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TOURISM AS REFLECTED IN TRAVELLING WOMEN:
A COMPARATIVE CULTURAL STUDY ON THE NOVELS OF

DAISY MILLER, A PASSAGE TO INDIA, AND PADA
SEBUAH KAPAL

Sri Hartiningsih 1 , I Wayan Ardika2,

I Nyoman Kutha Ratna2, I Gde Paramartha2

1School for Graduate Study, Udayana University
2Faculty of Letters, Udayana University
E-mail: malangharti2001@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Travelling has occurred since a long time ago. Travelling is not only done by men but
also by women. In relation to travelling, travelling done by women is examined, especially the
landlady’s environment, as there is a relationship between the host and the guest. The research
problems are (1) how is reflection of tourism in the travelling women portrayed on the novels of
Daisy Miller, A Passage to India, and Pada Sebuah Kapal?. (2) How are motivating and
attracting factors related to tourism as reflected in the travelling women articulated on the novels
of Daisy Miller, A Passage to India, and Pada Sebuah Kapal?. (3) How do cultural barriers
occur in tourism as reflected in the travelling women on Daisy Miller, a Passage to India, and
Pada Sebuah Kapal novel? In general, this research is to find out the comparison of travelling
done by women. Specifically, it is to discover the reflection of tourism, how the motivating and
attracting factors and cultural barriers occur in tourism as reflected in the travelling done by
women.

This research is conducted on three novels, Daisy Miller written by Henry James, A
Passage To India by E.M. Forster, and Pada Sebuah Kapal by NH. Dini called comparative
literature showing the continents of America, Europe and Asia. Discussing the three continents,
this research is called global literature. Hermeneutic method was used to interpret the content of
those three novels by employing deconstruction, postcolonial and feminism theories. The main
data were taken from those novels and the location of the research was both at private libraries
and state libraries or institutions and websites. To support the main data, secondary data were
also needed, which in this case, were obtained by interviewing the women who have travelled
abroad. Then the results were formally and informally presented.

The findings show that the reflection of tourism in travelling done by women is represented
by family companion, and that the means of transportation to their destinations are indigenous
means of transportation and that the tourist objects visited are art metamorphosis, travel hyper-
reality, sacred places and natural and human recreational places. The factors motive ting the
women to travel are inter personal, cultural, status and prestige. The things making them
interested in travelling are: the Castle of Chillon in Switzerland and the regions’s history, the
evening party in Italy as a tradition to welcome new people, the architectures of Caesars’
Palaces, the Coliseum and Chandrapore club as a tradition to welcome new people, the bridge

party to know the language spoken and dress worn – traditional costumes of India, Koyasan as
Buddhist religion and Paris as the centre of dress model. Cultural barriers refer to different
etiquettes, ideologies and moral values resulting in different ways of travelling and their
solutions.

Knowing the culture of the destination that is going to be visited is really needed, at least in
order not to know nothing at all about such a destination; furthermore, it reduces cultural
barriers. That is why cross cultural understanding is really necessarily given not only to the
doers of tourism but also to all institutions in order to reduce misunderstanding and increase
appreciation towards each other.

Key word: reflection, travelling women, motivating and attracting factors, cultural barriers

INTRODUCTION

This study discusses “Tourism as

Reflected in Travelling Women: A

Comparative Cultural Study on the novels of

Daisy Miller, A Passage to India, and Pada

Sebuah Kapal”. It was conducted because

tourism is an industry that gives less

negative effects on the environment if

compared to other big industries such as

mining, manu facturing, textile, automotive

and pharmacy, making it well known an

industry without any chimney and it has

become a global industry that has employed

10.6% of the world’s work force (John

Naisbit in Asrama, 2006). In fact, tourism

receives less attention (Crick, 2002:18-19).

Travelling is part of tourism. Travelling

takes place as one could not deny interaction

with others. Human interaction refers to

seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting

and interacting with real things. That is why

travelling causes a great wish to see other

people individually. It is such an interaction

that inspires tourism. However, travelling

creates a new problem, as one will

misperceive others (Y. Reisinger, 1997:129-

130). Related to travelling, that done by

women is observed as it is related to the

relationship between the host and the guest

in tourism and usually the landlady’s

environment is observed.

This research is done with three

novels as the data sources. They are Daisy

Miller (1878) written by Henry James, A

Passage To India (1924) by E.M. Forster,

and Pada Sebuah Kapal (1972) by NH.

