MattiPitkanen1_V7N2.pdf


DNA Decipher Journal | December 2017 | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | pp. 98-128 98

Pitkänen, M., Life-like Properties Observed in a Very Simple System

Article

Life-like Properties Observed in a Very Simple System

Matti Pitkänen 1

Abstract

The physicists working in Emory University have made very interesting discovery. The very
simple system studied exhibits what authors call self-organized bi-stability making phase transitions
between crystal-like and gas-like phases. The expectation was that only single stable state would
appear. Neuron groups can also have collective bi-stability (periodic synchronous firing). Neurons
are however themselves bi-stable systems: now the particles are plastic balls and are not bi-stable.
One could say that the system exhibits life-like properties. The most remarkable life-like property is
metabolism required by the sequence of phase transitions involving dissipation.

Where does the metabolic energy come from? The proposal of experimenters is that stochastic
resonance feeds the needed metabolic energy leaves open its source. The resemblance with living cells
suggests that the attempt to interpret the findings solely in terms of non-equilibrium thermodynamics
might miss something essential - the metabolism.

One can develop a model for the system based on TGD inpired quantum biology. This involves the
notion of magnetic body carrying dark matter identified as heff = n×h phases; a network of magnetic
flux tubes (magnetic body) controlling biological body (now charged plastic balls) and responsible
for coherence and synchrony (of the crystal-like phase now); the control of the oscillations of BB
by cyclotron radiation (now the plastic ball system) resulting from decays of cyclotron condensates
of charged particles (now protons and Ar ions). The source of metabolic energy would come from
dark nucleosynthesis explaining nuclear transmutations occurring in living matter and ”cold fusion”
and serving as source of metabolic energy in prebiotic stage when the chemical energy storage had
not yet emerged. Dark analogs of DNA, RNA, tRNA, and amino-acids are dark protons sequences
realizing degeneracies of vertebrate genetic code are dark nuclei and can transform to ordinary nuclei
and liberate nuclear binding energy so that the hen-egg question about which came first: metabolism
or genetic code, is resolved: hen= egg.

There is also second very simple system exhibiting life-like properties. The system consists of
particles with a feed of acoustic energy at single wavelength. What happens is that the distribution
of particles develops synchronous oscillations in wave length band below the acoustic wavelength. The
oscillation amplitudes are reduced in this band so that wavelength gap emerges. The system is also
able to heal. The interpretation is in terms of the emergence of flux tube structure rigidifying the
system to pseudo-crystal. The energy of the oscillations of the particles is transferred to MB where
it gives rise to Alfwen waves with a wavelength band analogous to atomic energy bands.

1 Introduction

I encountered in FB a link to a rather interesting article by physicists working in Emory University. The
title of the popular article was ”Physicists show how lifeless particles can become ’life-like’ by switching

behaviors” (see http://tinyurl.com/y8wrz9ho).
The article ”Emergent bi-stability and Switching in a Nonequilibrium Crystal” by Guram Gogia and

Justin Burton is published in PRL and can be found in ArXiv [12] (see http://tinyurl.com/ychho4l8).
Justin Burton leads a physics group working at Emory University. Guram Gogia who made the discovery
is her student.

The physicists working in Emory University have made very interesting discovery. The very simple
system studied exhibits what authors call self-organized bi-stability making phase transitions between

1Correspondence: Matti Pitkänen http://tgdtheory.com/. Address: Rinnekatu 2-4 A8, 03620, Karkkila, Finland. Email:

matpitka6@gamail.com.

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DNA Decipher Journal | December 2017 | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | pp. 98-128 99

Pitkänen, M., Life-like Properties Observed in a Very Simple System

crystal-like and gas-like phases. The expectation was that only single stable state would appear. Neuron
groups can also have collective bi-stability (periodic synchronous firing). Neurons are however themselves
bi-stable systems: now the particles are plastic balls and are not bi-stable. One could say that the
system exhibits life-like properties. The most remarkable life-like property is metabolism required by the
sequence of phase transitions involving dissipation.

Where does the metabolic energy come from? The proposal that stochastic resonance feeds the needed
metabolic energy leaves open its source. The resemblance with living cells suggests that the attempt to
interpret the findings solely in terms of non-equilibrium thermodynamics might miss something essential
- the metabolism.

TGD provides a general model for living systems relying on the notion of magnetic body (MB),
hierarchy of Planck constants heff = n×h labelling phases of ordinary matter identifiable as dark matter,
and the realization of control and communication signals between MB and biological body using dark
photons [27, 26]. Bio-photons would result in the transformation of dark photons to ordinary photons and
EEG would rely on dark cyclotron photons and generalized Josephson photons from cell membrane (also
bio-photons would relate to them). Bose Einstein condensates of dark variants of biologically important
ions or their Cooper pairs are also in a central role. The assumption hgr = heff , where hgr is so called
gravitational Planck constant, implies that the energy spectrum of dark cyclotron photons is universal (no
dependence on the mass of ion) and naturally in visible and UV range characterizing molecular transition
energies. [32, 31].

One can develop a detailed TGD inspired model for the findings leading to an identification of new
control tools of MB (MB). Quantum criticality makes it possible for MB can adapt to the biological body
(BB) so that it can generated cyclotron frequencies, which correspond to the characteristic frequencies
of BB: forced oscillations serve as a control tool of MB. Also the analogs of Alfwen waves identifiable as
analogs of string vibrations allow to control the systems at the nodes of the flux tube network.

In the system studied the crystal-like phase corresponds to a connected flux tube network associated
having plastic balls as nodes, and gas-like phase to a totally disconnected network with connecting flux
tube pairs split into flux loops. That freezing would require energy (going to the magnetic energy of flux
tube network in heff increasing phase transition) does not conform with the thermodynamics of classical
systems. That superfluid Helium has similar strange feature at low enough temperatures suggests that
the system is indeed quantal. Cyclotron Bose-Einstein (BE) condensates of Cooper pairs of Ar+ ions,
protons, and electrons are proposed to be relevant. Encouragingly, the ratio of frequencies for horizontal
and vertical oscillations frequencies of crystal-like structure is equal to the ratio of cyclotron frequencies
for Ar+ and proton.

One of the key challenges is to identify the the prebiotic source of metabolic energy. The sequences
of dark protons identifiable as dark nuclei give in TGD framework rise to analogs of DNA, RNA, tRNA,
and amino-acids [19, 20, 39]. The model predicts the degeneracies of vertebrate genetic code correctly. In
TGD based model for ”cold fusion” as dark nucleosynthesis (DNS) serving as a predecessor of ordinary
nucleosynthesis dark nuclei transform to ordinary nuclei liberating almost all nuclear binding energy
[30, 41]. Dark analogs of DNA, RNA, tRNA, and amino-acids would therefore provide also the sought for
prebiotic source of metabolic energy in the system studied: the egg-or-hen problem about whether the
genes or metabolism came first, would be resolved.

There is also second very simple system exhibiting life-like properties. The system consists of particles
with a feed of acoustic energy at single wavelength. What happens is that the distribution of particles
develops synchronous oscillations in wave length band below the acoustic wavelength. The oscillation
amplitudes are reduced in this band so that wavelength gap emerges. The system is also able to heal.
The interpretation is in terms of the emergence of flux tube structure rigidifying the system to pseudo-
crystal. The energy of the oscillations of the particles is transferred to MB where it gives rise to Alfwen
waves with a wavelength band analogous to atomic energy bands.

