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Pitkänen, M., TGD Views on the Roles of Lithium, Phosphate & Posner Molecule in Quantum Biology

Essay

TGD Views on the Roles of Lithium, Phosphate & Posner Molecule
in Quantum Biology

Matti Pitkänen 1

Abstract

In this essay, I compare the work of Fisher proposing that phosphate ion and calcium phosphate
known as Posner molecule are fundamental for quantum neuroscience. Phosphate ion show nuclear
spin could serve as qubit able to get enzymatically entangled and make possible a transfer of qubits.
Posner molecule would serve as unit of quantum memory. I describe first what might be called
Lithium mystery, which served as a motivation of Fisher and summarize also the TGD view about
the role of Lithium. The model of Fisher for how phosphate ion and Posner molecule could play
a central role quantum neural processing is described. I also summarize the TGD view about the
situation suggesting that Posner molecule might indeed have deep role. What puts bells ringing is
that ELF radiation at frequencies equal to multiples of 15 Hz cyclotron frequency for Calcium ion
in endogenous magnetic field Bend = .2 Gauss was found by Blackman and others to have effects
on vertebrate brain. Furthermore, the cyclotron frequency of phosphate ion in endogenous magnetic
field Bend corresponds to the 11 Hz at the top of alpha band defining a fundamental biorhythm. A
further interesting observation is that the 6 spin states of phosphate ions could realize genetic code.

Keywords: Lithium, phosphate, Posner molecule, quantum biology, TGD.

1 Introduction

I encountered two years ago Fisher’s work [3] (see http://tinyurl.com/hd3t6sr) related to quantum
biology. I wrote a short article about it. Later I made some interesting additional observations about
Posner molecules studied by Fisher, and this article is an extension of an earlier article containing the
additional material.

I attach below the abstract of the article of Fisher.
The possibility that quantum processing with nuclear spins might be operative in the brain is proposed

and then explored. Phosphorus is identified as the unique biological element with a nuclear spin that can
serve as a qubit for such putative quantum processing - a neural qubit - while the phosphate ion is the
only possible qubit-transporter. We identify the ”Posner molecule”, Ca9(PO4)6, as the unique molecule
that can protect the neural qubits on very long times and thereby serve as a (working) quantum-memory.

A central requirement for quantum-processing is quantum entanglement. It is argued that the en-
zyme catalyzed chemical reaction which breaks a pyrophosphate ion into two phosphate ions can quantum
entangle pairs of qubits. Posner molecules, formed by binding such phosphate pairs with extracellular
calcium ions, will inherit the nuclear spin entanglement. A mechanism for transporting Posner molecules
into presynaptic neurons during a ”kiss and run” exocytosis, which releases neurotransmitters into the
synaptic cleft, is proposed. Quantum measurements can occur when a pair of Posner molecules chemi-
cally bind and subsequently melt, releasing a shower of intra-cellular calcium ions that can trigger further
neurotransmitter release and enhance the probability of post-synaptic neuron firing. Multiple entangled
Posner molecules, triggering non-local quantum correlations of neuron firing rates, would provide the key
mechanism for neural quantum processing. Implications, both in vitro and in vivo, are briefly mentioned.

For earlier work on the possibility of quantum processing in the brain with nuclear spins, please see
Hu and Wu’s work on spin-mediated consciousness theory (see, e.g., https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/
0208068)

1Correspondence: Matti Pitkänen http://tgdtheory.com/. Address: Rinnekatu 2-4 A8, 03620, Karkkila, Finland. Email:
matpitka6@gamail.com.

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http://tinyurl.com/hd3t6sr
https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0208068
https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0208068
http://tgdtheory.com/
mailto:matpitka6@gmail.com


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About two years after writing the first version of this article, I learned about a second article about
Posner molecules by Fisher, Swift and Van de Walle [4] (see http://tinyurl.com/ycyu5bj9) describing
a detailed study of Posner molecules. The abstract of the article gives idea about what is done.

