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Pitkänen, M., The Hen & Egg Problems of Biology from TGD Viewpoint

Article

The Hen & Egg Problems of Biology from TGD Viewpoint

Matti Pitkänen 1

Abstract

Biology has several hen and egg problems. What came first: DNA,RNA, amino-acids or proto-
cell membrane? Did metabolism precede genetic code or vice versa? The stimulus leading to this
article could have been the finding that organic molecules are formed in interstellar space at ultralow
temperatures of few Kelvin in which chemistry should freeze completely. Therefore the formation of
glycine peptides, which has been demonstrated in the laboratory, should be impossible. The paradox
disappears in the TGD framework as do also the hen and egg problems. Magnetic body carrying dark
matter as heff = nh0 phases allows a universal realization of genetic code and of the analogs of basic
bio-molecules in terms of dark nucleon and dark photon triplets. Chemical realization emerged later
and the question is whether they emerged simultaneously or whether there was some natural order
for the chemical steps. The prebiotic form of metabolic machinery based on hydrogen bonds and
dark protons emerged at the same time. A metabolism with metabolic energy quantum assignable
electrons which corresponds to average energy of a photon of microwave background is predicted and
shows itself via miniature potentials of the neuronal membrane.

1 Introduction

Biology has several hen and egg problems. What came first: DNA,RNA, amino-acids or proto-cell
membrane? Did metabolism precede genetic code or vice versa? The stimulus leading to this article could
have been the finding that organic molecules are formed in interstellar space at ultralow temperatures
of few Kelvin in which chemistry should freeze completely. Therefore the formation of glycine peptides,
which has been demonstrated in the laboratory by the group of Serge Krasnosutski in an environment
simulating interstellar space at 10 K temperature [11], should be impossible. In fact, all organic molecules
should be absent in so low temperatures but it has been found that interstellar space contains organic
molecules at few Kelvin temperatures, in particular amino acid glycine (https://cutt.ly/HSYQPmP)
although the independent confirmation is lacking in this case.

What can one say about the hen egg problem and prebiotic period in the TGD framework? It is
good to start by briefly summarizing the relevant ideas of the TGD inspired quantum biology. More
detailed summaries can be found in various articles related to dark variant of biochemistry [41, 32, 38], to
dark realizations of genetic code [30, 35, 34, 37, 40], and to the models for cell membrane as generalized
Josephson junction [18, 19, 20, 29], of Pollack effect [31], and of water memory and morphogenesis [24]
[39].

1. The basic notion is magnetic body (MB) carrying dark matter as heff = nh0 phases of the ordinary
matter and behaving quantum coherently in length scale proportional to heff . MB would control
biomatter.

Communications to MB, sensory input, would be in terms of generalized dark Josephson radiation
from the cell membrane and the control by MB in terms of dark cyclotron radiation. The sensory
input would be from the entire cell membrane and induced by the attachment of the ligands to the
receptors.

1Correspondence: Matti Pitkänen http://tgdtheory.com/. Address: Rinnekatu 2-4 A8, 03620, Karkkila, Finland. Email:
matpitka6@gamail.com.

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Pitkänen, M., The Hen & Egg Problems of Biology from TGD Viewpoint

2. The notion of a magnetic body having flux tubes as body parts leads to a model of bio-catalysis
in which molecules are replaced with nodes of flux tube network. Molecules can find each other as
part of this dynamical network involving reconnection of U-shaped flux tubes and their shortening
in a reduction of heff liberating energy making to overcome the potential wall making the reaction
low.

Dark photon and dark nucleon triplets provide a realization of genetic code [30, 34, 35, 40]. The states
of dark nucleon triplets provide also a realization of basic bio-molecules.

1. Z6, Z4, and Z2,rot or Z2,refl act as symmetry groups for the 3 icosahedral Hamiltonian cycles. Each
cycle, one of type XZ6, one of type Z4, and one of type Z2, defines 12-note scale and 20 3-chords
identified as icosahedral faces and DNA codons. The notes along the cycle are obtained as a quint
cycle, that is by scaling the frequency of the note by factor 3/2 at each edge of the oriented cycle.

The orbits of faces under Zn are assigned with amino-acids (AAs). This assumption has a concrete
interpretation in terms of the resonance mechanism for bio-communications [40].

This gives 60 3-chords and the numbers of triangles at the orbits of triangles and the numbers of
triangles at orbits correspond nicely to the numbers of DNA codons coding for AAs. 4 codons are
however missing. The fusion with a unique tetrahedral code gives 64 chords and a dark 3-photon
realization of the genetic code.

Also the identification of DtRNA, dtRNA, and DAA in terms of icosahedral code is possible as found
quite recently [40]. Also the dark realization of genetic codons in terms of dark proton triplets allows
this.

