E- Global Congress Hosted online from Dubai, U. A. E., E - Conference. Date: 29th May 2024 Website: https://eglobalcongress.com/index.php/egc ISSN (E): 2836-3612 48 | P a g e DISEASES OF THE ORAL MUCOSA Raxmonova Shoxsanom Raxim qizi, Teacher, Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health Uzbekistan Annotation: The development of dental pathologies, as a rule, is a consequence of the progression of abnormal processes occurring inside the human body. Against the background of weakened immunity, the influence of external negative factors increases, which leads to the formation of problem areas. The causes of diseases can be different – the symptoms manifested on the tongue, lips and gums, as well as the results of clinical diagnostics, including those carried out using professional equipment, allow you to determine the source of anxiety. Keywords: oral mucosa, mobility of organs, diseases, medicine, diagnostic and treatment. There are several cavities in the human body - formations limited by bone and soft tissue structures having a free volume filled (partially or completely) with gases or liquids. These include the abdominal cavity, which lines the inner surface of the abdomen, contains a special liquid and gas medium, a pleural cavity similar in structure and content; the cavity of the outer and inner ear, cavities of bone- suture spaces, the cavity of the bladder and renal pelvis, the cavity of the nose, pharynx and mouth, cavities of neural spaces and others . A feature of all these cavities is the presence of a free space, unoccupied by biological tissue, usually containing a certain biological fluid. The main purpose of all cavities is to provide specific mobility of organs, to create reliable isolation of some organs from others, to create a gradual connection and, at the same time, isolation of the external from the internal environment, to provide the most biological conditions for the functioning of internal and external organs of the body. The purpose of this section is to describe the features of the structure, composition, function and conditions that ensure the processes occurring in the oral cavity and its organs: teeth, lips, tongue, gums, cheek surfaces, hard and soft palate, papillae and numerous glands of external secretion, etc. https://eglobalcongress.com/index.php/egc E- Global Congress Hosted online from Dubai, U. A. E., E - Conference. Date: 29th May 2024 Website: https://eglobalcongress.com/index.php/egc ISSN (E): 2836-3612 49 | P a g e The oral cavity is a space bounded in front by the lips and teeth, on the side by the surface of the cheeks, on the back by the lingual rings, on the bottom by the tongue and sublingual space. The oral cavity communicates through the mouth and nose with the external environment, through the pharynx and esophagus with the lungs, ear cavity, stomach and esophagus. Thus, the oral cavity is a unique formation for the human body, which simultaneously borders on the external and internal environment of the body, which can, through physiological and physiologically expedient movements, limit or completely isolate itself from the external environment, from the environment of the nose, pharynx and digestive system. That is, it is an education that simultaneously communicates widely with both the external environment and the internal environments of the body, while using physiological mechanisms and adaptations it is able to limit itself from both the external and internal environment of the human body. The category of pathological manifestations under consideration is quite extensive. The characteristic signs in this case are inflammatory processes affecting the structure of tissues surrounding the dental apparatus. Depending on the type, symptoms may include hyperemia, swelling, excessive volume of mucus secreted, and in more difficult situations, the formation of ulcerative and necrotic foci. Prolonged ignoring of symptoms leads to a deterioration in the general condition of the body, expressed in an increase in body temperature, the occurrence of pain, a feeling of weakness and anxiety, as well as unwillingness to eat. The lifestyle and habits of the patient, as well as systemic changes occurring in a latent or pronounced form, can increase the likelihood of developing pathologies such as stomatitis, gingivitis, glossitis, etc. Potential sources of risk include: Diseases of the oral mucosa are divided into inflammatory, tumor and pathologies similar to dermatoses. Inflammatory diseases include stomatitis, glossitis, cheilitis, oral leukoplakia, periodontal disease, gingivitis, periodontitis and periodontoz. Traumatic diseases include mechanical damage, for example, when exposed to high or low temperatures, chemicals, radiation, etc. Infectious diseases include measles, scarlet fever, chickenpox, tuberculosis, syphilis, etc. Excessive consumption of alcohol and tobacco products. Hormonal and immune disorders, including those caused by HIV. Mechanical damage to tissues