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Exploration

Horizontal Gene Transfer by Remote Replication?

Matti Pitkänen 1

Abstract

This article was inspired by the discovery that a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between eukary-
otes is possible. The belief has been that HGT is possible only from prokaryotes to prokaryotes or
eukaryotes. The basic obstacles are that the host DNA is within the cell nucleus and that DNA is
tightly bound to chromosomes. The transfer should also occur to germ cells in order to have a lasting
effect. The case considered is HGT of antifreezing gene (AFG) from herring to smelt, which could
have occurred during simultaneous spawning of herring and smelt in the same area. The AFT of
herring associated with a transposon could have somehow attached to the sperm cell of the smelt
and carried by it to the egg of the smelt. Vector carrying AFT to the sperm cell of smelt is needed
and there are only guesses about what it might be. That HGT however occurs, justifies a heretical
question. Could it be only the genetic information, which is transferred and used to construct DNA
in the host as a kind of remote replication analogous to quantum transportation? The findings of
Gariaev and Montagnier indeed suggest remote replication and TGD provides a new physics model
for it.

1 Introduction

This article was inspired by a Quantamagazine article ”DNA Jumps Between Animal Species. No One
Knows How Often” (https://cutt.ly/7UKasRp), which described the findings of Laurie Graham and
Pete Davies published in the article ”Horizontal Gene Transfer in Vertebrates: A Fishy Tale” in Trends
in Genetics [4] (https://cutt.ly/SUKamqP).

1. Marine life around the Arctic and Antarctica has evolved many defense mechanisms against the
lethal cold. One common adaptation is the ability to make anti-freezing proteins (AFPs) that
prevent ice crystals from growing in blood, tissues and cells. This solution has emerged repeatedly
and independently, not just in fish but in plants, fungi and bacteria. AFPs make possible survival
at water temperature, which is by 1 degree C colder than the unprotected freezing point of fish blood
and this offers an evolutionary advantage.

Remark: TGD based general mechanisms possibly associated with heat and cold shock, involving
zero energy ontology (ZEO) [41][25] in an essential manner, have been considered in the model for
the effects of various shock proteins in [60]. The key idea is that the macroscopic counterparts of
ordinary state function reduction changing the direction of time change the arrow of time at the level
of the magnetic body of the system so that, from the point of view of observer with the standard
arrow of time, the system seems to extract energy from the environment instead of dissipating it.

2. Herrings and smelts are two groups of fish, which have learned to make AFP. The story began when
Graham discovered that smelt had a protein gene very similar to one of the AFG genes of herring.
The gene’s introns, stretches of non-coding DNA involved also with TEs, which in general mutate
rather fast, are more than 95 % identical. That both have exactly the same gene coding for AFP
proteins, is surprising since their ancestors diverged more than 250 million years ago and the AFP
gene is absent from all species relating to them. Somehow the AFP gene must have found its way
to the genome of smelt.

1Correspondence: Matti Pitkänen http://tgdtheory.com/. Address: Rinnekatu 2-4 A8, 03620, Karkkila, Finland. Email:
matpitka6@gamail.com.

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3. Cross breeding of herring and smelt is not possible so that direct horizontal gene transfer (HGT)
should have occurred. HGT is known to be possible between prokaryotes (mono-cellulars) and also
between prokaryotes and eukaryotes (multi-cellulars). Herring and smelt are not rare exceptions:
recent studies demonstrate that HGT occurs also in other fish, reptiles, birds and mammals.

4. However, the belief has been that HGT is not possible for eukaryotes (multicellulars) and there are
several good arguments in favor of this belief. In the case of bacteria, it is enough for the gene to
get through the cell membrane since there is no nucleus and HGT occurs quite generally. The DNA
of eukaryotic cells is however isolated inside the nuclei and most of the time the DNA is tightly
bound in chromosomes. Gene should also find its way to germ cells in order to have a lasting effect.
The transferred gene of the donor should also integrate to the genome of the host.

5. In 2019, the full genome of herring was published. It turned out that the genome contains several
AFP genes with associated transposable elements (TEs). The herring genome contains several
copies of these TEs but they are absent from other fish with a single exception: the genome of smelt
contains only a single AFP gene and this gene with similar transposable elements occurs also in the
genome of herring. Therefore there is little doubt that the HGT has taken place.

Somehow HGT must be possible.

1. 94 % HGTs occur between fishes and only 3 per percent between birds and mammals. Therefore
the water environment must be part of the explanation.

2. What comes first in mind is spawning. In a situation in which one has sperms and eggs in water,
germ cells which are effectively monocellulars apart from the presence of cell nuclei. Most of the
cells degrade and could produce fragments of DNA, say TE+AFP gene.

If the spawning of two species occurs at the same time at the same location, HGT might have taken
place from the sperm or egg cells of herring or of their degradation products to the sperm cells of
smelt. These would have naturally found their way to the eggs of smelt. The amount of spawn in
the sea water is so high that it changes the color of water white: this would increase the probability
of HGT.

3. Maybe the AFP gene of herring has somehow attached to the DNA of the smelt sperm cells during
spawning. Sperm mediated gene transfer is indeed a standard technique of genetic engineering.
The challenge is to understand how the AFP genes were transported from herring cells to the smelt
sperm cells. AFP gene is not able to make the travel between cells alone. In standard biology, some
vector should have transported the gene between the two cells and one can make only guesses about
the mechanism.

1.1 The notions of transposon and horizontal gene transfer

The notions of transposon or transposable element (TE) and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) will be
needed in the sequel.

1.1.1 Transposons

Transposable elements or simply transposons (TEs) (https://cutt.ly/HUZIItW) were discovered by
Barbara McClintock. TEs are jumping genes, which involve introns were once regarded as ”junk”. The
basic operation is cut and paste operation.

TEs are now known to have several important functions: they make the genome dynamic and affect
its identity and size, induce mutations or their reversals, and can also lead to a duplication of pieces of
the genome. TEs are also involved with the control of gene expression and epigenesis (amusingly, they
are still regarded as selfish genes!).

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TEs are abundant in eukaryotic cells. TEs make approximately 64 % of the maize genome, 44 % of
the human genome, and almost half of the mouse genome.