2. Z6 allows unique icosahedral harmony defined by 12-note scale realized as an icosahedral Hamil-
tonian cycle. The corresponding AAs correspond to 3 DNA 6-plets and one DNA 2-plet. Z4

corresponds to 2 bioharmomies with 5 amino-acids which correspond to DNA 4-plets. Z2,rot and
Z2,refl correspond to 10 2-plets both. Z2,rot corresponds to 3 icosahedral harmonies and Z2,refl to
5 icosahedral harmonies. This makes 1× 2× (3 + 5) = 16 bio-harmonies if the common key of the
12-note scale for the 3 icosahedral harmonies does not matter and the orientation of the Hamiltonian
cycle does not matter. One can also consider the possibility that the key and the orientation of the
cycle for the 3 icosahedral harmonies matter. The change of the orientation replaces the quint cycle
with a quart cycle (CG corresponds to quint and CF to quart).

3. The interpretation of bioharmonies is as correlates for moods, emotional states. There is evidence
for this interpretation from the strange finding that RNA is able to transmit conditioning based
on negative or positive emotions generated by stimulus (https://cutt.ly/6SuLNqk) discussed in
the TGD framework in [33, 36]. The interpretation would be that DRNA represents the effect of
stimulus by its bio-harmony characterizing emotional state, and can induce molecular emotional
expression in DDNA-DNA pairing and also in DAA-AA pairing and DX-X pairing in general.

DX-X pairing by energy resonance mechanism would correspond to emotional expression. Some-
thing in X would depend on bio-harmony. In the case of DNA and RNA this something could be
the methylation state and its analogs so that there would be a direct connection with epigenesis.
Epigenesis would realize the dynamics of emotional expression.

The paradox created by the existence of organic molecules in interstellar space at temperatures of few
Kelbin and the findings of Krasnosutski’s group [11] disappears in the TGD framework as do also the hen
and egg problems. Magnetic body carrying dark matter as heff = nh0 phases allows a universal realization
of genetic code and of the analogs of basic bio-molecules in terms of dark nucleon and dark photon triplets.
Chemical realization emerged later and the question is whether they emerged simultaneously or whether
there was some natural order for the chemical steps. The prebiotic form of metabolic machinery based on
hydrogen bonds and dark protons emerged at the same time. A new kind of metabolism with metabolic

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Pitkänen, M., The Hen & Egg Problems of Biology from TGD Viewpoint

energy quantum assignable to electrons instead of protons is predicted. The metabolic energy quantum
corresponds to the typical energy of a photon of microwave background. The miniature potentials of the
neuronal membrane have this magnitude.

2 Hen egg problem, dark biomolecules, and resonance mecha-
nism

The notions of magnetic body, dark matter as heff = nh0 phases, dark analogs of information molecules,
and resonance mechanism could allow a solution to the hen egg problem of biology: which came first,
DNA, RNA, AAs or proto-cell membrane. I have considered the hen egg problem in [23] and proposed a
model of proto-cell in [42].

Hen egg problem usually means that something is missing from the conceptual picture and TGD based
quantum biology suggests what this missing piece could be. The general solution of the problem in TGD
would be that dark analogs of information molecules emerged first simultaneously as Galois confined
states of dark proton-triplets and dark photon-triplets.

This made possible resonance communications and the basic recognition mechanism by 3-resonance
for dark 3-photons. DX-X pairing was based on energy resonance and these composites were able to find
each other by resonance. The reduction of heff for connecting flux tubes in their shortening liberated
energy making it possible to overcome the potential wall preventing chemical reactions to occur. This is
not as easy as it looks at first since metabolic energy is needed to build the valence bonds and metabolic
machinery is absent in early life.

The challenge is to develop a more detailed picture around these basic ideas. I have already earlier
considered several proposals for the first steps of the evolution of basic bio-molecules [21, 22, 23] but
without the recent, rather detailed, view about resonance mechanism combined with the notion of dark
3N-photon and 3N-nucleon as a dark analog of basic biomolecule [40].

2.1 Did the DX-X pairing occur simultaneously for all basic biomolecules?

Consider first the pairing of basic information molecules X (DNA, RNA, tRNA codons and AAs). Their
polymers are not considered in this section. The simplest vision is that the dark variants of basic
biomolecules emerged by Pollack effect [6, 7, 5, 8, 9] in water irradiated by solar light.

1. Pollack effect generated exclusion zones (EZs) as negatively charged regions. Part of protons were
transferred to magnetic monopole flux tubes of MBs assignable to water clusters and created phases
of water with a hexagonal lattice-like structure.

2. An attractive possibility is that the notion of hydrogen bonds generalizes. The monopole flux tubes
could be accompanied by hydrogen bonds. This predicts a length scale hierarchy of hydrogen bonds
implying long range quantum correlations in arbitrarily long scales and allowing to understand the
strange thermodynamic anomalies of water. The length of the dark flux tube is proportional to
heff as also the total energy consisting of Kähler magnetic and volume contribution.

3. Galois confinement as a universal bind mechanism would give rise to sequences of dark protons
as bound states. The states of dark proton triplet correspond to DDNAs, DRNAs, DtRNAs and
DAAs.

