e-Journal of Linguistics DOAJ Indexed (Since 15 Sep 2015) January 2018 Vol. 12 No. 1 P: 67-78 DOI.10.24843/eJL.2018.v.12.i01.p.06 e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514 https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ 67 Infix of The Dengka Dialect in The Rote Language: a Generative Morphology Approach 1 Efron Erwin Yohanis Loe, STIBA Mentari Kupang 2 N.L Sutjiati Beratha, sutjiati59@gmail.com, Udayana University 3 I Ketut Darma Laksana, darmalaksana27@yahoo.com, Udayana Univerity 4 I Wayan Pastika, wayanpastika@unud.ac.id, Udayana Univerity *Corresponding Author: erinihase74@gmail.com Received Date: 27-10-2017 Accepted Date: 06-11-2017 Published Date: 04-01-2018 Abstract—Dengka Dialect is one of the eighteen dialects of Rote language. It is spoken in Northwest Sub distric, Rote Ndao Regency, Nusa Tenggara Province. The eighteen variation sub dialects are Termanu, Korbaffo, Landu, Ringgoú, Upao, Bilba, Diu, Lӗlenuk, Bokai, Talaӗ, Keka, Baӓ, Lelain, Dӗngka, Unalӗ, Déla, Ti dan Lålӗt (Lålӗ). This research aims at discovering the infixation process in the Dengka dialect of the Rote language. The applied theoritical approach is generative morphology that is suggested by Aronoff in his article, Word-Based Morphology (1979). According to the rules of morphological process in the Dengka Dialect of the Rote Language, a new theory as the main theory is applied to analyse data findings. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. The data are obtained by using observation methods and its techniques, and interlocution method and its techniques. The collected data are writings and voice-recordings. The writings are the main data, which are translations of the Book of Mark in the New Testament, the Story of Easter and the Parable about a Farmer, in the version of Dengka Dialect in the Rote Language. The voice recordings are supporting data, which are obtained from informants by interviewing and recording. A research finding in Dengka Dialect is infixation. Infix is found in adjective, it is processed by repeating the second syllabe of lexeme base and to produce new words. There are two types of infixation in BRDD, namely 1) infixation by repeating second syllabe of lexeme base without increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/, and 2) infixation by repeating second syllabe of lexeme base and the increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/. It process unsuport the grammatical function because it can change the word class of lexeme base but it can change the meaning of lexeme base. The grammatical of infixation is comparative „a little bit‟. Keywords: Infix, Rote Language, Dengak Dialect. 1. Background Dengka dialect of The Rote language (BRDD) is spoken in Northwest Sub distric, Rote Ndao Regency, Nusa Tenggara Province. The total of population is 26.102 people. BRDD is one of the eigteen variations sub dialects of Rote language. The eighteen variation sub dialects form a part of the domain in Holland period. Manafe (1884:1) said that the Rote Island is devided into two parts, that are Eastern and Western. The eastern consists of eleven domains, including https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ mailto:erinihase74@gmail.com e-Journal of Linguistics DOAJ Indexed (Since 15 Sep 2015) January 2018 Vol. 12 No. 1 P: 67-78 DOI.10.24843/eJL.2018.v.12.i01.p.06 e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514 https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ 68 Termanu, Korbaffo, Landu, Ringgoú, Upao, Bilba, Diu, Lӗlenuk, Bokai, Talaӗ dan Keka. The western consists of seven domains, namely Baӓ, Lelain, Dӗngka, Unalӗ, Déla, Ti dan Lålӗt (Lålӗ). The focus of this research is infixation process. According to Katamba (1993:44) infix is an affix inserted into the root itself. In BRDD infix is found in adjective. Word formation is applied through infix in BRDD by repeating the second syllabe of the lexeme base. The theory applied in this research is generative morphology by Aronoff, namely Word- Based Morphology or Lexeme-Based (Aronoff, 1979). This theory is used to analyse the shapes of infix found in BRDD and their meaning and function. Based on the background above, the researh problem of this research is how does the infixation process in the Dengka dialect of the Rote language? 