ion in form or thought
to the native spirit; it may still keep the exterior did he make? Mr. Belasco is considered as a
semblance to the newspaper, with its snappy playwright, as an opponent of the Trust, and as
dialogue, its wit, and its local color; but more a stage-manager — or, as Mr. Moses would call
than that, it must reach down to the depths him, a psychologist of the switch-board. In the
of our American life, it must plumb passions development of the drama from the point of
as profound as those which have been exhibited view of form and ideas, Mr. Belasco is not
in the great crises of our history. It is not true revealed as a great contributor. His function
that we have never, save in the days of extreme as a fosterer of drama and as an amazingly
Puritanism, had spiritual struggle,” as Mr. clever stage-manager, especially in the manipula-
Moses avers; and this accordingly cannot be tion of light effects, might better have been
urged as a reason for our not having great drama. treated in a separate chapter on the develop-
Surely the Civil War was as great a spiritual ment of the art of staging. In other words, a
struggle as one can find in the history of any work of this kind were better considered in its
nation; and yet how little literature of any relation to ideas than to individuals.
value was produced as a result of that struggle! The most satisfactory of these chapters is
Big events, vast conflicts, are often barren of that on Clyde Fitch. It is evidently written
literary fruit; whereas an uneventful experience con amore, for one realizes that the author has
like that of Keats, or a period of comparative here a dramatist of great accomplishment and
calm like the lifetimes of Tennyson and Brown of still greater promise unhappily cut short by
ing, will see poetry of a high order. The spir an untimely death. There is, moreover, a unity
itual struggle is within the man, the poet, the in Fitch's work that admits of its being con-
dramatist; and according to his power will his sistently treated in one chapter. Mr. Moses
work be. So it is to the man of genius our eyes grasps the significance of this work admirably,
are turned, and not to any impending spiritual and is not carried beyond critical bounds in his
conflict. There is sufficient emotion pent up in enthusiasm for it. Fitch's plays, for the most
the nation to furnish the response to the appeal part, have the sparkle of clever newspaper inter-
a genius will make.
viewing, the contemporaneousness of the public
Mr. Moses devotes some half-dozen chapters prints; and they have also the human interest
to the leading dramatists of the past forty years and the human appeal which reach farther than
- Bronson Howard, James A. Herne, David the ephemeral “stories" of the press. On the
Belasco, Percy MacKaye and his father, Au other hand, as Mr. Moses points out, they are
gustus Thomas, William Gillette, and Clyde preëminently local – New York rather than
Fitch. And yet even here, where materials are American; and they point the way which Fitch
more abundant and the dramatic product is himself, it seems, was about to take towards
more inspiring, Mr. Moses merely gives us the greater American drama.
chatty comments on works and methods, with Of Mr. Moses's conception of the drama as
necessary though somewhat barren lists of plays expressing the deepest social consciousness of
and dates, rather than anything like exhaustive the people and as depending upon the people
criticism. In fact, one does not need the occa for support, of his estimate of present condi-
sional fling at academic scholarship to infer that tions involving the tyranny of the Trust and the
the author and it are hardly on speaking terms. invasion of the kinetoscope, we have only the
(Witness, Mrs. Aphra Bebn of unblessed warmest commendation. He neither judges
memory appears as “one Afara Behn"). the present product too leniently nor does he
Bronson Howard, who is regarded as the Dean despair of the future. Like Professor Matthews
of the profession — and rightly so — because and Mr. Clayton Hamilton, he sees that the
he stood out first and always for the American poetic drama should be dramatic first and poetic
dramatist as against the foreigner, is not dis | afterwards, if the product is to satisfy the
cussed in such a way as to bring out his signifi | demands of art. Pleasing though the work of
cance as an insurgent against the old order and Miss Peabody is, it sacrifices dramatic propriety
a pioneer in the new. Was it merely that he to poetic flavor, and so suffers. Mr. Martin
used strictly American subjects? How far was Schütze's “Hero and Leander” and “Judith,”
mands of ay is, it sacrificeuffers. Mr. Judith,"


336
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
which singularly are overlooked by Mr. Moses, opposing perfect clearness to obscurity and hazy
are also more poetic than dramatic.
inaccuracy, proves almost too heroic a thing, at
There is no literary form from which more times, for the most resolute courage. Even the
can be hoped in this country that from the severe and impersonal Weimar editors omit
drama. The theatre is the meeting-place for certain of Goethe's manuscript lines — from the
people from all parts of the nation, and in no same considerations of piety, no doubt, which
other way can the writer come into such close prompt the withholding of parts of Washing-
contact with the great public. The dramatist, ton's correspondence from popular knowledge.
as he follows the progress of bis play over the Our author deserves the highest praise for
country, comes to know the common mind and having courageously taken the narrow path of
heart as the novelist cannot. He must make truth, and for having held to it gallantly: while
his appeal so as to reach that mind and heart; there are wide tracts of Goethe's nature which
in other words, he must be as universal as his remain unexplored in this survey, the spoils that
genius will allow and as exalted in his concep are brought in are of priceless value.
tion of the sacredness of his art as his moral Women have ofttimes been the most devoted
consciousness will make possible. As Mr. | worshippers of Goethe and the most efficient
Moses rightly recognizes, the dramatist may promoters of his fame,- one has only to think
not be forced into sudden and rapid growth by of the Berlin cult in the earlier part of the nine-
the aid of endowed theatres and learned com teenth century,—and it is altogether appropriate
mittees to pass on plays — Mr. Percy MacKaye that certain stages in his ever expanding life,
to the contrary notwithstanding. The play- | important sides of his universal nature, should be
wright must meet a public need, and help also interpreted through his friendships with women.
to increase that need. The public will for a In addition to a genial and most agreeable
surprisingly long time feed on chaff, if served style, Miss Crawford's well-proportioned work
with the infinite variety of breakfast-foods, and shows solid scholarly qualities : its point of view
think they are satisfied. But in the end they is intelligent, and it has that freshness which
will demand stronger food, and it is for the comes only from a valiant exploiting of the best
dramatist to give them something better and to sources. There is an almost incredible sanity.
improve his own product. Thereby will he in- and breadth of spirit in dealing with alien val-
crease the public appetite for better things. ues. The author's most illuminating aperçu
JAMES W. TUPPER. lies, perhaps, in her explaining the overwhelm-
ing charm of Frau von Stein, less from that
lady's intellectual kinship to the poet than
GOETHE'S FRIENDSHIPS WITH WOMEN.* from her gift of interested receptivity. Of rare
“Goethe and his Woman Friends” is a com-
moral dignity is the figure of Duchess Louise,
panionable book to read, to enjoy, to re-read,
for which the author has made good use of
and to linger over in affectionate intimacy. The
Fraulein von Bojanowski's distinguished study.
author touches the facts with an entirely legiti-
The quality of the book is admirably sustained
mate enthusiasm that invests these significant
—though it declines somewhat toward the close,
figures with a glowing atmosphere in which it
in the direction of merely entertaining anecdote.
does the soul good to remain.
In a volume which touches upon so many
To treat of Goethe's nearest friendships is an
sharply-outlined personalities, it would be
strange if there were no estimates that seemed
exacting and rather thankless task: some who
have attempted it have become offended to such
open to challenge. For my own part, I cannot
a degree that they have lost all sense of propor-
but feel that the contemptuous treatment of
tion and the power of fair judgment; fully as
the character of Father Goethe is unfair, to the
many myopic Goethe-worshippers (like Düntzer)
very verge of flippancy. I believe that Goethe
seem simply incapable of reckoning with unpleas-
would have been less of a man and a poet had
it not been for “ des Lebens ernstes Führen”
ant facts, and indulge in evasions and symbolic
which he derived from this man of uncompro-
interpretations which outdo the most ingenious
feats of mediæval hermeneutics. The simple
mising and puritan standards. The identifica-
plan of telling ascertained truth inexorably, of
tion of the Margarete of “ Faust” with the
Gretchen of Frankfort involves a salto mortale
*GOETHE AND HIS WOMAN FRIENDS. By Mary Caroline
into the tenuous air of unsupported conjecture;
Crawford. Illustrated. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
THE MOTHER OF GOETHE, By Margaret Reeks. Illus-
while the everlasting identification of Christiane
trated. New York: John Lane Co.
| Vulpius and her life-history with the chief


1911.]
337
THE DIAL
person and surroundings of the Roman Elegies “Trauberspiegel,” “ Eric Smith," “ Kronungs-
is the standing farce in Goethe-criticism : we stadt,” “Brockenheimer,” and the rest, — and
have yet to read a discussion of these infected the excursions into the domain of criticism are
eroticisms which sees the subject steadily and naïve to the point of humor. More respect,
sees it whole. The story of the poet's relation kind English friends, for the integrity of the
to Kätchen Schönkopf (who receives here the great German dead! This sort of publication
married name “ Känne ') needs to be re-written is far more likely to be “ made in Great
in the full light of Goethe's letters after leav. Britain” than in the United States of America,
ing Leipsic. The author hardly makes clear in a fact in which our native scholars may take
what sense Friederike Brion may function as legitimate satisfaction.
Goethe's “ Beatrice.”
JAMES TAFT HATFIELD.
It seems really too bad that in the treatment
of what is styled “the little romance” of Ulrike
von Levetzow (“die lieblichste der licblichsten A TRUE DAUGHTER OF NEW ENGLAND.*
Gestalten"!) there is no mention of the Marien-
Recalling her parents, Miss Jewett emphasized
bad Elegy, perhaps the most compelling verses
three qualities which prevailed in the atmosphere
of the sort ever written, the deep expression of
of her early home:"wit, wisdom, and sweetness.”
Goethe's genuine suffering, the most construc-
These traits were transfused into her own per-
tive embodiment of his religious faith, a poem
sonality, which has been so fully and tenderly
which seems to have left its clear mark on the
revealed by her friend, Mrs. James T. Fields, in
opening lines of “ Locksley Hall.”
the volume of letters which are edited with fine
A list of minor inaccuracies could be drawn
taste and judgment. The graciousness and
up, if it seemed worth while, but the book ex-
“ sweet dignity” which characterized Miss
hibits commendable fidelity in securing trust-
Jewett are found also in this revealment of her
worthy information. Amine of “ Die Laune
life through her letters to various friends in
des Verliebten” appears as “ Arnina” (p. 42). America and England. By far the larger num.
The complacency expressed on page 372 because
ber were written to Mrs. Fields, and the occa-
of the “ non-execution ” of Bettina's sketch of
sional words of the editor are full of understand-
the Jupiter-and-Psychestatuary would have been
ing and affection, as well as a true appreciation
suddenly dashed if the author had chanced to
of the literary worth of one of New England's
enter the hallway of the Weimar Museum, and
most charming and sincere story-tellers.
had been confronted by Steinhäuser's huge
From the days of her childhood - the “white
marble group. The English substitutes for
| mile-stone days ” when she rode with her father
Goethe's finished classical distichs which are
in his doctor's chaise and learned to love nature
offered on pages 210, 440, and 445, are too
and humanity — to the end of her productive
painful for comment; one prefers to walk back-
years, Miss Jewett was impelled by one great
ward with averted gaze. The seventy-seven
purpose: “to make life a little easier for others."
pictures, conscientiously gathered from scattered
She accomplished this service in her neighborly
sources, and nearly all of original historic value,
relations, and also in her work as writer. She
add largely to the worth and attractiveness of
sympathized deeply with the domestic joys and
this distinctly inviting book.
trials of her fellow-villagers, and carried the
same tenderly responsive heart into all places
Over the British life of - The Mother of
where she went. Toward the people whom she
Goethe" we need not linger. It is a beauti-
chose as models for her vital characters, many
fully made book, with remarkably clear and soft
of whom lived near her home, she always kept
pictures, and it will serve to give the unexact-
the attitude of mind of a neighbor and friend ;
ing English reader a fair human acquaintance
never did she assume a touch of the patronizing
with its dynamic and always captivating subject;
ys captivating subject; or curious visitor to the country. She rejoiced
but it lacks both distinction and perspective. It
to be a part of the life which she depicted, and
consists mostly of translations from “ Dichtung
one of her early ambitions was to bring city and
und Wahrheit,” interspersed with too-copious
country people into more intimate and sympa-
extracts from Whewell's deplorable version of
thetic relations. Mrs. Fields writes:
“ Hermann und Dorothea,” which are anything
“Her métier was to lay open, for other eyes to see,
but “ Goetheresque" – to borrow a term from
those qualities in human nature which ennoble their
the work. The sloppy inaccuracy is a constant
* LETTERS OF SARAH ORNE JEWETT. Edited by Annie
irritation: “Evangelene," "die gute Mütter,” | Fields. With portrait. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.


338
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
possessors, high or low, rich or poor; those floods of one of the kings of old, of divine rights and
sympathy to be unsealed in the most uapromising and
sacred seclusions. None of the great gifts I
dusty natures by the touch of a divining spirit. Find-
ing herself in some dim way the owner of this sacred
have ever had out of loving and being with you
touchstone, what wonder that she loved her work and seems to me so great as having seen Tennyson,”
believed in it?”
so she wrote to Mrs. Fields.
In spite of her native dignity and a certain These letters give a partial record of Miss
remoteness of manner, Miss Jewett entered into Jewett's literary likings and indulgences. They
every phase of life with keen senses. She de show wide range of subjects, and “heavy
lighted to drive, to row, to picnic, and to coast doses,” so that one appreciates her fear that
on one memorable occasion on a borrowed sled she “has been overeating with her head.” Her
down the village hillside with such success that impressions of books are keen and critical, in-
her nephew was proud of her reputation among cluding comments on anatomy and politics as
his boy-friends, for “she went down side-saddle well as distinctive literature. In preparation
over the hill just like the rest of the boys." for her “History of the Normans," and her
She loved nature with the trustfulness of a child. historical novel “The Tory Lover,” she cov-
Like Thoreau, she personified the pines and con ered much ground in history. Thackeray and
sidered them her noble friends. The scenic Carlyle were favorites with her, and to Dorothy
beauty of her stories, from “ Marsh Rosemary,” | Wordsworth she gives merited praise, both for
“ White Heron,” and “ The Country Doctor,” | literary skill in “ A Tour in Scotland” and
to “ Deephaven” and “ The Country of the also for her stimulating influence upon her
Pointed Firs,” was inspired by her walks and poet-brother and upon Coleridge. Miss Jewett
drives within a short distance of her Berwick acknowledges a debt to Mrs. Stowe's “ Pearl of
home, and such tales reflected her loving com Orr's Island," as an early incentive to her own
radeship with trees and flowers and birds. The simple New England stories. Although in her
letters contain many exquisite nature-pictures, later work there was greater variety of struc-
often warmed by tender sentiment. A few ture and characters, yet she maintained her
examples may be given.
chosen type of fiction and gave life to what Mr.
“ Hepaticas are like some people, very dismal blue, Kipling calls “the lovely New England land-
with cold hands and faces. ... I believe there is noth scape and the genuine New England nature.”
ing dearer than a trig little company of anemones in a
pasture, all growing close together as if they kept each
She always defended the art of realism.
other warm, and wanted the whole sun to themselves,
“People talk about dwelling upon trivialities and
beside. They had no business to wear their summer
commonplaces in life, but a master writer gives every-
frocks so early in the year." . .. “But, oh! I have
thing weight, and makes you feel the distinction and im-
found such a corner of this world, under a spruce tree,
portance of it, and count it upon the right or the wrong
where I sit for hours together, and neither thought nor
side of a life's account. That is one reason why writing
good books can keep me from watching a little golden
about simple country people takes my time and thought.”
bee, that seems to live quite alone, and to be laying up Again, in 1907, she wrote to Mr. Woodberry
honey against cold weather. He may have been idle
and now feels belated, and goes and comes from his
words of sane, sweet philosophy about her work
little hole in the ground close by my knee, so that I can
and a writer's supreme efforts.
put my hand over his front door and shut him out, - “What a joyful time it is to be close to the end of a
but I promise you and him that I never will. He took long piece of work, and sad too, — like coming into har-
me for a boulder the first day we met; but after he flew bour at the end of a voyage. The more one has cared
round and round he understood things, and knows now to put one's very best into a thing the surer he is to
that I come and go as other boulders do, by glacial ac think that it falls far short of the sky he meant.' But
tion, and can do him no harm. A very handsome little it is certain that everything is in such a work that we
bee, and often to be thought of by me, come winter.” have put in. The sense of failure that weighs the artist
Although Miss Jewett localized her back-
down is often nothing but a sense of fatigue. I always
think that the trees look tired in autumn when their
grounds and characters, and thereby gained in
fruit has dropped, but I shall remember as long as I
vitality and genuineness, she carried her keen remember anything a small seedling apple-tree that
observation and clever descriptive pen upon stood by a wall in a high wild pasture at the White
trips abroad, and wrote delightful impressions
Hills, - standing proudly over its first crop of yellow
apples all fallen into a little almost hollow of the soft
of Whitby and Nassau, of the lilies and night-
turf below. I could look over its head, and it would
ingales of France, and the romantic associations have been a heart of stone that did not beat fast with
of Haworth and the Brontë vicarage. One of sympathy. There was Success ! — but up there against
the rare experiences of her foreign visits was the sky the wistfulness of later crops was yet to come.”
her acquaintance with Tennyson, whom she In passages like this, the reader finds reflections
revered. “He seemed like a king in captivity, of the love of nature and mankind, the poise


1911.]
339
THE DIAL
aud resourcefulness and the bravery and faith can Revolution, however, there emerged in our
of Miss Jewett as woman and author. Although leading cities a permanent class of journeymen
her health was often poor, she never intruded | laborers; and when commercial changes were
a complaint, and her letters, like her stories, taking place which threatened a deterioration
are always hopeful and refreshing. Even after of products and a lowering of the wage scale, it
the accident which cramped her later years of is not surprising to find that these journeymen
activity, she wrote with patience and often with began to unite in clubs for mutual protection,
humor. “Though I feel like a dissected map nor is it surprising to find that the success with
with a few pieces gone, the rest of me seems to which they at times resisted the masters led
be put together right!” Bowdoin College hon them to make demands which at times became
ored itself when it conferred upon Miss Jewett unreasonable.
the degree of Litt.D., and she delighted to be A remedy for this situation, also borrowed
the single sister of so many brothers at Bow from Europe, was at hand. This was the prose-
doin.” The beautiful memorial window to her cution of the troublesome labor-unions for con-
father at this college was one of her dreams spiring to raise wages and otherwise obstruct
come true. Writing to her friend, Mrs. Whit | trade. The records of a number of these Ameri-
man, its designer, she expressed the key-note of can trials for conspiracy were given in some of
her noble spirit and her life of service.
the earlier volumes of the work under review,
“But how the days fly by, as if one were riding the and were referred to in an earlier notice of the
horse of Fate and could only look this way and that, work in The DIAL (October 1, 1910).
as one rides and flies across the world. Oh, if we did
But persecution, whether it be legal or other-
not look back and try to change the lost days! if we can
only keep our faces towards the light and remember
wise, seldom puts an end to a political or social
that whatever happens or has happened, we must hold
movement; and trade unionism in America did
fast to hope! I never forget the great window. I long not cease with the conviction of the conspirators.
for you to feel a new strength and peace every day as Public opinion was far less hostile to the unions
you work at it, - a new love and longing. The light
than it was in England prior to 1825, and the
from heaven must already shine through it into your
heart."
penalities imposed upon the laborers who had
ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE.
entered into these illegal combinations reflect
the more tolerant attitude of the courts and the
people. Nevertheless, these trials did serve
Six DECADES OF TRADE UNIONISM among other causes to bring about a closer union
IN AMERICA.*
of the labor organizations and to cause them to
Ip nearly all its important aspects, the history enter politics. Their desire to be freed from
of the labor movement in the United States re | criminal prosecutions was not, however, the
peats that of Great Britain. English artisans principal cause of the political labor movement
brought the institution of unionism to this which began about 1830. Briefly stated, the
country, and men trained in the English trade political demands of the laboring classes were,
unions have not infrequently been the leaders in (1) free schools supported by taxation; (2) aboli-
the class struggle in America.
tion of imprisonment for debt; (3) mechanics’
The colonial period of our history shows prac-
lien laws; (4) abolition of compulsory militia
tically no trace of this organization of the wage- / service. Professor Commons says:
earners. A permanent wage-earning class was
“These were the primary demands of the labor
almost unknown at this time; and even if indi-
parties. They show that what the working man of the
thirties asked was not mere equality before the law.
viduals could have been found who spent their
He asked to be given a preference over property.
entire lives working for hire, they were the least Instead of an education vouchsafed only to the children
aggressive members of the population, and hence of those who could afford it, he asked that the owners
were not suited to become the leaders of a new
of property be required to pay for the education of
children whose parents could not afford it. Instead of
social movement.
being compelled like owners of property to pay his debts,
With the rapid growth of population and he asked to be exempted from the sacred obligation of
industry which followed the close of the Ameri contracts. Instead of equality with other creditors he
asked that wages take precedence of all other forms of
* A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL
debt.”
Society. Volumes V. and VI., Labor Movement, 1820 |
1840; edited by John R. Commons and Helen L. Sumner.
These demands have long since been granted,
Volumes VII. and VIII., Labor Movement, 1840-1860; and they are now so commonly defended on
edited by John R. Commons. Volumes IX, and X., Labor
Movement, 1860-1880; edited by John R. Commons and
broad social and political grounds that it almost
John B. Andrews. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Co. | surprises us to learn that they ever constituted


340
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
the programme of a single class in the commu- Albert Brisbane introduced Fourierism into the
nity. Yet at the time these demands were made United States; but Professor Commons finds
by the laborers they were firmly resisted by the chief propagandist of this and other “isins”
the propertied classes; nor was the opposition to have been Horace Greeley. Greeley was by
entirely lacking in logic. “One of the chief training and by his natural sympathies a true
incitements to industry among [the working] exponent of radical democracy, and his advocacy
classes," says an editor of that period, “is in the “ Tribune” of the utopian type of
the hope of earning the means of educating socialism did more than anything else to secure
their children respectably or liberally.” Free converts for the movement. Professor Commons
public schools, it was thought, would remove is of the opinion that Greeley's strong advocacy
this incentive to labor. Absurd as this argu of protectionism was due to his desire to aid
ment may seem to-day, it is probably as strong the wage-earner. His doctrine was therefore
as those commonly put forth against the eight | not that of class consciousness, as is that of the
hour working day, or against old-age pensions. | modern political socialist.
The movement for a shorter working day had Brook Farm, and most of the other associa-
its origin with the development of the factory tions which were started under the inspiration
system, and it soon became the principal demand of this utopian movement, failed before the end
of organized labor in the thirties. Throughout of the forties, and their place was taken by the
the century it was probably the most persistent movement to secure equal rights in landed
demand made by the laboring classes, and it property, which was fathered by George Henry
seemed to be logically accompanied by the de. Evans, but received Greeley's support also. By
mands for free schools and the extension of inducing workingmen to go West and take up
manhood suffrage.
land, it was believed that the wages of those
Although the trade-union movement of the who remained in the East would be raised while
thirties did not result in the growth of national at the same time rents would be reduced.
trade-unions, it did lead to local federations of Another movement which made great pro-
them. Precursors of the modern central labor gress between 1840 and 1860, and which was
unions are found in all the important cities of inspired by English success, was that of coöper-
the period, and these city federations created a ation. Although this movement had the sym-
strong feeling of solidarity among the workers, pathetic support of the intellectuals and the
unskilled as well as skilled. Nor was the feel. land-reformers, it was distinctly a working-
ing of sympathy and the desire for coöper class movement. Much was expected of this
ation limited to the workers of a given locality. reform movement; but although some tem por-
In 1834 a National Trades' Union Convention, ary successes were gained in New York and in
made up of delegates from the various city New England, on the whole the results were
federations, was held in New York, and annual disappointing, and the movement was short-
conventions were held thereafter for a period of lived.
four years. Prison labor, coöperation, a shorter In the fifties, the workers once more turned
working day, female labor, and education, were their attention to trade-unionism. The majority
the principal themes of discussion at these con of wage-earners seem to have accepted the belief
ventions. The movement for a shorter working that they were wage-earners for life, and that
day received the support of many persons out their hope of bettering their condition lay in
side of the laboring classes, and it made rapid the frank acceptance of this situation and in a
progress after 1835.
concerted movement to raise the wages and the
The organized labor movement of the thirties standards of living of wage-earners generally,
almost entirely disappeared during the business Again do we witness the agitation for the shorter
depression following the crisis of 1837. Nothing working-day. President Van Buren's order,
very much like this spontaneous uprising and issued in 1810, which made ten hours the length
organization of the laboring classes appeared of the work-day for all government employees,
again until just before the outbreak of the was followed by an agitation to secure legisla-
Civil War.
tion by the States fixing ten hours as the length
In the mean time, the labor movement of the of the working-day for all employees in privately-
forties had taken the form of socialistic agita owned as well as in public establishments. At
tion and communistic experiments. Nowhere first, even the employees believed that the reduc-
did the ideas of Charles Fourier and Robert | tion of working hours would reduce production.
Owen find such fertile ground as in America. | Where machinery was used, less labor would be


1911.]
341
THE DIAL
required, it was said, and higher wages would side the order; and little was known as to its
have to be paid. It was not until after the policies or its membership until 1878, when it
Civil War that Ira Steward gave expression to abandoned its policy of secrecy.
the modern doctrine on which the demand for With the beginnings of the Knights of
the shorter working-day is based.
Labor and of the Patrons of Husbandry, the
“Men who labor excessively are robbed of all ambi “Documentary History of American Industrial
tion to ask for anything more than will satisfy their
Society" comes to an abrupt close. The frag-
bodily necessities; while those who labor moderately
mentary sketch of the labor-movement which
have time to cultivate tastes and create wants in addi-
tion to more physical comforts."
we have just given may afford the reader some
The revival of the trade-union movement in
idea of the scope of the last six volumes of
the work. Of the contents of the hundreds
the later forties and early fifties resulted in the
establishment of several of the national trade-
of documents which Professor Commons and
unions wbich are still in existence. Many more
his colleagues have reprinted, this review can of
were added in the sixties and seventies. The
course give little idea. They include hitherto
unprinted extracts from the records of labor
new unions did not concern themselves much
with coöperation or socialistic agitation, but set
organizations which are now extinct, clippings
from labor periodicals and pamphlets, extracts
themselves the task of raising wages and of secur-
from the minutes of various conventions, and
ing a part of the prosperity which came to the
country in the wake of the California and Aus-
other material from out-of-the-way sources. In
some of the volumes are to be found excellent
tralian gold discoveries. Labor papers made
introductions by the editors, which aid the reader
their appearance in many cities, and the new
to interpret the documents. It is a matter of
unions made great use of the strike and the boy-
cott to accomplish their ends. The city federa-
regret that not all parts of the work have been
thus interpreted. The final volume of the series
tions of the unions reappeared as a factor in the
contains a splendid index and finding-list of the
situation, and there soon began a movement to
sources.
secure a national federation of the workers.
The first efforts proved unsuccessful, but in
The editors are to be congratulated on the
1866 the National Labor Union was formed,
completion of the work, the publishers on the
and for six years it represented in an influential
way in which the material has been dressed,
and the public on the wealth of documentary
way the interests of organized labor throughout
material which has for the first time been made
the country. The National Labor Union started
out with its principal object to secure the eight-
easily accessible to the student.
hour day. It soon became involved in issues
M. B. HAMMOND.
which lay outside the fields of labor interests,
particularly greenbackism and woman's suf-
frage. The organization finally decided to RECORDS OF AN OLD VILLAGE PARISH.*
enter politics; and here it was quickly made
« The Parish Chest in the Vestry," says Dr.
the tool of practical politicians. This ended its
Ditchfield, in his exceedingly interesting book
career.
on English Villages, “usually contains many
The decade which began with 1870 will
documents which are of profound interest to the
doubtless be known as a period characterized student of village antiquities. It contains the
by the growth of secret orders. Some of these, old church wardens' account-books, the parish
like the Molly Maguires and the Ku-Klux Klan, registers, lists of briefs, and often many other
were of an illegal sort. Others kept generally papers and records which bear on the history
within the law, and exercised great influence. of the parish. The old register books record
Such were the Patrons of Husbandry (more com the names of past generations of villagers, and
monly known as the Grange), the Sovereigns many curious facts about the parish and its peo-
of Industry, and the Knights of Industry. ple which are not found in the dull dry columns
Only the two last named were distinctly labor of our modern books.” We have nothing in this
organizations, although in the early days of these country which in historic interest exactly corre-
orders many laborers belonged to the Grange, sponds with the average English village or the
and many who did not labor with their hands English parish. And if such an institution as
were members of the Knights of Labor. So
long as the Knights remained a secret society, | NEW YORK. Edited by Helen Wilkinson Reynolds. Pub-
* THE RECORDS OF CHRIST CHURCH, POTCHKEEPSIE,
it was viewed with much suspicion by those out- | lished by the Vestry. Poughkeepsie, N. Y.: F. B. Howard.


342
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
the parish chest exists it is of very rare occur glebe in 1783, who ran away to Bennington in
rence in the older towns of the Atlantic Coast. the “ New Clames” (Vermont), was “gilty of
What Ditchfield refers to as the receptacle for steeling a hors,” was cast into jail in New York,
valuable historical data may never have existed and altogether involved his new owner in an
in the Hudson River town of Poughkeepsie, but expense of twenty pounds, and was finally sold
the historical treasures which such a chest might | in Carolina at a loss of another twenty pounds.
be expected to yield up are still extant in suffic The vestryman makes a claim upon the parish
ient number to provide material for a history of for one-half his losses in the transaction.
Christ Church Parish from the year 1755 down Other documents relate to the action taken
to a recent date. And in collating and transcrib- by the Committee of Safety against the incum-
ing and preparing for publication the earlier | bent of the parish as a Tory; to the complica-
documents, the accomplished editor has not only tions arising in regard to the possession of the
produced a parish history which might well serve glebe; and to the case of the clergyman called
as a model for others who essay so difficult a task, from Connecticut in 1784, whose coming was
but she has made a valuable coutribution to the delayed for three years because of debts owing
economic history of the older portion of our in New York City, which made him liable to
country and to the religious history of America. arrest and imprisonment if he came to reside
It is a parish history,– hence a large amount within the state. In the subsequent period,
of space in the sumptuous volume of 425 pages while the parish reflects less of the social con-
is allotted to matters of purely local interest. ditions, it yet catches reflections of the history
Yet in the numerous lists of those who bave been of the Episcopal Church; and the editor's suc-
subscribers or members at various times, there cinct statements of the rise and meaning of the
appear names of families and of persons of na various parties and schools of thought within
tional or even world-wide fame. The history the church, and of their influence upon the life
begins with an account of a missionary journey of the parish of which she is writing, serve to
into Dutchess County, made in 1755 by the Rev. accomplish her avowed purpose of making the
Samuel Seabury, Rector of St. George's Church, history of the church of interest to the average
Hempstead, Long Island. His report to the layman.
ARTHUR HOWARD Noll.
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (the
venerable S. P. G.) of his visit to Poughkeepsie
aroused someone to publish a pamphlet, to which
Seabury replied in another pamphlet — all of
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
which was characteristic of the times. Seabury
Pedagogy has been hard hit of late,
made further visits, and was succeeded by a The making of and the blows have fallen generally
missionary sent out by the S. P. G. to reside in
enough to include, if not to concen-
Dutchess County and minister to the Church of trate upon, the advocates of child-study and of the
England people of Poughkeepsie and Fishkill. interpretation of development as the clue to the
For this clergyman a glebe was purchased in goals and methods of training. Professor Kirkpat-
1767. Thus began an alliance between the
rick's volume on “The Individual in the Making"
church people of Poughkeepsie and Fishkill
(Houghton) falls distinctly within the assailed terri-
·which continued, not without mutual inconven-
tory. Yet the criticism, however severe, was not
indiscriminate; and a discriminating judgment would
ience and some litigation, until 1809. In the
leave room for tasks undertaken with a modest spirit
colonial, the revolutionary, and post-revolution-
of their limitations. This volume presents in an
ary periods, the records of the parish throw con-
analytical temper the several periods of the child,
siderable side-light upon the economic conditions the youth, and the man, and gives them a psycholog-
of those times. The account books show that ical and sociological interpretation. It then applies
the surplice ("surplus," " supplus,” or “sur the leading results toward the shaping of an instru-
plush”), used by the busy missionary in chargement that will help to mould character, and towards
of Christ Church, was laundered but once a
| the determination of a goal that will help to guide
year; that a Chippendale card-table served as an
| endeavor. Though by no means superficial — since
the author has done wisely to give himself space
altar in the first church edifice; that the parish
enough to set his topics in a suggestive medium of
purchased a “Tickett in the King's Bridge Lot-
illustration — the conclusions remain on that general
tery"; and, most curious of all, that the parish
level of acceptability and plausibility which prevents
became involved in the ownership of a slave, “a
them from making any more notable impression or
neagro man Jack,” who was taken by one of the attaining any more important position. There has
vestrymen in part payment of the rent of the been over-much literature of this kind, and some of
the individual.


