “ beastly.” But tem more or less complicated, — these are the this, our author pronounces a libel on the concomitants of a theistic cognition, and these brutes. None of the brutes have such per- | characterize the lives of all grades of human verted dispositions. They live in harmony beings. But the religious system and practice, with nature, while man continually runs into like the civil cultus, are prone to degeneracy. all kinds of excesses and abuses. The corrup The fetishism of savage tribes is not the type tion of human nature appears, then, to be a of the primitive religion, but the product of a conclusion of inductive science, and not a mere downward evolution. All the great systems of dogma of theology. religion have exemplified a degeneracy within This view of the downward bent of those the periods of history and tradition. The pres- powers which have the direction of all other ent condition of Brahminism, Buddhism, Con- human powers, opens the way to the doctrine fucianism, and Mohammedism, are admitted of the downward evolution of humanity. The lapses from primitive purity and excellence. Duke of Argyll believes that barbarism and Cultured religions have degenerated only in savagism are states of degradation from an the same ratio as the cultureless. The history original status. Evolution may lead by one of religion, like that of civilization, points, 6 Man 1 1 ! i 1884.] 3 THE DIAL. therefore, to a state of primeval superiority. easy and elegant, and occasionally rises to an Fetishism, polytheism and idolatry have suc elevation which stirs the emotions. The dis- ceeded monotheism and a pure worship. cussion abounds in terse and impressive, often Finally, the author concludes : if the unity beautiful passages. Speaking of the oak-gall, of nature is not a unity which consists in mere which grows around the egg of the gall-Hy, he sameness of material, or in mere identity of says : composition, or in mere uniformity of structure, " The oak has yielded up its juicez to protect a but a unity which the mind recognizes as the stranger ; they overflow it without venturing to involve result of operations similar to its own; if man, it-circling around it and bending over it -- as if in awe before a life which is higher than its own. not in his body only, but in the highest as well For the nurture and protection of this poor maggot, as the lowest attributes of his spirit, is inside the most secret of nature's living powers are held to this unity and a part of it; if all his mental labor. The forces of vegetable growth work for it as powers are, like the instincts of the beasts, they never work even for their own natural organs. They secrete for it a peculiar substance ; they mould it founded on an organic harmony between his into a peculiar form ; they hang it out in the light and faculties and the realities of creation ; if the air as if it were their own fruit; they even exhaust limits of his knowledge do not affect its cer- themselves in the service, and their own flowers and tainty ; if its accepted truthfulness in the lower leaves are often cankered in their support." fields of thought arises out of correspondence In reference to that philosophy which re- and adjustments which are applicable to all the gards instinct as only experience organized in energies of his intellect and all the aspirations the race, he says: “To account for instinct by of his spirit; if the moral character of man as experience is nothing but an Irish bull. it exists now is the one great anomaly in nature Speaking of instincts in the lower animals, he - a state of perpetual rebellion against the says: “Reason is, as it were, brooding over authority on which all this order rests; if all them and working through them, whilst at the ignorance and error and misconception respect same time it is wanting in them.” Seeing that, ing the nature of that authority and of its under the Darwinian principle, some individ- commands has been and must be the cause of uals must go down, the Duke gives us this increasing deviation, disturbance, and perver- aphorism: “Natural rejection is the insepara- sion, and these consequences must accumulate ble correlative of natural selection.” On an- by inheritance and increasing momentum, - other point he writes: “The purest monotheism then we have, by all the evidences adduced of has a pantheistic side. To see all things in the unity of nature, a firm assurance that the God is very closely related to seeing God in all system of things involves a full explanation of things.” And again: "If there be one truth the mystery of evil, and extrication from its more certain than another, one conclusion more consequences, as well as a body of instruction securely founded than another, not on reason higher than any discoverable by our rational only, but on every other faculty of our nature, faculties, which may be suited to lead us back it is this — that there is nothing but mind that into harmony with the authority felt to be im we can respect, nothing but heart that we can manent around us and within us. love, nothing but a perfect combination of the This digest of the author's views and method two that we can adore.” In one further pas- shows that the work is one of wide scope, rang- sage the author is considering the significance ing over the fields of science, psychology, and of our sense of limitation : philosophy, and combining in one mind-illu “ There are some remarkable features connected with minated system the whole body of knowable our consciousness of limitation, pointing to the con- data. Though characterized by independence clusion that we have faculties enabling us to recognize certain truths when they are presented to us, which we of opinion, the author is ecclesiastically ortho- could never have discovered for ourselves. The sense dox, and shapes his evidences in defense of of mystery which is sometimes so oppressive to us, and several of the disputed positions of orthodoxy- which is never more oppressive than when we try to such as the assertion of some special creative fathom and understand some of the commonest ques- work in man, the corruption of man through a tions affecting our own life and nature, suggests and confirms this representation of the facts. For this moral lapse, primeval purity and excellence, sense of oppression can only arise from some organs the degeneracy of savagism and of savage and of mental vision watching for a light which they have ethnic religions, and the truth and authority been formed to see, but from which our own investiga- tions cannot lift the veil. If that veil is to be lifted at of inspired revelation. It is, in fact, the mod- all, the evidence is, that it must be lifted for us. Phys- ern statement of the “Analogy of Revealed ical science does not even tend to solve any one of the Religion," so well presented by Butler to the ultimata questions which it concerns us most to know, intelligence of a former generation. It is just in and which it interests us most to ask. It is according to say, also, that the discussion is learned, logi- tion; there should be some answering voice, and that it to the analogy and course of nature that to these ques- cal, and lucid. The Duke's scientific knowl should tell things such as we are able in some measure edge is varied and adequate ; his philosophic to understand." perceptions are clear and correct ; his style is It will at once be apparent that the Duke's 4 [May, THE DIAL. conclusions lie within a field so earnestly con “a dreary failure,” as has been done by a tested that very diverse estimates will be formed recent scientific reviewer, who seems to enjoy of the cogency of his logic. A critical notice his recognized reputation for saucy dog. is not a very suitable place for the exposition matism. of the critic's personal opinions; but it is cer In a work so voluminous as this, the author tainly legitimate for a reviewer to point out the owes it to his readers to make his thought positions of his author which seem to be most as accessible as possible. This book is not open to assault. Some, probably, will object adapted to that end. It conforms, indeed, to to the claim that man, in distinction from the that fashion, or affectation, which is horrified at. brutes, is inherently more prone than they to subordinate and marginal headings, and divis- depravity. Man, through the use of his superior ions and subdivisions, and diversifications of intelligence, has certainly devised means un type suited to show readily the order of subor- known to the brutes for the gratification of dination in the different branches of the animal appetites, and has thus increased the discussion ; and runs smoothly along from effectiveness of his search for gratifications. paragraph to paragraph, from subject to sub- But as this happens through the exercise of ject, and from chapter to chapter, without his natural powers, even his more efficient visible intimation of any joints in the structure. practice of indulgences falls within the scope Just so far the reader requires watchful atten- of nature's unity. Nor will the Duke's dictum tion, frequent re-reading, and an enlightened settle the proposition that evil practices exist judgment in constant exercise. The result is among men which are unknown among brutes. weariness, only relieved by good vigorous So far as these claims of the author are weak thought and an occasional flash in the style. ened, his argument for inbred corruption and But in spite of all possibility of adverse criti- for cultural and religious degeneracy is weak- cism, the Duke of Argyll's "Unity of Nature" ened. Furthermore, it is entirely conceivable, is one of the great works of this generation, and by some deemed probable, that man's de and will do good service toward the enlighten- pravity, instead of being extra-brutal, is nothing ment of theology and the strengthening of fun- but a strictly animal character inherited from damental truth. ALEXANDER WINCHELL. a still more brutal ancestry; and in confirma- tion of this will be cited those nobler and purer aspirations and moral lives which ever THE GREATEST OF THE RUSSIAN TSARS.* look upward and away from the brutes, and signalize man as in the midst of a glorious pro Mr. Eugene Schuyler, the present representa- gress rather than an ignoble descent. Assur- tive of the United States at the court of Athens, edly, too, a whole school of thinkers will dis has rendered a distinguished service to students sent from the Duke's frequent intimation that of Russian history, which will be gratefully animal instinct is merely a mind not the ani- appreciated. Mr. Schuyler was attached for a mal's, brooding over it and acting through it. number of years to the American Legation of Nor will that suggestion pass without chal. St. Petersburg, and during his term of residence lenge, in which the author affirms the proba- there acquired a command of the Russian lan- bility that many rudimentary organs, like the guage, and by travel and study turned to a. pelvis in the whale, are anticipatory of func valuable account the unusual opportunities tional structures yet to be, rather than vestiges afforded for an acquaintance with the genius and of structures disappearing through disuse. character of the great Slavic nation. In 1876 Certainly, if the Duke could entertain such a he published a work on Turkestan, the result view of the rudimentary pelvis of a cetacean, of extended observation and inquiry, which he should not have forgotten his philosophy was an important contribution to our knowl- when he came to the case of the water-ousel edge of the vast region in Central Asia which practicing the art of diving before the develop the Tsars have added to their domain within ment of the webbed feet so needful to a swim the present century. He has now produced a ming bird. Other points are open to attack still more noteworthy and acceptable book, either from the scientific or the philosophic comprising a study of the life and times of side — particularly some of his statements and Peter the Great, the most renowned of the implications of the necessary teaching of evo strong-minded and powerful rulers who have lution, or especially of agnostic evolution; his at intervals controlled the destinies of the Rus- assumption of the low ethnic stage of the sian Empire. Eskimo, with the inference based on it, and This second work is memorable for the of the existence of any general correlation be amount of fresh material it contains, for the tween tribal degradation and the natural ad- vantages of the situation. But there is no torical Biography. By Eugene Schuyler, Ph.D., LL.D. ground for pronouncing this important work * PETER THE GREAT, EMPEROR OF Russia. A Study in His- In two volumes. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1984.] THE DIAL. diiigent research it discloses, and for its trust to the throne by delegates freely chosen by the worthy tone. Its statements differ widely in a people and representing all the cities and towns multitude of instances from those given in for in Russia. Peter's father, the Tsar Alexis, had mer versions of the life of Peter, but they are five sons by his first wife, all of whom were sick- as a rule so strongly fortified by well-siftedly and feeble, only two of them surviving him evidence that we cannot refuse them our con and successively wearing the crown. Peter fidence. In the preparation of the biography, himself, the offspring of a second marriage, Mr. Schuyler has consulted a mass of original was born June 9, 1672, and proved a remark- documents preserved in the archives of Russia, ably sturdy and healthy child, walking when Prussia, Sweden, Holland, and other countries, six months old, and exhibiting through boy- together with a long list of published writings hood extraordinary precocity in body and mind. in various tongues, the titles of which are in His education began with picture books placed each case named at the close of the chapters in his hands at the end of his first year, and drawing upon their stock of information. The became a serious affair as soon as he had com- products of this painstaking investigation are pleted his third year. He learned to read, and woven into a narrative which is as pleasing as committed portions of Scripture to memory, it is instructive, and still is not entirely free was taught to sing by note and to draw with from occasion for criticism. considerable skill ; but his hand-writing, as In the beginning, a sense of disappointment Mr. Schuyler relates," was always extremely arises from the lack of a proper prelude to the bad,” for he did not begin to guide the pen biography. There are few, even among our until he "was already seven years old.?' He ac- most intelligent readers, who are familiar with quired a general knowledge of Russian history, the early history of Russia. It follows, there some idea of the course of ancient and modern fore, that in a book of the scope and aim of the nations, a little geography and less arithmetic. present one, a summary of the chief events in This comprised the learning bestowed upon the career of the country prior to the era under Russian youths of the upper class in his day, special consideration, is essential to its complete and all that was furnished the young prince by ness. Above all, a review of the dynasty of the those in charge of his training. Romanofs was to be desired in the life of a Alexis died when the child was four years sovereign who stood in the third remove only old, and was succeeded in power by his son from the founder of that royal house. It is Theodore, then a boy of fourteen. At the impossible to judge fairly of Peter's character death of Theodore after a reign of six years, and achievements without at least a tolerable Peter was elected Tsar ; and within a month, understanding of the peculiarities of the Rus- his half-brother, the blind, lame, half-imbecile sian people, of the condition of their civiliza- Ivan, was elevated to the same rank, having. tion at his advent, of the origin of the power despite his infirmities, a claim to the crown as enjoyed by their princes, of the use they had the senior of Peter by six years. The two made of it, and especially of the records of brothers ever remained, notwithstanding the Peter's immediate ancestors. This informa- disparity in their condition, united by tender tion could have been condensed into a few ties of affection. They sat side by side on a pages, and thereby afforded a background silver throne during state ceremonials, wear- against which his colossal figure would have ing duplicate insignia of royalty, and sharing come out in clear relief. But this is not all we equally the duties and burdens of their posi- miss in Mr. Schuyler's essay in portraiture. He tion. A German traveller who was given an deprives us almost wholly of the help of his audience in the first year of their accession. own convictions. Occasionally he lets fall a states that poor Ivan sat with his cap drawn word which indicates the drift of his opinion, down over his eyes and his looks cast on the but otherwise his narrative is destitute of the floor, silent and immovable. But Peter force, the warmth, the magnetism of personal “had a frank and open face, and his young blood rose feeling. It is, as we have said, a conscientious, to his cheeks as often as anyone spoke to him. He con- faithful study, but not a creation scarcely an stantly looked about, and his great beauty and his lively manner --- which sometimes brought the Muscovite mag- interpretation. When he has done, the reader nates into confusion--struck all of us so much that had is left to evoke from the recital, with whatever he been an ordinary youth and no imperial personage power of comprehension and of sympathy he we would gladly have laughed and talked with him." may have within himself, the spirit of the living A Saxon dignitary who saw Peter about the man whose traits and deeds have been related same time, testifies : by Mr. Schuyler more accurately than by any “ He is a remarkably good-looking boy, in whom nature has shown her power. . . He has a beauty which previous historian. gains the heart of all who see him, and a mind which, Peter the First was the grandson of Michael even in his early years, did not find its like." Romanof, who at the age of sixteen, in a mo In 1685, the Dutch minister at the Russian ment of dire peril to the nation, was elected court wrote of him : 6 [May, THE DIAL. “The young Tsar has now entered his thirteenth manners. He frequented the suburb at Moscow year : nature develops herself with advantage and good to which their residence was restricted, and fortunes in his whole personality ; his stature is great and his mien fine ; he grows visibly, and advances as sought friends and counsellors among the most much in intelligence and understanding as he gains the agreeable and enlightened of those he en- affection and love of all." countered. He attached to his service General It was the custom at this period for Russian Gordon, an able Scotchman of noble descent ; women to live in oriental seclusion. Wives General Lefort, a Swiss gentleman whose ami- were expected to be blindly obedient to their able and sterling qualities gained his friend- husbands, and for their faults were directed by ship and trust; with many others of high or the law to be a severely whipped, though not in low degree, whose abilities could be of use anger.” The princesses of the royal family to him in the government and development of were subjected to particular restraints, were his subjects. It was integrity and intellect that seldom married, and, immuued in their apart- commended men to Peter's favor. He cared ments, enjoyed little more liberty than clois- not how humble might be their origin, provided tered nuns. A remarkable exception occurred they were honest, progressive, and efficient. in the case of Sophia, the half-sister of Peter, Mr. Schuyler declares that for five years a woman of strong mind, masculine education, after the deposition of Sophia, the Tsar left the and not unnatural ambition. She had been ap affairs of state to the management of his minis- pointed regent during the minority of the ters, while he gave himself wholly to the in- young Tsar, and, according to the evidence dulgence of boyish inclinations. If so, it is brought forward by Mr. Schuyler, administered hard to reconcile the fact with the earnest, the government on the whole wisely. It has energetic, and far-sighted operations of both been asserted by former historians that Sophia his earlier and later career. He was busy all strove, for selfish purposes, to corrupt and these years building boats and training soldiers, debase the mind of Peter, that he might be with the consciousness, we may believe, that come unfit to rule and unpopular with the out of what seemed the simple toys of his leisure people ; but the present writer asserts that she the future army and navy of Russia were to be treated the boy kindly and judiciously. He constructed. dwelt with his mother in the royal villa of Peter obeyed the law of his nature by en- Preobrazhensky, three miles from the heart gaging as heartily in pleasure as in labor, and of Moscow, while Ivan remained near his sister frequent illnesses were induced by his excessive in the Kremlin. Peter early manifested that toil followed by equally excessive dissipation. intense eagerness for knowledge which ever From a grave malady which attacked him in his characterized him, and at the age when the twenty-first year, there resulted the fits of average boy is absorbed in pastimes, was drill- melancholy, the convulsive movements of the ing his companions in military exercises, prac. muscles, and sudden outbursts of passionate ticing at the lathe, hammering at the forge, anger, which afflicted him during his after life. hunting out foreign residents who could teach In the summers of 1693 and 1691, Peter him arts and sciences unknown to his country- visited Archangel, the only seaport Russia men, and working under their instruction with owned, and there industriously pushed forward a zeal and perseverance and aptitude which his studies in commerce and navigation. In demonstrated his extraordinary endowments. 1695 he inaugurated a campaign against the Although a Tsar and the prospective antocrat fortress of Azov, situated on the river Don, of a great empire, he was a docile and affec- ten miles above the Sea of Azov. This was the tionate son, asking permission of his mother for beginning of the great series of military enter- any unaccustomed liberty, and submitting to prises by which he eventually opened a con- her commands even when they interfered with venient pathway for Russian commerce to the his fondest occupations. During the centuries in which Rus- At the age of sixteen, Peter was provided sia had been enslaved by Mongol hordes from with a wife ; but she had no sympathy with his Asia, she had been despoiled of her border feelings or pursuits, and in a short time trans- provinces on every side save the north. At formed his indifference into antipathy by an the accession of Peter, the Tartars held a vast ignorant and narrow opposition to his plans. territory on her eastern frontier ; the Turks The year after his marriage, Peter deposed divided with fierce native tribes the region along the regent Sophia because of her schemes to the Black sea ; and the Swedes and Poles had secure the crown, and thenceforth, although his possession of a broad strip on the west stretch- infirm half-brother survived until 1696, was ing north of the Baltic. In view of these facts, the sole ruler of the country. He had always Peter has not been idly playing with ships and courted the society of foreigners, from a just soldiers through his boyhood. His incessant estimation of their superior attainments and and unstinted toil to make himself master of an enjoyment of their more easy and cultivated | the science of military and naval warfare was Ocean. 1881.] 