The pairing of the dark analogs of biomolecules with ordinary biomolecules to form pairs DX-X
gave rise to the observed basic biomolecules. DX-X pairing requires that the ordinary biomolecules
have transition energies, which correspond to the cyclotron transition energies of DX for the value
of heff considered. Ordinary cyclotron transitions and vibrational transitions are good candidates
in this respect.

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4. Energy resonance condition for the pairs gives powerful conditions and selects the allowed biomolecules.
The selection has not been completely unique. In tRNA the third letter of the chemical codon paired
with one of the 32 DtRNAs need not be an ordinary nucleotide and in some viruses adenosine (A)
is replaced with 2-amino-adenine (”Z”) [10] (https://cutt.ly/hSRBS0K).

2.2 Did proto-cell and peptides emerge first?

It is not at all clear whether the dark variants of the polymers of basic bio-molecules can emerge sponta-
neously. The problem is that the formation of valence bonds requires energy. This forces us to consider
the TGD counterparts of the usual purely chemical proposals in which basic building bricks DNA, RNA
and AAs form polymers. Now one considers an analog of polymerization at the level of DDA, DRNA,
and DAA.

The findings of Montagnier et al [3, 2, 4] discussed from the TGD view point in [39] suggests that
remote DNA replication occurs in absence of DNA template but that the presence of DNA polymerase
is necessary. Dark DNA sequences generated by remote replication would appear as a template. This
suggests DDNA-DNA pairing could occur by polymerization and require the presence of enzymes and
metabolic energy feed.

Could proteins (Ps) have served in the role of egg in the chemical sense in the TGD framework? Could
the resonance mechanism together with the TGD view about bio-catalysis make it possible to generate
DP-P pairs by a polymerization-like process using DP as a template?

1. The large heff between DP and P would be shortened in a given polymerization step. Energy would
be liberated as the dark flux tube bond between DP and P is shortened. This energy should make
it possible to overcome the potential wall preventing the formation of the peptide bond and also
provide the energy of the peptide bond, which is about .08-.16 eV and considerably smaller than
metabolic energy quantum about .5 eV.

2. The thermal energy at room temperature using the definition ET = kT is .025 eV. Second definition
of thermal energy is as the energy for which the distribution of black-body radiation as function of
energy is maximum: this gives the energy is ET ' .12 eV and rather near to the Josephson energy
of the cell membrane for charge Z= 2e is about .1 eV.

3. The energetic requirements for AA polymerization might be satisfied by using irradiation with
photon energy around thermal energy at room temperature. An interesting possibility considered
in [23, 42] is that a proto-cell membrane formed from lipids was present from the beginning and
before the polymerization. Lipid membranes can form spontaneously and in TGD Universe they
act as generalized Josephson junctions [18, 20] and induce Josephson radiaton, which would make
possible communications from cell membrane to MB. Could the Josephson radiation from the cell
membrane with energy of order .1 eV provide the metabolic energy for the polymerization process
of AAs?

4. In the case of DNA and RNA the carbon bond energy between two codons is about 3.2 eV and
considerably larger so that the polymerization without enzymes looks highly implausible. Note also
that also the formation of lipids is a problem since C-C bonds have energy 3.47 eV.

2.3 Empirical and experimental support for the model of peptide formation

There is evidence for amino acid glycine in interstellar space (https://cutt.ly/HSYQPmP) but the inde-
pendent confirmation is lacking. Also the formation of glycine peptides has been observed in laboratory
conditions mimicking the interstellar medium (ISM).

The following summarizes the results described in the article of Serge Krasnokutski et al [11] published
in Nature. The following summarizes Krasnosutski’s non-technical description of the results (https:
//cutt.ly/dSYm1Sn).

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1. The ultra-low temperatures, common in astrophysical environments, have been believed to freeze
out any chemistry in the dense areas of the ISM. Already the discovery of a high abundance of small
organic molecules in molecular clouds was a great surprise. But also the formation of amino acids,
nucleobases, lipids, and sugars in space has been confirmed.

2. What about the polymers of AAs? It has been conjectured that the condensation of carbon atoms at
the surface of dust particles make possible the formation of organic molecules. Serge Krasnokutski et
al indeed demonstrated the formation of glycine polymers from amino ketenes (glycine corresponds
NH2-CH2-COOH, aminoketene to NH2-CH-CO and polyglycine to NH-CH2-CO) under laboratory
conditions simulating the ISM conditions at temperature T=10 K (https://cutt.ly/3SYT169).
A spontaneous(!) formation of relatively short peptides (less than 10-11 monomeric units) was
found. The polymerization of amino acids under energetic processing (e.g. heat, pressure, or UV
irradiation) is known to occur. Therefore, a further increase in chain length can be expected in
natural environments.

Moreover, by adding other species instead of a proton to the α-carbon atom of amino ketene (nearest
to the functional group) during the polymerization, a variety of different peptide chains can be
formed. Furthermore, chemical and photochemical modifications of glycine residues in peptides
into other amino acid residues were also demonstrated in many works. Thus, the glycine peptides
observed in our experiments can be converted into different proteins.

