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Napoleon III., Visit to. Mme. de H. Lindencrone. Harper.
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Outdoors, Great American. Maximilian Foster. Everybody's.
Philippine Experiences. F.Funston. Scribner,
Plants and Fruits to Order, Making. J.R. Smith. Everybody's.
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Public Ownership, Aspects of. Sydney Brooks. North Amer.
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Dutton & Co $4. net.
| San Francisco Bay and California in 1776: Maps,
Sketches, and Facsimiles from the Original Manuscript of
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Providence, R. I.: The John Carter Brown Library.
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Vila. Edited by Robert Selden Rose. With maps, 8vo.
19 pages. "Publications of the Academy of Pacific Coast
History." University of California.
A History of Public Permanent Common School Funds
in the United States, 1796-1906. By F. Harper
Smith, Ph.D. 8vo, 503 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $3.75 net.
A History of the Jews. By Paul Goodman. 18mo, 152
pages. “The Temple Primers." E. P. Dutton & Co. 35c. net.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
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The Common Law. By Robert W. Chambers. Illustrated,
12mo, 535 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.40 net.
The Secret Garden. By Frances Hodgson Burnett. 12mo,
375 pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.85 net.
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pages. Duffield & Co. $1.30 net.
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colored frontispiece, 12mo, 376 pages. T. Y. Crowell & Co
$1.25 net.
On the Iron at Big Cloud. By Frank K. Packard. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 343 pages. T. Y, Crowell & Co.
$1.25 net.
Monna Lisa, Or The Quest of the Woman Soul. By Guglielmo
Scala. With colored frontispiece, 12mo, 206 pages. T. Y.
Crowell & Co. $1. net.
BOOKS OF VERSE.
At the Silver Gate. By John Vance Cheney. Illustrated.
12mo, 94 pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.85 net.
The House of Life. By Harrold Johnson. With reproduc-
tions from the pictures of G. F. Watts, 16mo, 63 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1. net.
The Divine Comedy of Dante. Translated by C. E.
Wheeler. In three volumes, each with photogravure fron-
tispiece. 12mo. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3. net.
Trobador Poets. Translated from the Provençal, with intro-
duction and notes, by Barbara Smythe. Witb illuminated
frontispiece, 16mo, 198 pages. “Mediaeval Library.” Duf-
field & Co. $2. net,
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Sinal in Spring; or, The Best Desert in the World. By M.J.
Rendall. Illustrated, 8vo, 167 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co.
$1.50 net.
The Wonders of the Colorado Desert. By George Wharton
James. New popular edition. Illustrated, 8vo, 547 pages.
Little, Brown & Co. $2 50 net.
Paris the Beautiful. By Lilian Whiting. New popular edition.
Illustrated. 8vo, 399 pages. Little, Brown & Co. $1.50 pet.
Birculielmo


1911.]
141
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we print to-day our semi-annual classified list
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munications should be addressed to
is a lengthy list, as usual, and would be occasion
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for despair did we not know how large a fraction
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at
of its contents might be neglected by even the
Chicago, Minois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
most omnivorous reader without suffering any
No. 606. SEPTEMBER 16, 1911. Vol. LI. very serious loss. Many of its promises will
doubtless turn out to be disappointments, but,
CONTENTS.
on the other hand, it is pretty certain to contain
BOOKS OF THE COMING SEASON ...... 183
some titles which, meaning nothing in the bare
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY COME AGAIN. announcement, will eventually be found to stand
Charles Leonard Moore . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 for unanticipated delights. The genuine Book
CASUAL COMMENT ............ 186 —for such a phenomenon really occurs now and
Lessons from the outsides of books. – The intellect-
then — is more likely than not to come without
ual ferment in Latin America. – The old-time title-
page. - The Horatian view of a summer vacation. -
much observation, and make insignificant many
An institute to promote the knowledge of things showier tomes that have been heralded with the
German. — The deadly dulness of immoral liter-
blare of trumpets. We did not hear much about
ature. - A new treatment of the Faust legend. -
The novel of the flying-machine. — The best propæ “Joseph Vance" and " The Old Wives' Tale,"
deutic to authorship.
for example, before they actually came to hand,
COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 but it did not take long to discover their quality.
The Chicago and New York Theatrical Experi-
ments. Warwick James Price.
Again, it is more than likely that the season's
The Poems of Elizabeth Akers Allen. Burton E. output will include works that are not even an-
Stevenson.
nounced at the present time, but that will out-
Captain Beecham's Gettysburg. A.C.McClurg & Co.
rank the best of those whose appearance has
LAW AND LAWYERS IN AMERICA. Percy F.
been awaited. Last year's experience gave us
Bicknell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
THREE CENTURIES OF SHAKESPEARE-
such a work in the Wagner autobiography,
LITERATURE. Alphonso Gerald Newcomer . 192 which was published with little preliminary
LEONARDO AND THE LADY. Anna Benneson parade, and which was probably the most impor-
McMahan .. ... .. .. .. ... 194
tant publication of the whole year.
PROBLEMS OF AN INCOME TAX. John Bascom 196
MEMOIRS OF AN UNHAPPY PRESIDENT.
There is certainly nothing of comparable im-
St. George L. Sioussat.......... 198
portance among the biographies now catalogued
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne.
for production, and the chief impression one
Wright's The Winning of Barbara Worth.-Miller's gets from the list is that the business of biog-
His Rise to Power.- Chambers's The Common Law.
raphy is greatly overdone. It is, as we have
– Beach's The Ne'er-Do-Well. – Miss Lea's Quick-
sands. - Mrs. Older's Esther Damon. - Mrs. Turn frequently before pointed out, a peculiarly
bull's The Royal Pawn of Venice.--Miss Demarest's Anglo-American business, and the French or
Nobody's, - Locke's The Glory of Clementina. -
German reader is apt to be amazed at the unim-
Paterson's The Old Dance-Master.- Miss Syrett's
Drender's Daughter.-Miss Wylie's Dividing Waters. portance of most of the lives that are thought
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
by somebody to be worth writing about in the
Folk-lore in modern Greece. - Misinterpretation of English language. Then, if a man is of con-
a great leader. - Fables of submerged treasure. -
siderable prominence, we are fairly sure to have
A Nietzschean interpretation of religion. – Some
striking characteristics of Thackeray. - Old times several lives of him instead of the one that might
in Ohio. - Romances of "Genoa the proud." — Lab be thought sufficient. There is usually the
rador: its history and present state.
“official” biography, which is apt to be preceded
BRIEFER MENTION .
.......... . 207
by sketchy affairs hastily put together after his
NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
death, to be followed by lives written from some
ANNOUNCEMENT OF FALL BOOKS ..... 208
(A classified list of the new books planned for publi-
special angle of observation, and to be supple-
cation during the coming Fall and Winter season.) | mented by lives prepared for the innumerable


184
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
իրելի լինե
biographical series that some publishers have a “ The Arctic Prairies,” by Mr. Ernest Thompson
mania for projecting. All of these categories Seton; “ Argentine Plains and Andean Gla-
may be illustrated from this year's list. We ciers," by Mr. Walter Larden; “ South Amer.
are to have new biographies of Ruskin, Bret ica of To-day," by M. Georges Clémenceau ;
Harte, Lincoln, Liszt, Tolstoy (two), Daniel “ With Pack and Rifle through Trackless Lab-
Webster, Maupassant (by his valet), Thackeray, rador, by Mr. H. Hesketh Pritchard ; “ Undis-
Andrew Jackson, Napoleon, Luther, Robert covered Russia,” by Mr. Stephen Grahame;
Louis Stevenson, and Alexander Hamilton — “ Across China on Foot," by Mr. Edwin J.
a miscellaneous group, surely, of most of whose | Dingle; and “A Motor Flight through Algeria
members we are already rather well informed. and Tunisia," by Mrs. Edward Ayer.
The dew Ruskin biography, by Mr. Edward | The category of general literature seems to
Tyas Cook, is the only one of the lot that promises | give the most promise in the direction of the
to be of much value. Fresher of interest, of essay, which will be exemplified by such volumes
course, are the promised biographies or memoirs as these : “ Beauty and Ugliness," by Vernon
of Mr. Frederic Harrison, Winslow Homer, Lee; “ Memories and Studies,” by William
Francisco Ferrer, M. Maurice Maeterlinck, Mr. James ; “Some Representative American Story-
G. B. Shaw, Senator Cullom, Mr. J. Pierpont Tellers," by Mr. Frederick Taber Cooper;
Morgan, Mr. Booker Washington, and Presi “Genius and Other Essays," by Edmund
dent J. B. Angell. But we are not made exactly Clarence Stedman; and “ Democracy and
eager even by these prospects. Most of the Poetry,” by Mr. Francis B. Gummere. Of
books will be pleasant to read, and informing, somewhat larger scope are such works as that
but they could be spared.
of Mr. W. B. Yeats on “J. M. Synge and the
We do not find the historical list especially Ireland of His Time" and that of Mr. Montrose
promising. Mr. William Roscoe Thayer's work | J. Moses on “ The American Dramatist.” The
on Cavour and Mr. George Macaulay Trevelyan's | “ Letters of Sarah Orne Jewett,” edited by
work on Garibaldi will renew our acquaintance Mrs. James T. Fields, will be sure of an appre-
with the history of the Italian Risorgimento in ciative circle of readers. The American public,
a way that cannot fail to be interesting. Mr. which is now getting into the habit of reading
Charles Francis Adams's collection of “Studies plays as well as of seeing them on the stage,
Military and Diplomatic" will doubtless give | will be given several in printed form: “Mona,"
us a fresh and incisive treatment of whatever by Mr. Brian Hooker; “Embers,” by Mr.
their themes may be. Mr. James Harvey | George Middleton ; “ Disraeli,” by Mr. Louis
Robinson is one of the most thoughtful and | N. Parker; "Sherwood, Robin Hood, and the
scholarly of American writers in this field, and Three Kings," by Mr. Alfred Noyes ; “ As a
his volume entitled “The New History" cannot | Man Thinks," by Mr. Augustus Thomas ;
fail to be profitable. Other titles that attract “The Piercing Sword,” by Mr. Charles Kann
attention are: “A History of the American Kennedy; and probably many more not thus
Bar," by Mr. Charles Warren ; “ Kansas in the far definitely announced.
Sixties,” by Mr. Samuel J. Crawford ; “ The In mentioning works of fiction, we hardly
Women of the Cæsars," by Signor Guglielmo know where to begin or where to end. The
Ferrero; “ The Annexation of Texas,” by Mr. following novels are at least among those that
Justin H. Smith; and “ The Common People will be awaited with the greatest interest: “The
of Ancient Rome," by Mr. Frank Frost Abbott. Song of Renny," by Mr. Maurice Hewlett;
We note also that the “ Cambridge Mediæval | “ The Witness for the Defence,'' by Mr. A. E.
History” is now ready for launching, and that | W. Mason ; “ A Likely Story,” by Mr. William
its first volume may soon be expected. | De Morgan; “Hilda Lessways," by Mr.
Books of travel constitute a category that | Arnold Bennett; “ The Fruitful Vine," by Mr.
supplies interesting and even fascinating read Robert Hichens; “ Under Western Eyes," by
ing, although few such books are treasured as Mr. Joseph Conrad; “ Adrian Savage,” by
permanent additions to literature. We can Lucas Malet; “ The Money Moon," by Mr.
hardly expect an “Eothen," or a Palgrave's | Jeffery Farnol; “A Safety Match," by Mr.
Arabia, or a Dufferin's “ Letters from High Ian Hay; “ The Principal Girl,” by Mr.J.C.
Latitudes" every year, but there is much Snaith ; “ The Case of Richard Meynell,” by
promise in such forthcoming works as “ From Mrs. Humphry Ward ; “ The Composer," by
Constantinople to the Home of Omar Khay- | Mr. and Mrs. Castle; “The Inside of the
yám,” by Professor A. V. Williams Jackson ; 1 Cup," by Mr. Winston Churchill; “ The
լ
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1911.)
185
THE DIAL
Healer," by Mr. Robert Herrick; “ The Iron riet" and the discussions about Mrs. Carlyle which
Woman," by Mrs. Margaret Deland; “ The threatened to swamp our criticism a decade ago. The
Conflict," by David Graham Phillips ; “Kennedy critics of the Romantic school wrote such ineffable
Square," by Mr. F. Hopkinson Smith; and
nonsense about Shelley and Hugo and others, that
“ Ethan Frome," by Mrs. Edith Wharton.
the swing of the pendulum of taste backward and
downward was as desirable as it was inevitable.
Here are a dozen from the other side of the
But the danger now is that the pendulum will
Atlantic, and half that number from our own.
stop at its nadir, at the lowest possible point. The
It must be regretfully admitted that the English common-sense of mankind is a kind of gravitation
list is much the more important of the two. which is always tending to bring everything to a
| halt. We have got to recognize that there is a
higher and a lower glory in literature.
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
At bottom, the question is between poetry and
prose. By poetry I do not, of course, mean merely
COMB AGAIN.
verse, though the movement, the rhythm, the con-
The volcanic period is over for the present, — certed sweep of verse, is a symbol of that life-giving
the crust of the earth is cooling. Human opinion, element which is poetry, just as the disintegration,
which for a century and a half has swayed with the | the dissonance of prose is a symptom of that static
fluidity of fire, is becoming fixed. Life is growing condition of existence which we call matter.
more and more sober, and sensible, and dull. En. The poetic view of life is a whole view, the prose out-
thusiasm is at a discount. Faith is doomed and the look a partial one. Poetry globes itself. In its small-
ideal is damned. We have deposed the gods and est example, it gives us action, character, light and
taken up with common humanity. The ordinary shade, reality and reflection, foreground and distance,
appeals to us rather than the exceptional. Smugness this world and the next. Prose generally runs off in
and snugness for us, and to the deuce with illimitable some single direction; it is one-sided. It deals with
aspirations, unselfish heroisms, and profundities axioms, maxims, half truths or half experiences.
that have to do with the dark foundations of our Wit and humor mean disintegration. The orb
estate. After its outlaw escapades with Karl Moor of the universe is shattered and the fragments run
and Fra Diavolo, mankind has gone back to the about in glittering confusion. Prose is therefore the
domination of the policeman and the parish beadle. vehicle for humor. The English eighteenth century
We think more of the tariff to-day than of our im- is perhaps the most remarkable prose epoch in litera-
mortal souls, and more of motor cars and the social ture, and taken altogether it is marked by the most
column of the newspaper than of either.
varied and original outburst of wit and humor ever
Under such circumstances it is natural that there known. Single wits and humorists there are, strown
should be a renewal of interest in the English eight through the ages, superior to any man of this period;
eenth century. A common feeling binds that epoch but as a group, Dryden, Pope, Swift, Wycherley, Con-
to ours. The strongest instincts then as now were greve, Vanburgh, Farquhar, Goldsmith, Sheridan,
the instincts for material welfare, and common sense. Steele, Addison, Sterne, Fielding, Smollett, and Burns
Man social rather than man solitary is our chief study have never been equalled. And in colloquial wit,
now as then. In both periods talent more than
Doctor Johnson dominates the centuries.
genius comes to fruition.
This is the largest galaxy of brilliant stars in
Accordingly we have had of late a revival of our literature. Pre-Shakespearean literature has
eighteenth-century literature. There has been a dwindled to two names — Chaucer and Spenser. In
wide commemoration of Dr. Johnson, almost a new spite of all the efforts of critics, Shakespeare's contem-
coronation of that ponderous Dictator of Letters who | poraries and rivals have faded from the sky. Milton
is again accepted as expressing the most native and is alone in his heaven. But the lights of the eighteenth
permanent factors of English character and thought. century support each other in their multitude. They
Certainly he has not been treated with so much paled a little before the fiery dawn of the Romantic
reverence since he laid down his sceptre with his revival, but they were visible in its full daylight,
life. Biographies, studies, editions of other writers and now they promise to become dominant again.
of that brilliant epoch, have appeared in quick suc What the eighteenth-century literature had su-
cession. Pope has been studied in his strength and premely was common sense. It was in full corre-
weakness. The melancholy and mighty Swift has spondence with the thoughts and affairs of the aver-
been sympathetically analyzed. Sterne's mockery age man. And it did not deal with him as a king
and pathos have been critically fixed. Goldsmith of nature, still less as the mystic tenant of eternity.
and Sheridan have been rehabilitated as to their | It confined its view of him to his social and political
lives, and set more securely on their thrones of fame. doings and relations. Its moralities and maxims and
It is doubtful if there has ever before been so thor | irony and comedy were all of the world worldly —
ough an exposition or such a profound appreciation | the multifarious history of Vanity Fair.
of these writers and others of their kin and kind. What the eighteenth-century literature did not
All this is only just, and it is perhaps a fortunate have were those vibrations of the soul which shake
turn of appreciation after the “chatter about Har- | man out of self-those tidalagitations which heave up


186
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
landmarks and make a new geography of the mind.
Except near the close of the epoch, in Burns, it pro-
CASUAL COMMENT.
duced no writer with the central fire in him. Except LESSONS FROM THE OUTSIDES OF BOOKS that havs
in its few disinherited children, the poets Gray, Col. seen service are writ so large that even he who run.
lins, Chatterton, it has nothing of vision and charm, through the alcoves of a library may read thems
nothing of the full-rounded revelation of life. A spir- | The human preference for amusement to instruc-
itual Desert of Sahara, it stretched from the roots of tion, and for easy and simple to strenuous studies,
the forests and mountain ranges of English thought, becomes at once apparent from the frayed and
flat, dry, hard in its unfructifying common-sense. stained and re-bound condition of fiction and humor
Men could not stand it. They thirsted for the and popular science, as contrasted with the unworn
water-springs of the spirit, hungered for the rises and comparatively spotless dress of more profound
and ranges of life. Moved by a common impulse, and scholarly works. But more curious, and signi-
they left the levels and struggled on toward the ' ficant of another trait in readers, is the external
heights. Millions perished by the way; errors and aspect of almost any single volume that is read at
excesses and orgies marked their path ; but for a all. The darkening of the leaves' lower edges,
time the race was better than it had been — a nobil resulting from thumb-pressure, is nearly alwaye
ity was re-born in man. Romance, Beauty, the greatest in, if not confined to, the first part of the
Supernatural, came back; and literature blossomed book. Scrutinize a library copy of Darwin's “ Origin
and bourgeoned as it has only done a few times in of Species” or “Descent of Man," and you will
the history of the world.
find the later pages surprisingly fair and fresh, in
Now this impulse seems to be spent. We are contrast with the dog-eared and finger-marked ear-
falling back into the eighteenth-century mood. | lier ones — a sad proof of the weakness of human
There are differences, of course. In thought, we perseverance. This, too, may be seen without open-
have substituted the idea of evolution for rational ing the book, but by merely examining its lower
ism ; in form we have put the novel in the place of edge. Standard works in several volumes com-
satire or didactic form. But for absolute poetry — monly exhibit a marked difference in the condition
the poetry of imagination and beauty — we have of the earlier and later volumes, the wear decreas-
the same disinclination as our forefathers had then. ing rapidly toward the end, and the re-binding
Tragedy is again abhorent to us, and we wreak our being ordinarily confined to the first one or two
souls on humor and social comedy.
volumes. Yet something else than human incon-
It is perhaps worth while to hunt about for a stancy may also be deduced as accountable for this.
concrete contrast of these rival schools of thought When a reader gets fairly into the swing of his
and art. Shelley is the extreme example of the author, he reads much more rapidly and easily than
Romance revival. He carried its banners to its at the beginning, thumbing the pages less and turn-
farthest point. Thackeray, on the other hand, is ing the leaves faster, — even as the book of life is
one earlier reincarnation of the eighteenth century inclined to run off in its later portions with con-
-- the man who re-expressed its ideals, or want of siderably less wear and tear, less painful spelling
ideals. As far as their lives were concerned, the out of the words, than in its opening chapters. In
comparison would, at first blush, seem to be favor short, who shall say that a complete analysis and
able to Thackeray. But it is as writers that we have description of human nature might not be made
most interest in them; and which must we prefer from a sufficiently keen-eyed scrutiny of a public
Shelley with the throb and thrill and ecstasy in his | library's bookshelves ?
voice which take our hearts, the aërial visions shot
through with golden fire which refresh our minds, | THE INTELLECTUAL FERMENT IN LATIN AMER-
or Thackeray with his polite and incredulous smile ica has been commented on several times in The
and his pictures of a sordid and soulless world! DIAL. Scattered through Cuba, Mexico, and South
In the very best literature we get the noble America, there have sprung up recently various
vision and reality combined — beauty and grandeur
groups of poets, critics, and thinkers, who are work-
and truth in one. But we do not get it in the work
ing with a common impulse toward a new birth
of any age which banishes poetry; we do not get of Spanish literature in the new world. In a pre-
it in the literature of the eighteenth century, or in
terature of the eighteenth century, or in face to the Cuestiones Estéticas of Alfonso Reyes,
our own which expresses the same mood. Certainly published at Paris, Señor Francisco Garcia Calderón
we have no need to preach common-sense or comic writes as follows of some modern Mexican authors:
irony in America. We wear Benjamin Franklin in - Alfonso Reyes belongs to a sympathetic group of
our dispositions, and are not likely to go astray in writers, a little Mexican Academy for free discus-
the direction of enthusiasm, passion, profundity, sion of Platonic ideas. Pedro Henríquez Ureña,
or to sacrifice to eccentric and exceptional gods. son of the poetess Salomé Ureña, is the Socrates of
The eighteenth-century revival can do us no good — this fraternal group. He will be one of the most
it will only confirm us in our faults. The prose view certain glories of American thought. Critic and
of life is too much with us as it is.
philosopher, he is a soul evangelical and protestant,
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE. I eager for great problems and profoundly versed in