TEs serve as a kind of text editing tool. The TE (https://cutt.ly/HUZIItW) consists of inverted
repeats (TEs in my terminology) at its beginning and end, and the structural genes between them.

There are at least two kinds of TEs: class I and class II. In the human genome 98 per cent of TEs
class I and the rest are of type II.

1. Class I TEs or retrotransposons are first transcribed to RNA, and reverse transcriptase often encoded
by the TE itself catalyzes the reverse transcription of RNA to DNA, which is then pasted to DNA
sequence. The text processing analog is copy and paste.

Retrotransposons are classified into 3 types:

• Retrotransposons with long terminal repeats (LTRs), which encode reverse transcriptase pro-
ducing DNA from the RNA transcribed from TE, which is then glued to a DNA. Retrotrans-
posons are similar to retroviruses.

• Retroposons, long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs). Also they encode reverse transcrip-
tase but lack LTRs and are transcribed by DNA polymerase II to RNA.

• Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) do not encode reverse transcriptase and are tran-
scribed by DNA polymerase II.

Also retroviruses can be regarded as TEs. They can transfer genes between eukaryotic target and
host cell. The integrated gene in the host cell is called produces and this transfer can be seen as an
eukaryotic analog of the transfer of bacterial TEs.

2. Class II TEs or DNA transposons encode for protein transposase, which they require for excision
and insertion. No intermediate RNA is produced. The text processing analog is cut and paste.

The figure https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_Transposon.png of the Wikipedia article
illustrates the situation. The structure of TE is : TSD+TIR+gene+TIR+TSD. Two inverted
tandem repeats (TIR) flank the transposase gene. Two tandem site duplications (TSD) are present
on both sides of the insert.

Transposase makes a staggered cut at the target site with sticky ends and the complex TIR+gene+TIR
is transferred to the new site. Gene itself is not duplicated as in the copy and paste process for
retrotransposons. TSDs are left at the target site. DNA polymerase fills in the gaps at the target
site leading gradually to long repeating sequences. The insertion sites can be identified by short
direct repeats followed by inverted TIRs.

3. TEs can also replicate.

TEs can be also classified as autonomous and non-autonomous. Autonomous TEs can move by
themselves whereas non-autonomous TEs require other TEs to move.

1.1.2 Horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (https://cutt.ly/zUKTED5) occurs mostly in prokaryotes but also in
some eukaryotes. HGT tends to occur in extreme environments.

Diatoms and algae have received genes from bacteria. For eukaryotes HGT to germ cells is required,
which makes the process difficult to realize. Donor and host tend to be closely associated organisms.
HGT from bacteria to chordates occurred shortly after this lineage arose.

There are several mechanisms of bacterial HGT.

1. Transformation involves three steps: introduction, uptake and expression.

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2. Transduction: DNA is transferred by virus

3. Bacterial conjugation. DNA is transformed in cell-to-cell contact.

4. Gene transfer agents are viruslike elements coded by the host.

Transposable elements (TE) are often involved with HGT. One speaks of the transfer of horizontal
TE (HTT). TE transfer occurs also for eukaryotes. This suggests that TEs, which distinguish between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes, involve a new transfer mechanism. The mechanism of TE transportation
requiring a vector carrying the TE, has not been identified and this allows us to wonder whether only
information could be transferred?

1.2 General constraints on the model

Consider first general constraints on the model.

1. For eukaryotes, cell and nuclear membranes make HGT difficult if not impossible. The transfer
should also occur to germ cells.

2. Water must be essential since in other species than fish the process is much rarer.

3. Sperm cells are analogous to monocellulars, and the HGT occurs for monocellulars. Note however
that sperm cells and eggs have a nucleus and chromosomes, which are obstacles for HGT.

4. That HGT would occur during spawning looks a highly plausible hypothesis. This increases the
probability of HGT, whatever the mechanism is. Sperm mediated transfer would allow to overcome
the basic obstacles and the basic properties of TEs involved would make possible the integration to
the host genome.

5. Most of the cells and their DNA degrades during the spawning and the resulting DNA fragments
would also contain AFG+TE, which could be transferred to the smelt sperm cells.

How the TE involving the AFG from the sperm of herring could be transported to the sperm of smelt?
This is not known.

According to Wikipedia:
Though the actual mechanism for the transportation of TEs from donor cells to host cells is unknown,

it is established that naked DNA and RNA can circulate in bodily fluids. Many proposed vectors include
arthropods, viruses, freshwater snails, endosymbiotic bacteria and intracellular parasitic bacteria. In some
cases, even TEs facilitate the transport for other TEs.

This justifies a heretic question. Could it be only the genetic information, which is transferred and
used to construct DNA in the host as a kind of remote replication analogous to quantum transportation?

2 Some key ideas of TGD inspired quantum biology

In this section basic notions of TGD inspired quantum biology relevant to the recent article are discussed.
The ideas discussed the notion of magnetic body (MB) as a controller of ordinary matter; the hierarchy
of effective Planck constants assigned to the hierarchy of extensions of rationals defining a hierarchy of
phases of ordinary matter behaving like dark matter; Galois confinement as a universal mechanism for
the formation of bound states; dark realizations of genetic code; communications and control in TGD
inspired quantum biology. Zero energy ontology (ZEO) [41] [25] plays a central role in TGD inspired
quantum biology but is not discussed in the sequel.

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2.1 MB carrying dark matter as controller of ordinary biomatter

MB contains dark matter identified, as phases of ordinary matter characterized by EQ with a dimension
n = heff/h0 serving as a measure of the algebraic complexity of a given space-time region [48, 49], and
interpreted as a universal IQ. The scales of quantum coherence increase with heff . The layers of MB
characterized by the value of n naturally form a master-slave hierarchy in which ordinary matter with
the smallest Planck constant is at the bottom, and controlled by higher levels. The energies of systems
increase with heff and since heff tends to be spontaneously reduced, an energy feed is needed to preserve
the distribution of heff : the interpretation is as an analog of a metabolic energy feed.

MB acts as a ”boss” controlling ordinary matter and induces self-organization [40].