Dini. This is called a comparative literature

showing the continents of America, Europe

and Asia; and therefore, it is termed as

global literature. Daisy Miller is a female

character on the novel of Daisy Miller , and

Adela Quested on the novel of A Passage to

India is too and so is Sri or Mrs. Vincent on

the novel of Pada Sebuah Kapal . All of

them are the main characters and they are

faced with different conflicts and things in

their new places. There are three research

problems in this study. First, how the

reflection of tourism in the travelling women

is portrayed on the novels of A Daisy Miller,

Passage to India, and Pada Sebuah Kapal.

Second, how motivating and attracting

factors are related to tourism as it is

reflected in the travelling women on the

novels of Daisy Miller, A Passage to India,

and Pada Sebuah Kapal. And third, how

cultural barriers occur in tourism as reflected

in the travelling women on the novels of

Daisy Miller, A Passage to India, and Pada

Sebuah Kapal .

Generally, the aims of this study are

to observe American, European and Asian

women when travelling and to understand

post-modern or contem porary topics, and to

observe social and historical background of

travelling women. Specifically, this study

aims at describing how the reflection of

tourism in the travelling women is

portrayed on the novels of A Daisy Miller,

Passage to India, and Pada Sebuah Kapal.

Next it aims at finding out how motivating

and attracting factors related to tourism are

reflected in the travelling women on the

novels of Daisy Miller, A Passage to India,

and Pada Sebuah Kapal. And finally, it

discovers how cultural barriers occur in

tourism as reflected in the travelling

women on the novels of Daisy Miller, A

Passage to India, and Pada Sebuah Kapal .

Academically, this research has

some benefits: first, it contributes to adding

knowledge about the travelling women seen

from political, cultural and moral point of

view in literary works. Second, it gives

significance as one model to motivating

researches on literature that are always

intrinsically and structurally focused. And

third, it gives significance for further

researches on both Indonesian and foreign

literature.

Furthermore, practically, this study is

beneficial to the Indonesian government

when making policies corcerning travelling.

It can also serve as the guidance for women

who are going abroad. Literary works are

also able to form the society’s personality.

The society members are expected to read

both Indonesian and foreign literary works.

By reading literary works, one is going to

know cultural differences. By knowing

cultural differences, differences will be

understood and appreciated. In addition, this

will be useful to the doers of tourism. They

will recognize who will come as the tourists

and where they come from. Apart from this,

they will have the guidance that can give

them information about the tourists’

attitudes.

MATERIAL AND DISCUSSION

This research applied qualitative

method illustrating the travelling done by

women. Reflection of tourism, motivating

and attracting factors, and cultural barriers

were investigated. First, primary and

secondary data were collected, and then the

appropriate theories were chosen for

analyzing the data. After that, the selected

data were selected and interpreted, and

finally, the process of report writing and

constructing all the results was done. In

order to achieve the goal, various theories

were applied such as the theories of

deconstruction, postcolonial and feminism.

In order to know the results of this

study, the explanation is as follows: first, the

analysis on reflection of tourism in the

travelling done by women is focused on

companion, transportation, and visited

objects. The travelling women intended are

Daisy Miller on the novel of Daisy Miller,

Adela Quested on the novel of A Passage to

India, and Sri on the novel Pada Sebuah

Kapal. They use companions for travelling.

Their companions, who are reflected in

different ways, are their family members

such as mother, future mother-in-law, and

daughter. Related to their ways of travelling,

they used local means of transportation, and

the destinations visited depend on the

women’s interests and the destinations

available.

Second, the analysis shows that the

motivating and attracting factors reflected in

the travelling women on the novels of Daisy

Miller, a Passage to India and Pada Sebuah

Kapal are their motives, types and

behaviours. Moreover, dealing with the

motives of travelling, the women have

interpersonal motivations. Related to the

cultural aspects, Daisy Miller is made to

visit the Castle of Chillon in Switzerland by

the history of the region, the evening party

in Italy as the tradition to welcome new

people, and the architecture in the Palace of

Caesars and the Colosseum. It is greatly

different from Daisy Miller; Adela Quested

is interested in visiting Chandrapore club as

it has the tradition of welcoming new

people, the bridge party as the place to know

the language and dress – the traditional

costumes of India, while Sri is interested in

Koyasan as Buddhist religion. Furthermore,

related to the type of travelling, Daisy Miller

in the novel of Daisy Miller written by

Henry James, travels as she likes (indulger),

whereas Adela Quested on the novel of A

Passage to India by E.M. Forster, travels as

an adventurer, and Sri on the novel of Pada

Sebiah Kapal written by N.H. Dini, travels

as economizer traveller. Referring to the

patterns of behaviour, Daisy Miller is an

unculturalzed and rich tourist; in addition,

she is also considered an exploiting tourist.