7 THE DIAL. per- underlaid by a grand object. It meant the his purpose. On his return to Moscow in 1698, recovery of the lands which had been rent he proceeded by vigorous and despotic measures from his country in her hour of weakness and to introduce into his country the customs of prostration. It meant, as we read by the after dress and manners which had impressed him interpretation, that Russia should regain her abroad as worthy of adoption. He had old outlets to the high seas, through which, suaded hundreds of foreign artists and artisans intercommunication being again established to take up their residence in the towns of Russia, with the outer world, her ancient equality with and while there founding trades and industries, European nations might be restored. to teach the practice of them to his ignorant After the capture of Azov in 1696, Peter be subjects. From this time forward, a great part gan the creation of a fleet with unmistakable of his energies was employed in the herculean intentions. His extremest need was for skilled task of awakening a spirit of progress among assistants and workmen. He despatched fifty his people, in rousing them from their sloth nobles to the maritime states of Europe, Italy, and apathy, and imbuing them with an ambi- Venice, Holland, and England, to learn the arts tion to appropriate the civilization of western of ship-building and navigation. Spurred on nations. It was a sublime endeavor, and to ac- by an eager desire, he followed soon after to ac complislı it there was one man pitted against quire the same knowledge. The story of his ap- millions. They were benighted, obstinate, preju- prenticeship to ship-builders and carpenters in diced: he was passionate, headstrong, tyrannical, Holland and England is familiar to everyone. and but dimly enlightened. It was an unequal Many gross errors in accredited accounts are struggle, conducted with dreadful barbarity at corrected in Mr. Schuyler's narration of the times, but with unwavering persistence. im- he now spent in Europe. He was unused to pression on the masses. They were too igno- the refinements of western civilization, and was rant and bigoted and far-removed, and the rude and uncouth in many respects; yet he was methods used in his deplorable unwisdom were not the barbarian he has been represented. too rash and violent. But he did institute many The Electress of Hanover has bequeathed to reforms among the nobles and higher classes ; us the following sketch of his appearance at he improved various features of the administra- that time : tion; he founded many beneficent and educa- ** The Tsar is very tall ſhe was nearly seven feet in tional institutions ; he broke the bars which height], his features are very fine, and his figure noble. imprisoned women as in an eastern harem ; he He has great vivacity of mind, and a ready and just ** We regretted that we could not stay longer, let in the light of European civilization upon repartee. so that we could see him again, for his society gave us a people long isolated by their situation, their much pleasure. He is a very extraordinary man. It is language, and a religion as inflexible and fanat- impossible to describe him, or even to give an idea of ical as Mohammedanism. Though he failed him, unless you have seen him. He has a good heart, to work the radical changes he hoped for, be- and remarkably noble sentiments." Cardinal Kollowitz, of Hungary, wrote after cause success was impossible in the time and with the instruments at his command, he drew meeting him : a sharp dividing line between the Russia of his " The Tsar * * is tall, of an olive complexion, rather stout than thin, in aspect between proud and grave, and ancestors and the Russia of his descendants. with a lively countenance." All who turn over the pages of its past history Another witness adds these details to the must acknowledge that Peter inaugurated a picture : new and nobler era in the life of the nation. " There is one circumstance which is unpleasant- He hurried it forward at a tremendous pace, he has convulsions, sometimes in his eyes, sometimes that it might retrieve the ages lost in cruel in his arms, and sometimes in his whole body. He at servitute to Asia ; and the impetus he imparted times turns his eyes so that one can see nothing but the is felt to the present hour. whites. He is very well made, and goes about dressed as a sailor, in the highest degree simple, and wishing The latter part of Peter's life, narrated in nothing else than to be on the water." the second volume of Mr. Schuyler's biography, Mr. Schuyler remarks that is less interesting than the portion of which we “ Peter had a strange shyness, which seemed to grow have drawn a meagre outline. It was largely upon him. He hated to be stared at as a curiosity, and occupied with wars against the Swedes under the more he met people of refinement, versed in social Charles XII : with conquests on the eastern arts, the more he felt his own deficiencies. Nothing but the excitement of a supper seemed to render gen- boundary of the empire and in Asia ; and with eral society possible to him. His visits of ceremony diplomatic negotiations with foreign courts. were brief and formal." Before it was ended, Peter had made his name Serious business had induced Peter to engage known and feared by all Europe ; he had re- in severe and protracted work and travel in ceived from his people the title of “the Great" ; foreign lands, and he desired to devote his at and he had dragged by his sole powerful hand tention exclusively to the accomplishment of his beloved country out of the darkness of the 8 [May, THE DIAL. ** Is it for this, because the sound That, Obermann! the world around For the world loves new ways: It knows not what he says I know but two, who have attain'. MATTHEW ARNOLD. eastern into the daylight of the western world. which the history of literature is full. He was His character was composed of conflicting ele far from being a voluminous writer, and yet ments, like an image made of gold and iron “Obermann” is not the only book which bears and clay ; but much as there was in him to pity his name; but it is the book in which he put and condemn, there was more to honor and well nigh all that he had to give the world, and admire. SARA A. HUBBARD. that all embraces little beyond his own person- ality. For “Obermann" is the most subjective of books. To speak of “Obermann” is to speak of Senancour; it matters not which name A FAMOI'S RECLUSE. we use. The book and the writer are essen- tially one. The title of the book is merely an- Is fraught too deep with pain, other name which he has given himself, and So little loves thy strain? under its transparent disguise he speaks in his own person. It is only by a wide extension of * Some secrets may the poet tell, the term that the work can be classed with the To tell too deep ones is not well -- literature of romance. There is little enough of story in such works as “ Werther” and " Yet, of the spirits who have reign'd “René," with which we instinctively associate In this our troubled day, it, vet either of these has a dramatic interest Save thee, to see thefr way." which is absorbing in comparison with what may be found in “Obermann,” which is one Popularity is rather an accident of greatness uninterrupted monologue, relieved only by the than essential to it. In almost every age there ever-shifting background of mountain and may be found, together with those voices that forest, of French and Alpine scenery. have compelled the ears of men to give heed to Obermann is not a strong man. George their utterance, others less robust, having about Sand says that “his revery is that of impo- them little of the quality that forces men to tence, the perpetuity of vaguely sketched de- listen ; unheard, it may be, of most men, and sire.” His head alone is clear; it is the heart yet finding some small but fit audience to which that fails him. He is an atheist, but the athe- they come with an impressiveness more than ism of the eighteenth century did not appeal to that of those clamorous voices which, in the the heart, and in the storm and stress of his age ears of the world at large, cause these to speak he finds no object whose pursuit may satisfy unnoticed; bearing to those who discern and his emotional longings. Others, less clear of give heed to them, a message of high import. intellect, found in the religious reaction which Such a voice was that of Etienne Pivert de soon set in, the solution of the problem; but Senancour, the author of “Obermann," born this solution was not for him. Mr. Matthew in 1770, passed away in 1816. Arnold describes him as “ too clear-headed and The age in which he lived was out of joint austere for any such sentimental Catholic re- His early manhood was cast in the years of the action as that with which Chateaubriand cheated most tremendous convulsion of modern history. | himself, and yet, from the very profoundness So far from being the man to set the age right, and meditativeness of his nature, religious." he could not even help to do, it. Existence He is characterized by the Danish critic, itself, in the midst of such a world as that in Georg Brandes, as "a passionate atheist, a which he was cast, was a thing intolerable; he profoundly emotional stoic, the forsaken of would renounce it altogether, and seek what destiny." Comparing him with the René of peace his soul might find in communion with Chateaubriand, the same writer goes on to say: nature. Rousseau had already given to the “ His soul is as broad, his feeling no less deep, than world his gospel of naturalism; but the world, that of René; but the angel who singles ou although stirred to its utmost depths by the passes by the other. In René may the dominant natures of the century see their own image; but the message, had not acted, could not act, upon history of Obermann is that of the majority, not in- it. Life had become a more fitful fever than deed of the vulgar crowd, but of the sensitive and gifted ever before; an even more complex and theatri- throng of those who, no less than the elect, add to the cal thing than had been its wont. But the chorus in which the soul of the age finds voice. The book begins : "On verra dans ces lettres l'expression individual, at least, might do what the world d'un homme qui sent, et non d'un homme qui travaille.' could not. He might tear himself away from It all lies here. Why does he not work! That is hard the strife, and, in austere solitude, indulge in to make clear. It is easier to make answer: because he is unhappy. This book is written for the unhappy;" that revery for whose delights the world had no taste, and to which it could lend but a troubled Sainte-Beuve speaks of the book in these words: This was the part chosen by Senancour; " In Obermann, Senancour individualized his doubts, and it made his life, viewed externally, un- his aversion to society, his fixed, obstinate, passionately eventful even among the uneventful lives of sinister contemplation of nature: with a liberal hand the one ear. 1884.] 9 THE DIAL. his own, Whom the world could not tame; he filled the lucid spaces of his dreams with scenes nat- public attention to it by a sympathetic criti- ural and domestic, whence an inexpressible emotion is exhaled, and which are invested about with an icy phil- ains." Later, George Sand wrote a preface to cism included in his “Portraits Contempor- osophy.” No less clear-headed with regard to the illu- a new edition of the work, and this preface has sions of the hopes of mankind than concerning accompanied all the subsequent ones. Mr. Senancour thus expresses himself: Matthew Arnold has written of it most appre- " I inquired of myself for happiness , but with my ciatively in prose, and' has made it the subject eyes open; I saw that it was not made for the man who of a poem, which with its sequel is one of the was isolated; I proposed it to those who stood around glories of English literature. me; they had not leisure to concern themselves with it. The tomb of Senancour is at Sèvres, and I asked the multitude in its wear and tear of misery, and the great of earth under their load of ennui; they hears the inscription : “ Éternité, deviens mon answered me: We are wretched today, but we shall asile!” We can think of no more fitting close enjoy ourselves tomorrow. For my part, I know that to give this brief characterization than the in- the day which is coming will only tread in the footsteps vocation contained in the noble poem just men- of the day which is gone before.” But if his attitude is one of despair, there is tioned and already quoted from : about it a certain defiance of fate which gives “For thou art gone away from earth, And place with those dost claim, it dignity. The Children of the Second Birth, “ It may well be,” he says, " that man is mortal; but let us none the less struggle against our destiny; and if And with that small, transfigured band, nothingness be all that is in store for us, let us at least Whom many a different way be careful that we do not so shape our actions that it Conducted to their common land, Thou learn'st to think as they. may seem to be their just reward." Mr. Matthew Arnold sums up the main They do not ask, who pined unseen, Who was on action hurled, characteristics of Obermann as three in num- Whose one bond is, that all have been ber: Constant inwardness, severe sincerity, Unspotted by the world." and exquisite feeling for nature. He says WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. elsewhere of its author: “ Senancour has a gravity and a severity which dis- tinguish him from all other writers of the sentimental school. The world is with him in his solitude far less JAPAN.* than it is with them; of all writers, he is the inost per- fectly isolated and the least attitudinising. His chief Japan is the land of the rising sun. Be- work, too, has a value and power of its own, apart from yond every other land in western or in eastern these merits of its author. The stir of all the main hemisphere there lies another nearer to the forces by which modern life is and has been impelled, lives in the letters of Obermann ; the dissolving sunrise, one farther east. Japan is in the ex- agencies of the eighteenth century, the fiery storm of treme of the Orient. Sailing thence eastward the French Revolution, the first faint promise and thousands of leagues over the sea, the voyager dawn of that new world which our own time is but now fully bringing to light,--all these are to be felt, almost comes only to the western shore of the Occi- to be touched, there. To me, indeed, it will always dent, the latest land where fall the lingering seem that the impressiveness of this production can rays of the setting sun. Not unfitly does this hardly be rated too high.” figure the historic condition of this remotest For the rest, this collection of letters which land. tell the life history of a human soul, and which The general march of empire and of civiliza- are dated at irregular intervals, from the year tion has been toward the west. Tracing back- One to the year Ten of the Republic, at first ward this march, our steps move ever eastward. from Switzerland, then from Lyons and Fon; Journeying from land to land, across Europe tainebleau, and afterwards from Switzerland and Asia, the lesser and the greater, we again, have had a not unenviable fate. George touch in each successive country the relics Sand writes of them in these words : of an older history and of a more ancient life, "From the time of its publication onward, Ober- until in Japan to-day we find sitting on the mann aroused sympathies all the more faithful and devoted for their rarity. In this, the law which con- throne of an empire a ruler whose uninter- demns too liberal natures to gain but lukewarm friend-rupted dynasty has governed with varying sub- ships, was fulfilled. Justice was rendered in that stance of authority since 660 B.C., or more than strength of affection which compensates for lack of 2,500 years. Beyond the Pacific the neighbors eclat. Obermann did not have the deceitful triumpb . fronting this most ancient monarchy are the of a popular success ; it was preserved from the care- less inflictions of vulgar admiration." youngest of the republics. How much George Sand herself was influ The government in Japan previous to the enced by this book may be seen in many of her remarkable revolution of 1868 was a feuda! earlier writings. The "Lettres d'un Voyageur" and “Lélia” bear abundant evidence of this. OF THE PRUSSIAN GOVERNMENT. By J. J. Rein, Professor of Some fifty years ago, and while Senancour Geography in Marburg. Translated from the German, twenty illustrations and two maps. New York: A. C. Armstrong was still living, Sainte-Beuve again attracted * JAPAN: TRAVELS AND RESEARCHES UNDERTAKEN AT THE CORT With & Son, 10 [May, TIE DIAL. despotism of a very perfect type. There were the name Fujiwára. His family, next in rank many points of resemblance to that system to that of the Mikado himself, held the most which existed in Europe from the ninth to the important offices, and from it alone the em- thirteenth centuries. The differences were not perors could take their wives. About the be- as great as might have been expected from the ginning of the tenth century two other fami- great differences in such modifying causes as lies, the Táira and the Minamoto, gained power, race, religion, and climate. Up to 1868, the and the influence of the Fujiwari waned. The history of Japan is the bistory of an ever Minamoto secured the high office of Sei-i-tai- shifting sovereignty, always nominally in the shögun, “The-great-general-who-subdues-bar- Mikado, or emperor, but usually exercised in barians.” The growing feudalism crystallized fact by the hereditary representative of some about the rival families. A feud followed, dominant faction. There was much truth in which in length and bitterness far surpassed the statements once current concerning this the quarrels of the roses, or the conflicts be- government, that there were two co-existent tween the Guelphs and the Ghibellines. autocrats, a spiritual emperor, who shone, and The prominent figure at the close of this the a military chieftain, who ruled. second period of Japanese history was Yorito- The first period of Japanese history reaches mo, son of Yoshitómo, of the Minamoto, a nearly 1,400 years, from the advent of Jimmu- vigorous leader and a wise governor. With Tenno in 660 B.C., to 794 A.D. During most great courage and sagacity, and equally great of this period there was no written language, finesse and cruelty, he overthrew the Fujiwari and the history must be largely mythical or and established himself. From his day the traditional. The word Tennó is compounded Shūguns became not simply the greatest vas- of ten, heaven, and ô, king; and the title sals of the emperor, they were the real rulers “ heaven's lord” has been worn by every of the empire. Yet he ruled well, enacted Mikado. There is a myth of a predecessor of wise laws, and restored peace and plenty to his Jimmu-Tenno who received from heaven a country, showing in all formalities the highest sword, which suggests the sword Excalibar, reverence for the Mikado, whose acquiescence taken by King Arthur from out the mere, and he could always command. Yoritomo died in afterward returned thither ; but the Japanese | 1199. sword, a blade of very ancient and remarkable In Japan, as elsewhere, the power of great forgery, yet renmins to convince the incredu- rulers usually perishes with them. There fol- lous. There is another myth that Jimmu, like lowed a time when the Mikados were children, Æneas, ploughed for years the stormy billows and the hereditary Shõguns were children too. of the Japanese Mediterranean before he estab The real authority was exercised in their name lished himself as a ruler, founding a city and by kinsmen, or by the members of the family the kingdom of Yamato, over which he reigned Hojo, ruling under the title Shikken, which in seventy-five years. its turn came to be borne only by minor chil- During this earliest and longest period, the dren. The great houses played for power, each event of most significance to Japan was the against the other. Only one of the Hōjō could conquest of Corea in 202 A.D., by the em be a Shikken ; only a Minamoto could be a press Jingu-Kõgõ, widow of the 14th Mikado, Shögun ; only a descendant of Jimmu-Tenno Chuai-Tenno. The Japanese annalists attrib- could be a Mikado. Yet when either of these ute the conquest of Corea to the warlike cour babes grew to man's estate he abdicated in age of her son Ojin-Tenno, who succeeded to favor of a younger relative, shaved his head, the vacant throne at his father's death, although and retired to a Buddhist monastery. Such a the inconsequential ceremony of his own birth state of affairs could end in but one way, when occurred some months later, and after the sur a general, Ashikaga Takaúji , more powerful render of Corea. Through Corea came to than others, espoused the fortunes of the Mi- Japan the civilization, the culture, and the arts kado and deposed the Hojo in 1334. of China ; her industries, medicine, law, let In 1542 the Portuguese discovered Japan. ters, literature, the philosophy of Confucius, They landed on the southern coasts, and were and the religion of the Buddhists. With the kindly received, the feudal lords, daimios, or rest came also much of effeminacy and of de- " great princes,” finding in the new weapons banchery that undermined the ancient military which the strangers brought, valuable helps in and manly vigor of the people, and afterward their intestine quarrels. Following the traders honeycombed the throne of the Mikado. In came the Romish priests, and in 1519 the gos- the seventh century, in the reign of the 38th pel was first preached in Japan. sovereign, Tenji-Tenno, the Japanese were Although Ashikaga, in deposing the Höjo, driven out from the Corea, but their claim to had restored semblance of power to the em- the country was never relinquished. This same peror, the feudal contests remained with ever- ruler permitted a faithful minister to assume I debilitating influence, so that the 102d Mikado 1884.] 11 THE DIAL. enues. when dead lay unburied forty days for the want his light, and that he desired to secure power of means to perform the funereal obsequies to his own line of successors as the surest with unmaimed ceremonies. At the time when means of gaining lasting peace and prosperity the Portuguese were getting a foothold in for Japan. To this end he prepared a code of Japan, a man appeared with the purpose and instructions, based on the doctrines of Confu- the power to overcome the existing anarchy, cius, in which the family is recognized as the and restore order. This man was Ota Nobu- foundation of the state. These instructions nága (1573). At first he used the armed force were not made public, but were left for the under his command to assist the descendant guidance of his descendants as rulers. In them and representative of Ashikaga, but the treach the distinctions of classes were sharply defined. ery of this man caused Nobunaga to wrest the The divine ancestry and authority of the Mi- shogunate from him. The office remained va kado were clearly asserted; but under the pre- cant for thirty years, until it was assumed by tense that this divine sanctity was too holy to the great Iyeyasu for himself and his descend- | be soiled by contact with meaner mortals, he, ants. Nobuảnga favored the Christians, and the Shögun, assumed to be the dispenser of all sorely persecuted the Buddhists. Under his anthority, acting as the responsible representa- protection, the Jesuits made rapid progress in tive of royalty. The Kugi, or court nobility, the introduction of their religion. In 1581 were of the blood royal, high in rank as nobles, they reported 150,000 converts and 200 but insignificant in power or influence. The churches. Some of the daimios professed the Mikado and the Kugi dwelt at Kióto. new faith. But their patron, Nobunaga, met a The military class included the Shogun, the sudden and violent death while persecuting the Daimios, or barons, and the Samurái, fighting Buddhists, and the tide turned. His successor, men, or knights. Each Daimio was absolute Hideyoshi, at first favored the Christians. Sud- lord in his own district, and received large rev- denly an edict warned all Jesuits to leave the He was bound to live half the year in country in twenty days; afterward the time was Yedo, the capital of the Shögun; to furnish extended to six months. Failing to go as re fighting men and tribute when they should be quired, he ordered them to be crucified, and required, and in proportion to the rovenues of twenty-six suffered this death in 1597. Perse his hereditary fief. These revenues were reck- cution followed with varied vigor until the ad- oned in rice, by the kóku, in measure about vent of Iyeyasu, first Shögun of the family of five and one-third bushels, in value from two the Tokugawa. The conflict, as in the preced- and one-half to five dollars. ing ages, was between the contending factions The Samurai were the military retainers of of rival families; but the Christians were on the Shõgin and the Daimios. Their most val- the losing side. The armies of Iyeyasu num ued privilege was the right to wear a sword, bered 75,000 men; of his opponents, 130,000. and therefore each wore two, one a long two- The forces met at Sekigahára, and out of a handed weapon for use against his foes; the bloody conflict Iyeyasu won an overwhelming other, a knife for use against himself-for no victory in 1603. The fate of the Christians Samurai knew at what hour honor might require became more and more fearful, until in 1614 a him to end his own life by slashing his bowels proclamation appeared which meant the exter- with this murderous weapon. The Samurai mination of the new faith. The horrors of this never went out without his sword, and even the persecution may not be rehearsed here. The boys wore swords to school. The etiquette enmity of the Japanese against the Jesuits of the sword was curious, intricate, and replete grew partly out of the ancient feuds between with danger. families; partly from the hatred of the native The Heimin were the second great rank of priests; partly from the belief that they were the people, in three classes; first, the Hiàkusho, plotting politically against the government and or farmers; second, the Shókunin, or mechan- to introduce Portuguese rule; and partly from ics; third, the Ákindo, or merchants. It was the representations of English and Dutch Pro one of the circumstances galling to the Samu- testants, who came to Japan fresh from the rai, that in meeting the foreigners who came scenes that made memorable the fall of the to Japan, they were associating with members Netherlands and the defeat of the Armada. In of the Akindo, far beneath them in dignity. 