































Multispecies Encounters

The Art of Being Attentive in 
Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway

Mia Godleski

• •  • •

 Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway is one of 
the penultimate works of modernist liter-

ature. Given its status, many scholars have analyzed 
the work, typically through the lens of class, gender, 
sexuality, or some combination of those categories. 
Something that often goes overlooked when view-
ing Mrs.Dalloway through those various lenses is 
the multitude of meaningful interactions with flow-
ers that the novel’s namesake, Clarissa Dalloway, 
has throughout the novel. In this essay, utilizing the 
multi-species theory work “Multispecies Studies: 
Cultivating Arts of Attentiveness” (Dooren, et al.), I 
will look at the interactions that Mrs. Dalloway has 
with flowers throughout the novel and discuss what 
interacting with flowers at specific moments does for 
Mrs. Dalloway.
 

©2024  Godleski The Digital Literature Review, 11, 74-83. doi: 
10.33043/dad3c3ax3. Shared with CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Liscense.



75

 Virginia Woolf’s novel Mrs. Dalloway is one of the most famous 
modernist works to have ever been written, and because of this, 

many scholars have taken the time to pull the work apart piece by piece 
and offer their interpretations. Typically, Mrs. Dalloway is viewed through 
the lens of class, gender, or sexuality. While it is necessary to have viewed 
the novel through those various lenses as they all play an important role 
throughout the story, one lens I think we have neglected to view Mrs. Dal-
loway through is that of multispecies studies. As scholar Diana Swanson 
states, “Nonhuman nature—in the shapes of earth, sky, water, insects, 
birds, animals—holds a significant place in Woolf’s fiction” (59). Nature 
does not simply exist in the background of Mrs. Dalloway. Rather, nature 
and the various non-human species that reside within it, particularly trees, 
plants, and flowers, are interwoven throughout the story. Throughout the 
novel, the main character Clarissa Dalloway is seen interacting with and 
taking notice of various plants and flowers. In some of the most pivotal 
scenes in the novel, Mrs. Dalloway can be seen interacting with or think-
ing about at least one type of flower. When people discuss Clarissa’s inter-
actions with flowers, typically, they are focusing on the flowers as a sym-
bol, and the specific meaning that has been assigned to each flower. While 
I do intend to discuss the symbolism of a few specific flowers as well as 
what flowers symbolize in general in the novel, I more so intend to focus 
on the interactions between Clarissa and her flowers and how the flowers 
are acting or contributing to her life during specific moments in the story 
and as a whole. In order to bring Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway into the realm of 
multispecies studies, I will be utilizing a work entitled “Multispecies Stud-
ies: Cultivating Arts of Attentiveness” by Thom van Dooren, Eben Kirk-
sey, and Ursula Münsterto describe the attentiveness that Clarissa gives to 
the flowers that she interacts with throughout the story. While Mrs. Dallo-
way is most certainly a novel about class, gender, and sexuality, it is also, 
above all else, a novel about life. Because Mrs. Dalloway is a story about 
life, it makes sense for Woolf to have included so many references to 
non-human species throughout her stories, as a story about life is not com-

Godleski



76

plete without mentioning the multitude of non-human species that reside 
on this earth with us. By including so many interactions with and referenc-
es to flowers and the natural world, Woolf is attempting to show us how 
interacting with species outside of our own in meaningful ways adds to 
our lives, as well as how not doing so has significant consequences.  
Before I begin my analysis of the interactions between Clarissa and the 
various plants she mentions, I feel it is important to discuss what multispe-
cies studies is as well as what it means to be attentive to the non-human 
species around us. Multispecies studies is a method of exploring the world 
in a way that does not simply center humans. Rather, the goal of multispe-
cies studies is to pay attention to the non-human species that are all around 
us, whether those species be plants, animals, or insects. In “Multispecies 
Studies: Cultivating Arts of Attentiveness,” the various authors explore 
“modes of both paying attention to others and crafting meaningful re-
sponse” (van Dooren, et al. 1). We see Clarissa Dalloway do both of these 
things in Mrs. Dalloway. Clarissa pays great attention to the flowers she 
comes across and she listens to what the flowers say, and to the emotions 
they make her feel. We see Clarissa interact with flowers or plants in mo-
ments in which she is feeling overwhelmed, and they remind her to live in 
the moment rather than in the past or the future.  
 The opening line of Mrs. Dalloway is one of the most memorable 
quotes to have ever come from a piece of literature, and it reads as fol-
lows: “Mrs. Dalloway said she would buy the flowers herself” (Woolf 
4). This quote sets up what will be a very important symbol throughout 
the entirety of the book. Mentioned time and time again, flowers hold 
very significant meaning for Clarissa. While each flower in Mrs. Dallo-
way holds its own, individual meaning, I think that flowers as a whole are 
meant to represent life, and are a reminder to live in the present. As I am 
about to explore, it would seem that Clarissa reaches for flowers during 
moments in which she is having difficulty processing her complex emo-
tions or living in the moment. 
 Before Clarissa enters the florist’s shop, there were a million thoughts 
racing through her head. She was thinking of her beloved daughter, Eliza-