1911.)
187
THE DIAL
Spanish and Italian literature. Joined with him [founded) upon facts and experience ; presenting a
are Antonio Caso, a philosopher deeply schooled in | view of that train of thinking which led to the inven-
Nietzsche and Comte, sunken in meditation, elo tion of the patent portable, warm and hot Bath.”
quent, the creator of beautiful syntheses; Jésus I. And still we have disease, are still teased and puz-
Acevedo, great architect of ideas, distant and melan zled by life, still search for truth and reason, and
choly, lost in the contemplation of his visions ; shall continue to write books in fancied solution
Max Henríquez Ureña, brother of Pedro, artist, of some of these perennial problems, in sæcula
journalist, and brilliant musical critic; Alfonso sæculorum.
Craviolo, art critic, and others various and fine,
THE HORATIAN VIEW OF A SUMMER VACATION,
whose affection for noble idealism harmonizes with
or of a vacation journey in quest of repose and
the richest variety of special scientific knowledge.
refreshment, has long been familiar to the world
Among these, Alfonso Reyes is the Benjamin. He
from the poet's epistle to Bullatius, and may per-
is the son of General Bernado Reyes, Governor of
haps be recalled with advantage now that the vaca-
a Mexican State and a rival of Porforio Diaz.” It
tion season has drawn to a close for some of us,
is noticeable that all these new Latin American au-
while for others the season has passed without
thors hold by France French literature and ideas
bringing the vacation. If we are to believe Horace,
dominate the movement. On the other hand, of
the vacationers need not be envied by the non-
the space which French and Italian periodicals and
vacationers ; for did he not prove to his restless,
newspapers devote to American doings, literary or
globe-trotting friend that happiness has nothing to
political, nine-tenths is given up to Latin America.
do with change of climate or place, but depends
The United States usually follows on a bad second
entirely on one's state of mind ? “ Cælum non
to some little republic of the South whose existence
| animum mutant qui trans mare currunt," runs the
we habitually ignore. There would seem to be a
familiar line that forms the kernel to the nutshell
lesson in this for us to recognize our neighbors who
of advice contained in the brief letter. And if
are recognized by a great part of the world.
those of us who have been unable to go abroad this
summer, to see the Coronation and other sights,
THE OLD-TIME TITLE-PAGE, no niggard of print-
wish additional consolation, is it not ready to our
er's ink, and honestly striving to convey a full and
true conception of the contents of the book to which
hand in Emerson's essay on Heroism? “Why should
these words, Athenian, Roman, Asia, and England,
it is prefixed, has a picturesqueness and charm un-
known to its abbreviated modern successor. Mr.
so tingle in the ear? Where the heart is, there the
J. H. Whitty of Richmond has prepared, and the
muses, there the gods sojourn, and not in the geog-
Virginia State Library has published, “A Record
raphy of fame. Massachusetts, Connecticut River,
of Virginia Copyright Entries (1790-1844).” The
and Boston Bay, you think paltry places, and the
Continental Congress passed a resolution in 1783
ear loves names of foreign and classic topography.
recommending to the several States a copyright law,
But here we are; and, if we will tarry a little, we
and this resolution was favorably acted upon by
may come to learn that here is best.” Thus the
true vacation, like the real Boston, may be said to
Virginia in 1785. Copyright entries were there-
have no physical existence, but to be simply “a
after registered in the United States District Court
of Virginia, until Congress transferred the registry
state of mind” – even though a three months' leave
of absence, with a letter of credit in four figures, is
of all copyright books to Washington in 1870. Mr.
Whitty's pamphlet contains between three hundred
not exactly despicable to anyone who is human and
and four hundred titles, many of which excite one's
who is sometimes weary with toiling for his daily
bread.
interest, curiosity, or amusement. For example, a
pansophical writer, Joshua Peel, has a book on AN INSTITUTE TO PROMOTE THE KNOWLEDGE OF
1. Truth and Reason: or, A fair investigation of THINGS GERMAN is announced as about to open in
many of those things which keep them in Shade; Berlin, with quarters in the new Royal Library,
Delivered in a course of Theological Lectures, under the official patronage of the government, and
Wherein Truth is clearly unfolded and defended by with the valuable aid of teachers and professors in
reasonable arguments, drawn from the surest Testi the higher schools and the university. The purpose
monies of past and present Experience, Historical is to interest and instruct educated foreigners, so-
Evidence, and many plain, undeniable facts." journing in the city, in the language, the literature,
Another author, William Branch, Jr., attempts a the art and industry, the ideals and aims, the scien-
metrical solution of the riddle of existence, his title tific and other achievements, of our Teutonic friends
reading thus : “ Life: A poem in three books de- and rivals. Both class-room lectures and personally
scriptive of the various characters in life, the differ conducted excursions will be resorted to for the en-
ent passions with their moral influence, the good lightenment of the foreign visitor. Each “semester,"
and evil resulting from their sway, and of the per-| as it is called, though the term here loses its ety-
fect man. Dedicated to the social and political mological significance, will be eight weeks in length;
welfare of the people of the United States.” and a moderate fee (one hundred marks) will be
Another treatise modestly offers “ A Plain element charged for participation in this feast of reason and
ary explanation of the nature and cure of disease, 1 international flow of soul. October 16 is fixed as


188
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
the date for inaugurating this promising and praise- a marvel to the great reading public, the aviation
worthy enterprise, which ought to accomplish some- | novel cannot make an irresistible and universal
thing toward dispelling that widely prevalent appeal. Wonderful it must be, but not beyond the
Germanophobia which has its roots in ignorance limit of a sufficiently common experience. Mr.
and a false conception of patriotism.
Grahame-White has named thirty years as the
time within which transatlantic passenger traffic by
THE DEADLY DULNESS OF IMMORAL LITERATURE, airship on a large scale may be looked for; but the
as a rule, must have impressed itself on many a
aëronautic novel, in some form more realistic and
catholic-minded reader who has had the courage and convincing than Jules Verne's “From the Earth to
perseverance to prove all things in the domain of
the Moon,” will come much sooner.
books, with a view to holding fast that which is
good. Mayor Gaynor the other day deftly, though THE BEST PROPÆDEUTIC TO AUTHORSHIP, con-
perhaps unintentionally, exposed the real weakness cludes “The Athenæum ” after making a study of
of the morally objectionable book in his comment
nearly three hundred British writers of note, all
on a certain work that had been for some reason
but fifty-two of whom were found to have received
banned by the New York Public Library. He is more or less formal schooling, including often some
reported as having said to a woman who protested professional training, “is the combination of public
against the library's action: “I looked it through school and university, set off preferably with a call
last night after trying hard to read it consecutively. to the bar or ordination, though a medical degree
I am satisfied that the notion of the author that his | as an extra is by no means to be underrated. An
book was excluded on moral grounds is erroneous. expensive and long training for a very precarious
It is quite harmless, but very stupid. It must have calling!” Such researches as this in the antece-
been rejected on that ground. I cannot help call dents of men of mark are always interesting to the
ing to mind that scene of Cervantes in which he curious inquirer, but will hardly reveal the secret of
pictures the priest, the barber, and the niece, sitting
genius. Doubtless we may discover the best train-
in judgment on the books of Don Quixote's library, ing for a historian, or a lexicographer, or a writer
sparing a few, but committing all the others to the of school textbooks or of treatises on embryology or
flames, and especially the stupid ones. If this book conchology; and to some extent the education of a
had been there I am certain it would not have professor of literature, English, French, German,
escaped the flames."
Latin, or Greek, can be prescribed ; but the pro-
ducer of real literature it is - most fortunately, we
A NEW TREATMENT OF THE FAUST LEGEND may believe - beyond our power to make.
confidently be expected if M. Rostand, lately the
unfortunate victim of an automobile accident in
France, carries out his reported intention of trying
COMMUNICATIONS.
his hand at the theme that has challenged a Marlowe,
a Goethe, a Gounod, and countless others, known
THE CHICAGO AND NEW YORK THEATRICAL
and unknown. Here certainly is an opportunity
EXPERIMENTS.
for him to surpass his previous popular successes
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
and to rise to hitherto unattained heights. Yet poets | The discussion, in your columns and elsewhere, of the
like other men are the victims of their own pecu plans and prospects of the Chicago Theatre Society has
liar endowments; and any drama, with whatever greatly interested me, as it must interest all who have
motif, from the brilliant author of "Cyrano” and
at heart the rehabilitation of the American stage. It
“Chantecler" is very sure to be unmistakably
brings, of course, prominently into view the recent expe-
riences of the New Theatre of New York, a dramatic
Rostandesque, — out of the ordinary, attention-
experiment widely welcomed as a bow of promise in our
compelling, something more than a nine days'
theatrical sky, its successes greeted with delight, and
wouder, but not free from the inevitable defects of
its failures with a regret tempered by the hope that its
its qualities. Goethe's laurels are not yet in danger. managers would profit by their mistakes to make their
future the more assured. Surely the lessons they have
THE NOVEL OF THE FLYING-MACHINE may soon
had may be conned with profit by all others proposing
be expected to displace the now somewhat stale
to follow in like paths.
romance of the motor-car. This is the prospect as In one particular the Chicago Society starts without
it opens itself to the experienced vision of sundry the handicaps of the New York players. I refer to the
publishers of popular fiction. Who are to be the matter of building; and I realize how surprising the
Williamsons of the coming type of best-selling statement may well seem, for the home which the New
thriller ? Or will that talented pair aim now a little
Theatre backers gave to it was as beautiful, as comfort-
higher (at the fleecy sky instead of along the mac-
able, and as complete in all respects as could easily be
imagined. None the less, this same house was one of
adamized road), and repeat in another realm the
success achieved by their “Lightning Conductor”
the causes of the temporary setback which the Eastern
undertaking met. Its very roominess, which made it
and “Scarlet Runner"? The assured touch of the
difficult for the audience to see and hear satisfactorily,
actual flyer, however, cannot for some time yet be also unfitted it for the purposes of a repertory company,
expected from one novelist out of a thousand; and governed by a policy which prevented the continuance
until flying is something more than a mystery and l of any production for what could be considered a long


1911.]
189
THE DIAL
run, no matter how popular it might have proved to be. sun of a national drama to arise, but it is beyond ques-
It was a very splendid white elephant - but yet a white tion that they can help arouse our sleeping play-goers.
elephant; and it had to be abandoned. In smaller
WARWICK JAMES PRICE.
quarters, adequate without being extravagant, the New Philadelphia, September 12, 1911.
Theatre managers may continue their laudable efforts
without that handicap, at least.
THE POEMS OF ELIZABETH AKERS ALLEN.
Chicago may well profit by this mistake of the New
York venture, and may also pay attention to another
(To the Editor of The DIAL.)
In your note upon the recent death of Elizabeth
matter which has been referred to by the Director of
the New York enterprise as a serious drawback to their
Akers Allen, you remark, quite truly, that hers is a
name practically unknown to the present generation,
work — namely, the lack of “home-made” dramatic
to whom the announcement of her death occasions no
material to draw upon. Many indeed were called, but
sense of loss. Yet there are very few compilations of
few could be chosen — for the simple but decisive reason
American verse in which she is not represented. For
that so few were worthy. England, France, and Ger-
her work had a quality which made it peculiarly quot-
many (to go no further) have developed a national lit-
able -- and she suffered much at the hands of antho-
erary drama; America has not. As Mr. Henry Arthur
Jones frankly put it to us only the other day: “ As
logists. It was my good fortune to have had some
against a Poe, a Hawthorne, a Whitman, you have pro-
correspondence with her, not long ago, relative to the
duced no dramatic author comparable with even such
use of a number of her poems; and, since she is no
longer here to speak for herself, I feel it is only right
lesser European geniuses as Maeterlinck and Sudermann
and Rostand.” It is therefore encouraging to note that
that her wishes should be made known for the guidance
it is not the purpose in Chicago to stage American plays
of future compilers. “I have no objection," she writes,
simply because they are the work of American writers.
“ to the use of my verse in compilations, if two condi-
Yet it would seem that the Chicago Society, while prop-
tions are observed: first, that the selections are taken
erly refusing to depend upon “made in America" dra-
from my books, instead of from possibly garbled news-
matic material, might still stand ready to encourage its
paper versions; and, second, that the authorship is
production, and thus become an efficient aid to the birth
credited to the name of Elizabeth Akers, which is the
and development of a national dramatic literature of
name given on all my title-pages (save on my first book,
which was published under a fictitious name (Florence
real worth.
Percy], and is out of print, and one which was published
What you have said of the Chicago Society's being
anonymously), and the only one which I wish to be
governed in its choice of plays by their intrinsic merit
rather than by a superficial “popular" demand or a
associated with my literary work. Whenever you see
usually sordid box-office idea, - along with the admir-
any other name given me in print, you may know it is
able opinion which you quote from John Jay Chapman,
against my often-expressed wish.”
is so wholly true as to need no further word than may
These conditions certainly seem reasonable enough;
and the first one is more than justified by the garbled
be given in prompt and full endorsement. Is there not,
versions of Mrs. Allen's verse which have somehow got
however, something worth noting in the New Theatre's
experiences in this very regard? In the first place, it
into even the most pretentious anthologies. There are
has set a highly valuable example to all American thea-
three volumes in which practically all of her poems
will be found: “ The Silver Bridge,” published by
trical ventures in the minute care taken with what are
Houghton-Mifflin in 1886; «The High-Top Sweeting,"
too often held as merely minor details of management.
published by the Scribners in 1891; and “The Sunset
Another point might be made of its sometimes lavish
though always artistic stage decorations; to give a single
Song,” published by Lee & Shepard in 1902. It was
instance, “ The Merry Wives of Windsor” was never set
her own opinion that the last of these contained her
more beautifully.
best work
BURTON E. STEVENSON.
The promoters of the Eastern movement found, to Chillicothe, Ohio, September 10, 1911.
their surprise, another drawback in the attitude assumed
both by New Yorkers themselves and the “ sojourners CAPTAIN BEECHAM'S “GETTYSBURG.”
in their midst," who from the outset insisted on seeing
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
in the New Theatre only a millionaires' plaything. I We have read with very great interest Dr. Garnett's
trust that in Chicago this will not be true. I believe | review, in your issue of September 1, of Captain
the better class of its theatre-goers are of a sort to Beecham's “Gettysburg." The review is written with
recognize in the Society's work not only an ambitious the frankness of one who knows his subject, and we are
and praiseworthy artistic experiment, but also an enter sure Captain Beecham will appreciate being corrected
prise distinctly educational in character. A high mis | by so fair a critic. We think we perhaps ought to ex-
sion is set before both the Chicago Theatre Society in plain that the illustrations in the book were selected
its beginnings, and the New Theatre of New York in its
by the publishers, and not by the author, so that we
fresh start. These organizations stand, more nearly and not Captain Beecham are responsible for the por-
than anything else we possess, in place of a national trait purporting to be that of Gen. Richard B. Garnett.
theatre. As such, they should establish sound tradi This portrait was reproduced from the Confederate
tions, not in acting only, but in authorship. They should
Military History (vol. 3, p. 642), and we had no reason
provide the machinery to keep alive plays of value and to mistrust the source. If, as Dr. Garnett states, there
artistry which may not have “caught on" at once with is no known picture of Gen. Richard B. Garnett, we
the pleasure-loving public. They should give frequent shall have to take this portrait out of the book with the
performances of the recognized masterpieces; and this, next edition. We may mention incidentally that Captain
considering the cosmopolitan make-up of our popula Beecham was an officer in the 2nd Wisconsin Infantry
tions, allows them the amplest scope, with Gallic and
of the “ Iron Brigade,” and not in an Iowa regiment.
Germanic and even Slavic repertory to draw upon, as
by A. C. McCluRG & Co.
well as English. It may not be for them to cause the Chicago, September 9, 1911.


190
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
The New Books.
on the origin and development of corporation
law, insurance law, patent law, copyright law,
labor law, railroad law, and so on. An import-
LAW AND LAWYERS IN AMERICA.* ant chapter deals with the codification of the
The American Bar is a large theme for any
law, and two others enumerate the noteworthy
one man to deal with, and in Mr. Charles
law books published in this country up to 1860.
Warren's single-volume “ History of the Amer-
A “supplementary chapter" briefly surveys our
ican Bar "one must not expect to find the sub-
later legal literature.
ject exhausted. Only the older States, and not
Prefixed to the body of Mr. Warren's work
even all of the original thirteen, have a place in
is a pertinent selection from Cotton Mather's
the historical survey, the rise and growth of legal
quaint “ Essay upon the Good that is to be
studies and legal practice west of the Atlantic
Devised and Designed by those who Desire to
seaboard receiving hardly a word of mention.
Answer the Great End of Life and Do Good
But within its limits, which embrace the most
while they Live.” It rather amusingly shows
important and interesting phases of the subject,
that as early as 1710, long before the “ Phila-
the book is a careful and authoritative piece
delphia lawyer” had become a proverb for un-
of work, enriched with copious selections from
scrupulous shrewdness, the professional pleader
noted jurists and others, and amply supplied
was often looked upon askance by his worthy
with such notes and references and bibliograph-
neighbors. A few sentences will indicate the
ical data as are needed to point the way to more
tone of this “first American address to lawyers,"
special and technical studies. The general reader,
as Mr. Warren calls it.
and the student of history in its manifold aspects,
“A Lawyer should be a Scholar, but, Sirs, when you
are called upon to be wise, the main Intention is that
are those for whom Mr. Warren writes, hardly
you may be wise to do Good. . . . A Lawyer that is a
less than for the lawyer interested in the growth Knave deserves Death, more than a Band of Robbers;
and ramifications of his profession during the for he profanes the Sanctuary of the Distressed and
past century and a quarter.
Betrayes the Liberties of the People. To ward off such
a Censure, a Lawyer must shun all those Indirect Ways
The plan of the work, which is to some extent
of making Hast to be Rich, in which a man cannot be
an amplification of a sketch contributed to a | Innocent; such ways as provoked the Father of Sir
recent history of the Harvard Law School, may Matthew Hale to give over the Practice of the Law,
be briefly indicated. Part one deals with legal
because of the Extreme Difficulty to preserve a Good
conditions in the colonies before the Revolution,
Conscience in it.”
“There has been an old Complaint, That a Good
the status of the common law as applied by the
Lawyer seldom is a Good Neighbor. You know how to
courts, the method of appointing these courts, Confute it, Gentlemen, by making your Skill in the Law,
some of the more prominent lawyers of the time, a Blessing to your Neighborhood. You may, Gentle-
legislation concerning the legal profession, the men, if you please, be a vast Accession to the Felicity
of your Countreys. . . . Perhaps you may discover
means of education then available to would-be
many things yet wanting in the Law; Mischiefs in the
lawyers, and some account of contemporaneous
Execution and Application of the Laws, which ought to
legal conditions in the mother country. Part be better provided against, Mischiefs annoying of Man-
two traces the more important features in the kind, against which no Laws are yet provided. The
development of the American Bar from our birth
Reformation of the Law, and more Law for the Refor-
mation of the World is what is mightily called for."
as a nation and our establishment of a national
supreme court to the year 1860. Of more than
This may suggest to the student of Milton the
technical interest are the evidences of early pop-
latter's assertion (quoted by our author) that
“most men are allured to the trade of law,
ular prejudice against lawyers as a class, a preju-
dice by no means extinct at the present time.
grounding their purposes not on the prudent and
Human interest, too, is not wanting in the cases
heavenly contemplation of justice and equity
that were first found of sufficient importance to
which was never taught them, but on the promis-
warrant an appeal to the highest tribunal in the
ing and pleasing thoughts of litigious terms, fat
contentions and flowing fees.”
land, and in the personality and methods of the
leading lawyers who conducted such cases. Bio-
Slow and feeble was the first growth of the
graphical details of significance find their way
legal profession in a country so dominated as
into the book, as do also illuminative passages
were our northern colonies by the church, or
the “meeting-house,” as it was scrupulously
*A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN BAR, Colonial and
called. Those were the palmy days of the
Federal, to the Year 1860. By Charles Warren of the
Suffolk Bar, Chairman of the Massachusetts Civil Service | parson as a power in his community, and such
Commission. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
| neighborhood quarrels as he could not settle


1911.]
191
THE DIAL
were naturally carried before the “general most important work which greeted the first
court,” or colonial legislature, for adjudication. Congress when it met in 1789,” declares the au-
The evolution of the full-fledged lawyer, not thor," was the establishment of a judicial system
only in this country but in England, is an inter- for the country.” And the honor of drafting
esting subject, and is treated by Mr. Warren the famous statute known as the Judiciary Act,
with such fulness as his space permits. Educa- which Mr. Warren pronounces “one of the most
tional facilities for the study of the law were remarkable and impregnable pieces of legislation
necessarily extremely meagre in the colonies. ever framed,” he ascribes chiefly to Oliver Ells-
Books were scarce, and libraries accessible to worth of Connecticut, one of the numerous lights
the public almost non-existent. The author says of legal learning to whom the book pays deserved
that “the first public library was established in tribute. Of another New England worthy,
New York in 1729," without giving its name. Joseph Story, we gather some interesting infor-
Of course this was not what we now mean by mation a few pages later. Story had, in 1810,
the term public library, but even such as it was argued the celebrated case of Fletcher vs. Peck
it had been preceded in New York by one of before the Supreme Court at Washington,
Dr. Thomas Bray's so-called parish libraries, and had soon afterward been reëlected to the
the parish of Trinity Church becoming the Massachusetts legislature, which made him its
beneficiary in 1698. For our first real public Speaker. Before long he was called up higher,
library, or town library, we must come down to being appointed Justice of the court before which
the year 1803, when Salisbury in Connecticut he had recently appeared, to fill the vacancy
is said to have established a collection of books caused by Creshing's death.
for the general use of its citizens.
“The appointment of Story was not received with
As to that formal teaching of law which was general enthusiasm. Among his political opponents it
more and more to supersede the desultory
was ridiculed and condemned, - 'that Republican poli-
tician, Joe Story,'as they called him. Others, by reason
instruction available in law offices, it appears
of his youth and active political course, augured a host
that the first American law professorship-
of evil consequences. He was at this time only thirty-two
which was also the second in any English years old – the youngest judge on the bench, and, with
speaking country — was founded in 1779 at the the exception of Mr. Justice Buller on the King's Bench
College of William and Mary; and to the action
in England, the youngest man then ever called to highest
of Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia,
judicial station in either country.”
was due this epoch-making innovation. Two
In his “ Figures of the Past,” Mr. Josiah
chairs, those of divinity and oriental languages, Quincy, Jr., has written of the indignation ex-
were sacrificed by Governor Jefferson in the cited by this appointment. “I remember,” he
reforms he effected as “ visitor" of the college. says, in Mr. Warren's quotation, “ my father's
But the first law school of any importance in graphic account of the rage of the Federalists
this country was a private one, being the semi. when • Joe Story, that country pettifogger, aged
nary established by Judge Tapping Reeve in thirty-two,' was made a judge of our highest
1784, and attended by more than a thousand court." Thus shorn of their glory are many of
students before it closed its doors in 1833. | our heroes when seen through the eyes of an
Other more or less successful attempts were unenthusiastic contemporary.
made to provide law education in public as well But Story was immeasurably better equipped
as private institutions, but it remained for for his high office than many incumbents of the
Harvard College to found the first public school bench throughout the country until a period not
of law that has maintained a permanent exis too remote to be remembered by men still living.
tence. It dates from 1817, and for the first For example, the first chief justice of Rhode
twelve years of its activity it was conducted Island was not a lawyer, and the second, though
by two professors, Isaac Parker and Asabel a Yale graduate, was a physician by profession.
Stearns. Its subsequent growth and its recent | Indeed, as late as 1819 a farmer was clothed
institution of new methods are matters known with the dignity of supreme judicial functionary
to those interested in the progress of professional in that State. This surprising disregard of what
education, but not embraced in the scope of seems to us the fitness of things must be ex-
Mr. Warren's book.
plained largely by the general lack of special
Our Federal judicial system has an intimate education and training among those who essayed
bearing on the history of the American Bar, and the practice of law. The common law of En-
its rise and development are treated at some gland was held in little deference, and even when
length in the eleventh chapter. “By far the l a pleader had the wit to cite an English prece-