3. These findings fit nicely with the proposed mechanism for the formation of proteins (or at least
short peptides). The mechanism is not chemical, and no radiation is needed since the generalized
Josephson radiation would provide the energy of the AA-AA bond, and the formation rate does not
vanish at ultralow temperatures.

2.4 How did lipids, small organic molecules, and DNA and RNA polymers
emerge?

There is a temptation to say that after the emergence of proto-cell membrane and peptides, the rest was
history. This is not so simple.

1. The formation of the proto-cell membrane could occur spontaneously if lipids are available. Lipids
however have C-C bonds with bond energy 3.47 eV and C==C bonds with energy 6.28 eV. These
energies are in the UV range.

2. Also the energies of valence bonds associated with DNA, RNA, and also other basic biomolecules are
in this range. The freezing of the chemistry at ultralow temperatures does not allow the generation
of these bonds since the metabolic machinery provided by ATP molecules is not present. Simple
organic molecules and even amino-acids are however detected in the interstellar medium. It seems
that life-as-nothing-but-chemistry dogma must be wrong.

3. The Josephson radiation associated with proto-cell membrane with an energy scale of .1 eV could
help in the formation of peptides but cannot help in the more general case. Could the splitting of a
hydrogen bond provide the metabolic energy quantum of .5 eV in the absence of ATP machinery?
The formation of water involving O-H bonds and their dynamics at temperatures of few K do not
sound plausible unless one leaves the framework of the standard chemistry.

Metabolic machinery involves a lot of control and the standardization made possible by the metabolic
energy quantum. This involves a lot of control. What could have served as a controller and energy source
for bond formation at ultralow temperatures of few Kelvin and in the absence of the complex metabolic
machinery based on ATP. In the TGD Universe, MB carrying dark matter is the answer to the question.

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1. The existence of Bend was originally deduced by Blackman [14] and other researchers. They found
that ELF em fields had quantum-like effects on the vertebrate brain. These effects could be un-
derstood in terms of cyclotron transitions in the ”endogenous” magnetic field Bend ' 2BE/5 if the
value heff of Planck constant was much larger than h, heff/h ∼ 1013 was required in order to scale
the energy of 10 Hz photon to that of a visible photon with frequency 1014 Hz.

2. The large value of heff suggests its identification as gravitational Planck constant ~eff = ~gr =
GMm/v0 given by Nottale’s hypothesis [1]. M denotes here Earth’s mass and m the mass of
the charged particle. This predicts that cyclotron frequencies in Bend correspond to dark photon
energies in the visible and UV UV range. Most remarkably, the energies do not depend on the mass
m of charged particles. This realizes the Equivalence Principle.

3. Visible-UV energy range is associated also with biophotons [13, 12] discussed from TGD view point
in [25, 26]. This motivates the identification of biophotons as decay products of dark photons or
possibly even dark N-photons resulting in heff → h transition. Dark photons or N-photons in this
energy. Note that the Nottale hypothesis and the notion of a monopole magnetic flux tube make
sense only in the TGD Universe.

4. heff/h0 = n is identifiable as a dimension of extension of rationals in number theoretic vision about
TGD. n serves as a kind of IQ [27, 28]. MB with heff = hgr corresponds to a rather high level
of number theoretic complexity assignable to the MB of Earth as a quantum system. MB has a
long scale of quantum coherence - even of the order of the scale of Earth - and is by its high ”IQ”
the natural ”boss” and controls the dynamics of the ordinary biomatter. The molecular transitions
induced by the transformations of dark cyclotron (3N-)photons would serve as a natural control
tool of MB. The cyclotron condensates at MB can provicde quantized metabolic currencies in the
absence of ATP machinery.

5. MB could generate already at few Kelvin temperatures various biologically important molecules
by providing the metabolic energy for the formation of various valence bonds, such as carbon
and peptide bonds and make possible the formation of lipids, DNA and RNA molecules and their
polymers and also other basic organic molecule. Josephson radiation would in turn make possible
the generation of proteins. Gravitation would be a key player in living systems and play an especially
important role in the very early stage. The chemistry at ultralow temperatures would provide a
direct experimental handle to the biophysics associated with MB.

2.5 What can one say about pre-tRNA?

What could be the prebiotic counterpart of tRNA?

1. DtRNA should have a molecular counterpart. The simplest guess is that it corresponds to an RNA
type codon appearing in tRNA but somehow differing from it. Pre-tRNA could simply be the
(AAC-H)3’ end of the acceptor stem with AAC replaced with XYZ, where ZYZ denotes the codon
part of tRNA. The addition of a hydrogen atom would relate pre-tRNA codon to ordinary RNA
codon.

2. The bond energy for the pre-tRNA-AA pair as the energy of the ester bond would be about .5
eV, which corresponds to the metabolic energy quantum. Energy is therefore required to ”charge”
pre-tRNA. This requires metabolic energy and in the absence of ATP machinery, the energy should
come from its predecessor. What prebiotic metabolism could be, will be discussed in the next
section.