2. Theoretical Approach The main theory used to analyse the data is generative morphology theory by Aronoff. According to Aronoff (1979) in his proposal Word-Based Morphology or Lexeme-Based, the unit or element used to produce a new word is word that has syntactic category, such as verb, noun, adjective, adverb, numeralia and not categorial words. Scalise (1984:43) depicts the diagram of Aronoff‟s theory Word-Based Morphology or Lexeme Based (1979) as follows. Diagram 1 Generative Morphology Theory by Aronoff 1979 Aronoff stated that lexical component consists of two main components, namely dictionary and word formation rule. The function of dictionary is as a place to list all words that have syntactic category such as verb, noun, adjective, adverb and numeralia. Meanwhile, word formation rule (WFR) has a function to produce new words. Lexical Component ↖ ↕ ↓ Out put Dictionary Word Formation Rule https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ e-Journal of Linguistics DOAJ Indexed (Since 15 Sep 2015) January 2018 Vol. 12 No. 1 P: 67-78 DOI.10.24843/eJL.2018.v.12.i01.p.06 e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514 https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ 69 Each language, among them English, Indonesian and Rote, has different rules to produce new words. A new theory is needed to mention as modification theory to analyse infix process in BRDD. The diagram of modification theory is as follows. Diagram 2 Modification Theory Lexical components in the modification theory consist of three main components, namely dictionary, word formation process (WFP), and word formation process result (WFPR). Beside the three main elements in lexical components, there are also two components, namely phonological rule (PR), and syntactic category (SC). The applications of the modification theory can be described as follows. Dictionary as the centre contains all lexicals in BRDD that has syntactic category, namely verb, noun, adjective, adverb and numeralia. WFP is such a device to produce new words by using the lexeme base listed in dictionary by means of infix process and sent them to WFPR. WFPR has a function to recheck all complex words that have processed in WFP to ensure that the complex words were formed of lexeme based that had syntactic category. It also has a function to detect phonological cases found in new words that have been processed in WFP. Each complex word that detected phonological cases, such as deletion of phoneme, and increment of phoneme henceforth is sent to PR to be processed before these words are sent to SC. Lexical Component Dictionary Word Formatian Process Word Formation Process Result Phonological Rule Syntactic Category https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ e-Journal of Linguistics DOAJ Indexed (Since 15 Sep 2015) January 2018 Vol. 12 No. 1 P: 67-78 DOI.10.24843/eJL.2018.v.12.i01.p.06 e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514 https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ 70 PR has the function to handle each word that has phonological cases, namely deletion of phoneme, and increment of phoneme produced in WFP. It also has an access with WFP to make new words that have phonological cases. SC is the last component in modification theory to list all new words produced in WFP, WFPR and PR (for phonological cases). It assured that the steps of morphological process are based on the rule in BRDD. It is also accessed with Dictionary to list all complex words that have syntactic categorial. 