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Pitkänen, M., Some Mysteries of the Biological Evolution from the TGD Point of View

Article

Some Mysteries of the Biological Evolution
from the TGD Point of View

Matti Pitkänen 1

Abstract

In this article 3 mysteries related to the origin of life on Earth are discussed. The recent candidate
for life’s universal common ancestor (LUCA) has a surprisingly large number of genes, much larger
than the earlier candidate and it would be a rather complex life form. The sudden emergence of
complex multicellular life forms in the Cambrian Explosion is the second mystery. The TGD proposal
for the solution of the LUCA mystery relies on the solution of the mystery of the Cambrian explosion.
Bacteria and archaea would have evolved at the surface of the Earth and eukaryotes having a cell
nucleus and reproducing sexually in the underground oceans. Bacteria and archaea would have evolved
from a counterpart of LUCA having a much smaller genome and eukaryotes would have evolved from
an archaea with maximum size, which became the nucleus of the first eukaryote, LUCA. The third
mystery relates to the asteroid Ryugu, which was found to contain basic amino acids and also RNA
and microorganisms bacteria and microfossils resembling those living at Earth were found. Does this
support the Panspermia hypothesis? There are however strong objections against this hypothesis and
it has been proposed that the microorganisms living on Earth might have somehow colonized the
Ryugu sample. There is no known mechanism for how this could happen. The TGD based solution
of the mystery relies on the prediction that life and its evolution are long length scale phenomena
involving gravitational and electric field bodies, which can have an astrophysical size.

1 Introduction
Biological evolution involves several deep mysteries. In this article 3 such mysteries are discussed.

1.1 The mystery of life’s origin deepens
Sabine Hossenfelder told about new study, which deepens the mystery of life’s origin (see this). The key
notion is LUCA, life’s universal common ancestor, whose genome should be common to all life forms,
which in the most general case involves both archaea, prokaryotes (bacteria), and eucaryotes (plants,
fungi and animals).

The newest study gives a considerably larger number than the previous estimates.

1. LUCA would have 2,657 genes. Luca would have had 2.7 million bps to be compared with about 3
billion bps of humans. LUCA would have lived about 4.2 billion years ago.

2. The proteins coded by the genes of LUCA suggest that hydrogen was important in the metabolism
of LUCA. Presumably LUCA lived near volcanoes. LUCA also had a rather complex metabolic
circuitry and the genome suggests that it was a part of an ecosystem. The size of LUCA is 10 µm
in size, which is also the size of cell nucleus, and it has a genome but no nucleus.

3. An interesting side observation is that 2,657 is prime and forms a twin prime together with 2659.
Maybe number theory is deeply involved with the genome.

1Correspondence: Matti Pitkänen http://tgdtheory.com/. Address: Valtatie 8 as 2, 03600, Karkkila, Finland. Email:
matpitka6@gmail.com.

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http://backreaction.blogspot.com/2024/12/new-study-deepens-mystery-of-lifes.html
http://tgdtheory.com/
mailto:matpitka6@gmail.com


DNA Decipher Journal | December 2024 | Volume 14 | Issue 1 | pp. 29-36 30
Pitkänen, M., Some Mysteries of the Biological Evolution from the TGD Point of View

4. The earlier estimate for the gene number of LUCA by Bill Martin’s team (see this) left only 355
genes from the original 11,000 candidates, and they argue that these 355 definitely belonged to
LUCA and can tell us something about how LUCA lived.

The problem is that there are two widely different candidates for the LUCA and the new candidate
seems to be too complex if one assumes a single evolutionary tree.

1.2 The mystery of Cambrian Explosion
Cambrian Explosion represents a long standing mystery [6] of evolutionary biology. The basic mystery is
that highly evolved multicellular life forms emerged suddenly in the Cambrian explosion about .5 billion
years ago. There are much older fossils of monocellular life forms archaea and prokaryotes and they would
have lived at the surface of Earth as separate evolutionary lineages.

The TGD based solution of the mystery mystery of Cambrian Explosion does not involve ETs bringing
multicellular life to the Earth [7] [9, 8, 13].

1. In the TGD Universe, quantum gravitation is possible in arbitrarily long scales and cosmic expansion
is replaced by a sequence of quantum phase transitions occurring in astrophysical scales as very rapid
local expansions between which there is no expansion.

2. The life on Earth could have evolved in two ways and as three separate evolutionary trees. Multicel-
lular life forms possible for sexually reproducing eukaryotes would have evolved in the underground
oceans, where they were shielded from meteor bombardments and cosmic rays. There are indica-
tions that underground oceans and underground life are present on Mars and possibly also some
other places in the solar system.