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Pitkänen, M., Life-like Properties Observed in a Very Simple System

2 Experimental findings

The news [12] is that the system studied exhibits what authors call self-organized bi-stability making
phase transitions between crystal-like and gas-like phases. The expectation was that only single stable
state would appear. Neuron groups can also have collective bi-stability (periodic synchronous firing).
Neurons are however themselves bi-stable systems: now the particles are plastic balls, which are not bi-
stable systems. One could say that the system exhibits life-like properties. The most remarkable life-like
property is metabolism required by the sequence of phase transitions involving dissipation. Where does
the metabolic energy come from?

The durations of the switching time scales are shorter than stable periods and also shorter than
predicted by the simulation. The presence of periodicity perturbation, presumably the period for the
oscillating phase transition, is suggestive and authors conjecture that there is a weak but yet unidentified
periodic signal present required by the proposed stochastic resonance model.

Let us consider first in some detail what the system is and what happens in it.

1. The system studied consists of small charged plastic balls of radius nearly 10 µm (cell size scale) in a
cold atmospheric plasma consisting of Argon ions (Ar+) (see http://tinyurl.com/yc7q6l7o). The
charged plastic balls consist of melamine formaldehyde (MF) polymers. The plasma is generated
using a voltage between electrode and Earth leading to the ionization of Ar to Ar+: the typical
value of voltage is 6 Volt. The electrons from Argon atoms provide negative charge for the plastic
balls.

2. Negatively charged BF balls are levitated above the electrode having negative charge given by
Q = CV , where C and V are the geometrically determined capacitance and the voltage of the ball.
In equilibrium position gravitational and electrostatic forces compensate each other when the size
of the ball in certain range. Too heavy balls fall down to the electrode and lighter balls levitate
and form a cloud, whose thickness is determined by the variation of the radius of plastic balls. BF
balls have mutual repulsive action. The negative charge of the balls is screened by Ar+ ions with
screening characterized by Debye length λD ∼ 1 mm. There is also a gradient in the density of
Ar+ ions attracting the balls near the centreof the electrode. The situation is modelled in terms of
confining harmonic oscillator potentials in vertical and transversal directions.

3. A crystal-like phase is created by the horizontal confinement. In crystal-like phase collective syn-
chronous oscillations in the vertical direction are initiated so that the equilibrium height of hexagonal
plastic ball lattice oscillates. Oscillations are damped by dissipation. The oscillation frequency is
determined by the sum of gravitational and electric interaction potentials. The variation cV of
the radius of the plastic ball induces a variation of the mass M and capacitance C and therefore
also a variation of the oscillation frequencies fV and fH in vertical and transversal directions. The
typical values of these frequencies are fV = 20 Hz and fH = .5 Hz. This implies that synchrony
of oscillations is lost, and eventually a transition to gas-like phase takes place as nucleation centres
for gas-like phase are formed. The gas-like phase dissipates its energy.

Remark: That the ratio fV /fH = 40 equals to the ratio of cyclotron frequencies of proton and
Ar+ serves as an important guideline in TGD inspired model.

4. The surprise was that for low pressures and low Ar+ ion densities a transition to crystal-like phase
takes place: this transition correspond to a critical value of the variation cV for the plastic ball
radius. Above the critical value of cV the system remains in gas phase and below it in crystal-like
phase. The crystal-like phase is collectively oscillating in vertical direction, which requires energy
feed.

There is synchrony between the dynamics of plastic balls in crystal-like phase, which is lost and
leads to a melting and loss of phase phase coherence between oscillations of plastic balls. Particle
system was repeatedly melting and freezing.

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Pitkänen, M., Life-like Properties Observed in a Very Simple System

5. Since the analog of crystal-like phase is repeatedly generated, there must be a feed of energy to the
system analogous to metabolic energy feed in living systems. The proposal of the article is that the
energy feed is due to a stochastic resonance [7]. In stochastic resonance noise amplifies oscillatory
signal fed into the system if its frequency f satisfies f = f(spont)/2, where f(spont) is the average
frequency for the jumps between the bi-stable states of the system due to noise. Since the period
of conjectured oscillation is τ ∼ 100 s one should have τ(spont) ∼ 50 s. The period for this process
is considerably longer than for the vertical oscillations. The origin of this self-induced oscillation
required by stochastic resonance model is not understood and one can even challenge its existence.

Remark: From the point of view of quantum biology it might be highly relevant that plastic balls
consists of organic molecules. BF molecules involve aromatic 6-cycles appearing also in DNA. There is
negative charge associated with the plastic balls. Also DNA carries negative charges associated with
phosphate ions.

3 Basic ideas of TGD inspired quantum biology

TGD Universe is quantum critical and quantum criticality involves universal dynamics. This raises the
hope that also the TGD inspired model of living systems is universal and applicable also in the recent
context. The findings would provide a test for TGD view and even allow to sharpen it. TGD based view
about living systems involves several new notions.

3.1 Dark matter as hierarchy of phases of ordinary matter with heff = n× h

The first new element is the hierarchy of Planck constants heff/h = n. In adelic physics [44, 45] proposed
to provide physical correlates of both sensory experience and cognition heff/h = n serves as a kind of IQ
for the system measuring its algebraic complexity (n could correspond to the order of the Galois group
for the extension of rationals defining the adele in question).

1. Quantum criticality is the basic property of TGD Universe and also an essential aspect of what
it is to be living in TGD Universe and the associated long range fluctuations and correlations
correspond to large values of heff/h = n for the flux tubes of MB [31]. The increase of heff/h = n
keeping magnetic field strength un-affected reduces binding energies for electrons of atoms and
increases cyclotron energy scale and scales up quantum lengths and times, in particular the scales
of quantum coherence and this kind of phase transitions seem to be crucial in TGD inspired biology.

The energies of subsystems indeed typically increase with heff . For instance, atomic binding energies
are proportional to 1/h2

eff . Cyclotron energies are in turn proportional to heff .

The function of metabolism in TGD Universe is to increase the value of heff for some sub-systems
of living system, and therefore to increase the complexity of the subsystem. The reduction of heff

liberates energy and this energy could kick the reacting molecules over the potential wall in bio-
catalysis. The reduction of n forcing the shortening of the flux tubes could provide a mechanism
allowing the reacting biomolecules to find each other in a dense molecular soup.

2. The cyclotron frequencies of dark ions in the magnetic field of the flux tubes do not depend on
heff/h = n but the cyclotron energies Ec = heff×f are scaled up by factor n so that they are above
thermal energy at physiological temperatures and can carry information so that they can be used
for communication and control purposes. Cell membrane acts as a generalized Josephson junction
and dark Josephson radiation communicates sensory information to MB coded to the modulation
of the generalized Josephson frequency by the variations of neuronal membrane potential induced
by nerve pulse patterns [25, 18].