1624 all foreigners were banished from the Yet lower in the social scale were the Etas, country. An edict was also issued ordering all who, as grave-diggers, butchers, and tanners, large ships to be destroyed, that the Japanese dealt with death and the dead. Then there night thus be more surely prevented from in were the Hinin, or beggars, and finally singers, tercourse with foreigners. dancers, actors, and lewd women. Every child There can be little doubt that the purposes belonged by birth-right to one of these classes. of Iyeyasu were honest and patriotic, seeking He could not rise to a higher grade by any the best interests of his country according to effort of his own, but could be raised by an 12 [May, THE DIAL. adoption which made him the son of the person the Mikado, and especially to drive out of the of higher rank adopting him. In this way it land the hated barbarians, foreign red-haired was possible that a youth might have two or devils. Ill-blood was continually stirred. The three living fathers. imprudence of the foreigners provoked attacks. The Dutch came to Japan in 1610. Some | These were followed by demands for apology, years later, leave was given them, but under enforced by fleets and bomb-shells. At Shi- only the most humiliating restrictions, to live monoséki, the combined fleets of England, on a small island at Nagasaki. This bit of France, Holland, and America, for a fancied ground was only 600 feet long, 240 feet wide, injury knocked the houses and forts of the and about six feet above high water. Here Japanese about their ears, compelled them to they dwelt in quasi imprisonment, required to beg for a cessation of punishment, and then show no sign of Christianity, not even to men made them pay an indemnity of three millions tion the name of Christ. Once a year the chief of dollars for the privilege of the whipping. officer of the little colony, with a select retinue, America received $785,000 of this blood-money. watched and guarded like thieves, went up to Nearly twenty years after, a glimmer of shame the capital to pay respect and tribute to the caused a return of the principal, but not, as in Shogun, and to make buffoons of themselves honor bound, with interest. for the amusement of his court. The leaven was still working. The then Mi- For two hundred and fifty years the only kado died in February, 1867, and his son Mut- intercourse between Japan and the outer world sohíto succeeded as the 121st ruler of Japan. was through the medium of the Dutch at Na In the autumn of the same year the new Mi- gasaki. Yet in spite of all the efforts made by kado sent to the Shögun a most remarkable Iyeyasu and his successors to secure to Japan letter, asking him to restore to the Emperor absolute exclusion from foreigners and their the authority which was rightly his; and the degrading influences, some daylight filtered Shogun, in a reply equally notable, indicated through the crevices of the cerements, and his readiness to comply with the request. So knowledge entered of many of the arts and in- serious a change in public affairs, involving struments of civilization and of science as of the overthrow of a form of government but- barometers, clocks, steam-engines, blast-fur-tressed by class distinctions permeating the naces, and other things,which acted on the whole structure of society, dating backward Japanese thought like yeast. more than a thousand years to the usurpation În 1853, Commodore Perry, with four Amer- of the Fujiwára, and hallowed in Japanese ican ships, anchored before Uraga, and pre- hearts and history by the memories of Yori- letter from his government asking for tomo, Ashikaga, Nobunaga, and Iyeyasu, could a treaty of friendship and commerce. He sailed away, saying that in a year he would Shortly after, the resignation of the Shogun come back for an answer. The next year he was formally made and accepted. Events fol- came, with eight ships, and moored his fleet in lowed rapidly. The Mikado emerged from his the bay of Yedo, opposite Yokohama. Prayers sacred seclusion at Kioto, or Saikio, the west- in the temples, remonstrances to the Commo ern capital, and took up his residence at Yedo, dore, entreaty, bluster, alike failed to remove the ancient citadel of the Shoguns, changing the ships, whose display of power was too sig. its name to Tokio, the eastern capital. There nificant to be treated with discourtesy. More was a brief and fruitless rebellion. The feudal over, the toy railways and the telegraphs which system was abolished. The social ranks were the visitors brought, with many other imple- reorganized. The Daimios abdicated their ments and objects curious to Japanese eyes, authority, and surrendered their revenues to amused and bewildered them; so that after no the treasury of the empire, saving but a ten long time Perry obtained his treaty, with the for their own support. The custom of wear- promise that two ports, afterwards six, should ing swords was forbidden. The Mikado and be opened to trade. Other nations speedily the Empress adopted European costumes, and moved in the same direction. The wedge en showed themselves freely to the public. Pros- tered could not be withdrawn, and the nation tration before the throne ceased. Newspapers that had been sealed hermetically was opened were introduced. The prohibitions forbidding to intercourse with the world. the “evil sect” of the Kirishitan (Christians) But the Bákufu, or government of the Sho- | disappeared. The Christian Sunday was rec- gun then called Tai-Kun, Tycoon, or great ognized at least as a holiday, and the religion prince --- had concluded the treaties without so of the Buddhists had no longer the sanction of much as reference to the authority of the Mi- | the state. kado. Other complications had been weaken One more conflict followed the great Sat- ing the power of the Shögun. Parties were suma rebellion of 1877, a well-arranged revolt, soon formed to restore the ancient prestige of led by Saigo, who had been the right-hand of e 1884.] 13 THE DIAL. the Emperor in the movements for the restora but without steadfastness or perseverance. tion of his power. It was the last effort to They are free, tractable, polite, curious, indus- drive the foreigners from the country. Saigo trious, frugal, sober, cleanly, good-humored, had over-estimated his power. Where he had candid, and at the same time suspicious, super- counted on fifty thousand followers, he found stitious, sensual,” and it must be added, like all but fifteen thousand. His forces were soon de- Orientals, not given to the truth. A Japanese feated, and he himself perished ignobly in a once characterized his countrymen as the An- laborer's costume on the battle-field. The rev glo-Saxons, and the Chinese as the Frenchmen, olution was completed. of the Orient. SELIM H. PEABODY. Japan has taken her place in the ranks of nations. She has “rung out the old — rung in the new." Viewed from any standpoint TITE STORY OF CHINESE GORDON.* which permits an intelligent appreciation of the situation and a fair consideration of the The deepening interest felt in the fortunes rapidity and extent of the changes which have of the heroic soldier who at the present mo- been made, the progress is simply marvellous. ment is environed with desperate perils in the Yet is she confronted with difficulties and dan- heart of the Soudan, has inspired the publica- gers within and without. Her territory, ex tion of successive biographies portraying the tending through more than thirty degrees of eventful epochs in his career. The able and latitude, has but three times the area of Illinois. authentic works by Dr. Andrew Wilson and Her population numbers thirty-seven millions Mr. Birbeck Hill, describing respectively the of people. Her insular position exposes her at “Ever Victorious Army" in China, and the all points to maritime attack. She is feeble as achievements of “ Colonel Gordon in Central to all the usual elements of national power: Africa,” have been followed within a year or in wealth, for her people are very poor, eking so by “The Story of Chinese Gordon,” by A. out scanty subsistence with all the nice econo Egmont Hake, and at a very recent date by mies practised by a densely crowded popula- Mr. Archibald Forbes's simply named book, tion; in the means of offense or defense, for * Chinese Gordon.” Of the two latest, now ly- she has neither army nor navy, nor the means ing before us, the one produced by Mr. Forbes of creating either; in intelligence, for only a is avowedly nothing more than a compilation few of the old princely families have any and abridgement of the previous works. It knowledge beyond that pertaining to daily toil has the advantages of brevity, and of a contin- in hereditary occupations. Her young and uation of its narrative down to the arrival of fresh life is grafted on the ancient and hoary General Gordon at Khartoum a little more imbecility which is the necessary sequence of than two months ago. It contains a portrait the long seclusion of an oriental people densely of the General, from a photograph taken dur- conservative, for whom mental inertia is more ing his former sojourn in the Soudan, and is potent than all other forces combined, mental, written in the concise, business-like style of the physical, or political. newspaper correspondent. The work of Mr. Professor Rein's work on Japan, the full Hake, on the other hand, has been prepared title of which appears in a foot-note at the be with a larger aim, and although relying upon ginning of this article, is admirably lucid and preceding biographies for much of its mate- concise. Its account of the country is full as rial, has taken from original sources interesting to its geography, physiography, fauna, flora, matter not before made public. The literary history, manners, language, religion, arts, character of the work leaves nothing to be de- trades, and resources. One could wish for sired. It is that of a scholarly and practised fuller illustrations of the same excellent char writer. acter shown by the few that are present. The We have to go to Mr. Forbes for the date material is inexhaustible, and much more might and place of Charles George Gordon's birth have been given of the quaint and florid art Woolwich, January 28, 1833, - statistics which and architecture shown in shrines, temples, and Mr. Hake has strangely omitted. Neither au- tombs, at Shiba, at Asákasa, at Nikko, and at thor furnishes any information regarding his innumerable other places. All careful observers early years and home influences, but from their of Japanese movements, both in their individual account of the stock from which he sprung we and national life, must recognize the truthful are enabled to infer the nature of the circum- picture drawn by the writer, when he says: stances amid which he grew to manhood. He “The Japanese nation is a race of children, * THE STORY OF CHINESE GORDON. By A. Egmont Hake, author harmless, confiding, gay, easily interested even of “Paris Originals," " Flattering Tales," etc. to the point of enthusiasm in anything new, traits and two Maps. New York : R. Worthington. but when only half acquainted with it speedily A SUCCINCT RECORD OF HIS LIFE. By New York: George Routledge & Sons, and becoming weary of it, rerum novarum cupidi, With two Por- CHINESE GORDON. Archibald Forbes. S. W. Green's Sons. 14 [May, THE DIAL. a descended from a race of soldiers on the Gor received the title of the “ever victorious army." don side, men of striking individuality, of chiv The death of Ward had left the band without a alrous and generous disposition, and a ming- suitable leader, until, in March, 1863, Gordon ling of sunny humor with their sternness and accepted the position. It was his first com- canny Scottish traits. His mother was the mand, but the applause he gained in it has daughter of Samuel Enderby, known widely in rung through the world. his day as a London merchant and the owner In fifteen months the Tai-ping rebellion was of many ships, two of which will ever be re ended. Meantime, Gordon had led his army menbered in American history as those which through thirty-three engagements, in nearly all in 1773 sailed into Boston harbor laden with of which it was victorious. He once received a tea and were relieved of their cargoes by hav wound in the leg, but his many marvellous es- ing them summarily tossed into the sea. Mrs.capes from death or injury gained him the rep- Gordon, as Mr. Hake describes her, was utation of having a charmed existence. This woman of remarkable character. “She pos- notion was strengthened among his men by sessed a perfect temper; she was always cheer- his “constant habit, when the troops were under ful under the most trying circumstances, and fire, of appearing suddenly, usually unattended, she was always thoughtful of others; she con and calmly standing in the very hottest part tended with difficulties without the slightest of the fire. Besides his favorite cane, he car- display of effort; and she had a genius for ried nothing except field-glasses, never a sword making the best of everything." She was the or a revolver ; or rather, if the latter, it was mother of eleven children, and of her five sons carried unostentatiously and out of sight.” As three adopted their father's profession. a reward for the invaluable services which Gor- Charles was prepared at Taunton for the don rendered the Imperialists, he was raised Royal Military Academy, which he entered be to the rank of Ti-tu, the highest ever conferred fore the completion of his fifteenth year, and by the Chinese government upon a subject. left in 1852, at the age of nineteen, with the He also received the rare decorations of the appointment of second-lieutenant of the Royal Yellow Jacket and the Peacock's Feather; but Engineers. For two years he did duty at Pem- the large sums of money several times offered broke, but in 1854 was dispatched to the him, he peremptorily refused. "He had spent Crimea, where he engaged in active service in his pay of £1,200 a year," says Mr. Hake, "in February 1855. How he bore himself during comforts for his army and in the relief of the the following months of hard incessant work victims of the Heavenly King. To these ends in the field, Colonel Chesney informs us in a he had even taxed his own private means. It paper written long afterward : was not likely, then, that he should now do “Gordon had first seen war in the hard school of the anything to give a mercenary stamp to his ser- "black winter' of the Crimea. In his humble position vices, or deprive him of the reflection that he as an English subaltern he attracted the notice of his had acted in the cause of humanity alone." superiors, not merely by his energy and activity, but His own government promoted him one step in by a special aptitude for war, developing itself amid the trench work before Sebastopol in a personal knowl- the army in consideration of his valor, and edge of the enemy's movements such as no other officer somewhat later made him a Companion of the attained. We used to send him to find out what new Bath. move the Russians were making." When, toward the close of 1864, Colonel Gor- At the close of the Crimean war, Gordon don departed for England, it was universally took part in the survey of the new frontiers of felt by China that she was parting with her Russia as adjusted by the treaty of Paris. In greatest hero and her best friend. “Even the 1859 he was promoted to the rank of captain, rebels,” states Mr. Hake, “ to whom his name at which date he was only twenty-six, and had was a terror, admired and loved him." Arrived been in the army a little less than seven years. in his native land, he avoided all publicity, A year later he was detailed for service in Chi- but, “by the fireside at Southampton, once na, where the first notable action in which he more he told the strange and splendid romance engaged was the burning of the Summer Pal of those fifteen months a story teeming with ace at Pekin. This deed of vandalism could the noblest and most lofty incidents of war, not receive his sanction, but he was still mere with singular encounters, disastrous chances, ly a subaltern. It was wretchedly demoral- and moving accidents by flood and field. To izing work for an army," he grimly remarked. listen to it was a new and unique experience ; At the solicitation of the Chinese for English and as Gordon stood every evening for three aid in suppressing the revolution of the Tai or four hours descanting on the things he had pings, Gordon was appointed to the command seen, now pointing to the map before him to of a body of from 3,000 to 5,000 soldiers, which explain a position, now raising his voice in sud- had been organized by an American named den anger at defeat, or dropping it with vic- Ward, and by its continuous successes had | tory in mercy for the fallen, the company was 1884.] 15 THE DIAL. eers. spell-bound and amazed." During the six invited to the latter country, to give aid in the subsequent years, “ perhaps the happiest of his exigency by his presence and advice. He life," Colonel Gordon filled the position of obeyed the summons, and as the results of his Commanding Royal Engineer at Gravesend. wise counsel, China secured a peace with her Here, says one of his biographers : hostile neighbor on the western boundary, and “He lived wholly for others. His house was school, laid the foundation for an efficient armed force. and hospital, and almshouse in turn was more like His assistance was next required by the Cape the abode of a missionary than of a Colonel of Engin-Government in South Africa, and some months The troubles of all interested him alike. The of 1882 were occupied in the attempt to effect poor, the sick, the unfortunate, were ever welcome, and never did suppliant knock vainly at his door. He al- a solution of the difficulties with Basutoland. ways took a great delight in children, but especially in At last there came a time when the hard-worked boys employed on the river or the sea. Many he res soldier and administrator might seek much- cued from the gutter, cleansed them and clothed them, needed rest. He retired to Palestine and set- and kept them for weeks in his home. For their bene- fit he established evening classes, over which he himself tled outside of Jerusalem. The rest was, how- presided, reading to and teaching the lads with as much ever, to be brief. As Mr. Forbes relates, on ardor as if he were leading them to victory. He called January 19, 1884, the English nation them his kings,' and for many of them he got berths “ learned with a thrill of glad surprise that on the pre- on board ship. One day a friend asked him why there were so many pins stuck into the map of the world over vious evening General Gordon had left England for the his mantlepiece ; he was told that they marked and Soudan, having accepted the mission to report on the followed the course of the boys on their voyages -- that military situation there, to provide in the best manner they were moved from point to point as his youngsters for the safety of the European population of Khartoum advanced, and that he prayed for them as they went, and of the Egyptian garrisons of the country, as well as for the evacuation of the Soudan with the exception day by day." of the seaboard. 'I go to cut the dog's tail The life of quiet beneficence at Gravesend off,' said Gordon, on the eve of his departure. “I've got closed in 1871, with Colonel Gordon's appoint- my orders, and I'll do it, coûte qu'il coûte.' Ate ight o'clock he started. The scene at the station was very ment to the European Commission of the Danube. interesting. Lord Wolseley carried the General's port- In 1873 he entered the service of the Khedive, manteau, Lord Granville took his ticket for him, and succeeding Sir Samuel Baker as Governor of the Duke of Cambridge held open the carriage door." the Tribes in Upper Egypt. The proffer of All that is known of his subsequent proceed- £10,000 a year for his services was declined, ings has been chronicled in the daily news £2,000 being all he would accept. It is im- journals." His present situation is full of dan- possible, in the space at command, to specify ger, and the world watches anxiously for his the labors which Colonel Gordon performed in escape from Khartoum. Mr. Forbes voices the ensuing three years. The spirit which an the general sentiment in the final sentences of imated him, here as elsewhere, is reflected in his volume : expressions such as these : “No difficulties will abate his loyal courage ; no stress "I go up alone, with an infinite Almighty God to di of adversity will daunt his gallant heart. For him life rect and guide me ; and am glad to so trust Him as to has no ambitions, death no terror. He will do his duty." fear nothing, and, indeed, to feel sure of success. Sometimes I wish I had never gone into this sort of Bedouin life, either in China or here. Is it my fauļt or my failing that I never have a respectable assistant with BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. me to bear part of my labors ? I say sin- cerely that, though I prefer to be here sooner than any A NEW American novel, by a lady who writes where, I would sooner be dead than live this life. under the pseudonym of Barbara Elbon, has lately Praying for the people ahead of me whom I am about been added to Macmillan's Dollar Series. Like so to visit gives me much strength ; and it is wonderful many recent American novels, it derives its inspira- how something seems already to hare passed between us tion largely from the suggestions of European life when I meet a chief (for whom I have prayed) for the and travel. It may safely be asserted that the great first time." American novel — that object of so much mysterious When congratulated upon the noble work prophecy — will not have to go so far in search of its accomplished by him in the Soudan, he replied : main inspiration; but as no one is likely to imagine “I am neither a Napoleon nor a Colbert; I do not the present work to be in any sense a fulfillment of profess either to have been a great ruler or a great finan such a prophecy, this consideration need not detain cier; but I can say this - I have cut off the slave- us.“ Bethesda ” is a novel of two figures, one being dealers in their strongholds, and I made the people love that of the apocryphal American girl whose name me.” serves as the title, and the other that of an equally Immediately after leaving the service of the apocryphal Frenchman. Both of them are so de- Khedive in 1877, General Gordon accepted the void of flesh and blood that they can hardly be position of private secretary to Lord Ripon, that idealization has been carried so far as to make called characters. The fault with both seems to be the new viceroy to India; but the place was un- them insubstantial. Moreover, this idealization is suited to him, and was resigned as soon as he rather emotional than intellectual. Very much of it had reached Bombay. War was then immi- | is unrestrainedly so; and that which tries to avoid nent between Russia and China, and he was this, betrays by its confused expression the lack of * * * 16 [May, THE DIAL. that objective grasp of life and its relations which is own nature are seen in this treatment. Those excel- essential to the production of enduring art. That lences in the work of Tourguénieff, for example, the writer of this book has a high ideal of character, which are noticed by Mr. James, do not constitute is unmistakable; but the presentation of ideal char- | its real claim to greatness, but they are what appeal acter must, to be artistic, be freed from the language the most strongly to his imagination, and he gives of emotion, or at least but tinged with it. It is for them an undue prominence, so that the essay, while the reader give to the objective portrayal of char most delightful reading, leaves one with a sense of acter its emotional investiture; it cannot be supplied | its insufficiency. What is here said applies also in a by the writer except at the sacrifice of artistic worth. certain degree to his treatment of George Sand and Bethesda is a beautiful and accomplished girl. Her others. As far as his appreciation goes, it leaves accomplishments are not all specified, but we learn nothing to be desired; but still there is much which incidentally that she plays the violin, reads Arabic, it does not embrace. One is hardly made to realize and is an adept in several species of literary compo the genius of Gautier or of Baudelaire, of George sition. She has resided for some time in Europe, in Sand or of Tourguénieff, by a perusal of these the companionship of an aunt, not much older than pages; but to make up for what he thus feels to be herself, and whose vulgarity is a striking contrast wanting, he gets a good many side lights thrown to her own refinement. René d'Isten is a Frenchman | upon them and their work. who has had an unfortunate marriage. His wife is living, but apart from him. He is attracted by Bethesda, and she no less by him; and there results MR. GRANT ALLEN has published another volume a companionship of soul which turns out to be a of his charming sketches of plant life. The collec- very serious matter, for her at least. Bethesda re- tion is called Flowers and their Pedigrees” (Apple- turns to America, heart-broken at leaving the man ton), and is offered to the public as a first install- whom she loves, and with a growing consciousness ment of a work which I hope some day more fully that she has done wrong and that she ought to ban- to carry out - a Functional Companion to the British ish him from her thoughts. She is bent upon doing Flora." The eight sketches which this volume con- her duty at whatever cost, and sets herself the task tains are somewhat longer than most of those which of effecting a reconciliation between René and his make up his previously published volumes, but are estranged wife. In this she succeeds, but almost at otherwise of the same character. Each one of them the sacrifice of her own life. In her American home, takes up some plant or group of plants, and proceeds however, she finds certain consolations, and especial- to account for the peculiarities of its structure, and ly that afforded by the conversation of a young to show how by natural selection it has become espe- clergyman to whom Hegel is the fifth gospel. 