2.1.1 Anatomy of MB

MB has, as its body parts, magnetic flux quanta: flux tubes and flux sheets. There are two kinds of
flux quanta. Flux can be vanishing, which corresponds to a Maxwellian regime. Flux can also be non-
vanishing and quantized corresponding to a monopole flux. In the monopole case, the magnetic field
requires no current for its creation. This option is not possible in the Maxwellian world. By fractality of
the TGD Universe, these flux tubes play a key role at all scales [39].

Also the Earth’s magnetic field with nominal value of BE = .5 Gauss has two parts.

1. The monopole flux part corresponds to the ”endogenous” magnetic field Bend = .2 Gauss and
explains the strange effects of ELF EM radiation on the physiology and behavior of vertebrates
[15].

The presence of this part explains the stability of the Earth’s magnetic field. This field should
have decayed long ago in a Maxwellian world since it is generated by currents which disappear.The
contribution of the molten iron in the Earth’s core to BE decays but the changes of the orientation
of Bend regenerate it [33]. Also, magnetic fields that penetrate super-conductors as quantized fluxes
and even those of permanent magnets (as opposed to electromagnets) may have a monopole part
consisting of flux quanta.

2. The interaction of MB with the gravitational field of Earth is discussed in [58]. Intriguingly, the
metabolic energy currency with the nominal value of .5 eV is rather close to the energy for the
escape velocity of a proton. Could the transfer of ions from the surface of the Earth to MB be a
standard process?

2.1.2 Communications to and control by MB

Communication from the biological body (BB) to MB and its control by MB would rely on dark photons,
which can transform to ordinary photons with a large heff and vice versa. Molecular transitions would
represent one form of control.

1. Cell membranes could act as generalized Josephson junctions generating dark Josephson radiation
with energies given by the sum EJ + ∆Ec of ordinary Josephson energy EJ and the difference
∆Ec of cyclotron energies for flux tubes at the two sides of the membrane. The variation of the
membrane potential modulates the Josephson frequency and codes the sensory information at the
cell membrane to a dark photon signal sent to MB.

2. The large effects of radiation at ELF frequencies observed by Blackman and others [15] could be
understood in terms of the cyclotron transitions in Bend = .2 Gauss if ”h in E = hf is replaced
with heff . heff should be rather large and possibly assignable to the gravitational flux tubes with
~eff = ~gr = GMm/v0. For the simplest model, M represents the Earth’s mass coupling to the
small mass m, and v0 is a parameter with dimensions of velocity expected to have discrete spectrum.

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The energies E = hefff of dark photons should be in the biophoton energy range (visible and UV)
characterizing molecular transitions [22, 23].

3. For the value v0/c ' 2−11, suggested by the Nottale’s model for planetary orbits [1], the predicted
cyclotron energy scale is 3 orders of magnitude higher than the energy scale of visible photons.
Several solutions of this problem were considered [57]. The most plausible solution [57, 50] is
β0 = v0/c = 1/2 for living matter so that gravitational Compton length Λgr = GM/β0 equals
to Schwartschild radius at the surface of Earth. and brings nothing new to the original Nottale
hypothesis.

By its higher level of ”IQ”, MB would naturally be the master controlling BB by cyclotron radiation
- possibly via a genome accompanied by dark genome at flux tubes parallel to the DNA strands.

1. Cyclotron Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of bosonic ions, Cooper pairs of fermionic ions, and
Cooper pairs of protons and electrons would appear as dark matter in living systems and the
heff = hgr hypothesis predicts a universal cyclotron energy spectrum in the range of bio-photon
energies.

2. Dark photons may transform to bio-photons [29, 28] with energies covering the visible and UV
energies associated with the transitions of bio-molecules. This control of biomolecules implies that
remote mental interactions are routine in living matter. EEG signals would represent a particular
instance of these communications: without the presence of MB it is difficult to understand why the
brain would use such large amounts of energy to send signals to outer space.

3. In ZEO, the field body (FB) and MB correspond to 4-D rather than 3-D field patterns and quan-
tum states correspond to quantum counterparts of behaviors and biological functions. Conscious
holograms could be generated as a result of interference of a dark photon reference beam from MB
and a dark photon beam carrying the sensory information. This hologram would be read by MB
using the conjugate of the reference beam.

In ZEO time reversals of these processes also take place. This makes it possible to understand
memory as a result of communications with memory mental images.

2.2 Galois confinement

Galois confinement is a universal number theoretical mechanism for the formation of all bound states
[55, 54]. Galois confinement emerged originally in TGD inspired quantum biology but has become a
central theme of also the TGD view about condensed matter. Galois confinement provides a purely
number-theoretic mechanism for the formation of hierarchies of bound states.

1. Galois confinement involves M8−H duality and requires heff > nh0 > h. M8 has an interpretation
as an analog of momentum space and the points of X4 ⊂M8 assignable to polynomial P with ratio-
nal coefficients have interpretation as 4-momentum. Monic polynomials P are physically especially
interesting [56]. P defines an algebraic extension of rationals with dimension n = heff/h0. The
physical interpretation is as a hierarchy of phases of ordinary matter with an increasing value of
effective Planck constant behaving like dark matter.

2. The roots rn of P correspond to 3-D mass shells m2 = rn in fixed M4 ⊂M8 and X4 itself contains
these mass shells and is determined as a deformation of M4 which corresponds to an element of local
group SU(3) ⊂ G2, where G2 is automorphism group of M8

c having interpretation as complexified
octonions. The condition that U(2) ⊂ SU(3) leaves the point g(x) invariant implies that one has
local CP2 element defining the M8 −H duality.SU(3) corresponds to color group physically.

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3. Quark states as solutions of algebraic octonionic Dirac equation (all equations are algebraic at M8

side of M8−H duality while everything is differential geometric at H side) correspond to points of
M8 assume to correspond to algebraic integers in the extensions of rationals defined by P so that
the points carrying quark define what I have called cognitive representation playing a key role in
adelic physics [35, 36]. For instance, p-adic variants of the cognitive representations make sense.