Godleski



77

beth, and of Elizabeth’s dog, Grizzle. Then her thoughts soured when she 
began to think of her disapproval of Elizabeth’s friend Ms. Kilman. She 
then began to think of her illness, and how it combined with her dislike for 
Ms. Kilman made this hatred brew inside her. However, as soon as Clar-
issa entered the florist’s shop, everything changed. She was immediately 
captivated by the beauty that surrounded her, thinking “[t]here were flow-
ers: delphiniums, sweet peas, bunches of lilac: and carnations, masses of 
carnations” (Woolf 9). Once Clarissa saw the flowers, the anxious thoughts 
pacing back and forth in her mind ceased. Suddenly, Clarissa was no lon-
ger stuck within her own mind. The sight of the flowers reminded her to 
step back into the present moment, as if they were saying to her that she 
is alive, and so are they, and that she should be present in the world with 
them. Clarissa listens to what the flowers have to say to her and she im-
mediately steps back into the present moment. By listening to the flowers, 
Clarissa gives them agency. She also gives the flowers agency in one of 
the quotes that follows shortly after the previous, which reads, “And it was 
the moment between six and seven when every flower—roses, carnations, 
irises, lilac—glows; white, violet, red, deep orange; every flower seems 
to burn by itself, softly, purely in the misty beds” (Woolf 9). Here, the 
flowers are able to have individual agency and are capable of individual 
action. As scholar Betty Rychen so eloquently puts it, “The flowers which 
Mrs. Dalloway buys for her party and the scene in the florist’s shop as she 
chooses them prepare the reader for a deeper sense of her identity” (Ry-
chen 18). This scene in which we see Clarissa listen to the flowers around 
her allows us a closer look into Clarissa’s personality. It shows us how she 
is attentive to the non-human species around her and it also shows us her 
keen attention to detail, making her a master at the art of being attentive 
(van Dooren, et al). Clarissa not only creates a meaningful interaction with 
flowers by giving them agency, but also by listening to how they make her 
feel and associating them with important people in her life. One such flow-
er that she does this with is the rose.  
 Roses are mentioned frequently throughout Mrs. Dalloway and play a 
significant role in the novel. As I previously mentioned, it would seem that 

Godleski



78

Clarissa often associates specific flowers with specific people in her life. In 
her mind, Clarissa associates her husband, Richard, with roses (Shearer). 
Roses are a complex flower when it comes to determining what they mean. 
Typically, they represent love, and when a rose is of a specific color, it 
can change the type of love being conveyed (Shearer). One moment in the 
novel in which roses are mentioned is when Richard gives Clarissa a bou-
quet of red and white roses. Woolf writes “He was holding out flowers—
roses, red and white roses” (Woolf 72). The roses that Richard chooses to 
give Clarissa are red and white, a choice I believe was purposefully made 
by Woolf. Red roses are a symbol of a true, passionate love and white 
roses are meant to convey unswerving loyalty (Thompson). However, the 
combination of these two specific colors of roses is seen as “a symbol of 
unity” (Shearer). Scholar Jeanne Shearer explains that Clarissa’s identity 
is tied to her being married to her husband, Richard, and that she primarily 
only sees herself as being Mrs. Dalloway, a loyal wife and a perfect party 
host. She goes on to explain that “[t]he roses Richard gives her represent 
this unity with him,” the unity she is referring to being the loyal, dedicated 
marriage the two share (Shearer). Because Clarissa associates much of her 
identity with being a wife, and since Richard often chooses to give her ros-
es, it makes sense that they would be mentioned so often throughout Mrs. 
Dalloway.  
 What is happening when Richard gives Clarissa the roses is important 
to note as well. Before Richard walks in with the roses, Clarissa is worry-
ing about whether or not she should invite someone to her party that she 
initially didn’t want to invite (Woolf 71). However, when Richard walks in 
and Clarissa sees that he’s holding out roses for her to take, she is immedi-
ately pulled out of her anxious thoughts. In this scene, the flowers are once 
again acting as a reminder to Clarissa to live in the present, and to not 
worry so much about what is to come. While roses are certainly an import-
ant symbol in Mrs. Dalloway, there is one more flower that I must discuss 
as it is mentioned at the penultimate moment of the novel: the beginning 
of Clarissa Dalloway’s heavily anticipated party. 
 The final moment I want to discuss in which Clarissa is attentive to 