'What cially adapted to its surroundings. Thus the daisy this conversation is like, may be well enough inferred is taken as a type of the Composite, and is made to from the above fact. It is perhaps not surprising show not only its own special adaptations, but the that " in spite of such conversations as these, intel- general line of development which has been pursued lectual perception was still weak and impotent.” by the great order to which it belongs and of which The book reveals a wide range of reading and it illustrates the extreme point thus far reached. thought on the part of the writer. Much of this The same sort of treatment is given to the straw- reading has evidently been sympathetic, but the berry, wheat, cleavers, and the common English thought is imperfectly assimilated. This is betrayed arum, or cuckoo-pint. A rare lily and a stray by the frequent crudities of expression to be met euphorbia serve as texts for two deeply interesting with. On the other hand, there are felicitous phrases discourses on distribution, and give some idea of the in sufficient number, and a display of talent of an light which this study throws upon geologic and order high enough to indicate that the writer might geographic conditions at times far antedating all do valuable work on a less ambitious plane. written history. In reading these pages, one is much impressed with the vitality with which the study of the organic world is informed when done The early edition of the collection of essays on in the light of the all-embracing principle of natural “ French Poets and Novelists," by Mr. Henry James, selection. There could not well be a greater con- has been out of print for some time, and the Mac trast than that between the old way of studying bot- millans have now prepared a new and cheaper one. any and the new way which Darwin made possible. It is exceedingly fortunate that they have done so, In the light which he shed upon it, dry and hitherto for these essays form one of the most notable con meaningless facts become pregnant with interest and tributions thus far made to literary criticism in this meaning as they take their fitting place in the body country, and should be easily accessible to students of botanical knowledge now for the first time truly and the general reader. It must be said of them at in process of organization. Most popular science is once that they are not profound. They are nearly a thing to be looked at with suspicion; but that of everything else that literary criticism should be. Mr. Grant Allen is both pleasing and sound. His They show in a high degree delicacy of touch and wide and thorough knowledge of the facts of plant sympathetic appreciation of the works dealt with. structure and distribution is indisputable, and he They have about them a subtle quality which gives has in addition to this the literary faculty in a de- a keen delight to their perusal. The two essays gree quite unusual with scientific investigators. He on Balzac, and those on Gautier and Tourguénieff, affects to write from the standpoint of the casual ob- are perhaps the most valuable. With these latter server; but the reader should not be misled by this, writers, Mr. James himself has certain affinities, and nor is he likely to be, for even such work as these this enables him to treat of them with peculiar sym sketches affords unmistakable evidence of the close pathy. At the same time, the limitations of his hold of the writer upon the best scientific knowledge 1884.] 17 THE DIAL. ness. of his time, to say nothing of the witness of his developing and spreading day by day with regard more serious contributions to the literature of evolu to the planning, the rearing, the decorating and the tionary biology. furnishing of homes. Even they who have no hope of possessing a house of their own are interested in “POLITICS: An Introduction to the Study of Com the houses which others are erecting, enjoying in a parative Constitutional Law," is the title of a well generous mood the attractive features which are the written and valuable work by William W. Crane and latest outgrowth of an expanding art. It is to stim- Bernard Moses, Ph.D., published by G. P. Put ulate and educate this taste for harmonious and felic- nam's Sons. It is a treatise upon the theoretical itous homes, that so many writers are occupying principles of government, with special reference to themselves with the subject, producing a series of those forms existing among modern civilized nations, books which, despite their number, do not become and particularly that found in our own country. It superfluous, or weaken in entertainment or useful- is, as the title indicates, comparative, and the com- As a rule, the literature of this sort is of an parative element is a very large one. It is also his excellent quality, embodying fresh and well-consid- torical, and points out the common Aryan origin of ered suggestions conveyed in an animated and win- the diverse systems which are taken into considera- ning style. A late specimen appears in the little tion, and the causes which have led to the marked brochure written by Mr. O. B. Bunce, entitled “My specialization now existing. The contradiction lying House, An Ideal," (Scribners). It attempts noth- at the root of the theory of our own Constitution is ing beyond an outline of the house "good and true" clearly indicated, and the tendency of our government " from top to bottom, outside and inside,” which towards centralization fully discussed; dissolution is the author's ideal of a home, “a retreat,” “a spot being shown to be the only alternative. The subject that endears," "a heaven wherein the best that is is treated in a broadly philosophical spirit, as is well within us may blossom.” Although there is little illustrated by the following passage concerning in- pretension in the booklet, it is full of the charm ternational relations: which a cultivated and independent personality and “The innate propensity to destroy or subjugate is a talent for graceful expression may impart. It only turned in new directions by civilization. It does presents an enticing picture of a skillfully-designed, not always manifest itself as among rude people in honestly-built house, which any one might be glad common slaughter. On the contrary, there is a grow to enter and abide in, and with whose arrangement ing disposition to mitigate physical suffering. We read and appointments slight fault could be found by the with horror of the wholesale murder and rapine of an- most critical and fastidious minded. cient war, of the sacking of cities, and the selling of men, women and children into slavery; but the English- man of today learns with ill-disguised complacency from the Times that his fields of coal and his machinery A HOMELIER type of work than the foregoing, yet have paralyzed the iron industries of France or Ger one touching the subject of the home at manifold many; and the American is rejoiced to think that com points affecting the welfare of its inmates, is that petition with our acres and enterprise is undermining which treats of " Household Conveniences” (Orange the agriculture of Great Britain, although misery is Judd Company). It is a compilation from many brought to the doors of thousands; and yet both think writers who have had experience in the practical af- themselves peaceful, merciful men. The truth is, war- fare is still the normal condition of humanity, and in fairs of domestic life, and, appreciating the value of the general scheme of things no doubt necessarily so. labor-saving devices in every department of the Measurably, however, the theatre of contention is now household, have desired to communicate the results in the domain of opinions. War is only an ultimatuin.” of their observation or discovery. The work is ar- The work seems to be designed for use as a text-ranged methodically, beginning with a description book in the higher institutions of learning, and is of unique contrivances for service outside the house, admirably fitted for this purpose. It is uniform and continuing with an account of those which bo- with the Political Economy of Emile de Laveleye, long in the interior, from the cellar to the kitchen, noticed in the last issue of The DIAL. the dining-room, the pantries, closets, and separate living-rooms. The articles named are not for sale in furniture rooms, or to be met with ordinarily. They PROGRESS in architecture, and especially in do are as a rule original inventions, in all cases simple, mestic architecture, is one of the distinguishing economical, and easily made by any individual who marks of American culture at the present day. can handle tools with moderate dexterity. Many of Homes are multiplying in our country at the rate of them are particularly adapted to the needs of farmers hundreds of thousands annually, and each year wit and residents in the country who have to depend up- nesses an increase in the amount of thought given on their own ingenuity and resources for conveniences to the appropriateness, convenience and beauty of essential to comfortable living. The descriptions are their structure and ornamentation. Improvements clearly and succinctly written, and are often supple- in their sanitary regulations keep pace with amend mented with pictorial illustrations. ments in their artistic construction, ensuring an ad- vantage to health along with the gain of refinements and comfort which comes from a higher and wiser MR. ROBERT BARNWELL ROOSEVELT is well-known order of house-building. The humblest cottages, as to the sportsmen of the United States as one who well as the proudest mansions, are benefited by this has been active in protecting their interests by the general advance in the science of architecture. No use of his pen and his personal influence in securing householder, real or prospective, is so limited in aims the passage of laws to preserve game from slaughter or means that he may not adopt some of the more at untimely seasons, and in encouraging fish-culture rational, enlightened and consistent ideas which are in American waters. His several books treating of 18 [May, THE DIAL. game birds in various parts of the country have pro- feeling is placated in looking over the collection of cured him additional repute as an authority in mat- excerpts from the writings of Charles Darwin, which ters pertaining to the pursuits of hunting and fish Mr. Nathan Sheppard has culled for the purpose of ing. In two new volumes published by the Orange exhibiting in a concise form the hypotheses that may Judd Company, he continues his contributions to be correctly designated by the term “ Darwinism." this branch of literature. In the first, entitled The passages have been discreetly chosen; they are “Florida and Game Water Birds,” he presents a most interesting in themselves, and, leading from one sketch of a fishing-trip to Florida, made by him in to another by continuity of subject, compose a fair the winter of 1881–82. Mr. Roosevelt accomplished outline of the researches and the conclusions of the the journey in his private yacht, having for his com naturalist whose title to greatness is based on vir- panions the famous pisciculturist, Mr. Seth Green, tues of character as well as upon forces of intellect. "a sporting medical man,” and two or three ladies. Persons who have not been drawn toward the works No circumstance which could enhance the luxurious of Darwin will be tempted to seek them by a perusal enjoyment of the excursionists was wanting. There was of these detached paragraphs, which indicate the even an unlimited period of time at their command, amazing variety and extent of his patient and accu- and thus months were expended in a leisurely pas rate observations, the modesty of his assumptions, sage to the fishing grounds of the southern peninsula, the simplicity of his expressions, and the unvarying and in as leisurely an improvement of the sources of gentleness and candor of his disposition. He had entertainment existing there. In the same volume the art to unfold a narrative fascinating by its stores with the notes of this pleasure trip, Mr. of curious information, and by the prepossessing Roosevelt encloses chapters on the game water birds grace of its unaffected style and unstrained conclu- of the Atlantic coast and the lakes of the United sions. His influence upon the world has been that States, with a description of the sporting in these re of a moral teacher no less than that of an original gions and remarks on various forms of guns in use. and ingenious scientific investigator. (Appleton.) In the second volume he speaks of “The Game Fish of the Northern States and British Provinces," dwelling particularly upon the salmon and trout ROMANES'S “ Mental Evolution in Animals” (Ap- fishing of Canada and New Brunswick. Since the pleton) contains a very satisfactory statement of establishment of the fishery commission of the state what is now known and of much that is surmised in of New York, Mr. Roosevelt has been a member of regard to the development of instinct and reason in the board, and it is easy to believe that with his eager the animals below man. The Mental Evolution of interest in the subject and his superior advantages Man is only incidentally touched, being reserved for for information, he has allowed no intelligence to discussion in a third volume of the series, the first of escape him with regard to American fish or the latest which, on “ Animal Intelligence," has been already and best improvements in fishing-tackle. His book noticed in these columns. In general, the views ad- lacks the convenience of a table of contents, but vanced in this volume agree very closely with those there are chapters treating of the propagation of of Mr. Darwin; or, to speak more exactly, they are fish, the tying of flies and knots, and of insects, in for the most part elaborations of lines of thought addition to those coming more directly under the already laid out by him. Numerous hitherto un- title of the work. published memoranda from the manuscripts of Dar- win are included in the work, as also a very interest- The little volume, by an anonymous writer, which ing chapter on Instinct, which was written for the is entitled “ With Rod and Line in Colorado Waters" “Origin of Species,” but which was omitted from that work for the sake of condensation. The book (Chain, Hardy & Company: Denver), has amusing is well written and interesting, and we have noticed characteristics which those given to the sports of the fisherman will especially enjoy. It is a dashing, matters of fact, such as mar the treatise on “ Animal no cases of reliance on untrustworthy evidence as to facetious relation of the author's experiences in Intelligence." angling and camping in the wilds and beside the waters of one of the most picturesque portions of the West. The chapters are brief and bright, each de- THE “ Epitome of Ancient, Mediæval, and Modern tailing the comical , depressing, unexpected, inevitable, History,” by Carl Ploetz, which has passed through and altogether inspiriting events which marked some many editions and met with warm approval in Ger- particular excursion in search of the pastime to be many, is now accessible to English-speaking people had with the rod and line. The humorous bits in in a translation made by William H. Tillingast, and the shape of wood-cuts placed at the head and foot published in a compact volume by Houghton, Mifflin of the several sections, and putting a cap on their & Co. The chief aim in the preparation of the work climax, are not unworthy of mention. was to provide a handbook for the class-room; yet it will be found of equal value for private use. The original plan comprised a compact review of the his- ONE instinctively regards a volume of extracts from tory of ancient, mediaval, and modern nations, so a favorite author with distrust. What is taken must presented that the leading facts in their develop- necessarily feebly represent what is left. Then there is ment at any era could be surveyed easily and com- often an unavoidable injustice done the writer by sepa- prehensively. In the treatment of the different rating passages, however characteristic, from their con countries and peoples, a brief summary of their text ; while the reader is wronged by imperfect and geography, religion, and civilization, is followed by misleading impressions received from isolated and in à chronological record of the prominent events complete statements and arguments. It is like an evolved in their history, the successive dates offering of crumbs instead of the full loaf. But this being printed conspicuously on the left side of each 1881.] 19 TIL DIAL. 66 page and the important names set in italies and black mariners, is neither dignified nor edifying. It will type. This convenient arrangement facilitates ref be relished by adventure-loving boys, but whether it erence, while it brings within a swift glance the will be wholesome reading for them is more than whole body of facts relating to each nation. The doubtful. translator has enlarged the primary scope of the work by adding the bistories of China, Japan, Par- thia, and Persia under the Sassanidæ, and by ampli- LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS. fying the annals of England, America, France, Scan- dinavia, and other nations of later and earlier times. A LIFE of Bacon, by Dean Church, is the latest An abundance of genealogical tables and a copious volume in the “ English Men of Letters” series index enhance the usefulness of a work which is the (Harpers). product of extended scholarship and enormous labor That old acquaintance, Colburn's “Intellectual in compilation. Arithmetic," is to be honored by a new and enlarged edition, containing a portrait of Colbum and a The fourth volume of the revised edition of Ban- sketch of his life. Houghton, Miffin & Co. are the croft's History (Appleton) has been somewhat publishers. longer in making its appearance then its predecessors CASSELL & COMPANY announce for early issue have been ; there seems no good reason, however, to “ The United States Art Directory and Year Book doubt the completion of the work within the present (Second Year), being a Chronicle of Events in the year. It bears the marks of the same careful Art World, and a Guide for all interested in the Pro- and conscientious labor as the others, and, like gress of Art in America;" compiled by Mr. S. R. them, has been largely re-written and re-arranged. Koehler. The period covered by this volume extends from May 1774 to July 1776, being Epoch III. of The GEORGE Eliot's fragmentary essays, with some American Revolution"_." America takes up arms for pages from her note-book, which before her death she self-defence and arrives at Independence.” It consists had arranged for publication in a volume, lavo of twenty-eight chapters. This volume, it will be just been issued by Harper & Brothers. This will be noted, is the most detailed of the entire work, em- the only authentic edition of her miscellanies; and it bracing the events of only a little over a year; and is stated by Mr. Lewes that the unauthorized collecx: with good reason, for the causes and motives of a tions previously issued contain some work which is great event like the American Revolution are to be not by her. studied not so much in the event itself, as in the less THE “ Magazine of American History" seems to conspicuous occurences and discussions which led to it. be steadily improving under the management of Mrs. Lamb. The May number has several fine portraits The little hand-book of “ History Topics for High and other illustrations, several valuable historical papers, and interesting miscellaneous matter. The Schools and Colleges," by Professor W. F. Allen, of magazine is worthy the support of all who would the University of Wisconsin, merits the attention of teachers and students. It was prepared for the encourage the growing interest in the study of Amer- ican history. author's use in the class-room and printed for his own convenience, but he has acted upon a wise im AMONG the interesting announcements of now pulse in putting it in the way to general circulation. books by J. R. Osgood & Co. are a volume of Merely to read the lists of topics in their order is a sketches by Mr. Howells; Henry Irving's Impressions good review of the history of past time, while to of America; a new novel (" Tinkling Cymbals "), follow the methods prescribed for studying them and a new volume of verse, by Edgar Fawcett; must be profitable in a high degree. The author's ** Mingo, and Other Sketches," by Joel Chandler remarks in the prefatory pages disclose ripe thoughts Harris; “An Average Man,” by Robert Grant; and and experience. They are such as omanate from one an account of “ The Battle of Stone's River," by A. who brings to his vocation of instructor a natural F. Stevenson. aptitude strengthened by learning and an ingenious THE “ Humboldt Library," published by J. Fitz- use of its acquirements. (Ginn, Heath, & Co.) gerald, New York, presents mon ly, in a well exo- cuted octavo pamphlet, the reprint of some, generally MR. STEVENSON'S romance of “ Treasure Island" English, standard scientific work. The twelve num- (Roberts Brothers) is a tissue of highly improbable bers for a year constitute, when bound, a library of incidents which do not for a moment throw the spell as many valuable works, which is furnished at about of reality around the reader, and yet constrain him the cost of any one of them in its ordinary edition. to acknowledge the skill with which they are worked The work is now in its fifth annual volume, and is up. The author shows considerable strength of in- well deserving of success. vention in unfolding the plot and delineating the Of the six gold medals for scientific work offerol characters, which are life-liko and well-sustainod. by the Commissioners of the Fishery Exposition hell But beyond this exhibition of his power in the line last year in London, one has been awarded to Hol- of fiction, there is no appreciable good accomplished | land, one to Norway, one to England, and three to by the book. It is a picture of the roughest phases of the United States; Professors Agassiz, Goode, and sea-life. The effort to recover a pirate's buried Jordan being the American recipients. Prof. Jordan treasure from a desolate island in the mid-ocean, by who fills a chair at the Indiana State University, a couple of gentlemen whose followers comprise and is one of the youngest as well as most promis- cutthroats, mutineers, and a sprinkling of honest ing of our working naturalists — had contributions 20 (May, THE DIAL. work, which was brought down to January 1882. The immediate and universal success of this index in practical work is an interesting literary fact. To the question, “ What book in your library is most used ?" every librarian will reply, “ Poole's Index." The same testimony comes from the owners of many pri- vate libraries. It is a singular fact in the history of book-making, and evidence of esprit de corps in the library profession, that the authors and contributors expect no pay for their work. The American and British Library Associations both give the enterprise their coöperative support, and make the compilation of such an invaluable aid to students and writers possible. As no more copies of the first supplement will be printed than are subscribed for in advance of publication, subscribers' names should be sent to Dr. Poole as soon as possible. When the book is issued it will be too late. BOOKS OF THE MONTII. [The following List includes all New Books, American and English, received during the month of April by MESSRS. JANSEN, Mo- CLURG & Co., Chicago.] BIOGRAPHY. * of books and papers numbering 240 on exhibition at the Fishery Exposition. A new edition of Benner's “Prophecies of Ups and Downs in Prices,” giving the results for the period between 1876 and 1884, with “ “ prophecies” to 1990, is just issued by Robert Clarke & Co., Cin- cinnati. The same publishers announce also: “Sor- ghum, its Culture and Manufacture," by Peter Col- lier; “ Mounds of the Mississippi Valley Historically Considered,” by Lucien Carr; “The Reptiles and Batrachians of North America,” by Saml. Garman; “Camping and Cruising in Florida," by Dr. James A. Henshall, author of “ The Book of the Black Bass;” and “Principles and Practice of American Common School Education," by James Currie, A.M., of Edinburgh. “THE PLATONIST” may certainly be reckoned as a curiosity of periodical literature. It is a monthly publication now in its second year, and is devoted chiefly to the dissemination of the Platonic Philos- ophy in all its phases." The Neo-Platonism of our country would seem to be a somewhat scattered prod- uct -- its organ being published at Orange, N. J., and edited at Osceola, Mo., while the American Akádêmé, its formal association, holds its meetings at Jackson- ville, Illinois. It is probable that Plato himself would be somewhat surprised could he be present in the spirit at one of the meetings of this new Akádêmê, at which we are told that papers are read which “stir up enquiry like flaming substance from a distant star upon a dark path;" it is possible, even, that he might be aghast at some of the interpretations which are put upon him by these his latest followers, but it is none the less certain that he has peculiarly laid himself open to such treatment. Probably there is no other philosophical writer, except Aristotle, about whom so voluminous a literature of misinterpretation has been gathered. Attention must also be called to the persistent misquotation, upon the title-page of “ The Platonist," of Milton's well-known passage con- cerning the charms of divine philosophy. Perhaps, however, in view of Plato's proverbial aversion to poetry, it is not to be expected that such considera- tion should be shown a mere poet. The first supplement to Poole’s “Index to Period- ical Literature," covering the years 1882 and 1883, is completed, and will be put to press as soon as three hundred copies are subscribed for. It will make a royal octavo volume of about 400 pages. The authors and contributors expect no pay for their work; and hence the cost will be only the charges of the printers (Messrs. John Wilson & Son, of the University Press, Cambridge, Mass.), which will be assessed pro rata upon the copies subscribed for. With an edition of 300 copies the cost of each will be about $6.50; with an edition of 500 copies it will be about $4.00; and with a larger edition propor- tionally less. As the demand in England will be the same as in this country, it is expected that the price will not exceed $3.00, and may fall below that The intention of the editors -- Dr. W. F. Poole of the Chicago Public Library, and Mr. W. I. Fletcher of the Amherst College Library—is to issue hereafter annual supplements, which will be re-arranged and condensed every five years in one volume as a permanent supplement to the main * The Life of Frederick Denison Maurice. Chiefly told in his own Letters. Edited by his son, Frederick Maurice. 