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Pitkänen, M., Life-like Properties Observed in a Very Simple System

3.2 hgr = heff hypothesis and universal cyclotron energies

hgr = heff hypothesis [32, 31] and its generalizations such as e hem = heff represent a further key element
of the TGD inspired model of living matter. This relationship is proposed to hold when the coupling
strength proportional to appropriate charges is so large that perturbation series does not converge. The
large value of heff reduces the value of coupling strength proportional to 1/heff so that dark matter
satisfying this condition would allow a perturbative description.

1. Nottale [9] introduced originally the notion of gravitational Planck constant ~gr = GMm/v0 to
explain the orbital radii of planets in solar system as Bohr orbits. The value of the velocity parameter
v0/c is of order 2−11 ≃ .5 × 10−3 for the inner planets. The interpretation in TGD framework is
that the magnetic flux tubes mediate gravitational interaction between masses M and m and the
value of Planck constant is hgr at them.

The proposal heff = hgr at flux tubes is very natural sharpening of the original hypothesis [31, 32].
The predictions of the model do not depend on whetherm is taken to be the mass of the planet or any
elementary particle associated with it and the gravitational Compton length λgr = GMc/v0 does
not depend on the mass of the particle, and is proportional to the Schwartschild radius rS = 2GM
of Sun. This encourages the idea about astroscopic quantum coherence at magnetic flux tubes
mediating gravitational interaction. One of the applications is to the fountain effect of superfluidity
[31].

In the biological applications the identification of mass M as Earth mass is one possibility but there
are also other options [32]. The identification of v0 as some mechanical velocity scale looks natural.

2. hgr = heff hypothesis predicts that cyclotron energies do not depend on the mass of the particle
whereas cyclotron frequencies are proportional to 1/m. Cyclotron energy spectrum would be uni-
versal and correspond to the spectrum of magnetic field strengths B. Bio-photons with energies in
visible and UV are proposed to result as dark photons satisfying hgr = heff transform to ordinary
photons. For B = Bend = 2BE/5 (BE = .5 Gauss is the nominal value of the Earth’s magnetic field)
the hypothesis fixes the scale of cyclotron frequencies and hgr should be in the range 1012 − 1014.

3.3 MB (MB) and its motor actions

A further new element is the notion of MB (MB) adding to the pair formed by organism and environment
a third member. This brings into biochemistry a radically new element [27, 26]. One can say that MB
uses biological body as a motor instrument and sensory receptor.

1. In TGD standard model gauge fields and gravitational field are replaced locally by the 4 imbedding
space-time coordinates behaving like field variables. This implies an enormous simplification of the
local dynamics however lost in the QFT limit replacing many-sheeted space-time with a slightly
curved region of M4. A further simplification comes from preferred extremal property [33, 35, 36].

2. At the level of space-time topology the situation becomes however extremely complex. Gauge fields
created by the system are replaced with field body consisting of topological field quanta (space-
time sheets) so that one can assign to a system well-defined field identity - field body. One has a
fractal hierarchy of field bodies within field bodies. Magnetic flux quanta represent one example of
topological field quantization.

System has therefore besides its biological body (BB) also MB (MB) carrying dark matter particles
identified ordinary particles with scaled up Planck constant heff/h = n implying scaling up of
various quantum length and time scales (by factor n in the simplest situation). MB has a hierarchical
onion-like structure corresponding to various p-adic length scales and various values of heff .

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Pitkänen, M., Life-like Properties Observed in a Very Simple System

MB can control BB by ”motor actions” in which the length L and possibly also the area S of flux tubes
change [27]. This affects string tension and amplitude of oscillations of systems connected by magnetic
flux tubes so that motor action of BB is induced. The phase transition changing the field strength could
be induced by a phase transition changing heff : if magnetic flux is monopole flux it is conserved. There
are two options.

1. The scaling (S,L) → n× (S,L) leaves L/S invariant and scales down the magnetic field strength as
B ∝ 1/S → B/n. Magnetic energy and cyclotron energies are unaffected but cyclotron frequencies
fc scale down as fc → fc/n. There is quantum criticality corresponding to flux tubes with same
value of L/S in the sense that these systems have same energies. This kind of quantum criticality
could occur at critical values of relevant parameters.

Quantum criticality makes it possible for MB to tune its cyclotron frequency spectrum so that it
corresponds to a given set of frequencies associated with BB. MB can control the corresponding
oscillatory processes at BB by using dark cyclotron radiation transformed to bio-photons as a
resonant driving force. Dark cyclotron radiation would result from the decay of dark cyclotron BE
condensates. MB would thus adapt to the properties of BB. The larger the maximal value of n, the
wider the variety of different adaptations, the higher the ability of the system to survive, and the
higher the evolutionary level of the system.

The cyclotron energy spectrum associated with EEG could also entrain to various frequencies
assignable to the neural circuits and in this manner MB would gain a control over them. En-
trainment occurring at the level of brain would be second example of this process. MB learns to
mimic the processes occurring at the level of BB and in this manner gains control over them. MB
also learns how to get information about them. The motor actions of MB allowing to change the
thickness and length of the flux tubes would be essential for achieving this.

Remark: In the case studied the frequencies fV and fH assignable to the oscillations of plastic
balls would correspond to frequencies at level of BB to which MB tunes by a suitable choice of heff .

2. For (S,L) → (S, n × L), magnetic field remains invariant so that cyclotron frequencies are unaf-
fected. Magnetic energies and cyclotron energies are scaled up by n: one might say that one has
criticality in classical sense. This kind of transitions require energy and are analogous to first order
thermodynamical phase phase transitions.

Remark: In the case studied the phase transition from gas to crystal-like phase of plastic balls
would correspond to the increase of heff leaving the frequencies invariant and would thus require
energy in contrast to the usual view that energy is liberated in freezing (Helium superfluids are the
only exception to the rule, and are macroscopically quantum coherent systems).

3. The decay of cyclotron BE condensates at MB generates dark cyclotron radiation, which can trans-
form to ordinary radiation and drive oscillatory processes at BB [28, 29]. This provides an additional
control mechanism. Dark photons can transform to ordinary ones in several manners. The follow-
ing special cases are diametric opposites of each other and correspond to n ↔ 1 transitions. More
general transitions are of type m ↔ n.

(a) Dark photon with energy E = heff × f can transform to ordinary photon with same energy
and frequency n × f . Bio-photons would result from low frequency dark photons - even dark
EEG photons - in this manner. Bio-photons are in visible and UV range and biomolecules
have excitation energies in this range so that MB could control bio-chemistry in this manner.

(b) Dark photons with energy E = heff × f can decay to a bunch of n ordinary photons with
the same frequency f but energy E/n. This could allow MB to control electromagnetic and
mechanical oscillations taking place at low frequencies.

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DNA Decipher Journal | December 2017 | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | pp. 98-128 104

Pitkänen, M., Life-like Properties Observed in a Very Simple System

Also transformation which reduce Planck constant but do not lead to n = 1 state are possible.

Remark: In the case studied the decay of BE condensates to ordinary ELF photons could allow
the control of the oscillations of plastic balls.

4. Alfwen waves (see http://tinyurl.com/7ekxqt2) are part of the dynamics of ordinary Maxwellian
magnetic field often described phenomenologically as oscillations of magnetic flux tubes. The phase
velocity v = c/

√
ǫ is light velocity in vacuum modified by the dielectric constant ǫ = 1+ ρ/B2 (one

has c = 1, ǫ0 = 1,and µ0 = 1 in the units used) caused by the total mass density of charged matter
and energy density magnetic field.