We investigate ”Posner molecules”, calcium phosphate clusters with chemical formula Ca9(PO4)6.
Originally identified in hydroxyapatite, Posner molecules have also been observed as free-floating molecules
in vitro. The formation and aggregation of Posner molecules have important implications for bone growth,
and may also play a role in other biological processes such as the modulation of calcium and phosphate
ion concentrations within the mitochondrial matrix. In this work, we use a first-principles computational
methodology to study the structure of Posner molecules, their vibrational spectra, their interactions with
other cations, and the process of pairwise bonding. Additionally, we show that the Posner molecule provides
an ideal environment for the six constituent 31P nuclear spins to obtain very long spin coherence times. In
vitro, the spins could provide a platform for liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computation.
In vivo, the spins may have medical imaging applications. The spins have also been suggested as ”neural
qubits” in a proposed mechanism for quantum processing in the brain.

I also learned about the finding of M.Y. Simmons et al [1] (see http://tinyurl.com/ydx6v7xa) about
electronic qubits realized with phosphorus atoms serving as donors. This inspires the question whether
also electronic qubits might be realized by using the valence electrons of P .

About two years after writing the first version of this article I ended up with a model of valence bond
[11] (see http://tinyurl.com/ycg94xpl) assuming that the electrons at valence bonds can have non-
standard value of Planck constant heff = n × h (the hierarchy of Planck constants characterizing dark
matter as phases of ordinary matter comes as a basic prediction of adelic TGD [14, 15]). The starting
point of the model was the surprisingly weak variation of the bond energy along the rows of the periodic
table.

The model provides a vision about the role of valence bonds in biology and provides a precise iden-
tification for the notion of metabolic energy. The binding energies of bonds decrease with the value of
heff/h = n increasing along the rows of the periodic table, and the reduction of the binding energy can
be identified as potential metabolic energy liberated in catabolism. The bonds involving atoms towards
the right end of the rows of the periodic table have highest metabolic energies, and are indeed the bonds
appearing in nutrient molecules. Phosphate ion has especially high bond energy so that Posner molecules
could be also ideal for storing metabolic energy.

In the sequel I describe the Lithium mystery, which served as a motivation of Fisher and also TGD
view about the role of Lithium. The model of Fisher for how phosphate ion and calcium phosphate known
as Posner molecule could play a central role quantum neural processing is described. I also present TGD
view about the situation suggesting that Posner molecule might indeed have deep role. ELF radiation
at frequencies equal to multiples of 15 Hz cyclotron frequency for Calcium in endogenous magnetic field
Bend = .2 Gauss was found by Blackman and others to have effects on vertebrate brain. Furthermore, the
cyclotron frequency of phosphate ion in endogenous magnetic field Bend corresponds to the 10 Hz alpha
resonance frequency defining a fundamental biorhythm. I will also represent a brief comment about the
realization of electronic qubits with P atom serving as a donor.

2 Lithium mystery

The starting point of Fisher was a very interesting finding challenging the hypothesis about life as mere
bio-chemistry. Already in 1986, scientists at Cornell University examined the effects of the two isotopes
of Lithium on the behavior of rats. Pregnant rats were separated into three groups. One group was given
Li7, one group was given the isotope Li6, and the third served as the control group. Once the pups were
born, the mother rats that received Li6 showed much stronger maternal behaviors, such as grooming,
nursing and nest-building, than the rats in either the Li7 or control groups.

Li6 therefore as has a positive effect on maternal behaviour unlike Li7. The chemistry is exactly the
same. According to the popular article, Fisher believes that the higher nuclear spin of Li6 could give it

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http://tinyurl.com/ycyu5bj9
http://tinyurl.com/ydx6v7xa
http://tinyurl.com/ycg94xpl


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special role.: in the article he talks about nuclear spin J = 1/2 which cannot be true since the spin must
be even. As a matter fact, according to my Nuclear Physics by Howard Li7 has nuclear spin of J = 3/2
units whereas Li6 has nuclear spin J = 1 so that neither of the above claims is correct. Could the bosonic
character of Li6 nucleus provide an alternative explanation? In any case, the finding strongly suggests
that magnetic fields are involved.

Lithium - presumably Li6 - has also other positive effects. If the positive effects are indeed due to Li6

isotope, the dose of Lithium could be reduced by using only Li6 isotope. I attach here the abstract of the
article that I wrote as a reaction to discussions with my friend Samppa who told about Lithium [9] (see
http://tinyurl.com/j44epwp).