3. In the Cambrian Explosion, identified as a short lasting rapid local cosmic expansion, the radius
of Earth would have increased by a factor of two. This hypothesis was originally inspired by the
observation of Adams [2] that the continents seem to fit nicely together if the radius of Earth is
taken to be 1/2 of its recent radius. This hypothesis would generalize the continental drift theory
of Wegener. Rather highly developed photosynthesizing multicellular life forms would have bursted
to the surface of Earth from underground oceans and oceans were formed [7] [9, 8, 13].

The TGD proposal for the solution of the LUCA mystery relies on the solution of the mystery of the
Cambrian explosion. Bacteria and archaea would have evolved at the surface of the Earth and eukaryotes
having a cell nucleus and reproducing sexually in the underground oceans. Bacteria and archaea would
have evolved from a counterpart of LUCA having a much smaller genome and eukaryotes would have
evolved from an archaea with maximum size, which became the nucleus of the first eukaryote, LUCA.

1.3 Perplexing findings about asteroid Ryugu
Anton Petrov told in in Youtube video (see this) ”Shocking Discovery of Earth Bacteria Inside Ryugu
Asteroid Samples + Other Updates” of highly interesting recent discoveries, which might provide very
strong direct evidence for the TGD view of quantum biology. Ryugu was found to contain basic amino
acids and also RNA and microorganisms bacteria and microfossils resembling those living at Earth were
found.

The motivation for studying asteroids is that they could have been very important in the planetary
formation. The Panspermia hypothesis suggests that asteroids and similar objects could have also brought
life to the Earth and the findings about Ryugu could at first be seen as a support for this hypothesis.

One question raised by the study is whether the microorganisms living at the Earth managed somehow
to colonize the Ryugu asteroid sample. In standard biology this should not be possible. The alternative
possibility is that the evolution in Earth and Ryugu has been very similar: Ryugu indeed orbits the Sun
at an on orbit for which the distance from the Sun is smaller than the orbital radius of Mars.

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https://phys.org/news/2018-12-luca-universal-common-ancestor.html#google_vignette
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mO46CNftRDs


DNA Decipher Journal | December 2024 | Volume 14 | Issue 1 | pp. 29-36 31
Pitkänen, M., Some Mysteries of the Biological Evolution from the TGD Point of View

This would however require that the biological evolution is dictated by physics in a much longer length
scale than the Earth size scale. This is just what TGD predicts. These findings provide a test for the
TGD view of life which suggests a very general basic mechanism for the emergence of life [10, 12, 14].

2 LUCA from the TGD perspective
In the following the explanation for the perplexing findings about LUCA are discussed from the TGD
point of view.

2.1 Some basic facts about evolution
Let us relate the proposed identification of LUCA with 2657 genes to basic facts about biology.

1. It is known that parasitic bacteria have 500–1200 genes, free-living bacteria have 1500–7500 genes,
and archaea have 1500–2700 genes. Prokaryotes and archaea are monocellular organism and do
not have cell nucleus. Eukaryotes differ from Archaea and prokaryotes in that they can sexually
reproduce: this means huge evolutionary step.

2. Archaea (see this) are often thought to be more primitive than prokaryotes (see this) and eukaryotes
(see this but it seems that they resemble eukaryotes more than prokaryotes. It should be noticed
that mitochondria (see this) responsible for the metabolism have their own genome having only 37
genes to that one could (just for fun) argue that mitochondria are a natural identification of LUCA!

3. The lower bound for the gene number of free living bacteria and archaea is 1500 and smaller than
2657. It is however known that ancient bacteria had more genes than their recent forms. This might
be due to the fusion of the genes to longer genes. They could be also predecessors of LUCA in some
sense.

2.2 The number of genes for LUCA is upper bound for the genes of archaea:
what does this mean?

Intriguingly, 2657 is near the upper limit 2700 for the gene number of archaea. This raises questions.

1. Could the branches of the evolutionary tree have genuine dead ends, and are archaea and bacteria
such dead ends? Could prokaryotes and archaea correspond to separate lineages of the evolutionary
tree and did eukaryotes evolve from archaea as the cell nucleus emerged?