Godleski



79

the non-human species around her is towards the end of Mrs. Dalloway, 
at the beginning of the party. The party does not truly begin until the mo-
ment in which Clarissa notices how “[g]ently the yellow curtain with all 
the birds of Paradise blew out and it seemed as if there were a flight of 
wings in the room, right out, then sucked back” (Woolf 101). The story 
has been building up to this moment, readers are watching Clarissa pre-
pare for this party all day, and now it has finally, at long last, begun. This 
could be considered a multispecies interaction in one of two ways, ei-
ther seeing the “birds of Paradise” as actual birds or as the plant with the 
same name. Based on the numerous mentions of plants Clarissa has made 
throughout Mrs. Dalloway up until this point, I am going to see this inter-
action as being one between Clarissa and the bird of paradise plant rather 
than an interaction between Clarissa and an animal. There is also the fact 
that Clarissa lives in England, and it would make more sense for the “birds 
of Paradise” she is referring to to be a plant since colorful, tropical birds 
that we tend to call birds of paradise are not native to England. The bird 
of paradise plant can grow to be quite large, and when properly cared for, 
they can bloom with orange or white flowers whose petals resemble those 
of the feathers on a bird, making the name quite fitting and also making 
it difficult to distinguish the flowers from an actual bird upon first glance 
(Hensley, et al 1). The bird of paradise is an incredibly majestic plant–it is 
impossible to ignore the presence of one in a room. The large size of the 
plant and its bright flowers grasp your attention, and you cannot help but 
to be in awe of its beauty. Choosing such a magnificent plant to mark the 
true beginning of Clarissa’s party was a masterful choice on Woolf’s part.  
 Again, it is important for us to examine what was happening in the 
moments before Clarissa takes notice of the bird of paradise plant. At this 
point in the novel, the guests have begun to arrive at Clarissa’s party. She 
greets a few guests, including her old friend Peter Walsh. After greeting 
the various guests that had just arrived, Clarissa becomes overwhelmed. 
She thinks to herself, “Oh dear, it was going to be a failure; a complete 
failure…She could see Peter out of the tail of her eye, criticizing her” 
(Woolf 101). Now that her guests have begun to arrive, Clarissa is scared 

Godleski



80

that her party is going to be an absolute failure. Her seeing Peter and being 
under the impression that he is criticizing her really spikes Clarissa’s anxi-
ety. However, once again, when Clarissa spots the magnificent bird of par-
adise plant from across the room, she is transported out of her own head 
and back into reality. Yet again, we see Clarissa being attentive to a mem-
ber of a non-human species, listening to what they are telling her and tak-
ing their advice: to live in the real world, with her beloved flowers, rather 
than in her own head.  
 Although Clarissa is ever so attentive to the non-human species that 
surround her, particularly various flowers and plants, there is one charac-
ter in Mrs. Dalloway that does not practice this attentiveness towards the 
non-human species that surround him. The character that I am referring to 
is Peter Walsh. Peter serves as a foil to Clarissa. Whereas Clarissa lives in 
the present, sometimes being pulled back to it by the flowers she loves so 
dearly, Peter does not. Peter lives in the past, and is absorbed by the regret 
he carries for not marrying Clarissa. While Peter does occasionally reflect 
back on his past and will recall a flower or plant that he saw, his recollec-
tion of the non-human species he witnessed at whatever particular moment 
in his past that he is reflecting on does not pull him back to the present. 
Woolf makes it clear in the very beginning that Peter is not attentive, nor 
cares to be attentive, to the non-humans around him. In a scene early on in 
the novel in which Clarissa is walking around a garden, he asks her if she 
is “[m]using amongst the vegetables?” and then continues, stating “I prefer 
men to cauliflowers” (Woolf 4). Peter is unlike Clarissa in the way that he 
does not give the non-human species around him agency, and in turn, he 
does not listen to what they have to say. This really detracts from Peter’s 
life, and does not aid in his healing from his past. If he would be attentive 
to the plants around him, he may be reminded to live in the present rath-
er than the past, just as Clarissa is when she pays attention to the plants 
around her.  
 As scholar Matthew Delsesto states, “Being human means being in 
consant contact and communication with plants” (Delsesto). This is some-
thing that Woolf understands very clearly, as evident by Clarissa’s many 