leading to inflammation. Dehydration, or general dehydration of the body. https://eglobalcongress.com/index.php/egc E- Global Congress Hosted online from Dubai, U. A. E., E - Conference. Date: 29th May 2024 Website: https://eglobalcongress.com/index.php/egc ISSN (E): 2836-3612 50 | P a g e An innate predisposition. Excessive intake of vitamins of a certain group. The influence of the external environment — sudden temperature changes. Infection on the background of dental diseases. Incorrectly selected diet. Self-administration of antibiotics and strong-acting drugs. Violation of the functional state of internal organs. Inflammation of the oral mucosa, as a rule, is the result of the influence of negative factors on conditionally pathogenic microorganisms that form the natural microflora. Such an influence leads to the development of viral and infectious pathologies, and can also provoke dysbiosis, fungal and inflammatory processes. The symptoms characteristic of the diseases of the category in question, in most cases, allow you to independently diagnose the fact of deviations from the norm. Notable changes include: The occurrence of itching and burning. The appearance of pain syndrome. The formation of tissue edema. Formation of ulcers and ulcers. Bleeding gums. Violation of the enamel structure. A constant unpleasant smell. Feeling weak and tired. At the first signs of a pathological condition, it is recommended to seek help from specialists. The form of development is directly related to the source of occurrence — for example, the following varieties are characteristic of pathological cycles provoked by the introduction of a viral infection: Catarrhal is a condition characterized by pronounced edema and rashes, on the surface of which a gray–tinged plaque forms. Aphthous is a lesion of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, associated with the formation of painful blisters, leaving behind areas of erosion. Ulcerative – similar in symptoms to the first option, but differs in a more pronounced pain syndrome. https://eglobalcongress.com/index.php/egc E- Global Congress Hosted online from Dubai, U. A. E., E - Conference. Date: 29th May 2024 Website: https://eglobalcongress.com/index.php/egc ISSN (E): 2836-3612 51 | P a g e Modern techniques used in dentistry make it possible to quickly identify infectious or fungal diseases of the oral mucosa. It is worth noting that self- diagnosis, as well as subsequent attempts at self-medication, often cause a deterioration in the general condition. Determining the causes of pathological changes is a medical task for which the following methods are used: Microscopic examination of samples. Testing the reaction to allergens. Examinations for the presence of viral pathogens. General examination and anamnesis examination. Timely diagnosis is necessary for the preparation and implementation of a correct treatment plan that eliminates both negative symptoms and factors that cause pathological changes. The list of procedures prescribed as part of the therapeutic course depends on the specifics of the pathology. The standard protocol includes: Professional teeth cleaning, during which deposits that are a source of the spread of pathogenic bacteria are removed from the enamel surface. Medical recovery aimed at relieving painful manifestations and normalization of the general condition. In difficult situations, surgical intervention may also be required. One of the main features of the oral cavity is its constant connection and communication with the external environment. In this respect, it has an analogy only with the nasal-ear-pharyngeal space, the anus. However, these last two cavities are designed to communicate with the external environment either episodically (anus), or in order to gradually adapt the external environment, its main element - air for the conditions of its consumption by the human body - for humidification, warming, purification. In this regard, the communication of the oral cavity with the external environment has completely different functions, goals and objectives. The main function of communicating the oral cavity with the external environment is the reception and preparation of food and liquid for the internal environment, as well as partially for the intake of air into the body. The oral cavity is designed for biting, moving, softening, chewing, soaking, initial enzymatic digestion and subsequent ingestion of food. Since any food, as well as the air environment, are infected environments, then naturally the oral cavity is an environment in which microflora of various types, composition and quantity is constantly located. The microflora of the oral https://eglobalcongress.com/index.php/egc E- Global Congress Hosted online from Dubai, U. A. E., E - Conference. Date: 29th May 2024 Website: https://eglobalcongress.com/index.php/egc ISSN (E): 2836-3612 52 | P a g e cavity has several mechanisms of adaptations in the mouth, mechanisms of existence, reproduction and