The other travelling woman, Adela Quested

is an alternative tourist, while the last

travelling woman, Sri, is considered an

exploiting tourist.

Third, cultural barriers, related to

tourism as reflected in the travelling women

in Daisy Miller, refer to ethical values, in A

Passage to India refer to being a colonial,

and in Pada Sebuah Kapal refer to moral

values. Ethical values occur between the

European (the host) and the American (the

guest). They refer to the host’s view and

create ethnocentrism shown by the European

who feels more superior than the outsider of

her or his group. Consequently, what the

guest does is inappropriate with the host’s

view. Moreover, the guest or traveller gets a

cold welcome and a cynical behaviour from

the European. Related to colonialism, the

Indian society (the native), as colonized

people, is considered irrational, easily

controlled and manipulated by the colonist

(British). Those views toward the Indians or

natives have something to do with

legimitation of being bad or weak making

the British easily manage or control them.

These views are going to be repeated and

spread to the Indians who believe and admit

them. In fact, India has two sides, good and

bad ones but only their badness is explored

and the aim is to show to them that they are

inferior to the colonialist. Another thing to

think is that the Indian’s characteristic

shows indigenous things in it. Related to the

moral values, something occurs between the

Indonesian and Western views. Sri, the main

character in Pada Sebuah Kapal, represents

orietalism that is challenged by Charles

Vincent, her husband who represents

western culture. The moral values appearing

dominantly in their marriage are purity and

loyalty. The husband is superior over his

wife. Consequently, he can do everything

over his wife making the wife subordinate.

Being subordinate is suffering. It is not in

line with the spirit of equality in feminism.

The relation between the East and the West

should be in equal position. If it does not

happen, it makes unbalance as happening in

the family. To get equality, the wife should

not just keep silent and remaining obedient

but she should act by arguing. Those are

cultural barriers. However, nowadays they

are no such cultural barriers anymore

because the difference is appreciated,

whereas before it was only frightening.

Improved knowledge of other countries

through cinema and television has made

such a shift, that is, from being frightened to

being appreciated. . This is called

multiculturalism.

RESEARCH NOVELTY

1. The deconstruction has been applicable
in the beginning of nineteenth century as

long as the spirit of feminism. It was

employed by Henry James in creating

the novel of Daisy Miller in 1878 to

deconstruct the companion in travelling

with the spirit of feminism.

2. The three travelling women, Daisy
Miller, Adela Quested, and Sri have

different patterns of behaviour. It does

not matter they have different

behaviours because tourism celebrates

cultural difference (Culler, 1988:167)

between the host and the guest and

among the guests. In other words, one

should learn and receive others as what

she or he is as Mangunwijaya (1993:25)

states “Kita harus belajar menerima

orang lain seperti apa adanya”.

3. Different etiquettes, ideologies and
moral values could result in conflicts but

not all of the conflicts are negative if

considered as natural. Moreover,

difference is not always bad, and one

could not force others to do the same

thing as she or he does. In other words,

cultural barriers still exist but they

depend on how one faces it.

RESEARCH CONCLUSION

The conclusion of this research is

that there is a change in companion,

transportation as well as visited objects.

Previously, the companion is for protection

but nowadays it is for pleasure; the means of

transportation used is indigenous means of

transportation available; and natural objects

visited change to cultural ones. Another

change is that previously the difference is

frightening but now it is sought for in

tourism and it is an attractive thing for

travellers to visit.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity

to express my great thanks to Prof. Dr. I

Wayan Ardika, M.A., as my promoter, Prof.

Dr.I Wayan Kutha Ratna, S.U. as co-

promoter I and., Prof. Dr. I Gde Parimartha,

MA.as co-promoter II who have attentively

given me support, encouragement and

guidance starting from the proposal writing

to the last process of completing this

dissertation report. I would also like to

deliver my deep appreciation to the Rector

of Muhammadiyah University of Malang for

giving chance and funds to study, the Rector

of Udayana University, the Director of Post-

Graduate Program Udayana University and

staff, and the Head of Cultural Studies

Doctorate Program of Udayana University

and staff.

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