2 vols., 8vo. Portraits. $5. “The secret of Maurice's remarkable and almost unique influ- ence lay in the intense earnestness and devout character of the man. He still remains, and always will remain, one of the most interesting and remarkable of the English churchmen of the nineteenth century."!-- Athcnaum, London. Memories of Rufus Choate. With some consideration of his Studies, Methods, and Opinions, and of his style as a Speaker and Writer. By Joseph Neilson. 8vo, pp. 460. Portrait. $5. "A volume of much interest not only for members of the legal profession, but for general readers who appreciate Mr. Choate's unique genius and marvellous personal influence."---Publisher's Announcement. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. By B. P. Watson. Crown 8vo., pp. 338. $2.50. ". The life of Marcus Aurelius has never before been written in the English language - a fact, which, of itself, would seem to be A sufficient apology for the present work. * * I have sought to make use of all that has been written on any subject, whether in ancient or modern times."-Ertract from Pre face. Life of Liszt. By Louis Nohl. Translated from the German by G. P. Upton. " Biographies of Musicians." Pp. 198. Por- trait. $1.25. ** Unlike most of his other biographies, Dr. Nohl seems to have addressed himself to this with feelings of strong personal admi- ration and affection for his hero. No other musician of the present day in every admirable quality of head and heart so nearly approaches the ideal."-Extract from Translator's preface. Bacon. By Dean R. W. Church. “ English Men of Letters." Edited by John Morley. 75 cents. A more interesting narrative, a more truthful delineation of events and character, and a more unbiased judgment, we cannot expect to have."--The Nation. James and Lucretia Mott. Life and Letters. Edited by their granddaughter, Anna Davis Hallowell. Pp. 566. Por- traits. $2. Chinese Gordon. A Succinct Record of his Life. By A. Forbes. Pp. 252. Portrait. $1. Life of Gæthe. From the German of Heinrich Düntzer. Pp. 796. Portrait and Illustrations. $2.50. The Same. London Edition. 2 vols. $6.50. Memoir of Abbott Lauerence. By H. A. Hill. New Edition, 8vo, pp. 258. Portrait. Net, $2.50. Life of Oliver W. Holmes. By E. E. Brown. Pp. 304. Por truit.' $1.50. “Great value is added to the book by the fact that it has the sanction of Dr. Holmes, who has furnished to its author a most interesting fund of fresh material."- Publisher's Announcement. Leibnitz, By J. T. Merz. " Philosophical Classics for English Readers." Edited by W. Knight, LL.D. Pp. 216. $1.25. Successful Preachers. By the Rev. G. J. Davies. Pp. 491. $2. Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli. By R. W. Emerson, W. H. Channing, and J. F. Clarke. New Edition, two vols. in Portrait. $1.50. Pleasant Authors for Young Folks. By Amanda B. Harris. Pp. 188. $1. sum. one. 1884.] 21 THE DIAL HISTORY. Raulinson's Ancient Monarchies. 5 vols., 8vo. Student's Edition. 86.25. Printed iron the same plates as the original edition, it contains all the engravings, maps, etc., as well as the largeness of type of that edition, while the price is much lower. The Early History of Illinois. From its Discovery by the French, in 1673, until its Cession to Great Britain in 1763, in- cluding the Narrative of Marquette's Discovery of the Missis- sippi. By Sidney Breese. With a Biographical Memoir by Melville W. Fuller. Edited by Thomas Hoyne, LL.D. 8vo., Net, $3. The Period of the Reformation, 1517 to 1648. From the German of Ludwig Hausser. New Edition. Pp. 702. $2.50. The Dearborns: A Discourse Commemorative of the Eightieth Anniversary of the Occupation of Fort Dearborn and the First Settlement of Chicago. By Daniel Goodwin, Jr. 8vo., Portraits. Paper, 50 cents; cloth, 75 cents. PP. 422. PP. 56. ADVENTURE-SPORTING. American Erplorations in the Ice Zones. The Expeditions of DeHaven, Kane, Rodgers, Hays, Hall, Schwatka, and De- long; the Relief Voyages for the Jeannette; the Cruises of Capts. Long and Raynor, etc. Prepared chiefly from Oficial Sources, by Prof. J. E. Nourse, U. S. N. 8vo, pp. 578. 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Second edition, revised to date, and entirely re-written; with which are incorporated General Ornithology: an outline of the structure and classification of birds; and Field Ornithology: a manual of collecting, preparing and preserving birds. Pro- fusely illustrated. The original edition of this STANDARD TEXT-BOOK OF ORNITHOLOGY, being entirely out of print, and still very much in demand, the publishers have spared neither pains nor expense in the preparation of “THE NEW KEY," in which the whole subject is carefully brought down to date, the text having been nearly quadrupled and the illustrations doubled in quantity. 1 vol., royal 8vo, vellum cloth, $10.00. 1 vol., royal 8vo, half morocco, $13.50, pp. 178. For sale by all booksellers, or sent, post-paid, on receipt of price, by ESTES & LAURIAT, Publishers, BOSTON THE DIAL 3 Monthly Journal of Current Literature PUBLISHED BY JANSEN, MCCLURG & CO. CHICAGO, JUNE, 1884. [Vol. V, No. 50.] TERMS- $1.50 PER YEAR. 29 MARCUS AURELIUS. David Swing 32 SIX CENTURIES OF WORK AND WAGES. W. F. Allen 33 THE HEROES AND ROMANCES OF NORTHERN HIS- TORY. George P. Upton 35 LUCRETIA MOTT AND HER HUSBAND 38 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 40 As a Craddock's In the Tennessee Mountains,-Fiske's Off- Hand Portraits of Prominent New Yorkers.--Wallace's LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS - 43 BOOKS OF THE MONTH CONTENTS. despair of presenting anything more than a disjointed and fragmentary view of what these charming volumes delineate. One must study FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE. Horatio N. Powers. - - the work itself- and it will repay the most exacting reader--to get the full significance of a life that in every feature is to be revered. For Maurice was no mere ecclesiastic, or reli- gious dilettante, or learned recluse, or blind zealot; but a strong, wise, valiant, beautiful soul, intensely alive to every human interest, uncompromising in his devotion to principle, of the rarest and keenest spiritual discernment, Loring's A Confederate Soldier in Egypt.-Higginson's profoundly conscientious, unselfish, tolerant ; Biography of Margaret Fuller.- Queen Victoria's More Leaves from the Journal of a Life in the Highlands.- comprehensive in his apprehensions of truth The Life and Poems of Theodore Winthrop.-Lord Ronald and his sympathy with all genuine experience, Gower's My Reminiscences.-Caird's India, the Land and and of very practical aims and spirit. the People.-Washburn's Early Spanish Masters.--Keller- youth, a college student, a college professor, man's Plant Analysis.-George Eliot's Essays and Leaves from a Note-Book.-Déliée's Franco-American Cookery, a preacher of the Glad Tidings, a friend of the Book.-Adams's Brief Handbook of American Authors.- people, a leader in theological thought, all pure and noble qualities are constantly exemplified in him. He was severely true to his high Amateur Photographer.--The Parlor Muse. ideals, and his life-work was unmistakably wrought in the love of righteousness and truth. His father, Michael Maurice, was a Unitarian clergyman who lived to see his wife and chil- dren desert the ecclesiastical body in which he so zealously ministered. They were all strongly religious, independent thinkers, and FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE.* true to their convictions; and the story of the It is now twelve years since the death of growth and change of their theological views, Frederick Denison Maurice; but his name has as told in the beginning of the first volume of gathered lustre all this time, and these volumes the present memoir, is peculiarly interesting. will tend to increase the love and veneration Maurice was twenty-six years old when he with which it is so widely regarded. It would was baptized in the Church of England. Pre- be difficult to find a work that more completely vious to this, and after his graduation at Cam- portrays the real life, that which is most char bridge, he had studied law and engaged seri- acteristic in the personality of a profound and ously in literature ; but his mature reflections gifted nature, than this publication. The and deep religious convictions led him to biographer, who is a son of Professor Maurice, decide upon the Christian ministry as his per- has done little more than arrange the matter, manent profession. In 1834 he was ordained, chiefly letters, and let it speak for itself. But and then began that remarkable career in this was a task requiring the best judgment preaching, teaching, and writing, which made and a thorough mastery of the material at him so great a figure among his contempo- hand, and the result is a picture of wonderful raries - who numbered them such among clearness and beauty, of a character as nearly friends and correspondents as Julius Hare, perfect as it is often permitted a human being Dean Stanley, Kingsley, Carlyle, Sterling, to illustrate. In the space at my command I , stone, John Stuart Mill, and others identified * THE LIFE OF FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE. Chiefly told in his own letters, edited by his son, Frederick Maurice. with the significant phases of modern religious In two volumes. New York: Charles Scribner's Song. I thought. The letters, which are the chief PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENTS 47 With Portrait. 30 [June, THE DIAL * * * If matter of the volumes, tell us whatever is most gist of the doctrine which caused his dismissal important in his relations with the churches from his professorship of Divinity, in a discus- and colleges where he served, the controversiession concerning the VII. Article of Religion, in in which he was engaged, the measures he pro these words: moted, the hostilities he encountered, his “It would be an outrage upon my conscience to domestic life and friendships, and his wide express assent or consent to any Article which did put spread influence and honors. The portrait future state' in the Article for eternal life. First, thus given of the man is admirable, and the because nothing seems to me to be so important for the interpretation of Scripture and for the establishment charm that invests his lovely life at the begin of a sound theology as that the revelation of God and not ning continues to the very end of the compila the notion of rewards and punishments should be felt to tion. Maurice was an industrious writer, and be the end of the divine dispensation; and secondly, among his productions are “Eustace Conway,” * I cannot persuade myself that a ' future state' was presented to the hopes and apprehensions of those a novel written before his ordination, “Sub who lived under the old covenant as it is to those who scription no Bondage,” “The Kingdom of live under the new." Christ," "Prophets and Kings," "Theological Writing to the Bishop of Argyll on this sub- Essays,” “The Unity of the New Testament,” ject, he says: "Letters to a Quaker," "Moral and Metaphys- “ Christ has died and been buried to take away sin, ical Philosophy,” and “Tracts for Priests and not to exempt any from the punishment of sin. And People." what is sin? Separation from God, a breach between As a theologian, Maurice grasped and eluci the creature and Him in whose image he is made, a dated the eternal verities on which alone a division between the child and the father. religion that is adequate to the entire human to dwell in light is not the infinite blessing, if to dwell in darkness is not the infinite horror, I have read the race is practicable. He started with God. Bible all wrong. Punishment, the Bible teaches, is The Bible to him was a Living Word. The always God's protest against sin, his instrument for Divine Kingdom was a present kingdom. Sal- persuading men to turn from sin to righteousness. If punishment is to endure forever, it is a witness that vation was the actual knowledge of God in there are always persons on whom God's discipline is Christ. The whole humanity was redeemed, acting to raise them out of sin." and beneath all externals was a divine unity of all who obeyed the light that enlightens the St. John in declaring Christ says: His argument from Scripture is irresistible. *For the soul. In his arraignment of the doctrine taught life was manifested and we have seen it and by Mansel, for instance, in his Bampton lec- tures, his views have vivid exemplification. Life which was with the Father and was bear witness, and show unto you that ETERNAL Mansel, who voiced the popular theology, manifested unto us.' Quoting this, Maurice taught that Revelation was to show how men inquires : could escape punishment and gain rewards in another world. Maurice insisted that Revela- But suppose 'Eternal Life' means only a life or rather happiness prolonged through an indefinite series of tion was actually to reveal the Eternal Right future ages, is it not utterly strange and monstrous eousness, " that the great evil was not pun language to talk of that life as manifested, and mani- ishment, but the sin, that the direst hell was fested by the Man of Sorrows ?” where God left off punishing and left a man to Maurice was satisfied only with solid founda- his sin.” Christ was the eternal Life ; the tions and with everlasting verities. “ His whole Revealer of the infinite Charity, the eternal conception of preaching," says his biographer, Truth and Righteousness. To know God in was the setting forth of Christ as the mani- Christ was to have “eternal life.” festation of the divine character; as the revela- The expulsion of Professor Maurice from tion, the unveiling or making known to man the King's College, London, by the College Council, actual righteousness and love of God." His was due, as is well known, to his teaching con view of the Bible is expressed thus: cerning eternal punishment, or what “ The Bible as a means of attaining to the knowledge regarded as dangerous doctrine in his essay on of the living God is precious beyond all expression or “ Eternal Life and Death.” On this question, conception ; but when made a substitute for that knowl- as on others, he was greatly misrepresented edge, may become a greater deadener to the human spirit than all other books." and maligned by his adversaries. It was after this event that Tennyson addressed to him the Concerning the church, he writes : familiar lines inviting him to visit him at the “But God must be first, not the church, if the church Isle of Wight: be anything but a collection of dry bones rattling against each other, and presenting to the world the “Should eighty thousand college councils spectacle of confusion and death such as it can see Thunder 'Anathema,' friend, at you ; nowhere else." “Should all our churchmen foam in spite At you, so careful of the right, About faith, he affirms : Yet one lay hearth would give you welcome “ I have always taught that our faith is grounded (Take it and come) to the Isle of Wight." upon what he (Christ) is and what he has done, and is Nine years before, Maurice had expressed the ' in no sense the cause of our acceptance ; and that this was 1884.] 31 THE DIAL I faith is in a Redeemer, not in any tenet about partic- thy. He was quick to see and vindicate any ular redemption or general redemption. * important truth that was assailed or ignored, must preach this Gospel or none.” and this constantly exposed him, in some quar- He is constantly regarding a present king. ters, to the suspicion, and even accusation, that dom of righteousness, a living Christ. he was identified with errors with which it was “If we could believe that Christ meant that God's associated, though he was utterly hostile to will should be done on earth as it is done in heaven, what different persons should we be.” them. Explaining the necessity of a thorough He never fails to attach the most weighty neous religious systems apprehend their favorite appreciation of the way the adherents of erro- responsibility to Christian teachers, and never spares himself from his part of that responsi- notions, to know how to refute their errors, he says : bility. “I am sure that if the Gospel is not regarded as a “I feel that I ought to be a High Churchman, Evan- message to all mankind of the redemption which God has gelical, Rationalist; that being all, I might escape the effected through his Son ; if the Bible is thought to be curse of each; that I only fail in realizing this idea speaking of a world to come and not a kingdom of because I fail in acting out the position which has been bestowed upon me.” righteousness, and peace, and truth, with which we may be in conformity and unity now; if the Church is not The interest of Professor Maurice in the felt to be the hallower of all professions and occupa- tions, the bond of all classes, the admonisher of the working classes, with whom he cultivated a close rich, the friend of the poor, the asserter of the glory intimacy, was very sincere. Their education of that humanity which Christ bears, we are to blame, and religious instruction commanded his scru- and God will call us to account as unfaithful stewards pulous attention and service. He was a prime of His treasures." mover in the establishment of a Working-men's While Maurice gave the most unreserved College in London, and the impulse and subscription to the Formularies of the Church example in this direction were productive of England, and found in them the strongest in the erection of similar institutions in other ground of such liberty as gave scope to his English cities. These Maurice visited for pur- comprehensive views and sympathies, he would poses of encouragement and instruction, while allow no individuals to put the yoke of their he was tireless in the promotion of coöperation interpretation upon him. “Subscription was and other methods for the improvement of the no bondage” to him, but he never ventured to poor. This sort of work, though exciting the sit in judgment upon the spiritual state of misapprehension and abuse of his opponents, others who could not accept the creeds. endeared him to a great multitude in whose Respecting the application of the damnatory behalf he labored. One of the pleasant testi- clauses of the Athanasia n Creed, he writes : monials that cheered · him in trial, was " The name of the Trinity the Father, the Son, and address, after his dismissal from the professor- the Holy Ghost, is, as the fathers and schoolmen said ship of King's College, from the working-men continually, the name of the Infinite Charity, the Per- fect Love, the full vision of which is that beatific vision of London, who represented nine different for which saints and angels long, even while they-dwell trades of the metropolis. in it. To lose this, to be separated from this, to be cut Maurice suffered much unjust accusation and off from the Name in which we live and move and obloquy from many quarters, and from none have our being, is everlasting death. There is no other account to be given of that state into which we fall more persistently and maliciously than from the when we are divided from Him who is the Life, the “Record.” But he lived to see the tyranny of eternal life of his creatures. But who incur this separa that conscienceless and venomous periodical tion? I know not. You and I, while we are repeating destroyed. In 1860 the “Record” secured the the Creed, may be incurring it. The Unitarian may be much nearer the Kingdom of Heaven than we are. signatures of twenty of the London clergy to He may in very deed less divide the substance, less con an Address in opposition to him; none were found the persons, than we do. names of importance. A counter Address in The Athanasian Creed, then, has prevented me from his favor received 332 clerical and 487 lay sig- claiming even that modified right to condemn which you say you can admit. I dare not say of any person natures, and these included some of the most that he has cut himself off from the fellowship of that learned, influential and illustrious names in the God whom St. Paul said that all people were feeling kingdom. after, if haply they might find him.” The writings of Maurice make an epoch in Maurice seemed to his furious critics as theological literature - perhaps one may say in inconsistent ; but no man was truer to principle, ecclesiastical history. His eminent service as no man more scrupulously honest in his teach a theologian is that of a resolver of religious ings. There was nothing of the sectarian or doubts, a reconciler of apparent contradictions, partisan about him. The very largeness of his an interpreter of the vitalities of Revelation, a nature, with his profound spiritual insight and prophet of the Glad Tidings, a unifying force godly mind, caused him to find points of con in the great Christian commonwealth. I have tact and agreement with individuals and systems given but a glimpse of the man and his work. with'whose general position he had no sympa The following quotation, with which I close, an 32 [June, TIE DIAL gives a more vivid expression of his earnest inspiration. No one can read the life of this. spirit and clear apprehension of the religious Pagan without wondering whether we have any situation and requirements than any words of mind or soul so great -- whether such beings mine can delineate: are ever to revisit our advancing world. “ The upper classes become, as may happen, sleekly All readers of the new life of Aurelius just devout for the sake of good order, avowedly believing written by Paul Barron Watson, will thank him that one must make the best of the world without God; that he has not simply reprinted the “Medita- the middle classes try what may be done by keeping tions,” but has also discharged the more labor- themselves warm in dissent and agitation to kill the sense of hollowness; the poor, who must have realities ious task of giving us the visible part of the of some kind, and understanding from their betters that wonderful life of the man. We all had on our all but houses and lands are abstractions, must make a shelves “The Thoughts," but we needed a pic- grasp at them or destroy them. And the specific for all this is some evangelic discourse upon the Bible ture of Aurelius as a human being, as child, as being the rule of faith; some High Church cry for tra man, as husband, as friend, as king. Mr. Wat- dition; some liberal theory of education. Surely we son has given us as good a picture as history want to preach it in the ears of all men, it is not any would permit. His large volume seems to have of these things or all of these things together you want, or that those want who speak for them. All are point- caught the spirit of its subject, and reveals an ing towards a living Being, to know whom is life, and all, Aurelian candor and simplicity. The theme so far as they are set up for any purpose but for leading needed no decoration except its own greatness. us into that knowledge and so to fellowship with each What perhaps makes this Roman such an other, are dead things which cannot profit. There are some things, which I sometimes feel, like Dr. Arnold, I amazing character is the fact that being what must utter or burst. But then again the despondency he was — a plain stoic and a most intellectual and weariness which come over me, the numberless dis and powerful thinker — he was also an emperor comfitures and wrong doings, the dread of hurting the of mighty Rome. Socrates had some of the good which still remains, the fear of dishonoring what is right, or proving at last an undoer --- these are terrible qualities of Aurelius, but they faded away in hindrances." private life. Epictetus bore some of the traits HORATIO N. PowerS. seen in this son of the Cæsars, but Epictetus lived a private life to the end. In this attract- ive Roman there was offered us the strange spectacle of a plain but profound philosopher MARCUS AURELIUS.