192
[Sept. 16,
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dent, the court's ignorance and indifference | had the courage to attempt it; but one by one
rendered such citation of little avail. One must they fell by the wayside, or contented themselves
remember, however, that this primitive state of with incomplete compilations, until twenty-
affairs underwent rather rapid change with the two years ago William Jaggard, the British
establishment of law schools and the increase of | bibliographer, undertook the task, which he
means of intercommunication among the various admits almost subdued him. The magnitude
States.
of it can scarcely be exaggerated. There was
Mr. Warren's citation of illustrative cases not only a handicap of three centuries to over-
adds to the interest and value of his chapters. come, but there was also what athletes would
So welcome, in fact, are these concrete embodi. call a gruelling race at the finish against the
ments of abstract law that one wishes he might ever-increasing speed of the modern press. As
have entered more fully into the more celebrated many as 200 volumes of Shakespeareana are
cases. The famous Dartmouth College case, sometimes issued in a single year. Of the 1200
for instance, in which Webster so brilliantly | collective editions of Shakespeare's works listed
distinguished himself, would have furnished in this volume (not all carried to completion),
some pages of good reading if described in | about 200 have appeared since Mr. Jaggard
detail instead of being briefly referred to. But, began his labors. Of the 300 separate editions
again, the scope of the work was not such as of “ Hamlet” (including adaptations, travesties,
to permit this pleasure excursion by the way. etc., but omitting minor American school texts),
The book contains so much in its present form, 60 have come out in the same period. Thus
and is so sure to commend itself to all inter the field has been enlarged by nearly one-fourth
ested in the origin and growth of a most import while the work was in compilation. What
ant profession as practised in this country, that Francis Meres in 1598 could accomplish with
it would be ingratitude to persist in picking a few strokes of the pen, requires now this
flaws and finding shortcomings. It is, even “ heavy toil.”
in the eyes of a layman, a memorable and a | The book is a substantial quarto, beautifully
scholarly work of its kind.
printed in 729 double-column pages, and bound
PERCY F. BICKNELL. in old English linen, — the edition limited and
the type distributed. It contains over 36,000
entries and references, giving “minute details
THREE CENTURIES OF SHAKESPEARE and available locations of every known issue of
LITERATURE.*
Shakespeare's writings; ... likewise of every
In the year 1599, William Jaggard, an | [English] tract, pamphlet, volume, or collec-
enterprising printer of Fleet Street, issued a tion of Shakespearean comment; of each ana-
miscellaneous collection of poems as “ The logue or source, with notes of the passages
Passionate Pilgrime, by W. Shakespeare.” It affected ; of every important contemporary or
is recorded by Thomas Heywood that Shake subsequent allusion to, or article on, the drama-
speare was much offended with the publisher tist or his productions; of each autograph,
for having " presumed to make so bold with genuine or forged ; of all engraved Shake-
his name.” The whirligig of time brings in speare portraits; with market values of the
more than revenges. Whether Shakespeare rarer entries." 'All this is made readily acces-
really took offense may be doubted: the present sible by a single alphabetical arrangement, and
William Jaggard gives reasons for holding that an elaborate system of key-references which
there was no occasion for it. But if offense there catches every important name. A liberal inter-
were, the later bearer of the name has made mag. | pretation has been put upon the phrase, “every
nificent amends, and at the same time helped to important contemporary or subsequent allu-
vindicate a long defenseless benefactor.
sion.” If an obscure Restoration tragedy con-
A complete Shakespeare bibliography, actu tains a prefixed poem with an allusion to Shake-
ally assembled in type, is a thing to make one speare, the tragedy is recorded. If someone
rub incredulous eyes. Scholars have long in modern Liverpool publishes a collection of
dreamed of such a thing, and not a few have Shakespearean extracts attached to the names
*SHAKESPEARE BIBLIOGRAPHY. A Dictionary of Every
of local public men, as our college students do
Known Issue of the Writings of our National Poet, and of in the “ josh department” of their annuals, the
Recorded Opinion Thereon, in the English Language. By | publication is entered. We note FitzGerald's
William Jaggard. With Historical Introduction, Facsimiles,
* Polonius : A Collection of Wise Saws and
Portraits, and other Illustrations. Stratford-on-Avon: At
the Shakespeare Pruss, iv. Sheep Street, MCMXI.
Modern Instances," although the work so enti-


1911.]
193
THE DIAL
tled is scarcely at all indebted to the creator of A very interesting feature is the succinct
Polonius for its contents. Such latitude might notes which the compiler has appended to many
almost have warranted the inclusion, for exam of the entries. For example, after the descrip-
ple, of William Dean Howells's “ A Modern | tion of “The Passionate Pilgrime. By W.
Instance” or “ The Undiscovered Country." | Shakespeare. At London: Printed for W.
And, indeed, Mr. Howells is represented by his Iaggard, and are to be sold by W. Leake, at
“ Certain Delightful English Towns.” On the the Greyhound in Paules Churchyard, 1599,”
other hand, as a presumable “ source,” we find etc., is the following note:
“ Tottel's Miscellany" recorded (although not | “The Cambridge copy bears an early MS. note stat-
in the first edition, and with no mention of the | ing that the copy cost the then owner three-halfpence.
date of the first) because “Howard's . Songes Trifling though this sum appears, it will be found, if
calculated from
and sonnettes' are thought to have had much
1600 at 5% compound interest, to
work out to several thousand pounds, or, roughly, its
influence on Sh— when preparing his own
market value to-day. A copy changed hands privately
• Sonnets,'” and because of “ Slender's refer- | in 1907 at £2,000, and crossed the Atlantic. This
ence in the · Merry wives' (I., i.), • I had rather transaction thus represents the highest price yet paid
than forty shillings I had my book of Songs
for a separate piece of Sh--.".
and sonnets here.'”
Then, not without a touch of feeling, -
This wide scope of the compilation, embrac- ! " Including the foregoing, only three copies are
ing in addition hundreds of works pertaining to | known to survive, and one of these is enshrined where
actors, the stage, costumes, and the like, and ex-
collectors may covet in vain.”
tending even to such an item as a certain “Comus It should be added, by the way, that £2,000
edition" of the “ New Orleans Daily Picayune," was the sum also paid for the lately discovered
will make it invaluable to persons of widely unique first quarto of “ Titus Andronicus," a
divergent interests. But the Shakespearean fact which is duly noted in its place. The note
scholar will resort to it oftenest, no doubt, for on the Ashbee facsimile quartos runs, —
the record of Shakespeare's own works. This “Fifty copies produced, of which the editor destroyed
fills three hundred of the seven hundred pages. nineteen to increase their scarcity.”
The separate pieces, including attributed works In the entries of books that bear but inci-
like “Birth of Merlin ” and “Mucedorus,” are dentally upon Shakespeare, many of the early
arranged in alphabetical succession, and the allusions to the poet or his works are cited in
editions of each in chronological order. Thus full, and space is sometimes made for a liberal
we have not only all important facts and details, extract of less pertinent matter. Thus, under
but a basis for many interesting deductions. Yates's “ Castell of Courtesie” (1582) are
“ Hamlet” leads, as we should expect, with 303 given the five stanzas of “ Verses written at the
separate entries (not counting a fow in the sup departure of his friend, W.S.-, when hee went
plement, or “ Aftermath ”). Since 1864— to dwell at London,” accompanied by the state-
the three hundredth anniversary of the poet's ment that the lines are unknown to Shake-
birth — only one year (1887) has failed to speare's biographers. As a matter of fact, they
bring forth a separate edition of “ Hamlet” in have merely been ignored because of the insuffi-
some shape, and the year 1880 brought forthcient evidence that they were addressed to the
ten editions. “Macbeth” follows closely with | dramatist, a doubt which clouds the title of this
279 separate entries; then “ The Merchant of book to inclusion in a Shakespeare bibliog-
Venice” with 240, “ Julius Cæsar” with 215, raphy. Nevertheless, we are glad to have the
and “ The Tempest” with 210. The next in verses in this accessible place.
order of frequency are “Romeo and Juliet,” | The bibliographer has, very properly, not
“ Richard III.,” “King Lear,” and “ Othello." often attempted to pass upon the merits or
Of the canonical plays, “ Titus Andronicus” | demerits of any given publication. Such dis-
stands lowest, with 39 entries. Comparing two tinction has been reserved especially, it would
of these lists chronologically, we find that in seem, for the works of Mr. (now Sir) Sidney
1865 “Othello” led - The Tempest” by 16 Lee. We are told, for instance, that his Intro-
separate issues, though now the latter leads the duction to the Oxford Facsimile First Folio is
former by 32. It would take closer examina- “disfigured by blunders and inaccuracies," and
tion to determine whether this indicates a that the census of existing copies of the original
change of taste, some shifting in the problems of " by no means includes all.” One is somewhat
criticism, or merely the fact that “The Tempest”. puzzled, too, to find Mr. Lee's name, at each
is better adapted for school-room study.
mention of it, enclosed in quotation marks ;


194
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
while Mr. Lee's own publications will be found greatest treasure of the vast picture gallery.
registered under the name of Solomon Lazarus So wonderful was the treatment of the back-
Levi — the Hebrew name which he has him- ground, so strong the impression of corporeality
self, no doubt wisely, long since discarded. in the figure, that even to an untrained eye
Shall not some future D’Israeli record this everything else in the Salon Carré where it
among the amenities of literature ?
hung, even pictures of the seventeenth century,
There is a human quality in this great work seemed flat by comparison. Still greater than
which is refreshing : not often do we get a | the spell of its technique, however, was the
bibliography with blood in it. There is a spell of the portrait's personality. Even those
felicitous touch in the dedication by William who at first scoffed returned again and again,
Jaggard, bibliographer, to William Jaggard, held by its mystery, impressed by its great repu-
Elizabetban printer. And there is a very par tation, puzzled, fascinated, disappointed some-
donable pride in the denomination of the 1623 times, but nevertheless lured back by the
Folio as the “ Jaggard canon.” The entire enigma of the face. What was the meaning
volume is to be commended not only for the of that elusive and enigmatic smile, those half-
completeness, clearness, and accuracy* which closed lids, that sphinx-like gaze, those folded
go to make it a model work of its kind, but also | hands?
for that elusive element of fascination which in | Nothing in the history of the picture fur-
even the most pretentious literary works is so nished any clue beyond the report of Vasari,
frequently sought in vain. It is not easy to Leonardo's contemporary, that the artist “sur-
imagine a more acceptable gift to the world of rounded his sitter with musicians, singers, and
modern scholarship.
buffoons, to keep her in gentle gayety and thus
* The only errors noted are trifling. On page 315, Meikle- avoid the melancholy aspect we observe in most
john's “Hamlet” is misdated 1865 for 1885. There is no portraits." Still less are there any revelations
key-reference to the “First Folio" edition (1906) of Misses
Porter and Clarke under Miss Porter's name, though it may
from the life of the lady, since all we actually
be found under Miss Clarke's. The edition itself is described know of it is her name and two dates: Elisabetta
only in the London imprint of G. G. Harrap, and the number Gherardini of Naples, married in 1495 to Fran-
of volumes given as 13, which does not bring it to date.
Students may need the warning that titles are not transcribed
cesco del Giocondo of Florence (his third wife),
with absolute fidelity to details of capitals and punctuation. buried a little daughter in 1499 at Santa Maria
ALPHONSO GERALD NEWCOMER. Novella. To read between such scanty lines
has ever been an attractive opening for the
poet, the essayist, and the novelist; hundreds
LEONARDO AND THE LADY.* of pens, writing in different languages, have
When Leonardo da Vinci relinquished the
offered almost as many differing impressions
portrait which had stood on his easel, and on
and opinions as there have been writers. “I
which he had worked from time to time for four
return to her in spite of myself, as the bird
years, it is said that he did not even then con-
goes to the serpent,” says Michelet. “Her
sider the work finished, and was not himself
smiling sweetness is as frightful as the Medusa,"
content with it. But that it more than con-
says George Sand. “A dream nurtured through
tented all beholders—this portrait of the wife of
a lifetime,” says Berenson. “Her conquering
Francesco del Giocondo — is plain, since it was
smile expresses that wisdom of life that we have
not long before it became celebrated throughout
read already in the New Testament, Vanity of
all Italy as the greatest masterpiece of portrai-
vanities, all is vanity,'” says Kraus.
ture that ever had been painted. Both as a work Most eloquent of all, because written by one
of art and as a pleasing likeness of the lady, it who was as thoroughly steeped in the spirit of
won universal praise. We hear nothing, how-
the Italian Renaissance as it is possible for a
ever, of any curiosity as to hidden meanings in
nineteenth-century man to be, are the words of
the picture; this began later.
Walter Pater. Everyone knows the passage,
In course of time the portrait was purchased
but it cannot be too often quoted.
by Francis I., King of France, and eventually “All the thoughts and experience of the world have
became the property of the Louvre, where it
etched and moulded there in that which they have of
power to refine and make expressive the outward form,
was called “ Monna Lisa,”, and where until
the animalism of Greece, the lust of Rome, the reverie
yesterday — so to speak — it remained, the of the middle age with its spiritual ambition and imagi-
* Monna LISA; OR, THE QUEST OF THE Woman Soul.
native loves, the return of the Pagan world, the sins of
Transcribed by Guglielmo Scala. New York: Thomas Y. the Borgias. She is older than the rocks among which
Crowell & Co.
| she sits; like the vampire, she has been dead many


1911.)
195
THE DIAL
times, and learned the secrets of the grave; and has nous Russian novel called “ The Resurrection
been a diver in deep seas, and keeps their fallen day
of the Gods,” republished in English as “The
about her; and trafficked for strange webs with Eastern
Romance of Leonardo da Vinci.” According
merchants; and, as Leda, was mother of Helen of Troy,
and as Saint Anne, the mother of Mary; and all this
to Merejkowski, Leonardo never saw the lady
has been to her but as the sound of lyres and flutes, and except when she was sitting to him, and never
lives only in the delicacy with which it has moulded the alone then, except for one interview which
changing lineaments and tinged the eyelids and hands."
proved to be the last. Yet they appeared to
But although we know so little of the life of share some secret. It was not a love-secret, at
the sitter for the picture, we know a great deal least not in the ordinary sense of the term, but
of the artist who painted it. We know that he an inner comprebension of spirit by which each
was a man of remarkable personal beauty, grace, became daily more like the other; Monna Lisa
and accomplishments; a musician and sculptor in the studio became something other than the
as well as painter; an inventor and engineer; | wife of the prosaic Giocondo -- rather, a phan-
that he had a passionate interest both in science tom evoked by the will of the master, a female
and in mechanics, and believed that he had l semblance of Leonardo himself, the sister and
made a practical design for a flying-machine ; companion of his soul.
that be foreshadowed many important discov Now comes a fresh work on the old theme,
eries, especially in geology; that he was a won which doubtless attracts more attention than
derful mathematician, botanist, and anatomist. otherwise it would owing to the present excite-
Yet so intent was he in exploring new paths, ment over the picture, and its disappearance
that notwithstanding his genius and industry from the Louvre. It is a work of 200 pages,
throughout a life of sixty-seven years, his way and is called “ Monna Lisa ” with a sub-title
was strewp with failures; consequently, though “ The Quest of the Woman-Soul.” The author
his work that survives to-day is extremely bril- | is an American writing under an Italian nom de
liant and epoch-making, it is comparatively plume. He adopts the favorite literary device
small in quantity
of claiming the discovery of an old manuscript
We have, however, much more than the among some discarded rubbish. On examina-
labors of his pencil and brush, or the record of tion this proved to be a lost diary written by
his contemporaries, by which to make Leonar | Leonardo in his own hand in the year preceding
do's acquaintance. He wrote a “Treatise on his death. To guard against too great credulity
Painting " which has been translated into all on the part of the unwary, however, the pub-
languages and is regarded as an authority; lisher has taken the precaution of adding a note
among his papers were found a series of note to the title-page announcing that the work is one
books covering nearly the whole period of his of “ pure fiction ” and that the author “ takes
active life. These were edited and published this method of sharing with the public the web
more than twenty-five years ago by Richter, of imagination woven for his own pleasure."
and are a veritable storehouse of information, The diary contains recollections of Leonardo's
so that we know the man's attitude toward a life at the time he was painting Monna Lisa,
great variety of subjects ; he seems alive with copies of certain letters which passed
althougb he has been so long dead. It is between them, and reflections upon the “woman-
somewhat notable, however, that full as these soul” in general, and how it was revealed to him
note-books are in some ways, they never once through the personality of Monna Lisa. There
allude either to the picture or the sketches of is an attempt, and a measurably successful one,
Monna Lisa ; they are silent also about contem- to adopt the literary style of the period; the
poraneous events, even to that one which must author shows that he is well versed in all the
have created some stir in Milan while he was available authorities; the story moves along
living there — the discovery of America. simply but swiftly, the climax being reached
That a personality so engaging as Leonardo when each finds that the love of the spirit has
da Vinci, and a lady's picture, the work of his become also the every-day love of man and
hand, so mysterious as the Monna Lisa, should woman for each other. This fact, startling to
attract the imagination of the novelist, was | both, reveals itself on a certain moonlit night
inevitable. To conjure up a love-affair between | when they are alone together on the loggia of
the artist and his sitter is a temptation not the Giocondo villa at Vallombrosa. After a
easily resisted; and from time to time romances | moment of mutual confession, they shrink from
about them have been offered to the world. It the revelation, the lady flees from her lover's
occupies one division of Merejkowski's volumi- | presence, and he departs from the house before


196
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
morning. Francesco, the husband, with only a centre of conviction. A free-trader may think
partial knowledge of the facts, seeks Leonardo that nothing of moment can be said in favor of
in his studio at Florence, armed with a dagger. | protective duties ; but these duties, once estab-
Leonardo twists the weapon from his grasp, and lished, so modify the grounds of action as to
after breaking the blade between his fingers make any material alteration injurious, at least
hands back the fragments and bids Francesco for the time being. An error in taxation begins
depart. Later, on that same day, Francesco | immediately to suit manufacture and commerce
becomes better informed, realizes that the house to itself, and thus to furnish arguments in its
of the Giocondi has been in no way dishonored, own support. It is only by an adventuresome
and returns to the studio about midnight, filled spirit that these artificial reasons can be over-
with shame and remorse and craving forgiveness. come, and effort be brought back to normal
Monna Lisa, whose health has been rapidly fail conditions. While justice is universal in its
ing, seems now near death, and sends by Fran- | | aims, it frequently calls for self-denial.
cesco a message calling Leonardo to her side in | This ever-returning discussion affords the
order that the three shall be once more united in best of ethical discipline; we only find our way
friendship before she shall pass away.
to correct action by a large amount of injudi-
It is then, after this final interview, that cious effort. Sound reasons are often the last
Leonardo seeks to finish the picture standing to offer themselves. There is, however, a daily
on his easel, and to fix upon the canvas the look growth toward justice, and the general welfare
he had last seen upon the lady's face. One whole is the only motive that never loses ground.
day he works upon it, and then sees that he can While the State starts in physical force, it is
do no more. “The portrait was finished, as far constantly learning to temper its claims by
as I or any mortal could carry it; but it was justice. The thoughts of men and the institu-
still unfinished, in that it is impossible to portray tions of society grow together. While we never
the soul completely with material instruments reach perfection, we are always on the road
directed by a mortal hand,” he writes.
to it. Our burdens grow, but so does the
These are almost the last words of the so-called strength which bears them. Few things are
“diary.” It is a pretty love-story, does no vio- more indicative of a true civilization than just
lence to such facts as are known, and is so sane taxation. The present consideration of an in-
and sweet in tone that it can harm no one. But come tax is a proof of progress. Inner insight
to give a convincing interpretation of Leonardo in adjusting public burdens, and more power
da Vinci's inner mind would require an abler and patience in bearing them, are the most
pen than is wielded by its author.
immediate evidences of progress.
ANNA BENNESON MCMAHAN. The two books before us are alike in form,
though in fact quite diverse. They both start
with definitions, give an account of the history
PROBLEMS OF AN INCOME TAX.*
of income taxation, and conclude with its rela-
tions to the United States. The first volume,
There are few questions which return to “ The Income Tax," confines its sketches to a
men so frequently, and involve as many and as few leading nations, whose experience is the
changeable reasons, social, political, and ethical, potent element in human history; while the
as taxation. It is a universal inquiry in all second volume, “ Income Taxation," includes
stages of civilization, both by those who con the action of many comparatively unimportant
sider human action as governed by principle peoples. It is a volume of reference, giving in
and those who contemplate it chiefly as guided a short space, with little labor on the part of
by selfish impulses. Nothing but ignorance the reader, the immediate facts associated with
and stupidity can bar one from this discussion. this form of taxation. The work of Professor
It is usually carried forward by plausible Seligman is much more elaborate, enabling the
reasons, very few having the audacity to urge reader, though not without close and protracted
personal interests even when these lie at the attention, to grasp the present stage of growth
* THE INCOME TAX. A Study of the History, Theory, | as developed by the past mistakes and gains of
and Practice of Income Taxation at Home and Abroad. By men. Professor Seligman has, during a consid-
Edwin R. A. Seligman, New York: The Macmillan Co.
erable period, enjoyed an enviable reputation
INCOME TAXATION. Methods and Results in Various
Countries. By Kossuth Kent Kennan. Milwaukee, Wis.:
due to the thorough and luminous investiga-
tions which he has brought to economic inquiries.
Burdick & Allen.