4. Periodic boundary conditions allow only many-quark states assignable to mass shells for which the
total M4 momentum is an ordinary integer (in suitable units defined by the size scale of CD consid-
ered) are possible [55, 54]. This is the simplest realization of Galois singlet property/confinement.
The integer valued total momenta emerge also in the twistorial construction of scattering amplitudes
[56]. This is the simplest realization of Galois singlet property/confinement.

5. This gives rise to an infinite hierarchy of bound states. One can also consider composite polynomials
and if they vanish at origin, the roots of composite polynomials contain also the roots of the
functional factors of the composite. This is analogous to conservation of genes. All kinds of states:
nucleons, nuclei, photons, etc... , can form Galois bound states. It is enough that one deforms the
states so that they are not Galois singlets with the original Galois group or to increase the extension
so that they are not Galois singlets in the larger extension. From these kinds of states one can form
Galois singlets.

2.3 Dark realizations of genetic code

The model of bio-harmony [24, 38, 45, 51, 52] is essential for the TGD based understanding of what might
be called emotional intelligence (whose reality is accepted) and its relations with ordinary intelligence.
The surprising outcomes are the connection with genetic code and the key role of bioharmony in quantum
information processing in living matter.

1. The notion of bioharmony relies on icosahedral and tetrahedral geometries. The representation of
the 12-note scale as a sequence of quints, reduced by an octave equivalence (notes differing by octave
are experienced as equivalent) to the basic octave, defines the harmony for a given Hamiltonian
cycle: the 20 allowed 3-chords of the icosahedral harmony correspond to the 20 triangular faces.
The symmetries of the harmony are defined by some subgroup (Z6,Z4, or Z2) of the icosahedral
group.

2. Genetic codons correspond to dark photon triplets (3-chords of light) defined by the triangular
faces of an icosahedron and tetrahedron. The counterparts of amino-acids are identified as orbits
of 3-chords under the symmetries of a given harmony.

Any combination of 3 icosahedral harmonies with 20 chords with symmetries Z6, Z4 and Z2 and of
the tetrahedral harmony with 4 chords gives a particular bioharmony with 20+20+20+4=64 chords
assignable to DNA codons. DNA codons coding for a given amino acid correspond to the chords
at the orbit of the symmetry group. Rather remarkably, the numbers of DNA codons coding for a
given amino acid come out correctly.

3. Music expresses and creates emotions. Musical harmony codes for moods and emotions as holistic
aspects of music. Bio-harmony with 64 3-chords, would assign the binary, local, aspects of informa-
tion to the 6 bits of the codon and its holistic, emotional aspects to the bio-harmony. A chemical
representation of the genetic code can thus correspond to several moods represented by bioharmony.
In contrast with physicalism, emotions would appear already at the molecular level, and would have
physical effects that are not reducible to bio-chemistry. This understanding is not possible without
using the notion of MB.

The model of bio-harmony requires that the values of Bend correspond to those associated with the
Pythagorean scale definable by the quint cycle. These frequencies correspond to energies that a

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molecule must have in order to serve as a basic biomolecule. This criterion could select DNA, RNA,
tRNA, and amino-acids.

In the second model of genetic code [37, 34, 38], codons are represented as dark proton triplets
assignable to flux tubes parallel to DNA strands.

1. The numbers of dark proton triplets turn out to correspond to numbers of DNA, RNA, tRNA
codons, and amino acids. The numbers of DNA and RNA codons assignable to a given amino-acid
in the vertebrate genetic code are correctly predicted. Genes would correspond to sequences of dark
proton triplets [42].

2. Dark proton triplet - dark codon - would be analogous to baryon and Galois confinement [47]
behaving like a single quantum unit. The N dark codons of a dark gene would, in turn, bind to
Galois confined states of the Galois group of an EQ associated with the sequence of codons. An
entire hierarchy of confinements is possible.

3. Galois confinement can be realized also for dark photon triplets and the sequences of N dark-
photon triplets representing genes as dark 3N -photon states. Genes could serve as addresses for
communications based on dark 3N -photon resonances.

For communications between levels with the same value of heff there would be both energy and
frequency resonance and for levels with different values of heff only the energy resonance. It is
an open question whether dark 3N -photons transform to a single ordinary photon or 3N ordinary
photons (biophotons) in dark-ordinary communications.

4. The basic hypothesis is that both DNA, RNA, tRNA, and amino acids are paired with their dark
analogs, and that energy resonance mediates the interaction between the members of pairs.

How could the icosahedra and tetrahedra be realized? Why must one glue them together? This looks
aesthetically unappealing. However, surprisingly, both icosahedrons and tetrahedrons appear in, perhaps
the simplest honeycomb of the hyperbolic 3-space H3 (cosmic time = constant hyperboloid). H3 is also
central to special relativity and cosmology [52]. Dark genetic code can be realized in terms of both dark
protons and photons using this particular tessellation and would be universal. This master tessellation
would induce sub-tessellations at the space-time surface, in particular representations of genetic code at
magnetic flux tubes. Also 2-D and even 3-D representations of genetic code can be considered (i.e. cell
membrane and microtubules) [53].

2.4 Communication and control in living matter

The TGD inspired model for bioharmony suggests a universal communication and control mechanism
based on frequency modulation of dark photon radiation and its resonant receival producing a sequence
of pulses. The signal sent by the DNA sequence would be resonantly received by a similar DNA sequence
as a temporal sequence of resonance peaks determined by the modulation.

An interesting hypothesis is that nerve pulse patterns are basically produced by this mechanism
transforming membrane potential oscillations producing Josephson radiation sent to MB and producing
pulse sequences initiating nerve pulse pattern at the level of cell membrane.

U-shaped flux tubes serve as the basic tools of communication. Their reconnection replaces U-shaped
flux tubes with pairs of flux tubes between two objects and occurs when a resonant dark photon commu-
nication between objects is possible. This requires the same cyclotron energy implying identical cyclotron
frequencies if the values of heff are the same: this implies the value of magnetic field and by flux quan-
tization the same thickness of flux tubes.

Galois confinement allows a generalization replacing U-shaped flux tubes with N-flux tubes along
which dark N-photons can propagate and to replace dark photon resonance with M-resonance. This

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communication and control mechanism would be realized at the level of DNA and other biomolecules.
The generalization of the notion of genetic code allowing higher dimensional realization of DNA generalizes
this communication mechanism further.