2. Was the gene number 2657 a critical gene number distinguishing between archaea and higher life
forms? Could this be the critical gene number above which the cell nucleus possessed by eukaryotes
becomes possible and makes possible sexual reproduction and explosive evolution of new life forms.
Did the maximally complex archaea with 2657 genes become the first eukaryote nucleus, LUCA?
If this was the case, did prokaryotes really share the genes of LUCA? Also prokaryotes and archaea
with shorter genomes exist. Are these predecessors of the nucleus of LUCA? Did prokaryotes with
gene number larger than 2657 evolve from prokaryotes separately?

3. Do prokaryotes and archaea have a common predecessor analogous to LUCA having much lower
number of genes and is it the previous candidate for the LUCA having 355 genes.

ISSN: 2159-046X DNA Decipher Journal www.www.dnadecipher.com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion


DNA Decipher Journal | December 2024 | Volume 14 | Issue 1 | pp. 29-36 32
Pitkänen, M., Some Mysteries of the Biological Evolution from the TGD Point of View

2.3 Two mysteries with a common solution: Cambrian Explosion and the
complexity of LUCA

The complexity of the genome of LUCA looks like a mystery as also the existence of two widely different
candidates for LUCA. One possible solution of the mystery relies on the Panspermia hypothesis. Most
life forms would have arrived to the Earth from elsewhere and only sufficiently complex organisms, whose
genomes contained the LUCA genome, survived in the new environment. The TGD based solution of
the mystery does not involve ETs but relies on the TGD inspired solution of the mystery of Cambrian
Explosion [7] [9, 8, 13].

In this framework, one can imagine three separate evolutionary lineages.

1. Archaea and prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria, about which there are fossils much before the
Cambrian Explosion, would have evolved at the surface of Earth. Note that cyanobacteria have
about 559 core-genes (see this).

2. More complex multicellular eukaryotes, having a cell nucleus and reproducing sexually, would have
evolved in the underground ocean oceans. The basic evolutionary step would have been the emer-
gence of the cell nucleus, perhaps as a fusion of two monocellulars. This step could have led from
LUCA as a maximally complex archaea to eukaryotes. For some reason, eukaryotes would have
survived only in underground oceans. Cosmic rays causing damage to the genes inside it might have
made sexual reproduction too risky.

3. Eukaryotes would have had the proposed LUCA as a common ancestor as the maximally complex
archaea whereas the earlier candidate for LUCA would be the common ancestor of archaea and
prokaryotes.

4. Either all the organisms of the underground oceans contained the maximally complex archaea
genome or only the organisms of the underground oceans having a genome not sorter than the LUCA
genome were sufficiently complex to survive besides the prokaryotes present from the beginning at
the surface of Earth.
LUCA as the first eukaryote, having the maximally evolved archaea as cell nucleus, would have had
just the minimum number of genes needed to survive at the surface of the Earth. The archaea and
bacteria having a genome shorter than LUCA genome would have emerged in the evolution at the
surface of the Earth before the Cambrian Explosion.

5. A fusion of two unicellulars took place in the formation of LUCA and outer cell membrane emerged.
An archaea with the genes of LUCA became the nucleus of the first eukaryote cell. The minimal
choice for the second unicellular is mitochondria with 37 genes: this would give 2694 genes, almost
the upper bound of 2700 for archaea. If cell membranes are an outcome of self-organization rather
than being coded, this system might have been able to code itself.

3 The perplexing findings about the asteroid Ryugu from the
TGD perspective

The TGD perspective about Ryugu is based on the notion of long range quantum coherence predicting
the notions of gravitational and electric magnetic body carrying phases of ordinary matter with a very
large value of Planck constant [11, 10, 12, 14]. These field bodies with sizes in astrophysical scales are
predicted to be fundamental for life and its evolution and imply that the evolution of the chemical life
is predicted to be induced by the evolution at the level of the field bodies. In this framework one can
understand why Ryugu can contain life forms resembling those on Earth.

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https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00219/full


DNA Decipher Journal | December 2024 | Volume 14 | Issue 1 | pp. 29-36 33
Pitkänen, M., Some Mysteries of the Biological Evolution from the TGD Point of View

3.1 Some facts about Ryugu
Some basic facts about Ryugu are in order. Consider first the origin of Ryugu.

1. The surface of Ryugu is very young and has an age of 8.9 ± 2.5 million years. The composition of
Ryugu shows that its material has been at a rather high temperature about 1000 C and presumably
near the Sun. Eventually Rygu would have left the inner solar system and its composition suggests
that it has been very near to the Kuiper belt with distance 30-55 AU.

2. The asteroid that arrived near the Earth from outer space must have been for a long period in
complete darkness. The object giving rise to Ryugu could have originated far from Jupiter, possibly
near the Kuiper belt. Some compounds in Ryugu can only form near the Kuiper belt. A larger
object of radius about 100 km could have suffered a collision near Earth and produced Ryugu with
a size of 10 km near Earth.