3. If this step works, the polymerization of tRNAs involving the transformation of the ester bond of
pre-tRNA-AA to AA-AA peptide bond can occur spontaneously since the peptide bond has bond

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energy of order .1 eV. This would give rise to polypeptides. This process would be like a translation
process for RNA but without an RNA template and therefore the outcome would be random. Also
the RNA polymerization in this manner can be considered, now however the RNA-RNA valence
bond has considerably higher bond energy.

4. If DRNA-RNA sequences are formed, they might be transformed to AA sequences by pre-translation
process using pre-tRNA and resonance mechanism pairing DRNAs and dark counterparts of pre-
tRNA-AA pairs. This would define the pre-translation process.

2.6 What could the prebiotic metabolic machinery be?

Metabolic machinery should have a prebiotic counterpart and have energy about .5 eV as metabolic
energy quantum.

1. Could the splitting of a hydrogen bond with bond energy about .5 eV provide the energy needed in
the formation of pre-tRNA-AA ester bond? IR photons are most effective in causing Pollack effect
in water: could also they induce pre-tRNA-AA pairing? Both options would require the presence
of water. In principle, the proposed mechanism could lead to a generation of water molecules (the
energy of O-H bond is 4.81 eV) already at temperatures of few Kelvin.

2. Could MB somehow provide the metabolic energy quantum? Gravitational flux tubes are in a
central role in the TGD inspired quantum biology. In [43] it was observed that the gravitational
binding energy of a nucleon in the gravitational field of Earth is .67 eV. This is somewhat larger
than the metabolic energy quantum. A dark proton at a distance of about .34RE , RE Earth radius,
from the surface of Earth has gravitational binding energy of .5 eV.

The bond energy of the hydrogen bond is .5 eV. Could it correspond to the reduction of the
gravitational binding energy due to the delocalization of a dark proton to a gravitational flux tube?
Could the hydrogen bond become dark gravitational U-shaped monopole flux tube with heff = hgr
so that the proton of the ordinary hydrogen bond would become gravitationally dark? the size scale
of Earth would define the length scale of this flux tube. The flux tube could however still connect
the same atoms.

The transformation hgr → h induces a dramatic shortening of the U-shaped gravitatonal flux tube
loop and the gravitationally dark proton at the gravitational flux tube of MB transforms to an
ordinary proton. This localization has interpretation as falling of the proton to the surface of
Earth. Could the liberated energy have an interpretation as a ametabolic energy quantum?

For a dark variant of hydrogen bond a gravitational flux tube between atoms should form a very
long loop at which the gravitationally dark proton would reside. This kind of picture about dark
flux tubes associated with gauge interactions has been suggested earlier. For instance, color flux
tubes assignable to nuclear protons could extend to distances of the order of atomic size.

3. Phosphate is electronegative and forms hydrogen bonds. Phosphate ionization could be interpreted
as a formation of a dark hydrogen bond. This would explain why phosphate ions have such a central
role in metabolism. Effective ionization serves as the signature of the delocalization. Also other
electronegative ions could play the role of phosphate and arsenite has done this in some bacterial
systems (https://cutt.ly/ZS1fznG).

The pre-biotic counterpart of metabolic machinery should have involved phosphate ions or some
other electronegative ions forming dark hydrogen bonds.

4. Also the valence electrons of valence bonds can become dark by the lengthening of the valence
bond to a U-shaped gravitational flux loop. For electrons the gravitational binding energy at height

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Pitkänen, M., The Hen & Egg Problems of Biology from TGD Viewpoint

.34RE is about .25 meV and .5 meV for their Cooper pairsm. Note that .3 meV corresponds to the
energy of photons in the microwave background.

Could this define a second metabolic energy quantum important in scales by a factor mp/me ∼ 211

longer than nanoscale about 1 nm assignable to DNA. This is the length scale of the cell nucleus,
microtubules and axons. Intriguingly, the minimal fluctuations of membrane potentials correspond
to the so-called miniature end plate potentials .4 mV (https://cutt.ly/HSJIn76).

5. A gravitational valence bond, connecting a metal atom with an atom with an opposite valence,
would lead to effective ionization of the metal atom. For instance, biologically important bosonic
ions such as Ca++, Mg++, Fe++ and Zn++ associated with their oxides could correspond to effective
ions like this.

The signature would be a pairing with a neutral oxygen atom by a gravitational valence bond. I
have introduced the notion of dark ion to explain the findings of Blackman [14] and others and dark
ion could correspond to this kind of pair. The original variant of the model assumed that the entire
ion is dark, the later version assumed that the valence electron of free atom is dark, and the model
consider here assumes that the valence bond is dark.

6. The effective ionization requires energy ∆E to compensate the increment of the gravitational po-
tential energy given by ∆E = (〈Vgr(R)〉 − Vgr(RE)). Here Egr(R) is gravitational potential energy
proton or electron, and RE denotes the radius of Earth, and R is the distance of the point of flux
tube from the center of Earth.

