RESISTANCE OF FISHERMEN AND TOURIST PRACTITIONERS TO DEVELOPMENT OF CRAB, GROINT, AND WALK WAY ALONG BEACHES LOCATED IN SANUR AREA, DENPASAR, BALI
I Nyoman Winia
Department of Tourism

Bali State Polytechnics 

email: winia_pnb@yahoo.com 

ABSTRACT


This study is to comprehend the resistance of fisherman community and tourism practitioner in the development of crab, groint, and walk way system in Sanur beach region, Denpasar, Bali. This research concerns on the real field with an emphirical character approach which relates to the resistance of fisherman community and tourism practitioner that is still highly  bubling. Lately, there has been an abrasion from the sea water which resulting to the damage of the coastal line structure. 

Results of the research indicated that: (1). The resistance of fisherman community and tourism practitioner in the development of crab, groint, and walk way system in Sanur beach has been meant as the occurrence of the conflict of interests between investors where the fisherman community and tourism practitioner are sacrified. (2). The causing factors of the resistance of fisherman community and tourism practitioner are due to the command for farm depletion in Sanur beach region by local government authority was without having a good socialization; the development of the tourism accommodation facilities by the investors exploited the farm of fisherman community and tourism practitioner; and also the loss occurred on the community members from the lateral impact incurred by the development of the crab, groint, and walk way system in Sanur beach region. (3). This community resistance has impacted the physical environment, social life, culture, and economy as well as the felt meaning in: the prosperity meaning, religion, politics and community psychology.

Keywords: resistance, community, investor, crab, groint, and walk way system.
INTRODUCTION


Beaches, as one of the tourist attractions in Bali, have been recently threatened by abrasion. The beaches which are located in Sanur area have been so damaged by abrasion that attempts have been made by the government to overcome it as a consequence the reclamation of Serangan Island. One of the attempts already made by the government to minimize the impact of the marine current is building the system of crab, groint, and walk way along the beaches located in Sanur area. Many people agreed and many others disagreed with such a construction as it had not been well socialized. Initially, the fishermen and tourist practitioners did not understand it and, therefore, they resisted it. This present study focuses on the resistance of the fishermen and tourist practitioners to the construction of the system of crab, groint, and walk way along the beaches which are located in Sanur area. The resistance was shown by disturbing the initial process of the construction. 

Based on the background described above, the objectives of the present study are to identify the form of the resistance shown by the fishermen and tourist practitioners along the beaches which are located in Sanur Area, the factors contributing to the resistance shown by the community, and the impact and meaning of the construction of the system of crab, groint, and walk way in the beaches located in Sanur Area.

In theory, it was expected that the results of the present study would enrich the socio-cultural sciences, especially the science which is related to the people’s resistance to the construction of the great project of the system of crab, groint and walk way along the beaches located in Sanur Area. In practice, it was expected that the results of the present study would be taken into account by the government when issuing any policy which regulates the construction of great projects along the beaches located in Sanur Area. It was also expected that the results of the present study would motivate the cultural observers to develop tradition, culture and environment. Apart from that, it was also expected that the results of the present study would contribute to the management and use of the beaches located in Sanur Area by the community, investor and government as part of the solution to the capitalistic impact on the industry of tourism in the current globalization era. 
RESEARCH METHOD


Qualitative method was used in the present study. It is commonly used to reveal community life, history, behavior, social movements, kinship relations, socio-economic condition, way of thinking and community’s belief. 

