STEREOTYPE OF MADURESE ETHNIC PEOPLE MADE BY JAVANESE ETHNIC PEOPLE THROUGH HUMORS Akhmad Tabrani Aron Meko Mbete I Made Suastika Emiliana Mariyah Malang University of Islam email: akh_tabrani@yahoo.com ABSTRACT This study was inspired by several things such as (1) there was a negative impression on the Madurese ethnic people’s attitude and behavior, (2) the conflict taking place between the Madurese ethnic people and the other ethnic groups which resulted from the wrong impression on the Madurese ethnic people, (3) there was a close contact between the attitude and behavior of the Madurese ethnic people and the attitude and behavior of the other ethnic peoples outside Madura. This present study was intended to identify the form, factor, and impact of the stereotype of the Madurese ethnic people made by the Javanese ethnic people through humors. The data in the present study were collected through in-depth interview, observation, documentary study, and library research. There were several factors which contributed to the stereotype of the Madurese ethnic people made by the Javanese ethnic people through humors such as (a) education, (b) legitimacy of violence, (c) ideology, (d) the resistance of the Madurese ethnic people to the Javanese ethnic people, and (e) the Madurese people’s attitude and behavior. The stereotype on the Madurese ethnic people was created to give an inaccurate image although to some extent it was true. The ethnical humor leads to ethnical stereotype. The ethnical humor, which, in this case, was created by the dominant ethnic people, which, in this case, the Javanese ethnic people, contained satire, dislike, hatred, insulting, praise, and resistance of the Madurese ethnic people to the Javanese ethnic people. Keywords: stereotype, humor, Javanese, Madurese, hegemony. INTRODUCTION There were three things which had inspired this present study. They are 1) there was a negative impression on the attitude and behavior of the Madurese ethnic people which had resulted from the hegemony and domination of the Javanese culture over the Madurese culture, (2) the conflict between the Madurese ethnic people and other ethnic people which had resulted from a wrong impression on the Madurese ethnic people, 3) the attitude and behavior of the Madurese ethnic people when making contacts with the other ethnic people outside Madura who had been trapped by the impression that the Madurese ethnic people were not objective: impolite, obstinate, untidy, and naïve. The impression of the other ethnic people, especially the closest ethnic people, that is, the Javanese ethnic people, with whom the Madurese ethnic people frequently made contact, interacted, and communicated, on the Madurese ethnic people was frequently negative; the Madurese ethnic people were stated to be uneducated and stupid. In addition, the Madurese ethnic people could not be separated from the image of violence and impoliteness. Such a stereotype was also responsible for another stereotype on the Madurese ethnic people in, for example, their religious behavior, occupation, how they communicated, and the other characteristics which were attached to the Madurese people. The type of stereotype on the Madurese ethnic people can be classified as the ethnical stereotype, that is, the belief which was maintained and the conception of those belonging to particular ethnic groups (Warnaen, 2002: 121). Ironically, although Indonesia is already independent and the knowledge of the Madurese ethnic people has improved, such a stereotype is still maintained. Rifai (2007: 86) highlighted that the negative image of the Madurese people was made to be worse by a number of Madurese ethnic people who were less educated and intentionally showed off the negative impression on them with an objective that other ethnic people would get frightened. This present study is relevant to the cultural studies, as it analyzes the social movement which manifests in various ethnical conflicts between the Madurese ethnic people and the Javanese ethnic people triggered by the wrong impression on the Madurese ethnic people. In particular, this present study is intended to identify the form, factor and impact of the stereotype on the Madurese ethnic people through humors made by the Javanese ethnic people. It was hoped that there would be several novelties which might academically and practically lead to solutions to the inter relations among ethnic groups. RESEARCH METHOD Based on the field of the study which is observed, this present study is classified as the qualitative study. The hermeneutic method was used to analyze the social phenomenon in the form of the matter pertaining to the cross culture or the relation among ethnic groups which is frequently responsible for any conflict resulting from a stereotype. The data which were used in the present study are naturalistic in nature and were obtained from the informants using the purposive sampling technique with the snowball sampling principle. The qualitative as well as quantitative data were used, obtained through in-depth interview, observation, documentary study, and library research. The data were descriptively, qualitatively and interpretatively analyzed using the inductive method. Then the result of the study was reported in a descriptive and narrative way. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The humors which contain stereotypes are (1) Wetengi Loro, (2) Tidak Kebagian Kedudukan, (3) Jubah Putih, (4) Radio Transitor, (5) Kirangan, (6) Booooaaaboooo, (7) Penumpang VIP, (8) Tinggi Tiang Bendera, (9) Tukang Becak yang Goblok, (10) Jaksa Agung Soedjiono, (11) Pertanyaan Kritis Pak Kiai, (12) Juru Bicara Gus Dur, (13) Kencing Terlalu Jauh, (14) Tukang Sate Madura, (15) Tanda Tangan, (16) Burung Penari, (17) Nang-Ning-Nong, (18) KTP, (19) SIM, (20) Kapal Singapura, (21) Rangkap Jabatan, (22) Carok, (23) Kehormatan Keluarga, (24) Hispanmisje, (25) Salak Kecut Semua, (26) Semangka Non-biji, (27) Foto Wakil Presiden, (28) Jubah Putih, (29) Sholat Nomer Dua, (30) Berkali-kali Melakukan Ibadah Haji, (31) Patuh pada Ulama, (32) Tidak Melakukan Seks Pranikah, (33) Libido Berlebihan, (34) Natural Behavior Wanita Madura, and (35) Mengaduk Kopi. Based on the result of the study the forms of the stereotype on the Madurese ethnic people made by the Javanese ethnic people through humors are as follows: the Madurese ethnic people were stupid, humorist, religious, stubborn, outspoken, honest, dirty, efficient, stingy, kind, traditional, quickly getting angry, not flexible, aggressive, diligent, and sensual. The Madurese people were not interested in formal education; most of them graduated from non formal education ‘pesantren’ (school of Koranic studies). How they viewed education could be observed from their tendency to send their children to the religious institutions rather than to the public educational institutions. The religious leaders and ‘kiai’ had justified the principle of looking after one’s self since a long time ago. It was true that the Madurese people were trapped by their point of view that they should be hard and brave, as imaged. The image of being hard and brave could not be hidden when facing problems. Therefore, the Madurese ethnic people with low profile were sometimes asked whether they were really the Madurese people or not. The Madurese people, based on the religion they adhere to, believed that how they behaved could be legally and religiously justified, although it might be possible that such a behavior was narrowly defined. In general, the ideology and way of belief could be generally considered the subjective possibility which was believed by individuals that an object or event had certain characteristics. The Madurese people’s belief and ideology constitute a system of belief which contains all faiths and the human imagination of the God’s natures, the supernatural form; and every value, norm, myth, and religious teaching. Such a pattern of belief was manifested by people or the social unity within the Madurese ethnic people’s system of belief. The Madurese people disliked being treated not in accordance with the real condition. Resistance which has frequently appeared in the human civilization is a social phenomenon which takes place in the form of conflicts of collective, ethnical, economic, and political interests. It may also take place in the form of conflict of power and conflict of religious ideologies. The Madurese ethnic people who lived outside Madura, especially in Java, became the minority ethnic group which was improperly treated. Apart from being ethnically and culturally different, the Madurese people living in Java, especially those who were involved informal sectors, were working hard people. They often made direct contact with the Javanese ethnic people in the markets where many Madurese people also sold commodities. Attitude is a tendency which is acquired by learning to give response to an object consistently. Such a pattern of attitude is learned in a cultural context. Environment forms the attitude and behavior of people, and determines how people give their response to a problem. Similarly, the attitude of the Madurese people is considered a behavior which is based on their belief in how to give response to life in order to make the order of their lives balanced. The attitude or behavior of the Madurese people is based on (1) their belief in Almighty God, (2) the system of social stratification, (3) the self-esteem which is attached to the Madurese people and (4) the system of kinship. It is these bases which become the foundation of what they do. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION It can be inferred from the present study that the Madurese people’s character had been formed by the geographical condition. Geographically, Madura Island is hot, dry, and less fertile. Stereotype can be understood as what has been well known by most people who belong to the same ethnic group of other ethnic groups and their own ethnic group as well. In social life, the ethnical stereotype appears from a long and complex social process. The stereotype of the Madurese ethnic group had been created to make an inaccurate image although, to some extent, what is stereotyped is true. An ethnical humor leads to an ethnical stereotype. The ethnical humor, which was created by the dominant ethnic group, which, in this case, is the Javanese ethnic group, contains satires, dislike, hatred, praise, and insulting. It is suggested that further study should be conducted to explore various aspects of the stereotype made by the Javanese ethnic group on the Madurese ethnic group through humors appearing from a long relation between the two ethnic groups. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In this opportunity, the writer would like to thank Prof. Dr. Aron Meko Mbete as the supervisor, Prof. Dr. I Made Suastika, S.U. as Co-supervisor I and Prof. Dr. Emiliana Mariyah, M.S. as Co-supervisor II for their concepts, time, ideas, and energy during the completion of the present study. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ari, D. 2012. Bila Kacong Jadi Presiden. Mati Ketawa Ala Madura. 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