Alfwen waves generalize in TGD framework to oscillatory perturbations of the magnetic flux tubes,
which in 1-D approximation for flux tubes can be modelled by transversal vibrations of string
characterized by string tension proportional to L/S. In longitudinal directions the vibrations are
in the interior of string trivial but induce oscillations of the distance between the ends of the string
and are thus visible in the dynamics of BB.

Remark: In the recent situation Alfwen waves would naturally affect the dynamics of plastic balls
in the crystal-like phase if flux tubes connecting the plasma balls are present.

5. The motor actions of MB can also change the topology of MB. BB is assumed to posses closed U-
shaped flux tubes acting as kind of tentacles scanning the environment and re-connecting with the
U-shape flux tubes associated with other systems to form pairs of flux tubes connecting two systems
[20, 21, 22]. These reconnections would serve as a topological correlate for a directed attention and
for entanglement between the systems at the ends of the flux tubes. For instance, immune system
would have developed from this kind of scanning of the environment.

One can imagine even more radical magnetic ”motor actions”. At given level of hierarchy of space-
time sheets space-time sheets of sub-systems can be connected by a network of magnetic flux tubes
[40]. The connectedness of the flux tube network can change by the re-connection process and its
reversal. The increase of heff affects the size of the closed loops and can induce their reconnections
to flux tube pairs connecting the systems at its ends. The reduction heff can induce the reversal
of reconnection and split the flux tube pair to two flux loops. This gives rise to quantum analogs
of phase transitions between crystal-like and fluid-like phases.

Remark: In the case studied the formation of crystal phase from plastic balls could correspond to
the re-connection of flux loops assignable to plastic balls to form kind of tensor network correlating
the dynamics of plastic balls. Its reversal would lead to gas phase.

3.4 Dark nucleosynthesis (DNS) as a source of metabolic energy in prebiotic
systems?

One of the key challenges is to identify the prebiotic source of the metabolic energy. The sequences of
dark protons identifiable as dark nuclei give in TGD framework rise to analogs of DNA, RNA, tRNA,
and amino-acids. In TGD based model for ”cold fusion” as dark nucleosynthesis (DNS) proposed to serve
as the predecessor of ordinary nucleosynthesis these dark nuclei transform to ordinary nuclei liberating
almost all nuclear binding energy [30, 41]. DNS could provide the sought for prebiotic source of metabolic
energy and also a source of metabolic energy in the system studied.

1. There is a considerable evidence for the production of energy in what is known as ”cold fusion” not
allowed by the standard nuclear physics [38, 41]. As a matter of fact, cold fusion is definitely not in
question, which has motivated the introduction of the term low energy nuclear reactions (LENR).
What definitely occurs are nuclear transmutations, that is formation of nuclear isotopes not present
in the original system. Also energy is produced [4, 3].

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Pitkänen, M., Life-like Properties Observed in a Very Simple System

The typical experimental arrangement involves electrolysis in which one has a voltage between
electrodes inducing the ionization of hydrogen or deuterium. The positive ions flow towards the
negatively charged cathode and the transmuted elements appear at the cathode and also heat is
produced. Now one has negatively charged electrode and also plastic balls are negatively charged
being thus analogous to cathode with a negative surface charge. Ar+ ions could take the role of
protons or deuterium ions. Also protons could be present.

2. I have been recently working with a detailed model for ”cold fusion” [38, 41, 30]. In Widom-Larsen
model (WL) [1, 6] to LENR only standard model of nuclear interactions is used but some unrealistic
looking assumptions must be made. Remarkably, there is also evidence that the transmutations take
place also in living matter [2, 5] and the question is whether nuclear transmutations could provide
a new source of metabolic energy.

TGD based model involves new physics and relies on DNS involving the formation of dark proton
sequences at magnetic flux tubes of MB of the system [38]. Dark proton sequences would be dark nuclei
and would suffer rapidly occurring dark beta decays replacing some dark protons with dark neutrons.
Dark nuclei would transform to ordinary nuclei and liberate almost all of ordinary nuclear binding energy
in the process. Most of the energy could go to the magnetic flux tubes possibly leading out of the system
and would be lost. The flux tubes entering to the negatively charged surfaces such as some regions of
cathode would be an exception.

Could stable light nuclei fuse to heavier ones by forming dark nuclei consisting of weakly bound
ordinary nuclei transforming to ordinary nuclei also in living matter? If dark weak decays are not
involved, both (A,Z) are additive in the process. If dark weak decays are allowed, only A is additive.
If these fusion reactions produce the biologically important ions, A and possibly also Z for the nuclei of
biological ions would form an additive group with some basic nuclei serving as generators.

1. If proton is taken as an additive generator, the situation is trivialized. On the other hand proton,
is not a genuine nucleus, and ordinary nuclei of form A = Z are also unstable. It is however to
add dark protons to an ordinary nucleus at magnetic flux tubes to get (Z,A) → (Z + 1, A + 1)
suggested by Widom and Larsen to be a basic process. Dark proton could suffer dark weak decay
with a scaled up rate since dark weak bosons are effectively massless below the size scale defined
by their scaled up Compton length. This mechanism is central in both WL model of LENR and in
TGD based model of DNS [41].

2. He(2, 4) is the basic product in DNS and because its large binding energy would be a natural
generating nucleus. The resulting nuclei would have (Z,A) = n × (2, 4). A is always even for
these nuclei. The nuclei C,O,Ne,Mg, S,Ar, Ca are all stable and correspond to n = 3, 4, ..., 10.
C,O,Mg, S,Ca are of central importance in living matter. Be(4, 8) with n = 2 is missing from the
list. The reason is that it has very short life-time against alpha decay whereas energy conservation
prevents alpha decays of the heavier nuclei in sequence.

3. D(1, 2) is the lightest non-trivial candidate and would give nuclei of form (Z,A) = n × (1, 2).
The binding energy of D is however rather small. The nuclei formed as multiples of He(2, 4) can
be formally regarded as even multiples of D(1, 2) (only formally, because the binding energy per
nucleon for He(2, 4) is considerably larger than for D(1, 2)). The odd multiples correspond to stable
isotopes Li(3, 6), B(5, 10), N(7, 14) corresponding to n = 3, 5, 7. F (9, 18) decays to stable O(8, 18),
Na(11, 20) decays to stable Ne(10, 20), and Al(13, 26) to stable Mg(12, 36). This reflects the fact
that for stable heavier isotopes the number of neutrons is larger than number of protons.

4. Li(3, 6) is stable albeit not the most abundant isotope of Lithium. C,F,Mg, P,Ar have isotope of
form n × (3, 6) with n = 2, 3, .., 6. Most of these nuclei are obtained from He(2, 4). The isotopes
F (9, 18) and P (15, 30) are unstable and decay by beta decay to to stable O(8, 18) and Si(14, 30)
respectively.

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5. One can also form sums of different nuclei: (Z,A) = (Z1, A1) + (Z2, A2).