3. Research Methods The research method used is descriptive qualitative method, whereas the data are described by written statements, not in statistic formations, (Moleong, 2014:6). The data are obtained by using observation methods and its techniques, and interlocution method and its techniques. The observations techniques are used to collect data through tapping technique (TT), observation direct technique (ODT), free observation technique (FOT), recording technique (RT) and note technique (NT). The interlocutions techniques are used to collect data are stimulation technique (ST), direct technique (DT), undirect technique (UT), and note technique and recording technique (NTRT). There are three types to analysis of the data found, namely (a) scope and domain of rule, (b) types of rule, and (c) relation of each rule, (Sudaryanto, 1993:6-7). This research uses two types of method to present data analysis, namely formal and informal method. Formal method is used to describe data findings through words and some terminology. Meanwhile informal method is used to describe data findings by using sign and symbols, (Sudaryanto (2015:241). 4. Discussion Infixation process in BRDD is found in adjective lexeme base. The process of creating new word does not support the grammatical function because it can change the word class of lexeme base. But the process can change the meaning of lexeme base. The grammatical meaning of infixation is comparative „a little bit‟. There are two types of infixation in BRDD, namely 1) infixation by repeating the second syllable of lexeme base without increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/, and 2) infixation by repeating the second syllable of lexeme base and the increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ e-Journal of Linguistics DOAJ Indexed (Since 15 Sep 2015) January 2018 Vol. 12 No. 1 P: 67-78 DOI.10.24843/eJL.2018.v.12.i01.p.06 e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514 https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ 71 4.1 Infixation by Repeating the Second Syllable of Lexeme Base without Increment of Glottal Phoneme /Ɂ/ The steps of infixation process in BRDD can be formulated as follows [[Lexeme Base]ADJ + [INF]ADJ → [Complex Words]ADJ]. (1) The use of complex word [maɁeɁeɁ] in a sentence can be seen 1b. The word in bold in sentence 1a is lexeme base. a. Brutus nau ninu nininuɁ maɁeɁ. Brutus wants drink beverage sweet. „Brutus wants drink sweet befarage‟. b. Folkes nau na kokis maɁ-eɁ-eɁ. Folkes wants to eat cake sweet[-INF-]ADJCOMP-eɁ. „Folkes wants to eat a little bit sweet cake‟. The rules of word formation process by using increment infix [-eɁ-] on lexeme base [maɁ.eɁ] in BRDD can be analysed as [LB[maɁ.eɁ]ADJ ↔ [INF[-eɁ-]ADJCOMP] → CW[maɁeɁeɁ]ADJCOMP]. Adjective [maɁeɁeɁ] is a complex word that consist of lexeme base [maɁeɁeɁ] and a bound morpheme [-eɁ-] with the grammatical meaning i.e. „a little bit‟. The lexical meaning of the complex word [maɁeɁeɁ] is „a little bit sweet’. The steps of word formation process of complex word [maɁeɁeɁ] can be formulated as [[Dictionary] ↔ [WFP] ↔ [WFPR] → [SC]]. Adjective [maɁeɁeɁ] cannot be formed in the PR SC Lexical Component Dictionary WFP WFPR [maɁeɁ]ADJ Delicious [maɁ+[-eɁ-]eɁ] -INF- [maɁeɁeɁ] - [maɁeɁeɁ] a little bit delicious ADJCOMP https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ e-Journal of Linguistics DOAJ Indexed (Since 15 Sep 2015) January 2018 Vol. 12 No. 1 P: 67-78 DOI.10.24843/eJL.2018.v.12.i01.p.06 e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514 https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ 72 [PR] because it cannot be found in the phonological cases like increment of phoneme or deletion of