Lithium has been used for more than 50 years as a mood stabilizer in manic depression. During last
years Lithium has been studied intensively and found that it can be used also in treatment of schizophrenia
and many other brain disorders. The effectiveness of Lithium is however difficult to understand in the
standard framework of biology. In TGD framework organism-environment pair of standard biology is
replaced with the triplet magnetic body - organism -environment. Magnetic body uses biological body as
sensory receptor and motor instrument. This suggests that the re-establishment of communications of
brain with some level of the magnetic body is how lithium causes its positive effects. Magnetic body
does not receive information about brain and cannot control it since dark Lithium ions and correspond-
ing cyclotron radiation are not present. The disorders caused by the lack Lithium and other biologically
important ions would therefore be something totally new from the perspective of standard neuroscience.

TGD explanation for the effects of Lithium relies on the notions of magnetic body and dark large
heff = n× h photons, electrons, and ions and relies on cyclotron frequencies as frequencies assignable to
the dark photons responsible for the communications between magnetic body and biological body. In this
picture the charge of the ion and its total magnetic moment would be relevant rather than only nuclear
magnetic moment characterizing also neutral atoms (which could also contribute to the magnetic moment
of ion). Cyclotron frequencies would replace Larmor frequencies.

1. For Li6 the cyclotron frequency is about 50.0 Hz in the endogenous magnetic field Bend = .2 Gauss
explaining the quantal effects of em fields at ELF frequencies on vertebrate brain reported by the
pioneers of bio-electromagnetism such as Blackman [2] to occur at multiples of cyclotron frequency
in this magnetic field for Calcium ion and also for other biologically important ions. For Ca+2 ion
the cyclotron frequency is 15 Hz. Thanks to the large value of heff = n × h dark photons would
have energies above thermal threshold. An attractive hypothesis is that the energies are in the
range of bio-photon energies (visible and UV).

2. In the case of Li6 the dark photons would make possible communication to and control by the
magnetic body relevant for maternal behaviors. Magnetic fields oscillating at 50 Hz frequency are
known to have biological effects [7]. The size of the corresponding magnetic body part would be
obtained from the wavelength λ = 2πR (R denotes the radius of Earth) of the lowest Schumann
frequency 7.8 Hz as L = (7.8/50) × R = .98 × R. This suggests that dark magnetic flux tubes
assignable with Earth are involved: not however that the field strength is 2BE/5.

3. For Li7 the dark photons would have cyclotron frequency about 42.9 Hz, which brings in mind the
thalamocortical resonance with frequency around 40 Hz assigned to consciousness at the time when
the use of the word ”consciousness” ceased to be pseudo-science. The more abundant Li7 (92.5 per
cent) should be also important but could be associated with other kinds of biological functions.

3 Phosphate, Posner molecule, and cognition

Fisher as also other quantum biologists tries to understand quantum biology as an improvement of
biochemistry. One assumes that standard quantum theory brings in small effects allowing to optimize
biological functions. In the case of the avian navigation and also in many other situations the problem

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Pitkänen, M., TGD Views on the Roles of Lithium, Phosphate & Posner Molecule in Quantum Biology

is that Earth’s magnetic field is only 2 per cent of the minimum magnetic field at which the proposed
radical-pair mechanism is found to work [10] (see http://tinyurl.com/jnxvdmf). To my opinion much
more radical approach challenging the basics of quantum theory itself is necessary.

Fisher wants to identify the quantum mechanism behind neural activity assumed to rely on nuclear
spins. This is quite a demanding challenge. One should understand long coherence time for nuclear
spins representing the qubits, discover a mechanism transporting the qubit through the brain to neurons,
identify a molecular scale quantum mechanism entangling qubits, identify a chemical reaction inducing
quantum measurement of the qubits dictating the subsequent neuron firing, and understand what happens
in nerve pulse transmission from pre- to post-synaptic neuron at quantum level.

1. Fisher assigns fundamental qubit and the ability to develop long lasting quantum entanglement with
phosphate ion (see http://tinyurl.com/zgbgtwy). Phosphate ion would be qubit transporter. The
transfer of phosphate ion from APT to a molecule is fundamental part of metabolism and the TGD
proposal is that a transfer of negentropic entanglement (purely TGD based notion involving p-adic
physics as correlate for cognition) is in question.