(a) The simplest sum corresponds to (Z2, A2) = (1, 2) = D. This addition is especially natural for
nuclei which are multiples of He(2, 4). This allows to transform isotopes H(2, A) to Li(3, A+2)
and Li(3, A) to Be(4, A + 2), Be(4, A) to B(5, A + 2), B(5, A) to C(6, A + 2), C(6, A) to
N(7, A + 2), and N(7, A) to O(8, A + 2). O(8, A) cannot be transformed to a stable isotope
F (9, A+ 2).

(b) The addition of dark proton to a stable nucleus ((Z+1, A+1) = (Z,A)+p is the key mechanism
of WL model and conforms with the basic vision about the DNS as formation of dark proton
sequences and addition of dark protons to an ordinary nucleus at the flux tube.

For instance, one has Na(11, 23) = Ne(10, 22) + p, P (15, 31) = Si(14, 30) + p, S(16, 31) =
P (15, 30) + p, Cl(17, 35) = S(16, 36) + p, K(19, 39) = Ar(18, 38) + p, and Mn(25, 44) =
Cr(24, 54)+ p ). All nuclei except P (15, 30) appearing in the initial state are stable. P (15, 20)
suffers (perhaps dark) beta decay to Si(14,30), which is stable. This however does not prefent
the addition of proton to take place.

Fe(26, 56) is an important biological ion and could be obtained from Fe(26, 52) by an addition
of four dark protons with subsequent dark weak decays of proton to neutron. Fe(26, 52) is
unstable against beta decay to Mn(25, 52) in turn unstable about beta decay to Cr(24, 52),
which is stable.

(c) One can consider also sums of heavier isotopes. For instance, the sums K(19, 39) = O(8, 16)+
Na(11, 23) and Ca(20, 40) = O(8, 16)+Mg(12, 24) are stable biologically important nuclei ob-
tained as sums of stable biologically important nuclei. Biologically important nucleiNa(11, 23),
P (15, 31), S(16, 31), Cl(17, 35), K(19, 39), Mn(25, 55) have odd value of A so that they are
not obtained as sums of the nuclei constructed using the rules discussed above.

To sum up, that the nuclei obtained as multiples of He(2, 4) correspond to several biologically impor-
tant nuclei can be seen as an indication that dark fusion of at least He(2, 4) nuclei takes place in living
matter.

4 TGD based explanation for the life-like aspects of the system

The system under study [12] indeed has several features bringing in mind living cell as it is understood
in TGD.

1. The situation is in some aspects analogous to that prevailing over the cell membrane. Cell membrane
is analogous to a battery providing metabolic energy for the system via ATP-ADP process. Could
the voltage between electrodes creating Ar+ plasma have analogous function? It seems however
that DNS is the what provides the metabolic energy. Ar+ could be analogous to biological ions such
as K+. The negative charges from Ar atoms are received by plastic balls or even the space-time
sheet containing them.

2. Charged plastic balls consisting of melamine formaldehyde (MF) polymers are somewhat analogous
to biomolecules such as DNA sequences, which also carry negative charge. The charged plastic balls
consisting of MF (see http://tinyurl.com/z532ryv) are organic matter. MF contains aromatic
6-cycle appearing also in important biopolymers such as RNA and DNA. Perhaps the plastic balls
are not so simple systems as the non-equilibrium thermodynamics based model of experimenters
assumes. Could their molecular structure have something to do with the observed life-like aspects
of the system? In particular, could the molecular structure make possible the generation of dark
proton sequences at flux tubes?

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3. The system dissipates and must receive metabolic energy from some source. The metabolic energy
feed seems to take place with average period τ of about 100 s. Stochastic resonance requiring
periodic oscillation amplified by the stochastic signal is not the only possible explanation. In TGD
inspired quantum biology metabolic energy feed induces increase of heff . The increase of heff would
increase the scale of quantum coherence and make the system crystal-like so that the plastic balls
oscillate in synchrony. DNS provide an obvious candidate for the origin of the metabolic energy.

These observations motivate a quantum approach different from the approach based on non-equilibrium
thermodynamics and stochastic resonance.

4.1 Self-organized bi-stability or oscillations driven by cyclotron radiation
and energized by DNS?

The theoretical approach of the experimenters relies on the notions used to describe far-from-equilibrium
systems using generalization of thermodynamics. The vision is that the dynamics of complex systems has
universal features. Conservative force (gravitational force and electric forces between plastic balls and
electrodes and plastic balls), dissipation and stochastic force would be present.

Remark: No driving force is assumed: this would describe the damped oscillations but cannot explain
the repetition of the phase transitions.

Stochastic resonance would feed metabolic energy to the system inducing the jumps over potential wall
making possible the transitions between the two phases, amplify the vertical and horizontal oscillations,
and also give kinetic energy for the plastic balls in gas-like phase.

The summary of the article gives a technical description of the discovery.

The experiments and simulations presented here display a broad class of non-equilibrium phenomena

in a single system with minimal ingredients and rich dynamics. We have experimentally demonstrated

global bi-stability in a spatially-extended system com- posed of non-bi-stable elements. Given the under-

lying first-order phase transition between the condensed and gas-like phases, our experiment may be a

realization of self-organized bi-stability. The inter-state switching is facilitated by both quenched disorder

and dynamical noise. The time scales of individual stable and un-stable periods are not symmetric. Du-

rations of instability are mostly determined by the damping time, whereas the stability durations can be

much longer and depend on the nucleation of an energy-redistribution event. This is a common property

in many excitable systems, where the relaxation path is more deterministic than the excitation path. How-

ever, the distribution of switching timescales in the experiment is narrower than in the simulation. This

may be due to a weak periodic signal in the experiment which couples with the noise to induce switching.

The source of the periodicity, in addition to controlling the vertical oscillations through modulating the

electrode voltage, are subjects of current investigation in our lab.

In the sequel the model is analyzed to identify its possible weaknesses in order to see how TGD inspired
quantum approach could allow to circumvent them.

4.1.1 Thermodynamical aspects

The authors assume that the transitions involved are analogous to first-order phase transitions (heat
is absorbed or liberated and the transition occurs at constant temperature and regions of both phases
are present) between condensed and gas-like phases. Could simple thermodynamical analogies for the
transitions between condensed and gas-like phases help to understand the situation?

1. Melting and evaporation require usually heating. Enthalpy of fusion is the quantity describing
the energy needed by the heating. It is usually positive (in liquid and gas phases molecules have
larger thermal energy than in solid phase). Only for 3He and 4He super-fluids at sufficiently low
temperatures the enthalpy of fusion for melting is negative (see http://tinyurl.com/pfr84c3).

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Also in the recent situation the generation of the damped oscillations would suggest that the enthalpy
of fusion is negative.

Positive enthalpy of fusion for melting requires that energy is fed into the system. It however seems
that nucleation centres are generated by the variation of oscillation frequency and that the process
occurs spontaneously and transfers energy from the degrees of freedom responsible for the bonding
of balls to crystal-like phase to the kinetic energy of balls. Therefore the situation resembles that
for Helium superfluid at low temperatures also in this respect. Some additional degrees should be
present.

2. Could thermodynamical analogy help to understand what happens in the phase transition be-
tween gas-like and crystal-like phases. Freezing usually liberates heat but since heat correspond to
completely disordered motion it seems highly implausible that this heat would go to the ordered
collective motion of the crystal-like phase.