* wearing the crown of old Rome ; and the effect is about what we should experience had Emer- As storms seem to come up often against the son been king of America, and had he struggled wind, so at times a great man rises up in fea- to make a union by means of mingled guns and tures the opposite of the myriad faces of the love and philosophy. Beyond doubt, the pecu- time. Surroundings make the man, but now liar qualities of Marcus Aurelius are enhanced and then a soul comes along with a tendency to by their being at the head of an army. To go pick out half-hidden surroundings - influences from a day of battle to a table in a tent, there not felt by the public. Peter the Great was to ponder and write about the whole universe ; thus made of contemporary material, but it was to attempt to rule by wisdom and kindness an material not seen by many before him and empire that had fed upon glory and sin and around him. Marcus Aurelius must have been gladiatorial shows; to say on all occasions, “I a surprise to the Roman people. The uncle of would rule Rome only so long as Rome shall Marcus, who reared the youth of immortal love me,”— these are the contrasts which help name, revealed many traces of the thoughtful weave the charm around this illustrious name. ness and rugged simplicity which afterward We are amazed to see such moral beauty upon marked the nephew ; but the ward so far sur a Pagan throne. passed the royal guardian that he seems to There are some visible causes for a part of stand up alone, towering, solemn, mysterious, this greatness. The adopted father and mother and pure, occupying the middle part of the of the youth were superior beings. Readers second century. Some eminent clergyman has and thinkers were they all. Immense and just said that could he be dictator of America, rational affection was lavished upon the adopted he would compel every family to possess and The mother and son read books together ; read the “Meditations of Marcus Aurelius" ; they discussed all theories of life or death. A but if one may thus make vain wishes, why not love not surpassed in any home of our century indulge in the dream of having Marcus Aurelius bound together these three, and when the youth for a President of the United States for the succeeded to the supreme power he went to that next twenty-five years ? His rule would be hard | power from a schooling richer than that now on public rascality, but the nation would spring acquired at Oxford or Harvard --- richer, because forward as though filled with some divine so largely an education in ethics ; for it is now generally confessed that a mind that studies By Paul Barron Watson. New York: Harper & Brothers. and loves justice is greater and happier than son. * MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS. 1881.] 33 THE DIAL * one that studies the facts of language and of philosopher and the friend of humanity had science. to live and die in arms. Rome was on its way Mr. Watson's volume divests its subject of to disintegration and ruin, and it was not to be the black raiment of a monk. We see a youth stayed by Antonine Pius nor by Marcus Aurel- full of life and vivacity. ius. But these two men made the sun of the “ This morning," he says, “I got up at three o'clock, Cæsars go down at last in real splendor. Mr. and, after a good breakfast, studied till eight. I then Watson's defense of Aurelius for the part he took a delightful two hours' promenade on the veran took in persecuting Christians seems in the dah in front of my window ; after that, I put on my main just. The particular Christians of that shoes, and, dressed in my military cloak (for the Em- peror has told us always to come thus dressed when we period may have acted not in the name of the appear before him), went to bid good morning to my “Sermon on the Mount,” but in the name of father. Then we all started for the chase, and some some tumultuous sect. David Swing. splendid shots were made. There was a rumor that some one had killed a boar, but I didn't have the priv- ilege of seeing the performance. At any rate, we scaled a very rugged cliff. About noon the party came straggling back to the palace --- I to my books. The SIX CENTURIES OF WORK AND WAGES.* entire afternoon I passed on my couch, divested of my shoes and robe. Cato's oration on the property of The name of Professor Thorold Rogers is Pulchra, and another of his on appointing a tribune, familiar to all who have paid any attention to were the books I read. Now I am going to bed. Not a drop of oil shall I pour into my lamp the study of history from the social and eco- to-night ; my horse and the cold I've taken have so fa nomical point of view, as one whose investiga- tigued me.” tions in this field have been so long continued, One day he is out riding horse-back, and so thorough, and so fruitful, as fairly to entitle comes suddenly upon two shepherds with their him to rank as an authority in it . He has four dogs, guarding their flock. perhaps done more than any other man to “As soon as the shepherds saw us," he says, “one of accomplish that much desired result - to them said to the other, take care now, these mounted remove historical composition from the exclu- fellows are often robbers. I overheard what he said, sive study of dynasties, battles, and treaties, and spurred my horse right into the midst of the sheep and make it tell the life of the people, not The whole flock scampered away in fright and confu- sion, bleating and scattering in all directions. One of merely that of the court. Himself a thor- the shepherds threw his stick at me, but it missed me oughly trained economist, and the author of a and struck one of the servants who was behind me. Political Economy of recognized merit, he has Then we dashed away at full speed ; and the poor shepherd, who had feared the loss of his entire flock, identified himself with that modern historical escaped without losing anything but his stick.”' school of political economy of which the late These incidents lift the veil from the Mar- Mr. Cliffe Leslie was in England the acknowl- cus of the “Meditations” and show us a human edged leader. In the preface to the book before and bright boyhood. With fun and laughter us he says: “Many of the formularies which this youth gradually approached his manhood, were accepted as axiomatic truths by the disci- having no doubt lived a happier early life than ples of Ricardo and Mill are now found to be was allotted to John Stuart Mill of our better as incorrect as they are unsatisfactory.” But period. From the book of “Thoughts" comes he is no less a student of history than an econ- a suspicion that this man had little heart or omist, and has written excellently upon historical animation ; but from the facts grouped in this subjects which are not purely economical. And biography the picture of a noble human being it is not the least valuable of his preparations rises up in distinct outline. Toward wife and for his work, that, as a member of Parliament, children and toward each friend he was he is able to study his subject from the prac- humane as Bronson Alcott, as kind as Mrs. tical point of view of a man who is acquainted Browning at first hand with the working of political forces. In politics both the Antonines, uncle and In justifying (p. 178) the abundant use of nephew, were as truly republican as John statistics and arithmetical calculations which he Bright or Abraham Lincoln. It was the favor- has felt himself obliged to make, Mr. Rogers ite feeling of Aurelius that all men are born says: free and equal. “He esteemed himself of no “Had the views which I have proved elsewhere, which more account than any other citizen.” are the result of long and careful calculations, gathered He from very numerous and unquestionable facts, been declared one must live for the welfare of all. already incorporated into the history of the English This rare soul came to a nation unfit to ap race, in place of those absurd fables and careless preciate such an emperor. When this grand guesses which have hitherto been taken as the history chieftain was attempting to secure the * I might have dispensed of the English people, * of peace with this marshalling of facts and figures. But even in the remote dependencies, wars sprung up at home. When the centre became quiet, then LISH LABOUR. By James E. Thorold Rogers, M.P. New York: the battle began on the circumference, and the as *Six CENTURIES OF WORK AND WAGES. THE HISTORY OF ENG- G. P. Putnam's Sons. 34 [June, THE DIAL were English political history, writers have only attempted dom. Mr. Rogers has already treated this to deal with the antiquities of forms, and not with the part of the subject, in special relation to the realities which lie beneath these forms. The Black Death, the Statute of Laborers, and Wat man who first formulated the statement that 'nothing is more false than facts except figures,' uttered a Tyler's Rebellion, in the “Fortnightly Review" shallow epigram. The falsehood is in the incompetent for 1866; and his explanation of these facts use of them.” has been generally accepted. In the fifteenth Nothing is on the whole more profitless to century the class appears as free, the obliga- historical students than such gossipy pictures tions of serfdom having now been definitively of manners and customs, and of the condition thrown off. The period of the fifteenth cen- of society, compared with those of the present tury is described as one of great economic day, as Macaulay gives in the first volume of prosperity for all classes. For the laboring his History; nothing, on the other hand, more class in particular, he shows that the real instructive than Mr. Rogers's careful analysis wages that is, the value of the wages as of the forces and tendencies of the same society. estimated in the necessaries of life It is only by the use of these data that we can very much higher than at present. learn anything worth knowing from the other The turning-point in the condition of the class of facts. laboring classes – the beginning of their degra- The materials of this discussion are con dation --- was in the reign of Henry VIII; and tained chiefly in the author's “History of Agri- the treatment of this point, contained in Chap- culture and Prices,” in four volumes, covering ter XII, “Labor and Wages,” is perhaps the the period from the middle of the thirteenth most important thing in the book. The fact century to the close of the sixteenth. These itself has been generally admitted, but has volumes contain, in a tabulated form, year by usually been explained from two causes the year, very complete lists of prices, wages, etc., extensive abandonment of agriculture at this and other important statistics. He has more period, accompanied by the conversion of over, he says, unpublished evidence of the same arable land into sheep-pastures and the en- nature for the seventeenth century, and “suffi- closure of numerous commons; and the dissolu- cient information of the residue has been sup- tion of the monasteries. Both of these series of plied from the writings of Arthur Young and events are considered in the work, but their Sir Frederic Eden in the eighteenth century, influence in this direction is not represented as and from numerous writers in the nineteenth, very powerful. As for the dissolution of the the principal authority in the latter period monasteries, indeed, it is easy to see that, unjus- being Porter.” tifiable as it was in its execution, it could have The work before us does not profess to be a had little to do with the revolution in question. complete economical history of England dur- It simply transferred the property in vast ing the period covered by it, although most amounts of land to lay hands, but would not of economical questions will find a more or less itself have materially altered the relations of full treatment in it. But it is primarily, as the the laboring class; and, if the systematic alms- title-page shows, devoted to that class which is giving of the monasteries is objected, the answer entirely overlooked by most historians the day is ready that this must have done more harm laborers. In relation to these, he says in the than good, and that at any rate the loss must preface: have been far less than from another cause to “I have attempted to show that the pauperism and be mentioned presently. The other cause men- the degradation of the English labourer were the tioned — the wholesale abandonment of agri- result of a series of Acts of Parliament and acts of Government, which were designed or adopted with the culture - it would seem must have had deeper express purpose of compelling the labourer to work at and more far-reaching effects, and one is sur- the lowest rate of wages possible, and which succeeded prised that Mr. Rogers attributes so little at last in effecting that purpose.” importance to it. The conversion of cultivated A terrible indictment against the English fields into pastures must have caused a great government; but he adds that the Acts in ques- falling off in the demand for labor, and brought tion “have no existence at the present time." about a great depreciation in the condition of Nor are we in America so guiltless of legis- the poorer freemen, such as we know to have lation in the interest of the rich and powerful, been produced by the same cause in ancient that we can afford to be over severe upon class Rome. It would seem as if he considered the legislation in England. evil to have been exaggerated by contemporary The laboring class, the real subject of this writers; and at any rate he assigns two other volume, came into existence very gradually in facts as the most powerful agencies in the the course of the fourteenth century, when the change. bonds of serfdom were relaxed, and money These are the issue of base money in 1543, payments took the place of the enforced ser and the confiscation of the revenues of the vices, corvées, which were characteristic of serf- guilds two or three years later. The first of 1881.] THE DIAL * these causes needs no discussion, as there are ment the works of the common historians in a examples enough in history to establish the direction which has heretofore been practically truth of the general proposition that such closed to students. For it was not until Mr. depreciations always work most mischief to Rogers made this enormous and incomparable the laboring classes. The cheapening of the collections of facts, many of which are still precious metals, resulting from the discovery of unpublished, that it was possible to follow these America, was slowly taking place; “prices economic questions to the bottom. Neither will were rising, though slowly and moderately, students of history alone be interested in this during the first forty years of the sixteenth work, but all who wish to understand the present century, and had Henry not taken the problems of society, which to a great degree step he did in 1543, the rise in prices, inevit have their roots in these historical causes. able after the discovery of the New World, The book is an eminently practical one, and would have been slow and regular, as the closing chapters ----Wages in the Nine- foreign trade gradually distributed the fruits teenth Century,” “ The Present Situation,” and of the Spanish conquests over Europe." This “Remedies," – are most valuable and inter- natural and healthy enhancement of prices was esting hastened, to the destruction of business rela We will note that on page 310 the reference tions, by Henry's tampering with the coin. The “twenty years later, in 1536,” following dissolution of the guilds, and the seizure of directly upon a mention of the Act of 1533, their property, touched the laboring classes far is not a misprint, but relates back to the more directly than the dissolution of the mon Act of 1515, mentioned on the page before. asteries, because they were to all intents and It is well to add also (p. 153) that the present purposes “benefit societies,” the funds of royal family of Holland is not descended from which, contributed mainly by their own mem William the Silent, but from his brother John. bers, were devoted to the relief of the sick and W. F. ALLEN. unfortunate of their own number; a very different thing from the demoralizing charities of the religious houses. THE HEROES AND ROMANCES OF NORTII- A third act, completing the work of degrad- ERN IIISTORY.* ing the laborer, was passed in the fifth year of Elizabeth, empowering the justices in Quarter The six volumes contained in the series of Sessions to fix the rate of wages in husbandry Surgeon's Stories" when regarded as a whole and in handicrafts. This was carrying out the are at once an epitome of the most stirring principle of the Statute of Laborers, passed periods of Swedish history, a contribution of two centuries before, which had been wholly unique interest concerning the little-known inoperative in the long period of prosperity country of Finland, and a romance of extraor- which intervened. “ This expedient was at last dinary power and beauty. Though each volume successful, and was the third of the set of deals with different characters and different causes of which pauperism was the inevita- periods, they form a single story. The six ble effect. The two former, the base money threads, each of a different color and texture, and the confiscation of the benefit societies' and each complete in itself, are woven into a funds, are economical, and can be so interpreted. single strand and bound together with a magic The third is capable of historical proof. The ring, whose possession brings happiness or wages of labour do conform, notwithstanding wretchedness, according to the personal truth the continual increase in the price of the and honor of the possessor. The subdivision necessaries of life, to the assessments of the may be carried still further; for the old Sur- Quarter Sessions, and the system is continued geon who narrates these stories is himself the under legal sanction until 1812, and by a suffi- centre of a little group in whose sayings and cient understanding for long after that date.” doings we are almost as interested as we are in But “had the first two acts to which I have so the heroic deeds or the grand accomplishments often referred not been committed, the third of the real dramatis persona. would have, I am persuaded, been nugatory." The historical sweep of these volumes covers The illustrations given in the succeeding chap- not only the history of Sweden, but also includes ters of the general steadiness of wages in the much of European history, during a period of face of a constant rise in prices that is, of a nearly two centuries, in which time Sweden rose continual and very great fall in real wages to the zenith of her military glory, and thence very startling, and appear fully to justify the THE SURGEON'S STORIES. By Z. Topelius, Professor of History general statement contained in the preface. in the University of Finland. Translated from the Original Enough has probably been said to show that In Six Volumes. I., Times of Gustaf Adoll; II., Times no serious student of English history can afford of Battle and of Rest; III., Times of Charles XII.; IV., Times of Frederick I.; V., Times of Linnæus ; VI., Times of Alchemy. to neglect a book which may be said to supple- | Chicago : Jansen, McClurg, & Co. 66 are Swedish. 36 [June, THE DIAL steadily declined, through a series of vicissitudes that makes them seem like studies from life brought about by imprudent rulers, at last enter instead of sketches of generations long since ing with Bernadotte upon a career of peaceful gone. prosperity, which still continues with the benefi The first three volumes of the series are of a cent reign of Oscar II. The period through martial character; the last three are political, which the Surgeon takes us extends from 1611 scientific, and social. In the former, we follow to 1792, and includes the reigns of the great the fortunes of the heroes of Sweden on the Gustaf Adolf, the heroic defender of Protest-battle-fields of Europe; in the latter, we remain antism (1611-1632); Christina, his daughter within the limits of domestic history, and (1632-1654), who only succeeded in plunging witness the intrigues of the court, the struggles her kingdom into debt and political troubles, of the people, the development of science in the and abdicated in favor of Charles X. (1654- peaceful gardens of Linnæus, the agitation of 1660), who during his brief reign fought the free thought in the university, and the mystic Danes and Poles and still further wasted the studies of the alchemists, searching for the resources of his country; Charles XI., who secret of gold. The first volume is wrapped in made peace with Denmark and sought to cement the smoke of the great Gustaf Adolf's wars, it by marrying Ulrica, daughter of the Danish and not only presents a series of vivid battle- king (1660-1697); Charles XII., the iron king, pictures but a very graphic and dramatic who defied all Europe and with his brave Car- sketch of the plottings of the wily Jesuits olins carried the Swedish Bible and banner against the Protestant hero. The strongest through Denmark, Prussia, Poland, and Russia, historical feature of the second volume is its even into the confines of the Grand Turk, return- exposition of witchcraft; and the reader who is ing to be killed by a stray bullet from the familiar with the details of the witch-practices, bastions of Frederickshall (1697-1718); Ulrica ordeals, and trials in the Massachusetts colony Eleonora, who surrendered the reins of power will be astonished to notice the identity of the to her husband, Frederick of Hesse Cassel, who two records in every essential particular, even in 1751 was succeeded by Adolf Frederick, the to its origin in the incredible malignity and ill-fated hero of a disastrous war with Prussia; false testimony of children. The third volume and Gustaf III. (1772–1792), who, after his is devoted to the career of Charles XII.; and Russian and Danish wars, fell the victim of an perhaps nowhere else in the same space may assassin. This was a stirring period in Euro be found a more graphic or thoughtful sketch pean history, though Professor Topelius only of the lion of the North, or a closer analysis of incidentally touches it as it is connected with the character of the soldier-king who did so Swedish history, which was the main purpose of much for the military glory of Sweden abroad, his work. so little for the happiness and prosperity of In this direction these books are specially his kingdom at home. It is a fearful picture valuable — first, as giving us a remarkably con of suffering, with the dark background of cise and graphic statement of Swedish history; famine and the plague which raged through and, second, as clearly illustrating the history Sweden and Finland with terrible mortality. of heroic Finland. So little of this has here. The fourth volume is very dramatic in its con- tofore been known, except to close historical struction, and its events lie in a time of peace. students, that this portion of the work may well We are no longer in the smoke of battle. Our be called unique. No point of interest is neg. author takes us through the intrigues of the lected in these little volumes, though they cover court, the love affairs of the king, which serve two centuries of time. The personality of the for the introduction of a revenge on the part of sovereigns, the great wars they waged, the the Queen Ulrica Eleonora that is one of struggles of the nobility and the burghers, the the most dramatic as well as humorous episodes peasant wars, the cabals of Hats and Caps, the in modern fiction, the struggles in the Swedish political and economical and social changes, the estates, and the homely but intensely inter- commercial development of the country, the esting details of domestic life in Sweden and academic and religious struggles, the outgrowth Finland. In the fifth volume we are trans- and development of superstition and witch-ported to the wonderful gardens of Linnæus, craft, almost identical in their origin and pro and behold the great scientist among his gress with our own times of witchcraft in New pupils. We witness the erection of the China England, the habits and customs of the people, palace by Adolf Frederick, with which he the popular songs and festivals and merry surprised his queen on her birthday, and we makings, even all the little homely details of are introduced to the era when the new philos- domestic life in this Northern land, are por- ophy in the shape of free thought took the trayed with all the color, and the strong, bold place of the old superstition, and the influence outline-sketching, of a real artist, and some of Rousseau and Voltaire was all-powerful. times with an accuracy and a painstaking detail | The last volume is mainly devoted to gathering 1884.] 