Microsoft Word - I Nyoman Madiun 1 LOCAL COMMUNITY’S PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPING NUSA DUA TOURIST AREA (IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL STUDIES) I Nyoman Madiun1 , I Wayan Ardika2, I Nyoman Sirtha3, I Made Suradnya4, 1School for Graduate Study, Udayana University 2Faculty of Letters, Udayana University 3Faculty of Law, Udayana University 4Faculty of Ecomomics, Udayana University E-mail: nmadiun@hotmail.com ABSTRACT That the management of various potentials has been essential in developing Bali tourism has made planning one of the important elements which should be seriously and carefully done in order to be able to control various environmental and cultural effects resulting from the development of tourist sector. To make such a condition come true, the participative role of the local community as the owner of the area is very essential and cannot be bargained. In reality, however, the community’s participation cannot be easily conducted. In this study, the theories of hegemony, deconstruction, criticism, power/ knowledge, and conflict are employed. The data were obtained by observation, interview, documentation, and library research. The data were qualitatively analyzed and descriptively presented. The research findings show various forms of the community’s participation such as manipulative participation, coersive participation, induced participation, and spontaneous participation. The factors motivating the community to participate are: the Availability of Potential Qualified Resources, the Appearance of Tourism-Oriented New Paradigm in Development among the Local Community Members, the Desire of Obtaining Economic Usefulness, the Influence of Modernization on the Local Community Life, the Prospect of Complementary Businesses in the Future, and the Desire of Establishing an Autonomous Community. The meaningfulness of the local community’s participation in developing Nusa Dua Tourist Area refers to the meaningfulness of Adherence to Rules, Economy, Pluralism and Multiculturalism and of Competition. There are two findings in this study; they are: (a) there is hegemony over the local community’s rights and (b) the local community is getting marginalized in getting access to opportunities. Key word: Participation, Local Community, Development, Tourist Area 2 MATERIAL AND DISCUSSION In order to achieve what is aimed at in this study, it has been decided to choose qualitative method by which all the phenomena related to the local community’s participation which has appeared from the phase of thinking out of and planning the development to the phase of commercializing and developing Nusa Dua tourist area are presented. To obtain the information from the local community in order to achieve what is aimed at in this study, the important steps done related to the study are as follows: In step one the data both primary and secondary were collected. In step two the relevant theories were selected for observing the data. The theories of hegemony, deconstruction, criticism, power/knowledge, conflict were employed. In step three the selected data were analyzed and interpreted. In step four the research findings were described and presented. The local community’s partici pation can be presented in several phases. In the first phase, that is, in the phase of thinking out of and planning the development of the area, it is revealed that the local community members are prepared to shift from their old tradition to culture of tourism by submitting their land. Such a submission means various resources which can be classified as potentials can be changed into actual resources. The local community’s partici pation in making use of various resour ces available for the development of Nusa Dua tourist area is realized with reference to the community-based tourist development concept. In the second phase, the local community and the government develop various supporting facilities such as health, security, and so on. Tourism is able to create a situation which makes the local community participate in improving the values of their various resources. As a consequence, the local community is getting aware that their human resources especially in forming competence are starting to grow. The formation of the local community’s competence strongly supports their participation in serving tourists. In the third phase, that is, in the phase of commercializing and develop ping Nusa Dua tourist area, the local 3 community’s involvement and partici pation in tourism sector is spontaneously done by running home stays, food and beverage stalls, and other mutually complementary businesses. The phase of commercialization also makes the local community aware of preserving their local culture which has been inherited since a long time ago. However, various limitations cause the local community to participate in a small scale. As far as the importance of multiculturalism is concerned, the local community clearly participates in realizing what has been planned by the government to build holy places for the followers of different religions. It cannot be avoided that the newcomers who have been experienced and competent in tourism cause the local community to be always under pressure in business competition. This study also reveals the factors motivating the local community to participate in developing Nusa Dua tourist area. They are: the availability of potential qualified resources, the appearance of tourist-oriented new paradigm in development among the local community members, the desire of obtaining economic usefulness, the influence