In heat engines the amount of heat transformable to work is by second law of thermodynamics
below γ = ∆T/Th, where ∆T is temperature difference and Th the higher temperature. To have
synchronous oscillations due the liberated heat, looks highly implausible. If work is done, it must
be done by additional degrees of freedom receiving energy and providing it as energy required by
the excitation of damped oscillations of crystal-like phase. This option seems plausible.

If one wants to use thermodynamical analogies, it seems that one must assume that there are additional
yet un-identified degrees of freedom and a yet un-identified source of energy pumping energy to these
degrees of freedom.

4.1.2 The analogy with Helium supra phases

Consider now the analogy with Helium supra phases (see http://tinyurl.com/zs8rpjm and http:

//tinyurl.com/pfr84c3).

1. In TGD framework the obvious identification of the additional degrees of freedom is as those asso-
ciated with magnetic flux tubes of MB forming a network in crystal-like phase. The flux tubes and
the cyclotron BE condensates of ions at them would carry energy.

2. The generation of crystal-like phase would require energy. As noticed, this implies resemblance
with He3, in which Cooper pairs give rise to a superfluidity suggesting that the system behaves as
a macroscopic quantum system. Cooper pairs of Ar+ ions could form an analog of super-fluid or
super-conductor. Also Cooper pairs of electrons and protons coming from plastic balls could form
super-conductors. In TGD framework the members of Cooper pairs would be located at parallel
magnetic flux tubes connecting plastic balls [16, 17, 23, 24].

3. In the transition to gas phase this network would be destroyed as the reconnections between MBs of
plastic balls are split and give rise to nucleation regions for gas phase. The splitting would liberate
magnetic energy and also energy of cyclotron BE condensates if the value of heff is reduced. This
energy would transform to the kinetic energy of the plastic balls. Therefore the phase transition
would liberate energy and would be analogous to the corresponding transition for 3He. Note that
also the TGD based model for supra phases of Helium involves magnetic flux tube network [31].

4. The phase transition should change the values of heff/h = n but leave cyclotron frequencies un-
affected and thus involve energy feed so that first order phase transition would be in question.

4.1.3 The mechanism inducing vertical and horizontal oscillations of plastic balls

One should identify the mechanism giving rise to the vertical and horizontal oscillations of plastic balls.

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1. The authors of the article [12] propose an identification for the interactions involved. TGD approach
suggests additional interaction due to the string tension of the flux tubes giving rise to elastic
force and additional interaction energy. As already noticed, the model of authors does not assume
resonant driving force although they mention of having tried it. The probable reason for giving up
this option is that it allows only the decay of crystal-like phase to gas-like phase but not a repetitive
cycle.

2. The ratio fV /fH ≃ 40 for typical vertical and transversal oscillation frequencies equals to the ratio
m(Ar+)/m(p) ≃ 40, which suggests that BE condensates of Cooper pairs of both Ar+ and protons
are indeed present at flux tubes. The condition that cyclotron frequencies are in question, fixes the
value of magnetic field strength to B = Bend/15, where Bend = 2BE/5 = .2 Gauss is an endogenous
magnetic field assumed be important value of magnetic field in TGD inspired quantum biology and
inspired by findings of Blackman and others [13, 14]. BE = .5 Gauss is the nominal value of the
Earth’s magnetic field.

p-Adic length sale hypothesis slightly favors the value B = Bend/16, which corresponds to the
magnetic length LB =

√

~eff/eB = 4LBend
= 22.8 µm (from LBend

= 5.7 µm) to be compared
with the size d ≃ 10 µm of the plastic balls.

One can estimate also the classical cyclotron radii from the formula rc = mv/eB = p/QB, where v
is the velocity of the charged particle. For cyclotron orbits with principal quantum number n Bohr
quantization gives rc =

√
nLB , where LB =

√

~/QB, is magnetic length. Note that orbits with
same radius are possible for heff/h = ni. i = 1, 2 if one has n1 = nn2 or vice versa.

3. This suggests a mechanism generating vertical and transversal and horizontal oscillations of the
plastic balls. The cyclotron radiation resulting in the decay of the BE condensates drives the oscil-
lations resonantly by oscillatory force F = F0×exp(iωt) so that one obtains the oscillation amplitude
as a sum of damped oscillation amplitude exp(−Γt)exp(iωt) and resonance term proportional to
exp(−Γt)exp(iωt)t increasing in oscillatory manner up to time value t ∼ 1/Γ and decreasing after
that exponentially. The parameters FV and FH would be additional parameters in TGD based
model.

Remark: This mechanism could be quite general mechanism of quantum biology.

4. The variation of the plastic ball radius induces a variation of mass and charge of the ball and therefore
also a variation of the oscillation frequencies fH and fV , which can be however compensated by
the variation of the magnetic field strength B at flux tubes inducing variation of string tension and
elastic constant so that synchronous oscillations are possible. This is possible only for cV below
some critical value. For larger values the compensation is not possible, and the oscillations lead to
gas phase. For smaller values the solid phase is stable. At (quantum) criticality the metabolic cycle
becomes possible.

5. The oscillations of plastic balls could be induced by the analogs of Alfwen waves for the magnetic
flux tubes which in 1-D approximation for flux tubes would be essentially vibrations of string
characterized by string tension proportional to L/S. The energetics of the system would be invariant
under changes of heff/h = n if L and S scale like n, and one would have quantum criticality
allowing MB to adapt to the properties of the plastic ball system. A network consisting of springs
would provide an analog system. The decay of cyclotron BE condensates would feed energy to the
vibrations of string in turn feeding energy to the oscillations of plastic balls. Both energy feeds
could be modelled in terms of forced oscillations.

Quantum criticality would make possible for MB to adapt to the properties of the part of the system
consisting of ordinary matter by a proper selection of n since one has fc ∝ n for the same energetics.
For given value of B different charged dark particles have different cyclotron frequencies but same

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energies at quantum criticality. Also the hgr = heff condition implies that the cyclotron energies
do not depend on particle mass and therefore implies quantum criticality.

4.1.4 The energetics of the system

The energetics of the system demands an analog of metabolic energy feed.

1. Authors assume that stochastic resonance provides the needed energy feed but its origin remains
open. Stochastic resonance requires an additional oscillator with period about τ = 100 s. According
to the authors, the problems of their model are that the transition periods seem to be too short and
also the times spent in stable and transition states are not symmetric as they should be in bi-stable
system. Also the prediction for the frequency f = 1/τ tends to be too short.

2. To get the metabolic cycle with forced oscillations without stochastic resonance, one needs a kick
providing the energy inducing a phase transition to the crystal-like phase, which also oscillates as a
whole thanks to this energy feed. In TGD framework the needed energy dose could be provided by
dark nucleosynthesis (DNS) involving formation of dark proton sequences containing perhaps also
Ar+ ions and transforming to ordinary nuclei. The transition could be rather fast and occur in the
minimal case only once during the single metabolic cycle of about τ = 100 s so that one would have
τ ∼ 1/Γ, where Γ is the average rate for DNS. Also the phase transition splitting the flux tube pairs
by de-reconnection could be rather fast as compared to τ .