1911.]
197
THE DIAL
The entire book is an empirical argument in men will bear. While this cannot be advan-
favor of an income tax, supported by the expe tageously overlooked, neither can the inquiry of
rience of men in working out the problems of intrinsic fitness be lightly set aside by it. Only
welfare. The argument is strong both in theory as the ideal is magnified can any existing method
and practice.
be overcome and the laws of economic and
The certainty with which every progressive ethical action gain the front. What are some-
nation is pushed up against this question of an times regarded as the laws of Political Economy
income tax shows the powerful moral discipline are nothing more than an equilibrium set up
to which men are subject. We may start with between faulty methods and selfish feelings. In
an indiscriminate capitation tax ; we may strive criminology, we have to consider the crimi-
to make it more productive and more just by nal temper, while we bring to it higher mo-
assessing different classes at a distinct rate; we tives. Yet the ethical idea must have fair
may move forward to a property tax and make play, if we are to displace with it the perverted
our judgment more exact by an estimate of the tendency.
products of each form of possession ; and, as Sooner or later, the ideal motive must arise
commerce springs up, we may lay duties and | and crowd out all lower considerations. It thus
excises as a convenient form of revenue. Last becomes impossible, at least for the theoretical
of all, taught by the lack of justice in all these mind, to accept the true goal of taxation and
methods, our thoughts may push on to an not use it as a counter-weight to conventional
income tax as the embodiment of a more ideal opinion. If, as a fact, it gains a somewhat false
system, in which each man knows what he re- brilliancy, it is still the accepted method of the
ceives from society, what he owes to it, and idealist which he can neither forget himself nor
how he can best escape tyranny. To establish allow others to forget. An entirely satisfactory
a progressive income tax has a certain show of mode of taxation, or, indeed, of any human
fairness, but hardly its very substance. It action, is impossible; but this does not render
is an open road to confiscation. It is suffi-| unfitting an effort to approach it. If a man of
cient to prevent the acquisition of wealth by a miserly disposition, if one of simply good
unfair means, leaving it, when once acquired, business habits, and one easy-going, have the
under common claims by the public. We should, same income, we would lay upon them the same
as far as possible, reach an equality of obliga burdens, in each case fitting because ideally
tion, which is the great merit of a well admin just, and then leave them each to work out his
istered income tax. It is right that small own problem. This is an ideal use of an ideal
resources should receive abatement, as thus solution, though the individual friction may be
only can the poor maintain an independent quite different. The circumstances and disposi-
footing. It is also just that an income which tions of men are very diverse, and we only take
arises from labor should be differentiated from them into consideration when we cannot neglect
one which comes from fixed resources, since it them or overcome them. Men cannot wear like
does not give the same permanent power. coats, but we give this fact only a qualified con-
Simple justice, resting on a few and plain dis sideration when insisting that they shall all wear
tinctions, should be the characteristic of tax some coat. The inost perfect tax may still be
ation.
a burden; but we do not allow this relation to
There are two questions associated with taxes. get into the foreground except when we cannot
Does the tax itself escape mere greed? And is help it. The ideal character of any given method
the community prepared to accept it and give | must be dwelt on and allowed all the weight we
it a fair application? The one question is can attach to it. Whatever the color of a man's
answered by sound economic principles, and eyes, he is still a man, and must be called on
the other by the ethical temper of those whom to deal with manly motives as far as possible.
it concerns. These questions may involve very When a great variety of diverse considerations
different considerations. The one concerns in are bearing on men's minds, we have especial
trinsic fitness; the other, the current feeling in occasion to dwell on the best of these motives,
a given community. The one is a scientific ques. and give ground only under compulsion.
tion, and the other pertains to the stage of The thing which surprises one in the discus-
development in social and national life. We sion of income taxes is the violence of the ideas
have the feeling that Professor Seligman gives and of the language employed, even by those
rather undue weight to the inquiry as to what whom we regard as good men. The true quality


198
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
of the rational mind seems to be lost, and to be
MEMOIRS OF AN UNHAPPY PRESIDENT.*
replaced by notions which have conventional
currency. We suppose that this confusion comes
Fifty years have passed since James Bu-
from the practical difficulties and the mistakes
chanan, retiring from the four unhappy years of
which arise among men in their efforts to adjust
his presidency, brought to a close a long and
themselves to each other. The inquisitorial
industrious political career. A sincere believer
character which attaches to the inquiries into
in old-school doctrines of strict construction,
income has been urged with great bitterness,
and honestly intent upon compromise and peace,
when these very inquisitions are made necessary
he bore with him to private life the bitterest
by the unwillingness of men to meet their obli-
criticism of the inefficiency of his acts and the
gations. If men were accustomed to be upright,
insincerity of his motives, and was objurgated
this difficulty would disappear. A chief excel-
both by the North and by the South which he
lence of the English method is found in an
had so vainly tried to hold together. Deeply
evasion of this objection by dealing with those
persuaded of the rectitude of his course in this
from whom the income comes, rather than with
as in former parts of his public life, he prepared
those who receive it. Men are so ruled by cus-
in his retirement an extended defence of his ad-
tom as to render it, rather than intrinsic fitness,
ministration, which he published in 1866 with
the guide of action. We might conceive of a
the title “Mr. Buchanan's Administration on
dialogue between the mole and the horticulturist
the Eve of the Rebellion.” Some years later,
to this effect: “Why this constant secrecy,
his voluminous private papers were used by
these covered passages, noiseless motion, and
Mr. George Ticknor Curtis in the preparation
numerous subterfuges? Come out into the open,
of a biography which was published in two large
and let us have a fair fight.” The mole, confi-
volumes in 1883. In 1895 appeared a volume
dent in its own' methods, might respond, “ Ha,
of essays under the title “Turning on the Light :
ha! That would be a notable piece of candor.”
A Dispassionate Survey of President Buchanan's
Most men develop their thoughts on the plane
Administration from 1860 to its Close.” This
of custom and not on that of intrinsic righteous-
was written by Horatio King, who was assistant
ness. They accept the law of the Medes and
postmaster-general under Buchanan, and became
Persians, which changeth not. Custom is in-
acting postmaster-general when Mr. Holt was
deed our chief bond of unity, and as such can.
appointed Secretary of War. But neither this,
not be lightly dealt with; but no rational man
nor Curtis's able work, nor Buchanan's own
will accept it as the last and highest standard
apologia, has done much to relieve the unfor-
of conduct. While one cannot grow an inch in
tunate President from the severe judgment of
a day, it does not follow that he cannot grow
historians as to the weakness of his course in
at all. We accept the authority of what is, but
the years before the Civil War. One finds the
preëminently the rightfulness of what should
strictures of Mr. James Ford Rhodes only a
be; we blend them as best we can. The sense
little less severe than those of von Holst; to
of the incongruity of human action only makes
Professor Hart it is still “ the profligate admin-
us the more farsighted. All improvement mili-
istration of Buchanan”; while Admiral Chad-
tates against some feelings, but does not thereby
wick writes of “the lawyer wrapped in the
lose its authority. Duties and excises based on
technicalities of his profession, with a character
consumption trespass on the resources of the
developed into the softness which comes with
poor, already too limited. An income tax, press-
continued success, chiefly the result of encounter-
ing lightly on inadequate means, falls as a duty
ing no obstacles; ... the mediocre politician,
on those best able to meet it, and thus concurs
a being who always seeks to work on the line
of the least resistance.”
with the eternal fitness of things. The goal is
national as well as individual, and when we
Possibly destined to be the foundation for a
have fairly caught sight of it the blood should
more successful defence of Buchanan's policy as
be stirred and the pace quickened. One can
President, and certainly to be the basis of all
no more be driven by expediency simply, in
future accounts of his career, there now comes
national than in individual growth. The long
from the press, in twelve handsome octavo vol-
and the short stretches of life are both under a
umes, a splendid edition of the “ Works of
double law. To feel those laws and obey them
James Buchanan.” In the Introduction, the
is the highest national, as it is the most perfect
*THE WORKS OF JAMES BUCHANAN. Edited, with an
Introduction, by John Bassett Moore. In twelve volumes.
individual, wisdom.
JOHN BASCOM. | Philadelphia : The J. B. Lippincott Company.


1911.]
199
THE DIAL
in Januarcaster, el. Th
editor, Professor John Bassett Moore, explains of the Rebellion,” read in January, 1908, before
that it is to the devotion of Mr. Buchanan's niece, the Cliosophic Society of Lancaster, Pennsyl-
Mrs. Henry E. Johnston (formerly Miss Harriet vania, by the Honorable W. U. Hensel. This
Lane), that this series is due. For the docu- | Professor Moore considers an able address.
ments which fill the twelve volumes the editor Finally, besides devoting some words of appre-
has drawn upon the Buchanan papers now de- ciation to the positive side of Buchanan's career
posited with the Historical Society of Pennsyl- | - his “laborious industry," his “capacity for
vania ; upon Curtis's biography, which contains business," and his rehabilitation of the work of
some writings missing from the manuscript the Department of State — he finds room in his
collection ; upon the “ Annals of Congress,” Introduction to criticize the harsh judgment of
the “ Register of Debates," and the “ Congres Buchanan, which, as we have suggested in the
sional Globe”; upon the executive and diplo- beginning of this review, has been his fate at
matic archives of the United States, with which the hands of American historians. The work
Professor Moore's life-work has given him an is made the more helpful by an unusually excel.
intimacy most valuable for the task in hand ; | lent index. ST. GEORGE L. SioUssat.
and upon various manuscript collections chiefly
in the Library of Congress, such as the Polk,
the Jackson, the Van Buren, and the Holt cor-
RECENT FICTION.*
respondence.
For Buchanan's congressional career, Pro-
“The Winning of Barbara Worth,” by Mr.
fessor Moore has reprinted a judicious selection
Harold Bell Wright, is a story of the Southwestern
of his speeches; but a detailed synopsis makes
desert, of a sunken basin called La Palma de la
Mano di Dios, skirted by the Colorado River, but
it easy to refer to the congressional documents.
separated by a barrier from its life-giving waters.
In presenting Buchanan's letters and state
It is a story of Reclamation and Good Business (the
papers, the editor frequently prints letters or
capitals are the author's), written by an enthusiast
extracts of letters from other sources which who has also a sense of the dramatic human values
serve to throw light on the text. A most con of such a theme. On the business side, it tells of
spicuous instance of this is found in connection a titanic struggle with nature, in which an astute
with the famous reference in Buchanan's inau individual triumphs over a conscienceless corpora-
gural address to the expected decision in the
tion; on the romantic side, it tells of the making of
case of Dred Scott. Professor Moore prints
a man out of an engineer, and of his reward in win-
| ning the love of the heroine. Barbara is a child
(vol. x., pp. 106-108) a letter from Associate
found in the desert after her parents have perished
Justice Catron and one from Associate Justice
in a sand-storm, and adopted by the astute individual
Grier, which indeed show that there was a
above mentioned. She grows up a true child of the
confidential correspondence with the President-
desert, loving its mystery, but eagerly interested in
Elect prior to the decision, but also point to the the effort to reclaim it for human use. When the
conclusion that the determination to enter into
* THE WINNING OF BARBARA WORTH. By Harold Bell
the whole question of slavery in the territories Wright. Chicago: The Book Supply Co.
was not due to the wish of Associate Justice His Rise To Power. By Henry Russell Miller. Indian-
Wayne, but was rather chargeable to the
apolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co.
THE COMMON LAW. By Robert W. Chambers. New
minority of the court — to Associate Justices
York: D. Appleton & Co.
McLean and Curtis.
THE NE'ER-DO-WELL. By Rex Beach. New York:
Throughout the work, Professor Moore for
Harper & Brothers.
the most part expresses his own views very
QUICKSANDS. By Fannie Heaslip Lea. New York: The
Sturgis & Walton Co.
rarely, contenting himself with a helpful note Esther DAMON. By Mrs. Fremont Older. New York:
here and there. Often he has to call the read Charles Scribner's Sons.
er's attention to some omission or mistake in
THE ROYAL PAWN OF VENICE. A Romance of Cyprus.
By Mrs. Lawrence Turnbull. Philadelphia: The J. B.
the reprinting of a document which he has found
Lippincott Co.
in Curtis's life of Buchanan. Into the last Nobody's. By Virginia Demarest. New York: Harper
volume of the work he has gathered the bio-
& Brothers.
The GLORY OF CLEMENTINA. By William J. Locke.
graphical material concerning Buchanan, -- the
New York: The John Lane Co.
President's own account of his administration ; THE OLD DANCE-MASTER. By William Romaine Pater
an earlier autobiography; and a sketch by son. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
Buchanan's nephew, J. Buchanan Henry. To
DRENDER'S DAUGHTER. By Netta Syrett. New York:
The John Lane Co.
these, Professor Moore has added a discourse Dividing WATERS. By I. A. R. Wylie. Indianapolis :
upon “ Buchanan's Administration on the Eve The Bobbs-Merrill Co.


200
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
mighty task is accomplished, it is only fitting that creates a contradiction in his character that exceeds
she should become the wife of the engineer whose the limitations of the novelist's warrant.
qualities of finer manhood the work has developed. The cat is named Gladys. A name less aristo-
Incidentally, the secret of her parentage is at last cratic would hardly be in keeping, since the book
revealed, and it proves the means of reconciling her in which pussy plays her part is a novel by Mr.
adoptive father with the head of the corporation | Robert W. Chambers. It is a novel written through-
which had been his unscrupulous foe until nature out in a high artificial key — the key of “society”
took a hand in the game and justified Worth’s far- in its fine flower of sophistication, affected by an
seeing plan. The story has a great deal of character artistic interest. Whether in the drawing-room or
interest, and of the interest that goes with tense the studio, its characters invariably converse by
situations and the solving of difficult problems. Its means of a slangy sort of banter, and their superi.
materials have been used many times before, but ority to the common herd is implicit in every phrase
they are made to seem almost fresh by the large of these verbal encounters. Their talk is intermin-
ness of their treatment. Still, the descriptive parts able, and all of it is spiced with a kind of wit which
seem to us overdone, and the engineering situation, might be amusing in occasional flashes, but becomes
although described in great detail, and even illus | intensely wearisome as a continuous display. When
trated by a map, makes too heavy a demand upon something like seriousness is aimed at, we get fine-
what understanding the average reader of novels spun sentiment and moral quibbling. In short, the
may be presumed to possess. The style of the book book keeps us in a hot-house atmosphere which
is matter-of-fact, and without any sort of distinction. | leaves us gasping for a breath of fresh air. The
But in spite of its long-windedness, and of the story is simple enough; a girl poses for a painter as
stretches which rival its own desert in aridity, the his model, and presently the two find themselves
story is not unmoving or unsatisfying, and we can ultra-romantically in love. But the painter has the
see ia it many of the elements of popularity.' bluest of blood in bis veins, and the members of his
A sickening condition of political corruption and family are horrified at the thought of his marrying
misrule, against which war is waged single-handed such a person. The young woman then suggests
by a stout fighter for civil decency, is the frame that marriage is only a convention, and says that
work of “His Rise to Power," by Mr. Henry Russell for her part she is quite willing to dispense with it.
Miller. It has become a favorite theme of the Whereupon the man comes out strong as a pattern
American novelist, and is, in fact, our modern ver- of noble high-mindedness, and will have none of the
sion of all the dragon-myths of ancient legend. A proffered sacrifice. Finally, the family is won over
town in western Pennsylvania is the place of action. by the appealing charm of the young woman, and
The hero is a reformer who is elected to the office the event is as moral as any one could wish. Strip-
of district attorney, and makes himself a terror to ped of its trappings, the story is thus seen to be of
evil-doers. The local magnate has a daughter with the most commonplace, and the trappings are them-
whom the hero falls in love. Presently, it becomes selves mainly meretricious. It takes more than
his official duty to expose the rascalities of the mag. five hundred pages to deal with this complication,
nate; but the plea of love weakens him, and he and they are entitled “The Common Law," which
hushes the matter up. Also, when the popular agi- | means just the law of social decency in the rela-
tation for reform subsides, he finds himself without tions between men and women. The author does
a following, for the fickle public has no lasting use much skating on thin ice before this safe conclusion
for such an idealist. But the governorship tempts | is reached, and the skating is the raison d'être of
him, and he finds it within his reach if he will but the whole affair.
make terms with the machine. Again he weakens, From Alaska to Panama is a jump, but we are
and salves his conscience with the specious old plea glad that Mr. Rex Beach has taken it, for his story
which has so often made the angels weep. He will of “The Ne'er-do-well” who made good in the
accept corruption as a means to an end, in the Canal Zone is far and away the best novel that he
fatuous belief that his purity of ultimate purpose can has thus far written. Young Kirk Anthony does
pass through the fire unscathed, and that the larger not promise well for a hero at the start. He is a
good which he hopes to accomplish will justify his “star of the gridiron," and his reckless conduct has
temporary treason to principle. It is a shocking caused his father (the railway magnate) to give
moral, but one to which many actual examples give him up as hopeless. We first meet him as the
point. The line of conduct here indicated finds central figure of a drunken orgy in the Tenderloin,
many defenders, and those who scorn it are de in which he becomes almost guilty of murder. He
nounced as “unpractical,” but there is little hope is rescued from this scrape by being drugged and
for the body politic when its ills are sought to be having his pockets picked, after which he is
cured by practitioners whose own moral sense is shanghaied on a steamer sailing for the Isthmus.
thus blunted. In the present case, we are led to He wakes up on board, the next day, to discover
believe that the hero is strong enough to stand his that he has not a cent to his name, and that his
ground, and clear-sighted enough to see that lasting only asset is a prepaid transportation ticket. Even
good cannot spring from the soil of evil; this makes this is made out in another name, which is in turn
his final defection particularly deplorable, and the alias of a fugitive embezzler. Here is a des-


1911.)
201
THE DIAL
perate situation indeed, and when he lands his never learns how near his happiness has come to
troubles are only beginning. The American consul shipwreck, and the wife expiates her sinful intention
at first befriends him, and takes him at his word; by bearing in secret the burden of her guilt. All
but soon grows distrustful, and turns him upon the this takes place among the mountains of Virginia,
street. He then gets into a scrimmage with the in a community whose inhabitants are mostly gossips
authorities, and acquires an inside acquaintance keen upon scandal-mongering. The novel would
with a Spanish prison. From this plight he is hardly be worth noticing were it not told with a
rescued by the American minister's wife, who is rather exceptional grace of manner and a skill in
really the power behind the diplomatic throne, and both invention and characterization. Ethically, it
has already befriended him on the voyage. Through comes dangerously close to the border-line in its
her influence he gets a position on the railway, and enlistment of the reader's sympathies with the clan-
is rapidly advanced. Being of railway extraction, destine romance of the two lovers.
he takes to the work like a duck to water, and for A village somewhere in the State of New York is
the first time in his life becomes a useful member the scene of Mrs. Fremont Older's “Esther Damon.”
of society. But the woman who has befriended him is The heroine is the daughter of a Methodist zealot
also indiscreet enough to fell in love with him - al who represents a type which was not uncommon
fact of which he remains unsuspecting until she has forty or fifty years ago, and which probably still
fairly thrown herself at his head. His one indis- survives in remote countryside localities. Esther
cretion in this quarter is limited to a single impul- chafes under the artificial restraints imposed upon
sive kiss, of which he is heartily ashamed. Mean. her in the name of religion, and her rebellious blood
while, he falls head over heels in love with a fascin leads her into the fatal course of a secret love affair
ating damsel, the daughter of one of the proudest with the worthless son of the village saloon-keeper.
Spanish families of the Isthmus. After this, the When the consequences of her error are made mani-
excitement grows fast and furious. He weds the fest, she is driven from home by her outraged parents,
damsel almost under her father's nose; then the | and becomes a social outcast. The hero of the novel
diplomat, insanely jealous, accuses him of a fault is Robert Orme, a man of artistic nature, a gentle-
of which the boy is wholly guiltless, and afterwards | man by instinct and breeding, who is driven by the
takes his own life. Then Kirk is held as an alleged nagging of his colorless and conventional wife to
murderer, and a sleuth from the States appears to desperation and drink. When their house has been
arrest him for embezzlement. Finally, the father sold over their head, and Orme lies drunken in the
appears on the scene, and there is a great clearing gutter, his wife leaves him, and he also becomes a
up. There is a good deal of humor in the tale, and village outcast. The story is mainly concerned with
of a sort that we had not supposed within the the process of his self-reform and gradual restora-
author's reach. This is particularly displayed in tion to dignity and self-respect, with the growth of
the antics and speech of one Ramon Alfarez, the his love for Esther and their mutual avowals, and
hero's persecutor and rival, and in the doings of the with her act of renunciation, decided upon in the
Jamaican negro with a Scotch-cockney dialect who excitement of an evangelistic revival, which sends
attaches himself to Kirk's fortunes with dog-like her to the New Hebrides as a missionary. This is
devotion. As a breezy, animated, romantic yarn, the real dénouement of the action, although upon a
this book would be hard to beat; and not the least closing page we are told that Esther returns after
of its charms is its irrepressible boyishness.
many years and finds Orme waiting for her. The
The most threadbare of themes, which will never- | story is vividly told, and has a sort of crude power.
theless keep its vitality as long as novels are written It offers, moreover, what we take to be a faithful
about men and women, once more engages our atten- delineation of the modes of social and religious
tion in Miss Fannie Heaslip Lea's “Quicksand.” A thinking that were characteristic of many of our
young woman with a temperament marries a man | rural communities a generation ago.
without one. For a time his simple sincerity and In the latter part of the fifteenth century, the
downright manliness hold her affections; but she at island of Cyprus was a prize coveted by many
last becomes vaguely conscious of a void in her life. powers. Its King Janus, of the house of Lusignan,
This is by way of being filled when a young man had dislodged the Genoese, and placed himself
who also has a temperament appears upon the scene. under the protection of the Sultan of Egypt, thereby
The dallyings of these two under the pretence of incurring the displeasure of the Holy Father at
friendship soon create the familiar triangular situ- Rome. The right of Janus was disputed by his
ation, and the crisis is brought about by the ancient sister Carlotta, and in this factional strife other
device of a storm, from which the heroine takes | powers saw their opportunity. Naples intrigued
refuge in a mountain cabin opportunely occupied by against the ruler, and Venice sought to attach him
the hero. They arrange to take flight together, to her interests. The latter gained her end by con-
when the bullet of a feudist tragically solves the tracting for him an alliance with Caterina Cornaro,
problem by ending the hero's life, and incidentally | the daughter of one of her most patrician houses.
making a sort of real hero out of him; for the bullet It is the story of this ill-fated girl-queen that Mrs.
which he intercepts is aimed at his friend, the hus- Lawrence Turnbull gives in “The Royal Pawn of
band whom he has plotted to betray. The latter | Venice,” a historical romance far out of the common