This estimate neglects the kinetic energy of the dark particle at the flux loop. This assumption is
not consistent with the localization near the top of the loop so that the estimate can serve only as
a rough order of magnitude estimate.

7. The maximal value for ∆E for electron Cooper pair (dark Cooper pair is at infinite distance)
corresponds to Vgr(RE) = .36 meV to be compared with the energy scale .3 meV defined by the
temperature of 3 K microwave background and to the value .4 meV of the miniature potential. This
suggests that, in the case of the electron, the reduction of kinetic energy contributes more than 10
per cent to the ∆E.

For a single dark proton one has Vgr(RE) ' .34 eV, which is below the nominal value of the
metabolic energy currency about .5 eV. If a single dark proton is involved, the reduction kinetic
energy should contribute at least 32 per cent to ∆E.

For a dark proton Cooper pair, one has the maximal value of ∆E = .68 eV somewhat above the
metabolic energy quantum. These findings support the idea that both proton and electron Cooper
pairs give rise to metabolic energy quanta. The challenge would be to understand the mechanism
for the formation of proton Cooper pairs.

8. The transformation of electrons and protons between ordinary and gravitationally dark states would
be a key process of metabolism and biocatalysis. This conforms with the fact that proton and
electron exchanges play a key role in biology. For instance, phosphorylation means that the receiving
molecule gains phosphate, which can form gravitationally a dark hydrogen bond so that the system
becomes metabolically active. This would correspond to the activation in bio-catalysis.

DNA base pairs are connected by 2 (A-T) or 3 (G-C) hydrogen bonds. If these strands can appear
as dark gravitational strands, the maximum of 2 (3) metabolic quanta could be liberated in A-T
(G-C) pairs via a transformation to ordinary hydrogen bonds. Could this serve as a yet-unidentified
source of metabolic energy in the replication and transcription?

9. In the same way, in a redox reaction, the electron donor is oxidized and the electron receiver is
reduced. Reduced molecule gains the ability to have a gravitationally dark electron, and there-
fore becomes metabolically active in the electronic sense. Redox reaction would be the electronic
counterpart for phosphorylation.

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2.6.1 Could the metabolism of cilia and flagella rely on gravitationally dark electrons?

The metabolism of cilia and flagella (https://cutt.ly/WDkYZzx) is poorly understood. According to [17]
(https://cutt.ly/EDkW2bu) the recent measurements in sea urchin sperm (length ∼ 50 µm long, diamter
0.2 µm ) show that the energy consumed per flagellar beat corresponds to ' 2 × 105 ATP molecules.
There is no GTP inside cilium as in the case of axonal MTs (https://cutt.ly/5DkYGB2). It is difficult
to understand how ATP machinery could provide the metabolic energy feed.

This motivates the question about whether local ciliary metabolism could rely on the transformation
of valence electrons of some biologically important ions to dark electrons at the gravitational MB and
vice versa? The reduction of hgr for electrons would provide the metabolic energy related by a factor
me/mp ' 2−11 to the ordinary. According [17], about 4 × 108 gravitationally dark electrons would
transform to ordinary ones in a single stroke of cilium.

Electronic metabolic energy quantum would relate like cent to dollar and make possible a more re-
fined metabolism with fine tuning. Electronic metabolism could also be an essential part of ordinary
metabolism.

Consider now the idea more quantitatively.

1. What could be the electronic analog of ATP machinery. All biologically important ions can be
considered as effective ions with some valence electrons at gravitational MB. In particular, the
bosonic ions Ca++, Mg++ and Fe++ could have Bose-Einstein condensates of gravitationally dark
Cooper pairs at the gravitational MB.

Ca++ waves play a key role in cellular biology, Fe++ is essential for oxygen based metabolism, and
Mg++ is important in bio-catalysis: for instance, ATP must bind to Mg ions in order to become
active.

2. Suppose that one replaces h with hgr in the Schrödinger equation for the valence electrons. The
binding energies are scaled down by 1/n2, n = ~gr/~ = GMme/v0~ = 2πrs,E/Leβ0, rs,E ' .9 cm,
Le = h/me ' 2.4× 1012 m. For β0 = 1, this gives n ' 2.4× 1010. The radii a of Bohr orbits would
be scaled up by n2 ∼ 5.8 × 1020 from a(Z) = Z2a0, a0 ' .5 × 10−10 m giving a ' 2.9 × Z2 × 1010

m For Z ≥ 3 (Li), a is longer than the astronomical unit AU = 15 × 1010 m (distance from Earth
to Sun). The electromagnetic binding energy would be very near to zero.

The gravitational interaction would dominate and cannot be neglected. The Schrödinger equation
would reduce in an excellent approximation to that for the gravitational potential. Note however
that the description of dark gravitational particles in terms of wave functions concentrated at flux
tubes is the more realistic option than ordinary Schrödinger equation assuming total delocalization.