1911.]
343
THE DIAL
the feeble attitudes represented by it are reflected in confidence, shrewdness, a knack of verbal expres-
the make-up of this book. Yet, placed in its class, it sion, and an eye single to the main chance. A hard,
unquestionably stands high. Considering those to glittering world, with everything appraised in terms
whom it is addressed, it will likewise be a useful of pounds, shillings, and pence, is the world of this
book. It will coordinate thinking, and will assimilate commercially successful Jack of all literary trades.
views and attitudes on the part of those whose ap Amazingly alert, intensely high-strung, brilliantly
proach to applied psychology is through the accred versatile, a total stranger to doubt or timidity, and
ited channels of education. The book is not, and is an artist to his fingers' tips, Mr. Bennett has gone
not intended to be, inspirational, but informational. far in the path he has broken for himself, and is
The fact that this type of information is subject to likely to go still further. “ The Truth about an
abuse in inviting shallow generalization must not Author " is as strikingly original, with all its osten-
unduly prejudice one against it.
sible faithfulness to facts, as anything its author has
yet produced
Mrs. John Lane, in her “Talk of the
Light comments on Town” (John Lane Co.) continues
de M. Bernard de Lacombe's volume on
The real life
things of the day. the sort of bright and agreeable
and character “ Talleyrand the Man" (Dana Estes
of Talleyrand.
comment and criticism and suggestion that made her
& Co.) centres about two episodes of
earlier volume, “ The Champagne Standard,” so the great Frenchman's career, one which scandalized
favorably known to a wide circle of readers. The
the friends of the Church and another which scandal-
subject of her very first chapter, “ The Tyranny of
ized her enemies. The first was the marriage of the
Clothes,” offers abundant opportunity, which is em-
ex-bishop to an adventuress, and the second was his
braced with alacrity, for the display of wit and sar-
surrender to the Church in the hour of death. The
casm, and also for indulgence in exaggeration, which
marriage caused scandal only in part because the
both here and elsewhere in the book she freely
career of Mme. Grand had been unusually spectac-
allows herself, not without effect, in a rhetorical
ular, and mainly because Talleyrand had not been
sense. For example, she says: “Columbus discov-
released from his vows, although he had been
ered America, but the Americans discovered the
restored to the lay communion. He afterwards
straw hat. It is a question which discovery has
accounted for the act, in reply to questions of the
been of the most vital importance.” (Why, by the
Duchesse de Dino, by the remark: “I really cannot
way, do so many present-day English authors deny
give you a sufficient explanation; it happened at a
themselves the use of the comparative degree ?)
time of general disorder, when nothing seemed of
And again, referring to the careless carrying of
much importance, neither oneself nor others." The
umbrellas, in a chapter on “ The Minor Crimes,”
First Consul practically forced the marriage upon
she asserts that “more harm is done by umbrellas
Talleyrand in order to terminate a still more scandal-
poking and maiming mankind than by the deadliest ous phase of the affair ; but he never relished the
ammunition known in warfare.” This playful hyper-
appearance of Mme. Talleyrand at the Tuileries.
bole is sprightly, and, for a time, amusing ; but its
M. de Lacombe tells the story that upon her first
repeated and excessive use tends to weariness.
appearance after her marriage General Bonaparte
However, much can be forgiven an English author said to her, “I hope the good conduct of the
80 friendly and appreciative in her comments on Citoyenne Talleyrand will cause the levity of Mme.
persons and things American. “England has no
Grand to be forgotten.” Although the lady had a
idea,” she declares, “what good stock she lost when reputation for being stupid, her reply was pertinent:
she lost her New Englanders.”
“On that point I cannot do better than follow the
example of Citoyenne Bonaparte.” The marriage
As amusing as “ Denry the Auda- | proved to be an unendurable burden to Talleyrand,
Bennett the
cious,” and even more interesting to and separation followed long before the close of the
audacious.
those who like to read about the imperial period. But the princess lived until 1835,
vicissitudes of a literary calling, is Mr. Arnold within three years of Tallyrand's own death. Her
Bennett's frankly autobiographical narrative, “The death relieved him in several ways, and removed
Truth about an Author," which now first appears in the principal obstacle to a reconciliation with the
an American edition, from the house of George H. Church. The little coterie of eighteenth-century
Doran Co. The ruthless realism of the life of letters Voltairians who still survived were indignant at the
as he sees it is presented in a series of chapters de possibility of this reconciliation, which seemed to
scribing the author's ten years' apprenticeship to them a betrayal of the principles of the Revolution.
and rapid mastery of journalism, editorship, dra A curious psychological interest attaches to the tact-
matic and literary criticism, play-writing, story ful campaign conducted for months by his nearest
writing, and novel-writing. It is the commercial friends, especially the Duchesse de Dino, her
side of it all that chiefly exhibits itself in its dissillu daughter Pauline, still a mere girl, and the Abbé
sioning and seamy aspect to the reader, who, if he | Dupanloup, to bring him to the point of signing an
pinned his faith exclusively on Mr. Bennett, would acceptable retraction of his errors. He had been
close the book in the conviction that literary suc- gradually approaching the final step for months, but
cess is wholly a matter of boldness, bluff, self-| postponed affixing his signature to the necessary
HIM


344
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
Merry England
document until the very morning of his death. M. spirit and flesh so tremblingly cherished by the Puri-
de Lacombe's attitude toward Talleyrand's career tans: the belief of Goethe that “the human instincts
and conduct is indulgent. In touching upon dubious are what the individual must ultimately turn to for
incidents, he discreetly avoids details. Upon Talley. the highest laws of his inner being” is said better
rand's stay in America he has two pleasant chapters, to express her view. In this she differed from the
which do not leave the impression that Talleyrand | Transcendentalists. In æsthetics she is recorded as
felt bitter toward the Americans, although the notably dissident. The Transcendentalists “never
Duchesse de Dino years later recalls caustic remarks had, nor could they have, a true appreciation of
about them. The portion of Talleyrand's career æsthetic beauty in the Goethe-Schiller sense. ...
prior to 1792 M. de Lacombe has treated in a pre Margaret Fuller, on the other hand, had imbibed too
vious volume, with the title “ Talleyrand, évêque deeply from the rejuvenating fountain of Goethe's
d'Autun."
poetry and thought to be enticed into the caves of
Transcendental mysticism, or upon the frosty heights
A vast amount of research has en-
of an imagined spirituality. It was on this funda-
in Middle Ages.
a tered into the making of Mr. F. J.
mental Goethean principle that she differed from
Snell's illustrated account of “The
all the Transcendentalists.” The portrayal of Mar-
Customs of Old England” (Scribner). Drawing
garet Fuller as a Goethean, and not a Transcen-
freely upon the works of other antiquaries, and
dentalist, is the most important point advanced in
supplementing these data with the results of his own
the book. We would add one or two qualifying
studies, he has produced a score (less one) of chap-
considerations. The attitude of the writer is rather
ters dealing successively with ecclesiastical, aca-
that of the advocate than the judge. A warm ad-
demic, judicial, urban, rural, and domestic customs.
mirer of his heroine and his hero, and with unim-
A few pages are devoted to the library bequeathed
peachable evidence of the admiration of the one for
in 1327 to Oxford University by Thomas Cobham,
the other, he is too chary of admitting other evi-
Bishop of Worcester. “The librarian,” we are
dence of other literary loves of the heroine, and of
told, “was granted a month's vacation and the lib-
chronicling such changes in her devotion to Goethe
rary was closed on Sundays and holy-days, unless it
as he acknowledges there were. Again, in claiming
should chance that a distinguished stranger desired
“Margaret” as a disciple of Goethe, he shows scant
to visit it, when leave was given him from sunrise
sympathy for what might be called the opposition
to sunset, subject to the condition that he was not
camp -- the Transcendentalists. The fact that in
followed by a loud rabble.” The ordinary open
spite of her hero-worship, Margaret Fuller never
hours were from nine to eleven in the morning, and
| lost her independence of spirit, is one to be noted
from one to four in the afternoon. The catalogue
before agreeing to accept her as a member of any
took the form of a large board hung on the wall
one school. She walked according to her own nature,
and inscribed with the names of both the books and
and led others — among them her husband; and she
their donors, “lest oblivion, the step-mother of
was unsubdued in death. Dr. Braun's book indicates
memory, should pluck from our breasts the remem-
clearly, however, that her indebtedness to Goethe has
brance of our benefactors.” Seventeen curious illus-
previously been too little recognized. In bringing
trations, chiefly from old manuscripts, give diversity
this to mind, and in giving us a new view of a nota-
to the book's contents. For information and sug-
ble figure, the writer has rendered a service to stu-
gestive hints the scholarly author ranges from the
dents of our life and literature.
learned pages of "Archæologia,” “ The Archæolog-
ical Journal,” “The Antiquary,” and Mr. E. F.
The perils and hardships of travel
Travellers' tales three centuries ago furnish Mr. E.
Henderson's “Select Documents of the Middle
Ages,” to the fascinating scenes of the Waverley
S. Bates with material for a most
Novels, but with due note of warning where imagi-
interesting volume, “ Touring in 1600" (Houghton).
nation rather than attested fact is placed under For first-hand accounts of sixteenth and seventeenth
contribution. A good index closes the book. century travel he has found no lack of contempo-
rary authors to draw upon, such as Fynes Moryson,
w Mr. Frederick Augustus Braun's Sir Henry Wotton, Juan de Vargas, Lady Ann
Margaret Fuller
as a follower book entitled “Margaret Fuller and Fanshawe, Orazio Busino, and Francesco Chiericati,
of Goethe. Goethe” (Henry Holt & Co.) is not to mention the abundant manuscript material
brought out as a centenary tribute to the most available in many old libraries, especially in the
striking personality among the literary women of Bodleian and the British Museum. Europe and the
America. It has been customary to regard Margaret , nearer East cover the itineraries described; but
Fuller as a Transcendentalist: here she is portrayed even in these unremote regions the difficulties and
in quite a different light. As a follower of Goethe vexations of travel were formidable enough in 1600
she is distinguished from the Transcendentalists as to make one glad to make no nearer acquaintance
being, for instance, more human, more truly æsthetic, with them than through the pleasant pages of Mr.
more practical, less Puritanic, less religious in the Bates's book. Imagine the horrors of a sea-voyage
doctrinal sense, less visionary. She had little sym- | which is thus described by one of the voyagers :
pathy with the idea of the constant struggle between | “In the galley, all sorts of discomfort are met
300 years ago.


1911.]
345
THE DIAL
with: to each of us was allotted a space three spans less an authority than Mr. Arnold Bennett in an
broad, and so we lay one upon another, suffering eminently characteristic seven-page Introduction.
greatly from the heat in summer and much troubled Belmont is of course not the real name of the se-
by vermin. Huge rats came running over our faces cluded hamlet whose peasant folk and simple cus-
at nights, and a sharp eye had to be kept on the toms and rustic festivals are idealized and bathed in
torches, for some people go about carelessly and an atmosphere of something like enchantment by
there's no putting them out in case of fire, being, as the author of “The Belmont Book.” But the name
they are, all pitch.” And when the port was reached, signifies nothing: the pretty Norman hamlet would
what indescribably wretched inns received the be made by “Vados "to smell as sweet by any other.
travellers! A German tourist in Spain speaks of a | As a sample of the book's quality a passage from
Castilian tavern where the stable, the bedroom, the a peasant banquet scene in the chapter entitled
kitchen, the dining-room, and the pigstye are one, “Harvest" may be given. “Lamy folded back his
and even a papal envoy is obliged to sleep on straw shirt-sleeves and proceeded to carve the birds. It
in a wintry night with no fire. Numerous illustra- . is not easy to distribute two chickens among four-
tions from old prints help to confirm these tales of teen persons so that each has a satisfactory portion,
almost incredible hardship in travel, while they also but he managed very adroitly; if the helpings were
amuse the reader with their crudity of design and small, there was plenty of lettuce and mountains of
rudeness of execution. A bibliography and an index mashed potatoes.” Mr. Arnold Bennett's Intro-
complete the work, which contains as much of diver duction, beginning, “I quite meant to write this
sion and information as one could reasonably desire. book myself," and continuing with no distressing
bashfulness about the use of the first personal pro-
The Young Turks Recent events in Mediterranean noun, and with a sufficiency of short, positively as-
and problems of 'lands give a peculiar timeliness to sertive, sometimes would-be startling utterances, in
the near East. Mr. H. Charles Woods's careful the manner at present affected by sundry English
first-hand study of “The Danger Zone of Europe: | writers, is not the least striking feature of the book,
Changes and Problems in the Near East” (Little, whose pages gain attractiveness also from the fre-
Brown & Company). Tripoli, it is true, has no quent bits of French verse pertinently quoted, and
place in the book's contents; but a long chapter on from the abundance of dialogue throughout.
the Turkish army and navy, and another on the
new régime that sprang into being a little more than
Passing their honeymoon on a half-
A houseboat
three years ago, gain especial interest from the honeymoon. million-dollar steam yacht would
present Turko-Italian difficulty. Other chapters
probably bring far less of keen enjoy-
treat of the Albanian question, the Cretan question,
ment to the honeymooners than did the wedding
the independence of Bulgaria, the position of Servia,
journey in a “shanty-boat” procure for Mr. John L.
Montenegro, and Bosnia, Greek military and naval
Mathews and his blushing bride. Not that we are
matters, Asia Minor, and the Armenian massacres
told of her blushing, but at any rate we do learn in
of two years and a half ago. To this latter subject
“ The Log of the Easy Way” (Small, Maynard &
three considerable chapters are devoted, in an earn-
Co.), which is both written and photographically
est attempt to arrive at causes and to state results.
illustrated by the bridegroom, that not only the first
Not all the blame is laid by the author on the
month of wedded happiness, but also three or four
Turks; he believes that “the massacres were prob-
more, were most agreeably spent in floating down
ably remotely caused by the talk of equality which
the Illinois and Mississippi rivers in a hundred-dollar
roused the Moslems to a state of fury, by the ex-
house-boat to New Orleans. To be exact, it was
treme orators of both religions, by the somewhat
on the unromantic waters of the Chicago Drainage
Canal that the little craft was launched; and there
foolish actions of a very small section of the Armen-
ian community, and by the feebleness and negli-
the adventurous couple, on the afternoon of their
gence of the governmental officials in the localities
marriage, started on their river-voyage and their
in which the massacres actually occurred.” Two
life-voyage together. The modest expenses of this
extended tours through the “danger zone” have
fluvial wedding-tour were easily paid out of the
placed Mr. Woods in a position to speak with the
returns from newspaper stories and correspondence
authority of an eye-witness, and his report of things
executed on the way. It is evident that Mark
seen and heard was well worth printing. With its
| Twain's “Life on the Mississippi” has by no means
many views and portraits the book is of most invit-
exhausted the fruitful theme of Mr. Mathews's nar-
ing appearance.
rative. Fortunate in the choice of his mate, who
was as fond of roughing it as himself, the captain of
Vacationing in Lower Normandy is the “Easy Way” has none but wholesome and enjoy-
Lower Normandy.'
in the theme of " The Belmont Book” able experiences to relate, even though the inevitable
(Dutton), by a literary woman whose mishaps and delays and disappointments did include
home for years has been in Paris, who writes novels, themselves in the things to be recorded. There was
who chooses in this instance the pseudonym “Vados” | plenty of sight-seeing on land as well as lazy drifting
but is addressed by the characters of her book as with the current, and the book suffers from no lack
Madame Vanburgh, and who is vouched for by no l of variety in its contents.
Vacation days


346
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
The smallest of
The Rev. Frank Crane's volume of But, fortunately, there are others who can find a
Essays for
those who can “Human Confessions” (Forbes & real value in a work of this kind. The volume
read and run. Co.) conforms to a type which mod contains detailed studies of nearly 500 Algonkin
ern journalism has imposed upon literary ideals. names of places on Long Island and adjacent islands;
The author assumes that important topics may be a list of Algonkin names suitable for country homes,
suggestively disposed of within a limited frame of clubs, etc.; and extensive bibliographies of contri-
two pages. To characterize the result, one might butions to the study of Indian nomenclature. An
in the same vein invent the phrase of “Glimpses of examination of the work proves that it has value, not
Life from a Moralizing Car-Window," or speak of only because it contains much interesting informa-
each essay as a sentimental “ rhapsodette.” Given tion, but because it furnishes a historical background
a mind that is independent if not original and takes for the study of a modern community, explains the
its views by flashes, the result must at times be sug. origin of numerous additions to the dictionary, and
gestive, and often stimulating. Mr. Crane in so far throws a light on the methods and results of race-
accomplishes his purpose. It is difficult to touch contact when the English and the Indians came
upon an attitude that binds these beads of impres together in early colonial history. The conditions
sions into a chain; but a strand that appears and of this contact are not always well understood by
reappears is, in his own language, a conviction that the historians of later days; and any study which,
there is no “ Preferred stock" in the intellectual like this one, helps to an understanding of primitive
life, and that “the Common stock” carries the best America, should be welcome. One thing is very clear
values. This philanthropic fallacy is in turn due to to the layman who examines the list of Algonkin
a rather assertative type of human sympathy that, words, and that is that the place-names of the South-
in its desire to make ways smooth and to encourage ern and Western Indians are much more euphonious
the despondent, blinds itself and loses the larger than those of the North-east. Compare, for example,
outlook and the higher opportunity. Yet this is Jiskhampog with Notasulga, or Wussoquatomiset
preeminently the field of individual temperament with Opelousas.
and insight. Doubtless this type of essay makes its allest of The sixth and last volume of Scrib-
appeal to those who wish to read and be impressed
the republics of ner's “South American Series " is on
as they run.
South America. Uruguay, the smallest of the South
The second biography of the Great American countries. The author is W. H. Koebel,
and Empress Dowager of China to be
old woman."
who is already known to students of South American
issued within the year comes from history as the author of two books on Argentina.
the facile pen of Mr. Philip W. Sargeant, former Like Mr. Koebel's other books, this one is very com-
editor of the Hongkong “ Daily Press.” The ma prehensive in its contents. He endeavors to present
terial for a fair and exhaustive story of China's Old in outline a description of everything of interest re-
Buddha is not yet available for western scholars ; | lating to the country. He takes up, therefore, for
perhaps it may never be, for little is really known detailed treatment the physiography of the country,
of her career before 1898, and much remains to be the population, history, and politics, the makers of
learned of her conduct since that time. Mr. Sar history and directors of politics, the government,
geant's account, which might properly be called a foreign interests and influence, manners and cus-
sketch of China's relations with the powers since toms, industries, trade, city life and ranch life, and
1834, is marked by a keen appreciation of the natural resources. The volume is well printed and
Chinese point of view in the many difficulties in well illustrated, and the style is better than that of
which the Empire was involved: the foreign wars, Mr. Koebel's books on Argentina. The work is
the missionary question, the demands for conces especially valuable as the only adequate English ac-
sions, the Boxer rising. And for the Empress her count of Uruguay.
self he evinces a high admiration, unwilling as he
ottes Horace at his best, in the mellow
is to attempt to indicate definitely which way the Horace's letters
verdict on her character ought to go." Acceptable
modernized and maturity of his fifth decade, is the
paraphrased. Horace of the Epistles. Their shrewd-
as is the volume for its general tone of fairness and
its interesting style, yet it must suffer in comparison
ness and geniality make these familiar letters agree-
with “China under the Empress Dowager," which
able reading for all time, despite their homiletic
tone and not infrequent platitude. Fifteen of the
covers the same ground, and which, because of its
twenty-three Epistles have been freely rendered, or
use of Chinese sources, added largely to the knowl-
paraphrased, and provided with an Introduction and
edge possessed by westerners concerning this un-
explanatory notes, and with illustrations and two
questionably great character. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
sketch maps, by Mr. Charles Loomis Dana and Mr.
mee To those who maintain that all work John Cotton Dana. When it is added that the
Indian names
of places on must have some immediately practi- | Elm-Tree Press, of Woodstock, Vermont, publishes
Long Island. cal value, must show some result in these “ Letters of Horace for Modern Readers,” and
dollars and cents or something equally material, Mr. that excellent reproductions of some of Van Veen's
William Wallace Tooker's work on “Indian Place | illustrations, and also of photographs taken espe-
Names on Long Island” (Putnam) will not appeal. | cially for the work, embellish the volume, some con-


1911.]
347
THE DIAL
ception can be formed of its artistic appearance. To / an extensive account of the results obtained in several
render more attractive to the modern reader these
cities, large and small, which have adopted it. The
selections from letters written nearly two thousand
spread of the movement certainly has been rapid, and
no city has taken a backward step. Two years ago only
years ago, the translators have not shrunk from omis-
fifty cities had adopted the plan; to-day a hundred and
sions and amplifications. It is a little surprising that
fifty-six are operating under this system, and over two
in their choice of the more interesting and suitable
hundred more have it under consideration. They will
letters they have omitted the short and excellent do well to get the facts from Mr. Woodruff's book.
eleventh of the first book, " Ad Bullatium,” which “The Teaching of Geometry,” by Professor David
contains that oft-quoted line,“ Cælum, non animum Eugene Smith, is a treatise published by Messrs. Ginn
mutant, qui trans mare currunt.” The purpose of & Co. Its reading should be urged upon teachers of
the book, however, seems in general to have been the subject, who are only too often contented with a
admirably attained. The edition is limited to five rule-of-thumb and mechanical method of instruction.
hundred copies.
Geometry is really a fascinating study, viewed in the
light of its history and through philosophical spectacles,
but most of our students are not made to see in it any-
BRIEFER MENTION.
thing more than a dry and disagreeable task. A book
like this will be found to have a surprisingly vitalizing
“ La Lyre d'Amour,” edited by Mr. Charles B. Lewis,
influence upon the mind.
is an anthology of French love poems published by
One of the most successful achievements in the series
Messrs. Duffield & Co. It devotes much of its space
of Riverside Press Editions (Houghton Mifflin Co.) is
to the earlier periods, and, in fact, comes down no
the reprint of “ Ecclesiastes," just issued in an edition
further than 1866, this limitation resulting from the
of 335 copies. It is a small volume of some forty pages,
impossibility of getting permission to reproduce the
printed from the Riverside Caslon type, with large
copyrighted poems of certain modern authors.
rubricated initials at the beginnings of paragraphs. A
« The Oxford Book of English Verse" is the model
feature of unusual interest is the series of borders repro-
upon which Sir George Douglas has prepared, and the
duced from Geofroy Tory's Book of Hours, published
Baker & Taylor Co. have published, “ The Book of Scot-
in 1524-5. One of these borders surrounds each page.
tish Poetry,” a handsome volume of nine hundred pages.
They are splendidly reproduced and printed; and their
The best critical texts have been followed, and the con-
clean-cut lines and wonderful decorative quality are a joy
tents bring the exhibition down to the present time, in-
to the eye wearied of modern wash drawings and bizarre
cluding such writers as John Davidson and Mr. Andrew
| ornamentation. The old Hebrew discourse seems almost
Lang - to say nothing of the youngsters.
to acquire an added beauty in this new setting.
Professor H. C. Nutting has prepared for the Ameri-
A broad-margined limited edition of “Letters from
can Book Co.“ A Latin Primer” which should do much Francis Parkman to E. G. Squier," edited by Mr. Don C.
to encourage the beginning of the study in grades below
Seitz, is published by the Torch Press of Cedar Rapids,
the high school. It is given not a little of human inter-
Iowa. The letters, twenty-four in number, extending
est, partly by pictures, and partly by the introduction from 1849 to 1870, with two wide gaps of silence, ex-
of interesting material and colloquial phrasing. The
hibit the young historian entering upon and carrying
work will presently be followed by a « First Latin
forward his great historical work under those well-
Reader" in continuance of the plan upon which the
known disadvantages of defective eyesight and trouble-
primer is based.
some head that made the completion of his task a tri-
Translations of Dante are less frequent now than they umph of will-power no less than of scholarship. “My
used to be, and Mr. C. E. Wheeler's new version of the eyes I don't mind," he courageously asserts in 1849.
entire « Divine Comedy” (Dutton) brings with it some “I can get along without them; but to have one's
thing like a sense of novelty. It is a dignified and brains stirred up in a mush, may be regarded as a de-
painstaking version in terza rima, which will compare cided obstacle in the way of intellectual achievements.
favorably with the best of previous experiments in this Give me the tithe of a chance and I will do it.” The
measure. The « Temple” notes are borrowed almost letters are pleasantly intimate as well as scholarly.
bodily by Mr. Wheeler, who also admits a considerable | Mr. Edward Payson Morton is the author of a small
amount of indebtedness to the “Temple” version. The treatise on “The Technique of English Non-dramatic
work is published in three volumes.
Blank Verse" (R. R. Donnelley & Sons, Chicago), dis-
We must say once more of “The Statesman's Year cussing the subject under the captions of Lines, Cæsnras.
Book” (Macmillan), upon the present occasion of its Feet, and Tone-Quality, with special considerations of
forty-eighth annual publication, that it belongs to the individual poets. The work is based upon exhaustive
class of absolutely indispensable books of reference. It tabulations of the actual practices, in the details con-
is still edited by Mr. J. Scott Keltie, who notes with sidered, of the important English poets and many early
regret the death of Mr. I. P. A. Renwick, his collabor- minor poets. From the results, general rules are laid
ator in the work for something like a score of years. down governing the conventions which obtain among
The United States Census Statistics for 1910 are intro these writers of blank verse, and ignorance of which,
duced as far as they are yet available. The volume the author contends has vitiated many judgments which
fills nearly fifteen hundred pages.
bave been passed upon that form of poetic expression.
Mr. Clinton Rogers Woodruff is editing a series of The book is the result of an immense amount of patient
books for the National Municipal League, in which has and detailed labor, the steps of which are reproduced,
just appeared a volume on “City Government by Com- | as the author explains, not because he wishes to attach
mission” (Appleton). It gives the history of commis- undue importance to fractional variations in the fre-
sion government as applied to cities, an explanation of quency of certain usages, but to show definitely the
what it is, the popular arguments for and against it, and steps by which he reaches his results.


348
THE DIAL
[Nov. 1,
=
his first annual survey of bibliothecal progress with a
NOTES.
number of delicate fancy sketches in pen-and-ink,
November 4 is the date now definitely settled upon representing library readers and their characteristic
for the publication of Mr. William de Morgan's new
attitudes in a vivid and amusing manner. The whole
novel, « À Likely Story."
pamphlet breathes the freshness and hopefulness prop-
Mr. Christopher Welch has written an exhaustive
erly belonging to a new administration
study of « The Recorder and other Flutes in relation
Mr. Martin Nijhoff, publisher, of The Hague, an-
to Literature," which Mr. Henry Frowde will publish nounces the forthcoming publication, if the number of
shortly.
subscribers is sufficiently large, of a volume containing
It is feared that the final revision of the proofs of the
hitherto unpublished letters of John Locke to Nicholas
second volume of “The Life of Lord Beaconsfield"
Thoynard, Philip van Limborch, and Edward Clarke.
will not be completed in time for publication before the
The correspondence is edited by Dr. Henry Ollion, of
close of this year.
the University of Lyons, with the assistance of Profes-
« European Years: The Letters of an Idle Man,"
sor T. J. de Boer, of the University of Amsterdam.
edited by Mr. George E. Woodberry, is the title of a
Library Bulletin No. 1, on “Farm Colonies,” comes
book, not previously announced, to be issued immediately
from the New York School of Philanthropy, and is
by the Houghton Mifflin Co.
made up of selected titles of books and articles in the
The November « Century," the first number of the
school's library on Farm Colonies for Vagrants and
eighty-third volume, contains for its first article an
Convicts. The list covers three double-column pages
account of eighteenth-century color prints and the vital
and embraces both general treatises and those pertain-
ing more especially to particular countries or to States
part they played in English society, by Mr. Royal
Cortissoz.
of our own country. These Bulletins are issued only
A new series to be called “The Little Biographies "
after being submitted to experts, and are likely to
prove useful and trustworthy to librarians.
is announced by Messrs. Constable of London. The
first volumes will be devoted to “ Lafcadio Hearn," by
The Honorable John Bigelow, in spite of his ninety-
four years, is actively engaged part of each day on his
Mr. Edward Thomas; «The Three Brontës," by Miss
May Sinclair; and “ J. M. Synge and the Irish Dramatic
“ Retrospections of an Active Life.” Three volumes of
this book have already been published by the Baker &
Movement,' by Mr. Francis Bickley.
Taylor Co. A fourth volume Mr. Bigelow has now
Particularly timely is the announcement from John
ready for press; and he is working on a fifth volume, a
Lane Co. of the early publication of a volume entitled
large part of which he has already completed. These
“ About Algeria," by Mr. Charles Stamford Thomas,
two later volumes will derive especial interest from dis-
covering Algiers, Tlemcen, Biskra, Constantine, and
closures of political and diplomatic occurrences which
Timgad. It will contain eight original drawings and
have not been hitherto published, and will throw light on
twenty-four reproductions from photographs.
certain important developments of the past thirty years.
Mr. Thomas Hardy has dramatized his Wessex tale,
Miss Mary Antrim, the Polish Jewess whose graphic
“ The Three Wayfarers," and it will be performed at
sketches of life in her native Polotzls have recently
Dorchester in November by the Dramatic Section of
enlivened the pages of “The Atlantic,” has begun in
the Dorchester Debating Society. On the same occa-
the October issue of that magazine some chapters of
sion the Society will perform for the first time another
her remarkable autobiography. From the first instal-
Hardy play, “The Distracted Preacher," arranged by
ment we quote a few lines to tempt the reader to make
Mr. A. H. Evans.
further acquaintance, if he has not yet done so, with a
The vigorous temperance tract of that veteran and
piquantly interesting writer. “Merrily played the fid-
tireless reformer, Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones, “On the
dlers at the wedding of my father, who was the grand-
Firing Line in the Battle for Sobriety," is now issued
son of Israel Kimanayer of sainted memory. The most
in a special edition for the use of libraries, preachers,
pious men in Polotzls danced the night through, their
teachers, etc., to whom it will be sent on receipt of five
earlocks dangling, the tails of their long coats flying in
cents for cost of delivery. The original edition was
a pious ecstasy.” In such vivid pen-strokes does her
published at fifty cents a copy.
narrative abound.
Two more important American volumes in “The The Dickens and Thackeray centenaries will be
Home University Library," which Messrs. Henry Holt
fittingly marked by the publication, by Messrs. Charles
& Co. publish in conjunction with Messrs. Williams &
Scribner's Sons, of noteworthy new editions of the com-
Norgate of London, have just been arranged for. They plete works of these novelists —a “ Tavistock ” Dickens
are « English Composition,” by Professor Wm. T.
and a “Cornhill ” Thackeray. These two sets, though
Brewster, the American editor of the series, and « Latin
they will represent exceptional care in editorship and
America,” by Professor Wm. R. Shepherd of Columbia. the highest skill in book-making, are simple in design.
“The Vocational Guidance of Youth,” by Mr. Meyer
| They contain all the original material in illustrations,
Bloomfield, and “Individuality,” by Professor Edward prefaces, and dedications, published in the earlier edi-
L. Thorndike, are two small books published by the tions of each of these authors' works, and approved re-
Houghton Mifflin Co. in their series of “Riverside spectively by them. Each volume in each set opens
Educational Monographs.” Both are compact and sug with a preface briefly explaining the circumstances in
gestive treatises, which will be found well worth the which it was written, – that is, the place of writing
attention of teachers and school administrators.
and, in such cases as is possible, the origin of the plot
A new idea in library-report illustration has been and the date of first publication are given. And in these
conceived by the new librarian of the St. Joseph (Mo.) notes information is also given regarding the various
Public Library. Mr. Charles E. Rush, who succeeded illustrations and portraits. Each volume in each set
Mr. Purd V. Wright at that important post, adorns has also a very full and very careful table of contents