2. Enzyme catalyzed qubit entanglement would emerge in the reaction ATP→ AMP+PPi. PPi is
diphosphate ion with entangled phosptate and the reaction PPi→ Pi+Pi would create two entan-
glement phosphates. The reaction rate is proposed to depend on whether the 2Pi state is spin single
or spin triplet.

3. Quantum memory is assigned with so called Posner molecule [(PO4)−3)]6Ca+2
9 made of 6 phosphate

ions and 9 calcium ions would be the key player. Posner molecule belongs to a family of calcium
phosphates having as building bricks PO−3

4 and Ca+2 ions (see http://tinyurl.com/jftjmro).
Calcium phosphate is the principal form of calcium found in bovine milk and blood. 70 percent
of bone consists of hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate mineral known as bone mineral. Tooth
enamel is composed of almost ninety percent hydroxyapatite.

Posner molecule is neutral since the charges of 9 Ca ions and 6 phosphate ions cancel each other:
9 × 2 − 6 × 3 = 0. Geometrically Posner molecule can be described as a cube with Calcium ions
at corners and center and phosphate ions at the centers of faces. The nuclear spin of the Posner
molecule assignable to phosphates is 0, 1, 2, or 3. Posner molecule has also reduced rotational
degrees of freedom characterized by group Z3 giving rise to pseudospin. Posner molecule would
be a carrier of phosphate qubits giving rise to (working) quantum-memory realized in terms of
entangled Posner molecules.

4. Fisher proposes the notion of quantum entangled chemical reactions. This notion does not make
sense if one identifies chemical reactions as processes involving state function reduction as assumed
in chemical kinetics. The notion could make sense if chemical reactions are identified as unitary
time evolutions for entangled systems such as Posner molecules. In TGD framework the notion of
entangled time evolutions could make sense in zero energy ontology (ZEO).

5. Nerve pulse transmission from pre- to postsynaptic membrane would entangle neurons by entangling
Posner molecules. Biochemistry is complex but to my opinion the proposed model is too complex
to be feasible. My view is that the enormous complexity of the description based on biochemical
reaction pathways reflects the failure to realize the presence of control level - magnetic body. Situ-
ation would be like trying to understand the functioning of computer program regarding it as mere
physical phenomenon without any idea about its purpose.

4 TGD view

In the sequel Posner molecules are discussed from TGD perspective. The Larmor and cyclotron frequencies
of phosphate ions are in alpha band for Bend = .2 Gauss playing a key role as endogenous dark magnetic

ISSN: 2159-046X DNA Decipher Journal www.www.dnadecipher.com

Published by QuantumDream, Inc.

http://tinyurl.com/jnxvdmf
http://tinyurl.com/zgbgtwy
http://tinyurl.com/jftjmro


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Pitkänen, M., TGD Views on the Roles of Lithium, Phosphate & Posner Molecule in Quantum Biology

field, whose flux tubes carrying dark ions. The 6 phosphate molecules of Posner molecule provide a
realization of genetic code in terms of qubits.

4.1 Larmor and cyclotron frequencies of Posner molecule

In TGD framework both nuclear spins and angular moment of dark nuclei in the magnetic fields assignable
to dark magnetic flux tubes would be important: Larmor frequencies would be replaced with the sums
of Larmor - and cyclotron frequencies assignable to (usually) charged particles. It is interesting to look
whether the cyclotron frequencies of phosphate and Posner molecule could teach something about their
possible role.

1. Phosphate PO−3
4 with mass number 31+4×16 = 95 has cyclotron frequency 9.5 Hz in the endogenous

magnetic field Bend = .2 Gauss assumed in TGD model: this is 10 Hz in the accuracy with which
Bend is known. This frequency is in alpha band! For smaller charges -2 and -1 one has frequencies
6.26 Hz and 3.13 Hz. In TGD framework the transfer of phosphate from ATP to the acceptor bio-
molecule could be at the fundamental level transfer of negentropic entanglement from metabolites
[5, 6]. This could reduce to the transfer the ends of the associated flux tubes between the molecules.