3. What could be the mechanism transforming valence electrons to dark electrons? This should happen
for positively charged biologically important ions, in particular for the bosonic ions Ca++, Mg++

and Fe++. The consumption of metabolic energy would correspond to a deionization of dark ion
Ca++ and this might make it possible to test the proposal. For instance, Ca++ could accompany
ciliary waves.

Where could the energy for ionization come from?

1. This question is also encountered in the chemistry of electrolytes [32]. It is very difficult to under-
stand how the external electromagnetic potentials, which give rise to extremely weak electric fields
in atomic scales, could lead to ionization. The acceleration of electrons in the electric field along
dark flux tubes involves very small dissipation and can easily give rise to electron energies making
ionization possible.

2. MTs have a longitudinal electric field which by the generalization of Maxwell’s equations to many-
sheeted space-time (in stationary situation potential difference is same for paths along different

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space-time sheets) gives rise to an electric field along the magnetic flux tubes. These flux tubes
need not be gravitational.

By darkness, the dissipation rate is low. Could the acceleration along flux tubes, in particular MT
flux tubes, lead to the ionization? Could the electret property of linear biomolecules quite generally
serve for the purpose of generating electronic metabolic energy storages in this manner?

3. Assuming opposite charges ±ZMT at the ends of dark magnetic flux tube associated with the MT,
one obtains a rough estimate. The length of the cilium is L ≤ .5 × 10−4 m and its radius is
R ∼ 2 × 10−7 m. The estimate for the energy gained by a unit charge e as it travels through the
ciliary MT is E ∼ ZMT e

2L/R2 ' ZMT × 2.85 eV. The valence electron energy for atomic number
Z with principal quantum number n (giving the row of the Periodic Table) is E ' (Z/n)2 × 13.6
eV. The ionization condition would be ZMT ≥ (Z2/n2) × 13.6/2.85. For the double ionization in
the case of Ca++ with Z = 20 and n = 3 this would give ZMT ≥ 212.

2.7 Quantum gravitation in TGD inspired quantum biology

The theory of Penrose and Hameroff [15] assigns to microtubules quantum gravity in Planck length scale.
In the TGD Universe, one does just the opposite. The hierarchy of effective Planck constants assigns to
quantum gravitation quantum coherence scale even in the scales of astrophysical objects.

2.7.1 The notion of gravitational magnetic body

The prpoposed picture allows us to reconsider a long-standing question relating to the notion of MB with
an onion-like layered structure. What could this sentence mean quantitatively?

1. The gravitational magnetic body could be a layered structure containing the Bohr orbits with Bohr
radii rn ∝ n2 of particles in the gravitational field of Earth. Particles with different masses would
concentrate at the same orbits. One would have the shell structure of the ordinary atom.

2. Flux sheets with a cylindrical rotational symmetry containing the orbits can be considered. These
surfaces should be realized as preferred extremals of the action and should be minimal surfaces
in H = M4 × CP2. As closed surfaces they cannot define minimal surfaces of the Euclidean 3-
space E3. Indeed, soap bubbles are not minimal surfaces but require a constant pressure difference
between interior and exterior. The analog of pressure difference would be non-trivial and dynamic
1-D projection of 4-D surface to CP2 [44]. The liberation of metabolic energy quantum would be
analogous to a transition of hydrogen atom to a lower energy state.

2.7.2 Nerve pulse and quantum gravitation

The proposed picture allows us to reconsider a long-standing question relating to the notion of MB with
an onion-like layered structure. What could this sentence mean quantitatively?

1. The 4-surfaces X4 with 1-D CP2 projection and 3-D M4 projection having 2-D membrane as E3 pro-
jection are good candidates for various membrane objects in TGD Universe [44]. The E3 projection
is not a minimal surface although X4 is, and this possible if the 1-D CP2 projection is dynamical.
The flux tubes of MB should be assignable to kind of membrane-like surface.

2. The gravitational magnetic body could be a layered structure containing the Bohr orbits with Bohr
radii rn ∝ n2 of particles in the gravitational field of Earth. Particles with different masses would
concentrate at the same orbits. One would have the shell structure of the ordinary atom.

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Pitkänen, M., The Hen & Egg Problems of Biology from TGD Viewpoint

3. Flux sheets with a cylindrical rotational symmetry containing the orbits can be considered. These
surfaces should be realized as preferred extremals of the action and should be minimal surfaces
in H = M4 × CP2. As closed surfaces they cannot define minimal surfaces of the Euclidean 3-
space E3. Indeed, soap bubbles are not minimal surfaces but require a constant pressure difference
between interior and exterior. The analog of pressure difference would be non-trivial and dynamic
1-D projection of 4-D surface to CP2 [44]. The liberation of metabolic energy quantum would be
analogous to a transition of hydrogen atom to a lower energy state.