1911.)
349
THE DIAL
of its own. The Dickens set will comprise thirty-six Court of Claims, Stories of the. C. F. Cavanagh. Bookman.
volumes, and the Thackeray twenty-six. Both sets will Courts, Criticism of. George W. Alger. Atlantic.
be offered for sale by subscription only.
Cuba, The Condition of. Forbes Lindsay. Lippincott.
“Divina Commedia," A New Source of the. Arthur Ben-
Some additional announcements from the Oxford Uni-
nington, North American.
versity Press include the following: “Poets and Poetry,"
Dress and the Woman, Katharine F. Gerould. Atlantic.
by John Bailey; " Essays and Studies by Members of El Dorado, Through the Gateway of. C. Whitney. Harper.
the English Association,” Volume II., collected by H.C. Farmers on Farm Life. W. L. Nelson. World's Work.
Beeching; “ A Shakespeare Glossary,” by C. T. Onions; Farmers, Railroading Knowledge to. O. Wilson. World's
« The Progress of Japan, 1853-1871,” by J. H Gubbins;
Work.
« The Full Recognition of Japan,” by Robert T. Porter;
Food Supply, Conservation of. H. P. Armsby. Popular
“ Historical Portraits, 1600-1700," by Emery Walker,
Science Monthly.
Football, Great Moments of. Edward L. Fox. American.
H. B. Butler, and C. R. L. Fletcher; “ A History of
Fox and Drag Hunting in America. H.R. Poore. Scribner.
Fine Arts in India and Ceylon,” by Vincent A. Smith;
Gafsa, Stones of. Norman Douglas. North American.
“ Bronze Age Pottery of Great Britain and Ireland," Great Refusal, The Ethel P. Howes. Atlantic.
by John Abercromby; “Christian Antiquities in the Nile “Hamlet” in the Hamlets. George Jean Nathan. Bookman.
Valley," by Somers Clarke; “The Oxford Book of Ger Hawaiian Sugar Industry. Ray Stannard Baker. American.
man Verse," compiled by H. G. Fiedler, with preface by
Husband, Young, Problems of the. E. S. Martin. Harper.
Gerhart Hauptmann; “Peaks and Pleasant Pastures,"
International Law, Deficiencies in. Rear-Admiral Mahan.
North American.
by Claude Schuster; “ A Year of Japanese Epigrams,"
Insect Parasitism. W.M. Wheeler. Pop. Science Monthly.
translated by W. N. Porter; “Ye Solace of Pilgrimes,"
lowa Farmers, the Ruling Class. J.B. Weaver, Jr. World's
by John Capgrave, edited by C. A. Mills; “Military Work.
Architecture in England,” by A. Hamilton Thompson; Irish Question, The. Sidney Brooks. Forum.
“ The Poems of Digby Mackworth Dolben," edited by
Jerusalem to Jericho. Lewis G. Leary. Scribner.
Robert Bridges; « The Works of Thomas Deloney,"
Journalism, One Phase of. Joseph S. Auerbach. No. Amer.
La Follette, Robert M., Autobiography of — II. American.
edited by F. o. Mann, in the “Oxford English Texts”;
Labor Leader's Story, A. Henry White. World's Work.
« The Poems and Masques of Aurelian Townsend,"
Land, Eighty Millions of Acres Awaiting Farmers. M. 0.
edited by C. K. Chambers, and “Gaya's Traité des
Leighton. World's Work.
Armes,” edited by C. ffoulkes, in “The Tudor and Lee, General, and the Confederacy. T. N. Page. Scribner.
Stuart Library”; “Wordsworth and Coleridge: Lyrical Liszt, Romantic Life of. Francis Gribble. Bookman.
Ballads, 1798," and “Hurd's Letters on Chivalry and “Little Landers,” Hope of. John L. Cowan. World's Work.
Romance," edited by E. Morley, in “ The Oxford Library
London River, The Port of. Ralph D. Paine. Scribner.
of Prose and Poetry.”
Mark Twain. Albert Bigelow Paine. Harper.
Mathematics, American. G. A. Miller. Popular Science
Monthly.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
Mathematics and Engineering in Nature. Arnold Emch.
Popular Science Monthly.
November, 1911.
Mecca, Speeding Pilgrims to. William T. Ellis. Harper,
Aguinaldo, Capture of. Gen. Frederick Funston. Scribner. Monroe Doctrine in the Balance. Julius Chambers. Forum.
Anglo-American Arbitration and the Far East. A. Kinno-
Mona Lisa, Case of. Baron B. Q. di San Severeno. Bookman.
suke. Review of Reviews.
Motor Ship, Advent of. Charles F. Carter. Review of Revs.
Aristocracy, Our Endangered. C. M. Francis. Bookman. New Theatre, Reorganization of. Mary Austin. American.
Beauty in American Life, Place of. Walter M. Cabot. Forum. New York's Budget Exhibit. H. T. Wade. Rev. of Revs.
Bennett, Arnold, Bibliography of. Lenox Astor. Bookman.
Nietzsche: Doctor for Sick Souls. Louise Collier Willcox.
Blois, The Romance of. Anne H. Wharton. Lippincott.
North American.
Bohemia, Message of. Louis Baury. Bookman.
Paintings in New York Public Library. W. Walton. Scribner.
Borden : Canada's Premier. Agnes C. Laut. Rev. of Revs. Panama -- the Next Step. Forbes Lindsay. Review of Revs.
Buffon and the Problem of Species. A. O. Lovejoy. Pop Panama Canal Legislation, Needed. Emory R. Johnson.
ular Science Monthly.
North American.
Business, Picket Line of. Henry K. Webster. Everybody's. People, The, and the Law. Percy S. Grant. No. American.
Business, The War on. J. Stanley-Brown. World's Work. Provence, Cocoon Husking in. C. A. Janvier. Harper.
Canada's Relations with the United States. Premier R. L. Public Ownership. Sydney Brooks. North American.
Borden. Review of Reviews.
Races, Crossing of the. J. E. Wilson. Pop. Sci. Monthly.
Canadian and American Political Methods. Henry Jones Ranch Lands, New Era of. C. M. Harger. Review of Revs.
Ford. North American.
Reciprocity, Defeat of. Peter McArthur. Forum.
Caribbean, Charting and Lighting the. Herbert J. Browne. Roman Nights. Elizabeth R. Pennell. Atlantic.
Review of Reviews,
Second Best, Cult of the. Gwendolen Overton. Atlantic.
Chopin among the Novelists. Edna Kenton. Bookman. Shaw, G. Bernard. Edwin Bjorkman. Forum.
Church, The, and the Mountain, Z. Humphreys. Atlantic. South, The, Realizing Itself. Edwin Mims. World's Work.
Cleveland's Administrations. James F. Rhodes. Scribner. Stigmata, The Miracle of the. Frank Harris. Forum.
Coal in Bering River Field (Alaska). G. F. Kay. Popular Stocks or Bonds ? Edward S. Meade. Lippincott.
Science Monthly.
Theatre, The Endowed, and the University. D. S. Stewart.
College, An Undergraduate View of. R. S. Bourne. Atlantic. North American.
Color Line, A World-Wide. U. G. Weatherly. Popular Tripolitania : Italy's White Man's Burden. E. A. Powell.
Science Monthly.
Review of Reviews.
Columbian City, The Alice Meynell. Atlantic.
University Pensions, Moral Influence of. Henry S. Pritchett.
Commune, Experiences in. Mme. de H.-Lindencrone. Harper. Popular Science Monthly.
Composition, Compulsory, in Colleges. Thomas R. Louns Vagabondia, A Singer in. Milton Bronner. Bookman.
bury. Harper.
Vocabulary of a Three Year Old Boy. American.
Constitution, Should it be Flexible? M. Smith. No. Amer. Whitman in Camden, With. Horace Traubel. Forum.
Coöperative Farmer, The. John L. Coulter. World's Work. Wiley, Dr., and Pure Food. A. W. Dunn. World's Work.
Coronation Week, Impressions of. Mary K. Waddington. Wilson, Woodrow: An Autobiography - II. William Bay-
Scribner.
ard Hale. World's Work.
Cotton Farm, Law Office to. R. W. Page. World's Work. | Woman, The Primitive Working. A. G. Spencer. Forum.


350
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 253 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES
Serving the Republic: Memoirs of Civil and Military
Life. By General Nelson A. Miles. Illustrated,
8vo, 340 pages. Harper & Brothers. $2. net.
The Life and Works of Winslow Homer. By William
Howe Downes. Illustrated, 4to, 344 pages. Hough-
ton Mifflin Co. $6. net.
The Life of Andrew Jackson. By John Spencer Bas-
sett. In 2 volumes, illustrated, 8vo. Doubleday,
Page & Co. $5. net.
Reminiscences of General Basil W. Duke. With photo-
gravure portrait, 8vo, 512 pages. Doubleday, Page
, 512 pages. DeWith photo.
The Recon $2.50 net.
The Record of an Adventurous Life. By Henry May-
ers Hyndman. 8vo, 422 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.75 net.
Goethe and His Woman Friends. By Mary Caroline
Crawford. Illustrated, 8vo, 465 pages. Little,
Brown & Co. $3.net.
George Bernard Shaw: His Life and Works. A Crit-
ical Biography. By Archibald Henderson. Illus-
trated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 543 pages. Stewart
& Kidd Co. $5. net.
Forty Years of Friendship: As Recorded in the Cor-
respondence of John Duke, Lord Coleridge, and
Ellis Yarnall. Edited by Charlton Yarnall. With
portrait, 8vo, 355 pages. Macmillan Co. $3. net.
The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon. By Sir Henry
Craik. In 2 volumes, with portraits, 8vo. Macmil-
lan Co. $5.50 net.
An American Railroad Builder: John Murray Forbes.
By Henry Greenleaf Pearson. With portrait. 12mo,
205 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
The Life of George Cabot Lodge. By Henry Adams.
12mo, 206 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
The Eleventh Hour in the Life of Julia Ward Howe.
By Maude Howe. With portrait, 12mo, 73 pages.
Little, Brown & Co. 75 cts. net.
Robert Louis Stevenson. By Isobel Strong. With por-
trait, 87 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. 50 cts, net.
HISTORY
A Roman Frontier Fort and Its People: The Fort of
Newstead in the Parish of Melrose. By James Carle.
Illustrated in photogravure, etc., 4to, 450 pages.
Macmillan Co. $13. net.
Studies, Military and Economic, 1775-1865. By Charles
Francis Adams. 8vo, 424 pages. Macmillan Co.
$2.50 net.
A History of the American Bar, Colonial and Federal,
to 1860. By Charles Warren. 8vo598 pages.
Little, Brown & Co. $4. net.
Garibaldi and the Making of Italy. By G. M. Trevel -
yan. Illustrated, 8vo, 409 pages. $2.25 net.
The Women of the Caesars. By Guglielmo Ferrero.
Illustrated, 8vo, 346 pages. Century Co. $2.net.
Eight Centuries of Portuguese Monarchy. By V. de
Bragança Cunha, Illustrated, 8vo, 265 pages. James
Pott & Co. Boxed, $3.50 net.
Noted Speeches of Abraham Lincoln, Including the
Lincoln-Douglas Debate. Edited, with biographical
sketch by Lilian Marie Briggs. With portraits,
16mo, 121 pages. Moffat, Yard & Co. 75 cts. net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Portraits of Dante, from Giotto to Raphael: A Critical
Study, with a concise Iconography. By Richard
Thayer Holbrook. Illustrated in color, etc., large
Svo, 283 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $6.50 net.
Memories and Studies. By William Jameg, 12mo,
411 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.75 net.
Horace: The Letters of Horace Presented to Modern
Readers. Edited by Charles Loomis Dana and John
Cotton Dana. Illustrated in photogravure, etc.,
8vo. 104 pages. Woodstock, Vt.: The Elm Tree
Press. $3. net.
Democracy and Poetry. By Francis B. Gummere.
12mo, 334 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net.
Family Letters of Richard Wagner. Translated, in-
dexed, etc., by William Ashton Ellis. 8vo, 322
pages. Macmillan Co. $1.35 net.
Bob Hardwick: The Story of His Life and Expe-
riences. By Henry Howard Harper. 8vo, 303 pages.
New York: The De Vinne Press.
Medieval Story, and the Beginning of the Social Ideals
of English-Speaking People. By William Witherle
Lawrence. 12mo, 250 pages. "Columbia University
Lectures." Columbia University Press. $1.50 net.
The Middle English Penitential Lyric: A Study and
Collection of Early Religious Verse. By Frank
Allen Patterson. 8vo, 212 pages. "Columbia Uni-
versity Lectures.” Columbia University Press.
$1.50 net.
The Choice: A Dialogue Treating of Mute Inglorious
Art. By Robert Douglas. 12mo, 145 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $1.25 net.
The Truth about an Author By Arnold Bennett.
12mo, 160 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1. net.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE
The Complete Works of Liof N. Tolstoi. Translated
from the Russian by N. H. Dole, Isabel Hapgood,
and Aline Delano. Pocket edition on thin paper,
in 14 volumes, with photogravure frontispiece, 12mo.
T. Y. Crowell & Co. Cloth, per set, $14; leather, $21.
Causeries du Lundi By C. A. Sainte-Beuve. Trans-
lated, with introduction and notes, by E. J. Trech-
mann. Vol. VIII., 18mo, 230 pages. E. P. Dutton &
Co. 50 cts.
The Tudor Shakespeare. Edited by W. A. Neilson and
A. H. Thorndike. First volume: Romeo and Juliet.
With portrait, 18mo, 174 pages. Macmillan Co.
35 cts. net.
DRAMA AND VERSE
Sherwood, Robin Hood and the Three Kings. A Play
in Five Acts. By Alfred Noyes; illustrated in color
by Spencer Baird Nichols. 12mo, 225 pages. F. A.
Stokes Co. $1.75 net.
Poems and Dramas of George Cabot Lodge. With in-
troduction by Theodore Roosevelt. In 2 volumes,
8vo. Houghton Mifflin Co. $2.50 net.
The Summons of the King: A Play. By Philip Becker
Goetz. 8vo, 71 pages. Buffalo: The Macdowell Press.
The Poems of Henry Van Dyke. With photogravure
portrait, 8vo, 467 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$2. net.
Songs of the Road. By Arthur Conan Doyle. 16mo,
131 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1. net.
Helen of Troy, and Other Poems. By Sara Teasdale.
12mo, 123 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
Summer of Love. By Joyce Kilmer. 12mo, 95 pages.
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, 82, a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian For half a century, or thereabouts, as poor
postage 50 cents per year extra. REMITTANCES should be by check, or
by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL COMPANY. students have known to their sorrow, our bar-
Úniess otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current
barous tariff laws have imposed a tax of twenty-
number. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of sub-
scription is received, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription five per cent upon the products of literary
is desired. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All con
munications should be addressed to
intelligence and learning, when those products
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. have taken the shape of books printed in the
English language within twenty years of the
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at
date of their importation. All protests against
this stupid policy of discouraging education
No. 610. NOVEMBER 16, 1911. Vol. LI. have proved unavailing in the several revisions
of the tariff that have been made since the days
CONTENTS.
when the Civil War compelled the taxation of
everything that could be counted upon to yield
PAGE
revenue to a nation in desperate need. The
DOGBERRY AT THE SEAT OF CUSTOM ... 379
need long ago disappeared, and the government
PENSIONS AND THE LEARNED PROFESSIONS 381 coffers have been overflowing most of the time
since; but the brutal exaction has continued to
CASUAL COMMENT ............ 383
be practised, to our shame as a people. No one
The best school of literary expression. – Dr. Wiley
has ever been able to furnish a decent argument
as classical scholar and poet.- The publisher's opin-
ion of the book-review. – Rural extension of the
in its defence, for even the miserable plea of
public library. — The universal and irresistible ap the petty selfish interest whining for govern-
peal of “Tom Sawyer."— Tolstoy's last play.- The ment bolstering breaks down in this case. The
Pomfret plan of library management. - Financing
scholar who has to have a book will buy it even
a new translation of the ancient classics. – Book-
at the inflated price, thereby making his forced
production in Canada.
contribution to a treasury that has no need of
MEMOIRS OF A FREE-THINKER AND FREE his sacrifice; he certainly will not buy a “pro-
LANCE. Percy F. Bicknell ....... 386 tected " American book in its stead, and the
THE TRANSFORMATION OF CHINA. Payson J.
benefit to the native author, publisher, or printer
Treat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
is thus wholly illusory.
Bureaucratic officialism, which is always on
CAVOUR AND THE MAP OF ITALY. Carl Becker 389 the alert to strain the tax laws in the interest
RANDOM RECOLLECTIONS OF A REGULAR. of the treasury, and to subject them to forced
David Y. Thomas · · · · ·
... 392
392
interpretations whenever it sees an opportunity
to increase the discomfort of its helpless victims,
THE FRANZ LISZT CENTENARY. Louis J. Block 394
has found a fine field for its malevolent activ-
THE FERRERESQUE STYLE OF WRITING ities in the tax on books. It achieved a signal
HISTORY. Grant Showerman ...... 397 triumph when it reduced the duty-free impor-
tation of French and German books by the dis-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .......... 398
covery that many of them contained quotations
Maeterlinck : poet, mystic, and dramatist.–Environ-
ment as a force in human action. - Another book
from English authors, or printed the titles of
about the Brownings. - The climax of the undesir English books in their notes and bibliographies,
able in psychology. – Lafcadio Hearn: a Japanese thereby failing to meet the requirement that
view. -"Scientific mental healing," and other
new books, to be untaxed, must be printed
things. - Men and events of the last half of the 19th
century. – A century of history all compact.
wholly in foreign languages. Such a preposter-
ous ruling as this would seem incredible to a
BRIEFER MENTION ............ 401 rational mind, but the mind which is its substi-
tute in our custom-houses finds no difficulty in
NOTES ................. 402
thus flouting the dictates of common sense, and
LIST OF NEW BOOKS ........... 403 | many a student who has ordered from abroad
3881


380
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
the latest continental literature in his special This absurd claim, which the most fanatical ad-
field of investigation has had to pay dearly for vocate of “protection " for American printers
the carelessness of the foreign writer in citing and binders would be hard pressed to justify,
English authorities.
has happily fallen into the hands of Secretary
A recent subject of adjudication by the Treas- | MacVeagh, who has at least swept some of the
ury Department is that of the duty to be paid cobwebs away from the discussion, and to that
upon books in leather bindings. Until recently, extent routed the Dogberrys of the customs.
a book was a book, and as such paid its twenty His decision reads that the royalty
five per cent; even a book that had been sent to « Does not constitute a part of the cost of printing and
Europe for rebinding was permitted to return selling the publication and does not accrue to the benefit
as a book (with the twenty-five per cent penalty),
of the vendor or shipper, but is paid to the author either
in this country or abroad for the privilege of using his
upon the theory that it was a book that had
manuscript, and in the department's opinion, is clearly
been repaired. But the discovery has now been
not a part of the dutiable value of the sheets imported.”
made that a book may also be a manufacture of
One exception is made to this ruling in the case
leather, and thus liable to a tax of forty per cent.
of books which are imported at a wholesale price
This is the consequence of a “joker” in the
that does not separate royalty from the other
Tariff Act of 1909, where the words “ wholly or
elements of cost to the foreign publisher. In
in chief value of paper” were deftly inserted in
this case it is held, unfortunately and illogically,
the description of the books that were to be
in our opinion, that
subject to a book-duty only. Like all legisla-
« The wholesale price at which the same are so sold
tive “jokers,” this one was intended to be un-
or offered for sale constitutes the foreign market value,
noticed at first, but afterwards revealed to the and is therefore the dutiable value thereof regardless
keen scent of our watch-dogs of the treasury. of the items of cost, profit, royalty, etc., which may have
On the face of the matter, the decision which been taken into consideration in fixing such price.”
has recently confirmed an assessment of forty We are sorry that the decision does not put
per cent upon an invoice of leather-bound books an end once for all to the whole miserable busi-
seems to have the law literally upon its side. If ness of taxing the English author directly. It
the leather binding of a book is the component is bad enough to tax him indirectly by penaliz-
of chief value, a literal interpretation of the ing the American purchaser of his books to the
words above quoted would exclude it from the extent of twenty-five (or forty) per cent upon
benefit of the lower rate. A fifty-cent book in the material cost. The English publisher sells
paper may easily be made a manufacture of | a book at, say, one dollar. But of this sum from
leather having a value of five dollars. But fifteen to thirty cents comes to the publisher
there is something to be said in behalf of com only as trustee; it does not belong to him, and
mon sense even in this case, and it is said in the has absolutely nothing to do with the cost of the
dissenting opinion of General Appraiser Sbar- | book in any sense with which the protection"
retts, who makes use of these significant words: principle is concerned. In the final analysis, it
“ Classification dependent upon the respective values amounts to “protecting" the American printer
of books and their binding will result in constant litiga to an extent considerably beyond the twenty-
tion, involving the almost hopeless task of establishing,
five per cent of his own demand. This is made
with any degree of certainty, facts upon which to predi-
cate a decision, for who is there wise enough to deter-
clear in the detailed statement of the case
mine the precise value of the time and labor expended made last July by Mr. George Haven Putnam,
by the author who prepared the matter contained in the who has for so many years fought stoutly for
printed paper book before it had been bound, a prequisite decency in our treatment of English authors
in the determination of which is the greater value, the
and publishers, and whose logic is of the unas-
paper book so prepared or the piece of leather covering
it. ... The free list of the present act treats books,
sailable sort that must ultimately prevail.
bound or unbound, with the same liberality as did all A third subject of dispute, still under advise-
former acts, and I cannot believe that in the dutiable ment, is that of the price upon which the tax
list, because these articles happen to be covered with a
should be computed in the case of special ar-
skiver of leather, Congress intended they should be
relegated to a catch-all clause and classified along with
rangements whereby the American publisher or
bags, baskets, belts, satchels, and other miscellaneous bookseller takes over a part of the edition of
manufactures of leather.”
some English work. In such a case the Eng-
A second subject of contention between book lish publisher is apt to figure rather closely, and
importers and customs officials relates to the at- make the sale close to the bare margin of profit,
tempt of the latter to include unpaid royalties in which in turn may result in a lowered retail
the figure upon which duties should be assessed. | price in the American market. The customs
-
-
-
-
-
-


1911.)
381
THE DIAL
officials, enraged at the idea that books should moreover, the sturdy justice and even the humani-
be bought for so little money, are now trying to tarian sympathy that invites to the acceptance of
substitute an artificial valuation (based upon the economic responsibility is itself congenial to the senti-
selling price in England) for the actual invoiced
ment that finds a duty and a pleasure in lending honor
valuation of the books. The case to them illus-
and dignity to a pension conferred in recognition of
trates the abhorred practice of “ dumping” in
distinguished or altruistic service.
Our sole institution for realizing this claim to
one of its most flagrant forms. Perhaps they
recognition of the learned classes owes its existence
may be able to carry their point in this case also,
to the wisdom and beneficence of one man—the Car-
since animus rather than reason seems to be the negie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
mainspring of their actions. But the darkest hour The present reflections are prompted by the opinions
is just before the dawn, and we may all awake of its president, Dr. H. S. Pritchett (" Popular Sci-
some fine morning, and rub our startled eyes to ence Monthly" for November), in discussion of the
behold the whole system and apparatus of tax-
“Moral Influence of a University Pension Sys-
ation on books itself made the object of a most
tem,” — or let us say frankly by the considerations
uncompromising process of " dumping”- cast
which are conspicuously absent from his presentation.
We stand ready to accord Mr. Pritchett the author-
by an enlightened public conscience upon the
ity of judgment as to management, growing out of
rubbish heap — or to discover it exemplifying
his official experience and accumulated wisdom;
anew Arnold's beautiful figure :
but we cannot grant him by virtue of his office any
“ The sun shone in the new-wash'd sky,
special warrant in the appraisal of wise principles
And what from heaven saw he?
which management is to follow, other than that con-
Blocks of the past, like icebergs high,
ferred by the possession of insight and ideals and
Float on a rolling sea!”
the personal qualities to carry them into expression.
When that glad day dawns for us, and, in
We are ready to accept his summary that “the
the allied matter of international copyright, we experience of the world seems to point strongly to
take our belated stand upon the platform of the conclusion that on the whole a contributory form
the Berne Convention, we may indeed feel that of pension is likely to be more just and least harm-
we are entitled to be counted among the civil ful"; and we cannot withhold a regret that the ex-
ized nations.
perience of the world was not available five years
ago when the contrary policy was adopted by the
Carnegie Foundation. Let it be recognized that
PENSIONS AND THE LEARNED
every pension system applicable to many and to all
PROFESSIONS.
sorts and conditions of men presents problems of
management and requires economic considerations
It is part of the undisciplined heritage which we of the greatest good — or, as Mr. Pritchett seems to
call human nature, to assert rights strenuously and view it, the least harm -- of the largest number.
assume obligations reluctantly. With the growth The Foundation must balance its books by economic
of the altruistic spirit, which cultivates thinking in as well as by intellectual and moral standards. Yet
the larger terms of social benefit, the sense of public fundamentally the selection of university professors
obligation is gradually and laboriously maturing. of selected institutions as beneficiaries carries an
There is no idea that stands in greater need of this | honor and a privilege as well as a benefit. This
beneficent socialization than that conveyed by the aspect of the pension must dominate and guide the
term “pension.” American experience has been spirit of the institution as it inspired Mr. Carnegie's
peculiarly unfortunate in linking the term with one deed of gift and appealed to his wisdom and phil-
of the greatest scandals of public extravagance, show- anthropy; and considerations of management must
ing human quality at its worst. It is also unfortu- on no account or pretext be permitted to disturb the
nate that the pity extended to old age and poverty trend of a far-reaching purpose, or to encroach upon
and lack of thrift, has enveloped the term in an the field where policy is sacred and politics profane.
atmosphere of charity. Foreign examples and an Mr. Pritchett's article gives the impression of an
attention to principles should have kept in mind the official weighed down with administrative annoy-
more digpified sense which the pension may carry ances, and deeply concerned to avert the impending
as a recognition of merit, a badge of honor. It demoralization of the professor when confronted by
will ever be impossible, and perhaps undesirable, to the remote prospect of an allowance granted without
separate the economic responsibility applicable to supervision or under the care of a trustee or guard-
all meritorious servitors of society from the specialian, if such should be granted at an age when the
recognition to be accorded those who might well allowance might still be used for the advantage of
be relieved of economic pressure, or to those who his career. Mr. Pritchett's doubts extend to many
through devotion to intellectual or moral purpose distressing aspects of the professor's character.
have been debarred from the more lucrative pur. Under these circumstances it would be as fair as
suits. The distinction is none the less to be held kind that President Pritchett should be relieved of
and clarified, despite the similar resultant expression; | the burdens of his office, which might well be placed


382
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
in the hands of someone more strongly convinced praises the entire “moral” influence of a pension
of the worthiness of the academic class as beneficia | by the attitude of these heavily pigmented members
ries, and more deeply interested in furthering the of the flock, and shapes the measures of a great
purposes for which the Foundation was established. Foundation to checkmate the sinister intentions of a
The symptoms, we venture to diagnose, point to stray individual. Such is the dismal triumph of
another case of the prevalent malady of hypertrophy efficient administration; and such the usual sacrifice
of the executive centres of the spinal cord, and of the higher interests of the worthier cause which is
atrophy of the higher cerebral centres of intellectual borne in silence. In the administrator's heaven there
vision and directive purpose. The suggestion is is joy over one sinner who is thwarted, more than
obvious that the malady may be of contagious origin, | there is grief over the lost opportunities of ninety-
since the Board of Trustees is made up of college and-nine righteous persons who need no thwarting.
presidents. But is it not translucently clear that | Yet let us be optimistic, if we can decently be so
this institution, of such profound significance for without becoming platitudinous or superficial. It
the academic life of the nation and of such great fortunately remains true that one of the largest and
potentiality for intellectual interests—an institution best influences of a pension system lies in its promise
founded purely and simply for the benefit of one of of security that enables the beneficiary, be he Justice
the learned professions, and unhampered by fund of the Supreme Court or Professor at Harvard, to pur-
eating buildings, or the clamor of students, or the sue his career with some singleness of purpose, with
demands of the public, or the contentions of rivals — lessened anxiety over the depressing uncertainties of
might well serve as an exemplar by determining its the future. The virtue of even a small pension lies
measures in the larger spirit of academic welfare? in its security as well as in its status as an earned
In benighted Germany, professors are actually sum privilege coming to one by right and not by charity.
moned to councils of state; in enlightened America Such security we attach to the institutions of law and
they are not granted a single representative on the government, and to the enduring virtues that give
council of an institution founded exclusively for permanence to human ideals and their progressive
their own interests.
embodiment; we associate it with the stability of
The “moral” considerations brought to bear on economically sound governments, and with the pub-
the discussion of a pension system are such as these : lic and private vested interests that flourish under
that “ human nature in teachers and in working men enlightened governments. In little things as in big
is in no sense different”; that “thrift is a funda ones, adherence to principle and an understanding
mental human virtue . . . hard to build up ... of its vital significance tells in the long run and in
easy to break down "; that “profitable study and the the short run. Yet so little sense of the relation of
cheerful performance of severe tasks are aided by principle to measure was shown by the Foundation
serenity, not perplexity of mind"; "that there is that the clause relating to the widow's benefit indi.
little danger that a pension will demoralize a man cated that the Trustees may vote her half the allow-
who up to sixty-five or seventy years of age has given ance to which her husband was entitled; and the
his life to the hard and unselfish work of a teacher”; may became a shall only through the urgency of
that “every teacher . . . thinks his own situation is others. It is not the principle of the matter, but the
unique and that he is entitled to consideration of a l grateful letter of a widow receiving fifty dollars a
special sort by reason of his particular and unusual month, that impresses Mr. Pritchett with the redeem-
service”; that “all this arises out of the qualities of ing value of a pension system. Gratitude is in place
human nature"; that “on the whole the number of in any good cause, but it is well to maintain a per-
those whose selfishness is touched by such a benefit spective in human relations. For the security of
(the pension at the age of sixty-five) is small, as small earthly benefits, one may well be grateful; for they
as one ought to expect ”; that “if it be true that we are subject to vicissitudes at best. Yet the other
are still so uncivilized that a prospect of serene and form of security is quite as vital and more under
helpful old age is demoralizing to men of high intel control: the steadfast adherence to commanding
lectual training, then the cure for this situation does principles and the loyalty to obligation tempered
not lie in making old age uncertain and insecure, but by judicial wisdom. Two years have not been long
in the gradual education of men to a better ideal of enough to make men forget the shock occasioned by
life.”
the peremptory withdrawal of one — and in princi-
We have made a sincere effort to take to heart ple the more liberal and promising — of the two fun-
these profound, stimulating, and consoling truths, or damental provisions of the Foundation. It is that
near-truths, but have failed woefully in extracting sort of insecurity that makes men lose their faith in
from them a set of principles that when embodied in even the best of men, and gives the sting to regret.
measures will give the largest returns to society from It is that, too, that circulates disquieting rumors and
the partialeconomic relief of those whose pursuits and makes men suspicious of proffered reasons, and spe-
ability entitle them to such privilege and honor. We cious time-serving arguments, and all the subtler dis-
find it a little difficult to decide whether it is candor ingenuousness not less damning than the coarser du-
or an insensibility to inconsistency that admits that plicities of politics. We sincerely wish that in our
the number of those who look upon a pension system temporary essay at optimism, we might convince Mr.
for what they can get out of it is very small, yet ap- | Pritchett once for all that the University pension sys-