2.4.1 Some applications

The proposed general model of communications and control has an impressive number of applications to
living matter.

1. The model of water memory involves dark DNA [19] [27, 30] assignable to the ordinary DNA and
also the dark variants of other biomolecules can be involved. The MBs of water clusters can vary
the thickness of their U-shaped flux tubes and therefore their cyclotron frequencies. This makes
possible recognition of bio-active molecules with MB involving flux tubes with cyclotron frequencies
shared by living matter. When the U-shaped flux tube meets a similar flux tube of a bio-active
molecule, reconnection takes place and if it leads to dark photon resonance, a long-lived flux tube
pair is formed. The bioactive molecule is ”caught”.

2. The MB of water clusters can mimic the MBs of invader molecules and this could give justification
for the claimed homeopathic effects. Resonant reconnection could be behind water memory, immune
system, the claim about homeopathic healing [19], and the bio-catalysis involving the mysterious
looking ability of reactants to find each other in dense molecular soup.

3. The most general option is that every polar molecule in living matter is accompanied by a dark
nucleon sequence or several of them (as in the case of amino-acids) serving as its ”name””. This
would also associate a unique dark nucleon sequence with the MB of DNA so that DNA-dark DNA
association would be automatic. The same applies to mRNA and tRNA and amino-acids.

The model for the communications also leads to a model for the emergence of language [61, 62].
Amazingly, only a few point mutations for relatively few genes seem to have led to human languages
and transformed biological evolution to cultural evolution? What happened to these genes? In the
biochemistry framework it is difficult to imagine an answer to this question. Here TGD could come to
the rescue.

One can assign a value of heff characterizing the evolutionary level also to genes. The genes with larger
heff would serve as control genes and the increase of heff would mean an evolutionary step. Perhaps a
dramatic increase of heff occurred to FOXP2 and some other genes as human language emerged.

The fundamental language would be defined by genetic code realized in terms of dark 3N -photons
and heff as a measure of algebraic complexity and a universal ”IQ” would characterize the realizations
of this language.

2.4.2 What is the role of introns and TEs?

Interesting questions relate to the role of introns and transposons (TEs), which involve introns besides
genes.

1. Introns do not express themselves as proteins and their fraction is highest in humans so that the
interpretation as junk DNA does not look realistic. TGD inspired quantum biology motivates
the proposal that the dark genes could express themselves electromagnetically and that remote
replication (and the remote variants of transcription and even translation) could rely on this. This
leads to a general model for communications and control.

2. The simplest assumption is that all DNA related structures and also RNA proteins and tRNA, can
”talk” by applying these communication mechanisms.

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The difference between TEs and genes not belonging to TEs brings to mind the difference between
animals and plants. TEs can move and actively control their environment. TEs are also involved
with epigenesis, that is control of gene expression, and modifications of genes.

Animals and plants differ also in that animals have a nervous system. Could also TEs and ordinary
genes have an analogous difference? Animals are thought to represent a level of evolution higher
than plants. Could this be true also for TEs? A higher value of heff for the MBs of TEs would
concretize this idea. Nervous system in TGD inspired quantum biology means communications to
MB by Josephson radiation. Could one think something like this also now?

The relation of TEs to genes looks like the relation of a programmer to the program modules of a
software. This suggests that the MBs of TEs represent a higher level in the heff hierarchy than the
MBs of genes. The higher value of heff means also a longer scale of quantum coherence so that TEs
might be involved also between communications of even different organisms of the same species.

3 Is remote replication of DNA involved with HGT?

In remote replication only the information about TE would be transferred and one would have a biological
analog of teleportation.

3.1 Is replication of the magnetic body behind biological replication?

The vision [32] about exclusion zone (EZ) like regions discovered by Gerald Pollack [10, 3, 14, 13] as
primordial life forms and facts about water memory and homeopathy [19] lead to a vision about how a
primitive immune system might have developed and how the recent genetic code might have emerged.

Magnetic bodies and dark analogs of bio-polymers should still play a key role in living matter. The
basic idea is that the time evolution of the MB is the template for the time evolution of the biological
body. In [20] [31] various pieces of evidence for the role of the MB as ”morphogenetic field” is discussed.
For instance, the replication of DNA and cell would reduce basically to that for corresponding magnetic
bodies.

Replication of the MB is analogous to what happens in the 3-vertex of a Feynman diagram. This
occurs on several scales. This would make possible dark DNA (dDNA) replication and copying of dDNA
to dDNA+dRNA as well as copying of dRNA to dRNA+dark protein.

Replication process should start from the higher levels of dark matter hierarchy and proceed to shorter
scales. The basic constraint from ZEO is that the time evolutions of magnetic bodies at various levels
of the hierarchy are highly unique as preferred extremals connecting initial and final 3-surfaces. For the
maxima of vacuum functional only preferred pairs of 3-surfaces are possible. This gives rise to what might
be called ”standard behaviors”. Also the replication would be this kind of behavioral pattern. In the
context of the positive energy ontology it is extremely difficult to understand the predictability of cell
replication or the development of the organism from a single cell by repeated cell divisions.

Remote gene replication [26] might be one application: the model described was actually developed
before the idea that the replication of the MB could be the fundamental mechanism. Its reversal could
be a basic mechanism of bio-catalysis and induce the attachment of the bio-molecules together. Also
ordinary DNA replication could be induced by the same electromagnetic signal as remote replication.

3.1.1 TGD based model for ordinary DNA replication

Consider first a TGD based model for the ordinary replication of DNA.

1. Assume that the portion of DNA promoting DNA replication is activated by dark radiation at some
frequency and that the promoter region emits radiation with the same frequency. This activates
further promoter regions -also in other cell nuclei. The replication process is amplified exponentially.

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The negative feedback is necessary in the general case and is provided by attachment of the produced
proteins (basically dark proteins) to the genes making them inactive.

2. This might occur during cell division which might involve irradiation by dark analog of white noise
exciting all promoter regions. Certainly the coherence of this process is essential and here the higher
levels of the dark matter hierarchy would be essential.