Godleski



81

interactions with plants in Mrs. Dalloway. By looking more closely at the 
meaningful associations that Clarissa creates with flowers and important 
people in her life, such as her husband, as well as the reverent way she in-
teracts with flowers, we can learn how to be more attentive of the non-hu-
man species in our lives. By interacting with the flowers she comes across 
in an attentive way, she crafts a “meaningful response” to the interaction 
(van Dooren, et al. 1). The way that Clarissa interacts with flowers in Mrs. 
Dalloway shows us a new way of interacting with the non-human species 
in our lives. Through listening to the flowers and the feelings that they 
provoked within her, Clarissa Dalloway showed all of us a meaningful 
way of interacting with the plants around us. She showed us that when we 
are feeling overwhelmed by our emotions or with the stress of our daily 
lives, we need only look for the beauty of a flower to remind us to live in 
the moment. 
 Flowers play an important role in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway. 
The main character of the novel, Clarissa Dalloway, interacts with the 
plants around her in a very meaningful way. She touches them and ob-
serves them very carefully, allowing them to evoke certain emotions with-
in her. By listening to the emotions that each flower Clarissa interacted 
with evoked, she combined two very important aspects of her life: flowers 
and the people she loved. Clarissa is so aware of the plants that she sees 
in the single day that we see in her life, and we could all stand to learn to 
be more like her in that way. Clarissa’s interactions with flowers are also 
meaningful in the way that the flowers she sees and touches pull her out of 
her emotions—out of her head—and into the present moment. Woolf also 
shows us in her novel what not being attentive to the non-human species 
around us can take away from our lives through Peter Walsh, who is stuck 
in the past and cannot pull himself into the present because of his tendency 
to hold onto his regrets as well as his not paying attention to the multitude 
of species that he encounters in his life that would remind him to live in 
the moment with them. Not only did Clarissa create meaningful interac-
tion between herself and the various flowers she loves so very much, she 
showed us, the readers of Mrs. Dalloway, a way in which we can be more 

Godleski



82

attentive of what the non-human species around us, including flowers and 
plants, can add to our lives.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Godleski



83

Works Cited 

DelSesto, Matthew. “People-plant Interactions and the Ecological 
Self.” Plants People Planet, vol. 2, no. 3, May 2020, https://
nphonlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ppp3.10087.  

Dooren, Thom van, et al. “Multispecies Studies: Cultivating Arts of 
Attentiveness.” Environmental Humanities, Duke University Press, 
1 May 2016, read.dukeupress.edu/environmental-humanities/
article/8/1/1/61679/Multispecies-StudiesCultivating-Arts-of.

Hensley, David, et al. “Bird-of-Paradise.” Scholarspace, University of 
Hawaii at Manoa, 1998, scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/
apicore/bitstreams/85181a29-c202-4170-badf-40efbb74dafc/content.  

Rychen, Betty I., “Mrs Dalloway’s flowers: An Attempt to Define a 
Symbol” (1982). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. 
William & Mary. Paper 1539625176. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/
s2-04tp-vt46.

Shearer, Jeanne. “Nature as Symbol and Influence: the Role of Plants 
in Mrs. Dalloway.” Virginia Woolf Miscellany, no. 78, fall-winter 
2010, pp. 26+. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/
appsdoc/A297829226/LitRC?u=munc80314&sid=googleScholar&x 
id=1c60c41b. 

Swanson, Diana L. “Woolf’s Copernican Shift: Nonhuman Nature in 
Virginia Woolf’s Short Fiction.” Woolf Studies Annual, vol. 18, 2012, 
pp. 53–74. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24906897.

Thompson, Julia. “Rose Color Meanings.” Fiftyflowers.Com, Fifty 
Flowers, 29 Nov. 2021, fiftyflowers.com/blogs/flowers/rose-color-
meanings?return_to=%2Fblogs%2Fflowers%2Frose-color-meanings.  

Woolf, Virginia, and C. A. Jordana. Mrs. Dalloway. Aziloth Books, 2010

Godleski