37 THE DIAL as romances. up the scattered threads of the preceding the best. One lays the last volume down with volumes and weaving them together, which is regret that the series is finished, though the done with consummate skill and with genuine denouement is logical and the story could not artistic power; for though each volume is com be continued further; and this, too, though plete in itself, the same motives run through there is very little humor, in the conventional them all, and in the close they are united and sense at least, in the diversified narrative of the master-motive of the whole is seen. that period of war, sorrow, and struggle. I have spoken of these volumes thus far from There is not a dull page in these stories. the historical point of view. As history alone, Even the political struggles between the Hats they are invaluable to the student; for their and Caps, based upon issues with which modern author is one of the most learned historians of life has little sympathy, are described in such the North, and occupies the chair of history in a graphic manner that one feels himself in the his university. It remains briefly to consider midst of them, and finds his sympathies strongly them from another point, and that is enlisted in their alternate victories and defeats. It may appear high praise, but it All this is due to the intensely dramatic style of seems to me that since Scott's romances no the writer, and his extraordinary command of works of this class have been written which color, if I may so call it, that makes his situ- can compare, in clearness of style, in dramatic ations picturesquely attractive. The charm is power, in skilful construction, and in unflag- still further heightened by the local character ging interest, with these “Surgeon's Stories." of that color. The personages come and go in The fortune and fate of two families run through a new atmosphere, an atmosphere full of strange them, the one of noble, the other of burgher and yet singularly attractive northern tints. extraction, followed by a blessing and a curse, Sea, lake, fiord, mountain, hill, and field, all conditioned upon the possession of a magic appear in a color and verdure of their own, ring The one of these families is that of and are pictured with wonderful strength and Bertelsköld, representing the nobility; the beauty. They are as unlike any other region as other, that of Larsson, representing the burgh- the Scandinavian music is unlike any other. ers; and between them there is the traditional Most readers, who have unquestionably imag- hostility that characterized the relations ined Finland as a bleak, sterile, inhospitable between these two estates during that period country, shut in the larger part of the time of Swedish history. To analyze the plots, or with ice and snow, will be surprised at the even to sketch the different characters and situ- impressive beauty and diversified characteristics ations, would be manifestly impossible within of its scenery. the present limits; for there are not only six The little story within the story - the inter- stories complete in themselves, but we follow lude of the Surgeon, and his friends, in his the fortunes of these two families through garret-chamber, listening to him “in his leather- three or four generations, until the old hatred covered arm-chair by the light of the crackling disappears and they are finally united by the fire,” and naively criticising his narrations, - is marriage of Charles Victor Bertelsköld to graceful and charming, and contains the real Esther Larsson, the daughter of the burgher humor of the books. They are a homely little king, one of the most finely conceived and group, but we grow to love them all, and are as executed characters in the whole range of sorry to part with them as with the grander modern fiction. There is a peculiar charm in people of whom the old Surgeon tells. There this family grouping. The ordinary romance are the delightfully practical and old-fashioned ends with the marriage of the one hero and grandmother, “in her brown plaid woolen heroine; but in these books we leave the par- shawl;” Master Svenonius, the school teacher, ents of one generation at death, and then go 6 with his blue handkerchief and brass-rimmed on with the lives of their children. In this eyeglasses;” and testy Captain Svanholm, the manner we are introduced to a great number postmaster, who had been a mighty man of war of characters, exhibiting different phases of and lost a finger in fight, -- the two latter char- thought and action as they are influenced by acters being always at variance; pretty Anne new surroundings and changed conditions of Sophie, "who was then eighteen years of age, life. For the same reason the interest never and wore a high tortoise-shell comb in her thick flags, as the central motive always continues brown hair;" and all around them on the floor though the environments and situations are “six or seven frolicsome and mischievous little constantly shifting. These books are like a These books are like a folks, all with wide-open mouths, as though kaleidoscope, incessantly changing and reveal they had heard a ghost story,” though they are ing new and brilliant combinations; and it is usually sent to bed by the cautious grandmother one of the most satisfactory tests of their whenever the story trenches upon the horrible excellence that scarcely any two readers would or threatens to involve anything that may under- probably agree which volume in the series is | mine their faith in the Catechism. It is a 38 [June, THE DIAL was ever 66 charming little group, and it is a relief now and Mott. Her family had become residents of then to turn from the great wars and the dis- Philadelphia in 1809, and, her school-days tracting hurly-burly of the outside world, and ended, she rejoined them in that city, which listen to the good old grandmother's homely was thereafter to be her home. Her marriage sayings, and the wrangles of the magister and took place in 1811, at which time James was th postmaster, and the oracular speeches of almost twenty-three and Lucretia a little past the youngsters as they give their opinions. eighteen. For a number of years following The translation of the stories has been done this event, the young couple endured severe in a scholarly way, and in their English form I pecuniary trials, and for a time Lucretia helped make no doubt that they are destined to become earn the family bread by teaching school. As classic. They have the “divine fire” in them. the business of James Mott became prosperous, Comparatively little known as yet, the force of Lucretia resigned her outside work and occu- genius that is apparent in them cannot be pied herself with more congenial pursuits. She resisted. The publishers have done well in a notable housewife, industrious, introducing them to the English reading world. frugal, and efficient. Amid all her devotion The student of history, as well as the lover of to religious and philanthropic causes, she romance for romance's sake, will make a mis- maintained a close and careful supervision of take in neglecting to read them or in failing to the home, performing with her own hands a give them an honored place in the library by multitude of daily offices in every department the side of their Waverlies. of the household, finding time for them by a GEORGE P. UPTON. marvellously deft and systematic management. At the age of twenty-five, Lucretia disclosed a talent for speaking in the meetings of the Friends, at which women as well as men are LUCRETIA MOTT AND HER HIUSBAND.* accustomed to address the congregation when moved by the spirit.” Her biographer states : Lucretia Mott was a small, slight woman, “ The exemplary daily life of Lucretia Mott, her with fragile health heightening her delicate dignified presence, her neat and correct style of expres- appearance during all the latter part of her sion, her freedom from the faults and peculiarities life. Her carriage was dignified and graceful, which too often attend the manner of preachers, her manners simple and easy, and her voice public testimonies, soon caused her to be regarded as sweet and gentle, though ringing with a firm a most attractive speaker, and in a short time after she and independent tone. The wonderful blend began to preach she was placed upon record as an ing of intellectual and moral strength in the acknowledged minister.” lineaments of her face was the characteristic When, in 1827, the division occurred among which distinguished her at once as a remark- the Quakers which separated them into ortho- able personage in influence and achievement.dox and liberal denominations, Lucretia and The several portraits which illustrate her recent her husband joined the latter party, commonly biography, reproduce the noble forehead, the known as the Hicksites, and for many years large, wide-open, penetrating eyes, and the were subjected to painful persecutions in con- benignant lines about the mouth, which bespoke sequence of their choice. It was a preparation the energetic, fearless, humane, and persistent for the still sterner sufferings of a similar reformer. A more sanctified countenance than nature which during decades of exciting years that which is shown as hers at the age of were imposed upon them as the standard- eighty-three never crowned a human form. It bearers of other and greater reforms. In 1833 is the testimonial of a long, exalted, and benefi- Lucretia and James took an active part in the cent life. memorable convention for the abolition of Lucretia Coffin was born on the island of slavery, held in Philadelphia. From this time Nantucket, in January, 1793. Her ancestors until the emancipation in 1863, they were were Quakers, two of them being among the among the foremost advocates of the freedom original twenty purchasers of the island and of the bondmen in the South, working side by settling upon it in the year 1659. When side with Garrison, Phillips, and other such Lucretia was eleven years old, her parents leaders in the heroic cause. Being appointed removed to Boston, and she then made her a delegate with her husband to the general first visit to the main land. At thirteen she conference called by the British Anti-slavery was sent to the Friends' boarding school at Society to convene in London in 1840, Lucretia Nine Partners, Tew York, where she met and there first met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and the became affianced to her future husband, James two friends, inspired by a kindred enthusiasm, arranged to organize a Woman's Rights con- vention on their return home. The intention their Grand-daughter, Anna Davis Hallowell. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co, was finally accomplished in the summer of * JAMES AND LUCRETIA MOTT. Life and Letters. Edited by With Portraits. 1884.] 39 THE DIAL on the one 1848, at Seneca Falls, New York; and thus was derness of her feeling. She was considerate inaugurated the effective movement for the and charitable toward every human being, one elevation of women which has accomplished so source of her great power consisting in the much for their uplifting and is still in progress gentle and kindly attitude in which she put at the present hour. Lucretia identified her- herself in relation to the abettors of the evil self with the cause of temperance, as she did she was bent upon extirpating. “She is an with all needed reforms promising good to angel," was the confession forced from the lips mankind. of Attorney-General Brewster, after the trial In all of her work Lucretia was seconded by of a fugitive slave in 1859, in which he acted her husband, who sympathized fully with her as counsel for the Southern master; and her every humane and generous impulse. It was calm, strong face, with its piercing eyes, was because of the perfect union in heart and fixed steadfastly on his as she sat by the side thought between this noble pair, that their of the prisoner and heard his “able argument names are inseparably associated. They were wrong side." counterparts, one supplying the lack of the There are many impressive incidents related other, and each finding wholeness and perfect in her biography, but perhaps none are more ness in the endowments of the complementing affecting than that which occurred at a session nature. They dwelt together in a happy part of the National Woman's Suffrage Association nership which lasted fifty-seven years, and was in Philadelphia, near the close of her vener- finally broken by the death of James in 1868. able life. The bereaved widow survived twelve years, “Mrs. Stanton presided. When Lucretia Mott rose living to the age of eighty-eight, and dispens to speak from her place among the audience, several ing to all around her comfort, encouragement, persons called "Go up into the pulpit!' With a few sympathy, and peace, to the very end. Her deprecatory words, she complied with the request, but hardly had she begun to ascend the steps, when a single name is hallowed among American women. clear voice began the hymn, “Nearer, My God, to She was one of the most pure and strong, Thee,' and, animated by a sentiment of appreciative noble and gifted, who have appeared in our reverence, the whole audience joined. Never was the history. The record of her life which was beautiful hymn sung with more fervent expression, while the unconscious object of this subtle flattery 66 without a flaw,” as near to her has quietly waited until it was finished, without the least remarked - is a stimulant to the best that suspicion of any personal application in what she con- exists in the human heart. sidered a part of the regular service. Her humility The material for Mrs. Hallowell's biography though she was not was slow to appropriate compliments of any kind, indifferent to discriminating is drawn largely from journals and correspond praise.” ence, the necessary connecting links being Economy went hand in hand with generosity supplied by a descendant who, growing up in in the conduct of this remarkable woman. Lucretia's companionship, loved and reverenced She saved that she might give, and although her from infancy. The letters of Lucretia her income was never large, there was a con- Mott are disappointing from their want of stant stream of benefactions poured out to brilliancy. It is a curious circumstance that their author was destitute of imagination. those she loved. relieve distress or to confer a pleasure upon On one occasion several She could not see the charm in sunsets, in members of her household were preparing for beautiful scenery, in colors and forms which a journey of some extent. She called each to appeal to the æsthetic sense. “Tell me what I must admire,” she exclaimed, when visiting defray the entire expenses of the excursion. her in turn, and presented a sum sufficient to England; for, left to herself, she regarded Possibly the same morning, one of the family, principles, not objects, and was absorbed in humanity to the utter forgetfulness of inani "going into her room, found her diligently mending a mate things. She had no taste for fiction, and rip in her pillow. She glanced up and said, “Will thee please open the bureau drawer for me! Right in front, did not understand why people should be inter in the corner, thee will find a feather that I want. The ested in novels. She did listen to some pages feather was given her; she tucked it into the pillow, of “Uncle Tom's Cabin” while the perusal of and sewed up the hole." it engrossed her husband, but in their journeys A short time previous to her death, she said and daily drives she never heeded the loveli- to her friends: “Remember that my life has ness of landscapes which he silently drank in been a simple one; let simplicity mark the last with a poetical appreciation. She was essen that is done for me. I charge thee, do not for- tially a moralist, with a clear, direct, and vig- get this.” And one of her final utterances as orous intellect, whose quick and decisive action the lamp of life flickered and faded, was: was not warped or deflected a hair's breadth “Decorous, orderly, and in simplicity.” It by the delusions of fancy. Although there was was the enunciation of a ruling principle of a deficiency in the æsthetic side of her char- her being, in accordance with which her deeds acter, it was made up by the warmth and ten- | had been measured. She had not feared 40 [June, THE DIAL "I death. am willing,” she declared, “to Egypt cannot be got from the newspapers, but from the acknowledge all ignorance of the future, and very few writers who, like him, have studied them there leave it. It does not trouble me. We on the spot, and have had no prejudices to favor. know only that our poor remains In undertaking to write a new biography of Mar- "Softly lie, and sweetly sleep garet Fuller which should be worth the effort, Mr. Low in the ground.” T. W. Higginson has been brilliantly successful. In this he has perhaps only answered the general expectation, as the literary public learned long ago BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. to anticipate original and effective work whenever he applied his pen to the elucidation of any subject. The experience of a decade of years as an officer For achieving this latest task he had special of high grade in the army of Khedive Ismail, should advantages through his personal association with the constitute General Loring an authority in discussing family and many of the Cambridge friends of Mar- the situation along the Nile. In 1869 he entered the garet Fuller. She was thirteen years his senior, but service of the Khedive with the rank of brigadier- her younger brothers were his youthful companions, general, and within a year was promoted to the com- her only sister became a near relative by marriage, mand of both army and navy, with headquarters at and there was that familiar acquaintance with her character and circumstances which results from mem- Alexandria. His relations with Ismail were of the most agreeable nature; he was treated with continu- bership in the same social circles in a small town. ous courtesy and consideration, and was honored by writings of Miss Fuller had more immediate influ- Moreover, as Mr. Higginson gratefully testifies, the the compliments of two distinguished decorations. His opportunities, during his residence in Egypt, for ence upon him than those of any other person acquaintance with the country and the conditions of except Emerson or Parker, and his feeling toward its heterogeneous population, with the official classes her has consequently been one of strong friendliness and with the operations of the government, were without the bias of personal affection. In prepar- unlimited. His sympathies were deeply enlisted in ing the present memoir Margaret Fuller Ossoli” the plans of the Khedive for the improvement of his (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)— he has fulfilled a subjects, and he labored to assist him with all his long cherished desire to make a more impartial power. In the large volume entitled “ A Confederate study of her life and work than was possible when Soldier in Egypt the first noble tribute to her memory was published (Dodd, Mead & Co.) he relates the history of the Khedive's administration as it by admiring friends. Mr. Higginson has had access passed under his observation, adding a brief account to much entirely fresh material in the form of letters of the previous reigns of the dynasty of Mehemet history of Margaret. It has enabled him to com- and manuscripts which throw precious light on the Ali, and comments on the prince now invested with the mockery of a crown. His esteem for the charac- pose a biography which is as new in incidents as it ter of Ismail , as a man and a ruler, is profound, and is unhackneyed in expression. He borrows extremely his condemnation of the policy of England toward little from the matter embodied in the previous memoirs, and, it is superfluous to say, is wholly this victim of its intrigues is no less unreserved. General Loring believes that the ex-Khedive was- independent in judgment. The copious extracts -to use his own words --" the only man who thoroughly Emerson, the diary of Mr. Alcott , and other hitherto made from the journals of Margaret, her letters to understood the wants of his country, or who had an adequate idea of how to engraft upon the customs unpublished MSS., are of the deepest interest; and, and habits of a people accustomed for ages to des- while clearing away obscurities, they heighten the potism in its most absolute form, such features of respect for her abilities, aims, and aspirations. The modern civilization as would gradually open the way chapters containing an account of “The Dial” to a regeneration of the land.” Bad as was the and of “Brook Farm,” translations of the letters condition of the fellaheen under the rule of the suc- between Margaret and her husband, and a review of cessors of Mehemet, it was far better than when they the closing scenes of her life, are among the most were subject to the Turk, and Ismail was striving be lightly regarded. valuable in a volume in which there is not a page to incessantly to ameliorate it. General Loring delivers his opinions in blunt, soldierly style, but lie conveys the impression that he is talking of what he knows WHOEVER is curious to know the kind of life the well about. There is an assurety that he is not Queen of England leads in her seasons of recrea- working for a sensation, from a selfish motive, or to tion, to know her companions, attendants, occupa- please a constituency. In short, it is not the reporter tions, and amusements, has but to read the few or the politician who speaks, but an honest witness • More Leaves from the Journal of a Life in the testifying of men and events as he saw and took part Highlands,” which it has pleased her Majesty to in them. Evidently neither De Lesseps nor Gordon expose to the public. There are few people in the stands high in his estimation. The former he char world who have the patient, plodding spirit requisite acterizes as • the wily Frenchman," and the success to write out the trifling, ever-recurring, purely per- attached to the administration of the latter in Soudan sonal incidents which make up the history of their is ascribed chiefly to the able corps of English and successive days. The Queen of England is one. American officers professeilly under his command, The persistency with which she commits to her jour- but really working without orders and quite inde nal the details of her private life is really marvellous. pendently. General Loring's volume should have It shows how systematic and painstaking are the many readers. A fair understanding of matters in | Queen's habits of work, and how she carries into the 66 1884.) 41 THE DIAL whole plan of her life the same unvarying order of any trace of melody in its versification. The biog- method and regularity. The records selected for raphy, much of which is told from his own journals publication in the present Leaves are fragmentary, and correspondence, is an interesting one. Theodore extending with many and long interruptions over a Winthrop as a novelist will not easily be forgotten. term of twenty years — from 1862 to 1882. In the He does not come within the first rank of American beginning the writer's suffering from the loss of the writers, but “ Cecil Dreeme" is one of the master- Prince Consort, who died in 1861, is fresh, and the pieces of the second rank, and “John Brent" is not expression of her sorrow and loneliness is constant far behind it. (Henry Holt & Co.) and piteous. Although as time passes the allusions to this bereavement are less frequent, they attest to The autobiography of an English nobleman of the the end the abiding intensity of her attachment to a highest rank, who was the playmate of the royal beloved departed husband. The strongest traits princes, has the freedom of the most exclusive houses revealed by the Queen are, in fact, affection and kind at home and abroad, and is the companion of the ness. Toward her children, her attendants and ser most distinguished persons of the earth, could vants -- all who surround and serve her -- she mani- scarcely fail of awakening a lively interest. When fests a tenderness and consideration very unusual in also, as in the case of " My Reminiscences,” by Lord persons of whatever rank. Her subjects share in Ronald Gower, it is written in a gossipy style and this all-embracing sympathy. The troubles of the communicates with total unreserve the personal affairs lowliest of them which are brought to her notice of the writer and his associates, it is certain to offer touch her heart deeply, and call from her surprising much to whet and satisfy an inquisitive curiosity. evidences of a sincere fellow-feeling. The minute Lord Ronald is the youngest son of the late Duke of ness and smallness of the details reported in the Sutherland. His mother was for a quarter of a cen- Leaves render them tiresome; nevertheless there are tury in close attendance upon the Queen, as Mistress many interesting particulars noted in them--many of the Robes; his eldest sister was the Duchess of pleasing pictures of the scenery of the Highlands, Argyll, and mother of the Marquis of Lorne; and he and of the stately and opulent homes which add a is connected by blood or marriage with many of crowning charm to its beauty, and lastly an unre- the most ancient families in the kingdom. With stricted view of the daily routine pursued by the all these and a host of other men and women of dis- Queen. The record is candid and unstudied, and tinction in various walks of life, he brings the reader despite its verbosity reflects honor upon a noble and into more or less intimate relations. Lord Ronald accomplished woman and a conscientious sovereign. discloses a natural pride of birth and enjoyment of These additional Leaves have recently been issued as his peculiar privileges, but they are tempered with a number in Harper's Franklin Square Library. culture, good sense, and good nature. He is not troubled with sensitive hesitation in opening the pages of his journals to the world, nor at the very The sister of Theodore Winthrop has prepared a candid exhibition he makes of his outward and inward volume which gives a short biography of the promis- | life ; but this is not to be regretted in consideration ing novelist whose life was so early sacrificed upon of the freer views it gives of a class which only the altar of his country, and which contains, besides, those born in the purple can scrutinize without his poems, most of which have been hitherto unpub- another's aid. Lord Ronall, like all cultivated Eng- lished. These poems are interspersed throughout lishmen, has travelled much in foreign lands, and the narrative, being assigned, as far as it is possible thereby widely enlarged the range of bis observations. to do so, to those chapters which recount the years His book