1911.)
383
THE DIAL
tem can only do good, endless good, far-reaching good level divides the worthy from the unworthy results.
in more ways than we can take space to enumerate, Such is the law of the upper ranges of human quality
and induce him to dismiss his phobia of professorial and human standards. Defections wholly pardon-
demoralization and devote his talents to the study of able, and not over-serious in their consequences for
the possibilities of liberal and unrestricted and secure the ordinary interests of life, become fatal for the ex-
provisions to further the interests of the learned pro traordinary ones. When we shall have learned this
fessions. What is really demoralizing and does end lesson and rendered to each of the learned classes
less harm is the flopping and tacking of those who the tribute that is its due, and shall entrust their
set the course, the weak grasp of or adherence to un interests to those imbued with the spirit thereof, we
derlying purposes as reliable and as indispensable shall institute more liberal provisions for their wel-
as the compass. May we not moralize for his benefit, fare and administer more liberally those that favor-
and remind him that confidence “is a fundamental | ing circumstances permit us to establish. Meanwhile
human virtue ... hard to build up . . . easy to the learned classes may accept the imposed or self-
break down.”
imposed burden of appreciatively though critically
We have said more of the Carnegie Foundation proclaiming the merit of good measures, while main-
and less of the value of pensions for the learned pro- taining the struggle and the hope for the advent
fessions than was our intention. But the concrete and the survival of the best.
ever engages the attention; and it is often the more
urgent and useful measure to set right the faulty
steering in the short tack of the moment on the
CASUAL COMMENT.
skiff upon which we are embarked, than to chart
the future course of the great ship of state that must
THE BEST SCHOOL OF LITERARY EXPRESSION, ac-
eventually carry our ventures. Human highways,
cording to Professor Lounsbury in a noteworthy
moreover, are not like the broad open sea; they get
deliverence on “Compulsory Composition in Col-
clogged with tradition and littered with the debris
| leges,” published in the November “Harper,” is the
of precedent, and the retracing of steps is often pecu-
school of suffering. “There is nothing like misery
liarly troublesome. But the two phases of the theme
to improve the style,” he affirms after citing Lincoln's
are of one nature. It is an underlying distrust of
Gettysburg oration — the eloquent utterance of a
the man of learning, the hesitant recognition of his
man of sorrows — as an example of a style chastened
value for the intellectual resources of the nation, by soul-trying experiences. The exaction of fre-
that makes public interests dilatory in providing
quent themes from young persons having nothing to
such honorable recognition as the pension stands write and little power of clear expression he consid-
for, and as well leads to weak and floundering con- ers foolishness.
ers foolishness. The general introduction, forty
The
sideration and operation of the measures adopted.
years ago, of English composition into our colleges
Born of the same feeble confidence is the emphasis
has not, so far as he can see, tended to produce great
placed upon administrative restrictions and the exal masters of literary style ; and he would remove the
tation of near-sighted business prudence. All this
compulsion and make this course an elective for the
makes for an exaggerated intolerance of the minor
few and fit. Hard study, he believes, also can de-
disadvantages or even abuses inherent in every good
velop the muscles of the mind and do more to im-
movement, and for a tragic disregard of the great part a sinewy, vigorous, direct and powerful manner
lost opportunities. We believe in higher education, of expression than any amount of compulsory theme-
in the value of the learned professions; we should
writing. It can at least serve as a poor substitute
like a goodly share of the great contributions to
for the hard knocks of life that made Grant and
science and invention, to art and literature, to noble
Lincoln so masterly and forcible with their pens.
thoughts and human endeavors, to emanate from In what the Yale emeritus professor of English
Americans; but we are chary or stupid in providing
says — and he expresses himself at some length, and
the free and effective play of forces, the favoring en-
should be read in full — there is much that must win
vironment which gives these blossoms their nurture.
every reader's assent; nevertheless, is it to be en-
We see no reason why roses should not be grown
dured that graduates from our colleges should go out
like cabbages, and orchids like peas, --- and we want
into the world unable to handle a pen with correct-
the roses thornless. We insist that the business ness and even some degree of elegance? Under-
methods that make the one crop flourish must be
graduate practice of some sort must be insisted upon
efficacious for the other. Foreign example is uncon for all. To wait for original ideas to move to
vincing, too heavily laden with conditions condemned
utterance is in many instances like waiting for the
by a triumphant democracy as out-of-date. And so water to come to him who would learn the art of
our statesmanship in politics carries the flavor of | swimming.
the market-place and the outlook and insight of the DR. WILEY AS CLASSICAL SCHOLAR AND POET, as
"* boss"; and the guidance of cultural interests, re- a former college instructor in Latin and Greek, as
flecting a kindred narrowness of perspective, fails a linguist who can talk Romaic with the bootblack
or imperfectly succeeds by reason of the absence of from Athens, and Latin with any Catholic priest or
just that superadded but indispensable touch of in other Latinist, is undoubtedly far less known to the
tellectual integrity and spiritual vision, that at that I world than Dr. Wiley the pure-food champion, the


384
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
“ big chief” of the bureau of chemistry at Washing through much experience, the ability to see through
ton, the utterer of witty sayings and maker of apt an incompetent or complaisant reviewer, and they
retorts, and the good comrade to those associated have no use for him. Also, they were unanimous in
with him professionally or meeting him in the daily regarding the sales of fiction as not by any means
walks of life. “If I had a child,” he is reported so perceptively influenced by reviews, though they
to have said, “I would teach it Latin at eight and | admitted that most novel-readers like to see what
Greek at ten. ... This proposed new universal the reviewers have to say about the novels of the
language — Esperanto --- why, it is almost wholly day.
Latin. Take the Latin away and there wouldn't
RURAL EXTENSION OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARY
be enough for a skeleton of a language. Why don't claims the thought and energy of many librarians
they make a universal language of Latin? It would | at present. In the current issues of both the In-
be much more practical. Greek is not a dead lang- |
diana “Library Occurent” and the Vermont
uage. There is more difference between the English - Bulletin ” (periodical publications of the library
of Chaucer and the English of to-day than there is
commissions of these States) mention is made of
between the Greek of Homer and the Greek of
this movement to carry the public library into the
to-day. I can talk Greek with bootblacks on the
more thinly settled districts. Dry-goods boxes,
street and make myself understood and understand
painted a dark green, cheaply serve as transporta-
them.” Dr. Wiley is also the author of pastoral
tion cases; a friendly farmer will often do the cart-
poetry- or perhaps it should be called agricultural
ing for nothing; and a schoolhouse, country store,
verse --- notably some dialect lines entitled “Farmer
or farmhouse can easily be found for the deposit of
Johnson's Impressions of the Institute,” which are
the precious freight. An ingenious and simple
thought to have done as much for scientific farming
charging system with card-catalogue combined has
as have his more serious labors in the Department
been devised, which serves also as a record of the
of Agriculture. A noteworthy and characteristic
nature and extent of each book's public service.
reply of his to a questioner who asked him why he
These outlying deposit stations do not need large
did not retaliate on his enemies, was this : “ When
collections of books in order to attract borrowers;
I was a young man I made up my mind never to
quality is of greater importance than quantity. In
allow myself to harbor any personal resentment. It
Indiana, where whole townships are now receiving,
doesn't pay.” His liberal education owes much to
for a proper consideration, the benefits of libraries
the influences of a home whose head, he declares,
ose head, he declares, hitherto exclusively used by smaller communities,
“was a remarkable man.” The literature he grew
the carrying of the books to the people seems to
up on he states to have been the English Bible, the
accomplish far more than the inviting of the people
Greek Testament, « The Atlantic Monthly," and
to the books. In Ludlow, Vermont, baskets of books
“ The National Era” — the latter once well known
are sent out to the four district schools in town, and
as an anti-slavery journal. These, he says, " I read
to ten schools in the surrounding towns. Who knows
and absorbed.” . ..
but this rural extension service may even tend to
THE PUBLISHER'S OPINION OF THE BOOK-REVIEW | check the excessive and increasing flow of our
should carry weight, since he spends each year, if | country population city-ward ?
he does a large business, thousands of dollars in sup-
plying the press with copies of his books for review | THE UNIVERSAL AND IRRESISTIBLE APPEAL OF
purposes. A careful investigation of the matter by “ TOM SAWYER” receives additional and notable
a writer in the Boston “Transcript" brings out some tribute in the fact that a new series of Hebrew
significant facts. Five or six prominent New York books for the young, just started in London, begins
publishers were interviewed, and all agreed in em- | with a translation of Mark Twain's masterpiece,
phatic endorsement of the competent, discriminating under the title “Meorarath Tom.” Henceforth the
review (whether favorable or the reverse) as a pow immortal impersonation of all that is most richly
erful aid in promoting the commercial success of a and delightfully typical of sturdy, irrepressible,
book. “You can't always trace it," said one of the adventure-loving, danger-daring boyhood will add
publishers interviewed, “but there is no doubt they a new joy to the life of the Jewish lad of Rostov
[the reviews) introduce a book to the reader more or Kazan, even as it has proved a joy and, in its
readily, and command a more respectful attention, way, an inspiration to the youth of this country
than a regular advertisement.” Instances in his own and England. From the banks of the Mississippi
experience were then cited by the speaker to illus to those of the Yang-tse-kiang, Tom is as sure of
trate the effect of an appreciative expert appraisal making his way straight to the reader's heart as is
of a book. “It doesn't matter," he added, “in one Robinson Crusce or Sindbad the Sailor or Jack
sense, whether a review is favorable or unfavorable, the Giant-killer. Into how many tongues “ Tom
so long as it is done seriously and competently." All Sawyer" has already been translated probably no
the publishers interviewed seem to have been like one could say with anything like certainty; but that
minded in their contempt for the unwisely laudatory it will eventually appear in Arabic and Chinese and
review, the good-natured or ignorant estimate of a Hindustani versions, if it has not already done so,
work at more than its genuine worth. They acquire, would be a not very unsafe wager.


1911.)
385
THE DIAL
TOLSTOY'S LAST PLAY, “ The Living Corpse," | ious devices for publicity; has caused every school.
which is soon to be published in English together house in town to become a branch library; has other-
with a few posthumous stories and miscellanies, has wise pushed the usefulness of her library into the
appeared on the Russian stage and is about to ap- remotest corner of Pomfret, which covers thirty-six
pear likewise in Vienna, Paris, and probably else. square miles; has made arbitrary rules give way to
where. The plot of it — the make-believe suicide reason ; has, in short, proved herself a born libra-
of a magnanimous husband in order to remove the rian, and has attracted admiring attention from far
legal obstacle to his wife's marriage with the man beyond the borders of Pomfret -- which, by the way,
she really loves, and a base informer's subsequent is a little town of only seven hundred inhabitants.
betrayal of the scheme to the police — offers possi-
bilities for sensational melodrama of a cheap sort;
FINANCING A NEW TRANSLATION OF THE AN-
but from such reports as have reached us the
CIENT CLASSICS would not appeal to every retired
theme seems to have been handled in a manner not
banker as a desirable mode of occupying one's lei-
unworthy of the reformer and sage who chose it
sure and employing one's surplus revenue. All the
(from the court records of Moscow) as the subject
of a philosophical drama. The unselfishness of the
more, then, does it redound to the credit of Mr.
James Loeb that he should propose to himself this
husband, who finally kills himself in earnest to
enterprise as a means of popularizing, so far as may
unsnarl the matrimonial tangle, and the native
human goodness of all the principals concerned
be, a portion of the world's best but at present least-
read literature. Here is a project far more serious
(except the blackmailing informer), are brought
than drawing up a list of the hundred best books, or
out and emphasized in idealistic fashion, with a
suggesting suitable candidates for a five-foot library-
corresponding subordination of the gruesome or
criminal aspects of the case. Pathetic is the illus-
shelf. Where will the adequately-equipped trans-
lators be found - thorough classical scholars who
tration here offered of Tolstoy's belief to the last in
are at the same time free from the pedantry of spec-
human goodness so long as it is not warped or sup-
ialization and gifted with powers of apt and idiomatic
pressed by social order or man-made law or other
and pleasing literary expression? Humanists and
artificial restraint or violence.
not philologists or grammarians are called for; but
THE POMFRET PLAN OF LIBRARY MANAGEMENT,
modern classical drill has been designed to produce
devised by the Pomfret librarian, Mrs. Abba Doton
the latter rather than the former. How many at
Chamberlin, is admirably adapted to the needs of
present have the mingled qualities of scholarship and
small towns — just such towns, in fact, as Pomfret,
enthusiasm and literary taste to do for Homer or
Tacitus what Munro so excellently did for Lucretius,
Vermont, where it is giving great satisfaction.
The Pomfret Public Library dates from 1896, the
and Conington for Virgil, and Jowett for Plato? As
library building, given by Judge Ira A. Abbott, from
an illustration of the possible attractiveness and
1905, and the present administration from 1907.
readability of a translated classic, the version of
Here are some brief extracts from a most interesting
Horace's Letters noticed in our preceding issue may
pamphlet entitled “A Vermont Library," written
be cited, though a would-be popular edition should
chiefly by Mrs. Chamberlin, edited by Mr. John
not be of the limited or de luxe sort. That Mr.
Cotton Dana, and attractively printed at the Elm
Loeb will find his properly-equipped translators and
Tree Press, of Woodstock, Vt. “On May 1, 1907,”
successfully carry through his project, is to be hoped
says Mrs. Chamberlin, “I became, at Judge Abbott's
by all friends to the cause of good literature.
request, librarian. Since then the library has always
been open, for I live in the building. I know every BOOK-PRODUCTION IN CANADA is reported from
body, old and young, in the town, and so need no Toronto as still an almost negligible quantity, so far
system of registering borrowers. Books are lent as the actual manufacture of the books is concerned.
to all who ask for them, and charged on slips in The Dominion demanded its own special copyright
the simplest possible way.” “ Records are carefully | law, but the market for literary wares remains so
kept, but no fines are taken for overdue books. We small and so inactive that rarely does it prove prof-
put our patrons on their honor, and they are loyal itable to publish at home. The great publishers of
to us." “ The building is open each week day at all the United States and England receive in growing
reasonable hours, just as is every farmhouse. On numbers the manuscripts of Canadian writers, and
Sundays it is open from 2 to 6 p. m.” “It struck not a few of these get themselves published each
me that the first thing to do was to try to make the year. The present season brings forth an unusual
rooms look a little more social. I had a mahogany | number of books treating historically and descrip-
parlor set of furniture; a good musical instrument tively of Canada itself, chiefly by Englishmen who
in a rosewood case; an old mahogany dining table; have been visiting the country and travelling espe-
some dainty stands and various other things. These cially in its vast new West. Other departments of
I moved in. City people coming in would say, 'I'll literature are represented by works of Canadian au-
give you $100 for that table : But the reply thorship, but in a population no larger than Canada's
always was, “It answers very well where it is for the not very many poets and novelists and historians
present.”” Mrs. Chamberlin has instituted ingen- | and essayists can be reasonably looked for.


386
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
reverence have in the intervening years merely
The New Books.
changed their declared objects rather than suf-
fered any diminution. Even in the “awful
MEMOIRS OF A FREE-THINKER time” referred to above, the serious young man
AND FREE-LANCE.*
felt a repugnance for the Church as a profession,
In the opening chapter of Mr. Frederic and therefore complied with his father's desire
Harrison's “ Autobiographic Memoirs,” two
that he should study for the Bar. But these
substantial volumes crowded with the memories studies were half-heartedly undertaken, with no
and the meditations of four-score years, the expectation or even wish to excel as a barrister;
assertion is made that “ biography, the typical and consequently, though he practised several
literature of our age, feels the reaction of the
years with success, we soon find his attention
ceaseless multiplication of lives to record, until | diverted to other interests — to literature, to
the best and greatest lives are too often over-
Comte's philosophy, to art, to travel, to public
whelmed in the flow of the obscure and the
questions, to sundry warm personal friendships,
commonplace. But,” adds the writer, “ about
notably with Ruskin and with his former tutor
this it is not for me to say more, for I am con-
Richard Congreve. As a valuable initiation
scious of giving myself away.'” Luckily he
into general literature, he had discharged, ap-
did not dwell so long on the plethora of " lives”
parently with unusual zeal and faithfulness, the
now filling our bookshelves as to become deterred
duties of librarian of the Oxford Union; and
from the project of adding one 'more, but felt
in the fine arts his home influences and early
that if the story of his own life were ever to be
reading and studies had made him no mean con-
reading and studies
told in print he himself was the one best fitted to noisseur. Among other details of this highly
tell that story accurately and in sufficient detail.
interesting period in Mr. Harrison's life it must
Mr. Harrison was born in London, Oct. 18,
not be forgotten that he won, to his surprise
1831, of well-to-do parents, who gave careful,
and gratification, a fellowship in his college
possibly too careful, attention to his education.
(Wadham), which he seems to have held until
Habits of revery and introspection, which less
his marriage fifteen years later. The following
often show themselves in boys that rub elbows passage from an early chapter is of significance,
and exchange fisticuffs with their kind, appear
especially if one reads between the lines :
to have been his in childhood and youth. From
"The only University Prize which ever attracted me
was the Arnold Essay — The Jews in Europe in the Mid-
Oxford, on his twenty-first birthday, we find
dle Ages, 1856. This seemed to me a really interesting
him writing to his mother a letter which he now study, and I set about it with spirit. Through Miss
publishes in part, to show what a “ sententious A. M. Goldsmid, the learned daughter of Sir Isaac, the
prig” he once was. A short passage may amuse
first baronet, I was introduced to Dr. Löwe, an eminent
the reader, as it must have amused the writer-
rabbi and Hebrew scholar, who gave me a most useful
list of books and other suggestions for research. I con-
sixty years after.
tinued making notes and collecting volumes for some
“ You may fancy the last few days (entering as I am time; but as I was particularly anxious that John Bridges
on full age) have had for me no ordinary significance; should win the prize, I handed my materials to him,
and that the epoch, a turning-point — at once a goal knowing that he would use them much better than I
and a starting-post in life — has filled me with vagne could. This he did, and gained the prize by an admir-
and yet powerful emotions as I approached it. I have able essay, published in the Oxford Essays of 1857.
never yet stepped from a lower to a more important This prize and the Oriel Fellowship amply redressed his
sphere without hesitation and apprehension, and I do failure to secure his First Class in the Honours School.
so no less now in this strange advance. In truth, it is By the way, I find in an old letter of that date that one
an awful time; and yet, the feelings it awakens are sol of the examiners had admitted to the tutors that Bridges
complicated and vague, so mingled with hope and fear, was the ablest man in. Oxford Class Lists indeed have
with self-confidence and backward regrets, that I cannot as many surprises as horse-racing. The “ablest,' like
comprehend and explain them -- whilst even now the | the fleetest, does not always come first to the post."
new necessities and duties commence - dreams must
The public life of Mr. Harrison_his member-
give way to action, and work is thrust upon my hands
and gives no place for reflection."
ship on a trades-union commission in 1867-69,
The devout tone of some of these early letters,
his services in the London County Council from
and their writer's ready acceptance of the relig-
1889 to 1893, his later holding of a county
ion of his forebears, do not exactly picture the
magistracy in Kent, and other activities for the
child as father of the man in his case, though
public good — contains for the reader so much
probably the truth is that the devotion and the
less of interest than his literary life and private
studies, that no excuse need be offered for dwell-
* AUTOBIOGRAPHIC MEMOIRS. By Frederic Harrison,
D.C.L., Litt.D., LL.D. In two volumes, with portraits.
ing chiefly on the latter. A seat in Parliament
New York: The Macmillan Co.
| seems to have been well within Mr. Harrison's


1911.)
387
THE DIAL
reach, had he cared to turn to politics, and there sition, a struggle.” This, in the face of the
were other ways open that might have led to high present solicitous endeavor to make easy and
public position ; but no desire for such honors inviting the road to knowledge, is significant.
and emoluments seems ever to have been enter As to more advanced and special studies, he ex-
tained by him.
presses himself with even greater emphasis and
Concerning his growth into independence of with an unusual richness of epithet.
thought in religious matters, the eminent Posi “ Alas! from all that I hear to-day, the mania for
tivist takes his readers into his confidence, as
specialization and the parrot-like imitation of German
follows:
Cloud-cuckoo-land and Nephelo-Coccygian Metaphys-
ics, has overlaid Plato and Aristotle, Bacon, Locke,
“ As to religious opinion, it is always difficult to make
Hume, Berkeley, Butler, and Kant with gaseous worlds
a sure retrospect. But I think this was the truth. I
of post-Kantian, Neo-Hegelian fumes and exhalations
was brought up at home and at school an orthodox be-
which bedim the old philosophies, so that they are seen
liever, sincerely adopting prayer, services, and sacrament
to-day as if they were the sun in a London fog. ...
in the ordinary way as a moderate High Churchman.
The result of all this interminable specialization into
Yeast, Maurice, F. Newman's Theism, Mill, and Mazzini,
fissiparous trivialties, joined to a habit of treating onto-
together, made my orthodoxy melt away. I had taken
logical locutions as ideas and realities, has in half a
the sacrament at my Confirmation as a believer in Tran-
century deteriorated Oxford training and clouded over
substantiation, and I continued to take it, apart from
Oxford thought. It is my deliberate opinion that
any supernatural idea, but without disgust or contempt
at Oxford. But the whole orthodox fabric melted away
Oxford does not breed in the twentieth century powers
of mind so robust, so fertile, and so original as it did
in me, mainly on moral grounds, such as F. Newman and
in the middle of the nineteenth century. The reason I
F. D. Maurice used, and from growing disgust with such
take to be that the discovery of some new but insignifi-
Catholicism as that of J. H. Newman and Pusey, and
cant fact is looked on as displacing grasp of thought,
such Philistine Protestantism as that of B. Symons."
mental synthesis, and any attempt to view the world
There was no “sudden revulsion of opinion
and man as organic wholes. Thought as such is dis-
and feeling,” he adds, nor did he “ ever experi credited by the preposterous value attributed to novel,
ence any qualm or anxiety of conscience.” “I but quite subordinate, positive facts. And as to the
sbould,” he asserts," at all times of my life have
imaginative use of language, charm of memorable com-
position, symmetry and grace of style, the modern tend-
regarded it as ludicrous to be either uneasy or
ency is to regard anything of the kind with suspicion
ashamed of believing what it seemed to me to be and contempt."
true to believe.” In a later chapter he takes
There the equipoise and serenity of the octo-
occasion to dispel “sundry foolish myths " con-
genarian philosopher fail to shine conspicuous.
cerning Newton Hall and the seekers after truth The educational system of any age is at best an
who regularly met there.
imperfect and tentative one; but it would be
“We at Newton Hall have treated these visions [of too painful, as well as unreasonable, to believe
Comte's] with reverence; but we have never dreamed
our own times wrapped in so dense a “ nephelo-
of witnessing in our age any such Apocalypse, and as-
suredly we have never presumed to attempt any crude
coccygian” darkness in the things of the intel-
model of a society which after ages will have to work lect as this praiser of the past professes to believe.
out in reality and which must follow and not precede an To dispel the gloomy vision, here is a pleasing
entire re-organization of life and thonght. We have not
though unsparing pen-sketch of Ruskin :
presumed to use the sacred name of a church for our
tentative group. We have had no priest, no ritual, no
“John' was the ideal of an airy, generous, fantastic,
adoration, no ceremonial. We have not assumed to
| lovable man of genius, whose fancies bubbled forth
clear and inexhaustible like a mountain spring. He
speak of services,' or worship,' or religion,' except-
ing in so far as the Service of Man' may mean the
was everything that one could imagine of friendly wel-
fulfilment of human duties, or as worship’ may mean
come, of simple nature, of incalculable epigram and
manifest honor and reverence for whatsoever things are
paradox. . . . He was always ready to talk — to ask
true, whatsoever are honest, whatsoever are just, what-
questions — even to listen. But as to allowing any
soever are pure, whatsoever are lovely. If there be any
man's thoughts, any book old or new, to assist, qualify,
virtue, if there be any praise, we think on these things,
or enter into his own thoughts, it was not to be endured.
and that is worship.”
... I came away delighted with the charm of this
brilliant and generons nature, full of admiration for the
In a retrospect covering so long a period, it
marvellous agility of his inspiration, but puzzled and
is natural that the author should see much that even saddened by the sight of such impracticable au-
seems to him a change for the worse in later dacity and waywardness.”
years. Methods of education, both elementary Mr. Harrison's impressions of America, which
and advanced, have in his judgment sadly dete- he visited ten years ago, formed the subject of a
riorated. He believes that the private day-school paper in “ The Nineteenth Century,” afterward
which he attended from his tenth to his twelfth reprinted in his “ Memories and Thoughts,” so
year taught its pupils as much in two years as that there is not very much of importance for
boys now learn in five.“ And the learning was him to add on that subject in his present work.
in itself a delight, instead of a task, an impo- | That he is not immoderate in his praise of our


388
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
country and its institutions becomes apparent training and experience lend weight to his opin-
enough in such passages as the following: ions. Professor Ross tells us that “the renais-
“ But in spite of all, notwithstanding the low level sance of a quarter of the human family is occur-
of American manners, taste, literature, and art, I do
ring before our eyes, and we have only to sit in
hold that our feudal and Catholic traditions of birth,
the parquet and watch the stage.” Few of us,
caste, ritual, privilege, and war will ultimately be
superseded by republican patriotism. Autocracy, Aris-
however, are favored with the necessary paste-
tocracy, Democracy, will eventually grow into Soci boards; so we have much to be thankful for
oracy — i.e., rule in the interest of the social whole. that he has shared his first-hand observations
And a true Sociocracy is most likely to grow up in a with us. For he has refused to be denied a
people where the anti-social prejudices are most com-
hearing because of his limited stay in China.
pletely extinct.”
“The fact is, to the traveller who appreciates how
But he has only good words for Chicago. “So
different is the mental horizon that goes with another
little,” he writes in a letter appended to the
stage of culture or another type of social organization
American chapter, “is Chicago a city of corn than his own, the Chinese do not seem very puzzling.
• deals' and pig-curing, that I heard nothing
Allowing for differences in outfit of knowledge and
there but philanthropy, education, social im-
fundamental ideas, they act much as we should act
under their circumstances. The theory, dear to liter-
provement, and art studies.” He calls the chief
ary interpreters of the Orient, that owing to diversity
of Chicago's educational institutions “ a wonder in mental constitution the yellow man and the white
ful University," whose “ seventy-nine Professors man can never comprehend or sympathize with one
and Professorinnen" he heartily praises, but he
another, will appeal little to those who from their com-
is strangely misinformed or forgetful in speaking
parative study of societies have gleaned some notion of
what naturally follows from isolation, the acute strug-
of the university as “ built by Chicago citizens."
gle for existence, ancestor worship, patriarchal authority,
So rich and wide-ranging a retrospect from the subjection of women, the decline of militancy, and
the pen of so keen an observer, so clear a thinker, the ascendency of scholars.”
so fearless a critic, and so engaging a writer, Of the ten chapters two are distinctly descrip-
rarely issues from the press to minister to the tive. “China to the Ranging Eye” is an im-
enjoyment of the English-reading world. Be pressionistic study of some of the things which
gun with the intention of merely preserving old held the attention of the careful traveller, while
memories for the gratification of the writer's chil “ The Far West of the Far East” is the story
dren, the book maintains throughout a candor of a journey of twelve hundred miles from
and a fulness of detail that not every autobiog. Taiyuanfu, in Shansi, to Chengtu, in Szechuan.
rapher would allow himself in preparing a work Since Professor Ross's return, Chengtu, “ the
for the general public. Hence no small part most progressive of pure Chinese cities," has
of its value and charm. Of course it contains been the centre of a rebellion, and the Viceroy
here and there matter that has appeared in sub Chao Erh-Sen, who took such pride in his
stance in one or another of the author's recent | capital, has been reported the victim of assas-
books,— in his “ Creed of a Layman,” or in his | sination. Three of the chapters are to a large
“ Memories and Thoughts," — but the work as degree narrative. - The Grapple with the
a whole is of fresh and abundant interest, as well | Opium Evil” tells the story of the great moral
as of unstudied charm of style.
struggle which has been in progress during the
PERCY F. BICKNELL. past five years. “Unbinding the Women of
China” is concerned with the mind and heart,
as well as with the feet; for “ all the railroads
THE TRANSFORMATION OF CHINA.* that may be built, all the mines that may be
opened, all the trade that may be fostered, can-
At this time, when news from China seems to
not add half as much to the happiness of the
hold an indeterminate tenure of the front pages
Chinese people as the cultivation of their unde-
of our daily press, it is peculiarly gratifying to
veloped resources '— their womanhood.” The
be able to turn to a work which sheds new light
upon the conditions in that troubled land. In
chapter on “ Christianity in China" will delight
the believer in foreign missions, and will give
“ The Changing Chinese ” we have the conclu-
the critic something to ponder over; for Pro-
sions derived from a half-year of study and
fessor Ross is confident of the ultimate triumph
travel in the Middle Kingdom by one whose
of the faith in China, if only it keeps its grip
*THE CHANGING CHINESE. The Conflict of Oriental and
upon the West.
Western Cultures in China. By Edward Alsworth Ross,
Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Sociology in the University of
The five remaining chapters contain much
Wisconsin, New York: The Century Co.
| that is deeply suggestive. “The Race Fibre


1911.]
389
THE DIAL
of the Chinese” not only points out the “ob- | little bravery to peer into the future of things
served toughness" of that people, but shows Chinese ; but so interesting is the treatment
why the white man is justified in excluding him throughout, so vivid the descriptions, so incisive
from his labor-market. “ The Race Mind of the arguments, so clear the conclusions, that the
the Chinese ” offers an explanation for the volume will appeal to an unusually wide public
“ patent stagnation of the collective mind,” | and must be considered a notable contribution
and maintains that “the future bearers and to the literature on that remarkable land, now
advancers of civilization will be, not the whites undergoing a transformation which is watched
alone, but the white and yellow races, and the with interest throughout the world.
control of the globe will lie in the hands of
Payson J. TREAT.
the two races instead of one." Terrible in its
vividness is the chapter describing “ The Strug-
gle for Existence"; and for this grinding mass CAVOUR AND THE MAP OF ITALY..
of poverty the one general cause is given as
“ the crowding of population upon the means
In October, 1850, when d’Azeglio presented
of subsistence.” Of special interest to the
the name of Cavour for the Ministry of Com-
members of our “slow-multiplying, high-wage”
merce and Agriculture, Victor Emmanuel re-
white society is the prophecy in “ The Indus-
plied, “ Don't you gentlemen see that that little
trial Future of China." Cheap and skilful as
fellow will send you all heels over head?” The
the labor may be, -
plump little man, with his head full of statistics
and his heart full of the Liberal Idea, was in-
“It is not likely that the march of industrialism in
China will be so rapid and triumphant as many have
deed destined, not perhaps to send the minis-
anticipated. Jealousy of the foreigner, dearth of cap- ters flying, but at least to change the map of
ital, ignorant labor, official squeeze, graft, nepotism, Italy. It is for this one thing — the creation
lack of experts, and inefficient management will long of the Kingdom of Italy — that Cavour will be
delay the harnessing of the cheap labor power of
China to the machine. Not we, nor our children, but
remembered, and for this alone. Indeed, his
our grandchildren, will need to lie awake nights. It is
life presents singularly little else of interest.
along in the latter half of this century that the yellow While yet a boy, he dreamed of some day being
man's economic competition will begin to mould with first minister of his country; the decade of his
giant hands the politics of the planet."
public life was wholly devoted to the great task,
Finally, “ The New Educat: on " describes which was scarcely accomplished before he died;
some of the difficulties and the weaknesses of and no master of romance could have put more
the new programme. Much is explained by this appropriate words into the mouth of a dying
comment :
hero than those actually uttered by Cavour -
“The broad contrast between China and Japan in “ Italy is made, all is safe.” But the work of
utilizing Western scholars runs back to their difference
Cavour was felt far beyond the limits of his
in attitude toward our civilization. The Japanese were
humble and teachable. Long ago they had borrowed
own country, for it was the decisive event in
heavily from the mainland, and they were not too
that series of transformations which effected
proud to sit awhile at the feet of Western scholars. the political reconstruction of Europe on the
But the Chinese, remembering that their culture is all
basis of nationality and constitutional govern-
their own, are still too haughty to recognize fully their
ment. It does not often fall to the lot of even
need of the foreign educator."
a great man, by devoting himself exclusively to
And the following tale should be added to those
one task, to decide the destiny of his country,
which are current in many of our universities :
and thereby drive the main currents of history
“I even heard of a Manchu literary chancellor who
into new channels.
could not read the examination essays submitted for
Mr. Thayer has given us a life of Cavour
provincial honors. So he piled them on the canopy of
his bed, poked them with his cane as he lay smoking his
commensurate in scope with the importance of
pipe, and the thirteen that slid off first were declared the subject; and if it proves not to be a master-
winners.”
piece of historical biography, it will at least rank
Many more quotations might find their way with the scholarly and well-constructed histories
into this review, for the volume abounds in of the present time. He has studied, apparently
striking passages. Enough, however, have been with great care, all the available sources; and
given to show why this brilliant sociological | the printed sources are abundant-sufficiently
study holds the reader's interest from cover to | so, it seems, to make it unlikely that further
cover. Exception may be taken to an infer-
*THE LIFE AND TIMES OF Cavour. By William Roscoe
ence here or a prophecy there -- for it takes no | Thayer. In two volumes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.