202
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
in its solidity of foundation and skill of craftsman Welcome in any case, and doubly welcome because
ship. Beginning with the embassy which proposes of its appearance in the dullest season of the publish-
the alliance to the Signoria, the story continues with | ing year, is “The Glory of Clementina," by Mr.
a brilliant account of the nuptials, followed by an William J. Locke. It is not so much of the ingenu-
account of the brief wedded life of the new Queen ity of his invention, although this is out of the com-
of Cyprus. Then comes the tragic death of Janus, mon, that Mr. Locke allures us, as it is by the
the birth of their child, the nefarious seizure of the whimsicality of his style and its rich allusiveness.
child by the Council in the pay of Naples, the His later books have a charm and a degree of finish
concessions extorted by terror from the frantic that delight the cultivated sense; they exhibit a
mother, the rally of her defenders, the child's familiarity with the world of ideas that makes them
death, and the gift of Cyprus to Venice by the singularly acceptable to the cultivated intelligence.
bereaved mother, who is perplexed in the extreme | The scholarship with which they are invested is too
by the conflict between love for her adopted country lightly worn to be oppressive, and they fairly sparkle
and the plea of her Venetian patriotism. In all with humor – albeit a humor of dry and even sar-
this varied history, she is indeed a pawn moved | donic type. Their conversations are not too brilliant
upon the diplomatic board by powers beyond her to be natural, their reflective passages are crammed
control. What is more to the point from the artistic with suggestiveness, and their characters, sometimes
standpoint is the fact that she is pictured for us quaint almost to the point of caricature, finally
with a penetrative sympathy that makes of her force themselves upon our acceptance on their own
much more than a puppet — nothing less than a | terms. Clementina, for example, the woman who
real woman of pure and exalted ideals, whose tragic has sought refuge in art for the blighted romance
destiny we may not contemplate unmoved. This of her girlhood, who has become famous and eccen-
sincere and graceful romance seems to us much the tric at the same time, whose bluntness of speech
best piece of work that Mrs. Turnbull has thus far | matches the roughness of her exterior, is a true
produced.
woman at heart, and the author compels her accept-
The horror in which Southern sentiment holds ance as such after he has done everything in his
any mingling of the blood of whites and negroes, power to make it seemingly impossible. It is an
or even any sort of association that implies social artistic tour de force which transforms the harsh
equality, has been the motive of many novels. They and dowdy creature of his opening chapters into
are unpleasant novels, because their theme is essen- | the splendid figure who adorns the closing pages.
tially repellant; and Miss Virginia Demarest's For it is Clementina's "glory” to yield at last to
“Nobody's” would offer no exception were we not the instincts of essential womanhood, and give
made to surmise before reading very far that the free play to the emotions which she had thought
beautiful and sensitive heroine, who suffers untold were dead within her. The partner in her St.
agonies because she is reputed to have a trace of Martin's Summer romance is Dr. Quixtus, a dear,
black tincture in her veins, is really of the purest dessicated soul, an anthropologist of European fame,
white extraction, and quite legitimately the object | to whom his science seems to be all that is needed
of the hero's devotion. The explanation of how the for a completely satisfactory existence. He, too,
horrible misunderstanding comes about takes us far has his awakening, and it is brought about by a
back into the past. A feud between two families, a singular device. By nature the kindliest of men,
love-affair between the son of one and the daughter doing good in many unostentatious ways, he is sud-
of the other, the man's death in a duel before he denly embittered by a series of discoveries which
has had time to make legal reparation for the wrong reveal to him some of the mean and malignant
done the woman, the birth of a girl child, and the aspects of human nature. As one shock succeeds
mother's dying effort to save her name by having another, his faith in his fellow-man gives way, and
it believed that this child is the illegitimate offspring | he is turned into the most desperate of cynics. He
of her faithful (partly-colored) nurse, — these are determines, moreover, not to remain passive under
the elements of the tragic complication which blights the revelation, but to embark upon a career of the
the girl's life when she grows to womanhood. It most diabolical wickedness, and sets about devising
takes a hero from New York, visiting his sister in subtle schemes for making other people miserable.
her Tennessee home, to discover the trail of the The madness runs its course until it is cured by its
truth, and, moved by his love for the girl, to clear own excess, and certain discoveries of unexpected
away the mystery and free her from the curse. The goodness restore his lost faith in mankind. It is
truth is so apparent, after we have been given one the situation of Labiche's familiar farce, elaborated.
or two hints, that it strains our credulity to assume Several years ago, Mr. William Romaine Pater-
that no one but the hero has any suspicion of it; son, writing under the name of “ Benjamin Swift,"
and this is the chief structural defect of the novel. produced a number of novels incisive in their char-
Otherwise the story develops logically, is rich in inci. acterization, which left an acrid taste. After a con-
dent and dramatic situation, and romantic enough siderable interval of silence, he now gives us “The
in feeling to satisfy the youngest mind. It has no Old Dance Master,” which shows him in a new
psychology worth mentioning, but it has a good deal | light. The years have mellowed him, making him
of superficial charm.
a more human and lovable writer than the caustic


1911.)
203
THE DIAL
satirist we once knew. He tells us that the new occasion for many of Mr. Paterson's most animated
book “simply grew during three years in a mind and picturesque pages.
that was busy with different, very different things. In “Drender's Daughter” Miss Netta Syrett has
Out of a chaos and phantasmagoria of characters, | given us a surprisingly good novel, and considerably
impressions, suggestions, there gradually began to surpassed her previous work. It abounds in life, it
emerge the face and figure of a pleasant old man, is strong and convincing in its analysis of character,
one Habenichts, who had been buffeted but not | and its interest is sustained at a high level through-
vanquished by Fortune.” The creative process thus out. In a certain sense, it is a novel with a thesis;
outlined was happy in its issue, for Habenichts finds but this is developed naturally and unobtrusively, so
his way straight to our affections, and his story is as not to clog the action. The one noticeable defect
simply a fairy tale of real life. Sam Larkin's cab of the work is its constant belittling of the social
yard is the starting point of this joyous romantic reformer, who is by no means always the cold-
development, and Jellini's Dancing Academy in blooded and priggish sort of person here described
Tottenham Court Road is at the focus of interest. for us in the character of Leonard Chetwynd. This
Jellini is only a name, for the institution is managed man, who has great wealth, and a desire for social
by Habenichts, a decayed Viennese gentleman whose usefulness which exceeds his capacity, establishes a
hobby is the dance, of which he has published a model colony upon his estate, and engages in many
ponderous history in twelve unread volumes. He other uplifting enterprises of the kind that are made
wins for his academy the distinguished patronage futile because they do not take human nature suffi-
of Sir John Marduke, an aristocrat of exaggerated ciently into account. His chief experiment, as far
philanthropical tendencies, who in an unguarded as the human interest of the novel is concerned, is
moment persuades his son Monty Marduke to accom- performed upon the girl whom he takes as a child
pany him to a pupil's reception. Monty goes reluc from the family of one of his tenants with the
tantly, gets sight of the lovely Dorothy Larkin, and purpose of making her his wife when she shall
is done for. To his father's horror, he insists upon have been reared in accordance with his ideas.
making the young woman's acquaintance, dancing It is a “Sandford and Merton” experiment, and
with her, attaching himself to her for the rest of naturally goes awry. To begin with, the girl is
the evening, and escorting her to her cab-yard home. not of the hardy peasant stock that he had thought
Except for a few stormy minutes a day or two later, her to be, but the illegitimate offspring of a man of
he does not see her again for nearly two years, but his own social class. She inherits her father's
he is determined to make her his wife, and does. qualities, and develops the artistic temperament.
It turns out that Dorothy is not a Larkin at all, Nevertheless, the plan of her guardian is consum-
but the illegitimate offspring of the late Earl of mated, and she becomes his wife. In the course of
Swaffham, and the first thing is to rescue her from time, she discovers her father, and falls in love with
her step-father, her two dragon-aunts, and the amor an old-time playmate. Finally, the tangle is straight-
ous cabby who sighs for her love. This is done ened out by Chetwynd, who finds a mate of his
with the connivance of Habenichts, who puts her own kind, and defies the conventions by eloping
in the care of her aunt, the Duchess of Berkshire, with her. This suits the plans of the young people,
greatly astonished to learn that she has a niece. who had been upon the point of doing the same
Her new guardian proves sterner than the aunts of thing, and clears the way for their legal union.
the cab-yard, and Monty is kept languishing for a The story thus seriously outlined is enlivened by a
sight of Dorothy until she has been put through a good deal of delicate comedy, and is written in a
long course of educational sprouts. Since this is all flexible style which proves equal to the varied
a fairy tale, Monty remains determined and faithful, demands made upon it.
getting his reward in the end. Meanwhile, Sir John Miss Wylie's “Dividing Waters” is an inter-
is put under restraint before he has had time to national novel of a kind that is less frequently met
squander the whole of his fortune, and Monty is with than it was some years ago. In this case, the
able to bestow ample largess upon the old dance marriage is contracted between an English girl and
master to whom he owes his happiness. Then a German army officer. The heroine is the high-
Habenichts turns out to be a Baron of the Austrian strung daughter of a clergyman, and she rejects the
Empire, which discovery gets him into the good offer of her steadfast English lover in favor of the
graces of the Duchess of Berkshire, and leads to more romantic German wooer. She has, however,
complications only hinted at in the present volume, in a moment of weakness, impelled by a quixotic
but which the author half promises to make the notion of renunciation, given the former to under-
subject of a second novel. We shall eagerly await stand that she would be his wife, and although the
this sequel, for Habenichts is the best of company, pledge is promptly taken back (by letter) its with-
and only regret that we are unlikely to have further drawal fails to reach her suitor, who is in the wilds
acquaintance with his fellow-boarders in Mrs. Wix's of Africa. When he returns to claim his bride, he
Residential Hotel, or with the disappointed cabby, finds her married, and the fact that she has failed
or with Larkin and his redoubtable sisters. These to tell her husband about the entanglement leads to
“low life" types are worthy of Dickens, and give complications. Particularly does this concealment


204
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
clash with the German standards of honor; and this speculations. First, then, the peasants of modern
is not the only conflict that comes from the union, Greece must furnish our clue to the popular beliefs
for the girl cannot fit herself into the life of an alien of antiquity; afterwards we may profitably consider
people, and the glamour of her romance wears off as the use and handling of those beliefs in ancient
she discovers that her new existence must be led literature.” Mr. Lawson spent two years in Greece
under narrowly restricted conditions both as to (1898–1900), and one must envy him his initial
material comfort and social environment. Then researches even as one congratulates him on their
comes the war scare, and she is fairly distracted outcome. In every nook and cranny of Greece, from
between the claims of her English patriotism and muleteers and boatmen, from priests and peasants,
the new German allegiance to which her husband con from “ Demetris and Constantines and rare ana-
siders her bound. The climax comes when, believing chronistic Epaminondases,” he gathered humble
a declaration of war imminent, she hurriedly flees but invaluable material. Over this and the literary
from Berlin to take refuge in her English home, just sources he labored for about ten years, and the book
at the moment when her husband (although the fact bears evidence alike of the richness of the author's
is unknown to her) is to fight a duel in defence of material and the ripeness of his study. The subject
the honor which her indiscreet conduct has seemed | matter is arranged in the following order: “ The
to impugn. He is dangerously wounded, and when Survival of Pagan Deities," "The Communion of
she learns of his condition, she hastens to his side, Gods and Men," “ The Relation of Soul and Body,"
like a modern Isolde, just in time to save his life. ' “ Cremation and Inhumation,” “ The Union of Gods
She retains our sympathy, although she acts foolishly and Men." In these days of aridity of presenta-
at times, because her love emerges strengthened tion, a reviewer is glad to note that Mr. Lawson
from its trials. Both the husband and the discarded heightens the acceptability of his contribution by a
but faithful lover are almost too superhuman in their style that is always clear and often fine. To any of
goodness to be true, and the writer has not escaped our readers who are interested in such subjects, we
the peril of over-sentimentality. She tries to hold can commend the book most unhesitatingly, with the
the scales fairly in her comparison between German perhaps unnecessary warning that they must natur-
and English standards and ways of living, and is ally expect to differ from the able author about many
evidently much impressed by the German ideal of interpretations; and that occasionally they will find
duty to the nation as paramount to all the claims of a group of pages where the interest will be lowered
personal interest. In fact, she seems to be making except for the technical student of philology. The
a covert plea to her fellow-countryman to adopt the volume contains over six hundred pages, and is an
continental policy of militarism, and in this the book excellent example of good bookmaking.
must be reckoned as mischievous. Its pages contain
a good deal of slovenly writing; and the writer's
With all his faults, the late Tom L.
Misinterpretation
German is very shaky, to judge from the number of
on Johnson was worthy of a more care-
of a great leader.
mistakes which are found in the simple expressions
fully and intelligently written biog-
with which her novel is peppered.
raphy than the volume which comes to us from the
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
pen of Mr. Carl Lorenz, through the A. S. Barnes
Company. Though a friend and admirer of his sub-
ject, Mr. Lorenz does not really understand either
the virtues or the faults which entered into the make-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
up of Tom L. Johnson. Indeed, he seems singularly
It is a genuine pleasure to welcome lacking in any consistent line of demarcation between
Folk-lore in
modern Greece. Su
such a book as “ Modern Greek Folk faults and virtues. Again and again he gives Mayor
lore and Ancient Greek Religion,” | Johnson credit for high ideals and honesty of pur-
written by Mr. John Cuthbert Lawson and published pose, and yet we find him saying: “ His friends ever
by the Cambridge University Press (Putnam). Not claimed that he was not in politics for personal ambi-
only does it give the first adequate English treat- tion, but for the cause of the people. Yet neither
ment of the subjects implied by the former half of his actions nor his character warranted such an as-
the title (for which we have had to go to Bernhardt sumption. It is more likely that he espoused the
Schmidt and Poletes); it also represents the work cause of the people because it would serve him as a
of a pioneer “in attempting on a generous scale to ladder to climb into high office.” There could not
exhibit modern Greek folklore as an essential factor be a more radical misinterpretation of the man. He
in the interpretation of ancient Greek religion." | was wrapped up heart and soul in his attempt to
How strongly this latter aspect of his work appealed work out certain political principles which he had
to our author may be seen in his conclusion that espoused ; and the one serious weakness of his nature
“the oral tradition of a people who have instinct | lay in the lack of a nice moral discrimination as to
ively clung to every ancient belief and custom is, the means which he might allow himself, with the
even after more than two thousand years, a safer good of the city of Cleveland and the people in gen-
guide than the contemporary writings of men who eral in view. He put himself forward not at all
deliberately discarded or arbitrarily modified tradi- because he wanted office for his own glorification,
tion in favour of the results of their own personal but because he had large faith in his own capacity


1911.)
205
THE DIAL
Fables of
to bring about the ends in view. His fundamental “ ad majorem Nietzschii gloriam.” Even if there
type is not an unusual one in American political life, were no question of the author's preconceived view
but it had behind it a tremendous practical efficiency. of religion as something “invented” in the interest
Nor did the political reverses near the end bring his of certain classes or types of men who managed to
life so near the line of actual failure as the reader survive through the institution of suitable protective
of this inadequate biography, without further infor- | religions, it is doubtful if the many religions he con-
mation, might be led to infer. A really competent siders could possibly be given adequate historical
account of his career, with a just analysis of his per. and expository treatment in the compass of 267
sonal and political character, would be of great value pages. Having shown, to his own satisfaction, the
to seekers after right lines of social and political position of religion in the East, the author applies
progress, and we hope that the evident place for such the results to conditions in the West. Some of these
a work may not long remain unfilled.
comments of a self-styled disciple of Nietzsche may
prove diverting. Postulating that national deteriora-
Mr. Ralph D. Paine's “Book of tion comes, not from immorality or loss of solidarity
submerged Buried Treasure” (Sturgis & Wal within a nation, but from the loosening of lines of
treasure. ton) is a veritable cyclopædia of his- | caste and the consequent mixture of good and medi-
tory and legend relating to the innumerable deposits ocre blood, he goes on to say: “A more noxious
of fabulous wealth that, at one time or another, have combination of races, or rather tribes, than those in
been either involuntarily or purposely made in the the United States of America, it would be difficult
ocean's depths or the dry land's secret hiding places. to find.” Of Christianity Mr. Kennedy says: “The
“The Pirate's Own Book," the records of Captain Roman Catholic priest, who thinks for his flock, is
Kidd's adventures, the chronicles of early voyagers, a much more noble figure than the Methodist
the histories of exploration and discovery, have been preacher whose congregation ‘think for themselves.'
drawn upon in the compilation of this attractive vol It is gratifying to observe that the Church of En-
ume, which is sure to appeal to every normal boy, gland is every year approaching more and more
and may start more than one hot-headed reader in closely to the Church of Rome in this particular
quest of this or that buried treasure. Indeed, the respect. But Christianity must not be imposed on
author has foreseen this possibility, and he has higher spirits who do not want it.” It is probable
thought that “a concise directory of the best-known that Mr. Kennedy is alone in his gratification at
lost and buried treasure might be of some service to tendencies which other people do not appear to ob-
persons of an adventurous turn of mind.” There serve, and which, were they apparent, would simply
fore he has appended a “tabloid guide for ready be set down as back eddies in the onward flow of the
reference," as likely to "prove helpful, particularly movement toward a wider democracy and the diffu-
to parents of small boys'who have designs on pirate sion of truth.
hoards, as well as to boys who have never grown
Mr. Lewis Melville, who has written
up." Yet his tabloid guide holds out little encour characteristics understandingly and well, in books
agement to the treasure-seeker. As to certain gold
of Thackeray. and magazine articles, of his beloved
sunk in Lake Gaatavita near Bogota, for example, Thackeray, now collects a number of these fugitive
he plainly says: “To find this gold involves driving papers into a handsome volume, “Some Aspects of
a tunnel through the side of a mountain and drain Thackeray” (Little, Brown & Co.). Three entirely
ing the lake. This is such a formidable undertaking new chapters are added, dealing with “ Thackeray
that it will not appeal to the average treasure-seeker, and the Dignity of Literature," "Thackeray and
unless, perchance, he might pick up a second-hand | tbe Newgate School of Fiction,” and “Some First
tunnel somewhere at a bargain price. Even then, Editions of Thackeray.” Among sundry other
transportation from the seacoast to Bogota is so utterances of Thackeray on the dignity of his call-
difficult and costly that it would hardly be practica ing, somewhat in the Colonel Newcome vein and
ble to saw the tunnel into sections and have it car. by no means free from platitude, we find the follow-
ried over the mountains on mule-back.” With such ing: “The literary character, let us hope or admit,
warning hints as this, the book is not likely to demor writes quite honestly; but no man supposes he
alize our youth, whom it will certainly interest, as would work perpetually but for money. Neither,
well as their elders of youthful mind.
probably, would he write perpetually for money
and nothing else." Again, with a sense of the
con Any book which sets out to be de necessary part played by mediocrity in literature,
interpretation scriptive, but is admittedly written he says: “Out of regard for poor dear posterity
of religion. from an a priori standpoint, should and men of letters to come, let us be glad that the
be viewed with suspicion. Mr. J. M. Kennedy's great immortality number comes up so rarely.
“The Religions and Philosophies of the East” | Mankind would have no time otherwise, and would
(Lane) amply justifies such an attitude. The author be so gorged with old masterpieces, that they would
attempts to describe the main religions of Asia and not occupy themselves with new, and future literary
India, and to evaluate them from the standpoint of men would have no chance of a livelihood.” Mr.
Nietzsche's view of good and evil; and he goes to Melville's abundant quotations from Thackeray are
this trouble (to quote his own dedication of the book) ! apt, and generally enlivening, even if he does not
Some striking
A Nietzschean