is altogether crowded with incidents of an in which they were written. It cannot be said of uncommonly amusing nature. (Roberts Brothers.) these poems, on the whole, that they possess much interest, or that they add anything to the literary Sir JAMES CAIRD was a member of the royal com- reputation of the writer. But they appear very fit mission appointed to investigate the causes of the tingly thus interwoven with the record of a beautiful great Indian famino of 1876-7, and in the perform- life, and the tale which they, together with biograph ance of his official function, spent the winter of 1878-9 ical portions of the book, have to tell, is “good to in India. The report of the con mission was pub- hear." “ The story of Theodore Winthrop's life,” lished as a Parliamentary document; but Sir James says the writer, “and of his death, coming as it did kept a private note-book, which he has now made at the opening of the war, and making him a type public under the title of “ India, the Land and the and ideal for the ardent youth of that day, are among People" (Cassell & Company). The book is too full the nobler things that should not be forgotten.” It of agricultural details to be of great interest to the is, then, mainly as illustrative of this life that these general reader, but it is exceedingly valuable for refer- poems are of interest; they are filled with the same ence, and every page of it bears witness of the close moral earnestness that filled the thoughts and inspired observation of one eminently fitted to judge of the the actions of the young patriot throughout that life, matters of which it treats. As a storehouse of facts and that made him one of those who “what they relating to the agricultural conditions of the empire, dare to dream of, dare to do.” The majority of given in the minutest detail, its value can hardly be them, in fact, are but fragmentary, or, at least, " in overestimated. The perusal of such a work enables the rough.” The one of them of any import one to realize more fully the beneficent qualities of ance is that called “Two Worlds," which is a sort British rule in India, and it affords a refutation, better of symphony containing a thread of narrative, and than any amount of rhetoric, of the sensational done in five movements and some two thousand lines charges that are so often made against the policy of the of blank verse. But even this, the most pretentious English government toward its most important prov- poem of all, has a boyish ring, and there is hardly | ince. With regard to the special question of famines 42 [June, THE DIAL 66 in that country, the conclusions drawn are encour by students is apt to foster the impression that the aging. A resumé is given of the chief famines of the object of analysis is the determination of a name century, and the manner in which they have been rather than the intelligent study of the character- treated is outlined. It is shown that increasing expe istics of groups by means of the examination of in- rience has enabled the government to cope with them dividuals. The key is prefaced by a brief morpho- more and more successfully, and that the ever logical introduction, which gives the main definitions increasing railroad facilities give hopeful promise for needed in analysis, and is also furnished with a the near future. Sir James recognizes the gravity of glossary. The number of species is 1,707. the question of population, but thinks that at the present rate at which the land is being reclaimed for The volume combining George Eliot’s “Essays cultivation, there is no cause for immediate alarm. and Leaves from a Note-Book” (Harper & Brothers) The book is furnished with a good map. is understood to be the last which will be added to the authorized collection of her writings. It contains The two hundred pages of Mr. Emelyn W. Wash- seven papers which originally appeared in various burn's volume on “ Early Spanish Masters” (G. P. British magazines between the years 1855 and 1868, Putnam's Sons) contain much valuable information and a few short pieces, or "notes” as the author about Spanish art that elsewhere is not accessible to called them, which were produced after the appear- the ordinary reader. The author does not limit his studies to the early Spanish masters strictly speaking, The essays were selected by George Eliot, some time ance of Middlemarch” and remained unpublished. but treats of the artists of Spain down to the time of before her death, as worthy of preservation, and were Goya, who died in 1828, an old man of eighty-two carefully revised for the purpose. All others of a A period of some three hundred and fifty years is cov- date prior to 1868 it was her express desire to have ered in the treatise. It will be seen by the titles of left to oblivion. The preferred list comprises a scath- its eleven chapters that the work is well planned, and ing review of the poet Young ; a sympathetic article that the subjects considered are the most important in on Heine ; a plain exposure of the com mmonplace the history of the art of Spain. These titles are: discourses of Dr. Cumming ; a critical analysis of Early Spanish Masters," “ The Spanish Renais; Lecky's “Rise of Rationalism"; another of the sance, , " The Middle Period of the Renaissance," novels of Riehl ; a sketch of the external aspects of “The Escorial," " The Schools of Valencia and Weimar as they impressed the writer during a three Seville," " Seville,” “ Velazquez," “ Murillo,” “The months' sojourn there ; and a vigorous address to School of Madrid," “ Contemporaries and Followers workingmen, which they ought every one to read. of Murillo,” and “ The Decline of Spanish Art.” The collection will be treasured as valuable remains Where so many names are noticed (more than two of a master mind which gave nothing to the world hundred and fifty are mentioned), it cannot be without deep thought and a conscientious aim to expected that any artists except those of the greatest communicate benetits and instruction by every pub- prominence will be described with any fulness of lished word. delineation. The most interest attaches to the genius of Ribera, Cespedes, Rolas, Herrera the elder, Zur FELIX J. DÉLIÉE, a chèf of high rank in the cui- baran, Cano, Velazquez, and Murillo. Separate chap- sines of the New York clubs, has provided a bound- ters are given to each of the last two illustrious less mine of wealth for caterers and housewives to masters, whose works have shed such enduring glory explore, in " The Franco-American Cookery Book' on Spanish art, and these will be thought the most (Putnams). The work, with a bulk recalling the attractive in the volume. Nine reproductions of proportions of “ Webster's Unabridged,” contains photographs of famous paintings one by Ribera, 365 distinct and complete bills-of-fare, or one for and four each by Velazquez and Murillo — enrich every day in the year. Each menu comprises five the work, for which the capable and conscientious courses, with explicit directions for the preparation author will receive the thanks of his readers. of every dish, and is calculated for the entertainment of eight persons. As might be expected, the style Prof. W. A. KELLERMAN'S handbook of Botany of cooking is both expensive and elaborate, such as was noticed in THE DIAL some time ago, and the is demanded at lavish tables and by high livers. author has now prepared a companion volume, The recipes call for an unstinted supply of edibles, under the title of “ Plant Analysis” (John E. Potter regardless of cost and of their special season ; but a & Co.), designed, as its name indicates, solely for particular virtue is made of the fact that soda, sal- use in the classification of unknown species. When eratus, and other like deleterious substances, are the only object of analysis is to determine as quickly rigidly excluded from use. Another feature brought as possible the name of a given species, the method prominently in view is the provision for Lenten employed in this book will be found a useful one. dinners, “ fasting soups for Fridays" and luxur- The whole work is made up of a key, of the most ious repasts for Sundays. There are fifty sep- purely artificial character, together with a numbered arate recipes for salads, as many more for ice-creams, list of the names of species, reference being made with a multitude of others of endless sorts either in the key to these numbers. Analysis on this plan invented or thoroughly tested by the author. A is like groping in the dark; one may get very far manual of the scope and quality of this one cannot out of the way by some slight error, and not know but be useful to even economical purveyors ; for how far astray he is until he finds himself referred there is many a simple recipe mingled with the rest, to an order which is very manifestly the wrong one. while there are abundant hints yielded which may This book can only be used to advantage in con be of service in concocting cheap yet wholesome and nection with some manual which gives ordinal and inviting bills-of-fare suited to moderate tastes and generic characteristics fully. The use of such books limited resources. 5 1884.] 43 THE DIAL A SUPPLEMENT to the manual of English biogra- handbook which is not open to the above criticism, phies recently prepared by Mr. Oscar Fay Adams, and is on the whole about the best book the begin- appears in uniform style, and with the similar title of ner could have to direct him. It covers all the “A Brief Handbook of American Authors," from the ground which should be covered by such a work ; press of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The same words its directions are clear and practical ; formulas are of commendation applied by us to the previous work given for all important cases, and these formulas are are appropriate to the present one. It embraces a not, as is so often the case, unnecessarily complex. full list of the men and women who have contrib- uted in any noteworthy degree to the structure of THE “ Parlor Muse” is a small selection of rers American literature from the earliest colonial times to de societé published in Appleton's Parchment Paper the current day. The names are alphabetically Series. Criticism of a volume of selectious is usu- arranged, with the date and place of birth imme- ally both an aimless and an endless task, and this diately following, a catalogue of the principal works volumo calls for rather more than the usual amount produced, with other prominent notes deserving of criticism. Within a compass so small it would mention, and the whole expressed in the briefest have been better to make selections only from some form. The limitations of the work are patent; but half a dozen of the best writers of this kind of verse, those who have occasion for much use of the ordi- than to draw upon a score. We might then have had narily heavy books of reference know how to appre- more than a single poem from Praed and from Locker. ciate one offering the most needled statisties relating The “ Hat" monologne, from the French, is not only to a subject in a shape light and easy to handle. poorly translated, but decidedly out of place. Mr. Adams's handbooks are models of condensation, are inexpensive, and contain the most complete lists of recent authors which have come under our notice. LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS, The eight short tales by Charles Egbert Crad- The second volume of McMaster's “ History of the dock, bound together with the common title, “ In the American People” will be published in October. Tennessee Mountains" (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.), Col. John Hay's “ Biography of Abraham Lin- are infused with rare power. They deal with the coln," upon which he has been engaged for several rudest and humblest class of people -- the inhabitants years, is nearly ready for press. of the rough mountain regions of Tennessee, who, never descending to the valleys or meeting with a FORBES's biography of Chinese Gordon, noticed in higher grade of civilization, live on from generation the last issue of The Dial, has since been published to generation, destitute of learning, of religion, of in Harper's Franklin Square Library. every refining influence of cultivation. Nevertheless, A VOLUME of “British Orations ” and one of they are human ; and these stories, in every par- “American Orations” of the past century, will be ticular convincingly true to nature, delineate sublime published at an early date by G. P. Putnam's Sons. emotions and actions on the part of those who are in The author of that much-discussed novel, “Guern- dumb unconsciousness of the heroism or the pathos dale,” has written a new story which the Seribners of the tragical occurrences which interrupt their lives. will soon publish under the title of “ Henry Vane." The descriptive portions of the stories are finely done, LADY BRASSEY's new book, “ In the Trades, the and the strange patois of the mountaineers is ren- Tropics, and the Roaring Forties," will be issued in dered with the skill of one who has caught its accents this country, at an early date, by Henry Holt & Co. with an admirable imitative faculty. A NEW novel by Miss Blanche Roosevelt, with the title “Stage-Struck, or She Would be an Opera-. MR. STEPHEN FISKE'S “ Off-Hand Portraits of Singer," will soon be published by Fords, Howard & Prominent New Yorkers” (Geo. R. Lockwood & Hubert. Son) are clever specimens of character painting. The portraits number nearly sixty in all, and com- That accomplished traveller and agreeable writer, Edmondo de Amicis, will shortly present a new vol- prise representatives of the political, business, literary, artistic and social circles of the metropolis. Their ume of travels, the results of a trip along the eastern coast of South America. author is a shrewd and accomplished man of the world, conversant with countries and people on both A new volume of selections from the writings of sides of the Atlantic. He wields the pen skilfully, Thoreau, to be entitled “Summer," prepared by Mr. making swift and telling strokes. The sketches are Blake, his literary executor, will soon be published brief, compressing facts and estimates into the by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. smallest space. The data they afford is apparently J. B. LIPPINCOTT & Co. will soon publish a “Dic- trustworthy, and has a substantial value. The criti- tionary of Miracles," by E. Cobham Brewer, LL.D. cal judgments are to be prized, of course, according It is a work of an entirely new character, and will to the trust that is reposed in them. contain about six hundred and fifty pages, in dic- tionary form, with a very complete index. Most of the manuals recently published for the AMONG the novelties in preparation by L. Prang & guidance of the beginner in photography have been Co. are Dora Wheeler's picture of " Christmas Morn- written in the interest of some particular maker of ing," with an accompanying poem by Joaquin Miller; dry plates or dealer in photographic material, and Hamilton Gibson's designs of - The Four Seasons," are in consequence comparatively worthless. Dr. with a set of poems by Mrs. Shaw Forman; and Ellerslie Wallace's “ Amateur Photographer" (Porter a frieze design of singing children, by Alexander & Coates) is a well-executed and concisely written Sandier. 44 [June, THE DIAL MACMILLAN & Co.'s new Library edition of the and including such names as Renan, Brahms, and works of Lord Tennyson will comprise seven vol Emilie de Laveleye. The appeal for contributions umes, at $1.75 each, the first volume containing a which may be sent to the Deutsche Vereinsbank, at steel portrait after a photograph by Rejlander. | Frankfort, -contains the following: There will also be a limited edition, which will be " In a few years a century will have passed since sold only in sets. Arthur Schopenhauer saw the light of this world, a THE “ Continent Magazine.” conducted by Judge thoughts, and to be illuminated by the rays of his pow- world which was to become the object of his deepest Tourgée, has hit upon a popuiar feature in its series of short stories by American authors — including only, he dwelt among us. erful genius. In solitary grandeur, understood by few Scoffs and scorns with which among them Edward Everett Hale, Mrs. Stowe, Rose the unreasoning crowd is always ready to reward those Terry Cooke, A. W. Tourgée, Sarah 0. Jewett, Anna who dared to march in the van were not spared him. K. Greene, “ H. H.," Edgar Fawcott, E. P. Roe, But at last the strife of tongues has ceased, and the Charles Barnard, and others. The apportionment of silent leaven of his thoughts begins to rise. Schopen- stories to authors is left to the ingenuity of the read- hauer has become what he hoped and strove to be from ers, which is stimulated by the offer of prizes to the his earliest youth, the philosopher of the nineteenth successful guessers. century. * Schopenhauer is the historical link between the philosophies of the east and west. “SCIENCE " has now entered well upon its second This alone would suitice for his glory, and stamp him year, and more than fulfills the promise of its early as al man belonging to mankind. The roa which he youth. It is but just to say that it is indispensable opened for himself into the true spirit of the old Vedic to the practical worker in any field of natural science Upanishads is an astounding feat of philosophical divi- nation. But this is not all. He it was who, as the re- who would keep abreast of current thought in his department. During the present year it has, with- viver of Kant, was the first to throw wide open the out in any way deteriorating from its provious high gates of the dark and almost unapproachable doctrine of the greatest thinker of the west. He it was who, standard, made itself of more general interest than with and after Kant, produced the only real refutation formerly, by devoting a relatively smaller amount of of materialism, and annihilated forever all claims to its space to the summary of work done in special de any metaphysical value which that baneful view of the partments, thus making room for a larger number world was supposed to possess. He it was who secured of such articles as appeal to the general scientific to ethics the highest place in philosophy, and solved the world rather than to the specialist alone. The edi- problein of the freedom of the will. Both nature and art were illuminated by the rays of his genius and were torial work is of an exceedingly able as well as time- made to disclose secrets hardly dreamed of by former ly character, and many of the illustrations are of philosophers. To appreciate at their full value the high great value. Much of our American scientific work merit and the far-reaching consequences of such is done upon the highest plane, and it could not well achievements will be the work of future generations. have a more creditable exponent than “Science." As a writer Schopenhauer belonged to Germany; as a Tue Webster Historical Society of Boston has thinker he belongs to the whole world." printed an Address of unusual historical interest, delivered before the society by the Hon. Mellen BOOKS OF TILE MONTII. Chamberlain, on “ John Adams, the Statesman of the [The following List includes all New Books, American and English, American Revolution.” If a person desires to read receivel during the month of May by JI ESSRS. JANSEX, Mc- a clear and entertaining statement of the actual CLURG & Co., Chicago.] causes and the statesmanship of the American Revo- BIOGRAPHY AVD HISTORY. lution, he cannot find it in a more compact and read- Turronty yera's of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield, able form than in Judge Chamberlain's Address. The With a Review of the Events which Led to the Political Revo- lution of 1800. By James G. Blaine. 2 vols., 8vo. Vol. I., peculiarities of temperament and disposition - some PP. 646, now ready. Purtrait. Per vol., Vet, $3.75. of which have been retaineil by the fourth generation llicr, Grand Duchess of Hesse, Princess of Great Britain and of descendants that hindered John Adams's success Biographical Sketch and Letters. 8vo, pp. 415. Portraits, $4.50. as a popular leader and politician, together with his “A model of elegance in every way will be exten- unrivalled position as a statesman, orator, and impet sively read and it will be prized by many as the record of a singu- Inrly beautiful life."--N. Y. Herald. uous advocate during the Revolutionary period, are Mannert Fuller Ossoli. By T. W. Higginson. “ American here admirably set forth. * His forte,'' says Judge Jon of Letters." Pp. 323. $1.25. Chamberlain, “was action. I shall never shine,' “Here, at last, we have a biography of one of the noblest and the most intellectual of American women, which does full justice said Adams himself, till some animating occasion to its subject."- Boston Advertiser. calls forth all my powers.' When sicle-tracked in The Buttle of stone's Rirer. Near Murfreesboro, Tenn., the vice-presidency, or finally ditched at Braintree, Dec. 30,1862 to Jan. 3, 1863. By A.F.Stevenson. Bv0, Pp. 197. $. A Confratopete Solilior in Egt. By W. W. Loring. Por- the engine puffed and snortel, and let off steam in a trait and Illustrations, 8vo, PL 450. very tuneddifying manner; but on a clear course, no "Is not intended as a history of Egypt, but as a clear and con- cise statement of its present condition and the causes which have matter what the load or grades, it moved with the led to it. * * * The book is more than usually interestiug."- swiftness and rerve of the lightning-train; and, it may be added, with something of its racket.” The The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D., Together with The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides. By James Boswell, Esq. vigor of style in the address may be inferred from New Edition. With Notes and Appendices, by Alex. Napier, this brief extract. The author is the Librarian of M. A. With Portraits and Illustrations ou Steel, Fac Similes of Letters, etc. 5 vols, 8vo. Lonelun. 22.50. the Boston Public Library. My Reminiscenres. By Lord Ronald Gower, F.S.A. New A MONUMENT to the German philosopher Schopen- Flition. 2 vols. in one. $2. haner, in the city of Frankfort, has been proposed, Philipp Reix: Inventor of the Telephone. A Biographienl Sketch, with Documentary Testimony, Translations of the and the project is now in the hands of an interna Original Papers of the Inventor, and Coutemporary Publica- By S. (. Thompson, B.A., D.Sc. Pp. 182. 83. tional committee, consisting of representatives from Off-1/owl Portraits of Prominent New Yorkers. By the United States, India, and the nations of Europe, Stephen Fiske. Pp. 357. $1.50. Ireland. >3.30. Inter Okean. tious. 1884.] 45 THE DIAL TRAVEL, Round the World. By Andrew Carnegie. 4to, pp. 360. $2.50. Fifth Avenue to Alaska. By E. Pierrepont, B. A. Pp. 329. $1.75. At Home in Italy. By Mrs. E. D. R. Bianciardi. Pp. 300. $1.25. 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Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $2.00. PUBLISHED BY HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. HARPER & BROTHERS will send any of the above works by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the United States, on receipt of the price. 1 THE DIAL A Monthly Journal of Current Literature PUBLISHED BY JANSEN, MCCLURG & CO. CHICAGO, JULY, 1884. (Vol. V, No. 51.] TERMS -- $1.50 PER YEAR. W. F. Poole 54 MALLOCK ON SOCIALISM. 56 SHAKESPEARE AS A JURIST. James 0. Pierce 57 58 GINDELY'S THIRTY YEARS' WAR. Charles Kendall Adams 60 RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 68 Selections from the Journal of H. D. Thoreau.--Mrs. Bi- LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS- 71 BOOKS OF THE MONTH PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENTS 74 CONTENTS. land which he loved, and the other misfortunes which overtook him in the Revolutionary strug- THOMAS HUTCHINSON. gle, commend him to our sympathy and impar- tial judgment. After a stormy rule of the M. L. Scudder, Jr. rebellious colony for five years, as governor, he turned over the duties of his office to General "THE BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. Sara A. Hubbard Gage, and sailed for England in June 1774. He never returned, and died there in June 1780. Among the manuscripts which he left in 63 England was a continuation of his “History of Massachusetts” down to the time he left the country, which was printed, as a third volume, Stanton's The Woman Question in Europe. -Summer ; at London, in 1828. He left also letters, and a diary which he kept in England from the date anciardi's At Home in Italy.---Daryl's Public Life in Eng- of his arrival to his last illness, which are now land.-Carnegie's Round the World.-Morley's Emerson. printed and edited by his grandson, Peter 0. -Mrs. Karr's The American Horsewoman.-Mrs. Lin- Hutchinson. The grandson is evidently a senile coln's Boston Cook Book.--Mackenzie's Day-Dawn in English tory; and whatever of his own writing Dark Places.-Clover's Leaves from a Diary; a Tramp he has contributed to the volume is next to Around the World.--Roosevelt's Superior Fishing. worthless. His main purpose seems to be to show that the conduct of the crown and minis- 72 try towards the American colonies was proper, and to justify his ancestor for having been a tory, when the said ancestor needs no justifica- tion that this fussy old descendant can make. He writes like a soap-boiler after this fashion: THOMAS HUTCHINSON* “The great events of history, though they may It was the misfortune of Thomas Hutchinson grow old, never become wholly obsolete. Great that he was the royal governor of Massachuset