3.1.2 Remote replication in weak sense

Gariaev has reported a phenomenon suggesting remote replication in the sense that the DNA strands
exist in B and the irradiation of the DNA at A induces the remote replication in B. In the sequel I will
speak about the weak form of remote replication (WRR). We have written together with Peter Gariaev
an article discussing a possible TGD based model for the findings [59].

The work of Gariaev [6, 5][7, 11] provides the experimental guidelines.

1. The phantom DNA [6] identified as dark nucleon sequences in TGD framework and the evidence
for remote activation of DNA transcription [5] - both discovered by Gariaev’s group - are assumed
as the first two key elements of the model.

2. The notion of wave DNA introduced suggests that genes express themselves by em radiation and that
genetic code is involved. Wave DNA should provide a mechanism of information transfer. Somehow
DNA should be encoded to spatial or temporal patterns in turn decoded somehow to DNA. Gariaev
has suggested that the modulation of polarization direction for the radiation propagating along the
DNA strand could encode for the DNA to a temporal pattern.

The TGD based model for WRR using existing DNA in both A and B is discussed in the article [59]
written together with Peter Gariaev. This discussion and also later developments can be found in [26, 20].

WRR would use existing DNA strands in B accompanied by dark DNA strands realizing the genetic
codons as dark proton triplets. The replication would be remotely induced by the dark radiation from
DNA at A possibly arriving to B via the MB having contacts with both A and B. This would be a
general mechanism of remote mental interactions in the TGD Universe.

1. WRR becomes possible if the dark radiation exciting promoter region can leak to other cells or even
other organisms. Large heff might make this possible.

2. Also remote transcription is possible by the same mechanism. Actually remote variants of very
many basic processes seem to be possible.

3. The observations of Peter Gariaev’s group about effects of laser light on genes [7, 11] could be
interpreted as remote replication in this sense.

The analog of this mechanism could make remote transcription and even remote translation at the dark
level possible. These processes would induce these processes at the level of biochemistry in accordance
with the proposal that biochemistry is quite generally shadow dynamics induced from the level of the
MB.

3.1.3 TGD based model for the remote replication in strong sense

For the strong form of remote replication (SRR) only DNA codons are available at B, and under some
conditions the presence of DNA at A induces the remote replication at B.

The findings of the group of HIV Nobelist Montagnier [8, 9] could be interpreted in terms of SRR. In
this case the information about DNA at A must be transferred from A to B. Peter Gariaev has reported
replication in this sense for years after Montagnier’ findings [12].

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1. Montangier’s experiment involves two chambers A and B. A contains water plus genes and B
contains water plus DNA nucleotides. There were channels between the chambers but so thin that
DNA could not get through. Also an em field with 7 Hz frequency was present. Same genes as
in A appeared also in B. As if remote replication of genes in A had happened in B. In the TGD
framework the presence of 7 Hz frequency suggests that MB was present: the identification either
as Schumann frequency or the cyclotron frequency of K ion in the endogenous magnetic field of .2
Tesla is suggestive.

2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [2] (see http://tinyurl.com/ybv6mn5l) is the technique used in
the experiments of Montagnier’s group and in somewhat modified experiment by Gariaev’s group
involving irradiation of the second test tube by laser light.

The findings of Montagnier et al [8, 9] can be described in terms of SRR. The model for SRR has
developed gradually and the latest version was discussed in 2020 [46]: this discussion is included also
in[26, 20]. The following describes the definition and development of the model for SRR.

1. Consider two positions A and B. A could be a chamber containing DNA strands and B a chamber
containing DNA codons. Assume that DNA to be remote-replicated is in A and the codons pro-
ducing the replica are in B. The dark flux tubes parallel to ordinary DNA in A and carrying dark
codons would be accompanied by dark planar flux tube bundles transverse to them and leading
to B. Each flux tube would be analogous to a wave guide for dark photons. In Gariaev’s model
photons polarized orthogonally to DNA would propagate along these.

2. The planar flux tube bundles extending from A to B would have heff > h. The associated space-
time surface which could be seen as a many-valued map from CP2 or its lower-D surface to M4

giving rise to a planar bundle of parallel U-shaped flux tubes in M4 as a quantum coherent structure.
DNA codons floating in water in B would reconnect to the ends of these U-shaped flux tubes by
resonance mechanism and the resulting DNA strand in B would be the same as in A.

3. The dark photon signal representing DNA sequence could catalyze the formation of conjugate
DNA in chamber B from existing DNA sequences in chamber A serving as a template. Since
the catalytic interaction of DNA polymerase takes place with already existing DNA sequence, the
simplest possibility is that first some conjugate DNA sequences are generated by WRR after which
DNA polymerase utilizes these sequences as templates to amplify them to original DNA sequences.
Whether the product consists of original DNA or its conjugate can be tested. I have also commented
on Montagnier’s findings from the TGD point of view [27, 30].

4. The crucial assumption, which is in conflict with the standard picture, is that the dark DNA
nucleotides (dark protons) serving as building bricks of DNA strands do not float freely in water
but are already loosely bound to form dark codons.

The motivation for this assumption is that one cannot assign the frequencies of the 3-chord with
different nucleotides of the codon but only to the entire codon. The difference between ordinary
codon and dark codon is like that between spoken and written language: in spoken language word
is basically a single entity but in written language it decomposes to letters. Interestingly, in written
Chinese the words decompose to syllables but not to letters.

The assumption of effective independence of codons makes sense if the magnetic flux tubes connect-
ing the codons have either value of string tension or larger value of heff than in the dark codon
accompanying the ordinary codon.

Galois confinement allows to generalize the model and gives a justification for the formation of units
with increasing complexity and size and behaving quantum coherently.

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1. Triplets of dark codons can bind to a single dynamical unit by Galois confinement [55, 54]. Dark
codons can in turn bind to dark genes and even to DNA strands with a larger Galois group. Strands
can in turn bind to double strands and double strands to chromosomes. Even larger structures
are possible since Galois confinement is hierarchical and new levels correspond to the increase of
algebraic complexity associated with the polynomials P defing 4-surfaces in M8 and by M8 − H
duality in H [43, 44, 55].