This present study was conducted at the beaches located in Sanur Area where there are two traditional villages; they are Sanur Kauh Village and Sanur Kaja Village under one sub district, namely, Sanur Sub district. There are 25 banjars (banjar = the smallest neighborhood under a traditional village) in the two traditional villages. Among them, only some were purposively chosen; they are Banjar Tanjung, Banjar Blanjong, Banjar Semawang, Banjar Betngandang, and Banjar Batujimbar. Those banjars were chosen as the locations where the present study was located for the reason that international tourist activities such as Sanur Village Festival, Bali Open, and Asian Beach Games are usually performed there. In addition, most of their residents were either elementary school or junior high school graduates. Apart from that, the environment had not been well organized, their beaches were still dirty, and they had many new comers who did not have permanent jobs.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION


From the present study, it was identified that the fishermen and tourist practitioners showed their resistance to the construction of the system of crab, groint, and walk way at the beaches located in Sanur Area by closing the beaches where the project would be constructed, blocking the accesses to the beaches, confiscating and detaining the heavy tools used, throwing stones at the vehicles used in the project, and destroying every material used for the project. Apart from that, their resistance was also shown by reporting the project to the traditional and government apparatus, although, finally, it was known that they obtained no satisfactory solution. The reason was that both the traditional and government apparatus were unfortunately involved in the project. As they obtained no satisfactory solution, the local people who formed several groups were bridged by the local non government organization to file a claim to the Government of Denpasar City and the Government of Bali Province. However, they did not obtain any satisfactory clarification either. As a result, they became apathetic towards the government by getting passive and quiet. Such an action was shown by paying no attention to what was instructed by the Government and the Traditional and Official Apparatus. As some illustrations, they did not empty the space which should have been emptied for the project; they did not take part in voluntary labor services; they did not take part in issuing permits; they did not attend the meetings held related to the project. In short, the local people did not take part in every governmental program.

The factor contributing to the local people’s resistance was that what was constructed by the government at the beaches located in Sanur Area was evaluated to be improper. The reason was that what was repeatedly constructed by the government was always unsuccessful. Furthermore, it damaged the beaches. As far as the construction of the system of grab, groint and walk way was concerned, it had not been well socialized by the government. Consequently, the local people showed their resistance as the government was considered inconsistent in organizing the Sanur Area. Initially, it was informed that the project would not destroy the places where the local people did their activities to earn their living; however, finally, it turned out that the project relocated them. The situation was made to be getting worse as there was no alternative location prepared by the government, traditional villages, and administrative village; as a result, many local people were jobless.

The system of crab, groint, and walk way which had been constructed, with which many local people agreed and many others disagreed, turned out to be meaningful to the local people. Environmentally, the sandy beaches located in Sanur Area became wider again as the waves were avoided by the groint. In addition, the waves were broken by the crab, and the public area was separated by the walk way where the people could enjoy the beaches. The socio-economic impact was that being well organized, the beaches located in Sanur Area attracted investors and tourists. As a result, the local people who had capital and could make use of the opportunity could make run businesses in transportation, water sports, marine tourist services, and trading. However, those who were not innovative and had no capital would not have anything to do; they would be jobless and relocated; they would become viewers in their own area. Psychologically, they would be traumatic as they were not able to anticipate the change in paradigm. Culturally, the traditional culture would become extinct; nobody would use traditional canoes as they were replaced by the motor boats made up of fiber. In addition, the culture of going to the beach for pilgrimage would not be seen any longer as not all the beaches could be used as the places where such a ritual could be performed; all the beaches were used for tourist enterprises. However, those who were able to make use of the opportunity to make adaptations to the beach which was well organized could increase their income. In addition, religiously, the development also contributed to the protection of the areas where the temples such as Merta Sari Temple,  Dalem Pangembak Temple, and Pesambyangan Temple are located  from the raging of the waves. However, the government had thought about that the arrangement of the beaches located in Sanur Area using the system of crab, groint, and walk way which  would cause the areas of the beaches to be wider, and inspire the investor to come again to invest their money in Sanur Area. The fact that PT. Sanur Dinamika Mentari and PT Restu Maharani decided to invest their money in Sanur Area proved this, although the spaces where they invested their money was disputed by the local people. In addition, the inconsistency in preserving the culture and ritual could be clearly seen, resulting from modernization in various aspects as the impact of the construction of the system of crab, groint, and walk way along the beaches located in Sanur Area. 
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTON
 