phoneme. The steps that are formulated can be used to analyse infix data number 1 until number 6. (2) [maladaɁ] ADJ tasty ↖ [ma+[-la-]ladaɁ] -INF- ↓ [malaladaɁ] a little bit tasty ADJCOMP The use of complex word [malaladaɁ in a sentence can be seen 2b. The word in bold as seen in the sentence 2a is lexeme base. a. DeloɁ na maladaɁ. Orange DET tasty. „The orange is tasty‟ b. Hundi na ma-la-ladaɁ. Banana DET tasty-[INF-]ADJCOMP-ladaɁ. „The banana is a little bit tasty‟. The rules of word formation process by using increment infix [-la-] on lexeme base [ma.la.daɁ] in BRDD can be analysed as [LB[ma.la.daɁ]ADJ ↔ [INF[-la-]ADJCOMP] → CW[malaladaɁ]ADJCOMP]. Adjective [malalada] is a complex word that consist of lexeme base [maladaɁ] and a bound morpheme [-la-] with the grammatical meaning i.e. „a little bit‟. The lexical meaning of the complex word [malaladaɁ] is „a little bit tasty‟. (3) [matobiɁ] ADJ hot ↖ [ma+[-to-]tobiɁ] -INF- ↓ [matotobiɁ] a lttle bit hot ADJCOMP The use of complex word [matobiɁ] in the sentence can be seen in 3b. The word in bold as seen in sentence 3a is lexeme base. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ e-Journal of Linguistics DOAJ Indexed (Since 15 Sep 2015) January 2018 Vol. 12 No. 1 P: 67-78 DOI.10.24843/eJL.2018.v.12.i01.p.06 e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514 https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ 73 a. Au inu kofi matobiɁ ŋgalas lua. 1T drink coffee hot glass two. „I drink two glasses of hot coffee‟. b. Au inu kofi ma-to-tobiɁ ŋgalas lua. 1T drink coffee hot[-INF-]ADJCOMP-tobiɁ glass two. „I drink two glasses of a little bit hot coffee‟. The rules of word formation process by using increment infix [-to-] on lexeme base [ma.to.biɁ] in BRDD can be analysed as [LB[ma.to.biɁ]ADJ ↔ [INF[-to-]ADJCOMP] → CW[matotobiɁ]ADJCOMP]. Adjective [matotobiɁ] is a complex word that consits of lexeme base [matobiɁ] and a bound morpheme [-to-] with the grammatical meaning „a little bit‟. The lexical meaning of the scomplex word [matotobiɁ] is „a little bit hot‟. (4) [maɁameniɁ] ADJ aromatic ↖ [maɁa+[-me-]niɁ] -INF- ↓ [maɁamemeniɁ] a little bit aromatic ADJCOMP The use of complex word [maɁamemeniɁ] in a sentence can be seen 4b. The word in bold as seen in the sentence 4a is lexeme base. a. Sabu lux maɁameniɁ. soap lux aroamtic. „The lux soap is aromatic‟. b. Sabu lux maɁa-me-meniɁ. Soap lux aromatic[-INF-]ADJCOMP-meniɁ. „The lux soap is a little bit aromatic‟. The rules of word formation process by using increment infix [-me-] on lexeme base [maɁa.me.niɁ] in BRDD can be analysed as [LB[maɁa.me.niɁ]ADJ ↔ [INF[-me-]ADJCOMP] → CW[maɁamemeniɁ]ADJCOMP]. Adjective [maɁamemeniɁ] is a complex word that consist of lexeme base [maɁameniɁ] and a bound morpheme [-me-] with the grammatical meaning is „a little bit‟. The lexical meaning of complex word [maɁamemeniɁ] „a little bit aromatic‟. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ e-Journal of Linguistics DOAJ Indexed (Since 15 Sep 2015) January 2018 Vol. 12 No. 1 P: 67-78 DOI.10.24843/eJL.2018.v.12.i01.p.06 e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514 https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ 74 (5) [deɁuhakaɁ]ADJ bad ↖ [deɁu+[-ha-]hakaɁ] -INF- ↓ [deɁuhahakaɁ] a little bit bad ADJCOMP The use of complex word [deɁuhahakaɁ] can be seen in sentence 5b. The word in bold as in sentence 5a is lexeme base. a. Titus nendi hau boaɁ deɁuhakaɁ. Titus bring tree fruit bad. „Titus brings bad fruit‟. b. Titus hasa hau boaɁ deɁu-ha-hakaɁ. Titus buy tree fruit bad[-INF-]ADJCOMP-hakaɁ. „Titus buys a little bit bad fruit‟. The rule of word formation process by using increment infix [-ha-] on lexeme base [deɁu.ha.kaɁ] in BRDD can be analyzed as follows [LB[deɁu.ha.kaɁ]ADJ ↔ [INF[-ha- ]ADJCOMP] → CW[deɁuhahaka]ADJCOMP]. Adjective [deɁuhahakaɁ] is a complex word that consists of lexeme base [deɁuhakaɁ] and a bound morpheme [-ha-] with the grammatical meaning „a little bit‟. The lexical meaning of complex word [deɁuhahakaɁ], namely „a little bit bad‟. (6) [maloleɁ]ADJ good ↖ [ma+[-lo-]loleɁ] -INF- ↓ [malololeɁ] a little bit good ADJCOMP The use of complex word [malololeɁ] can be seen in sentence 6b. The word in bold as in sentence 6a is lexeme base. a. Ruth hedi-na maloleɁ ena. Ruth disease-KLT good has. „Ruth‟s disease is taking a favorable turn‟. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ e-Journal of Linguistics DOAJ Indexed (Since 15 Sep 2015) January 2018 Vol. 12 No. 1 P: 67-78 DOI.10.24843/eJL.2018.v.12.i01.p.06 e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514 https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ 75 b. Ruth hedi-na ma-lo-loleɁ ena. Ruth disease-KLT good[-inf-]ADJCOMP-loleɁ has. „Ruth‟s disease a little bit is taking a favorable turn‟. The rule of word formation process by using increment infix [-lo-] on lexeme base [ma.lo.leɁ] in BRDD can be analysed as follows [LB[ma.lo.leɁ]ADJ ↔ [INF[-lo-]ADJCOMP] → KK[malololeɁ]ADJCOMP]. Adjective [malololeɁ] is a complex word that consist of lexeme base [maloleɁ] and a bound morpheme [-lo-] with the grammatical meaning „a little bit‟. The lexical meaning of complex word [malololeɁ] is „a little bit‟ is taking a favourable turn‟. 4.2 Infixation by Repeating the Second Syllable of Lexeme Base and the Increment of Glottal Phoneme /Ɂ/ Having discussed about infixation in part 4.1., this part clarifies infixation process with phonological cases. The type of phonological cases found includes the increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/. This happen because the second syllable only consists of one vocal phoneme. The steps of word formation can be formulated as [Lexeme Base]ADJ + [INF]ADJ + /Ɂ/ → [Complex Word]ADJ. (7) The use of complex word [maɁeɁeteɁ] can be seen in sentence 7b. The word in bold as in sentence 7a is lexeme base. KF KS Lexical Component Dictionary PPK HPK [maɁeteɁ]ADJ hot maɁe +[-e-] + teɁ maɁe +INF + teɁ maɁeeteɁ maɁ[-e-]+/Ɂ/eteɁ [maɁeɁeteɁ] a little bit hot ADJCOMP https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ e-Journal of Linguistics DOAJ Indexed (Since 15 Sep 2015) January 2018 Vol. 12 No. 1 P: 67-78 DOI.10.24843/eJL.2018.v.12.i01.p.06 e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514 https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ 76 a. AɁau ia maɁeteɁ. rice DET hot. „The rice is hot‟. b. AɁau na maɁ[-e-]+/Ɂ/eteɁ. rice DET hot[-INF-]ADJKOMP + /Ɂ/ teɁ. „The rice is a little bit hot‟. The rule of word formation process by using increment infix [-e-] and increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/ on lexeme base [maɁ.e.teɁ] in BRDD can be analyed as follows [LB[maɁ.e.teɁ]ADJ ↔ [INF[-e-]ADJCOMP] + /Ɂ/ → CW[maɁeɁeteɁ]ADJCOMP]. The adjective [maɁeɁeteɁ] is a complex word that consits of lexeme base [maɁ.e.teɁ] and a bound morpheme [-e-] with the grammatical meaning „a little bit‟. The lexical meaning of complex word [maɁeɁeteɁ] is „a little bit hot‟. The steps of word formation process of complex word [maɁeɁeteɁ] can be formulated as [[Dictionary] ↔ [WFP] ↔ [WFPR] → [PR] → [SC]]. Adjective [maɁeɁeteɁ] is formed in [[Dictionary]↔[WFP]↔[WFPR]→[PR]→[SC]]. The steps that were formulated can be used to analyse infix data number 7 and 8. In the process of making ccomplex word [maɁeɁeteɁ], phonological case was found i.e. increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/. The increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/ after infixation in the word [maɁeɁeteɁ] indicates that double vowels like [ee], [aa], and etc. cannot be found in BRDD infixation process. (8) [maɁeiɁ]ADJ Sour ↖ [maɁ+[-e-]+/Ɂ/+eiɁ] -INF- ↓ [maɁeɁeiɁ] a little bit sour ADJCOMP The use of complex word [maɁeiɁ] can be seen in sentence 8b. The word in bold as in sentence 8a is lexeme base. a. Pao boaɁ na maɁeiɁ. Mango fruit DET sour. „The mango is sour. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ e-Journal of Linguistics DOAJ Indexed (Since 15 Sep 2015) January 2018 Vol. 12 No. 1 P: 67-78 DOI.10.24843/eJL.2018.v.12.i01.p.06 e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514 https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ 77 b. Pao boaɁ ia maɁ[-e-]/Ɂ/-eiɁ. Mango fruit DET sour[-INF-]ADJCOMP+/Ɂ/-iɁ. „The mango is a little bit sour‟. The rule of word formation process by using increment infix [-e-], and increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/ on lexeme base [maɁ.e.iɁ] in BRDD can be analysis as follows [LB[maɁ.e.iɁ]ADJ ↔ [INF[-e-]ADJ + /Ɂ/ → CW[maɁeɁeiɁ]ADJCOMP]. Adjective [maɁeɁeiɁ] is a complex word that consists of lexeme base [maɁ.e.iɁ] and a bound morpheme [-e-] with the grammatical meaning „a little bit‟. The lexical meaning of complex word [maɁeɁeiɁ] is „a little bit sour‟. In the process of making complex word [maɁeɁeiɁ] phonological case was found i.e increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/. The increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/ after infixation in the word [maɁeɁeiɁ] indicates that double vowels like [ee] can not be found in BRDD infixation process. 6. Novelties The novelty of this research is a modification of the main theory suggested by Arronof (1979). There is an additional point in lexical component i.e. word formation process result (WFPR) and there is another additional point in the ouside of the lexical component i.e. phonological rule (PR) and syntactic component (SC). The diagram of modification theory is as follows. Diagram 2 Modification Theory in Page 3 Lexical Component Dictionary Word Formatian Process Word Formation Process Result Phonological Rule Syntactic Component https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ e-Journal of Linguistics DOAJ Indexed (Since 15 Sep 2015) January 2018 Vol. 12 No. 1 P: 67-78 DOI.10.24843/eJL.2018.v.12.i01.p.06 e-ISSN: 2442-7586 p-ISSN: 2541-5514 https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/ 78 6. Conclusion Based on the data analysis, it could be concluded that infixation process in BRDD is found in adjective and to produce an equal new word [ADJ→ADJ]. The infixation process in BRDD is conducted by repeating the second syllable of lexeme base. The infixation in BRDD consist of two types namely, 1) infixation by repeating the second syllable of lexeme base and without the increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/, and 2) infixation by repeating of the second syllable of lexeme base and the increment of glottal phoneme /Ɂ/. The grammatical meaning of infix is comparative „a little bit‟. References Aronoff, Mark.1979. “A Reply to Moody”. Glosa, Vol. XIII, No. 1. Katamba, Francis. 1993. Morphology: The Macmillan Press LTD. Moleong, Lexy. 2014. Metodologo Penelitian Kualitatif. Edisis Revisi. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Manafe, D.P. 1884. Akan Bahasa Rotti. Artikel. Scalise, Sergio.1984. Generative Morphology. Dodrecht-Holland/Cinnammision- U.S.A: Foris Publication. Sudaryanto. 1993. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Dutawacana University Press. Sudaryanto.2015. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University Press. 7. Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank all those who have made valuable contributions to this research so that the results can be disseminated through publication, especially to the Examiners: Prof. Dr. I Nengah Sudipa, M.A; Prof. Drs. Ketut Artwa, P.hd; Prof. Dr. Aron Meko Mbete; Dr Made Sri Satyawaty, S.S., M.Hum; Dr Jeladu Kosmas, M.Hum for their advices to deepen the analysis and presentation of appropriate research results. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/