390
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
search in archives would greatly add to our umbrella (who indeed would push the principle
knowledge or furnish the basis for any new con of Liberty so far as to wish the privilege of being
clusion of importance. In the main drift and scorched by the sun or wet by the rain ?)— this
substance of the story, therefore, Mr. Thayer excellent middle-class found the great dogma of
offers nothing new; but in clear and detailed the Mean exactly to its liking. Liberty there
exposition of events he offers much that is new, must be, certainly,— but not too much of it, and
at least to English readers. One must admire only for the right sort of people : political lib-
the skill with which he has picked out the tanglederty for those who had money enough to appre-
skein of diplomatic negotiations, and the persist ciate its advantages ; industrial liberty for those
ence with which he follows the devious under- / who wished to increase profits, but not always for
ground ways of the secret societies. Those who those who wished to raise wages ; intellectual
have tried to work out the genesis of the Sicilian and religious liberty for all except the inde-
expedition, or to arrive at some clear notion of cently eccentric or the uncomfortably original.
the exact part which was taken in that movement | Nothing too much, said the neat Liberal — not
by Garibaldi, the Mazzinians, the National So | quite in the Greek sense.
ciety, and above all by Cavour himself, will be Liberalism, as it lay in the quiescent mind of
grateful to Mr. Thayer for his excellent treat the bourgeois, was doubtless crude enough. But
ment of a complicated subject. Details of there were not wanting statesmen and essayists
importance, too often omitted or distorted, - to clothe the interests of a class in decent and
such as the statement of Napoleon to Hübner on attractive theory. Let us have, they said, free-
New Year's Day 1859, or the fact that Victor dom in government, in industry, in thought, in
Emmanuel knew before the battle of Solferino religion, to the end that every man may develop
that the Emperor was contemplating a truce to the highest point the best that is in him ;
with Austria, - one finds correctly stated here. only thus shall justice prevail, ignorance and
And then, Mr. Thayer has the rare merit of superstition and intolerance disappear, poverty
making his people real. Garibaldi, d'Azeglio, and war be banished, and peace, prosperity, and
Farina, Victor Emmanuel, Brofferio, are not so happiness be universally diffused at last. Now,
many lay figures, but men of flesh and blood, Cavour's Liberalism was strong precisely be-
that the reader comes to know apart, and to like, cause it was grounded upon class interest and
too, in their different ways, even though Mr. at the same time attractively shaped in terms of
Thayer, one suspects, does not always — as in this plausible theory. Cavour was, through his
the case of Brofferio — particularly like them own industry, a rich man, and bis vigorous in-
himself. Of Cavour we have on the whole a telligence — always, as Medici said, essentially
faithful and certainly a most engaging portrait; at “the level of circumstances” — was just the
while the exposition of his aims, and of his sort to be captivated by a theory at once so
transcendent genius in meeting and overcoming simple and so comprehensive. “With the ever
the difficulties that faced him on every side, greater realization of this principle,” he said —
leaves little to be desired.
and he was always repeating it, “ there must fol-
Cavour professed that sort of political philos low a greater welfare for all, but especially for
ophy which is generally known as Liberalism. the least favored classes.” This was the very
“I am the son of Liberty,” he said, "and to essence of the Liberal philosophy -- the sim-
her I owe all that I am,” — and to her, it might ple faith that liberty wisely ordered by the few
be added, as Mr. Thayer wishes us to under would bring in its train that essential quality
stand, he gave his life. But Cavour understood dreamed of by the many. The Liberal Idea thus
Liberty in terms of that golden mean which the became for Cavour, as for many another gener-
adherents of the school not infrequently found ous mind of that day, the open sesame to the
so convenient a substitute for logical principles. millennium. “A calico millennium," laughed
Viewed from the standpoint of a later day, Lib- Carlyle. “At least a concrete one, and safe,"
eralism is seen to have been the halfway house | Cavour might have replied.
on the road from absolutism to democracy — or And Mr. Thayer, one suspects, would say so
not quite that perhaps, the first stage rather ; too. He is so heartily in sympathy with Cavour,
and it found its chief support in the well-to-do with his philosophy, with his practical policy,
middle class. The highly respectable and alto- that his book may not unjustly be called an apol-
gether conventional bourgeois, immortalized in ogy for liberal constitutionalism — an apology
the pages of Thackeray and Balzac, and of which in the older sense of the word, the sense of a
the archtype is the Citizen King with his green' valiant justification. Perhaps apology is after


1911.)
391
THE DIAL
all not the right word; but I wish to say that very principles — national independence and
Mr. Thayer seems not so much to have adopted liberty --- which, if allowed to become practi-
Cavour's point of view just temporarily, for cally operative, would have dissolved his empire,
historical purposes, as never to have ventured and, indeed, came very near dissolving it in
very far away from it. He sees the drama from 1848, without much prospect of becoming prac-
Cavour's angle of vision, because, like Cavour, tically operative at that. The shadow of '93 was
he habitually sits in the mean distance ; like still over Europe, and how much the events of
Cavour, therefore, he cannot quite understand 1848 had deepened it Mr. Thayer will by no
how the play looks to those who sit at ease in means let us see: the anarchy that bad pre-
the boxes, or strain uncomfortably forward vailed for weeks in the streets of Paris and
from the gallery. This is the prime defect: Vienna not only struck terror to the puppet
Mr. Thayer is so much of a liberal himself that rulers of Italy, but gave pause to many a stead-
he cannot be quite fair to those who were not fast liberal in every country of Europe as well.
in sympathy with Cavour's methods, or to those “We demand,” said Marché, addressing the
who stood in the way of his aims; and thus the Provisional Government in behalf of the Paris
three determining forces of that time-con- | radicals, “ the extermination of property and
servatism, liberalism, radicalism—are presented capitalists, the immediate installation of the pro-
to the reader in somewhat false perspective. letariat in community of goods, the proscription
Of Mr. Thayer's treatment of Mazzini and of bankers, the rich, the merchants, the bour-
the radicals, one need not complain much. The geoisie of every condition above that of wage-
portrait of the incorrigible idealist, whom it earners, the acceptance of the red flag to signify
was impossible not to love yet never quite safe to society defeat, to the people victory, to Paris
to follow, is well and sympathetically drawn; the Terror, and to all foreign governments inva-
and for the most part we are led to suppose that sion.” A pleasant programme !-but one which
his work was indispensable to Italian unity (I., helps to explain why so many men were willing
274, 542, II., 233), although occasionally one to suffer such evils as the Hapsburgs rather
infers that Cavour was quite right in dismissing than to fly to others that they knew not of.
him as an unmitigated nuisance. However, Mr. Thayer's remarks on the Church would
this question is hardly as important for the furnish a hostile critic with many fine open-
biographer of Cavour as the question of the ings. He honestly endeavors to distinguish the
validity of Mazzini's criticism of Cavour. The Church and the Catholic religion from those
full force of this criticism Mr. Thayer does not, that represented it. In this I think he is not
I think, sufficiently emphasize; and of this very successful. “ The romanticists,” he says,
something presently.
“ represented mediæval life, not as it was, but
It is chiefly among the conservatives that | as if the ideals of a few had been the practice
Mr. Thayer finds himself, like goodman Tul. of all.” One might turn this epigram a little
liver, in a world that is, if not precisely too differently, and apply it with some justice to
much for him, at least fairly puzzling. The Mr. Thayer himself: he is too much inclined
English Tory, for example, he thinks a good to represent the Church as if the practices of a
sort of person. “Often he is not consciously few had been the ideals of all. This prejudice
selfish”; but the defect of a Tory is that “ how must account for many statements which, besides
ever patriotic he may be, he cannot understand | being unnecessary for the author's main pur-
patriotism in others.” This is amusing enough, | pose, are misleading. “I believe because it is
and harmless too. But Mr. Thayer's dislike of impossible,” which is ascribed to Saint Anselm,
the Austrian and Italian reactionaries is almost expresses precisely the thing for which Saint
as great as that of Cavour himself; and that is Anselm did not stand ; more than any other
more serious, for it fixes his attention somewhat scholastic, he was keen to demonstrate that
too much upon the Bombas and Antonellis to what he believed could be shown by reason to
the neglect of that wide-spread and genuine be not only possible but necessary. Doubtless
conservative sentiment without which these Mr. Thayer knows this very well. And he
puppets—despicable enough, truly-would long must know, too, that the doctrine of Infallibility
since have been brushed aside. Austria was refers only to the definition of doctrine in faith
not so wholly perverse as one is led to suppose. and morals,” and not to Papal action in estab-
“ Austria,” indeed, was more truly a geograph- lishing a form of government for the patrimony
ical expression than Italy, and Francis Joseph of Saint Peter. Besides, the doctrine of Infal-
can hardly be censured for his aversion to the libility was not promulgated until twenty years


392
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
after Pius had withdrawn his liberal concessions. for the Europe of to-day little more than the
Let us not apply, even to the Pope, that flagrantly shadow of a dream, if the worship of facts has
unliberal thing, an ex post facto law (I., 188). in any measure replaced the worship of ideas,
We are told that it was the mission of Cavour if faith in “ blood and iron” has grown strong
“ to mediate between an era that is passing away and faith in “ speeches and resolutions of Parlia-
and a new era that has not yet taken definite ment” has fallen away, if in statesmanship there
form.” This is true enough; and there is one has been a return to the spirit of Metternich and
aspect of this mediation, and a rather important Frederick II., certainly Cavour's suave machia-
one, which may be noted in conclusion. If vellianism, no less than Bismarck's brutal cynic-
Cavour did much to bring in the new era, he ism, has done something to bring about that re-
did something also to perpetuate the spirit of sult. It is probable that Cavour did more than
the old. It may, indeed, be said of Cavour that Mazzini to unite Italy; it is certain that he did
he placed some of the very rocks upon which | more to divide humanity. CARL BECKER.
the ship of Liberalism in which he sailed as
pilot has made at least partial shipwreck.
The point may be conveniently presented by
RANDOM RECOLLECTIONS OF A REGULAR.*
referring again to the criticism of Cavour by
Mazzini. Mr. Thayer quotes in part the fam-
When a man has rendered fifty years of
ous letter which Mazzini wrote in answer to public service he has necessarily witnessed the
Cavour's speech of April 16, 1858. In this let making of a great deal of history. If he has
ter Mazzini charges Cavour, among other things, filled high stations a good part of this time, and
with “ bowing the knee to force,” and with cor can truly say of the events, Quorum pars magna
rupting the youth of Italy by “a policy of arti 1.fui, he ought to have an interesting story
fice and lies.” These charges cut deep, and to narrate. Such conditions are fulfilled by
very deep. The justification of Cavour's meth Senator Cullom, who has just given to the world
ods depends upon the sincerity of his faith in the his reminiscences of fifty years in public life.
value of the liberal programme; and yet his The Senator has not undertaken to write a
utterly unscrupulous methods, the “policy of ar history of the last fifty years. Rather, he has
tifice and lies,” implied a repudiation of Liber given us a Homeric catalogue of the worthies
alism at its best. Nor was it a mere rhetorical (there seem to have been no unworthies), has
flourish to say that Cavour “bowed the knee to thrown a few side-lights on the history of the
force.” Of course Mazzini was all for force, earlier part of this period, and has made a few
too. But the difference, as he saw it, was vital: contributions to the real history of some of the
Mazzini appealed to the force of the oppressed events in which he took a leading part. The
themselves, to that “ force inspired by the love pages covering the period down to the early
of Liberty,” but Cavour appealed to force which eighties will be of interest to the casual reader,
existe for the purpose precisely of holding lib but of little value to the serious student of his-
erty in check. To go to Plombières, to cede Sa tory. The Congressional history of that period
voy, to welcome assistance from the man who for has been so thoroughly written up that perhaps
ten years had set his heel on freedom in France, there is little to add, unless some participant
to employ in the service of Liberty the polluted has some “confessions” or revelations to make.
hands of cynics who said in their hearts there is If Senator Cullom has none, there seems to be
no Liberty, - this was “to bow the knee to no good reason why he should gloss over the
force," and for a temporary advantage betray notorious characters of that and the later period
the cause of humanity in the end. So thought in his Homeric catalogue. Some of them are,
Mazzini.
indeed, referred to as “ bosses,” but with no hint
Few now think with him. Yet there is much of their baneful influence on public life.
in the history of the last half century to con- | Shortly after Cleveland's famous message of
firm his opinion. It may be true that Italian | 1887 precipitated the Tariff discussion, Thomas
unity could be achieved only by Cavour's B. Reed perpetrated the following droll allegory:
method. If so, the price of Italian unity was “Once there was a little dog. He was a nice little
certainly higher than Cavour imagined. What
dog — nothing the matter with him, except a few foolish
Free Trade ideas in his head. He was trotting along,
Mazzini saw was that the methods used by
happy as the day, for he had in his mouth a nice shoul-
Cavour to give liberty to Italy would in the
* FIFTY YEARS OF PUBLIC SERVICE. Personal Recollec-
end do much to discredit the very faith he
at the very faith ne
to
tions of Shelby M. Cullom, Senior United States Senator from
professed. If the old Liberalism has become | Illinois. With portraits. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.


1911.]
393
THE DIAL
der of succulent mutton. By and by he came to a stream the Senator, began the greatest era of prosperity,
bridged by a plank. He trotted along, and looking over
and the greatest national advancement, of any
the side of the plank, he saw the markets of the world,
and dived for them. A minute afterwards he was crawl-
period of like duration in our history." Ergo,
ing up the bank, the wettest, the sickest, the nastiest, the
it was caused by the Dingley Act. There also
most muttonless dog that ever swam ashore."
followed a panic. Unfortunately, there was no
The Democrats were the dogs, made the dive " well-grounded fear of a free-trade measure" to
in the Mills Bill, and crawled out on the bank make responsible for this, and the Senator offers
of defeat in 1888.
no explanation. But the party weathered the
The Senator might have told us, but did not, storm, and tried a little more tariff tinkering -
that another nice little dog now came along with the Payne-Aldrich Act. Then came the deluge.
nothing the matter with him except a few High “I myself believe,” says the Senator, “that it
Protection ideas in his head. He also carried was simply the result of the people becoming
a nice shoulder of succulent mutton (wool, steel, tired of too much prosperity under Republican
and tin plate), but he saw Prosperity in the administration.” Very true, — only they are
stream and dived for it (McKinley Bill), only | tired of too much prosperity for the privileged
to crawl out in a state of mind that almost classes, and want a more equitable distribution
made him doubt his existence.
of this prosperity.
But it is refreshing to find a regular at this The tariff is still a live issue. So are at least
time avowing that the McKinley act “ was a two other questions in the development of which
high protective tariff dictated by the manufac Senator Cullom really took an active part — the
turers,” declaring that“ the manufacturers have regulation of interstate commerce and foreign
since persisted and insisted upon higher duties affairs. In that part of his book dealing with
than they ought to have,” and admitting his these subjects, he has given us some things worth
doubts of the ability of the Republicans to prove while to the student as well as to the casual
their contention that wages advanced and prices reader. His is not the final word; the reader
declined under the McKinley law. If this is re- may even feel that Senator Cullom might have
freshing, it is also amusing to find him rising done better, - but, for all that, he will feel
at this late day to declare that not the Sherman | grateful for the new light thrown on these
silver act, but the “ well-grounded fear of a free subjects.
trade measure,” was the cause of the panic of As is well known, Senator Cullom was the au-
1893. This is simply the old party cry, raised thor of the Inter-State Commerce Act of 1887.
by the Republicans at the time, and repeated His service in Illinois had been in preparation
with so much emphasis that many no doubt came for this event. A long series of abuses, which
to believe it true. No explanation is offered for culminated in the Granger movement and the
the disappearance of the surplus, which was passage of state laws to control the railroads,
really due to reckless spending, - pensions alone had interested him in the subject. Indeed, as
jumped from $87,500,000 to $159,000,000 Speaker of the House he appointed the com-
under Harrison, — to prohibitive duties on some mittee which drafted the Illinois law of 1873.
goods, and to free trade in revenue articles. But these state laws failed to bring the railroads
The McKinley law was such a beneficent mea- to their senses, and the public be damned”
sure that the first thing the reputed author did policy was continued. Some attention had been
after becoming President was to call an extra paid to the matter in Congress, but nobody seems
session for more like it; and the result was the to have made any serious attempt at legislation.
Dingley Act. “The country,” says Senator By the time Mr. Cullom entered the Senate
Cullom, “was in such condition then that we (1883), he had become convinced that national
heard no complaint concerning the high protec regulation was the only solution ; and he soon
tive tariff.” That is the general policy of the began work on the matter. Early in 1885 he
protectionist — to pile on as long as the country secured the passage of a resolution for the
can endure it. But Senator Cullom probably appointment of a committee to investigate the
forgets the little incident of the appearance of subject, and never let up on it until the act of
Mr. Louis Brandeis, then a comparatively un 1887 had become a law. One clause that pro-
known man, who, in spite of ridicule from the hibiting pooling — was inserted by Mr. Reagan.
committee, insisted on his right to be heard as “Whether it was right or wrong, I do not know
à consumer. More consumers are now being to this day,” admits the Senator.
heard.
In those days the railroad men were “the
The law was passed; and from that date, says | most arrogant set of men in this country.” At
lo
Du


394
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
first they treated the movement with contempt, various great nations to guarantee her integrity,
but when they saw that the bill was sure to pass | are not worth as much as a single gunboat of
they changed their attitude. After its passage the smallest size the minute that it becomes
they attacked one provision after another, and worth while for any serious opponent to attack
emasculated the act to a considerable extent her.” If that be true, then why all this fuss
through favorable decisions from the courts. about excluding questions touching honor, since
Mr. Cullom then endeavored to cure the defects, the great nations do not appear to have any?
and introduced a bill for that purpose in 1889, It is impossible to exclude something which does
but was unable to secure its passage. In 1906 | not exist. Mr. Roosevelt's explanation is that
the Hepburn act, embodying substantially the the treaties are worthless because they promised
same principles, was adopted. This delay, he too much. It may be that they promised more
says, was due to the activity of the railroad men, than they ought to have promised; but that is
who had packed the Senate with men favorable not the chief difficulty, which is that no means
to their interests - an interesting admission were provided for their enforcement. We do
from a "regular"!
not propose to promise too much in the arbitra-
Since 1901 Senator Cullom has been Chair- tion treaties, and certainly we do not intend to
man of the Committee on Foreign Relations, in leave them without any means of enforcement.
which capacity he has performed some notable So we hope that Senator Cullom will be able to
services. Very little new light is thrown on overcome a hostile majority in the committee,
the Panama affair, which is dismissed as “ the | and find a two-thirds majority in the Senate for
most remarkable revolution I have ever read of the arbitration treaties. DAVID Y. THOMAS.
in history.” It was remarkable indeed. The
Santo Domingo protocol is put in a new and
slightly more favorable light by the publication
of Mr. Hay's letter explaining the origin of THE FRANZ LISZT CENTENARY.*
that famous document. Apparently the Senator
It was on the 22d of October, a hundred years
does not accept the report on the arbitration
ago, that Franz Liszt, destined to extraordinary
treaties presented last summer by Senator Lodge
achievements in the realm of modern music, first
in the name of the committee. The objection
opened his eyes to the light or darkness of this
to the provision enabling the commission to
sublunary world. The little village of Raiding,
consider whether any given question presented
near Oedenburg, Hungary, was quite uncon-
to it may be thought justiciable, he says, “ is
scious of the wonder-birth which had fallen to
based upon the theory that it would deprive
its share, and has never again ventured upon
the Senate of its constitutional right to pass
so startling a deviation from the even tenor of
upon all treaties. I have not accepted this view,
its way. The boy lisped in numbers, and he
because I do not believe in hampering working
fortunately had a father who was an enthusiast
bodies when such a course can be avoided with-
in the art of music and could guide his adventur-
out doing violence to the fundamental law, as
ous footsteps. There was never a moment of
I believe in this case it can be.”
doubt as to the talents of the son; it was clear
But our good friend Mr. Roosevelt persists
that in him music had gained a disciple whose
in his opposition, though on different grounds ;
genius and devotion would bring remarkable
and now (“The Outlook,” November 4) draws
results.
upon ancient and modern history to prove his
The youth received immediate recognition.
case. The ancient example is that when Eugene
Some Hungarian noblemen came to his assist-
of Savoy called upon de Boufflers to surrender,
ance, — for the family were not in affluent pecu-
in 1708, and allowed him to draw up the capitu-
niary circumstances, — and he was placed in
lation, he charged his enemy that nothing should
charge of Czerny, the noted pupil of Beethoven.
be “put in contrary to my honor and my duty.”
The veteran Salieri consented to instruct him in
The modern examples are the present revolution
counterpoint and harmony. At a concert which
in China (as if arbitration treaties guaranteed
he gave in Vienna, Beethoven was present, and
against revolution !), and the war between Tur-
the master ascended the stage and embraced
key and Italy-or, rather, the war on Turkey
the boy with paternal fervor. His life was a
by Italy. Turkey, he says, “ has all the protec-
tion possible to give her by paper treaties; and
* Franz LISZT AND HIS MUSIC. By Arthur Hervey.
New York: John Lane Co.
yet all these treaties guaranteeing her against
Franz Liszt. By James Huneker. New York: Charles
dismemberment, thus pledging the honor of the | Scribner's Sons.


1911.]
395
THE DIAL
succession of triumphs. He traversed Europe, Rubenstein, all found in Weimar the sympathy
and everywhere was recognized as the foremost and recognition which had been given to Wag-
of players on the piano—an instrument which ner, and which they craved and needed as well
was then entering on its period of most pro- as he. He finally left the city of Schiller and
nounced development, with Schumann and Goethe for Rome, where he took orders in the
Mendelssohn and Chopin disclosing its immense Church, becoming the Abbè Liszt. His life had
possibilities. Into this labor the strong and yet in store for him a series of triumphs in the
courageous Liszt threw himself with zeal, and great European cities — in London, Rome, and
the virtuosos of to-day know how great is their Paris. He witnessed the Wagner productions at
indebtedness to him.
Bayreuth, and he died there, July 31, 1886, full
His experiences in the life of his period were of honors and worthy of a recognition which has
deep and varied. He was a leader and a moulder been slow to come, but which the centennial
of his era. He lived his early manhood amid celebration just past has given in the measure in
the stirring events of literary and musical and which it was deserved. For it has been the
political Paris. Art in all its forms, life with its strange fate of Liszt to make in his earlier years
myriad appeals, the great events and problems so strong an impression of virtuosity on the piano
of the day, aroused in him an impassioned inter that this reputation seems to have clung to him
est. He was himself a littérateur of no mediocre and overshadowed the fame as creative musician
rank. His utterance was fearless, impetuous, which was assuredly his in view of the orchestral
generous in appreciation, while strong and cour-works, the masses, the songs, the oratorios, which
ageous in giving to overestimated pretension the he has bequeathed to posterity. The great
allotment which was its due. He belonged to musical public of Germany and England and
the young and vigorous circle which numbered France has arrived at an appreciation of these
among its members George Sand and Hein- works very gradually, and lesser composers have
rich Heine, Victor Hugo and Hector Berlioz, come to the front, while the older master re-
Frederic Chopin and Alfred de Musset. The | mained in a sort of obscuration. It now seems as
strange apparition of the violinist Paganini if an atonement were to be made for the neglect,
made its impression upon him as upon the rest and the Symphonic Poems, which heralded the
of his contemporaries, and his art received a dis | progress, were to obtain the consideration which
tinct forward impulse from the practice of the in the minds of the true connoisseurs has long
Italian. When he was ready to leave Paris, he been theirs.
had lived through this stage of his intellectual Liszt was a fearless captain in the musical
and spiritual development, and was ready for a revolution which reached its consummation in
new and nobler expansion of his powers. his time. Whatever meaning may be attached
With his departure for Germany, and his to the much-discussed and variously defined
setting up of his household gods in Weimar, terms of Romantic and Classic, it became clear
began his higher creative activity. He accepted that music was accomplishing one of those great
the position of Hofcapellmeister, and availed transitions which give to an art a fuller power of
himself of its opportunities with his accustomed expression and a completer mastery of material
ardor. He could now exercise to the full that and resources. Whatever form such a transi-
unenvious recognition of musicians whom the tion may take, whether it be an apparent going
time had failed to understand, which is one of | back to an earlier time or a leap into the as yet
his chief glories, and which gives him a peren unrealized future, the result is the same, — a
nial place in the affection and gratitude of all deeper envisagement of human possibilities, a
devotees of the great art of music. It was at finer art, and a surer control of the medium in
this time that he came so valiantly to the assist- which the artist works. It was in this effort
ance of the Wagner propagandists. He had the that Liszt shone conspicuous; his own innova-
operas of the misunderstood master performed tions, his wide intellectual interests, his extra-
under his direction, and he paved the way for ordinary sympathy with the achievements of
the successes which were to make Bayreuth illus others, his absolute freedom from envy and its
trious. He was the leader in every advance in consequent misappreciations, his heroic persist-
music in his time. He had about him a band ence in the presentation of the new and abused
of fiery spirits, friends and pupils, who in all works of the new and abused composers, give
ways propagated the new ideas, and held out a him a unique place in musical history. His life
welcoming hand to young and struggling com- was a consistent sacrifice to his art; and even
posers. Berlioz, Raff, Cornelius, Sobolewski, I to this day the smoke of the battle appears to sur-


396
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
round his accomplishment, hiding it partially his time and generation, — with Schumann and
from view, and preventing its just estimation. Berlioz in music; with George Sand, Victor
However, the signs are now apparent of a Hugo, Lamartine, and Heine, in thought and
clearer and truer understanding, and works like sentiment; with Père Lamenais in his religious
“ Franz Liszt and his Music” by Mr. Arthur | enthusiasm, which afterwards assumed a more
Hervey will do much in this direction. Mr. orthodox form. He had a strange and check-
Hervey writes from that full knowledge of his ered career, but the best of his work, brilliant
subject which leaves no important point un in color, impassioned in utterance, hopeful in
touched and which organizes the multifarious | outlook, has elements of permanence, and bids
material into a consistent and vivid picture. fair to belong to those splendors which mankind
He has the sympathy with his subject which a places in its enduring treasure-house.
biographer should have, and his representation Mr. Hervey's book is commendable in all
will, we are sure, be accepted among the final ways; he is indeed a partisan, but not offen-
ities about the composer. We will quote here a sively so. If he is inclined, perhaps, to give
passage which we think very much in point. Liszt a more important place than can right-
“To attempt to give an idea of the influence exercised fully be claimed for him, the fault may be
by Liszt over other composers would require more space pardoned in a centennial biography, and may be
than I have at my disposal. Directly or indirectly, it
considered a leaning to the right side ; for it is
asserts itself over the entire domain of modern program
music. His creation of the Symphonic Poem has been
now imperative that justice should be done the
fruitful to an extraordinary extent, and has brought
composer, and Mr. Hervey's book will help on
into being examples from the pens of composers of all in that endeavor. The general reader can find
nationalities, while it has prepared the way for the more no better account of Liszt.
elaborate tone poems of Richard Strauss. The principle
Mr. James Huneker's life of Liszt is a
of thematic unity so much prized by certain composers
nowadays has been strikingly exemplified by Liszt in
remarkable production. It is written in the
his Sonata and other works. Many are the harmonic author's well-known manner, brilliant, incisive,
subtleties and progressions which belong distinctly to comprehensive. It has been a labor of many
him in the first place, but have since become public
years. The book was projected and announced
property. Does not his piano piece, Les Jeux d'eau
a la Villa d'Este,' in a way foreshadow the impression-
in 1902; the author states that he had been
ism of the modern French School? Has not the peculiar
collecting Lisztiana for a quarter of a century.
mystical, and at the same time human, sentiment of his Mr. Huneker is an established authority in
St. Elizabeth' and Christus' placed another element matters musical, and the volume shows knowl.
at the disposal of the composer of sacred music? But
edge, research, and acumen. Mr. Huneker has
why say more? With an extraordinary prophetic sense
Liszt appears to have dipped into the future and antici-
called to his aid all the important writers on
pated various forms of musical expression now current, Liszt, and we see the subject from many differ-
and his influence over music generally has been greater ent points of view, which enable us to form a
than it has been possible to measure."
verified estimate of him. The player, like the
Liszt began life as a dazzling player upon the actor — at least in part — can leave no satis-
piano, and his compositions during this period factory memorial of the highest reach of his
of his career — transcriptions, consolations, attainment; we must depend on the differenced
etudes, rhapsodies—display the varied character accounts of the listener. Fortunately for Liszt,
of his experiences, and, however brilliant, remain his playing is the least part of his claim to re-
true and sincere to the content which they membrance. One sees how encyclopædic Mr.
embody. Later, during his Weimar epoch, he Huneker's account is : he tells of Liszt the man,
gave up the triumphs and emoluments of the of his art and character, of his work as a com-
successful virtuoso, and poured forth the abund | poser, of his life at Rome, Weimar, Budapest;
ance of his orchestral productions — the Sym he shows us Liszt mirrored by his contem-
phonic Poems, his Dante and Faust compositions, poraries, a great collection of critiques and
his concertos and his songs, — and in these is estimates. He follows in the footsteps of Liszt,
found a series of works which in the estimation and describes from actual visitation his haunts
of those who believe in him give him a sure and abiding places; he gives an account of his
hold upon posterity. Last of all, when the great pupils, and of the modern players who
tumults of a career not readily parallelled had have followed the paths indicated by the won-
melted into a noble calm, he gave his toilsome derful forerunner; he illuminates the sabject
hours to his religious music, toward which his | everywhere by his vigorous style, his familiarity
inclinations had long been turning.
with musical affairs, and by his genuine insight.
Liszt belongs among the leading figures of | We may quote one of his picturesque statements.


1911.]
397
THE DIAL
“ Liszt's music is virile and homophonic despite its | mother of Nero, with few exceptions, political
chromatic complexities. Instead of lacking in thematic ambition, often elevated into patriotic devotion,
intention he was, perhaps, a trifle too facile, too Italianate.
... Liszt was less the master builder than the painter;
is the mainspring of action, even when the action
color, not form, was his stronger side. ... In musician-
is unwise. Personal inclination has little to do
ship Liszt had no contemporary who could pretend to with imperial marriage. Even Augustus's hasty
tie his shoestrings, with the possible exception of Felix wooing of Livia, involving her sudden divorce
Mendelssohn. And in one particular he ranks next to
from Tiberius Claudius Nero, attributed in the
Bach and Beethoven - in rhythmic invention; after
Bach and Beethoven, Liszt stands nearest as regards
“Greatness and Decline of Rome” to passion,
the variety of his rhythms. His Eastern blood -- the is seen by the historian, in the light of more
Magyar came from Asia-may account for this rhythmic careful consideration, to have been due merely
versatility. It is a point not to be overlooked in future
to the calculating Emperor's desire to establish
estimates."
his position by allying to him the ancient and
No student of Liszt sbould fail to make the infinential house of the Clandü.
acquaintance of this book. It contains much
Having found the key, Signor Ferrero plies
bibliographical information, has a copious index, it with industry and effect. Most of the doors
is admirably printed, and has many and inter-
fly open with the greatest promptness, and the
esting illustrations.
Louis JAMES BLOCK.
I
remaining few yield after a little manipulation.
The evidence of the ancient writers, who might
be presumed to know something about the events
of their own time, is the main obstacle to the use
THE FERRERESQUE STYLE OF WRITING
of the bright little instrument; but it is, after
HISTORY.*
all, a matter of no very great difficulty to con-
Signor Ferrero's new book on “ The Women | vict them of ignorance and prejudice. Tacitus
of the Cæsars ” may be described, in brief, as is “malignant,” and “clouded by undiscerning
Ferreresque : clever, vivacious, unabashed in antipathy." “ It seems almost a crime," says
its dashing attacks on views that have held the the acute modern chronicler of the Julian ladies,
ground for centuries, always interesting, and “ that posterity should virtually always have
always plausible.
studied and pondered the immense tragedy of
In his first chapter, on “ Woman and Mar- history on the basis of the crude and superficial
riage in Ancient Rome,” Signor Ferrero dwells falsification of it which Tacitus has given us."
at some length on the contradiction that strikes | We are left to draw the charitable conclusion,
the attention of those who become at all ac- however, that it is not quite a crime, for poster-
quainted with the life of the Roman nobility - | ity is not wholly responsible for its fault. Most
on the one hand, the almost unlimited freedom historians, says Signor Ferrero, are “ halluci-
of the Roman lady, and her approximate equal nated by Tacitus."
ity with man, and on the other the constraint | Knowing the author's attitude toward Taci-
actually laid upon her. The explanation of the tus, the reader will not be surprised when he
contradiction is to be looked for in the force of is told that Tiberius was not a gloomy, jealous
the strong Puritan tradition which for all the tyrant, but a much misunderstood patriot caught
centuries had demanded of the Roman matron in the cogs of circumstance. Agrippina did not
industry, frugality, obedience, chastity, self crave imperial power for the gratification of her
abnegation, and complete devotion to family | ambition ; quite the contrary, she sacrificed her-
and state, and had made her one of the world's self in marriage to a stupid, difficult, and un-
supreme examples of womanhood. Her power pleasant old man, because she saw that the
for the good of the society in which she moved Emperor was in desperate need of a consort
was extraordinary, and the very fact multiplied | of the good old Roman fashion -- like herself.
the influence of her slightest deviation from the She did not secure the adoption of Nero by
path of absolute rectitude. This is why the Claudius because she wished her son one day
women of the Cæsars appear so prominently in to wear the purple, but because she wished to
the history of early imperial times.
minimize the likelihood of disturbance in the
The key with which Signor Ferrero unlocks State through lack of rulers by giving the im-
the door to the mysteries of conduct among the perial family two chances for the succession, in-
imperial ladies and gentlemen is politics. From stead of one. She did not poison Claudius; and
Livia the wife of Augustus to Agrippina the at his death she did not have Nero made Em-
• THE WOMEN OF THE CÆSARS. By Guglielmo Ferrero.
peror because she loved the son of Claudius less,
Illustrated. New York: The Century Co.
| but Rome more. Nero was seventeen, and Bri..