206
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
Old times
always indicate the exact source of the quotation. | Lerici “the home of poets,” after this fashion :
Among the “aspects” under which the great novel • Villa Maccarini was Lord Byron's home – Villa
ist is considered are those of reader and critic, | Magni, Shelley's. Peace, beauty, and repose were
where he nowise brilliantly shines, of balladist and in the atmosphere of the old-world town, slumber-
of artist, where he is of course delightful, of paro- ing in its wealth of ambrosial gardens. ... Tears
dist of the Newgate school of fiction, of friend to sprang copiously from the eyes of sorrowing peasant
Dickens and warm eulogist of his works, of pen women, gathering kelp, who discovered, on July 22,
picturer of eighteenth-century London, and so on. 1822, two battered corpses, cast up by the turbulent
Numerous illustrations help to sustain the interest sea at Bocca Lerici — they were John Williams and
of the work.
Percy Bysshe Shelley.” Scarcely one of the state-
The charm of pioneer life in the ments of these resounding sentences is true. Shel-
backwoods is felt in every chapter ley's house on the Bay of Lerici, when he lived in
in Ohio.
and almost every page of " A Buck- it, was called Villa Maccarini; since then, a third
eye Boyhood,” from the pen of a Buckeye author story has been added and its name changed to Villa
of note, Dr. William Henry Venable, and from the Magni. Byron never lived in it, nor is there any
publishing house of a Cincinnati firm, the Robert record of even a visit there by him. The house is
Clarke Co. From the infancy of the boy “Tip,” not located at the town of Lerici, nor amid any
who is unmistakably the chronicler himself, in the “ambrosial gardens,” but on the rocky shore of
fourth decade of the last centnry, to tủe casting of San Terenzo, then as now a fishing-village of the
his first presidential ballot for Lincoln in 1860, the rudest type. If peasant women wept over any
homely and engrossing narrative holds the reader's “battered corpses,” they were not those of Shelley
willing attention through a variety of scenes and and Williams (the latter's name, by the way, was
incidents such as every genuine American has some Edward, not John). The “turbulent seas” of
fading knowledge of, either from childhood experi. | Bocca Lerici had nothing to do with the disaster
ence or from ancestral tradition. The little log which cost the lives of the poet and his friend; this
schoolhouse, with its uneven floor of puncheons and occurred a short distance out from Leghorn, and
its rude door swinging on strap hinges, a door later the bodies were recovered (but not on the same day)
to be burst in by a pale and consumptive Yankee near Viareggio, a point much south of the Bay of
schoolmaster with a fence rail for a battering-ram, Lerici. When such well-known facts as these are
as the surprising sequel to a barring-out frolic, plays | dressed up out of all recognition, doubts naturally
its familiar but always freshly interesting part in arise as to the author's accuracy in more essential,
the rural history. The vast forest, with its delights though less familiar, matters.
and its perils, also furnishes its element of the adven-
A little later, the advent
.
turous and picturesque.
Mr. W. G. Gosling, in a volume of
of the railway and the dazzling allurements of the
history and some five hundred and seventy-four
present state. pages on Labrador (Lane), has
wonderful city of Cincinnati enliven the narrative.
But “Tip" came of a family with a passion for
brought together a great deal of interesting informa-
tion in regard to the history and the present state
books, a family that gathered after supper around the
evening lamp and enjoyed together the latest pro-
of that interesting region. The author tells us that
his design has been “to preserve the knowledge of
curable good novel or biography or history or other
readable and profitable work; and so we trace the
the incidents which took place in the past, and which
nurture and growth of the future poet, historian, and
are likely to have some value in the development of
novelist, whose early years he himself has so enter-
the country in the future.” The design is a laudable
tainingly described.
one, and would be altogether praiseworthy were it
not for the fact that much of the information in this
As long ago as 1766, Smollett in bulky volume was already accessible in modern
of " Genoa his “Travels through France and books. The very titles of Mr. Gosling's chapters-
the proud." Italy” said of Genoa : “I had a curi “The Norsemen's Visit to Labrador," «The Cabots,"
osity to see the palaces of the Doria and Durazzi, " Jacques Cartier,” “Search for the North-west Pas-
but it required more trouble to obtain admission sage," "The English Occupation," "The Moravian
than I was willing to give myself.” For this, or Brethren," “ The Americans on the Labrador,"
some other reason, it remains true that “Genoa “ The Boundary Dispute,” “Dr. Wilfrid Grenfell,”
the Proud” is one of the least known of all Italian etc.,—at once suggest sources that are conveniently
cities. Hence it is worth while to consult Mr. | accessible to every reader; and it must be said that
Edgcumbe Staley's “Heroines of Genoa and the Mr. Gosling adds little of value to the discussion of
Rivieras” (Scribner), with its two dozen fine illus such mooted points as the landfall of Cabot, the
trations, mostly reproductions of little-known paint voyages of the Northmen, the derivation of the name
ings housed in Genoese palaces. Unfortunately, Labrador, and the much-discussed boundary ques-
the author has a passion for fine writing, and it tion. The text is also disfigured by numerous typo-
sometimes leads him astray from the straight paths | graphical errors, such as “ Rodisson ” for Radisson,
of fact. For example, in the concluding chapter, “Grosseliers” for Groseilliers, “Hearn” for Hearne,
“ Riviera Romances,” he is betrayed into calling | “Hudson's Bay" for Hudson Bay, etc.
Labrador: its
Romances


1911.)
207
THE DIAL
and formalism of discipline, when carrying out such a
BRIEFER MENTION.
scheme of work for young children.
The “Secret Journals of the Republic of Texas,
The ninth “grove play” of the Bohemian Club of
1836-1845” constitute a historical document of the
San Francisco, as given a month ago on the occasion of
first importance for the student of American History,
the Club's annual “ midsummer jinks," was entitled
who will welcome their publication by the Texas Library
« The Green Knight" — the words by Mr. Porter Gar-
and Historical Commission as the principal feature of
nett, the music by Mr. Edward G. Strickler. In the
the first biennial report of that organization.
beautifully-printed book of the play, now before us, we
A selection of “The Poetry of Victor Hugo,” made
have, besides the text, an interesting explanatory intro-
for school use by Messrs. Pelham Edgar and John Squair,
duction, a synopsis of the music, a diagram of the out-
is published by Messrs. Ginn & Co. The poems are
door theatre, and plates illustrating the costumes. The
classified, and include most of the widely-known pieces.
exhibit is most interesting, and makes one wish that he
The “glossary of names" is a useful feature of the
might have witnessed the festivities. Here is something
apparatus, but the editors confess that they have been
which may almost be described as an original art-form,
unable to trace some of the names to any source.
springing from its native environment, and lovingly
« Trobador Poets: Selections from the Poems of Eight
shaped in accordance with an ideal purpose.
Trobadors," is a volume of translations made from the
For young persons, and for those little conversant with
Provençal by Miss Barbara Smythe, and published by
books and libraries, Mr. Gilbert O. Ward's elementary
Messrs. Duffield in their “New Mediæval Library."
manual on “The Practical Use of Books and Libraries”
Bertran de Born, Arnaut Daniel, and Peire Vidal, are
(Boston Book Co.) will prove a useful guide. Its eight
three of the poets whose work has been drawn upon. A
chapters deal successively with the structure and care of
considerable amount of explanatory matter accompanies
a book, the printed parts of a book, the card catalogue,
the text.
the numbering and arranging of books in public libraries,
Mr. Raymond Garfield Gettell, the author of an
reference books, magazines, the use of the library in
“ Introduction to Political Science," has now given us
debating, and buying books. “Do not use a match, a
“ Readings in Political Science” (Ginn) as a companion
lead pencil, or a handkerchief" for a book-mark, counsels
volume. It is a compilation of a type made very
the author; and he might have added to his list of unde-
familiar of late years in the field of educational publi-
sirable markers known to juvenile readers, jack-knives,
cation. The selections are for the most part brief, for
candy, and chewing-gum. In the book-buying chapter,
they number upwards of five hundred, and they are
his advice on subscription books is this: “Books sold
arranged in a systematic classification.
by subscription or through an agent should always be
The Baker & Taylor Co. publish a volume by Miss
bought very cautiously, and when published by unknown
publishers are best let alone."
Christina Pollock Denison, on “The Paracelsus of Robert
Browning," which gives the text of the poem, with a com-
mentary, and essays upon the life and philosophy of its
subject. The activities here displayed seem a little be-
NOTES.
lated, in view of the declining interest in Browning, but
the book has a certain degree of educational usefulness,
The title of Mr. William de Morgan's forthcoming
and will doubtless find its small special public.
novel has been changed from “ Bianca ” to “ A Likely
The “ Historical Atlas " which Professor William R.
Story” – thus keeping up the De Morgan tradition for
Shepherd has prepared for the “ American Historical
distinctive nomenclature.
Series” of Messrs. Henry Holt & Co., is distinguished
“Legends of Long Ago," being an English rendering
from most other works of its kind by the great variety
by Dr. Charles Hart Handschin of Gottfried Keller's
and ingenuity of its selection of maps. A few that have
“Sieben Legenden," is announced as the second volume
especially caught our attention are the “ Development
of “The Abbey Translations," to be issued shortly by
of Christianity to 1300,” the “ Ecclesiastical Map of
the Abbey Co. of Chicago.
Western Europe in the Middle Ages," the maps of
Mr. William Winter's articles entitled “Shakespeare
« Mediæval Commerce," that of the “Conquest of
| on the Stage,” which have been one of the most interest-
Peru," and that of the “Distribution of Races in
ing features of the “Century Magazine " during the past
Austria-Hungary." We should hardly know where else few months, are soon to be published in book form by
to look for these, or for some others of the rich collec Messrs. Moffat, Yard & Co.
tion now provided.
The American edition of Professor Archibald Hender-
A school room in which the memorization of the son's critical biography of George Bernard Shaw, which
printed page and compulsory silence are conspicuously
has been the occasion of a merry newspaper war between
absent, and in which the pupil's hands and eyes are
the biographer and his subject, is to be published by
active, is the ideal, for the first three years of school Messrs. Stewart & Kidd of Cincinnati.
life, held forth by Professor Davidson of the State Two biographies of Count. Tolstoi are in press for
University of Maine. In a small volume, “ Motor Work early publication One of these, to be issued by Messrs.
and Formal Studies : A Provisional Syllabus for the T. Y. Crowell & Co., is the work of Mr. Nathan
First Three Primary Grades," are given the results of Haskell Dole, whose translations of Tolstoi are well
two of his students, Frank G. Wadsworth and Winthrop known. The other is a translation from the French of
H. Stanley, in a pioneer study of the proper correlation M. Romain Rolland, the author of “ Jean Christophe,”
of such hand work as is generally associated with the and will bear the imprint of Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co.
kindergarten and the more formal studies during the Edwin Asa Dix, who died very suddenly last month
first years of school life. To this study, given in the at the National Arts Club in New York, at the age of
form of a syllabus, Professor Davidson prefixes an fifty-one, was best known as the author of Deacon
introduction warning teachers against too great rigidity | Bradbury," “Old Bowen's Legacy,” « Prophet's Land-


208
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
ing," “Quincy Baxter,” a life of Champlain, and a
volume of travels in the Pyrenees. He was also a fre-
ANNOUNCEMENT LIST OF FALL BOOKS.
quent contributor to the magazines, and for a while was
The classified compilation given herewith as the
literary editor of “The Churchman.”
prospective output of new books for the Fall and
The formation of a society for the elevation of liter-
Winter season of 1911-12 is, we believe, the largest
ary ideals is reported from New York, with a member-
list of the sort we have ever published. Including
ship composed of former associates and pupils of Mr.
George Edward Woodberry, at one time professor of
the two departments of “School and College Text-
comparative literature at Columbia, and well known to
books” and “Books for the Young,” which on
the larger public as author of “The Inspiration of account of lack of space we are compelled to carry
Poetry,” « Makers of Literature," an excellent life of over to our next issue, our list of Fall announce-
Poe, and several volumes of verse, with other works. ments this year comprises nearly two thousand titles,
It is to advance tbe ideals for which he, as a teacher of representing the output of sixty leading American
literature, stood, without that cordial support from the
| publishing houses. This list has as usual been
university authorities which he seemed to deserve, that
prepared especially for our pages, from the most
the new association has been formed among his disciples
authentic information to be obtained. As afford-
and admirers.
Lord Tennyson is editing a volume of personal re-
ing a trustworthy bird'seye view, as it were, of the
collections and appreciations of his father by varions
forthcoming publishing season, its interest and value
writers, which Messrs. Macmillan wiil publish under
to every bookbuyer — whether librarian, bookseller,
the title “ Tennyson and his Friends." The chapters or private purchaser - will be at once apparent.
include “ Early Reminiscences,” by Emily Lady Tenny All the books entered are new books — new editions
son; “ Recollections of Tennyson,” by the Master of | not being included unless having new form or mat-
Trinity; “Tennyson and James Spedding,” by Dr. W. ter. Some of the more interesting features among
Aldis Wright; “Tennyson and FitzGerald,” by the these announcements are commented upon in the
President of Magdalen; “Tennyson and Thackeray,”
leading editorial in this number of The DIAL.
by Lady Ritchie; “Tennyson and Dean Bradley,” by
Mrs. Woods; “Tennyson and Music,” by Sir Charles
Stanford; “Tennyson and Science," by Sir Oliver
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Lodge; “Tennyson and Religion,” by the Bishop of
Life of John Ruskin, by Edward Tyas Cook, 2
vols., illus. in photogravure, etc. $6. net.-Auto-
Ripon; and “Tennyson and Art,” by E. V. B.
biographic Memoirs, by Frederick Harrison, 2
A great awakening in Texas to the needs and oppor vols., illus.-The Record of an Adventurous Life,
tunities of its young but already vigorous State Uni by Henry M. Hyndman, $2. net.-An Illustrated
versity is the object of certain important resolutions History of Lady Emma Hamilton, by Julia
adopted last commencement by the alumni association
Frankau, 2 vols., illus, in color, $150. net.-The
of that institution. It is hoped that by thus arousing
Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, by Sir Henry
public interest, and by offering substantial prizes for
Craik, 2 vols., illus. in photogravure. -Statesmen
of the Old South, by William E. Dodd, $1.50 net.
the best plans and suggestions, architectural and edu-
--The Philanthropic Work of Josephine Shaw
cational, for the material and intellectual development
Lowell, by William Rhinelander Stuart, illus., $2.
of the University, a state institution of higher learning net.-Life of Benjamin Disraeli, by W. F. Mony.
may be built up that shall adequately represent the penny, Vol. II., $3.—Life of Gladstone, by John
nobler aspirations and ideals of the great commonwealth Morley, new and cheaper edition, 2 vols., $5. net.
of Texas. The raising of a sum of at least $125,000 -Princess Helene von Racowitza, an autobiog.
for the work in hand has been undertaken by the alumni
raphy, trans. from the German by Cecil Mar, new
association. The whole scheme, as described in a leaflet
and cheaper edition, illus., $2. net. (Macmillan
sent out by Mr. John A. Lomax, secretary-treasurer of
Co.)
The Life and Works of Winslow Homer, by Wil-
the association, is of large dimensions, and its full reali-
liam H. Downs, illus. with reproductions from
zation must take years of concerted effort and generous
Homer's paintings and sketches, $6. net.--Life
expenditure.
and Times of Cavour, by William R. Thayer, illus.
A third of a century of decimal classification success $7.50 net.-The Diary of Gideon Welles, with a
fully applied to hundreds, and perhaps thousands, of
memoir by John T. Morse, Jr., illus., $10. net.-
book collections, both public and private, is what Mr.
The Life of Bret Harte, with some account of
Melvil Dewey can now complacently look back upon.
the California Pioneers, by Henry C. Merwin, il-
Thirty-five years, to be exact, have passed since the
lus., $3. net.-An American Railroad Builder:
famous Dewey system, conceived and elaborated in its
John Murray Forbes, by Henry G. Pearson, with
photogravure portrait, $1.25 net.-Ebenezer Rock-
inventor's undergraduate years, was put forth to supply
wood Hoar, a memoir, by Moorfield Storey and
a manifest need among librarians; and now the seventh Edward W. Emerson, with photogravure portrait,
edition of the work, naturally much amended and en $1.50 net.— The Autobiography of Sir Henry M.
larged, makes its appearance. The repeated overhauling Stanley, edited by his wife, Dorothy Stanley,
and correcting of this standard work remind one of that new popular edition illus., $2. net.—The Life of
German thoroughness and scholarly conscientiousness
George Cabot Lodge, by Henry Adams, $1.25 net.
that every year produce so many new-old books, um-
-Walter Pater, by Ferris Greenslet, new revised
gearbeitet, verbessert, and vergrössert by their infinitely
edition, with portrait, 75 cts. net. (Houghton
Mifflin Co.)
painstaking authors. Obviously, no scheme of book-
The Life, Trial, and Death of Francisco Ferrer, by
classification can long remain thoroughly up-to-date in
William Archer, illus., $3. net.--Memoirs of Theo-
all its details. New fields of learned research are con-
dore Thomas, by Rose Fay Thomas, illus., $3. net.-
stantly being entered upon, and each has its indispen Père Lacombe, the black robe voyageur, by Kath-
sable literature.
arine Hughes, illus., $2.50 net.- Dr. Johnson and
Hill
-
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-
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1911.]
209
THE DIAL
Fanny Burney, being the Johnsonian extracts
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poleon, by Ernest F. Henderson, illus., $1.50 net.
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sionary to the Cameroons and the Congo, by
George Hawker, $1.50 net. (Hodder & Stoughton.)


210
(Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
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monly known as the translator to Livius, edited
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tations, and glossaries, $2.90 net.-A Memoir of
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1


1911.)
211
THE DIAL
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214
[Sept. 16,
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216
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217
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224
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226
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1911.7
227
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Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Omce at ciples in the field of pedagogical literature—a
Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
field whose desert expanse is only now and then
No. 607. OCTOBER 1, 1911.
relieved by an oasis of clean-cut thought and
Vol. LI.
stimulating suggestion. The author makes no
CONTENTS.
bones of this aspect of his subject.
“If we except a few excellect works on the history
HARD WORDS ABOUT PEDAGOGY. ... .239
of education, it may be said that the literature of peda-
CASUAL COMMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
gogy as a science has contributed virtually nothing either
Absolute criticism of literature.-How to economize
to scholarship or to ideas. This is not to deny that a
book-space. — The movement for a Freytag Memo few men of ideas who were getting them elsewhere
rial. - George Eliot in a new aspect. — The inde have had something good to say. Curiously enough,
structible identity of Shakespeare. – A popular these occasional and unprofessional contributions to the
author's most dangerous rival. - A revival of the
subject are apt to be the most prized. Within the pro-
old-time “Lyceum Lecture." - The latest gift of a fessional field, however, there are no men to measure
veteran philanthropist. — The Hungarian way of
with the larger men of other fields, and, with two or
rewarding genius. - The teaching of the art of
printing.
three respectable, but not brilliant, exceptions, the whole
literature is banal and inane."
SOME ENGLISH LITERARY FAMILIES. (Special
London Correspondence.) E. H. Lacon Watson . 243 Those who have the widest acquaintance with
COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
this literature will acquiesce the most heartily
Deceptive Illustrations. C. F. Tucker Brooke. in this judgment, for they are the ones who
A Revival of Learning in Iceland. Lee M. Hollander. know most fully what vaporings masquerade as
The English and American “First Folio" Editions
profound philosophy in this twilight realm of
of Shakespeare. B. R. W.
thought, and what solemn platitudes are here
A STERN CENSOR OF CIVIL WAR AFFAIRS.
W. H. Johnson . ............ 248
elaborated for the guidance of young men and
women who are preparing themselves for the
THE STORY OF THE COLLEGE CURRICULUM.
Joseph Jastrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
work of teaching.
The modern science of pedagogy, as exempli.
FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF A MOUNTAIN LOVER.
Charles Atwood Kofoid ......... 251
fied in its literature and in its practical appli-
THE NEW VOICE OF PHILOSOPHY. T. D. A.
cations, is little more than a pretentious hum-
Cockerell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
bug that has grown like an excrescence upon
AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY PATRON OF
our body educational. Its practitioners have
SCIENCE. Raymond Pearl . ....... 255
“ stolen the scraps” from the feast of learning
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ......... 257
- scraps of philosophy and psychology for the
Thackeray in intimate letters to his kinsfolk.- The
most part — and have warmed them over into
diversions of a playful essayist. - White House a new dish at which the normal stomach revolts.
affairs under ten Presidents. – Recollections of
The fare is filling, no doubt, but innutritious,
American society a half-century ago. - The sym-
bolism of Maeterlinck. - Correspondence of a leader
and those who feed upon it for long periods find
in the Revolution. The problems of minds diseased. their tissues grown flabby and their blood sup-
- Team-work in Social Science.
plied with a plentiful lack of red corpuscles.
BRIEFER MENTION . . . . . . . . . . .
Their minds come to inhabit a world of abstrac-
NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tions in which little account is taken of the facts
of life, and when they imagine that they are
TOPICS IN OCTOBER PERIODICALS ....
thinking they are really engaged in a process as
ADDITIONAL FALL ANNOUNCEMENTS ... 261
futile as a cat's pursuit of its own tail. They
LIST OF NEW BOOKS ...........266 | are the victims of a system which has done its


240
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
best to deaden their faculties, and the only sav “I believe that, if released from the obligations of
ing thing about their plight is that, when the professional courtesy, a nine-tenths vote of our college
time comes for them to engage in the work for
professors would support me in saying that, as a rule,
the professors of education are the least educated men
which they have supposed themselves to be pre- in the university faculty, from the standpoint either of
paring, they are still young enough for nature | general culture or of special attainment. I say, as a
to come to the partial rescue of their devitalized | rule,' because there are exceptions; they, however,
mentality. If they can slough off the greater / would vote with the nine-tenths.”
part of their forced pedagogical growths, and if 1 Concerning the actual workings of “peda-
they have the good sense to cast aside nearly
gogy as she is practised” in the institutions
everything in the way of method and syllabus
which prepare teachers for their profession, these
and formulary with which they have been fitted sober and deliberate words may well be taken
out in the school of education,” it is still pos-
to heart:
sible for them, despite the handicap, to grow
“The idea of vocational training, already too promi-
into good teachers. But what a waste there has
nent, is substituted for that of intellectual discipline and
personal culture, and vocational training is then traps-
been in the making, and how much easier they
lated into job-getting. At the same time a class of stu-
might achieve success had they given to liberal dents is brought to the university to whom the idea of
culture the years that they gave to “profes a university' is foreign and unintelligible, and perhaps
sional” preparation! For it is the ordered con-
the entrance-bars are lowered to let them in. Often
painfully illiterate and deplorably in need of the power
tent of the mind that counts in this work, and
of forming a few simple and clear ideas, in spite of the
not the construction of the containing vessel ; technical completion of a high-school course, these stu-
it is not the formal but the substantial equip dents are then dosed with platitudes about the social
ment of the teacher that makes him a vitalizing function of the school and the aims and methods of
influence upon youthful minds.
education. Such is the general situation. Familiarity
with its character would suggest that what the public
But the system is now in the saddle, and rides
school teacher especially needs to learn, and what the
mankind, or such part of mankind as is required university is especially called upon to teach him, is just
for educational service. The authorities have this - that his real efficiency as a teacher, and his ability
contrived to fix things so that it is difficult for
to speak to his boys and girls from the standpoint of
personal and social authority, will depend in the last
anyone to get into educational work without hav-
analysis, not upon any mastery of the formal principles
ing paid tribute to the established pedagocracy. of method,' or what not, but upon the soundness and
“ Early in the era of academic expansion it was breadth of his knowledge and upon the evidence in
perceived that a rich and permanent source for the himself of a thoughtful attitude towards life. With
numbers that are supposed to attract endowments and this idea, however, the pedagogy of the university, as
appropriations lay in the prospective teachers; and to of the normal school, is wholly unfamiliar."
day it may be said that an important part of the work of
It is a severe indictment, but one which, in our
all of our universities, and the mainstay of the Western
institutions, is the training of teachers for the secondary
judgment, is firmly based upon the facts of the
schools. To bring the teachers to the university, a situation, as well as upon the principles of the
department of education is established which offers to only pedagogy from which a fruitful outcome
furnish professional training upon a scientific basis."
may be expected. The pernicious system at
This is the milk in the cocoanut, for, as Dr. present in vogue is probably, at bottom, the
Fite remarks, the condition upon which young product of economic pressure. Persons who are
men and women may be pronounced fitted for really fit to teach are worth more than the pub-
teaching is that they “ associate with the pro lic is willing to pay them, but there is a certain
fessors of pedagogy" for a stated number of semblance of fitness that may be cheaply pro-
weeks, and “ listen to their wisdom regarding duced, and their production is the final.cause of
its science of education.” But a certificate of the chair of pedagogy and the school of educa-
mere educational success, such as the degree tion of which it is the chief article of furniture.
of bachelor of arts, “ will produce no fitness “In the university generally, mention of the
whatever — except as it covers the requirement department of pedagogy is very likely to be
of pedagogy.” So profitable a source of rev-| accompanied by a smile. Pedagogical courses
enue, once tapped by the schools of higher edu- are everywhere regarded as snap courses, and
cation, is not likely to be given up save upon pedagogical methods of teaching are usually
compulsion, and in consequence of an awaken the worst.”
ing of general intelligence of which the present | An important feature of the pedagogical
trend of educational development gives only curriculum is what is called “educational psy.
faint promise. And yet the writer does not seem chology,” since the educational task is neces-
to indulge in over-statement when he says: I sarily the application of psychological principles