3. Recently Ryugu orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.96-1.41 AU once every 16 months (474 days (16
months); semi-major axis of 1.19 AU). Note that the distance of Mars from the Sun is about 1.5
AU. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 6 degrees with respect to the ecliptic.

The circumstances at Ryugu are favorable for life.

1. The highest temperature on the Ryugu asteroid reaches 100 degrees C, while the coldest regions sit at
about room temperature. Temperatures also change depending on the solar distance of the asteroid,
lowering as Ryugu moves further away from the Sun. This would mean that the circumstances at
Ryugu become favourable for life as it passes Earth. The lowering of the temperature at a large
distance would not be fatal.
Hydration is essential for life. The required range of dehydration reaction temperature decreases
with increasing substitution of the hydroxy-containing carbon: Primary alcohols: 170–180 de-
grees C; secondary alcohols: 100–140 degrees C; tertiary alcohols: 25 degrees-–80 degrees C. Pri-
mary/secondary/tertiary refers to the position of -OH substitution in Carbon atom.

2. Ryugu contains liquid water and also carbonated water. Coral-like inorganic crystals are present.
The sample contained carbon rich molecules, amino acids and components of RNA and hydrated
compounds! Ammonium.

3. It has also been found that Ryugu contains phosphorus rich samples. Phosphorus plays a central
role in metabolism and in the ”dark” realization of the genetic code in TGD. The abstract of the
article [4] summarizes the findings.
Parent bodies of C-type asteroids may have brought key volatile and organic-rich compounds to the
terrestrial planets in the early stages of the Solar System. At the end of 2020, the JAXA Hayabusa2
mission successfully returned samples from Ryugu, providing access to a primitive matter that has
not suffered terrestrial alteration. Here we report the discovery of a peculiar class of grains, up
to a few hundreds of micrometres in size, that have a hydrated ammonium–magnesium–phosphorus
(HAMP)-rich composition. Their specific chemical and physical properties point towards an origin in
the outer Solar System, beyond most snow lines, and their preservation along Ryugu history. These
phosphorus-rich grains, embedded within an organic-rich phyllosilicate matrix, may have played a
major role when immersed in primitive terrestrial water reservoirs. In particular, in contrast to
poorly soluble calcium-rich phosphates, HAMP grains favour the release of phosphorus-rich and
nitrogen-rich ionic species, to enter chemical reactions. HAMP grains may have thus critically
contributed to the reaction pathways of organic matter towards a biochemical evolution.

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DNA Decipher Journal | December 2024 | Volume 14 | Issue 1 | pp. 29-36 34
Pitkänen, M., Some Mysteries of the Biological Evolution from the TGD Point of View

3.2 Objections against the Panspermia hypothesis as explanation of the find-
ings about Ryugu

The panspermia hypothesis states that Ryugu and similar objects could have served as a source of life on
Earth.

1. Overpopulation problem is the theoretical objection against the Panspermia hypothesis. No new
forms of life are possible since no niches are left untouched.

2. There is also a second objection against the panspermia hypothesis as an explanation of these
findings about Ryugu. It has been claimed that the Ryugu sample was contaminated by terrestrial
microorganisms [3] (see this). Nitrogen dioxide NO2 is used in sterilization meant to remove, kill,
or deactivate all forms of life present in fluid or on a specific surface. Life forms of Earth should
not be able to colonize samples under extremely sterile conditions. If contamination occurred, its
mechanism is unknown.
The Ryugu samples contained terrestrial microbes and they evolved with time. Their DNA has not
yet been identified. They resemble bacilles, which are everywhere on the Earth.

3. Microfossils have been found in meteorites [5]. They have been found also in Ryugu but only at the
surface of Ryugu and were reported to be new fossils. The reason could be that microbes have sur-
vived only at the surface of Ryugu where they receive solar light necessary for photosynthesis. The
proposal of [3] is that terrestrial organisms might by some unknown mechanism have contaminated
the surface of Ryugu and produced the microfossils.

3.3 The TGD view of Ryugu
Neither panspermia hypothesis nor contamination look plausible in the TGD framework. Life would have
evolved by the same basic mechanism both at the Earth and the asteroids and other similar objects.

1. Ryugu stays relatively near the Earth at its orbit. This could have also made possible the generation
of organic matter inside the sample during the period that Ryugu has spent at its orbit around the
Sun. This requires a model for how this happens and standard physics does not provide such a
model.