vital activity in the oral cavity. Conditionally, the microflora in the oral cavity can be divided into a number of types. The main one is various types of saprophytes that have adapted to the conditions of the oral cavity, are in physiological balance, survive in it and do not apparently cause any harm to individual tissue formations of the oral cavity. The second group is the microflora that transits past the oral cavity and accidentally enters it. Sometimes it can be pathogenic. In this case, it can contribute to infection and invasion and have an adverse effect on the macroorganism or its individual organs and systems and be the cause of their main infection (the so-called oral route of infection). The third group is conditionally pathogenic microorganisms that infect the oral cavity, live and reproduce in it, finding a niche for infection, reproduction and residence. These are various types of fungi, cocci, bacilli, and specific microflora. They are constantly in the oral cavity, without causing any negative effects. However, if the body is weakened, there is a decrease in protective properties, these types of microorganisms can acquire a pathogenic property and cause the development of various pathological processes in the oral cavity. Finally, there is a fourth group of microorganisms. These are mainly unpretentious microbes that survive well in the oral cavity, for example, Str. mutis. These types of microorganisms, under the influence of sugar consumption, have learned to colonize the oral cavity in the form of dental plaques, soft plaque, which have adapted to an autonomous existence in the oral cavity, practically independent of the macroorganism. They store food for the future, in the form of glycogen-like compounds, which allows them to safely survive the periods between human meals. Plaque can only be removed mechanically, which makes the fight against it, using a large arsenal of various oral hygiene products, a very important and pathogenetically sound method of preventing dental caries and dental diseases. In plaque, the microflora lives autonomously, which allows it to exist and reproduce independently of the state of the macroorganism. Therefore, both saprophytic and pathogenic microflora can survive for a long time in the supra- and subgingival plaque. At the same time, the effect on the macroorganism, even very active, cannot disrupt the autonomous life of plaque microorganisms, they can persist there indefinitely and the plaque at the same time performs the function of a kind of microflora depot. https://eglobalcongress.com/index.php/egc E- Global Congress Hosted online from Dubai, U. A. E., E - Conference. Date: 29th May 2024 Website: https://eglobalcongress.com/index.php/egc ISSN (E): 2836-3612 53 | P a g e Thus, the microflora of the oral cavity is specific, unlike the flora of other cavities both in composition, quantity, and function. It must be clearly understood that without microflora in the oral cavity, the normal functioning of its organs is impossible and any attempts to remove it are not only useless, but harmful, since they can lead to dysbiosis. Therefore, microbial deposition of the oral cavity cannot be considered as a pathogenetic method of combating major dental diseases. However, this does not mean that antimicrobial effects on the organs of the oral cavity are not necessary. No, they are necessary in cases where they are of a specific pathogenetic purposeful nature. Thus, the oral cavity is a very peculiar anatomical formation, completely unlike other cavities of the human body; with diverse and sharply differing functions, features of composition and structure; numerous functions: digestion, protective, self-purification, mineral extraction, etc. References: 1. Stoopler E. T., Sollecito T. P. Oral mucosal diseases: evaluation and management //Medical Clinics. – 2014. – Т. 98. – №. 6. – С. 1323-1352. 2. Djamolidinovna D. S. NON-CARIOUS TOOTH DAMAGE-SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT //EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD). – 2023. – Т. 8. – №. 11. – С. 100-103. 3. Mustafa M. B. et al. Oral mucosal manifestations of autoimmune skin diseases //Autoimmunity reviews. – 2015. – Т. 14. – №. 10. – С. 930-951. 4. Джалолидинова Ш. Д. Современные Методы Лечения Гипоплазии Зубов //Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science. – 2023. – Т. 4. – №. 5. – С. 991-993. 5. Djamolidinovna D. S. Therapy of Postoperative Pain in Ambulatory Dental Practice //Texas Journal of Medical Science. – 2022. – Т. 14. – С. 165-167. 6. Bradley G. Diseases of the oral mucosa //Canadian Family Physician. – 1988. – Т. 34. – С. 1443. 7. Джалолидинова Ш. Д. ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ПРОТЕЗОВ ПРИ ПРОГНАТИИ И ПРОГЕНИИ //Research Journal of Trauma and Disability Studies. – 2023. – Т. 2. – №. 10. – С. 203-206. 8. Schmidt E. (ed.). Diseases of the Oral Mucosa: Study Guide and Review. – Springer Nature, 2022. https://eglobalcongress.com/index.php/egc