1911.]
241
THE DIAL
to particular problems. Now psychology is one This seems to us an absolutely unanswerable
of the essential elements of liberal culture, and refutation of the argument upon which the
we have not a word to say against it. But just “pedagogical sophistic” is based. It is less by
why it should be styled “educational” when conscious method than by instinctive faculty
used for pedagogical discipline is a good deal that the teacher is really successful, and a resort
of a mystery. Some light is thrown upon it by to the former means, for the most part, that the
Dr. Fite's statement that in one institution of latter has never been acquired.
which he knows the students distinguish between
what they call “the men's psychology” and
“the girls' psychology” – the former being the
CASUAL COMMENT.
regular courses, and the latter the courses given
ABSOLUTE CRITICISM OF LITERATURE is some-
with vocational intent. There is a world of
thing to be welcomed if it can be shown to rest on
meaning in this distinction, for a close acquaint- I sure foundations. Mr. Herbert E. Cory, in a pam-
ance with “ the girls' psychology” is likely to phlet entitled “The Critics of Edmund Spenser,"
show it to be a greatly diluted science, chiefly issued by the University of California, modestly
concerned with what James calls “the unprofit proposes such a method. It seems to consist of a
able delineation of the obvious.” It has much collation and comparison of past opinions on an
to say about “apperception" and other blessed
author. Variorum criticism might be a more apt
words, but its teachings are little more than
name for it. It certainly differs from the impres-
plain common sense in transparent disguise.
sionistic mode now in vogue, or the older compar-
This is the reason why the comparison so fre-
ative or analytic processes. It results, in Mr.
Cory's hands, in bringing together a varied and val-
quently made between the training of the teacher
uable body of judgments about Spenser, much of
and the training of the lawyer or the physician which must be unknown except to special students.
fails so completely when we consider it closely. And, fortunately, Mr. Cory does not halt with the
Dr. Fite punctures this false analogy very neatly reproduction of other men's thoughts, but gives
when he points out that medical and legal science us some valuable opinions of his own. He has
possess a body of definite facts and established several theses to sustain. The first of these is that
principles which would be unaccessible to trained
Spenser's merits have been on the whole very
observation and common sense,” whereas the highly and quite evenly assessed during all the
science of education “is mostly a science on
changes of taste since he wrote. The Augustans
themselves bowed to his genius. It would have
paper, hastily got together ad hoc, by a process
been strange indeed if these great writers had been
of forced abstraction, to meet the demands of a
deaf and blind to his harmonious speech and im-
professional analogy."
aginative pictures. But in opinions about Spenser's
The practical conclusion of the whole matter, allegory and the didactic turn of his poetry there
as Dr. Fite views it, in our opinion with entirely have been many heretics. Against these Mr. Cory
sound judgment, is that, having got our pro couches a lance. Undoubtedly Spenser “moralized
spective teachers into the university, we should his song "; most poets do, in one way or another.
cease feeding them upon the husks of pedagogy,
But is didacticism the essence of his work? Alle-
and should oppose at every point the demand
gory and parable are undying literary devices.
of school authorities for the husk-fed product.
They have been revived of late with much success.
But they do not seem to have the vitality of more
We believe that the degree won wholly or
direct renderings of life. And they are apt to
largely in the “school of education” means less
be the parents of platitude. Spenser has enough
for liberal education than the degree won in
narrative interest and human nature to keep his
regular course, and especially that it means less work alive — even though we take Hazlitt's advice
for teaching efficiency.
and decline to meddle with the allegory. The
“If the university is to be of service to the teacher, Red Cross Knight, Sir Guyon, Una, Britomart, and
then it must be said that no need of the teaching pro Belphæbe are very real and interesting people.
fession is clearer at present than that of a sound and They are great poetic creations, and can stand erect
liberal education. So fundamental is this need that without leaning on the staff of symbol. Mr. Cory's
the science and art of teaching sink into humorous in-
study ought to be welcomed, not only for its good
significance. If it be objected that a bachelor of arts
sense and good writing, but as the sign of a turning
is not necessarily acquainted with methods of teaching,
toward belles lettres by our university scholars.
the simple reply may that he has been taught for four-
teen to sixteen years past by a great variety of methods.
It is curious that pedagogy never thinks of this, for
How TO ECONOMIZE BOOK-SPACE presents itself
just in this way are the good teachers made — by the daily as a perplexing problem for the librarian of
intelligent adaption of the best methods by which they a growing library. The resourceful librarian of
themselves have been taught."
Bowdoin College, Mr. George T. Little, in a paper


242
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
read before the American Library Institute at its GEORGE ELIOT IN A NEW ASPECT, or in several
late meeting in New York, September 27 and 28, rather new aspects, is revealed in an unpublished
described a novel scheme that seems to work well in collection of letters lately given to the British Mu-
Maine, and ought to prove equally satisfactory else seum by Mr. Roland Stuart, the son of Mrs. Alma
where. Instead of fixed shelves with intervening Stuart to whom the letters were written by her
passages, a part of the Bowdoin bookstacks have novelist friend. Some extracts have appeared in
closely-contiguous sliding book-cases, with proper the London “Times," from which the following,
aisle space and lighting to admit of their being written in 1879, may be quoted as containing an
drawn out one by one as desired. Ball-bearing interesting bit of self-portrayal: “The lovely shawl
rollers or wheels, metal rails sunk in the floor, and has come in safety. ... I shall often wrap myself
a guiding slot and T iron at the top, are required in your affection, otherwise called my Shetland
for the combined movability and firmness of these shawl (by the way, the brown border is perfect).
novel shelves, whose construction seems to have I confess I tremble a little at the prospect of your
been suggested to Mr. Little by a notable paper of seeing me in the flesh. At present I have the
Mr. Gladstone's in “ The Nineteenth Century” for charm of a “Yarrow unvisited.' As to the portrait,
March, 1890, on the housing of books. Other I am not one bit like it — besides, it was taken
papers and discussions, especially on branch libraries eight years ago. Imagine a first cousin of the old
in schoolhouses, engaged the attention of the Insti Dante's — rather smoke-dried - a face with lines
tute members in session in New York. The mem- in it that seem a map of sorrows. These portraits
bership of this body, a sort of doubly distilled and seen beforehand are detestable introductions, only
highly concentrated American Library Association, less disadvantageous than a description by an
now entering on its seventh year, comprises a little ardent friend to one who is neither a friend nor
more than half a hundred of our leading library ardent.” Curiously sensitive as to her personal
workers, with a managing board made up of such looks was George Eliot, for one of such vigor of
well-known librarians as John Cotton Dana, Frank intellect and strength of character. Readers of her
P. Hill, Arthur E. Bostwick, Henry J. Carr, Thomas novels will recall her occasional passing references
L. Montgomery, William T. Peoples, and Henry M. to the crushing sense of shame one feels at a sudden
Utley.
glimpse, in a mirror or in the unfriendly words of
THE MOVEMENT FOR A FREYTAG MEMORIAL
another, of oneself in the least becoming light, or
of some sort, to adorn his native town of Kreuz-
of one's least prepossessing feature. Something
burg in Upper Silesia, will appeal to the German-
more than a coolly objective treatment of the
matter seems to reveal itself in these references.
American lovers of that author, and probably also
to some Americans with no Teutonic blood in their
Can it be that George Eliot cherished a lifelong
veins, but with a love of Freytag's books in their
feminine yearning for that personal beauty that
hearts. In a call for coöperation in this good work,
was so notably denied her ?
we are reminded, in sentences unmistakably German
even in their English dress, that “Gustav Freytag THE INDESTRUCTIBLE IDENTITY OF SHAKE-
has, like no other, disclosed the comprehension of SPEARE forms the subject of a characteristic paper
national life and feeling. He drew in vigorous by Mr. Andrew Lang in the current “Cornhill.”
pictures the rise of the German people, and the That the plays and poems of William Shakespeare
figures in his works preach the knowledge that only were written by some other man of the same name,
German power and a true German spirit are capable as has been recently argued, is vehemently disputed
of giving a rich meaning even to the brilliant picture by Mr. Lang, who selects as the special foeman
of the present.” The petition continues : “ In the worthy of his steel Mr. G. G. Greenwood, author
national life of our people will Gustav Freytag ever of “The Shakespeare Problem Restated.” Here
stand as an admonisher and leader, particularly in is the whole matter in a nutshell, from the body of
the east provinces, whose child he was. For this Mr. Lang's clear and convincing statement of the
reason awoke also in his native town Kreuzburg the case: “When contemporaries of Shakespeare wrote
thought of placing a memorial to their greatest and about Shakespeare's plays and poems, they had no
most renowned son, in order that his spirit may | reason to add, “We mean the plays and poems of
remain alive. In the old German town, which more Mr. William Shakespeare of My Lord of Leicester's
than six hundred years ago was founded by the servants, or of the King's servants.' There was
Knights of the Red Star and the German colonists, no other William Shakespeare in the public eye;
the memorial shall be erected, and in the year 1916, everyone concerned with the stage and literature
to celebrate the hundredth return of Gustav Frey knew well who William Shak — any spelling you
tag's birthday, be unveiled. But for this purpose please — was. Mr. Greenwood does not seem to
the support of the more distant circles of the German understand that an important actor in the greatest
people is necessary. American subscriptions are re dramatic company of the age, one of the King's
quested to be sent to Messrs. Schulz and Ruckgaber, servants, a groom of the Royal Bedchamber, was a
bankers, New York, No. 11 William Street, on notable figure in the town; and that as no other
credit of Messrs. Eichborn & Co., Breslau." | William Shakespeare or Shakspere was notable,


1911.)
243
THE DIAL
critics who wrote about William Shakespeare's | further enriched with the valuable collection of
plays did not need to tell their readers who William paintings and statuary acquired by Dr. and Mrs.
Shakespeare was, did not need to say we mean the Pearson in their foreign travels. This generous
actor."" Neither Homer nor Shakespeare will sell act, together with his recent gift of fifty thousand
his life otherwise than dearly so long as the hand dollars to the Chicago City Missionary Society, seems
that wrote the foregoing is able to grasp a pen. to indicate that Dr. Pearson's late valedictory as
public benefactor was not meant in entire serious-
A POPULAR AUTHOR'S MOST DANGEROUS RIVAL
ness, and that he had not at that time quite reached
is not infrequently himself at his best — which is
the bottom of his apparently inexhaustible purse.
often an earlier, fresher, delightfully surprising and
unsuspectedly gifted self whom he is never after THE HUNGARIAN WAY OF REWARDING GENIUS
ward able to equal. Mr. Kipling, for example,
seems to be a very agreeable way for the beneficiary.
seems to many of his admirers never to have dis-
Among the illustrated books of last Christmas it
played such brilliance as in those first short story
may be remembered that Mr. Willy Pogány's
masterpieces with which he astonished two hemi.
strikingly beautiful and appropriate dress for “The
spheres. The recent death of Mrs. Katherine Cecil
Ancient Mariner” elicited warm and merited praise.
Thurston recalls the international success of her None of the color books of the season surpassed it in
early novel (the second from her pen), “The
excellence. Now there comes word from Budapest
Masquerader,” known in England as “John Chilcote,
that the Hungarian government has bestowed upon
M.P.," and known in translation to German, French,
the accomplished illustrator a mark of its recognition
Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish readers. Its pub-
of his genius by purchasing the originals of several
lication dates seven years back, but neither “The
of the “ Ancient Mariner” drawings and by present
Gambler,” nor “The Fly on the Wheel,” nor any. |
ing him a neat little gift of ten thousand francs,
thing else that she afterward wrote, achieved the
or its equivalent in the money of the Magyars.
fame of that ingeniously planned and skilfully exe-
cuted earlier piece of work. Mrs. Thurston was
THE TEACHING OF THE ART OF PRINTING has
barely in her thirties when she died, and might very been undertaken by two widely different institu-
possibly have gone on to higher things in fiction tions, Harvard University and the International
than she had yet attained. Surely, a writer's mature Typographical Union. The university course is a
productions ought, other things being equal, to be
| general one which aims to fit the student to conduct
his best; but the fact remains, striking from its very a printing establishment and to produce printing
anomaly, that they not always are his best.
that conforms to the canons and best traditions of
the art. The Typographical Union's course is
A REVIVAL OF THE OLD-TIME " LYCEUM LEC-
arranged with the active coöperation of “The Inland
TURE” is promised in the coming lectures in this
this Printer" in Chicago, and to some extent specializes
country of Mrs. Margaret L. Woods of London,
in the higher grades of display work. The results
formerly of Oxford, where her father and her hus-
of both experiments will be watched with interest.
band were connected with the university. Among
those from whom Mrs. Woods has letters of introduc-
tion are Mr. James Bryce, Mr. Frederic Harrison,
and Mrs. Humphry Ward. Mr. Harrison writes SOME ENGLISH LITERARY FAMILIES.
of her: “No academic lecturer can possess the
charm of a brilliant woman of the world.” For the
(Special Correspondence of THE DIAL.)
last quarter of a century she has been in familiar Literary families are perhaps not as common as
intercourse with many of those prominent in liter. we might expect. Genius in general does not appear
ature and in education in her own country, and she | to descend from parents to children as inevitably as
has been much in society. As a woman of letters, certain other characteristics, such as gout or a hooked
Mrs. Woods is known on both sides of the Atlantic nose. In the arts of music and painting there have
for her novels, “A Village Tragedy," “ Esther been more notable examples than in letters. The
Vanhomrigh,” “The Vagabonds," and others. Her family of Bach must easily distance all competition
American lectures, some of which are expected to in this respect: it was of importance in the musical
be on historical subjects, will begin in November, world for nearly two hundred years. The brothers
with one at the British Embassy in Washington. Van Eyck uphold worthily the honor of a great
family of painters. When we search the records of
THE LATEST GIFT OF A VETERAN PHILANTHRO literature, it is chiefly among the smaller fry that
PIST is that in which Dr. Daniel K. Pearson conveys we discover similar instances. Talent may be trans-
his old homestead in Hillsdale, Ill., to the public mitted, but hardly genius. The latter, indeed, may
library trustees of that town, not to be itself used be defined as a predisposition to the abnormal, apt
as a library building, as was first planned, but to be to manifest itself in slightly different forms in suc-
sold, with four acres of the land on which it stands, ceeding generations. The child of a poet may dis-
the proceeds to be devoted to the erection of a suit- play a predilection for drawing, even as the son of
able structure for the village library, which is 1 a gouty patient may be liable to eczema. The artis.


244
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
tic instinct assumes many forms: it is not so stable in our youth, it oppresses me to reflect how time has
a matter as the instinct for money-making, which is | robbed us of our pristine simplicity. The story –
common not only to certain families but to whole it was “ Vixen" — affected me with a mild wonder.
races. For all that, the inheritance of a predisposi It seemed incredible that our hearts could have
tion toward writing is not rare; the rarity lies in the thrilled (as they undoubtedly did) over the machine
descendant achieving the success one would expect made sufferings of the heroine, the obvious misun-
from the child of so distinguished a parent.
derstandings that delayed the inevitable and happy
Probably in many cases the celebrity of the father consummation. But on reflection I perceived that
is the undoing of the son. Comparisons are naturally it was the manner rather than the matter that
invited between the second wearer of a famous name now troubled me; the little tricks of language carry-
and the great original; there is even a spice of ani- | ing us back to mid-Victorian days, the point of view
mosity in the attitude of the public toward the upstart characteristic of that curiously cramped epoch. For
who has dared to use the honored patronymic. For as far as mere plot goes, Mr. Maxwell has handled
this reason, sons and daughters of celebrated artists in “ Vivien” perhaps the most threadbare of all
who intend to practise in the same field may be ad situations — that of the nobleman and the poor
vised to select other names. With daughters, this governess, and has convincingly demonstrated that
is comparatively a simple matter; they can — and | anything can be made absorbing provided it is dealt
generally do - marry; sometimes they make assur with in the right manner.
ance doubly sure by assuming a pen-name as well. The Kingsley family, of whom “Lucas Malet”
For example, the daughter of the late Charles is now the chief literary representative, possesses a
Kingsley, known in private life as Mrs. St. Leger long and worthy list of writers. Charles, Henry, and
Harrison, writes and has written for many years | George, the three brothers, all made their mark in
under the name of Lucas Malet ; Thackeray's daugh- the world of letters. There has been a tendency of
ter, marrying Mr. Richmond Ritchie, saw her hus. | late years to exalt the author of “Ravenshoe" at
band receive the honor of knighthood, and became the expense of the author of “ Westward Ho!”
Lady Ritchie, under which title she still turns out But as a poet and a writer for children Charles
a certain amount of literary work, including the Kingsley had qualities that will probably keep his
introductions to the recent “ Centenary Biographical name alive when Henry Kingsley is forgotten.
Edition” of her father's works. And, conversely, George, the third brother, is still remembered for
the son of that famous novelist of our youth, Miss “ South Sea Bubbles," a book of travel which he
Braddon, can employ his very considerable talent wrote in collaboration with the Earl of Pembroke.
without any danger of confusion, since the author It is curious that he too had a daughter who carried
of “ Lady Audley's Secret” still remains faithful in on the literary tradition — Miss Mary Kingsley,
fiction to her maiden name.
who wrote “Travels in West Africa” and lectured
I think the succession of Mr. W. B. Maxwell to several scientific gatherings on the fauna, flora,
and Miss Braddon is possibly the best example we and folk-lore of that district. This talented lady
possess of inherited talent. The son seems to appeal was certainly more “true to type” than her more
to much the same class of reader as his mother, and famous cousin, the author of “Sir Richard Cal.
to have achieved much the same kind of success. mady,”
He is popular, but also is a good craftsman; there Both the Coleridges and the Tennysons have
is always thought in his novels, and sometimes they contributed several names to the world of letters.
rise to a very high level. I consider “ The Guarded The former is perhaps the most literary family of
Flame" one of the best books of its sort that have them all. The old poet, friend of Wordsworth and
appeared for several years. Mr. Maxwell is dis Southey, had four children, of whom one died young.
tinctly good with his women — which perhaps may The remaining three, Hartley, Sara, and Derwent,
be part of his inheritance. He displays sometimes all became well known as authors. Hartley was a
an almost uncanny knowledge of the daily life of master of the sonnet form, and an exceptionally
shop-girls and governesses and lady companions. In gifted critic. Sara wrote, among other things,
his latest book, “Mrs. Thompson," he has given us * Phantasmion : A Fairy Tale,” the songs in which
an admirable picture of the Woman of Business. were much admired by Leigh Hunt and other
His men, on the other hand, are usually poor crea critics. Derwent became a distinguished scholar
tures by comparison. He has thus discovered the and author, and left two children, Christabel and
formula for the successful novel — which is, briefly, Ernest Hartley, the former well known as a novelist,
to make your feminine interest the stronger. “ Lay the latter as a critic and writer of biography. Then,
all your emotional stress upon the woman," says the too, there remain a whole list of nephews and great-
expert; for women, who are the great novel-readers, nephews, ranging from the late Lord Chief Justice
like to see their own sex well in the limelight. I of England, whose addresses and papers would fill
After reading one of Mr. Maxwell's recent novels, a substantial volume, to Arthur Duke Coleridge,
I took up again a story of his mother's, with some author of " Eton in the Forties," and his daughter
idea of seeing whether any family likeness were Mary E. Coleridge, a well-known writer of fiction
traceable in the two methods. When I remember who died some four years ago. Sir John Taylor
how the books of Miss Braddon used to enthral us | Coleridge shonld not be omitted. After Gifford's