Remark: The periodic signal with frequency f = 1/100 Hz is not necessary.

3. Dark cyclotron radiation with heff/h = n could transform to ordinary photons with energy, which is
n-multiple of ordinary cyclotron energy. If n is large enough the photons have energies above thermal
energy. In living matter the values of n are in the range 1012 − 1014 so that the cyclotron energies
correspond to bio-photon energies in visible and UV range characterizing the transition energies of
bio-molecules. If hgr = heff hypothesis holds true the cyclotron energies do not depend on mass
of the charged particle. Also a decay to bunches of n of photons with ordinary energy is possible.
Both mechanisms could be involved. The bunches of n ordinary quanta could drive electromagnetic
oscillations and mechanical (acoustic) oscillations. In piezo-electrets populating living matter the
transformation of electromagnetic and acoustic oscillations to each other is possible.

4. The rate Γ of DNS events is in the first approximation proportional to the number of plasma balls
events if the DNS even for single ball feeds energy for the entire system. Γ cannot be much lower
than fc(Ar

+) = .5 Hz since the system would remain to crystal-like phase. It Γ is too high, the
transition to gas phase becomes impossible.

4.1.5 Is the frequency f ∼ .01 Hz needed in TGD based model?

It is not at all clear whether frequency f ∼ .01 Hz required by the stochastic resonance model is needed
nor even possible as a cyclotron frequency in TGD inspired model.

1. If f is present, one can wonder whether it could be associated with the cyclotron BE condensate at
the magnetic bodies of plastic balls. Could the plastic balls at some level in the hierarchy of space-
time sheets behave like particles in quantum sense (the space-time sheet assignable to the plastic
ball)? Does it make sense to talk about crystal-like phase as a kind of cyclotron BE condensate of
charged plastic balls? Or is there energy feed from quantal cyclotron degrees of freedom assignable
to the magnetic flux tubes to classical degrees of freedom of plastic balls?

2. The simplest working hypothesis to be killed is that both plastic balls, protons, and Ar+ ions
are at the same flux tubes of MB so that the value of magnetic field is fixed to about Bend/15,
Bend = .2 Gauss. The order of magnitude for the cyclotron frequency turns out to be several orders

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of magnitude lower than f = .01 s. Hence it seem that there is no obvious manner to introduce
f ∼ .01 Hz in the model.

The following little calculation gives the estimate.

1. One has fc = QB/2πM , where Q = CV and C is the capacitance of the plastic ball. C is
purely geometric parameter and for single ball with radius d embedded in dielectric with relative
permittivity ǫr it is determined by the value of Coulomb potential Vc = Q/4πǫ at the surface of the
ball. This gives

C/Farad = 4πǫd = ǫr × (d/meter)× 5.224× 10−12 .

2. The mass of the ball is given by (4π/3)ρd3, where ρ is the density of the ball which in an approxi-
mation needed for order of magnitude estimates given by

ρ =
mp

a3 , a
Angstrom

= 1

3. From this one obtains for the cyclotron frequency the expression

fc(ball) = 3× ǫr
d

meter
× (a

d
)3 × V

V olt
× B

Bend
× 3.3× 107 × fc(p,Bend) ,

fc(p,Bend) =
eBend

mp
= 300 Hz .

Using the values

V
V olt

= 6 , d
meter

= 10−5 , ρ =
mp

a3 , B = Bend

15

this gives the estimate

fc(ball) ≃ ǫr × 5.8 days .

For vacuum with ǫr = 1 the frequency is smallest possible. It is not possible to obtain fc ∼ .01 Hz
for reasonable strength of B.

What about cyclotron frequencies of cells and cell membranes assuming B = Bend?

1. Cells are also negatively charged but the charge of the cell is rather small (see http://tinyurl.

com/yb9w6nqs)- about 103 e for yeast cell so that Q/M ratio is very small.

2. What about cell membrane treated as single unit? The capacitance per unit area does not depend
much on cell (see http://tinyurl.com/chylvs9) being given in good approximation by

c =
dC

dS

cm2

Farad
= 2× 10−6 .

The capacitance is from this given by C = c × S. Assuming spherical symmetry, the estimate for
the cyclotron frequency fc(membrane) is

fc(membrane) = 3c×a2×a

d
×fc(proton,Bend)×

Coulomb

e
× V

V olt
= 1.5×10−7×10µm

d
× B

Bend

× V

.05 V olt
Hz .

For d = 10 µm and B = Bend and V = .05 Volt the cyclotron time is 77.2 days. For DNA sequences
the cyclotron frequencies are around 1 Hz irrespective of their length.

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4.1.6 Some observations about Argon ions

A couple of comments about the possible role of Argon are in order.

1. I ended up with the recent vision about living matter on basis of observations that the radiation
at cyclotron frequencies of Ca++ ions and also other biologically important ions have effects on
physiology and behavior of vertebrates [27, 26]. The magnetic field involved was Bend = 2BE/5,
where BE = .5 Gauss is the nominal value for the magnetic field of Earth. The cyclotron frequencies
of Ca++ in Bend are multiples of fc(Ca++) = 15 Hz. Ca has (20, 40) whereas Ar+ has (A,Z) =
(40, 18). Therefore the cyclotron frequency of Ar+ (which is fermion) is in good approximation one
half of that for Ca++: f(Ar+, Bend) = fc(Ca++)/2 = 7.5 Hz. TGD based model for high Tc and
bio-superconductivities suggests that Ar+ ions could form Cooper pairs with members at flux tubes
with opposite directions of magnetic field.

What puts the bells ringing is that f(Ar+, Bend) is quite near to the lowest Schumann frequency
assignable to the oscillations of BE serving as a candidate for a correlate for collective levels of
consciousness? Could the collective effects be partially due to Bend? The problem is however that
cyclotron period of Ar+ is considerably shorter than the periods τV and τH associated with the
oscillations of plasma balls and with the metabolic cycle.

2. What does one mean when one says that Ar+ ions are dark? Could Ar+ ions be dark atoms in
the sense that the electron is not lost but is transformed to a dark valence electron with scaled
up size of orbital proportional to n2 [43]. Ar+ ion would be analogous to Rydberg atom [34].
Dark electrons could form dark super-conductor coupling with its total charge to the electric field
of the negatively charged electrode. The members of Cooper pairs could reside at parallel flux
tubes connecting plastic balls with parallel or antiparallel magnetic fluxes. This could explain the
synchronous oscillation of the plastic balls and also the formation of crystal-like phase.

4.1.7 Could DNS serve as the source of metabolic energy in the system studied?

The system considered requires metabolic energy. The metabolic energy would be fed to the system as
it transforms to crystal-like phase and is dissipated via vertical oscillations in the force field defined by
gravitational and electric fields. Unless the experimental arrangement involves a hidden energy feed, there
must be present some unidentified source of metabolic energy in the system itself, that is plastic balls
plus Ar+ ion plasma.

TGD inspires the proposal that DNS generates the metabolic in pre-biotic systems, where photo-
synthesis need not be present yet and there is no storage of metabolic energy to biomolecules. Could
something analogous to DNS take place also now?