2. The notion of the field body is central in the TGD inspired quantum biology and would act as
controller of the biological body [10, 12]. Ordinary genetic code is proposed to be accompanied by
its dark variant realized at the field body for ordinary particles at it having a very large value of
effective Planck constant and behaving like dark matter. Could the field body of the Earth and Sun
have induced the generation of organic molecules and even bacterial life forms in the same way as
they did this at the Earth?

3. The notion of the gravitational magnetic body, characterized by gravitational Planck constant
introduced by Nottale [1], containing protons behaving like dark matter, represents new quantum
physics relevant to the TGD inspired quantum biology. OH-O− + dark proton qubits and their
generalizations based on biologically important ions formed by salts would be the key element of
life [14] suggesting besides chemical life also other forms of life.
Any cold plasma (plasmoids as life forms) and even quartz crystals could give rise to these qubits
at temperatures near the room temperature around which the flips of these qubits are possible.
The difference of OH bonding energy and O− binding energy determines the relevant energy. Its
nominal value is .33 eV and is near the metabolic energy quantum of about .5 eV and near to the
thermal energy .15 eV at physiological temperatures.

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https://www.space.com/ryugu-asteroid-sample-earth-life-colonization


DNA Decipher Journal | December 2024 | Volume 14 | Issue 1 | pp. 29-36 35
Pitkänen, M., Some Mysteries of the Biological Evolution from the TGD Point of View

4. These qubits would make the matter living and life in this sense is universal. Dark genetic code
is predicted and corresponds to the ordinary chemical genetic code. Basic biomolecules would give
rise to analogs of topological quantum computers.
The flipping of these qubits would make quantum computation like information processing possible?
Pollack effect by photon absorption can induce OH→ O− +dark proton transition and the reversal
of this process and the reversal of this process can take place spontaneously. If O−+dark proton
has a lower energy than OH, it can be also induced by a presence of electric field or absorption of
photons by O− so that OH becomes the minimum energy state.

Could one understand the findings about Ryugu in this framework?

1. The presence of gravitational magnetic bodies of Earth and Sun could have induced the formation
of OH-O− qubits and more general qubits, not only at the Earth but also at Ryugu. The presence
of OH bonds requires hydration and hydration is indeed possible at Ryugu.
Therefore the same mechanism could have led to the emergence of the basic organic molecules at
the Earth, at Mars and inside the Ryugu asteroid and meteorites. Since the minimal distance of the
Earth and Ryugu from the Sun is nearly the same, the temperature of Ryugu is near its maximal
value when it is near the Earth so that the temperature would never get too hot.

2. Ryugu is under the influence of the gravitational bodies of both the Earth and the Sun. Ryugu
passesnear the Earth repeatedly with a period of 4 years. The organic molecules and various
hydrated compounds could have gradually formed during about 10 million years as it passed near
the Earth. Also bacterial life could have emerged in this way. Therefore contamination need not be
in question.

Received December 10, 2024; Accepted December 31, 2024

References
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https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0310036.

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[4] Pilorget C et al. Phosphorus-rich grains in Ryugu samples with major biochemical potential. Nature
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[5] Rozanov AYu et al. New findings of Microfossils in the Orgueil Meteorite. Palentolog-
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[8] Pitkänen M. Empirical support for the Expanding Earth Model and TGD view about classical gauge
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ISSN: 2159-046X DNA Decipher Journal www.www.dnadecipher.com
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https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0310036
https://www.nealadams.com/challenge.html
https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.14288
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Pitkänen, M., Some Mysteries of the Biological Evolution from the TGD Point of View

[9] Pitkänen M. Updated version of Expanding Earth model. https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/
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ISSN: 2159-046X DNA Decipher Journal www.www.dnadecipher.com
Published by QuantumDream, Inc.

https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/expearth2021.pdf
https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/expearth2021.pdf
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https://tgdtheory.fi/public_html/articles/QCs.pdf

	Introduction
	The mystery of life's origin deepens
	The mystery of Cambrian Explosion
	Perplexing findings about asteroid Ryugu

	LUCA from the TGD perspective
	Some basic facts about evolution
	The number of genes for LUCA is upper bound for the genes of archaea: what does this mean?
	Two mysteries with a common solution: Cambrian Explosion and the complexity of LUCA

	The perplexing findings about the asteroid Ryugu from the TGD perspective
	Some facts about Ryugu
	Objections against the Panspermia hypothesis as explanation of the findings about Ryugu
	The TGD view of Ryugu