1911.]
245
THE DIAL
retirement he edited the “Quarterly Review” for a on the road to popularity, as was to be expected
short time, resigning in favor of Lockhart after a from a man who began his literary career with
year's service; later, he published an excellent edi poems and essays. At the present moment he and
tion of “Blackstone's Commentaries," and, when a Mr. E. V. Lucas are perhaps the only two writers
very old man, produced a pleasant “Memoir of John who have succeeded in making the gentle art of
Keble.”
essay-writing pay in this country. Mr. R. H.
Against this galaxy of talent, the Tennyson clan Benson, the third brother, a priest in the Roman
make only a moderate show. But it must not be Catholic Church, has specialized with good results
forgotten that the late Laureate's first volume, in what may be termed the religious novel. Of late
“ Poems by Two Brothers,"contained several pieces years the three have produced between them so
by his brother Charles, afterward better known as many books that hardly a list of recent publications
Charles Tennyson-Turner, whose “Century of Son can be found that does not contain one of their
nets " still remains a fairly popular gift-book. The names. The Archbishop himself was a zealous and
second peer, and present holder of the title, has, I learned antiquarian, whose “Cyprian” would have
believe, written verse; he has certainly been respon- | brought fame to a smaller man.
sible for a worthy memoir of his father, in two vol.
E. H. LACON WATSON.
umes. But perhaps the pious duty of compiling a London, England, Sept. 18, 1911.
father's “ Life and Letters ” scarcely comes within
the province of pure literature. A grandson of the
poet, a second Alfred Tennyson, had his first novel
reviewed recently in the public press.
COMMUNICATIONS.
Perhaps the celebrated Darwin family would be
more justly considered under the head of science
DECEPTIVE ILLUSTRATIONS.
than literature. But the dividing line between the
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
two is a thin one, and the earliest member of the The writing of books illustrative of English life in
race to gain renown combined the two fields in a
past centuries seems to be a special penchant of Ameri-
manner peculiarly his own. Probably it was the
can scholarship to-day. During the last decade, for
fashion of the age, rather than any decided poetic
example, quite a dozen volumes have been published,
inspiration, that induced Erasmus Darwin, grand.
which attempt by copious illustration and citation to
throw light upon the ordinary conditions of life in
father of the yet more famous Charles, to couch his
sixteenth-century England. In many cases it would
“ Botanic Garden” and “ Loves of the Plants” in
appear that the pictures generously introduced into all
the rhymed heroic couplets of the eighteenth century. these books have received less careful attention than
At heart, he was scientist rather than poet; but his modern scholarship requires to be given to data pre-
florid pomp of language no doubt procured him sented in writing. Pictures illustrating conditions in
readers who would have left a plain prose statement one century are frequently ascribed to another; many
of his theories severely alone. In his “Zoðnomia”
are so vaguely or erroneously labelled as to convey
he anticipated some of the views of Lamarck. His
entire misapprehension; while in a number of instances
purely conjectural modern sketches, sometimes contain-
son, Robert Waring Darwin, is not reported to have
ing obvious impossibilities, are put side by side with
written anything of note; but his two grandsons,
genuine contemporary illustrations, without any kind of
Erasmus and Charles, inherited respectively both his discrimination or warning. In other words, in the iin-
taste for letters and his spirit of scientific specula portant matter of illustration the compilers of books on
tion. The author of “ The Origin of Species” left social and literary history often show themselves several
in his turn four sons, all of whom have done some generations behind the ordinary standards of present-
thing to maintain the honor of the family. The pres-
day learning in accuracy and candor.
ent Sir George Darwin is the best known of the four;
Has not the time come to demand that the pictures
he became Professor of Astronomy and Experi-
introduced into works on social and cultural conditions
be subjected to the same investigation which is given to
mental Philosophy at Cambridge in 1883.
other testimony, - that each be clearly and precisely
Coming down again to the present generation,
labelled, and that those which have genuine value as
I can recall no instance of a family of authors to
contemporary evidence be definitely distinguished from
compare with the Bensons. The three sons of the
the great number of more or less imaginary fabrica-
late Archbishop of Canterbury seem to share in tions ?
almost equal degree their considerable gift of
Several very glaring examples of carelessness in
awakening the public interest. They all not only selecting and explaining illustrations occur in Sidney
write with ease and a certain distinction, but (which Lanier's “Shakespeare and his Forerunners,” published
is more surprising), with success. It would be by Doubleday, Page & Company in 1902. Inasmuch
difficult for anyone not actually in the trade to say
as the work appeared posthumously, Lanier cannot
which of the three had the largest circle of readers.
| himself be burdened with the misconduct of the person
The author of “ Dodo” and “ The Vintage " was
who seems quite recklessly to have brought together
the numerous pictures. However, the mottoes which
the earliest of the brothers to achieve fame, for he
accompany these pictures occasionally involve such not-
wrote the first-mentioned novel at the early age able blunders as inevitably to reflect discredit upon the
of twenty-five. Mr. A. C. Benson, who was until entire book. On pp. 98f. of the second volume, Mr.
recently a master at Eton, was considerably longer | Lanier has some rational observations on the shape and


246
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
dramatic use of the Tudor inn-yard. At this point the with astonishment: “Tragedies and Comedies collected
illustrator has inserted a cut of what he terms an “Old into one volume. Viz. 1. Antonio and Mellida. 2.
Inn showing Courtyard in which Plays were performed." Antonio's Revenge. 3. The Tragedie of Sophonisba.
This picture, however, instead of representing an Eliza 4. What you Will. 5. The Fawne. 6. The Dutch
bethan tavern, is in reality a reproduction of the eight Courtezan. . . . 1633." The picture, of course, repro-
eenth century coaching inn of the “ Bull and Mouth," duces the first page of the earliest anonymous impression
Aldersgate Street. The same view appears, accurately of John Marston's works, as the specific list of contents
entitled, in Sir Walter Besant's “ London” (1892), and sufficiently shows. The hasty collector of pictures for
an account of the “Bull and Mouth" (« Boulogne Mr. Lanier's book has presumably leaped to the startling
Mouth”) can be found in Thornberry's “Old and New conclusion that the “Tragedies and Comedies” men-
London,” ii., 219. The absurdity of palming off this tioned were the work of Jonson, because some one has
late eighteenth or early nineteenth century scene as a written in ink across the particular copy of the title-page
genaine representation of the sixteenth-century inn-yard photographed the words “Ben: Jonson.” This scrawl
used for plays must be obvious to all who glance at the may evidence the honest delusion of some seventeenth
high post-chaises, the piles of trunks on the ground, and century possessor of the volume, but surely it is deplor-
the tall hats, pigeon-tailed coats, and long trousers of able that so transparent a blunder should be given cir-
the travellers. These clear evidences of date are, fur culation and support in a reputable modern work.
thermore, supplemented by the tell-tale legend “Coffee Unsigned manuscript notes on title-pages and fly.
Room" over a door in the left foreground. The drink- leaves of early books are notoriously untrustworthy.
ing of coffee was not introduced commonly till a century Yet such annotations on pictures are often accepted
after the time which the picture purports to illustrate; | without any investigation. The Lanier book repeats
and the word “coffee-room," first instanced in the New soberly, under a sketch of a man with drum and tabor
English Dictionary from “The Spectator," 1712, can (vol. ii, p. 144), the description written in an eighteenth
hardly have been applied to a special room in a coaching century hand, " Richd: Tarleton. Actor in Shakesperes
inn before the close of the eighteenth century. Apart Plays.” It is probable that the picture does represent
from the critical offence involved, serious misconception a sketch of Tarleton; but no serious writer would to-day
must arise from thus presenting a comparatively modern refer to Tarleton, who died in 1588, as an actor in
picture as illustrative of conditions at least two centuries Shakespeare's plays, in the absence of any serap of
earlier. The inn-yard portrayed, though containing evidence, and in view of the fact that the poet's first
several interior galleries, is entirely different in shape independent play, “Love's Labor's Lost," is now almost
from its small rectangular predecessors of the Tudor universally dated later than 1590.
era, and could never have been employed practically It is perhaps not unpermissible to dwell at length
for dramatic presentation.
upon these particular inaccuracies, because they seem
Many similar examples of inaccurate or misleading to illustrate, with no very excessive exaggeration, a
illustration can be found in the two volumes of this same prevalent vice of the day. The rage for illustration has
book. No serious objection should perhaps be urged passed from the magazine to the serious text-book; and
against the reproduction of a picture called “ An Early it is yet little realized, apparently, that pictures irres-
English Mystery Play” (vol. i., p. 298) from Thomas ponsibly selected, and inserted without adequate investi-
Sharp's “Dissertation on the Coventry Mysteries," gation, can easily lead to more serious misapprehension
1825. However, one might reasonably expect some than would result from glaring error in the letter-press.
warning as to the entirely conjectural nature of this
C. F. TUCKER BROOKE.
sketch, which Sharp states to have been drawn to his
Yale University, September 22, 1911.
order, at the beginning of the nineteenth century,
according to what he imagined to have been fifteenth
century conditions.
A REVIVAL OF LEARNING IN ICELAND.
A couple of pages previous (vol. i., p. 296) there
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
appears a picture entitled “ An Early English Puppet At first blush it would seem an ill-advised undertak-
Theatre. From a 14th-century MS.” The manuscript ing to found a real university on an island so remote,
referred to is in the Bodleian (MS. Bodl. 264), and so sparsely settled, so poor, as Iceland. Indeed, even
the picture in question was first reproduced by M. a member of the Althing (the Icelandic Parliament)
Jusserand in the “ Furnivall Miscellany ” volume, branded the project as a “ bloodless idea ” as late as
published the year before Mr. Lanier's book (1901). 1891. And more than once the Danish overlord re-
M. Jusserand explains this picture, and another from jected resolutions looking in that direction for what
the same manuscript, as illustrating a fourteenth were thought adequate reasons.
century pageant with real actors; and there seems no Yet at a nearer examination, the fervid wish of many
doubt that he is right when we find by referring to M. Icelanders for a truly national institution of higher leam-
Charles Magnin's “ Histoire des Marionnettes en Eu ing - which wish has now become realized – proves to
rope" (Paris, 1862), that pappet theatres are entirely be far from unreasonable. In a very real way it means
unrecorded in England, as well as in France, till two to them the beginning of a renascence which will, it is
centuries after the date of the manuscript containing fondly hoped, bring Iceland once more to the forefront
the picture.
among cultured nations. The Icelanders, to a man, are
The reader who casually turns over the pictures in ever conscious of the proud fact that it was their fore-
Mr. Lanier's book will probably have his attention fathers who gave the Edda to the world; who created
drawn, even before he has noticed any of the errors just the Saga literature, the only purely Germanic literature
mentioned, to what pretends to be a reproduction of the to be reckoned with seriously; who founded the first
« Title-page of Ben Jonson's Tragedies and Comedies" | republic of modern times altogether independent of
(vol. ii., p. 148). Here, instead of finding a facsimile | classical influence.
from the well-known 1616 Folio of Jonson, one reads / In the Middle Ages, Iceland was well supplied with


1911.]
247
THE DIAL
HA
cloisters in which the torch of native learning and litera to make the formal opening coincide with the hundredth
ture burned brightly, whilst a remarkable tolerance per anniversary of the birth of Iceland's greatest son of
mitted the spirit of ancient Heathendom once more to modern times (born June 17, 1811, died Dec. 7, 1879),
express itself fully before succumbing altogether to who is fondly called the Gladstone of Iceland, - and,
Christianity. With its subjugation under Norway, in indeed, shared with the English statesman his nobility
the middle of the thirteenth century, the lamentable of character, his enormous industry, and his astonishing
downfall of the erstwhile wealthy and powerful island versatility. Historian, philologist, publicist, economist,
may be said to have begun. Wrongful monopolies he left works of enduring value in each of these fields;
sucking the life-blood of the country, terrible volcanic but by far his greatest monument is the successful con-
eruptions, earthquakes, floods, together with the repeated duct of the long constitutional struggle with Denmark
fearful visitations of the Black Death, well-nigh ruined which resulted in practically complete independence.
the land and reduced the population to misery and On June 17 his memory was honored in the simple yet
despair. The island, which is calculated to have had a impressive ceremonies marking the commencement of
hundred thousand inhabitants during its palmy days, at the “ Háskóli Islands.”
the beginning of the last century counted but a score of In his inaugural address, Rector Björn M. Olsen, the
thousands of poverty-stricken cotters and fishermen. distinguished philologist, dwelt on the peculiar national
But the love of learning had never quite died out mission of the new institution. Its chiefest call, he
among the people. At the very first meeting of the thinks, is to inspire and rejuvenate his small but historic
Althing, after a separate constitution had been granted nation, to give it heart in its hard struggle for its right-
to the island in 1845, their aspirations were voiced in a ful place among modern communities. It is to be the
petition, handed in by Icelandic students in Copenhagen, focus in which are concentrated the rays of culture from
that provision for higher public instruction should forth the great outer world, and its function will be to distri-
with be made. The first result of this demand was bute them again among the people. To the native
the Clerical Seminary at Reykjavik, founded in 1847. student it will furnish instruction in branches which
Harder still it was to obtain the consent of the Danish were taught indifferently, if at all, at Copenhagen; in
government for the establishment of a Medical School Icelandic law (which shows many features peculiarly its
(1876). Even more difficult it proved to found a Law own); and in medicine and surgery, as adapted to the
School. Bills looking in that direction were killed,
peculiar conditions of their practice on the island. It is
time and again, in the legislature for almost half a also hoped that a modest number of foreign students
century; and when finally passed they were promptly will avail themselves of the unique opportunity to learn
vetoed by the king, until the royal sanction was at last « on the spot," Icelandic history, language, and litera-
obtained in 1904.
ture, under acknowledged authorities. To the Icelanders
The founding of a real University was not seriously tbemselves, however, it is not to act like a Chinese
considered until 1891, and again in 1893, when a bill wall, still further shutting them off from cultural inter-
for it was passed by both divisions of the Althing, but course with the world, as opponents of the project had
was vetoed by King Christian XI. Indeed, conditions feared, but rather as an effective mediator with it.
then were as yet scarcely advanced enough to justify Norway, it was pointed out, “sprang up like a strong
the step. The matter was not publicly broached again | steel spring" after the establishment of a national
for a number of years; but public-spirited men and University
LEE M. HOLLANDER.
women kept the cause alive, even collecting some little Madison, Wis., September 20, 1911.
money for the parpose. In due time (1907), the legis-
lature passed a resolution instructing the Government
to appoint a commission to work out plans for establish-
THE ENGLISH AND AMERICAN “FIRST FOLIO”
ing a University of four faculties, to be substituted for
EDITIONS OF SHAKESPEARE.
the professional schools already existing. Accordingly,
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
this committee reported at the next session of the In commenting on some minor errors in Jaggard's
Althing (1909), recommending a constitution based, in Shakespeare Bibliography, the reviewer of that work,
its chief features, on the Norwegian University regula | in your issue of Sept. 16, makes the following statement:
tions of 1905, which resemble those of the typical Con “There is no key-reference to the First Folio' edition
tinental universities. Excepting for minor changes, this (1906) of Misses Porter and Clarke under Miss Porter's
was adopted and made a law on July 30, 1909, Iceland name, though it may be found under Miss Clarke's.
having meanwhile become practically autonomous as to The edition itself is described only in the London im-
its internal affairs.
print of G. G. Harrap, and the number of volumes given
A more unpretentious, not to say insignificant, begin- | as 13, which does not bring it to date.”
ning could hardly be imagined. The yearly appropria As a matter of fact, the English “ First Folio" edi-
tion for the newly-fledged university was scarcely tion is not at all uniform with the American “First
$15,000 — a sum which will, however, with rigid econ Folio" edition now in course of publication by Messrs.
omy, and in Iceland, go ten times as far as with us. Crowell & Co., though both bear the names of Miss
There will be two full professors and one docent in the Charlotte Porter and Miss Helen A. Clarke as editors.
department of Theology, two professors in the Law The English edition, published by Messrs. George G.
school, two professors and six special instructors in Harrap & Co., is complete in 13 volumes, of larger
Medicine, two professors in the historical-philological size than the American edition. Several plays are
department. Instruction is, of course, given only to included in each volume, while the American edition is
graduates of a "gymnasium,” whose number is hardly on the basis of a volume to each play. I have not com-
expected to be more than a few score for the present. pared the two editions to ascertain whether or not the
To start with, the institution will be housed in the spa- | editorial apparatus is the same in each case.
cious upper stories of the Public School at the capital,
B. R. W.
Reykjavik. In honor of Jón Sigurdsson, it was decided | Chicago, September 25, 1911.


248
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
the veon, constituted the cabinets of elles, Sec
The New Books.
rambling and strange harangue, which was
listened to with pain and mortification by all
his friends. My impressions were that he was
A STERN CENSOR OF CIVIL WAR AFFAIRS.* under the influence of stimulants, yet I know
It took only the first instalment in “ The
| not that he drinks." His impression as to the
Atlantic Monthly,” two years ago, to demon-
cause of Johnson's muddled speech was soon
strate that the diary of Gideon Welles, Secre confirmed ; and yet in the end Secretary Welles
tary of the Navy in the cabinets of Lincoln and
was to become one of Johnson's most loyal and
Johnson, constituted an historical document of unflinching supporters throughout the whole of
the very foremost rank for the period of the his stormy and unpopular administration. We
Civil War and the early years of Reconstruc-
can do no better here than to quote a paragraph
tion. Editor of “ The Hartford Times” as
from Mr. John T. Morse's Introduction to the
early as 1826, and contributor at various times
Diary.
to the editorial columns of many papers, Welles “The picture of Andrew Johnson is altogether the
was a writer by inveterate habit, regularly pas-
most favorable which has ever been given, at least
with any authority, of that unfortunate man. It de-
sing his evenings in jotting down in “the red
serves to be studied with great interest, for, as has
books," as his family called them, the important been said, Mr. Welles was a very shrewd and very fair
events of the day and his comments thereon. judge of men. He had a high esteem for Johnson,
He had the old-fashioned New England con-
which was not only the loyalty of an office-holder
towards his chief, but was also a sincere esteem and
science, not prone to gloss over faults in the
genuine personal liking. It is safe to assume that the
interest of expediency or good fellowship; and excited partisanship of the times somewhat stimulated
during the period of his cabinet service there these sentiments ; yet he was not thus prevented from
was no dearth of faults for his consideration. often criticizing his leader, and he seems in the main
His standards of official duty were rigid and
even-minded and judicious. It may be that the publi-
cation of these volumes will lead to at least a partial
hard to reach, and his pen was severe against
revision of popular opinion concerning our only im-
failure to come up to the mark. And yet he peached President.”
strove always to be just. A first unfavorable
In Grant, Mr. Welles saw early, what all but
impression with him never meant absolute and
blind partisans were to see later on, the ease
irreversible condemnation, as it often does with
with which he could be entangled and used by
a class of men whose harshness of speech might
dishonest schemers: the failing so aptly put by
seem to the superficial observer to stamp them
James Russell Lowell in the last lines to come
as closely akin to him. We may take as an
from his pen:
instance his feeling toward General McClellan.
“ Yet did this man, war tempered, stern as steel
Almost alone at the start he questioned Mc-
Where steel opposed, prove soft in civil sway;
Clellan's fitness for the important work to The hand hilt-hardened had lost tact to feel
which he was called ; and yet it was he who in The world's base coin, and glozing knaves made prey
1862 thwarted the attempt of Secretary Chase
Of him and of the entrusted Commonweal."
to secure from the cabinet a united statement During the Summer of 1867 Mr. Welles wrote
to the President denouncing the General in in his Diary:
violent terms for incapacity, pronouncing him “General Grant has become severely afflicted with
a traitor, and demanding his removal. Harsh
the Presidential disease, and it warps his judgment,
though he was, he had a stern sense of justice,
which is not very intelligent or enlightened at best.
He is less sound on great and fundamental principles,
and insight to recognize such good qualities as vastly less informed than I had supposed possible for
did exist in the various objects of his animad a man of his opportunities. Obviously, he has been
versions; and, still more, he had a good measure tampered with and flattered by the Radicals, who are
of Lincoln's power to see that it was often better
using him and his name for their selfish and partisan
to get along with imperfect instruments than to
purposes."
make changes the effect of which upon an ex-
The attitude of Mr. Welles toward Seward
was expressed in a time-softened manner in
result in serious harm. His connection with
1873, when he published a little volume on
Andrew Johnson began with very untoward
Lincoln and Seward, in reply to an address on
omens. On the evening of Inauguration Day,
| Seward by Charles Francis Adams, wherein
1865, he writes : “ The Vice-President made a
the orator had attributed to Secretary Seward
about all that was most worthy of credit in the
*THE DIARY OF GIDEON WELLES. With an Introduc-
tion by John T. Morse, Jr. In three volumes. Illustrated.
Lincoln administration. In general, the publi-
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
cations of more recent years have tended to strip


1911.]
249
THE DIAL
Seward of much of his glory in the popular
“Had a brief talk to-day with Chase on Financial
imagination; and this Diary militates power-
matters. He seems embarrassed how to proceed, but
being futile in resources is listening to others still more
fully in the same direction. That Seward was
futile. There will, however, come a day of reckoning,
offensively and harmfully meddlesome in mat-
and the Nation will have to pay for all these expedients.
ters over which he had no jurisdiction and con In departing from the specie standard and making irre-
cerning which he was woefully ignorant, is shown
deemable paper its equivalent, I think a great error
again and again ; and if anything in the Diary
was committed. By inflating the currency, loans have
been more easily taken, but the artificial prices are ruin-
tends toward a lower estimate of Lincoln than
ous. I do not gather from Chase that he has any sys-
is generally held since Morse's great biography tem or fixed principles to govern him in his managemen
and other books of recent years, it is the proof of the treasury."
of Lincoln's too-frequent yielding to Seward as The manner in which the negroes were
against more honest and competent advisers. granted the suffrage was severely condemned by
Welles wrote:
Secretary Welles.
“There has been an itching propensity on his part “This whole question of suffrage is much abused.
to have a controlling voice in naval matters with which | The Negro can take upon himself the duty about as
he has no business and which he really does not under intelligently, and as well for the public interest, as a
stand; and he sometimes improperly interferes, as in the considerable portion of the foreign element which comes
disposition of mails on captured vessels. The Attorney amongst as. Each will be the tool of the demagogues.
General has experienced similar improper interference, If the Negro is to vote and exercise the duties of a
more than any other; perhaps none are exempt. But citizen, let him be educated to it. The measure should
the Secretary of State, while meddlesome with others, not, even if the government were empowered to act, be
is not at all communicative of the affairs of his own precipitated when he is stolidly ignorant and wholly
department."
unprepared. It is proposed to do it against what have
Secretary Welles was in sentiment one of the
been and still are the constitutions, laws, usages, and
original Civil Service reformers, and stubbornly
practices of the States which we wish to restore to
fellowship.”
fought for his views on various occasions, -as
when the whole Navy Yard management was
But party gain, apparently within reach, was a
about to be upset because of the resistance of
stronger motive than sober judgment. The
some of the better-minded officers to the de-
temper of the present day, pot very regardful
mand for enforced political assessments. Again
of abstractions concerning human rights, may
and again the Secretary records his disgust with
possibly overestimate the harm done by Negro
Senators and Representatives who overwhelmed
suffrage, but few will deny that the way in which
him with demands for places for their political
that suffrage was perverted by selfishly partisan
henchmen, in spite of obvious unfitness for the
white leaders was harmful and debasing in the
work to be done in the positions sought. In
highest degree, and probably the majority of the
the case of one attempt to seize upon the Navy
most sincere friends of the Negro would now
Yard for political ends, be writes of a visit to
agree that it would have been better for him and
his office by the son of Secretary Seward, with
for all if the gift had been bestowed gradually,
as a fixed standard, not high enough to have
certain papers :
been essentially out of reach, should be attained.
“In these papers a party committee propose to take
the organization of the Navy Yard into their keeping,
There is no chapter of this Diary that is not
to name the Commandant, to remove the Naval Con replete with interest. Intelligent comment on
structor, to change the regulations, and make the some important question yields only to criticism
Navy Yard a party machine for the benefit of party,
of some incompetent, overbearing, or corrupt
and to employ men to elect candidates, instead of
building ships. I am amazed that Raymond [Editor of
politician, always too biting in its expression to
the New York Times '] could debase himself so far as be dull, and always with some little touch of
to submit such a proposition, and more that he expects originality, even if, as in the case of Seward,
me to enforce it.”
the last has been applied so often that the count
An amusing reference to some remarks of is as hopelessly lost as Catullus wanted it to be
Lincoln is appropriate here:
with Lesbia's kisses.