2. Posner molecule is neutral since the charges of 9 Ca ions and 6 phosphate ions cancel each other:
9× 2− 6× 3 = 0. Being neutral Posner molecule as a whole does not couple to the magnetic field
except through its total magnetic moment. TGD proposal that ions form Bose-Einstein condensates
encourages however to consider the possibility that the building bricks of Posner molecule form
separate Bose-Einstein condensates. One can ask whether this is possible also more complex calcium
phosphates: could bones be much more than just passive building bricks?

The simplest possibility is that 3 Cooper pairs of fermionic PO−3
4 molecules (as is easy to check

by noticing that phosphorus and oxygen atoms are bosons and there are surplus 3 electrons: note
that phosphorus nucleus is fermion and oxygen nucleus a boson) form a Bose-Einstein condensate
a their own circular portion of flux tube. 9 bosonic Ca+2 ions would form similar Bose Einstein
condensate at their own flux tube portion. The value of heff proportional to the mass of the ion
by heff = hgr hypothesis. The formation of Cooper pairs of phosphate ions would conform with
the conjecture of Fisher that two phosphate ions can entangle.

3. The value of heff proportional to the mass of the ion if heff = hgr hypothesis is accepted. The
formation of Cooper pairs of phosphate ions would conform with the conjecture of Fisher that two
phosphate ions can entangle.

These observations put the bells ringing - with a frequencies of 10 Hz and 15 Hz, one might say.
Unfortunately this frequency is not directly audible, so that I cannot hope that colleagues would
hear the ringing! There are however some hopes: also 10 Hz and 15 Hz can be made audible as
difference of frequencies fed to right and left ear! Maybe some experimentalist could get interested!

4. A further intriguing observation is that the Larmor frequency of P for Bend is 10.96 Hz. This is
marginally in alpha band. This suggests that also Larmor frequency of P is indeed important in
bio-control by magnetic body.

5. An alternative and more realistic sounding hypothesis is heff = hem. heff = hem would hold
true when em interaction becomes non-perturbative. In this case NE would be short ranged and
associated with atomic/molecular systems. At this moment one cannot exclude the possibility that
only short range NE is involved with living matter.

Short ranged NE could be associated with dark atoms for which the scale of binding energy be-
haves like 1/h2eff and is thus reduced for dark atoms [8]. The creation of dark atoms would require
metabolic energy. This metabolic energy could also be liberated as dark atoms transforms to or-
dinary atom. Metabolic electrons could be associated with dark atoms and also the dark atoms

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Pitkänen, M., TGD Views on the Roles of Lithium, Phosphate & Posner Molecule in Quantum Biology

in nutrients could provide metabolic energy driving protons through the mitochondrial membrane
against potential gradient and transforming ADP to ATP contains high energy phosphate bond,
which would actually correspond to the presence of dark (say hydrogen -) atom. Phosphate con-
taining the dark atom would carry the NE or be accompanied by dark magnetic flux tube.

The simplest view about photosynthesis would be that the absorption of solar photons excites some
atoms to dark states and that nutrients contain these dark atoms as stable enough entities. The
contamination of nutrients could mean the decay of these dark atoms to the normal states.

6. The cyclotron frequencies of these Bose-Einstein condensates would be 9.5 Hz resp. 15 Hz in
Bend = .2 Gauss. This model could allow to improve the understanding about why the radiation at
harmonics of 15 Hz has effects on vertebrate brain and also about the realization of alpha rhythm
as a control signal from magnetic body. Fisher proposes that in nerve pulse transition two Posner
molecules fuse temporarily and produce a spray of Ca+2 ions. This could make sense also in TGD
framework.

4.2 A new step of progress after two years

Roughly two years after writing the first version of this article I ended up with a model of valence bond
[11] (see http://tinyurl.com/ycg94xpl) assuming that the electrons at valence bonds can have non-
standard value of Planck constant heff = n × h (the hierarchy of Planck constants characterizing dark
matter as phases of ordinary matter comes as a basic prediction of adelic TGD [14, 15]). The starting
point of the model was the surprisingly weak variation of the bond energy along the rows of the periodic
table and the observation that the heating of Ruthenium leads to a mysterious disappearance of valence
electrons known for decades: the interpretation would be that they are transformed to dark electrons
[13].