1. If one wants to identify both fV and fH as cyclotron frequencies for the same value of magnetic field,
one must assume that both Ar+ and H+ ions are present. Therefore the formation of dark proton
sequences suffering dark weak decays to dark nuclei containing neutrons becomes possible. The
TGD based model [30, 38, 41] predicts is that the spectroscopy of dark nuclei is the same as those
of ordinary ones if dark nuclear binding energy scale and neutron proton mass difference are both
scaled down like 1/heff . The occurrence of nuclear transmutations caused by dark nucleosynthesis
is the basic prediction.

2. Also the fusion of Ar+ nuclei and dark nucleon sequences is possible. The dark fusion of two
Ar+ nuclei with (Z,A) = (18, 40) proceeding via formation of dark Kr nucleus consisting of two
Ar+ nuclei and transformation to ordinary Kr would produce stable Krypton isotope with (Z,A) =
(36, 80) liberating nuclear binding energy ∼ 7.6 MeV assuming that the dark nuclear binding energy
is negligible (the model predicts it to be of order of few keV). Sn isotope with (A,Z) = (120, 50)
is the lightest isotope with mass number 3 × 40 = 120 of 3 Argon nuclei. This would require the

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transformation of 4 protons to neutrons by dark beta decay to reduce total charge 54 to 50. This
process would however requires energy of 21 MeV and would therefore not occur spontaneously.

Kr production would be a testable signature of this mechanism. Kr could end up to the negatively
charged plastic ball or negative electrode. This would induce a loss of Argon from the system.
Could the loss of Ar+ and production of Kr ions be detectable?

DNS or at least the transformation of dark nuclei to ordinary ones could be a stochastic process.
If this mechanism provides metabolic energy for prebiotic lifeforms, it should be able to sustain itself.
There should be some signal making possible charge separation leading to the generation of dark proton
sequences at flux tubes in turn leading to DNS and the generation of crystal-like phase in turn generating
the cyclotron radiation.

1. A possible mechanism is suggested by Pollack effect [10, 37] occurring in water environment bounded
by gel in the presence of suitable signal providing energy. There are several kinds of signals providing
energy such as light at visible or IR frequencies or even a mechanical perturbation. What happens
that water molecules, which are already in excited state near the splitting of hydrogen bond lose
one proton as they absorb photon and proton becomes dark and goes to magnetic flux tube. The
generation of the excited state requires UV energy of order 5 eV. Solar radiation or possibly occurring
DNS events could provide the UV light.

In the recent case water and gel phase are missing. One might however hope that the dark photons
- say those with UV energies - transforming to ordinary photons could induce charge separation
in BF balls or at their surface layers and transform protons to dark protons at flux tubes. If
the cyclotron radiation from decaying cyclotron BE condensates corresponds to a value of Planck
constants for which dark photons transform to bio-photons, this condition is satisfied. This is
implied by hgr = heff hypothesis. If this takes place the total negative charge of plasma balls
should be larger than the total charge of Ar+ ions.

2. Could the charge separation zg the surface of plasma balls give rise to an analog of cell membrane
like structure giving rise to (generalized) Josephson junctions? If so, the analogy with living cell
would become even deeper. Also the flux tubes between plasma balls act as Josephson junctions
making possible oscillating non-dissipating currents generating dark Josephson photons with energy
E = eV and frequency fJ = eV/heff .

4.2 Speculative connections with TGD inspired views about quantum biology
and consciousness

The model for the findings has allowed to develop in more detail the basic ideas of TGD inspired quantum
biology.

1. The model has led to a concrete proposal for how the MB controls BB using forced electromagnetic
and mechanical oscillations at low frequencies by using the transformation of dark photons to
bunches of low energy photons. Also the analogs of Alfwen waves suggest themselves as a control
mechanism.

2. DNS could provide a universal pre-biotic mechanism for producing metabolic energy and the needed
elements. This mechanism might be active even in the recent biology in some exceptional situations
[11]. DNS is also predicted to precede ordinary nucleosynthesis in pre-stellar evolution so that
primordial metabolism would not depend on chemistry and pre-biotic and pre-stellar evolution
could proceed hand-in-hand and DNS would produce heavier elements also outside the stars [41].

Even more, TGD based model for dark DNA identifies sequences of dark protons as analogs of DNA
with sequence of 3 protons serving as analog of DNA codon. Also the dark analogs of RNA,tRNA,

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and amino-acids are predicted. Dark DNA sequences are dark nuclei so that the emergence of dark
DNA would mean also the emergence of DNS as a basic metabolic mechanism. This would resolve
the egg-or-hen problem about whether genes or metabolism came first.

3. The chemical structure of plastic balls involves aromatic 6-cycles associated also with DNA nu-
cleotides. Both DNA and cell are negatively charged and thus analogous to the negatively charged
plastic balls. Could negatively charged regions, about which the exclusion zones (EZs) of Pollack
formed to water in presence of say visible light have served predecessors of cells?

4. Gel-sol transition and protein folding and unfolding are basic processes of cell biology. Could
the proposed basic control mechanisms control also these processes. Could gel-sol transition and
protein unfolding correspond to a melting of crystal-like structure and splitting of flux tube pairs
to U-shaped flux loops or vice versa induced by a change of heff?

5. Could quantum criticality realized as a family of flux tubes with fixe L/S ratio and same energetics
but with varying value of heff/h = n make possible the adaptation of the dynamics of MB to
the dynamics of various oscillations of BB? This would be essentially entrainment making possible
both sensory perception and motor actions. Control of mechanical processes at the level of ordinary
matter would involve the decay of dark low frequency photons to n ordinary photons. Chemical
control would involve transition to single ordinary photon with n-fold frequency.

This view is also supported by the realization that brain consciousness is not a continuous stream but
more like a sequence of flashes (see http://tinyurl.com/y84az3bh). This is one of the basic predictions
of TGD inspired theory of consciousness based on what I call zero energy ontology (ZEO). One can say
that the sub-self (mental image) is a life-cycle of a conscious entity and that one has sequences of this
kind of periods with opposite arrows of time: self dies and reincarnates with opposite arrow of time.
Consciousness would have sleep-awake cycles in all time scales. This would give rise to various bio-
rhythms. In EEG this would show itself as a decomposition to portions of duration of order .3 seconds.

In ZEO this could be interpreted in terms of a sequence of life cycles in which time increases in opposite
directions: first at (call it) ”upper” boundary of causal diamond (CD), which shifts towards geometric
future, then at ”lower” boundary, which shifts to geometric past, and so on... . Note that the birth at
given boundary is only slightly later than the latest death at it so that also our wake-up period at level to
which EEG is associated could be repeated births and reincarnations forming an approximate continuum
at given boundary of CD. Also wake-up-sleep cycle could be like this. Strobing character is predicted to
be a universal feature of consciousness.

In TGD inspired quantum biology the strobing character of consciousness can be related to the nature
of metabolism, which does not take place as continuous feed of energy but as doses with some average
rate.

To sum up, the cautious non-orthodox proposal is that the description of the finding in terms of the
notions of non-equilibrium thermodynamics might not be enough. Rather, a generalization of quantum
theory introducing a hierarchy of Planck constants explaining dark matter and providing a general TGD
inspired model for living matter would be needed.

ISSN: 2159-046X DNA Decipher Journal www.www.dnadecipher.com

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