This picture makes it possible to formulate a more precise view about the model of cell membrane
as a generalized Josephson junction for which the generalized Josephson energy for charge Ze is the sum
EJ = ZeV + ∆Ec of ordinary Josephson energy ZeV and difference ∆Ec of dark cyclotron energies for
the flux tubes at the two sides of the cell membrane having in general different strengths of magnetic
field.

The model requires large heff in order that Josephson frequencies can correspond to frequencies in
the EEG range. This justifies the assumption that dark ions have heff = hgr . The ionization would be
effective and caused by the transformation of protons of hydrogen bonds and valence electrons to dark
charge carriers at the gravitational flux tubes.

The physical meaning of the criticality against the generation of nerve pulse for a critical membrane
potential eVcr ' .05 eV has remained open.

1. Since voltage gives rise to negative potential energy, it seems clear that there must be positive con-
tribution to the energy and this could come from the reduction ∆Egr of the gravitational potential
energy due to the positive resp. effective ionization of atoms of metal atoms resp. electronegative
atoms with hydrogen bonds.

The reduction of the gravitational potential energy for electrons is fraction me/mp from that for
protons so that protonic contribution should dominate in the reduction of gravitational potential
energy if dark electrons and protons correspond to the same shell of gravitational atom. The first
guess is that the energy shell and thus the distance from the Earth’s surface is the same.

The parametrization of the reduction of the gravitational energy per atom and for the difference ∆Ec

of cyclotron energies should in the standard picture correspond to a thermo-dynamical formulation
using chemical potentials to fix the ion concentrations. The water has very special thermodynamic
properties in the range between freezing and boiling points and anomalies are largest near physio-
logical temperatures. This would be due to the presence of dark hydrogen bonds, which supports
the view that the number of dark protons and electrons depends on temperature.

2. In the first approximation the negative Coulombic interaction energy for the cell membrane is given
by ECoul = −QtoteV = −

∑
iNi(out)ZieV , where Ni is the number effective ions with charge Zie.

The contribution of positive charges is negative since V corresponds to a negative net charge for
the cell. The situation is stable for |ECoul| ≥ |ECoul,cr| = Np∆Egr. The system becomes critical
at QtoteVcr = Np∆Egr. The value of the critical potential energy is given by eVcr = Np∆Egr/Qtot

and is roughly constant for a given neuron. This suggests that the ratio Np/Qtot characterizes the
cell.

Neurons and ordinary cells could differ in that ordinary cells are either subcritical or so overcritical
that nerve pulses do not occur. Subcriticality looks the more plausible option. The emergence of
the nervous system would mean the discovery of quantum criticality as a control tool of MB.

3. In the generation of the nerve pulse the dark protons and electrons become ordinary ones in the
reduction hgr → heff ≤≤ hgr for them and the membrane potential changes sign. In ZEO this
transition could correspond to BSFR inducing time reversal and change of membrane potential.
The second BSFR would bring back the original situation and membrane potential would return to
the over-critical value.

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Pitkänen, M., The Hen & Egg Problems of Biology from TGD Viewpoint

2.7.3 Microtubules and quantum gravitation

In the TGD Universe quantum gravitation would be associated with the cell membrane, in particular
neuronal membrane. Quantum gravitation has been speculatively assigned with microtubules (MTs)
rather than cellular or neuronal membranes. What is the situation in TGD?

1. Axonal MTss are highly critical systems, which continually change their lengths. The surface of
MTs has one GDP per tubulin dimer and the ends of MT has GTPs so that there is a constant
negative charge per unit length. The number of GTPs is larger at the second end so that there is
an electric field along MT.

2. GTP↔ GDP process accompanies the variation of the length of the MT. The transformation of the
protons assignable to the phosphate hydrogen bonds to gravitationally dark protons could be an
essential element of the MT dynamics. The periods of increasing/decreasing MT length could be
initiated by BSFR and would correspond to different arrows of time. The effective ionization affects
the effective charge of the axonal interior and therefore of membrane potential. This suggests a
strong correlation with the variation of axonal MT lengths and nerve pulse propagation.

The propagation of nerve pulse through the myelinated sections of the axons, where ion transfer
with cell exterior is not possible, is a mystery in the standard model. Without axonal MTs the nerve
pulse propagation would not be possible. This could allow us to understand why various neuronal
diseases involve a reduced MT stability [16] (https://cutt.ly/4DaF6qc).

Received April 4, 2022; Revised April 19, 2022; Accepted July 22, 2022

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	Introduction
	Hen egg problem, dark biomolecules, and resonance mechanism
	Did the DX-X pairing occur simultaneously for all basic biomolecules?
	Did proto-cell and peptides emerge first?
	Empirical and experimental support for the model of peptide formation
	How did lipids, small organic molecules, and DNA and RNA polymers emerge?
	What can one say about pre-tRNA?
	What could the prebiotic metabolic machinery be?
	Could the metabolism of cilia and flagella rely on gravitationally dark electrons?

	Quantum gravitation in TGD inspired quantum biology
	The notion of gravitational magnetic body
	Nerve pulse and quantum gravitation
	Microtubules and quantum gravitation