Biological evolution could be seen as a number theoretical evolution of Galois singlets with increasing
size as the algebraic extension and the Galois group associated with space-time regions defined by
polynomials would increase and become more complex.

2. Dark codons represented by 3 dark photons would be Galois singlets. From these dark photon genes
and even larger dark photon structures can be formed as analogs of dark Bose-Einstein condensates.
Photons as particles would be replaced by dark 3N photons. Also the planar flux tube bundles would
be particle-like entities: 3N -flux tubes forming quantum coherent structures. The entire gene would
use this 3N -tentacle to build resonant connections to other similar genes or to build similar genes
from dark codons to which ordinary codons would be attached.

The communications between dark proton genes with N codons would be by using dark photon genes
involving 3N -fold cyclotron resonance selecting the receiver. In communications, the simultaneous
frequency modulation would yield the message transformed to a sequence of resonance pulses with
temporal durations between pulses determined by the modulation.

3.2 Could HGT rely on remote replication in strong sense?

Transposons are abundant in eukaryotic cells unlike in prokaryotic cells. This suggests that TEs could
make possible SRR and thus allow to circumvent the problems posed by the presence of nuclear membrane
and chromosome structure. The reason for this could be simply that the value of heff is so large for
the TEs (or rather, for their MBs) that it makes coherent activities possible in longer length scales and
therefore also the control by MB. MB would have a larger size scale and higher ”IQ”.

Perhaps TE is one particular structure behaving like a unit expressing itself in terms of codons realized
as dark photon triplets. TE would be moving gene as an analog of animal. This structure could be essential
for SRR. If TE has MB with large heff , it (or its MB) would be able to behave autonomously: this is
what jumping genes are. Genes not associated with TEs would be like plants coding for structure and
TEs would be like animals making the structure dynamical.

Therefore the question in the concrete example considered is the following: Could SRR take place and
yield a copy of a TE involving the AFG of herring inside the sperm cell or egg of smelt? The TE complex
could belong to the sperm cell or egg of herring or their degradation products.

3.3 Some reckless speculations

It is interesting to try to see this proposal in a more general context.

1. Introns were for a long time regarded as ”junk DNA”. Junk interpretation does not resonate with the
fact that human genome has the highest portion of introns and humans have also developed culture
and language [61, 62], which in TGD framework would correspond to an evolution of collective
consciousness. The reasons for the junk interpretation might have been the repetitive nature of
introns and the belief that genes can be expressed only as proteins or RNA.

TEs as jumping genes are now known to have many important functions: they make the genome
dynamic and affect its identity and size and can lead to a duplication of pieces of the genome. They
are involved with the control of gene expression and epigenesis (amusingly they are still regarded
as selfish genes!).

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DNA is interpreted as information theoretically and one can wonder whether TEs might play an
essential role in the communications at molecular level. Magnetic body (MB) and the hierarchy
heff = nh0 of effective Planck constants are a central element in TGD inspired quantum biology.
The larger the value of heff , the longer the quantum coherence length and time scales are and genes
could be classified using the value of heff for their MB as a criterion, a kind of universal IQ.

2. TEs dominate also in the genomes of crops (see https://cutt.ly/5UZGvbY and https://cutt.

ly/QUZG8qa) and trees. It has become clear that trees are not isolated entities but know each other
and take this into account in their behavior. Forest is not a collection of isolated trees, but a highly
refined self-organizing social structure. For instance, conifers have a high amount of TEs, which
suggests that forest is a conscious entity, which has MB controlling the forest at the level of the
ordinary biomatter.

Concerning crops, at least 35 % of the rice genome % of the sorghum genome [3], and nearly
85 % of the maize genome is made up of transposable elements (TEs). It is difficult to avoid
seeing an analogy between human community and crop field or forest. Could TEs make possible
communications in the scale of the crop field and forest and make it, or rather, its MB, a conscious
intelligent creature?

3. I know that I should overcome the temptation of mentioning crop circles although most mainstream
biologists certainly regard crop circles as human made. I cannot. It is also better to immediately
confess that I have even written two articles about crop circles about a quarter century ago [17, 18].
I of course know that there is no statute of limitations for this kind of science crimes so that this is
not intended to be a defense for what I have done.

Are the crop circles really human made? Some biologists have risked their career by studying them
and have found that the folded straws of crops of the crop circle have the appearance of being
affected by microwave radiation (think of a tomato, which has exploded in a microwave oven). Also
light balls have been reported around crop circles as well as glass balls resulting from molten quartz.

Microwave photons are known to induce ”burning” of water, an effect which is poorly understood.
If microwave photons are dark with energy E == hefff , say in biophoton range, this might be
understood. One can also create in a microwave oven small light balls consisting of plasma.

This raises questions: Could TEs make possible communications between individual plants of the
crop field? Could TEs make it possible for the MB of the crop field to control the field? Could MB
of the crop field of some other conscious entity use dark microwave photons to induce the formation
of crop circles. Could the crop circles be interpreted as an expression of an intelligent conscious
entity (not necessarily the MB of crop field) and analogs of patterns of neural activity as I proposed
years ago [17, 18]?

4. Cannabis is one of humanity’s oldest crops and has a high proportion of TEs https://cutt.ly/

8UZW5v1. Could this relate to its dramatic effects on human consciousness?

Usually these effects are interpreted as being due to the biochemistry of cannabis (https://cutt.
ly/8UZET6t). In the TGD framework, the idea that the binding of various psychoactive molecules
on synaptic contacts activates flux tubes to MBs, even those in outer space, is attractive. The book
”Inner paths to Outer Space” [16] by Rick Strassman, Slawek Wojtowicz, Luis Eduardo Luna and
Ede Frecska inspired an model [21] for the possible mechanism of the action of psychedelics.

Could also the TEs in the DNA of cannabis play some role? Could they have MBs with especially
high heff? Could it make sense to speak of co-evolution of the human consciousness and cannabis-
consciousness (or crop-consciousness in general) based on interactions not directly conscious to us?