398
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
tannicus thirteen ; and she proposed Nero to the “ Mary Magdalene.” The value of the book lies
prætorians and Senate, not because she pre- mainly in the expository chapters, which are often
ferred her own son to the son of Claudius, but
unusually lucid and skilful — though it is somewhat
because she feared that if Britannicus were put
disconcerting to read half of the quotations in French
forward as a claimant he would be refused on
and half in English. In its critical aspects, the book
is not so satisfactory; for although the judgments
account of his youth, and the family would lose
are usually sober enough (the glamor and attenuated
its representation on the throne altogether.
feeling of the “Tresor” essays and of the early plays
Whether the reader accepts all of Ferrero's
are discussed with an apologetic tone rather than
interpretations or not, he is always interested with unbounded enthusiasm), Mr. Thomas does not
in them. There are no dull pages in the book, often commit himself, and when he does he some-
though there are wordy pages with a superficial times contradicts himself. Thus, he writes that
ring, and once in a while an expression which Maeterlinck's is a voice for the people to hearken
is barely English. The imperial actors stand to, it is so clear and simple; and later he writes that
forth clearly, and the panorama of ancient life
he has a “vague intangibility.” Again, Maeterlinck
moves briskly. The narrative reads like a novel.
is throughout the book called a mystic; but at the
close he turns out to be a “rhetorician" rather than
Listen to this: “But now, stepping forward
a “mystic,” “though he deals in mystical ideas.”
suddenly from the shadows to which she had
These confusions, particularly the latter, are the more
retired, a lady appeared, threw herself between
unfortunate in that they involve matters of funda-
the two contestants, and changed, the fate of the mental importance,—for does not Mr. Thomas him-
combat. It was Antonia, the daughter of the self say that “Maeterlinck is the first mystic' to
famous triumvir, the revered widow of Drusus." appear in an age of science”? Similarly, Mr.
It is not impossible that a search in Tacitus Thomas fails to realize what he implies when he says
might result in the discovery of this, but it is
that “he has only failed to create a human char-
more probably Signor Ferrero's own picturesque
| acter.” If Maeterlinck is anything, he is a writer
of plays; and what is a writer of plays who “ has
manner of describing the situation. Not every
failed to create a human character”? If M. Maeter-
picturesque passage, however, is to be traced to
linck has the logic of the Frenchman as well as the
the modern author's lively vision. “ It was a
sagacity of the Belgian, these things will surely
calm, starry night” sounds like a sentence from
amuse him. The Maeterlinck of the present day,
romance, but Tacitus actually says it (XIV. 5) according to Mr. Thomas, is a man who has emerged
- and Ferrero does not dispute him.
from the mysterious twilight of the North into the
In short, if the reader is not “ hallucinated light and warmth of the South; an optimist who
by Ferrero,” it is because he shrinks from accepts our civilization as it is, and looks forward,
assuming in every case that what was likely to
not to a mystical reawakening of the soul, but to
have taken place actually did take place.
evolutionary development; a man who “explains
nothing, but is afraid of nothing, and unashamed
GRANT SHOWERMAN.
of being baffled.” For most readers, one is rather
surprised to hear Mr. Thomas admit, “he is not
bracing, and probably fosters a combination of
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
tolerance and enlightened inactivity.” Verily, Mr.
Thomas is no longer the rapturous mystic of the
Mr. Edward Thomas, whose life of
Jefferies book, but a man spiritually unsettled (per-
poet, mystic, Richard Jefferies is remembered as
and dramatist. a wild and blind dithyramb, has done
haps through the effects of reading Mr. Babbitt's
“New Laokoon," quoted on page 164), and on the
a creditable and useful piece of writing in his volume
way to a sober interpretation of life. The book is
on Maurice Maeterlinck (Dodd, Mead & Co.). Some
competently indexed and illustrated.
of the faults of the earlier book do indeed reappear:
a tendency to quote frequently and at length, not
Man's increasing control of nature
only his author, but also a whole galaxy of authors as a force in and his mastery of her Titanic forces,
who have little or nothing to do with the matter in human action. which has developed with such mar-
hand; a tendency to revert, now and again, to the vellous rapidity during the past generation, is
pseudo-mystical murkiness and mistaken gusto that fundamentally changing his relations to the physical
spoiled his book on Jefferies. But these faults have configuration of the earth and its varied geographic
been so nearly mastered that it is ungenerous and forms, and modifying, indeed often minimizing,
perhaps unjust to mention them at all. The book their effects upon his social and national evolution.
is not a life of Maeterlinck — his uneventful life is Modern means of transportation annihilate time and
dismissed with the eighteenth page. The rest of space. Seas and even the great oceans do not pre-
the three hundred pages are devoted to an exposition vent quick transit; nor do the Alps protect Italy.
and casual appraisement of his numerous plays, | An island is no longer a nursery of a distinctive
poems, and essays, from “Serres Chaudes" to civilization, for the steamships bring the mainland,
Maeterlinck:
Environment


1911.]
399
THE DIAL
perhaps all lands, to its doors. Modern developments to her were those of a grateful and affectionate
in rapid transportation have done much to override guest. But they deal with trifling matters, and
the physical barriers which isolate peoples and civ throw no new light on the man or his work. Miss
ilizations, but the printing-press and the telegraph Whiting goes cheerily on her flowery way, repeat-
do far more to remove the subtler hindrances to the ing the old stories of previous biographers — even
interchange of ideas and the intermingling of the peo some which have long since been discredited. On
ples of the earth. In reading Miss Ellen Churchill one point, however, she has acquired original in-
Semple's “Influences of Geographic Environment” formation. She is able to correct the generally
(Holt) one feels very pointedly the need of a chap accepted account that Mr. Browning first saw and
ter which should adequately set forth the present named the “Sonnets from the Portuguese” at Pisa
day tendency toward the elimination of geographic during the first year of his married life. Mr.
environment as a predominant factor in man's evolu Barrett Browning has furnished her this extract
tion, by the discoveries of modern science. Her from a letter written by his father : “The sonnets
work is replete with a detailed analysis, on the basis were only known to exist, and seen for the first
of the late Professor Friedrich Ratzel's system of time by the person to whom they were addressed,
anthropo-geography, of the relations of the configu two or three years after the writer's marriage.
ration of the earth to the evolution of human civil. This was at Bagni di Lucca, after the birth of our
ization, - in other words, of geography to history. child a few months before. The poems were only
The German master was a follower of Herbert printed at my earnest entreaty.” Two letters to
Spencer, in his emphasis upon the action of the Kate Field, one from Mr. Browning and one from
environment upon the course of human development. Mrs. Browning, are new and well worth while.
The present work is less dogmatic in this matter of “ Browning the husband," — as he now calls him-
the organic theory of society and the state, though self, assures Miss Field of his pleasure that she (alone
following in the main the outline of the German in all Florence) has had the insight to discover that
original. The underlying motive of the work is still Mrs. Browning's “Curse for a Nation” was written
the biological interpretation of history—the pressure for America and not for England. Mrs. Browning
of the environment as a moulding force in human reports having received a letter from America, “from
action, just as it is in the distribution and differentia somebody who, bearing I was in ill health, desired
tion of palms and rabbits. One finds much, in its to inform me that he wouldn't weep for me, were
pages, of location, area, boundaries ; of coasts as it not for Robert Browning and Penini.” Miss
transition zones, and coastal conditions as determin Whiting's reportorial instinct carries her beyond
ers of ethnic amalgamations ; of seas, rivers, pen the bounds of good taste in frequent and fulsome
insulas, and islands; of plains, steppes, and deserts; allusions to Robert Barrett Browning and the titled
of mountain barriers and passes, and of climate as ladies born of American parents — Marchesa Peruzzi
potent factors in shaping the course and limiting or di' Medici (náta Story) and Contessa Rucellai (náta
impelling the social and ethnic career of peoples and Bronson). There is no little carelessness in the
nations. There is, however, insufficient recognition spelling of Italian names : - “Lurici” for Lerici;
of another biological aspect of the problem, namely, “Franceschino " for Franceschini; “Prato Fiortito”
of the factor of heredity, a counterfoil here as else (in three places) for Fiorito. The volume is beau-
where in the living world to the effect of environ tifully printed, illustrated, and bound; doubtless it
mental factors. In the higher levels and later stages will prove popular with the general reader, even
of human evolution, the potency of great leaders though it adds little to the already existing biog-
and of the influence of ideas are powerful agencies raphies of the two Brownings.
in the control of human action. To the biologist
and historian, the work is of unusual interest. The
of Professor Flournoy's volume on
treatment is exhaustive, and the references to orig the undesirable “Spiritism and Psychology” (Har-
inal sources abundant and of wide range.
in psychologu. per), though large, is a condensa-
tion of a very much fuller work in the French, and
Miss Lilian Whiting has given us a
Another book
its scope covers recent investigation in the field
chatty and readable story of “ The of that department of psychical research " which
Brownings. Brownings, Their Life and Art”. deals with mediums and their varied manifestations.
(Little, Brown & Co.). So much has already been Taken as a whole, the book is distinctly confusing,
published about these two poets that another book misleading, and even pernicious. Neither the repu-
should show some good reason for being. The tation of its author, nor the evident ability in hand-
preface informs us that the author has had the ling his data, nor the inclusion of meritorious
“ cordial assent and sympathetic encouragement of investigations of his own, can offset the logical im-
Robert Barrett Browning ”; also that she has had perfections of his attitude. It is a case where con-
access to a collection of letters written by Robert tributory negligence amounts almost to crime. There
Browning to Mrs. Bronson. There does not seem, is a slurring of the logic at the beginning, which
however, to be any great value in these hitherto un- | fatally diverges, as the argument proceeds, from
published letters. Mrs. Bronson was evidently a truth, to half-truth, to broad error. Professor
cordial and gracious hostess, and Browning's letters | Flournoy's investigations might well have taken the
The climax of
about the


400
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
shape of the study of mediums in the form of Pro ing from a holy shrine.” In her narration she dwells
fessor James's “ Varieties of Religious Experience.” upon such things as her husband's love for his fam-
He has, however, confused the value of what such ily and home, his attachment to every tree and flower
phenomena may mean as personal revelations within his garden, his tender regard for all living crea-
the very dubious question of their material verifica- tures, his delight in travel, and his life-hobby - or
tion. Intending to be open-minded on the latter doraku as the Japanese call it - which was the col.
issue, he presently confuses vague theoretic possibili- lecting of Japanese pipes that made a sentimental
ties with practical probabilities, and in the end com- appeal to him. Little glimpses of his domestic life
mits himself as unreservedly to an illogical belief | reveal it as of most exquisite quality. “I have," says
in the so-called “genuineness” of these phenomena Mrs. Hearn, “a most beautiful memory of Hearn
as the crudest partisan might have done at the out | in his understanding and attitude toward women.”
set. It is this mingling of academic scholarship and | He had the keenest sympathy for the people about
psychological insight with a lack of logical founda- | him, especially those in humble life. The old fish-
tions, that makes the book unfortunate. The logical erman of Yaidzu, at whose house he spent many
fallacy may be brought home by a story which is told summers, said of him that he was the only perfect
of various peoples amongst whom a gift of “second- | man he ever came across, and if we may accept the
sight” is a common belief. To test one so gifted, testimony offered in this volume, Hearn's students
who professed to tell what was going on in a village a held him in the highest esteem and felt for him
few miles away, it was proposed that a man ride over affectionate regard. It is the finer side of his char-
to the village and report as to the truth of this long- acter that Mr. Noguchi shows us. The book is
distance vision. The messenger returned with the printed in Kamakura, and, quite appropriately, is
report that So-and-so, who at that particular hour was bound in Japanese style.
described as engaged in a certain place in a certain
occupation, was at the designated hour elsewhere, Scientific
. Mr. H. Addington Bruce, who has
and not at all engaged as appeared in the vision. The mental healing," published two popular works upon
negative report by no means discouraged his partis-
and other things. obscure phases of mental phenomena,
ans, who replied, “Well, he didn't see very accurate adds a third to the group, under the general title of
ly: but isn't it wonderful enough that he should see
“ Scientific Mental Healing ” (Little, Brown & Co.).
so far?” Professor Flournoy describes a deceiving This is, indeed, its main subject, though it branches
spirits" who failed to see accurately, and “benefi.
over into considerations of secondary personality, of
cent spirits ” who happened to hit it right, or re the applications of psychology to law and business,
mained undetected. The exposition of Paladino is and concludes with a personal appreciation of Wil-
regarded as incidental, and as in no way interfering liam James. The volume is, in general, a very suc-
with the possibility — indeed, with the “genuine cessful popularization, and is so because its author
ness”- of such of her performances as escaped de has selected topics capable of popular, possibly even
tection. The association of psychology with spiritism of sensational, exposition; yet the tone is reserved,
has been unfortunate from the first, but may well be and for the reader who wishes and expects a read-
said to have reached the climax of the undesirable able account of some of the most unusual abnormal
in the present volume.
phenomena in psychology, the book is well designed.
It goes into nothing very deeply, presents no new
If the world does not learn what I insight, and must of course be somewhat wout of
Lafcadio Hearn :
; manner of man Lafcadio Hearn
a Japanese view.
centre" as a reflection of the actual interest of psy-
was, it will not be for lack of ma chologists in these themes. It is, in a sense, unfor-
terial upon which to base opinion. The Japanese tunate that popularization must throw the portrayal
view presented by Yone Noguchi in “Lafcadio | of present-day science so seriously out of perspective
Hearn in Japan" (Mitchell Kennerley), puts the dis-
as is the case in psychology. This is due to the
tinguished writer's personality in a very agreeable ingrained tendency toward mystery, and a certain
light. It is not solely the verdict of the author that
ancient human inheritance that emphasizes the im-
the reader is asked to accept. Besides reprinting
portance of personally interesting experiences. With
his “Japanese Appreciation” of Hearn which first
due allowance for the very frank catering to these
appeared in the “Atlantic Monthly," and bis im-
interests, the book proceeds to satisfy this natural
passioned “Defence” of Hearn from Dr. Gould's
curiosity with a less measure of misconception than
imputations, which was originally published in the
1 is usual, and with a more than usual insight in the
New York “Sun” and the “Japan Times," he
selection of reliable and well-interpreted cases.
gives several chapters of recollections by people who
were intimately associated with Hearn. Of these
events With socialism for his dominant in-
Men and events
the reminiscences of Mrs. Hearn will be read with of the last half of terest, and travel, journalism, and
the deepest interest. Noguchi believes that her in the 19th century. miscellaneous writing for his minor
fluence upon Hearn was very strong. “It is not a occupations, with apparently enough of worldly
daily occurrence, even in Japan,” he assures us, "to wealth to relieve him from want, and with the
see such a woman, whose sweetness of old samurai happy knack of making friendships with various
heart still burns beautifully as a precious incense ris-sorts of men in all quarters of the globe, Mr. Henry


1911.)
401
THE DIAL
Mayers Hyndman appears, from his autobiographi and comfort. The style is beautiful and the teaching
cal volume “ The Record of an Adventurous Life". uplifting. These are some of the titles: “Fruits of the
(Macmillan) to have derived no little enjoyment .
Valley," « Blossoms of Peace," “ Welling of Waters."
from his seven decades of multifarious activity ; and
They may be had of the author, 17 Parke Road, Oxford.
his wish to share his experiences with the reading
Some American publisher would do well to handle
them, as they are admirably calculated to be used as gift
public has resulted in a narrative of rather brisk and
booklets.
stirring quality. Covering the middle and later nine-
The many striking poems on President Lincoln offer
teenth century, his book affords passing glimpses of a tempting field to the anthologist, and Mr. A. Dallas
many celebrities of the period in both Europe and Williams has made a creditable and interesting collec-
America. Here is his characterization of Mazzini: tion, issued by the Bobbs-Merrill Co., with the title
“ Simple, unaffected and direct, with a complete vol. “In Praise of Lincoln.” It contains, as far as we have
cano of energy and passion and enthusiasm under. | noted, all the best-known poems on Lincoln that have
lying this seeming quietude of manner, Mazzini
appeared, with others that readers will be glad to have
in this association. The poetic level of the volume is
gained his influence over men by sheer devotion to
his cause, unfailing enthusiasm and courage, and the
on the whole surprisingly high.
Mr. Charles Welsh, the veteran editor and author,
absence, or so I thought, of any appearance of dic-
whose books for children now number two hundred
tation." Noteworthy is his passing reference to “the
titles, starts bravely on his third hundred with a volume
monstrous tyranny of Mr. Gladstone and his Whigs
for the present season entitled “ Stories, Books, Plays,
in Ireland and their equally abominable policy in and Biographies.” It is a portly volume of some 500
Egypt.” There is material enough for warm de pages, containing stories of all nations, the hero and
bate in Mr. Hyndman's pages, if one cares to get folk stories of all ages, stories of the famous plays,
heated.
stories of the famous books, and stories of the world's
Mr. Reynold W. Jeffery's volume
great men and women.
A century
|
on “The New Europe” (Houghton),
of history
Chicago's educational facilities in the form of schools
all compact. covering the century 1789-1889, is
and colleges and universities, libraries and museums, art
a compilation prepared apparently for the use of
galleries, music societies, lecture associations, culture
clubs, and numerous other organizations, form the sub-
schools. While it is as compact a volume as is
ject of an eighty-page illustrated pamphlet, “ Educa-
consistent with its comprehensive title, additional
tional Opportunities in Chicago," prepared and freely
tables and diagrams, generous footnotes, and bib distributed by the Council for Library and Museum Ex-
liographies, are so placed as to simplify the study tension, of which Mr. N. H. Carpenter of the Art Insti-
and assist the memory. There are fourteen geneal. tute is president, and Mr. Aksel G. S. Josephson of the
ogical tables, nearly as many diagrams visualizing | John Crerar Library is secretary
cause and effect in the sequence of events, bibliog-
With the appearance of “ Aglavaine and Sélysette,"
raphies at the end of each chapter as well as one
the Dodd, Mead & Co. series of translations from
for the book, a table of contemporaneous events in
Maeterlinck is virtually complete. Nothing need be said
at this time of Mr. Alfred Sutro's well-known and gen-
England appended to at least half the chapters, a
erally admirable gift of translation. To this latest vol-
series of maps, and many footnotes. The latter are
ume in the series Mr. Sutro has prefixed a chapter of gos-
practically all biographical sketches of the briefest
| sip and enthusiasm that is highly entertaining (thanks to
sort, so that the student escapes any great personal | his boundless gusto) rather than thoughtful. “Pelléas "
effort. Indeed, the general plan of the volume is “that rare little masterpiece," the “Blue Bird” is
seems to be to offer the greatest amount of facts profound without puzzling or bewildering either adults
with the least possible effort to acquire them. One or children ”; “ Aglavaine and Sélysette" is epitomized
may question whether history so carefully predi-
in the sentence, “ Ah, the strange, pathetic little play,
gested and tabulated is likely to appeal strongly to
so full of beauty and tenderness !” and “contains a heart-
rending scene as effective as any other in all literature.”
the student. The method doubtless makes for rapid
One is compelled to agree with Mr. Sutro's modest
acquisition, but facts easily acquired are often rela-
avowal that he possesses “ no sort of critical faculty."
tively difficult of retention, unless the presentation
Mr. Bolton Hall has written a garrulous book on
is unusually forcible and vivid. The book will un-
“Sleep " which at all events will not keep the reader un-
questionably be valuable as a convenient reference duly awake. “The Gift of Sleep” (Moffat, Yard & Co.)
work, thanks to the supplementary tables and dia is a case of a book made to the order of an interest un-
grams, and to its very complete index.
supported by insight or special knowledge. The theme
is treated discursively, digressively, and divertingly ;
yet it may well be doubted whether there is any need of
BRIEFER MENTION.
or demand for this manner of treatment of this type of
subject. The treatment extends beyond its primary top-
Elizabeth Gibson (now the wife of the distinguished ic to include general advice of the “ Don't worry” or-
Biblical scholar, Prof. T. K. Cheyne of Oxford Univer- der, embodying the superficial optimism in favor with
sity) is the author of numerous booklets, very attract those unaware of the antiquity of "new" thought. The
ively printed, in both prose and poetry. They range in seeking of bliss in ignoring and in ignorance will pres-
size from 30 to 40 pages. These are not essays or nar ently spend its force ; and the enduring values of
ratives, or sketches, but collections of brief statements: knowledge will assert their unlapsed claim. Under such
suggestions and meditations, --- with fine spiritual in- | auspices we shall have better advisory counsel on the
sight,--helpful thoughts respecting life, full of wisdom conduct of waking occupations and of recuperation alike.


402
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
speech.
delivered the chief address, on the subject, “Literature
NOTES.
under the Whaling Industry." A clam-bake luncheon
King George V. is to enter the ranks of authorship
at Fort Phoenix, Fairhaven, and an inspection of Fair.
with a volume of public addresses soon to be published
haven's beautiful library, the gift of the late Henry H.
under the title, “The King to His People.” The vol-
Rogers to his native town, contributed no little to the
ume is to include the celebrated “Wake up, England!" | pleasure of the occasion.
A « Viking Edition" of Ibsen, in thirteen volumes, is
A hitherto unpublished story by Balzac, entitled
announced by Messrs. Scribner. It will be edited by
“L'Amour Masque,” has recently been discovered. The
Mr. William Archer, and the translations—his versions
manuscript was given by Balzac to his friend the Duch having been approved by Ibsen himself-are mostly by
esse de Dino, and it has since then been preserved among
him also. Each volume contains introductory notes, er-
the papers of the family.
plaining the circumstances of the writing of every play.
The authorized publishers of Francis Parkman,
The first two volumes are to appear this month.
Messrs. Little, Brown & Co., announce for early publi Howard Pyle, the American artist and author, died in
cation a pocket edition of the complete works, in twelve
London, on the 9th of this month, at the age of fifty-
volumes, bound in limp morocco and illustrated with
eight. Mr. Pyle came early into notice as a magazine
photogravure frontispieces and maps.
illustrator, in which field he developed a striking and
Mr. George Macaulay Trevelyan, whose “Garibaldi
characteristic style, especially in color work. He car-
and the Making of Italy” was issued recently by Messrs.
ried the same originality into the illustration of his own
Longmans, intends shortly to publish a collection of
books, many of which were for children, and attained a
poems dealing with the Liberation of Italy, under the
wide popularity.
title « English Songs of Italian Freedom."
« New Poems by James I. of England,” edited by
Messrs. Crowell republish a work by Mr. Ralph Waldo
Dr. Allan F. Westcott, Ph.D., Instructor of English in
Trine, strangely disguised as to its title-which becomes
Columbia University, is an interesting announcement of
« En Harmonio Kun la Eterneco"--and correspondingly
the Columbia University Press. This volume will con-
tain a complete collection of the King's poems not pub-
transformed as to its text. Mr. Frederick Skeel-Giörling
is the magician who has wrought this linguistic incan-
lished during his lifetime. More than one-half of these
tation.
are from an hitherto neglected MS. in the British Mu-
“Democratic England,” by Mr. Percy Alden, M.P.,
seum, and are now printed for the first time.
is announced by the Macmillan Co. It is a succinct
George Borrow's correspondence with the officials of
statement of the present position of all of the more im-
the Bible Society, which sent him on that memorable
portant social problems confronting the British electorate
tour of Spain to extend the sale of the Bible in that priest-
to-day. Mr. Alden writes from his own experience and
ridden land, was discovered a few years ago among the
investigations.
Society's archives, and is to be published soon under the
editorship of the Reverend T. H. Darlow, Literary
The first volume of Mr. George Moore's autobio-
Superintendent of the Society. New light on Borrow's
graphic work, “Hail and Farewell,” deals with his life
in Ireland, of people the author met there and on the
picturesque personality is promised from these letters.
continent, and his attitude toward England during the
In the second posthumous work of William James,
past seven years. Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. will issue
just issued by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. under
the title “Memories and Studies," is inserted a card from
the work in this country.
Mr. Henry James, Jr., announcing the collection of his
William Clark Russell, the famous writer of sea-
distinguished father's letters for biographical purposes.
stories, died on the 8th of this month, in London. He
“Casual or brief letters may have an interest or import-
was born in New York City in 1844, but his life was
| ance not apparent to the person possessing them,” he
passed chiefly in England. The list of his sea-stories
says, “and news of the whereabouts of any of the late
is long, “ The Wreck of the Grosvenor” being perhaps
William James's letters will be gratefully received."
the one most widely read.
The rapid growth of the Harvard library in recent
The Pennsylvania Society of New York has nearly
years is attested by the issue of a new edition of De-
ready for publication the Report of its Secretary, Mr.
scriptive and Historical Notes of the Library of Harvard
Barr Ferree, on the William Penn Memorial erected by
University,” in the general series of “ Bibliographieal
the Society in London during the past summer. The
contributions," edited by the librarian, Mr. William
volume will be handsomely illustrated, and will contain
Coolidge Lane. Twenty new subjects have been found
a full account of the elaborate dedication ceremonies
worthy of notice in this later edition, which follows the
conducted by the Society.
earlier after only eight years; but even in that short
“ South America of To-day," a study of conditions, time the library has grown by the addition of 164,000
social, political, and commercial, in Argentina, Uruguay,
volumes.
and Brazil, by M. Georges Clemenceau, formerly Prime “The New York Medical Journal ” of October 14
Minister of France, will be published shortly by Messrs. calls attention, editorially, to Planche's once popular
Putnam. M. Clemenceau's book is sweeping in its scope, play, “ Not a Bad Judge,” as containing in its hero,
embracing as it does an account of the countries, their
John Caspar Lavater (a character modelled after the
people, and their institutions.
German physiognomist of that name), a forerunner of
An unusually interesting meeting of the Massachu Sherlock Holmes, whose exploits just now are being
setts Library Club was held at New Bedford, Oct. 25. recalled in connection with the death of Sir Arthur
The fine new building of the local public library, a struc Conan Doyle's one-time instructor, Dr. Joseph Bell,
ture costing $275,000, and apparently well worth the who is supposed to have furnished the novelist with the
outlay, was the scene of the gathering, and its librarian, first suggestion of his famous detective. That Planche,
Mr. Howland Tripp, author of “In Whaling Days," | instead, gave this first suggestion is of course not impos-


1911.)
403
THE DIAL
uerson, Ph. Napoleon.
iges.
sible, any more than it is impossible that Voltaire did so
with his “Zadig," or any one of a number of writers on
inductive philosophy. But Bell was nearer in time and
space than anyone else named in this connection, and
unless the author chooses to deny the allegation let us
rest content with holding that Dr. Bell is the original
of Sherlock Holmes.
Another legislative reference library has come into
being. An offshoot of the St. Louis Public Library, to
be known as the Municipal Reference Branch, and have
ing quarters in the City Hall, lately opened its doors to
the public. “ With the establishment of the Municipal
Reference Branch," writes Mr. Bostwick, the librarian,
in a public letter, “no ordinance need be passed and no
department of the city government need try any new
scheme, measure, or device, without first having full
knowledge of what other cities or corporations have done
along similar lines, and with what degree of success."
Mr. Jesse Cunningham, lately of the State Library at
Albany, has charge of this new and promising depart-
ment of St. Louis's excellent public library.
Boy-scout literature, such as can be found in nearly
every public library of any size, or can be easily and
inexpensively procured, forms the subject of a handy
reading-list prepared by the St. Joseph (Mo.) Public
Library. “Scoutcraft,” specifically, numbers a dozen
volumes in this list, which continues with allied works
classified under Woodcraft, Endurance, Camps and
Camping, Indians and their Sigus, First Aid to the In-
jured, Signalling, Electricity, Astronomy, Swimming,
Fish and Fishing, Animals and their Tracks, Birds, Trees
and Plants, Patriotism, Chivalry, Thrift and Good Tem-
per, Stories for Scouts, and Good Magazine Articles.
One hundred and twelve titles in all are contained in
the list.
The Romantic Life of Shelley and the Sequel. By
Francis Gribble. Illustrated in photogravure, 8vo,
387. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.75 net.
Life of James Cardinal Gibbons. By Allen S. Will.
Illustrated in photogravure, 8vo, 428 pages. John
Murphy Co.
The Early Literary Career of Robert Browning. By
Thomas R. Launsbury. 12mo, 212 pages. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.20 net.
The Fair Ladies of Hampton Court By Clare Jer-
rold; with introduction by Walter Jerrold. Ilus-
trated in photogravure, etc., Syn, 320 pages. Little,
Brown & Co. 34. net.
Blucher, and the Uprising of Prussia against Napoleon,
1806-1815. By Ernest F. Henderson, Ph. D. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 366 pages. "Heroes of the Nations.'
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50 net.
The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley.
Edited by his wife, Dorothy Stanley. New and
cheaper edition; illustrated, 8vo, 568 pages. Hough-
ton Mifflin Co. $2. net.
HISTORY.
Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy under
Lincoln and Johnson. With introduction by John
T. Morse, Jr. In 3 volumes, illustrated, 8vo. Hough-
ton Mifflin Co. $10. net.
The Glory that Was Greece: A Survey of Hellenic
Culture and Civilization. By J. C. Stobart. Illus-
trated in color, photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 314
pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. $7.50 net.
Hellenistic Athens: An Historical Essay. By William
Scott Ferguson. Svo, 505 pages. Macmillan Co.
$4. net.
with Napoleon at Waterloo, and Other Unpublished
Documents of the Waterloo and Peninsula Cam-
paigns; also Papers on Waterloo by the late Edward
Bruce Low, Edited, with introduction, by Mac-
Kenzie MacBride. Illustrated, 8vo, 262 pages. J.
B. Lippincott Co. $3.75 net.
Social Forces in American History. By A. M. Simons.
12mo, 338 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
History of German Civilization: A General Survey.
By Ernst Richard. Svo, 555 pages. Macmillan Co.
$2.net.
The Annexation of Texas. By Justin H. Smith. Svo,
496 pages. Baker & Taylor Co. $3. net.
istorical Research: An Outline of Theory and Prac-
tice. By John Marvin Vincent. 12mo, 354 pages.
Henry Holt & Co.
Between the Lines: Secret Service Stories Told Fifty
Years After. By Brevet-Major H. B. Smith. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 343 pages. New York: Booz Brothers.
$1.25.
History of the President's Cabinet. By Mary L.
Hinsdale, Ph. D. Svo, 364 pages. "University of
Michigan Historical Studies." Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan: George Wahr.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
European Years: The Letters of an Idle Man. Edited
by George Edward Woodberry. 8vo, 385 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $2. net.
The Cavalier Poets: Their Lives, Their Day, and
Their Poetry. By Carl Holliday, M. A. 8vo, 320
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 152 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
brik pesmitn.a
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Autobiographic Memoirs. By Frederic Harrison. In
2 volumes, with photogravure portraits, 8vo. Mac-
millan Co. $7.50 net.
Memoirs of Theodore Thomas By Rose Fay Thomas.
Illustrated, ovo, 584 pages. Moffat, Yard & Co.
$3. net.
Recollections, Grave and Gay. By Mrs. Burton Har-
rison. 8vo, 386 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$2.50 net.
Memories of Two Wars: Cuban and Philippine Ex-
periences. By Frederick Funston, U. S. A. Illus-
trated, 8vo, 466 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$3. net.
My Naval Career and Travels. By Sir Edward H.
Seymour, Admiral of the Fleet. With photogravure
frontispiece and other illustrations, 8vo, 444 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50 net.
Their Malesties as I Knew Them: Personal Reminis-
cences of the Kings and Queens of Europe. Trans-
lated from the original of Xavier Paoli by A.
Teixeira de Mattos. Illustrated, 8vo, 367 pages.
Sturgis & Walton Co. $2.50 net.
Recollections of a Parisian. under Six Sovereigns. Two
Revolutions, and a Republic (1789-1863). By Dr.
Poumiès de la Siboutie; edited by his daughters,
A. Branche and D. Da joury, and translated from
the French by Lady Theodore Davidson 8vo, 422
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3. net.
Tolstoy. By Romain Rolland. 8vo, 321 pages. E.
P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
Michael de Montaigue. By Edith Sichel. Illustrated,
Svo, 280 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50 net.
pages. Neale Publishing Co. $2.50 net.
What to Expect of Shakespeare: The First Annual
Shakespeare Lecture of the British Academy. By
J. J. Jusserand. 8vo, 24 pages. Oxford University
Press, American Branch, Paper.
The collected Works of Ambrose Bierce. Selected
and edited by the author. Volumes VI. to X., com-
prising Short Stories, Essays, and Fugitive
Sketches. 8vo. Neale Publishing Co. Per set of
ten volumes, $25. net.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, By
Charles Dickens; with illustrations in color by Sey-
mour and "Phiz." Svo, 928 pages. London: Chap-
man & Hall.
The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby. By
Charles Dickens; with illustrations in color by
"Phiz" and portrait of the author. Svo, 959 pages.
London: Chapman & Hall,