From what was described above, it could be concluded that there was physical and non physical resistance shown by the fishermen and tourist practitioners to the construction of the system of crab, groint, and walk way along the beaches located in Sanur Area. The physical resistance was shown by destroying the heavy tools used in the construction of the great project of the system of crab, groint, and walk way, and closing the accesses to the project. The non physical resistance was shown by being quiet, as every form of physical resistance which had been shown failed. The factors leading to the resistance shown by the fishermen and tourist practitioners to the construction of the system of crab, groint and walk way were that the project had not been well socialized before the permit was issued by the government of Denpasar City through the traditional and administrative villages to reorganize the beaches located in Sanur Area  and to build accommodations, the government’s inconsistency, and alternative location where the local people would be relocated had not been prepared. The development of tourism in Sanur Area in the current globalization era affected and was meaningful to the local people as they gradually changed their professions from being marginalized as fishermen to being involved in tourism; finally, many worked as tour guides escorting tourists to Serangan Island and Lembongan Island.  On one hand, the construction of the system of crab, groint and walk way along the beaches located in Sanur Area benefited many people; on the other hand, it also inflicted many others. The project inflicted the traditional fishermen with their wooden canoes, and benefited those who served tourists using their fiber glass canoes.

In accordance with the objectives of the study, the targets which were aimed at by the researcher are as follows. The results of the study are open to criticism. It is suggested to other researchers that they should conduct further research with different topics and problems. The results of the study are also open to further analysis so that the construction of the system of crab, groint, and walk way along the beaches allocated in Sanur Area will be more critically and theoretically analyzed. It is also suggested that the results of the present study should be used as input for the investor, government, hotel owners, fishermen, tourist practitioners, and the policy makers at the village or sub district, district, and city/regency levels, and for the executive and legislative bodies so that such a construction may be used to support tourism in Sanur Area. Apart from that, the results of the present study may also contribute to the development and discipline of the cultural studies, and may also be used as a reference to welcoming tourists to Bali province in general and Bali in particular. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The writer would like to thank e-journal of the cultural studies for publishing this article. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adnyana Manuaba. 1998.”Strategi Pariwisata yang Berdimensi Kerakyatan”. Bali : Majalah Ilmiah Pariwisata Universitas Udayana.

Agger, Ben. 2003. Teori Sosial Kritis Kritik, Penerapan dan Implikasinya. Yogyakarta:  Kreasi Wacana..

Ardika, I Gede. 1999. Konsep Pembangunan Jakarta Panjang dalam Pembangunan Pariwisata Bali. Makalah dalam Seminar Pariwisata Berkelanjutan menurut Perspektif Orang Bali. Denpasar : Pusat Penelitian Kebudayaan dan Kepariwisataan Universitas Udayana Bekerja sama dengan Dinas Pariwisata Provinsi Bali.

 -------. 2005. ”Strategi Bali Mempertahankan Kearifan Lokal di Era Global” dalam Putra, Dharma& Sancaya, Windhu, ed. Kompetensi Budaya Dalam GloBalisasi. Denpasar: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Udayana dan Pustaka Larasan.

Barker. 2004. Chris. Cultural Studies. Yogyakarta : Kreasi Wacana.

Foucault, Michel. 2002. Power Knowledge. Wacana Kuasa/ Pengetahuan. Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya.

Jenning, Paul. 2009. Report on Resistensialism. Media internet id.wikipedia org. Diakses, 12 November 2009.

Ritzer, George. 2004. Teori Sosial Postmodern, Juxtapose research and publication study club, diterjemahkan oleh Mohammad Taufik. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana.

Ritzer, George dan Douglas J. Goodman. 2011. Teori Sosiologi Modern (Dialihbahasakan oleh Alimandan). Jakarta : Kencana. 

Roger Simon. 2004. Gagasan-Gagasan Politik Gramsci, (edt) Mansour Fakih. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Winia, I Nyoman. 2014. ”Resistensi Masyarakat Nelayan dan Pelaku Pariwisata dalam Pembangunan Sistem Crab, Groint, dan Walk Way di Wilayah Pantai Sanur, Denpasar, Bali”, disertasi, Program Doktor, Program Studi Kajian Budaya, Universitas Udayana.
7