of modernization on the local community, the prospect of complement tary businesses in the future, and the desire of realizing an autonomous community. From the various forms of participation and factors motivating the local community to participate in developing Nusa Dua tourist area, the meaningfulness of the local commu nity’s participation refers to the meaningfulness of adherence to rules, economy, pluralism and multicultu ralism, and of competition. NOVELTY The novelties in this study are: 1). The hegemony of power over the local community’s rights. Claiming that the tourist development is based on the local community, a paradigm of deve lopment is implicitly introduced and forced to the local community. As a modern phenomenon, the tourism development is considered to be the most suitable one to be developed at Nusa Dua area, considering that it has the natural and cultural potentials. Faced with the really new phenomenon, on one side the local community finds it very difficult to comprehend the substance of the paradigm introduced to them, and on the 4 other side the paradigm should be applied. Consequently, the hegemony plays an important role in realizing the concept of the new development. The local community has no choice, whether they like or dislike, they should accept such a condition, which is, in fact, full of pressure and intimidation in applying it. 2). The local community is getting marginalized in getting access to opportunities. When the community is motivated to participate by submitting their land to the government, to build various supporting facilities, and to get involved in other participations which are induced (induced participation), they remain powerless in facing the pressures which come not only from the government but also from foreign cultures. Most forms of participation done by the local community is indirect, passive, very formal and consultative. Furthermore, the information and decisions come from top to down. The decisions made by the government are full of manipulations and very dirty games. The local community should adapt to claim for the substance of the new paradigm which is full of modern culture. The power is still fully held by the government. The participation given by the local government is completely false (pseudo participation). The benefit acquired by participating is not significant; furthermore, the feedback given by the local community regarding the decisions made by the government is frequently neglected. To overcome such a difficult situation in order to be able to participate as a modern community in their area, knowledge and competence in tourism which can be used as the power in participating are needed. It cannot be avoided that when the local community gets involved in tourism in their area, communication issue is becoming important. There are many obstacles encountered by the local community when they are to present themselves in the process of communication. Communicating in tourist sector means that the local community should be prepared to interact with the other communities which have various cultural backgrounds. Being less competent, the local community is not able to get involved in the process of business communication perfectly. Being aware of this, the local community must start from the beginning how to communicate 5 culturally in order to support their businesses in their area. Facing serious problems in one’s own area is a contradiction. RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS The findings show that the local community’s participation in the early phase of thinking out of and planning the development of the area is manipulative and coersive. In the phase of physical development, the local community’s participation is induced. In the phase of commercialization and development of Nusa Dua tourist area, the local community’s participation is sponta neous. The factors motivating the local community to participate in developing Nusa Dua tourist area are: the availability of potential qualified resour ces, the appearance of a tourism-oriented new paradigm in development among the local community members, the desire of obtaining economic usefulness, the influence of modernization on the local community, the prospect of complementary businesses in the future, and the desire of realizing an autonomous community. The meaning fulness of the local community’s participation refers to the meaningful ness of Adherence to Rules, Economy, Pluralism and Multiculturalism, and of Competition. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In this opportunity the writer would like to express his indebtedness to Prof. Dr. I Wayan Ardika, M.A. as the Promotor, Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Sirta, S.H., M.S. as the First Copromotor and Dr. I Made Suradnya, S.E., M.Sc., as the Second Promotor for their patience, full attention, motivation, and guidance starting from when the study was in the form of proposal up to when it was in the form of dissertation. The writer would also like to express his appre ciation to the Rector of Udayana University, the Director of the Postgra duate Program Udayana University and all his staff members, and to the Head of the Doctorate Program (S3) School of Cultural Studies Udayana University and his all staff members for the admission provided to be a student at the Doctorate Program (S3) School of Cultural Studies. 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ardika, I Wayan, 2007, Pusaka Budaya dan Pariwisata, Cetakan Pertama, Pustaka Larasan, Denpasar. 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