104
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
The Tudor Shakespeare. New volumes: As You Like
It, edited by Martha Hale Shakford; Henry the
Fifth, edited by Lewis F. Mott. Each with photo-
gravure portrait, 18mo. Macmillan Co. Per vol-
ume, 35 cts. net.
New Boys' and Girls' Books
ENTERTAINING MODERN WHOLESOME
DRAMA AND VERSE.
Embers, and Other One-Act Plays of Contemporary
Life. By George Middleton 12mo, 192 pages.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.35 net.
The Ballad of the White Horse. By Gilbert K. Ches-
terton. 12mo, 149 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
The Poems of Francis Orray Ticknor. Edited and
collected by his Granddaughter, Michelle Cutlit
Ticknor. 12mo, 268 pages. Neale Publishing Co.
$2. net.
Ballades and Rhymes: From "Ballades in Blue China"
and “Rhymes a la Mode." By Andrew Lang. With
frontispiece, 18mo, 250 pages. Longmans, Green
& Co.
The Army of Days, and Other Verse. By James Henry
MacLafferty. With frontispiece, 12mo, 84 pages.
Sherman, French & Co. $1. net.
Lays of the Lakes. By John C. Wright. 12mo, 78
pages. Richard G. Badger.
On Hurley Hills, and Other Verse. By Elias D. Smith.
12mo, 86 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net.
Life Throbs. By Paul Eldridge. 12mo, 59 pages.
Poet Lore Co.
Boy Scout Series
Stories of the Boy Scout Movement.
Dreadnought Boys Series
Tales of the New Navy.
Motor Rangers Series
High Speed Motor Stories.
Bungalow Boys Series
Live Stories of Outdoor Life.
Border Boys Series
Mexican and Canadian Frontier Stories.
Boy Aviator Series
Thrilling Airship Stories.
Motor Maids Series
Wholesome Stories of Adventure.
Girl Aviator Series
Clean Aviation Stories.
ALL AT 50 CENTS PER VOLUME
Frank Armstrong Series
Twentieth Century Athletic Stories.
Oakdale Academy Series
Stories of Modern School Sports.
Log Cabin to White House Series
Lives of Our Celebrated Men.
ALL AT 60 CENTS PER VOLUME
Get Volume 1 of Any Series Now Sold Wherever Books Are Sold
HURST & CO. 395 Broadway NEW YORK
BOOKS ALL OUT-OP-PRINT BOOKS SUPPLIED.
• no matter on what subject. Write us. We can get
you any book ever published. Please state wants. Catalogue free.
BAKER'S GREAT BOOK SHOP, 14-16 Bright St., BIRMINGHAX, Exe.
FICTION,
Jennie Gerhardt. By Theodore Dreiser. With frontis-
piece, 12mo, 433 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.35 net,
Jean Christophe in Paris: The Market Place, Antoi-
nette, The House. Translated from the French of
Romain Rolland by Gilbert Cannan. 12mo, 473
pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.50 net.
The Garden of Resurrection: Being the Love Story of
an Ugly Man. By E. Temple Thurston, 12mo, 316
pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.30 net.
The Beacon. By Eden Phillpotts. 12mo, 315 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.30 net.
The Blood of the Arena. Translated from the Spanish
of Vicente Blasco Ibanez by Frances Douglas; illus-
trated in color by Troy and Margaret West Kinney.
8vo, 386 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.35 net.
Under Western Eyes. By Joseph Conrad. 12mo, 378
pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.25 net.
The Innocence of Father Brown. By G. K. Chesterton.
Illustrated, 12mo, 334 pages. John Lane Co. $1.30
net.
Ship's Company. By W. W. Jacobs; illustrated by
Will Owen. 12mo, 261 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.25 net.
The Quest of the Silver Fleece. By W. E. Burghardt
Du Bois. Illustrated, 8vo, 434 pages. A. C. Mc-
Clurg & Co. $1.35 net.
A Country Lawyer. By Henry A. Shute. Illustrated,
12mo, 431 pages, Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
Love vs. Law (Les Dames du Pulais). Translated
from the French of Colette Yver by Mrs. Braaley
Gilman. 12mo, 409 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.35 net.
My Lady of Doubt. By Randall Parrish, illustrated
in color by Alonzo Kimball. 8vo, 382 pages. A.
C. McClurg & Co. $1.35 net.
The Pretender Person. By Margaret Cameron. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 353 pages. Harper & Brothers.
$1.30 net.
The Love That Lives. By Mabel Osgood Wright.
With frontispiece in color, 12mo, 406 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $1.30 net.
Off the Main Road. A Village Comedy. By Victor
L. Whitechurch. 12mo, 320 pages. Baker & Taylor
Co. $1.20 net.
The Substitute Prisoner. By Max Marcin. Illustrated,
12mo, 304 pages. Moffat, Yard & Co. $1.25 net.
Philip Steele, of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police.
By James Oliver Curwood. Illustrated, 12mo, 307
pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.25 net.
A Touch of Phantasy: A Romance for Those Who Are
Lucky Enough to Wear Glasses. By Arthur H.
Adams. 12mo, 304 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
Df Interest to Librarians
The books advertised and reviewed in this
magazine can be purchased from us at
advantageous prices by
ntry Lawyer. By Henry Air Shute. Ilustrated, Public Libraries, Schools,
Colleges, and Universities
In addition to these books we have an excep-
tionally large stock of the books of all pub-
lishers — a more complete assortment than
can be found on the shelves of any other
bookstore in the United States. We solicit
orders and correspondence from libraries.
LIBRARY DEPARTMENT
A. C. McCLURG & Co.
CHICAGO


1911.]
405
THE DIAL
THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY
Wholesale Dealers in the Books of all Publishers
33-37 EAST 17th Street, NEW YORK
LIBRARY ORDERS
FILLED PROMPTLY
We have hundreds of satisfied customers in all parts of
the United States. In addition to our large stock of
the books of all publishers, we have unexcelled facil-
ities for securing promptly books not in stock and
making shipments complete. Our import department
is thoroughly equipped. Save delay by ordering from
New York City - the publishing center of the country.
The Long Green Road. By Sarah P. McLean Greene.
With frontispiece, 12mo, 410 pages. Baker & Tay-
lor Co. $1.25 net.
The Moon Lady. By Helen Huntington. 12mo, 301
pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
The Third Miss Wenderby. By Mabel Barnes-Grundy.
With frontispiece in color, 12mo, 476 pages. Baker
& Taylor Co. $1.25 net.
John Temple: Merchant Adventurer. Convict. and
Conquistador. By Ralph Durand. Illustrated, 12mo.
371 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
The Mahatma and the Hare: A Dream Story. By H.
Rider Haggard. Illustrated, 12mo, 165 pages. Henry
Holt & Co. $1. net.
The Jugglers. By Mollie Elliot Seawell. With frontis-
piece in color, 12mo, 193 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1. net.
Heart and Chart. By Margarita Spalding Gerry. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 304 pages. Harper & Brothers.
$1.20 net.
The Unofficial Honeymoon. By Dolf Wyllarde. 12mo,
312 pages. John Lane Co. $1.30 net.
Henrietta: A Novel of Child Life in New York. By
Ella Crosby Heath. 12mo, 304 pages. John Lane
Co. $1.25 net.
The Progress of Mrs. Cripps - Middlemore. By Gerard
Bendall. 12mo, 304 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
Janèy: A Short Interval in the Life of a Little Girl
of Nine. By Inez Haynes Gillmore. Illustrated,
12mo, 320 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.25 net.
The Smile of the Sphinx. By Marguerite Bouvet.
Illustrated in color, 8vo, 415 pages. A. C. McClurg
& Co. $1.35 net.
Find the woman. By Gelett Burgess. Illustrated,
12mo. 342 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.25 net.
On Board the Mary Sands. By Laura E. Richards.
Illustrated, 12mo, 327 pages. Dana Estes & Co. $1.25.
The Money - Spider. By William Le Queux. With fron-
tispiece in color, 12mo, 360 pages. Richard G.
Badger. $1.25 net.
Mother. By Kathleen Norris. 12mo, 172 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $1. net.
The Haunted Photograph, and Other Stories. By
Ruth McEnery Stuart. Illustrated, 16mo, 168 pages.
Century Co, $1. net.
The Chronicles of Clovis. By H. H. Munro ("Saki").
12mo. 301 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
No. 611.
DECEMBER 1, 1911.
Vol. LI.
PAGE
.
.
.
459
HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS-Continued.
low Homer.Shaw-Sparrow's Frank Brangwyn and
his Work. - Bumpus's The Cathedrals of Central
Italy. - Hourticq's Art in France. - Miss Haw-
thorne's The Lure of the Garden.-Miss McCauley's
The Joy of Gardens. - Le Gallienne's The Loves of
the Poets. — Collins's Great Love Stories of the
Theatre. -- Harvey's Scottish Life and Character,
illustrated by Erskine Nicol and others.--Rawlings's
A Flower Anthology.-Arnold's The Scholar Gypsy
and Thyrsis, illustrated by W. Russell Flint. - Miss
Clarke's The Poets' New England. -- Laird & Lee's
Webster's New Standard Encyclopedic Dictionary.
-Finn's The Wild Beasts of the World.—The Wat-
teau Library, first volumes.-Phillips's A Gallery of
Girls.-Miss Haines's The Book of Love.--Miss War-
ren's Mother Love.-Rolleston's Myths and Legends
of the Celtic Race. - Barrie's Peter and Wendy. -
Black's Happiness.-Whipple's Story-Life of Wash-
ington. – Scott's The Friendship of Books. - Miss
Liljencrantz's A Viking's Love. – Howard's Poems
of Friendship. - Bryant's On Life's Highway.-
Miss Perrett's Our New Home.-Leary's The Christ-
mas City.-Olcott's Star Lore of All Ages.-Parker's
Pomander Walk. - Lowell's Soul of the Far East,
new illustrated edition.-Johnson's Bashful Ballads.
- Chadwick's Women of the Bible, new edition.
THE SEASON'S BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG . . . 485
NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
TOPICS IN DECEMBER PERIODICALS ... . 491
LIST OF NEW BOOKS ........... 492
CONTENTS.
SHAKESPEARE THROUGH FRENCH EYES . . 455
BUYING CHRISTMAS BOOKS FOR CHILDREN.
Montrose J. Moses . ........... 457
CASUAL COMMENT.
The nightmare of dead books. - The old-fashioned
discursive book-review.- Memory for poetry.-Fire-
eating poets.--A mathematician's literary diversions.
-Silence in the library. - The late William Clark
Russell.-The cause of intellectual advance in India.
- The amusing futility of pen squabbles.
THE INTIMATE LIFE OF THEODORE THOMAS.
George P. Upton . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
THE AGE OF MILTON IN ENGLISH LITERA-
TURE. Lane Cooper . . . . . . . . . . 463
THE LIBERATOR OF ITALY. Roy Temple House 465
A GREAT BOOK OF WESTERN EXPLORATION.
Lawrence J. Burpee . . . . . . . . . . . 466
A SOUTHERN WOMAN'S RECOLLECTIONS OF
SIXTY YEARS. Annie Russell Marble ... 468
PARIS UNDER EIGHT RÉGIMES. Warren Barton
Blake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ... 470
Oxenham's The Coil of Carne.-Hichens's The Fruit-
ful Vine.-Watson's Toddie.-Bennett's Hilda Less-
ways. - Hay's A Safety Match. - Oppenheim's The
Nine-Tenths. - Smith's Kennedy Square. – Mrs.
Deland's The Iron Woman.
HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS - I. , . ..... 474
Jenkins's The Greatest Street in the World. - Ker-
foot's Broadway. – Edwards's Some Old Flemish
Towns.--Calvert's Spain.--Raymond's English Coun-
try Life. - Galt's Annals of the Parish, illustrated
by Henry W. Kerr.-Macbride's Arran of the Bens,
the Glens, and the Brave. - Dick's The Pageant of
the Forth. - Williams's Plain-towns of Italy. -
Bone's Edinburgh Revisited.-Johnson's Highways
and Byways of the Great Lakes. - Mrs. Boyd's The
Fortunate Isles. – Bagot's My Italian Year. - Pen-
field's Spanish Sketches.- Miss Short's Chosen Days
in Scotland.-Duval's Shadows of Old Paris.-Elder's
California the Beautiful. – Mrs. Bates-Batcheller's
Italian Castles and Country Seats. -- Collins's Cath-
edral Cities of Italy. - Holland's The Belgians at
Home.- Jerrold's The Danube.- Dana's Two Years
before the Mast, illustrated by E. Boyd Smith, -
Dana's Two Years before the Mast, illustrated by
Charles Pears.--Dickens's The Posthumous Papers of
the Pickwick Club, illustrated by Cecil Aldin. -
Shelley's The Sensitive Plant, illustrated by Charles
Robinson. - Thoreau's A Week on the Concord and
Merrimack Rivers, illustrated by Clifton Johnson.-
Barham's The Ingoldsby Legends, illustrated by
H. G. Theaker. – Æsop's Fables, illustrated by E.
Boyd Smith. - Burlington Library, first volumes. --
Wister's The Virginian, illustrated by Charles M.
Russell and Frederic Remington. - Browning's Dra-
matis Personæ, and Dramatic Romances and Lyrics,
illustrated by E. Fortesque Brickdale.- Tennyson's
In Memoriam and The Princess, illustrated by Fred-
erick Simpson Coburn.- Dickens's Christmas Carol,
illustrated by Ethel F. Everett. - Hind's Turner's
Golden Visions. - Downer's Life and Work of Wins-
| SHAKESPEARE THROUGH FRENCH
EYES.
In providing for an annual lecture on Shake-
speare, the new British Academy has assumed
an obvious obligation, and taken at least one of
the steps needed to justify its existence. Nor
could it have done better for the inauguration
of this lectureship than to invite M. Jusserand
to be the first of its series of speakers. The
French Ambassador to the United States has in
his own time done what Taine did half a cen-
tury ago : he has well-nigh put English scholar-
ship to blush by the solidity of his knowledge
of our literature, and by the sympathetic powers
of exposition which he has applied to the task of
increasing our acquaintance with our own intel-
lectual heritage. In his Shakespearean lecture
of last July, as now reported and published, he
has approached his subject with just the degree
of detachment needed to make the most hack-
neyed of subjects seem almost fresh. We are
all the time made conscious of two facts : that
he is a foreigner, and that his title is clear to
engage in the discussion of our own great poet.
Gracefully quoting from Swinburne's well-
| known passage about the sorts of boats —" from


456
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
the paltriest fishing craft to such majestic all outward seeming, to meet the demands of the
galleys as were steered by Coleridge and by crowd,—the “boisterous crowd, warm-hearted,
Goethe" — that have ventured upon the un full-blooded, of unbounded patriotism, a lover of
sounded sea of Shakespearean research, he apolo extremes, now relishing the sight of tortures, now
gizes for his own expedition in these happy moved at the death of a fly, a lover of the im-
words:
probable, of unexpected changes, of coarse buf-
“For an occasion like the present no galley could be fooneries, quibbles, common witticisms easy to
too great or too majestic. If it pleased you to select
understand, loud noises of any sort, bells, trum-
the merest fishing craft, the reason must be that, to
come to you, it had to cross the ocean, and this doubt-
pets, cannon; men, all of them, of an encyclopæ-
less humored the fancy of a sporting nation. As soon,
dic ignorance." It was a crowd that could swal-
however, as your invitation reached me, I accepted it, low anything, and asked only to be amused and
thinking that the best courtesy was not to discuss but thrilled. Hence it was safe to adopt such gen-
to obey, and considering that, for lack of better motives,
eral rules as that “all antique personages having
my coming from the lands further away than "vexed
Bermoothes' was an homage I could offer which was
lived in antiquity are, generally speaking, con-
not within the reach of many of my betters.”
temporaries and can quote one another," and
“What to Expect of Shakespeare” is the that “all distant towns are by the seaside."
title of M. Jusserand's address, and he indi His public was not disturbed by anachronisms
cates in a common-sense fashion a few of the and dislocated geography; why should he permit
things which are not to be expected — things pedantic scruples to hamper the free flight of his
which have led many students, because expect- imagination ?
ing them, to flounder in metaphysical bogs, and Wedoubt, however, if M.Jusserand does com-
read into the plays all sorts of æsthetic subtleties plete justice to the Elizabethan audience. It en-
and intentions which are simply not there. He joyed coarseness and brutality and extravagance
wrote readily, not groaning in intellectual travail and buffoonery, but it must also have had a con-
after the manner of Rousseau and Flaubert, and, siderable capacity to appreciate the plays it wit-
in the words of his fellow players, “what he nessed in their poetical and philosophical aspects.
thought he uttered with that easiness that we The popularity of Shakespeare would be as un-
have scarce received from him a blot in his pa accountable as that of Aristophanes, upon so
pers.” He wrote plays to be acted, to attract narrow a basis as that suggested by our author.
audiences, to appeal to the groundlings as well His idea is that the beauty and the wisdom of
as to the refined, and to produce for their author the plays were put into them by Shakespeare to
a competency upon which he might retire to | please himself, and not because he bad any notion
Stratford and end his days as a gentleman. that these qualities would make the plays more
“ The idea of his being held later the Merlin acceptable to the public. “To the coarse food
of unborn times, the revealer of the unknown, his groundlings wanted he added the ethereal
the leader of men of thought and feeling, the life food which has been for ages the relish of the
giver, the pride of his country, never occurred to greatest in mankind.” He did this “ because it
him, and would probably have made him laugh.” was in him to do so, because it gave him no more
We cannot go quite as far as M. Jusserand in trouble than to put in quibbles, jokes, or mas-
asserting that the poet was unconscious of his sacres, and because experience had shown him
own genius, for we cannot dismiss the testimony | that, while it was not at all necessary to success,
of the sonnets as a mere literary façon de parler; it did not hurt, and was received with a good
but we may readily admit that in the main his grace.” But this is too simple an explanation,
aims were practical, but that he did his jour for if we try to imagine “ A Midsummer Nigbt's
neyman work in a spirit which would seem to | Dream” and “ The Tempest” divested of all
the average third-rate poet of modern times to that has made them abiding possessions of the
denote a lack of self-respect. He was not afraid race, we cannot think that what would remain
to make himself “a motley to the view," pro would have had much attraction for an Eliza-
vided only he could succeed in delighting his | bethan audience. In urging this view, M. Jus-
audiences.
serand runs counter to what is elsewhere one of
That Shakespeare has since become all those his main contentions — that the audience was
things to all men that he had little idea of be second only to the poet's genius as a factor in the
coming is a tribute to the discernment of poster production of the plays. By what right does he
ity rather than to any discoverable purpose in assume that this reaction of public upon producer
the plays that make manifest his astonishing was effective only in relation to the grosser qual-
and opulent genius. They were fashioned, to | ities of the works produced?


1911.]
457
THE DIAL
“ In the course of ages,” says M. Jusserand,
BUYING CHRISTMAS BOOKS FOR
“ while praise and admiration were becoming
CHILDREN.
boundless, an anxious note has been sounded
from time to time, the more striking that it came
There are very few parents who go to the book-
from admirers.” Dr. Johnson said: “ He sacri-
stores around the holiday season with any clear
idea as to what there is or what they want. Con-
fices virtue to convenience, and is so much more
sequently, the publishers take a certain advantage
careful to please than to instruct that he seems
of this ignorance, and attract the eye with ravishing
to write without any moral purpose.” And
covers — a subterfuge similar to the frontispiece
Emerson, after admitting that “as long as the with which they catch the interest of the boy or girl.
question is of talent and mental power, the world | I have watched children in the public library choos-
of men has not his equal to show,” is still im ing books from the shelves. Little fingers will run
pelled to ask: “But when the question is to life, through the leaves, searching for the essential action
and its materials, and its auxiliaries, how does of the story, usually embodied in the illustrations.
it profit me?" This is a question that must
Bookbuyers at Christmas time are very much like
be met, for the time is long past when the plea
these youngsters. Bright color halts them before
a counter, where they gaze vaguely around them.
of art for art's sake gave it an adequate answer.
“ Have you something on football?” they ask,
If we have not gone from the extreme of the
remembering Tommy and his wish. But they do
Goncourts to the extreme of Tolstoy, we have at
not know, after they have seen the book all gar-
least freed ourselves from the narrow notion that nished, whether or not it is the best book to be had
art has no concern with morality. We believe, on the subject. Someone, other than the bookseller,
in fact, that morality is the highest concern of needs to assure them that Walter Camp is the
art, and its only solid justification; but we have authority they want and their son wants; that his
also come to realize that the ethical message need
account of football is excitement and accuracy com-
not be obtruded, and, indeed, that the more im-
bined. For, as far as sport is concerned, all boys
are authorities.
plicit it remains the more pervasive will be its
We want a clearing-house for shoppers who seek
sub-conscious workings.
children's literature. The two hundred volumes be-
All this our author very clearly understands,
fore me as I write suggest this necessity. “Which
and states in an argument that could not easily shall I take? ” they ask, “Barbour's or Pier's ath-
be bettered.
letic story?” They would not run much risk in
“For compelling hearts to expand, and making us
buying either, for books of this order are of average
feel for others than ourselves, for breaking the crust of excellence; the game is the thing. I marvel some-
inborn egoism, Shakespeare has, among playwrights, no times at the minuteness of detail in these stories;
equal. Here works that supreme power of his: to bestow the zest with which the event is followed, whether
life, full and real life, on whomsoever he pleases, to de on the gridiron, the diamond, or the track. I have
lineate character with so great a perfection that such
noted more than once that men who write for chil-
people as he presents to us we know thoroughly, and
dren spend all their energies on the exploitation of
what happens to them strikes us the more since they
are of our acquaintance; not a passing acquaintance,
outward action, on moral qualities made evident by
casually made, soon forgotten, but that of men who will
outward attitude. The characters in their books
accompany us through life, ever reappearing on the rarely grow; they are lacking in spiritual perspec-
slightest occasion or merest allusion, in tears or smiles, tive. Women, on the contrary, pay keener attention
moving us at the remembrance of a happiness and of to the spiritual growth of their heroines. In any of
disasters in which we take part though they be not ours. the series by Stratemeyer or Tomlinson or Dudley,
The fate of a Hamlet, an Ophelia, a Desdemona, an
the incidents alone vary; the hero of last year's
Othello, carries, to be sure, no concrete moral with it;
book is by no means twelve months older in this
the noblest, the purest, the most generous, sink into the
year's book. But the girls in the stories by Marion
dark abyss after agonizing tortures, and one can scarcely
imagine what, being human, they should have avoided
Ames Taggart, Etta A. Baker, and others, lengthen
to escape their misery. Their story was undoubtedly |
their manners with their skirts. That is the essen-
written without any moral purpose,' but not without
tial difference between the masculine and feminine
any moral effect. It obliges human hearts to melt, it elements in children's literature.
teaches them pity.”
As a constant reviewer of juvenile books, I can
All morality has its source in the springs of
very quickly decide upon an arbitrary classification
human sympathy, and the truest moralist is he
of the two hundred volumes before me. I could
have predicted by last year's output what this year's
who taps those springs most skilfully. Can it be
harvest was to be. To anyone in close touch with
doubted that such an enlargement of our human-
the situation, it is evident that the publishers are
ity as is wrought within us by the reading of concerned chiefly with two matters : their travellers
Shakespeare is one of the most potent influences have told them that the "series” are easy to sell,
in the shaping of our own conduct for good ? | since young readers find universal satisfaction in


458
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
knowing more and more of a particular hero or hero content in the belief that he quickened the action.
ine; and their ledgers tell them that their greatest Imagine Thackeray relieved of his characteristic and
profit comes when the books they publish are adopted | literary padding! The juvenile market is flooded
by school-boards as supplementary reading.
with such perversions. Even though the publisher
It is therefore evident that there is a “trade-mark” has to cater to the tastes of all children, rather than
value to literature; in fact, if I am not mistaken, to the taste of a particular child, still the copyright
the title of “The Little Colonel Series ” has been law should protect us from spurious volumes, no
patented. It is also evident that there is an educa matter what the educational plea is. In substance,
tional style born of the desire to furnish information | an editor will say: “The poem is given intact, save
suitable to different grades of the modern public in those instances where unessential lines are omitted
school system. Owing to the latter demand, the ju | for the sake of simpler action and of greater clarity."
venile market is flooded with books in which history That is usually the volume to distrust.
is foreshortened, in which the classics are re-told, in Were I, therefore, “the average shopper," I
which the “Tales from Shakespeare,” made famous should first ask for the season's special editions.
by the Lambs, have been added to by zealous hands, Perhaps these will be more expensive than are de-
anxious to complete the round of the dramas, and sired. Still, it were better by far to place in the
with volumes from which the element of cruelty has hands of a boy such an edition as Wyeth's illustrated
been weeded as a concession to fastidious minds. “ Treasure Island,” than to have him spend his time
What has been the result? The foreshortened on a less expensive and more mediocre story. Such
history, the desire to make a concise story of inci- an edition as this of Stevenson's classic is a publish-
dents in a man's life, have deprived children of any er's luxury.
distinctive biography — a field which writers might I cannot blame any particular force for the aver-
consider to advantage. The informative statement, age level of our children's literature. But among
coupled to a narrative style, has produced books of | the two hundred books before me, I can take pleas-
travel not written in direct descriptive manner, but ure in selecting a no mean proportion of editions —
in dialogue form, where the puppet-characters ask worthy examples of the publisher's art- of which
impossible questions and receive encyclopædic an we may be justly proud. I will accept any amount
swers. It is the survival of the “Guide to Knowl of harmless frivolity for the sake of such an exqui-
edge” and of the Rollo manner, with none of the | site example of taste and feeling as Boyd Smith's
excellences of the Jacob Abbott genius.
illustrated edition of “ Æsop's Fables.”
Besides being ruled by the text-book demand, My experience in library work and in the publish-
children's literature is being over-edited: first, as I ing field leads me to believe that children's litera-
suggested, because of ultra-sensitiveness; and sec- ture — even more than adult literature is affected
ond, because of a false ambition to simplify — an by the economic situation confronting both publisher
ambition forgetful of the fact that a child's compre- and author. The former is nearly always disap-
hension is far in advance of his capacity or his pointed in the sales of those books into which he has
equipment for reading. Again I repeat Lamb's put a personal pride in the manufacture. And the
stricture to Godwin, to the effect that nothing should publisher is content to expect small profit in such
be kept from children but the disgusting. This volumes as Rackham's “ Peter Pan” and Parrish's
standard would not please the ethical taste of to-day. “ Arabian Nights.” But in order to make such en-
Even Mr. Howells, in his introduction for the excel. terprises feasible, he is obliged to bring out a con-
lent new edition of “ Tom Brown's School Days," siderable number of average books that will have
deplores the fact that such a good school story — the popular sales. On the other hand, the prices paid
pioneer of its class — should be marred by the beer- for children's literature are as a rule so small that
drinking habit among students of the mid-Victorian an author either has to write two or three books a
period!
year, or be content with scarcely sufficient royalty
But I am inclined to believe that literature lives returns to pay for the labor. And because of the
because of its vitality; that to remove the soil small return, the good writer is difficult to procure —
around its roots enfeebles it; that modern mildness unless his book can appeal to young and old alike.
kills it. And when a book of fairy tales is issued, Unfortunately, libraries cannot afford to buy ex-
I immediately turn to “ Little Red Riding Hood”) pensive editions. Some twenty-five books on my
to see whether or not children are to have the satis desk — good matter, and mostly permanent --range
faction of shrinking over the ravenous wolf. There in price from two to three dollars. This is not the
is an educative value in fear! It is desecration to democratic figure, and for sales the publisher can-
prune a ballad for the sake of the modern peace not depend too largely upon institutional support.
societies-to omit descriptive lines from poems in the Such a volume as Jerrold's “Big Book of Nursery
belief that juvenile readers dislike them.
Rhymes,” or the same editor's “Big Book of Fairy
In other words, I would be faithful to the original | Tales,” is a rare possession, even for a library. Yet
- even to the extent of turning to the source for all in children's literature the most expensive book is
material used by the professional story-teller. Only oftenest the cheapest in the end. Buyers should
last year some daring writer pruned Cooper of the remember this.
parts the writer deemed boresome; thereby he was! My ideals are not so high that I would feed the


1911.]
459
THE DIAL
snare.
juvenile mind wholly with what might be called the who really know how to write for them ; second,
permanent books, with what the libraries call “non- | that the larger percentage of writers go about their
fiction.” There is a class of literature as necessary task mechanically, and according to a formula which
to the boy or girl as the newspaper is to the man may be readily learned after reading a few of the
or woman. I believe in the latest story about last “series” books; third, that educational strictures
year's sensational polar expeditions ; I believe in allow of little novelty; fourth, that fact crowds out
narratives up-to-date in the latest aëroplane novel imagination — in reality, the free play of imagina-
ties. Books on warships, on handicraft, on boat- ' tion is not countenanced in modern education ; fifth,
sailing, are necessary: they are sexless, appealing | that the field of biography is unusually poor; and
to boys and girls alike. But I contend that though sixth, that books for the kindergarten age are com-
each year sees the manufacture of many juvenile monplace and scarce.
books, there are but a mere handful of writers who Dion Boucicault, advising a young playwright to
really know how to tell a story or how to present a be more concise in his dialogue, said, “ Write it as
subject, unless the “series " formula is followed, | though each word were part of a telegram, and had
and unless an educational demand is fulfilled. to be paid for.” And, in a way, that is my advice
I can find nothing pernicious or perverting in the to the Christmas shopper looking for children's
year's product; publishers in this respect protect books. Choose them as though each one cost two
the public. But since some libraries have removed or three dollars. You will then consider more care-
“ Tom Sawyer" from the circulating shelves, and fully, and your sixty-cent volume or your gay cover
since peace societies have condemned the gun and or your "catch” frontispiece will no longer be a
the sword, and since ethical teachers have deplored
MONTROSE J. Moses.
the “strong" element in folk-lore, I may not know
just what perverting or pernicious means.
Some years ago the sales of “Mother Goose”
CASUAL COMMENT.
were materially decreased by the enormous popu-
larity of “ Foxy Grandpa.” The Sunday newspaper THE NIGHTMARE OF DEAD BOOKS more and more
supplement was responsible for this. But I have disturbs the nocturnal slumbers of the practical”
found for several years past that publishers are de- | librarian, and he scans the morning horizon in vain
sirous of reinstating “Mother Goose,” even if they | hope of the coming of another Omar out of the East
have not succeeded in rescuing Santa Claus from to burn his library to the ground and so relieve him
the restraining hand of the non-sectarian public of the distracting problem of what to do with the
school. This is one example of their readiness to superseded and never-read volumes that occupy so
meet any concerted demand on the part of the much sorely-needed space. Of course the incinera-
public. For some time it has been generally advo- tion of the Alexandrian library is all a myth, as we
cated that the Kate Greenaway picture-books should | are now taught to believe, but not a few hold that
be re-issued. The publishers are now doing this, it ought to have been a veritable occurrence if it
and it remains to be seen whether the demand — was n't. Lord Rosebery, as orator at the dedication
mostly of library origin — was legitimate.
of the new Mitchell Library building at Glasgow re-
These are random thoughts for the buyer of child- cently, declared himself overcome with a hideous de-
ren's books. The Pratt Institute in Brooklyn has pression in the face of so enormous a mass of useless
an exhibition every holiday season of the best juve printed matter, so vast a cemetery of dead books.
nile literature, old and new. Other institutions con- | He urged the wholesale destruction of the accumu-
duct similar exhibitions. By this means the parent lated rubbish of centuries; and Mr. Edmund Gosse,
may examine for herself, and become armed and in a later comment on his speech, heartily echoed
forewarned. Attend these exhibitions, and you will the speaker's sentiments, even going so far as to pro-
be confronted by much the same array as I now nounce the Carnegie libraries that besprinkle the
have before me — only more rigorously weeded out, land a “mixed and doubtful blessing." The ap-
with the addition of the best that has already been praisal of a library by its quantity rather than quality
printed. There is much that will satisfy the shop- of books is to be deprecated, as Mr. Gosse says; and
per of the present without considering any of the the discrimination that is needed in order to make
new publications; were the publishers to decide not a library rich and valuable in the true sense has
to accept anything new for several years, still would “ produced in our generation," as Lord Rosebery
the libraries have a rich abundance from the books | observes, “ a new and a high profession — the pro-
already in stock to choose from.
fession of librarian.” But in this increasing demand
I take it that if after reading a hundred stories for the ruthless destruction of books that have passed
we find any rising above the general level of remem- | the stage of active usefulness, there is of course much
brance, those are the ones to be accounted perma- | that is not to be taken seriously. The older and
nent. Mrs. Wiggin's “ Mother Cary's Chickens” | larger libraries serve a distinct purpose in being the
and Mrs. Burnett's “ The Secret Garden” are of storehouses of printed matter that no single student
this distinction.
and no small library can afford to own and keep.
The situation admits of these conclusions: first, | The least likely book is occasionally called for by
that there are very few people writing for children somebody somewhere. Therefore let the great libra-