Received January 16, 2022; Accepted July 22, 2022

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https://cutt.ly/5UZGvbY
https://cutt.ly/QUZG8qa
https://cutt.ly/QUZG8qa
https://cutt.ly/8UZW5v1
https://cutt.ly/8UZW5v1
https://cutt.ly/8UZET6t
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[37] Pitkänen M. About the Correspondence of Dark Nuclear Genetic Code and Ordinary Genetic Code.
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[38] Pitkänen M. An overall view about models of genetic code and bio-harmony. Available at: http:

//tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/gcharm.pdf., 2019.

[39] Pitkänen M. Cosmic string model for the formation of galaxies and stars. Available at: http:

//tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/galaxystars.pdf., 2019.

[40] Pitkänen M. Quantum self-organization by heff changing phase transitions. Available at: http:

//tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/heffselforg.pdf., 2019.

[41] Pitkänen M. Some comments related to Zero Energy Ontology (ZEO). Available at: http://

tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/zeoquestions.pdf., 2019.

[42] Pitkänen M. An Overall View about Models of Genetic Code & Bio-harmony. DNA Decipher
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[43] Pitkänen M. A critical re-examination of M8 −H duality hypothesis: part I. Available at: http:

//tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/M8H1.pdf., 2020.

[44] Pitkänen M. A critical re-examination of M8 −H duality hypothesis: part II. Available at: http:

//tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/M8H2.pdf., 2020.

[45] Pitkänen M. How to compose beautiful music of light in bio-harmony? https://tgdtheory.fi/

public_html/articles/bioharmony2020.pdf., 2020.

[46] Pitkänen M. New results about dark DNA inspired by the model for remote DNA replication.
Available at: http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/darkdnanew.pdf., 2020.

[47] Pitkänen M. Results about Dark DNA & Remote DNA Replication. DNA Decipher Journal, 10(1),
2020. See also http://tgtheory.fi/public_html/articles/darkdnanew.pdf.

[48] Pitkänen M. A Critical Re-examination of M8H Duality: Part I. Pre-Space-Time Journal, 11(8),
2020. See also http://tgtheory.fi/public_html/articles/M8H1.pdf.

[49] Pitkänen M. A Critical Re-examination of M8H Duality: Part II. Pre-Space-Time Journal, 11(8),
2020. See also http://tgtheory.fi/public_html/articles/M8H2.pdf.

[50] Pitkänen M. EEG and the structure of magnetosphere. https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/

articles/mseeg.pdf., 2021.

[51] Pitkänen M. Galois code and genes. https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/Galoiscode.
pdf., 2021.

[52] Pitkänen M. Is genetic code part of fundamental physics in TGD framework? Available at: https:
//tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TIH.pdf., 2021.

[53] Pitkänen M. MeshCODE theory from TGD point of view. https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/

articles/talin.pdf., 2021.

[54] Pitkänen M. TGD and Condensed Matter. https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/

TGDcondmatshort.pdf., 2021.

ISSN: 2159-046X DNA Decipher Journal www.www.dnadecipher.com

Published by QuantumDream, Inc.

http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/adelephysics.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/adelephysics.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/codedarkcode.pdf
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http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/gcharm.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/galaxystars.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/galaxystars.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/heffselforg.pdf
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http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/M8H1.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/M8H2.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/M8H2.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/bioharmony2020.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/bioharmony2020.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/darkdnanew.pdf
http://tgtheory.fi/public_html/articles/darkdnanew.pdf
http://tgtheory.fi/public_html/articles/M8H1.pdf
http://tgtheory.fi/public_html/articles/M8H2.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/mseeg.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/mseeg.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/Galoiscode.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/Galoiscode.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TIH.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TIH.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/talin.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/talin.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGDcondmatshort.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGDcondmatshort.pdf


DNA Decipher Journal | July 2022 | Volume 12 | Issue 1 | pp. 67-84 84

Pitkänen, M., Horizontal Gene Transfer by Remote Replication?

[55] Pitkänen M. TGD as it is towards the end of 2021. https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/

articles/TGD2021.pdf., 2021.

[56] Pitkänen M. About TGD counterparts of twistor amplitudes. https://tgdtheory.fi/public_

html/articles/twisttgd.pdf., 2021.

[57] Pitkänen M. Three alternative generalizations of Nottale’s hypothesis in TGD framework. https:

//tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/MDMdistance.pdf., 2021.

[58] Pitkänen M. Time reversal and the anomalies of rotating magnetic systems. Available at: https:

//tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/freereverse.pdf., 2021.

[59] Pitkänen M and P. Gariaev. Quantum Model for Remote Replication. DNA Decipher Journal, 1(3),
2011. See also http://tgtheory.fi/pdfpool/remotereplication.pdf.

[60] Pitkänen M and Rastmanesh R. Homeostasis as self-organized quantum criticality. Available at:
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/SP.pdf., 2020.

[61] Pitkänen M and Rastmanesh R. New Physics View about Language: part I. Available at: http:

//tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/languageTGD1.pdf., 2020.

[62] Pitkänen M and Rastmanesh R. New Physics View about Language: part II. Available at: http:

//tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/languageTGD2.pdf., 2020.

ISSN: 2159-046X DNA Decipher Journal www.www.dnadecipher.com

Published by QuantumDream, Inc.

https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGD2021.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/TGD2021.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/twisttgd.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/twisttgd.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/MDMdistance.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/MDMdistance.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/freereverse.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/freereverse.pdf
http://tgtheory.fi/pdfpool/remotereplication.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/SP.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/languageTGD1.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/languageTGD1.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/languageTGD2.pdf
http://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/languageTGD2.pdf

	Introduction
	The notions of transposon and horizontal gene transfer
	Transposons
	Horizontal gene transfer

	General constraints on the model

	Some key ideas of TGD inspired quantum biology
	MB carrying dark matter as controller of ordinary biomatter
	Anatomy of MB
	Communications to and control by MB

	Galois confinement
	Dark realizations of genetic code
	Communication and control in living matter
	Some applications
	What is the role of introns and TEs?


	Is remote replication of DNA involved with HGT?
	Is replication of the magnetic body behind biological replication?
	TGD based model for ordinary DNA replication
	Remote replication in weak sense
	TGD based model for the remote replication in strong sense

	Could HGT rely on remote replication in strong sense?
	Some reckless speculations