The model provides a vision about the role of valence bonds in biology and provides a precise iden-
tification for the notion of metabolic energy. The binding energies of bonds decrease with the value of
heff/h = n increasing along the rows of the periodic table, and the reduction of the binding energy can
be identified as potential metabolic energy liberated in catabolism. The bonds involving atoms towards
the right end of the rows of the periodic table have highest metabolic energies, and are indeed the bonds
appearing in nutrient molecules. Phosphate ion has especially high bond energy so that Posner molecules
could be also ideal for storing metabolic energy.

Posner molecule would be ideal for both control purposes and for metabolism.

1. There are 9 Ca2+ ions and 6 PO3−
4 ions with cyclotron frequencies of 15 Hz and 9.5 Hz respectively

in the endogenous magnetic field Bend = .2 Gauss explaining the observations of Blackman [2] about
the quantal effects of ELF em fields on vertebrate brain: thus these molecules are ideal for control
by and communication to magnetic body.

Also the fact that the Larmor frequency of P is 10.96 Hz and marginally in alpha band, suggests that
MB uses spin flips for control purposes. MB could control and coordinate all phosphate containing
biomolecules usign this Larmor transition of P . This includes ATP, DNA, RNA, the tubulins of
microtubules containing GTP and all biomolecules to which phosphate is attached. This would
conform with the frequencies in alpha band as a universal biorhythm used by magnetic body to
keep metabolism in synchrony in body scale.

P nuclei serve as qubits and 6 qubits in Posner atom could realize genetic code with 64 code words.
Could our bone marrow be performing massive quantum information processing?!

2. The 6 phosphates with high energy phosphate bonds are in turn ideal for metabolism: P and O
related valence bonds indeed have nearly maximal metabolic energy content in the proposed model
of valence bonds based on heff/h = n hierarchy [11] (see http://tinyurl.com/ycg94xpl).

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http://tinyurl.com/ycg94xpl


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Pitkänen, M., TGD Views on the Roles of Lithium, Phosphate & Posner Molecule in Quantum Biology

Remark: Totally unrelated association: the magic number 6 appears also in the structure of cortex:
could the six layers represent qubits and realize genetic code?

This suggests that bones might also serve as energy storages and - of course - as nutrients. In-
terestingly, in the evolution of humans the discovery of stones as tools to break down bones of
prey animals to get bone marrow has been seen as a critical step leading to the growth of cortex
requiring a lot of metabolic energy (to generate large n valence bonds providing ability to generate
negentropy).

What is interesting that ATP molecule - the basic metabolic currency - has triphosphate with total
charge -4 as a building brick. Triphosphate is characterized by cyclotron frequency 4.8 Hz which is one
half of the alpha band frequency. The diphosphate in ADP has cyclotron frequency 5.2 Hz. Note that
the cyclotron frequency of Fe2+ ion central in oxygen based metabolism is 10.7 Hz and in alpha band as
also the Larmor frequency of P .

Note that in DNA the singly charged phosphates in XMPs, X = A, T, C, G, have cyclotron frequency,
which is one third of this, that is 3.1 Hz. This frequency appears in EEG as a kind of resonance frequency
during deep sleep. DNA nucleotides as whole have cyclotron frequencies around 1 Hz. In microtubules
the phosphate of GTP can have three different charge states allowing frequencies 3.1,6.2 and 9.4 Hz. I
have proposed that these charge states together with two different tubulin conformations give rise to a
realization of the genetic code.

The proton cyclotron frequency 300 Hz has been already earlier assigned with ATP and the models
for the lifelike properties of a system consisting of plastic balls involved cyclotron frequency of Ar+ ion
which is same as that of Ca2+ ion and cyclotron frequency 300 Hz of proton [12] (see http://tinyurl.

com/yassnhzb). Also the two important frequencies associated with honeybee dance [16] correspond to
the cyclotron frequencies of Ca2+ and proton (see http://tinyurl.com/ycnst4z5).

4.3 Phosphorus electrons as qubits

M.Y. Simmons et al [1] (see http://tinyurl.com/ydx6v7xa) have found that P atoms can serve as
donors of electrons giving rise to very long-lived qubits (see http://tinyurl.com/y88d7vhf). I attach
the abstract of the article here.