460
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
ries of the world retain their vast collections intact, of yesterday are too likely to be gone to-morrow.
but let the newer ones heed the outcry against dead What would not some of us give to be able to repeat
books and use every possible precaution to acquire and to retain a piece of verse after one reading or
none but living and useful ones. Finally, who would one hearing, as perhaps we once could easily do?
undertake to determine, and by what rule, the books But like a heaped-up market-basket on a jolting cart,
that are sufficiently dead to be cast on the funeral the mind spills first the things last committed to its
pyre?
keeping; and if the journey be long enough and jolty
THE OLD-FASHIONED DISCURSIVE BOOK-REVIEW,
enough, precious little but the very earliest memories
like Macaulay's “ Bacon” or “ Clive," sweeping in
remains in the bottom of the basket at last.
a wide circle around its central theme and bringing
into its net all however remotely relevant material
FIRE-EATING POETS have been not few or far be-
within reach, would present a strange appearance
tween ever since Tyrtæus, the lame schoolmaster
in a modern literary periodical. Yet in some such
from Athens, with his martial strains aroused the
archaic style is written an excellent article on “Fam Spartans to such a pitch of warlike frenzy that, in
ous Autobiographies ” in the current “Edinburgh | their desperate struggle with the Messenians, they
Review,” the very organ that did so much toward
finally routed the enemy with great slaughter and
developing and perfecting the above-mentioned
drove Aristomenes to the hills. In the present deadly
Macaulayesque type of literary criticism and disser-
encounter between Italy and Turkey, Signor d'An-
tation. The article in question does not even concern nunzio is playing the Tyrtæus to his armed country-
itself with any later autobiography than Herbert
men. “I fling my laurels at thy feet, O wingless
Spencer's, the others discussed being Cellini's, Gib victory!” he cries in his “Song of the Outre-mer.”
bon's, and Mill's, and Rousseau's “Confessions” and “ The hour has come. Thou smilest upon the land
Goethe’s “ Dichtung und Wahrheit.” The anony thou hast vanquished. To-day, 0 Italy, thou art mis-
mous writer takes occasion to say some things that were tress of thy destiny! In the shriek of the storm-bird
worth saying, and that arrest the attention as one I hear the eagle of Mars. The cannon sings of thee.
turns the leaves. Referring to the common prefatory Victory hovers over the African shore, that sphinx-
apology for seeming egotism on the autobiographer's
less desert that awaits the plowman and the sower.”
part, he maintains that “there should be no need The gallant Gabrielle hastens home at the call of war,
for such apology,” since “there is no sort of reason gives up trying to gallicize himself (after writing his
why egotism should be inherent in autobiography.
“Saint Sébastien” in French) and snatches at the
That it is often found there is due to the fact that chance to become an Italian Kipling. “Delenda
most men cannot talk about themselves except ego est Carthago!" quoth Cato the Censor, in season and
tistically, for the reason that they are egotistical by
out of season. “Tripoli must be ours !” cries the
nature.” Somebody has said, or, if not, let it here poet, in stirring metre and resonant rhyme; while at
be said, that the best autobiographies are those that
midnight in his guarded tent the Turk lies dreaming
remain unwritten because of the lack of that slight of the hour when Italy, her knee in suppliance bent,
prick of egotism which, our essayist to the contrary shall tremble at his power.
notwithstanding, every autobiographer must feel be-
fore he will take pen in hand, but the entire absence A MATHEMATICIAN'S LITERARY DIVERSIONS have
of which would put the last fascinating touch to one seldom taken so wide a range and displayed so va-
of the most agreeable forms of prose composition. ried a character as have those of the industrious Pro-
fessor Archibald Henderson One might almost call
MEMORY FOR POETRY seems to be of a somewhat him ubiquitous as well as industrious ; for wherever
special sort. Macaulay, with his alleged ability to there is something doing of a sort to appeal to his
repeat all of “Paradise Lost,” certainly had it in a | book-writing fancy, there he is sure to make his ap-
remarkable degree, as he also had memory for much pearance, pen in hand. The compelling personality
besides poetry— for the names of all the Popes, for of Mr. Bernard Shaw attracted him, and now we
instance, in chronological order from the beginning, have an elaborate and much-discussed biography of
and for the names of Cambridge senior wranglers the man. Mark Twain, many years earlier, drew
from such time as no other man's memory went to young Mr. Henderson into the charmed circle of his
the contrary. The questions-and-answers department presence, and when the humorist died a book about
of many a daily newspaper often produces striking him was not long in getting itself written by his ar-
examples of this poetic memory, so to name it for dent admirer. The latest employment for this busy
brevity's sake. A journal now before us prints pen has been the translating of Professor Emile
from a correspondent a twelve-stanza poem recalled Boutroux's excellent study of William James; and
“from memories of sixty years ago.” This sounds a goodly company of readers will welcome the book
at first rather remarkable, or even incredible; but in its English dress. And all the time Professor
in reality it is the poems of childhood, the Mother | Henderson, of the University of North Carolina,
Goose rhymes, for instance, learned without effort occupies his studious hours with pure mathematics,
and often without intention, that are the easiest to giving only the horæ subsecivæ to these literary
reproduce, whereas the laboriously acquired stanzas diversions.


1911.]
461
THE DIAL
SILENCE IN THE LIBRARY, a fragile thing always THE CAUSE OF INTELLECTUAL ADVANCE IN INDIA
desired by readers, but not always easily obtainable, has suffered loss in the death of Sister Nivedita a
is liable to breakage from three chief causes — the few weeks ago, at Darjeeling in the Himalayas.
human voice, the too forcible closing of doors, and the Miss Margaret Noble, as she was known before
over-emphatic impact of human feet against the lib joining the Ramakrishna Brotherhood about twelve
rary floor. The second of these disturbing agencies | years ago, was born in Ireland forty-four years ago,
was largely removed when the observant and inven- being the daughter of a nonconformist minister.
tive sexton of a fashionable church (with its full Becoming interested in education, she had distin-
quota of fashionable late-comers) invented the now guished herself among the “new educationists" in
all but universal pneumatic anti-slamming device London, and had founded the Sesame Club when
which kindly but firmly forbids the door-banger Swami Vivekananda, the first really persuasive
to effectuate his customary bang. The third noise- apostle of the Hindu faith to visit the west, began a
producing cause was in good part eliminated by series of lectures in the English metropolis in 1895,
constructing floors of non-resonant solidity and two years after his memorable appearance at the
spreading them with hemp matting, linoleum, or other Chicago World's Fair. In Sister Nivedita's book,
noise-deadening material. In this approximation to “The Master as I Saw Him,” published a year and
perfectly soundless flooring the new Springfield a half ago and briefly reviewed in The Dial, it is
(Mass.) Public Library building has achieved some told how she became a follower of the eloquent Indian
thing of note. A one-inch thick concrete layer, made missionary, and how she went to India in 1898 and
of cement (one part), sand (two parts), and saw. | became virtually a member of the order of which
dust (three-quarters of a part), has been spread over he was the head. She is said to have led a life of
five thousand square feet of floor; and on this suffi. | the greatest simplicity, entirely among the natives,
ciently elastic surface has been laid cork carpeting, to whom she became known far and wide. The
which is firmly held in place by nails, the sawdust teaching of classes of girls and women was her first
constituent of the concrete admitting of their use. To work, but her active interest in the general cause of
walk on such a floor is next to walking on air. Who culture and progress in the land of her adoption made
now will invent a voice-absorbing gas or vapor, harm her also a widely-known lecturer; and when health
less to the lungs but an effectual non-conductor of failed her she resorted to her pen for the expression
needless conversation, to be diffused through the of her ideas, her influence extending to every part of
atmosphere of public reading-rooms?
the country. It is even believed that to her words,
spoken and written, is largely due the present grow-
ing hope and expectation of Indian nationality.
THE LATE WILLIAM CLARK RUSSELL is not com-
monly thought of as a native of this country, but he THE AMUSING FUTILITY OF PEN SQUABBLES has
was born in New York sixty-seven years ago. His seldom been better illustrated than by the recent
father, Henry Russell, is best remembered as the interchange of acrimonious remarks between “The
composer of “A Life on the Ocean Wave” and Spectator” and “ The English Review." Each party
6 Cheer, Boys, Cheer," with other popular melodies. | to the dispute observed, or endeavored to observe,
His mother was a connection of the Wordsworths, the forms of politeness, until the strain toward the
and had enjoyed in her childhood some acquaintance end became too great for weak human nature, and
with Coleridge, Southey, and Charles and Mary some vehement language was indulged in. “The
Lamb. Hence he came legitimately by his artistic | Spectator" courteously prints the most passionate
and literary instincts. Tales of mad pranks at school protests against its alleged assumption of the literary
and of a disenchanting experience as midshipman in censor's functions, and then proceeds to show that it
the English navy have come down to us, also some has simply been allowing the enemy “rope enough
account of his subsequent voyages to all parts of the to hang himself,” and we are invited to contemplate
world, experiences that equipped him for his life- the dangling corpse. On the other side, amid the
work as writer of tales of the sea. A term of odious
6 torrent of words” (as it is called by the journal
service in a stock-broker's office, however, intervened against which it is directed) our eye catches the fol-
before he was fairly launched in literature. It ap lowing, which might distress and alarm if it did not
pears that a blank-verse tragedy in five acts, entitled | move to laughter : “ There is a pit fouler than any
“ Fra Angelo,” was among his first serious essays in imagined by Dante, a cesspool bubbling and steam-
authorship, and that it was the last play produced by ing with corruption and all shining with putrid irides-
Walter Montgomery before he committed suicide cence of hypocrisy — that pool is English morality,
which may or may not be a commentary on its qual and one of the foul bubbles on it the ...” In a
ity. At any rate, the tragedy failed to score a success vest-pocket volume, too attractive for the outward
at the Haymarket Theatre, and its author abandoned adorning of matter so little tending to edification,
tragic poetry for more cheerful prose. Journalism, though indisputably provocative of mirth, the whole
unsuccessful editorship, and other experiments in the dispute has been reprinted for those who care to read
world of letters, prepared the way eventually for that or re-read it. “All the World Loves a Quarrel,”
brilliantly successful series of sea novels that made with "an introduction to one by D. W. Kittredge."
Clark Russell known wherever English fiction is read. / bears the imprint of Marwick & Co. of Cincinnati.


462
(Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
Tbe New Books.
Theodore Thomas's home and family relation-
ship and was thus cognizant of his inner nature.
THE INTIMATE LIFE OF
So far as his career is concerned, it adds little
THEODORE THOMAS.*
that was not already known. Its supreme value
The two volumes, “ Theodore Thomas, a
consists in its presentation of the man himself;
Musical Autobiography,” published by Messrs.
and this sheds a clear light upon his professional
A. C. McClurg & Co. in 1904, shortly after the
achievements and the determined and genuinely
great conductor's death, are now followed by
heroic manner in which he compelled success in
another, written and compiled by his widow,
the face of apparently insurmountable obstacles
Rose Fay Thomas, and dedicated to her brother,
and most depressing discouragements which
Charles Norman Fay, as a tribute to his import-
would have appalled anyone of less undaunted
ant service to the organization of the orchestra
resolution and invincible purpose. It clearly
bearing Mr. Thomas's name. It is dated at
shows that he set his standard high, and never
“ Felsengarten,” the New Hampshire country
allowed any opposition or influence to divert him
home to which Mr. Thomas was devotedly at-
from the course he marked out when he first en-
tached, and which in his later years, after the
tered upon the responsible and laborious task of
long battle for higher music was won, became
conducting. Ignorant criticism, popular pre-
his favorite resting-place.
judice, professional jealousies, the rancor of
Mrs. Thomas's preface succinctly defines the
those to whom he would not truckle, financial
scheme of the work. She says: “I have endeav-
losses, all were faced and overcome by his inde-
ored to confine my own part of the narrative to
fatigable energy, his sound convictions, his
a simple relation of the sequence of events in his
rugged honesty, his knowledge that he was right,
career, and to occasional touches which might
and his confidence that the public sooner or later
reveal something of the deeper and more in-
would acknowledge his appeal.
timate side of his nature known only to those
Mrs. Thomas has done her work well. She
who shared his home. In describing his achieve-
has effaced herself as far as was possible, and
ments, I have used, so far as possible, the words
from her intimate knowledge and natural sym-
of others-chiefly of eminent professional critics
pathy, as well as by numerous extracts from his
or musicians who personally attended the great
notes, diaries, and private letters, has given us a
musical events under his leadership.” Mrs.
most interesting sketch of Theodore Thomas the
Thomas also adds: “If therefore some inac-
man, as he was in his home, among his friends,
curacies have crept in, despite my earnest care
and in his workroom. We learn of his favorite
and the six years of research I have devoted
pursuits, the books he read, his passionate love
to the work, I must crave indulgence because
of nature, bis lofty characteristics on the human
of the great difficulty of the task.” From an
side, as well as the details of his orchestral ad-
intimate acquaintance with Mr. Thomas and
ministration, his relations to his musicians, the
his work, I feel warranted in stating that these
exacting study and scrupulous care he expended
memoirs need no apology on the score of inac-
in preparation, and the finished performance of
curacy. The author has had all the sources of
his duties at the conductor's desk which never
information as to the life and career of her dis-
suggested the arduous preliminary labor which
tinguished husband that are available, and she
led up to it.
has made use of them carefully and discriminat-
The orchestra which he organized and held to-
ingly. The two books present all that is known
gether through so many years of trouble and vi-
of him that is interesting to the public. The
cissitudes still remains and censerves his mem-
earlier volumes are historical, reminiscent, and
ory, and still retains the high reputation it made
biographical, as well as autobiographical on the
under his leadership, though another hand wields
musical side, besides containing that remarkable the
the baton. Theodore Thomas lived long enough
half-century collection of programmes which
| to enjoy the fruits of his labor, and to see his
illustrates his masterly ability as a programme
long-cherished dream of a permanent orchestra
maker and the gradual but sure educational
in its own home become a reality. All the world
development which accompanied their presen-
knows and honors him as a musician and con-
tation.
ductor. Mrs. Thomas's loving tribute will still
Mrs. Thomas's volume is more intimate, and
further endear his memory by giving those who
could only have been written by one who shared
only knew him as a master of music a clearer view
of his noble qualities of heart and soul.
* MEMOIRS OF THEODORE THOMAS, By Rose Fay Thomas.
Illustrated. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co.
GEORGE P. UPTON.


1911.]
463
THE DIAL
THE AGE OF MILTON IN ENGLISH
The sub-title of the volume, “ Cavalier and
LITERATURE.*
Puritan," perhaps is not well chosen, since the
main authors who are treated in it do not in every
By completing the seventh volume of their
case fall neatly into one or the other compart-
great coöperative enterprise, Dr. Ward and Mr.
ment. Milton, for example, who believed in
Waller have attained the half-way mark in the
monarchy, yet constrained himself to serve the
undertaking as it originally was conceived. The
Commonwealth, had absorbed too much of the
transition to the next seven volumes seems to be
culture of Italy to be called with any exactness
prepared for in a closing chapter, by Professor
a Puritan; as he had absorbed too much from
Harold V. Routh, on “The Advent of Modern
the Neoplatonists, and was too much in sympathy
Thought in Popular Literature.” In this, the
with certain Alexandrian tendencies, to be
discussion mainly turns upon the literature, if
thought of as purely Hellenic, or to be regarded
such it may be called, of demonology and witch-
craft; as if the destructive effects of modern
as essentially Hebraic— though a greater than
Professor Saintsbury so regarded him.
rationalism were here peculiarly significant.
But however the case may be with the perspec-
Professor Saintsbury does not, indeed, appear
to have formed any unified notion of Milton as
tive either of these sixteen chapters, or of the
work as a whole, the seventh volume probably
an individual, or even to have recognized the
need of trying to form one. That is a negative
contains more substance having a general inter-
censure. Since the chapter on Milton ought to
est than any preceding; and it contains more
have been a powerful, constructive, sympathetic
than any subsequent volume is likely to offer,
essay, the most noble and serious contribution
at all events until the fourteenth brings us
almost to the actions and personages of our
to the volume, giving life to the whole, one is
forced to describe it in more positive terms. I
own day.
have tried to think of suitable epithets for it
The interest of the seventh volume is partly
other than the words “ shallow” and “ vulgar,”
due to the absence of an over-refined theorizing
but I regret to say that I have not found them.
about literary movements and tendencies, but to
The author patronizes Milton, he assumes an
a great extent arises from the number of authors
here discussed who are known to the general
air of scientific indifference in judging one
whom he ought to love and reverence, and the
reader. Professor Moorman leads off with an
inevitable result when we estimate a lofty char-
acceptable chapter on Herrick, Carew, Suckling,
acter by the standards of the herd-his criticism
and Lovelace, and is followed by the Rev. F. E.
tends to be destructive. Milton (who lost his
Hutchinson, who deals with “the sacred poets,"
- Herbert, Crashaw, Vaughan, and the redis-
eyesight in the service of his State) “ blended
covered Traherne. Other names that appear are
an excessive and eclectic draught on books and
those of Waller, Denham, and Cowley, Milton,
on fancy with an insufficient experience of
life.” What does "life" mean? “ An Aspasia-
Bunyan, Sir Thomas Browne, Izaak Walton,
Hypatia-Lucretia-Griselda, with any naughti-
Hobbes, and Jeremy Taylor. It is true, the
ness in the first left out, and certain points in
pages on George Herbert are not in the style of
Solomon's ?Lemuel's) pattern woman added,
that American expositor whose name for various
might have met Milton's views. But this blend
reasons never can be dissociated from the name
has not been commonly quoted in the marriage
of the poet. It is true also that the discussion
market.” “ The remarkable blends of Milton's
of Milton is not from the hand of Canon Beech-
character which are important to the compre-
ing, who must be considered the first choice for
hension of his work require notice.” Although
a treatment of this subject. But there is more
“it must not be supposed ... that Milton's
than one article, like that of Professor Spingarn
temperament was essentially or uniformly mo-
on Jacobean and Caroline Criticism, where the
selection could not have been more fortunate,
rose,” and although “ liis youngest daughter
... described him as excellent company,
the writer being known, and having long been
known, for his special attainments in the field.
especially with young people,” yet “nothing but
amiable paralogism can give Milton an amiable
It is the emanations of special competence that
character.” “ His temper may be repellant, and
alone make a book or chapter glow with real
can hardly be attractive." In their substance,
interest.
the remarks on Milton as a poet are common-
* THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. place, and there is no adequate endeavor to
Edited by A. W. Ward and A. R. Waller. Volume VII.,
Cavalier and Puritan. Cambridge, England: University |
show the essential connection between his learn-
Press. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
| ing and his poetry, or between his poetry and


464
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
his prose. We may confine ourselves to a little class authority upon either Milton, Shakespeare,
of what is said about the prose.
or Chaucer. It is a relief to pass from his ut-
“ That some of Milton's prose passages are terances upon Milton to his article (Chapter IV.)
among the finest in English is hardly denied on the “Lesser Caroline Poets," where his pre-
by anybody." But Professor Saintsbury has no | vious studies are bound to win him a more re-
time to delay on these. “On the whole, the spectful hearing.
two sentences, Salmasius is an old fool,' and | But it is a greater satisfaction to come to those
• Morus is a rascally and vulgar libertine,' rep- | pages which have been reserved for notice at
resent the whole gist of the two Defensiones the close of this review. The career and writings
and their supplements, watered out into hun- of Bunyan, perhaps, require as much sympathy
dreds of pages, with floods of bad jokes, trivial from a modern critic as do those of Milton. It
minutiæ, and verbose vituperation.” The one may be easier, for instance, to pick out “gro-
example of Milton's prose that is quoted in this tesque stories and somewhat coarse passages”
chapter is taken for the purpose of showing him from “ The Life and Death of Mr. Badman"
at his worst; and for an example of those quali than to say with understanding that the allegory
ties which make serious students of English 6 yet bears the characteristic marks of Bunyan's
love his prose we must turn to the article of the genius, and is admittedly a work of power."
Rev. John Brown on Bunyan and Marvell. The Rev. John Brown brings to his task of
Is Professor Saintsbury's Milton the charac- interpretation the very qualities that the case
ter that was studied and divined by Wordsworth demands —sympathy, a steady belief in the dig-
with the loving familiarity of a scholar and the nity and high importance of Bunyan's work as a
sympathetic insight of a poet? Is this the whole, and an exhaustive knowledge of all the
Milton who should return to teach us not only details. He has been engaged in the study of
“ virtue,"“ power,” and “freedom,” but “man- | his subject for almost balf a century. At the
nersas well? Or has Professor Saintsbury for- end of twenty years he wrote the standard bio-
gotten that he is writing for a work that prides graphy of his favorite author, having enjoyed
itself upon historical perspective? Since he singular advantages in the preliminary research.
does not always substantiate his sweeping gen- | Twenty years later he edited “Grace Abound-
eralizations with convincing evidence, we may ing” and “The Pilgrim's Progress ” in a volume
answer opinion with opinion, letting the reader containing definitive texts of both (1907). And
take his choice.
now in fourteen pages of this uneven history he
“ The man,” says Coleridge, “who reads a gives us the best account of Bunyan that has ever
work meant for immediate effect on one age with appeared. Brief though it is, it could hardly be
the notions and feelings of another, may be a more complete. There is not the slighest evi-
refined gentleman, but must be a sorry critic. dence of haste, or constraint, or faulty perspect-
He who possesses imagination enough to live ive. Everything falls as naturally into its place
with his forefathers, and, leaving comparative as if Bunyan himself had moved the pen ; so
reflection for an after-moment, to give himself that we may apply to this essay what its author
up during the first perusal to the feelings of a says of Bunyan's masterpiece: “ It has been
contemporary, if not a partisan, will, I dare aver, said that • The Pilgrim's Progress' was the last
rarely find any part of Milton's prose works English book written without thought of the
disgusting .... These general observations, reviewer. ... But, while the book thus sprang
without meditation on the particular times and | into being, effortless and fair like a flower, it is
the genius of the times, are most often as un not wanting in proportion or dramatic unity.”
just as they are always superficial.”
Such scholarship as that of Dr. Brown may well
Professor Saintsbury is, it seems to me, much be called the plant and flower of light.
more in his element in dealing with Sir Thomas
Browne in Chapter X., on - The Antiquaries.”
LANE COOPER.
But his powers and attainments by no means
appeal to American readers in such a fashion as
to make clear to them why, in this monumental
MR. S. C. WOODHOUSE's - English-Greek Dictionary"
history of English literature, he should have
(Dutton) is mainly of the Attic dialect, although a few
been singled out above all other scholars to write
Homeric, Herodotean, and Aristotelian words are in-
cluded. It is a volume of more than a thousand pages,
the main articles upon three out of the four chief
and its use is only for the translation of English into
English poets down to Milton. His warmest | Greek. A remarkably clear typography makes the page
admirer could hardly maintain him to be a first- | unusually inviting.


1911.]
465
THE DIAL
the liberties of Greece would probably have got
THE LIBERATOR OF ITALY.*
on nearly or quite as well without him. The
A year and a half ago the writer had the Italian, for all his powerful appeal to the imag-
pleasure of reviewing for The DIAL (May 16, inations of men, was in his way one of the world's
1910) Mr. G. M. Trevelyan's very interesting | greatest and most gifted generals. His tactics
and useful account of Garibaldi's part in the de at the battle of the Volturno form one of the
cisive happenings of 1859–60, entitled “Gari most instructive of lessons in military strategy.
baldi and the Thousand.” A previous volume It is true that his art had its limitations, that
by the same author had narrated “ Garibaldi's he never showed remarkable abilities except in
Defense of the Roman Republic"; while the a certain irregular style of warfare with a small
third and last of the series, “Garibaldi and the force under his command. He is one of those
Making of Italy” — the book with which this | one-sided geniuses whom God seems to send at
discussion is chiefly concerned—covers the period a special moment to do a special work which no
extending from the capture of Palermo, in June one else could do. It is true also that he did
1860, to the return of the Liberator to his island not show his special abilities in the same degree
farm on Caprera, in November of the same year, through his entire active life. As a leader he
after the capture of Gaeta and the almost unani seemed to fail early, while he was still physically
mous acceptance of Victor Emmanuel's govern in his prime, and to become as “out of date ”
ment through a plebiscite had made United on the battle-field as that infinitely pathetic old
Italy a certainty. As the titles indicate, the apostle, his co-worker Mazzini, had long before
series deals not so much with Garibaldi's life become in the councils of the nation's builders.
as a whole, as with three short periods from his | Garibaldi's work during the six months in
life; and yet the periods are so well chosen and question was the arousing of Southern Italy and
their discussion leads so naturally to incidental the preparation of Victor Emmanuel's conquest
treatment of what preceded and what followed, of the Kingdom of Naples. And he was able
as cause and effect, that we have the whole to smooth the way for this glorious event, not
Garibaldi before us when we are through, with so much by any actual conquest of his own, not
perhaps not a great deal more difference of em so much even by any preparation of men's minds,
phasis than the relative importance of various | as by the fear his successes aroused in the breast
epochs and incidents justifies.
of Cavour. That astute statesman grew alarmed
This concluding volume is happier than its lest the Dictator of Sicily, if he became dictator
forbears in the time and circumstances of its of half of Italy as well, would find it neither
publication. The world is, for two reasons, espe necessary nor advisable to surrender his hard-
cially interested in things Italian at the moment: won dignity to another, and that Victor Em-
Italy has this year been celebrating the fiftieth manuel might be no nearer the crown of the
anniversary of her birth, which happy event is United Italies if Garibaldi conquered the King-
dated from the official proclamation of the united dom of Naples than if it remained subject to
Kingdom in 1861; and her campaign against Francis II. And so the strong Piedmontese
Turkey has in the last weeks turned all eyes army marched down from the north to do what
toward her. The cynically-inclined might hint Garibaldi and his irregulars had not been able
that her present activities have little in common to do; yet all they did was Garibaldi's doing.
with her brave and generous struggles of the The story in its broad outlines is a familiar
earlier date; but it is not necessary to approve one; but there are details and undercurrents
in order to be interested, and the new monograph which this untiring student of obscure and
should profit from the date of its publication, neglected documents is bringing to the light of
widely different as it is in character from the popular knowledge. Thus we are relieved to
books which commonly depend on the event of | learn that the diffiulties and disagreements be-
the day for their sale. Garibaldi is a remarkable tween the Piedmontese government and the Lib-
example of a romantically interesting leader who erator were sometimes more apparent than real.
yet accomplishes seriously important results. For example, on the 22d of July King Victor
George Washington and Frederick the Great Eminanuel sent a letter to the Dictator of
were builders of nations, as he was; but both Sicily warning him not to .cross the Straits of
were incurably prosaic. Lord Byron is a glori Messina ; and with this published letter went
ous figure in the annals of Greek liberty, but | another in his own handwriting which was to be
*GARIBALDI AND THE MAKING OF ITALY. By George
privately delivered, and which read as follows:
Macaulay Trevelyan. New York · Longmans, Green, & Co. | “Now, having written as King, Victor Emmanuel


466
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
suggests to you to reply in this sense, which I know is column, muttering invectives and pulling his
what you feel. Reply that you are full of devotion
formidable moustaches. The Englishman Peard
and reverence for your King, that you would like to
obey his counsels, but that your duty to Italy forbids
was frequently mistaken for the Dictator, and
you to promise not to help the Neapolitans, when they on one occasion, when it had seemed excellent
appeal to you to free them from a Government which policy to encourage the deception, the real
true men and good Italians cannot trust; that you can Garibaldi greeted the assumed one with “ Viva
not therefore obey the wishes of the King, but must
Garibaldi !” and shouts of laughter. And about
reserve full freedom of action."
this severely-documented record of research
A comparison of Garibaldi's famous reply with
play the curious masculine figure of the female
this quiet hint shows that one is but a highly
apostle Jessie White Mario, “that excellent
embellished paraphrase of the other. And in
creature of the Lord," Alexander Dumas the
the same connection, the incident of the meeting
well-intentioned but ludicrous, Nino Bixio the
of young Ashley with Cavour is both eloquent
fire-eater, given to breaking his best friends'
and delightful.
heads and then apologizing in tearful contrition,
“In the course of the morning the Piedmontese ves-
and a hundred others quite as charming; so that
sel Authion appeared off Salerno and set ashore Evelyn
Ashley, son of the good Lord Shaftesbury, and private
though we have no reason to criticize the his-
secretary to Lord Palmerston. The young man, to the
torian's plan we cannot help something like dis-
intense delight of his chief, had gone out to spend his appointment that he decides to stop here with
holidays with Garibaldi instead of with the partridges. | so interesting a theme.
A few days before, Ashley had presented himself to
No book of purely human origin ever stood
Cavour in Turin, with a letter of introduction from the
British Prime Minister, and had asked where he could
all tests; but it would seem that so thoroughly-
find Garibaldi. “Garibaldi! Who is he?' said Cavour, done a piece of work as this might have gone
with a twinkle in his eye. I have nothing to do with somewhat more deeply into the causes of certain
him. ... He is somewhere in the Kingdom of the conditions which are curtly stated and passed
Two Sicilies, I believe, but that is not, you know, at
that is not, you know, at | with scant discussion, or without it. Why, to
present under my King."
put the question that haunted the reviewer most
Garibaldi and Cavour were the absolute
persistently, should Garibaldi have met with
extremes of hot enthusiasm and calculating
such general support from the civilian popula-
shrewdness; but there was never (until the
tion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, while
great Premier's death left a delicate task in un-
the regular soldiery, even the soldiery of native
worthy hands) any real danger that the enter-
birth, opposed him almost to a man when they
prise would fail because two distinct agencies
were perfectly free to choose sides ? The book
were working at it. Professor Thayer's life
is no mere narrative of happenings; it ploughs
of Cavour may help us to a more intelligent
vigorously through the most stubborn roots of
appreciation of that much-abused kingdom-
tangled cause and motive; and by the standard
builder ; but Mr. Trevelyan, enthusiastic biog-
it sets for itself, the unanswered Whys are
rapher of Cavour's bitter enemy as he is, has
numerous enough to cloud somewhat the pleas-
warned us repeatedly that Garibaldi's abuse of
the Premier was due in great measure to lack
ant impression of the whole.
of knowledge of the real facts, and that Cavour,
Roy TEMPLE HOUSE.
incompatible in temperament and contradictory
in policy, was working as earnestly toward the
A GREAT BOOK OF WESTERN
one great end as Garibaldi himself could have
EXPLORATION.*
been doing.
The author is fond of qualifying Garibaldi It was a happy inspiration of the Champlain
as a “ poet,” and of enlarging on the pleasant Society of Canada to include Hearne's Journey
touches that give his delightful personality its in their series of publications, and a happier
relief. Thus, Colonel Bosco, sent from the main- | one to intrust the editing of the volume to Mr.
land to Sicily to retake Palermo, had boasted J. B. Tyrrell, the well-known Canadian ex-
that he would enter that city on the horse of plorer. To anyone familiar with the narrative
Medici, the Garibaldian commander. When of Hearne's expedition to the Coppermine, it
Bosco was defeated and captured, Garibaldi | must have been matter for regret that the book
decided that poetic justice demanded Medici's * A JOURNEY FROM PRINCE OF WALES'S FORT IN HUD-
entrance into Messina on Bosco's horse; and SON's Bay to THE NORTHERN OCEAN, in the Years 1769,
1770, 1771 and 1772. By Samuel Hearne. New edition, with
the pageant went off as he had planned it, with
Introduction, Notes, and Illustrations, by J.B. Tyrrell, M.A.
the unborsed boaster walking at the tail of the | Toronto : The Champlain Society.


1911.)
467
THE DIAL
in its original form was practically inaccessible monies he witnessed, the men and women he met
to the majority of readers, being found only in by the way. There is nothing more graphic in
the larger reference libraries and in a few pri- | the literature of travel than Hearne's descrip-
vate collections. Among printed records of tion of the massacre of the Eskimo at Bloody
famous Western explorations, not one rivals in Fall, and nothing more living than his picture
sheer human interest this story of Samuel of the manly and sagacious chief Matonabbee.
Hearne.
The peculiar appropriateness of entrusting the
Unlike Alexander Mackenzie, Hearne was not editing of this edition of the “ Journey to the
a great leader of men, and hardly a great ex-
| Coppermine" to Mr. J. B. Tyrrell is brought
plorer. Mackenzie by his own masterful per- | out by Sir Edmund Walker in the Preface:
sonality and indomitable energy forced a way
«M