Substitutional donor atoms in silicon are promising qubits for quantum computation with extremely
long relaxation and dephasing times demonstrated. One of the critical challenges of scaling these systems
is determining inter-donor distances to achieve controllable wavefunction overlap while at the same time
performing high fidelity spin readout on each qubit. Here we achieve such a device by means of scanning
tunnelling microscopy lithography. We measure anti-correlated spin states between two donor-based spin
qubits in silicon separated by 161nm. By utilising an asymmetric system with two phosphorus donors at
one qubit site and one on the other (2P1P), we demonstrate that the exchange interaction can be turned
on and off via electrical control of two in-plane phosphorus doped detuning gates. We determine the
tunnel coupling between the 2P1P system to be 200MHz and provide a roadmap for the observation of
two-electron coherent exchange oscillations.

A controllable exchange interaction between electron spins is needed for the realization of 2-qubit
quantum gate. The valence electron of P atom rather than P nucleus serves as a qubit. The qubits have
unexpectedly long relaxation times (measured in seconds) and dephasing times. 2P (2 P atoms) and 1P
serve as electron donors. The distance of 2P and 1P is rather long - 16±1 nm - 1.6 times the p-adic length
scale L(151) (p is Gaussian prime MG,151 = (1 + i)151 − 1 assignable to neuronal membrane. Exchange
interaction occurs if there is an overlap between electron wave functions.

In TGD framework the electrons donated by phosphorus atoms and forming the qubits could be
actually dark electrons with heff/h = n larger than for atoms or normal valence bonds. This would
scale up the domain of electron wave functions by n2 and make possible the overlap. This also increases
relaxation and dephasing times.

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http://tinyurl.com/yassnhzb
http://tinyurl.com/yassnhzb
http://tinyurl.com/ycnst4z5
http://tinyurl.com/ydx6v7xa
http://tinyurl.com/y88d7vhf


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Remark: In living matter negatively charged phosphate ions for which P atoms have received elec-
trons (negative oxidation number) are important. In the experiment discussed P atom loses electron and
becomes a positive ion.

References

[1] Simmons MY et al. Two-electron spin correlations in precision placed donors in silicon. Nature
Communications. Available at: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-02982-x, 9(980),
2018.

[2] Blackman CF. Effect of Electrical and Magnetic Fields on the Nervous System, pages 331–355.
Plenum, New York, 1994.

[3] Fisher MPA. Quantum Cognition: The possibility of processing with nuclear spins in the brain).
Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.05929, 2015.

[4] Fisher MPA Swift MW and Van de Walle CG. Posner molecules: From atomic structure to nuclear
spins. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.05899.pdf, 2017.

[5] Pitkänen M. Macroscopic Quantum Coherence and Quantum Metabolism as Different Sides of the
Same Coin: Part I. In Bio-Systems as Conscious Holograms. Onlinebook. Available at: http:

//tgdtheory.fi/public_html/hologram/hologram.html#metab, 2006.

[6] Pitkänen M. Macroscopic Quantum Coherence and Quantum Metabolism as Different Sides of the
Same Coin: Part II. In Bio-Systems as Conscious Holograms. Onlinebook. Available at: http:

//tgdtheory.fi/public_html/hologram/hologram.html#molephoto, 2006.

[7] Pitkänen M. Quantum Model for Bio-Superconductivity: I. In TGD and EEG. Onlinebook. Avail-
able at: http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/tgdeeg/tgdeeg.html#biosupercondI, 2006.

[8] Pitkänen M. Criticality and dark matter. In Hyper-finite Factors and Dark Matter Hierarchy. Online
book. Available at: http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/neuplanck/neuplanck.html#qcritdark,
2014.

[9] Pitkänen M. Lithium and Brain . Available at: http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/

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DNA Decipher Journal | May 2018 | Volume 8 | Issue 1 | pp. 43-51 51

Pitkänen, M., TGD Views on the Roles of Lithium, Phosphate & Posner Molecule in Quantum Biology

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ISSN: 2159-046X DNA Decipher Journal www.www.dnadecipher.com

Published by QuantumDream, Inc.

http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/Shipmanagain.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/Shipmanagain.pdf

	Introduction
	Lithium mystery
	Phosphate, Posner molecule, and cognition
	TGD view
	Larmor and cyclotron frequencies of Posner molecule
	A new step of progress after two years
	Phosphorus electrons as qubits


