Sebuah Kajian Pustaka: e-Journal of Linguistics Available online at https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/index Vol. 17, No. 1, January 2023, pages: 26--36 Print ISSN: 2541-5514 Online ISSN: 2442-7586 https://doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2023.v17.i01.p04 26 The Syntax Analysis in Relative Clause Found in the Novel “The Wonderful Wizard of OZ” I Gede Nika Wirawan Program Studi Sistem Informasi, ITB Stikom-Bali, Denpasar Email: Nika_wirawan@stikom-bali.ac.id Article info Abstract Received Date: 11 May 2022 Accepted Date: 18 July 2022 Published Date: 31January 2023 Keywords: Relative clause, syntax analysis, and linguistics The paper analyses syntax analysis in relative clause found in the novel “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz” is a literary work of kid story by Lyman Frank Baum and the illustration was made by W.W. Denslow. Dorothy lived with her Aunt Em, Uncle Henry and her dog, Toto. Theory of relative clauses that was proposed by Quirk (1985), Sneddon (1996) and was supported by other theories. The theory used to analyze the syntax structure was the theory proposed by Brown and Miller. The method that was used to get the data was qualitative, library research. The data were taken from the novel entitled “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. This research study aims to: (i) analyze the syntax structure in the relative clause found in the novel entitled “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”, (ii) analyze the types of relative clauses in the relative clauses found in the novel entitled “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. 1. Introduction A literary work is in non-dramatic textual works with or without illustration. Computer programs and databases can also be considered as literary works. One of literary work is the novel entitled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It is a kid story telling about Dorothy and her Aunt Em. In the novel entitled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz the researcher found that there are many data in relative clauses. The data of relative clauses are interested to be analyzed using the tree diagram in order to know about the syntax analysis. An idea, a question, and statements are expressed by words and as we know that there is a subject and verb in the sentence. Phrases and sentences are usually built up of constituent series and it can serve as as grammatical function. This can be seen that the arrangement and the form of word are related in a sentence. Some words that can build some sentences in English are as one unit. In a sentence, there are subject, verb, complement, object and adverbial (SVCOA). A clause is in independent and dependent clause. Independent clause can be a clause standing alone as a simple sentence. Meanwhile, a dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence although there is a subject and a verb in it. The types of dependent clauses are categorized into adverbial clauses, noun clauses and adjective clauses. Noun clause is in a subordinate clause used as a noun in the sentence. There are three main structural types of clauses which are analyzed. Finite clause, nonfinite clause and verbless clause are parts of it which are analyzed. The verb element in finite is called as finite clause. Nonfinite clause can be a clause in which verb element is in non-finite. For example, it can be seen in to-infinitive, bare infinitive, - 27 ing participle, and –ed participle. Verbless clause can be a clause in which there is no verb element, but it is nevertheless capable of being analysed into clause of elements. The dependent clauses can fill grammatical functions in a sentence. Based on their functions, there are some types of dependent clauses that can be classified into some types. For example, noun clause, adverb clause, adjective clause. A dependent clause that can function as a noun in the sentence is stated as noun clause. Relative clause is as a subordinate clause that is also used in order to modify a noun or pronoun found in the main clause. Relative clause is also used in the level of phrase. This can be found in a relative pronoun, especially in that, who, which or whose. In English, relative clause is also classified into two categories. Those are restrictive/defining and non-restrictive/non-defining. In relative clause, relative pronoun occurs in clause initially. In restrictive relative clause, the sentence gives the hearer in sufficient information. But in non-restrictive relative clause, an additional information is provided. Based on the phenomena above, the researcher has the purposes in analyzing the text. The first is to analyze about the types of relative clauses found in the novel entitled “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. The second is to analyze about the syntax structure in relative clauses found in the novel. The syntax structure is analyze by using the tree diagram and using the theory proposed by Brown and Miller. In analyzing the types of relative clause, the researcher uses the theory proposed by Quirk. The theory used to analyze the types of relative clause is theory proposed by Comrie. Those are restrictive/defining and non-restrictive/non-defining. In relative clause, relative pronoun can be found initially. The theories are chosen because the theories can analyze the types of relative clauses found in the data source. This research uses qualitative method as the results of data analysis are described descriptively. The theories used to analyze syntax analysis in the tree diagram is the theory proposed by Brown and Miller. The tree diagrams are analyzed in order to know about the syntax structure found in the relative clauses. Relative clauses is usually placed after a noun phrase. It can givessome information related to the person or thing indicated by noun phrase. The connection that is located between the noun phrase in the main clause is in the main clause. It is known as the antecedent and the relative pronoun in the relative clause. Restrictive relative clauses are connected to the head and it denotes a limitation on the reference of the antecedent. Here is the example of it: a. This is something that will disturb me anyway. Quirk (1985) Nonrestrictive clauses provides additional information and do not further define, the antecedent. Relative pronouns introduce relative clause, here is the example: a. The clothes which I ordered last week have arrived Quirk (1985) The relative pronoun which in the example above introduces the relative clause which I ordered last week. The relative pronoun is different from personal pronoun. The sentence that contains relative pronoun is placed at the beginning of the clause. It can be subject, complement, adverbial, postmodifier, prepositional complement, or object (Quirk et al, 1985: 365). In general, relative pronouns can be categorized into two categories: a. wh- pronoun: who, whom, whose, which b. that and Zero (o) clause provides information needed to make the antecedent definite. The head of a relative clause functions in two different clauses in the relative clause construction. The term head is restricted to the noun phrase in question because it occurs in the main clause. However, it plays role in the restricting clause, for example relative clause in the sense of the embedded (subordinate) clause Comrie (1981). The head noun can be seen in the embedded sentence in the normal position or with the normal case marking for a noun phrase. In pronoun-retention type, the head noun remains in the embedded sentence in pronominal form. The head noun appears in a modified or reduced form, in one of the two clauses. In non- 28 reduction, the head appears in full in the embedded sentence, in the normal position. In the pronoun-retention type, the head noun is in the embedded sentence in pronominal form. 2. Research Methods Library research is the strategy that is used in collecting data. The technique of collecting data were done by doing note taking, reading and observing. The process of collecting data were done by reading the entire novel in order to understand the story of the novel and to observe the possibility of the data that could be taken from the novel entitled “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. Firstly, the entire novel were read in order to get complex sentence containing relative clauses. After it, it is continued to select the data that is based on the problems discussed in this research study. Finally, the types of relative clauses were classified and continued to analyze the syntax structure in the tree diagram. Library research was the strategy that was used in collecting the data. The technique of collecting data were done by doing note taking, reading and observing. The process of collecting the data were done by reading the entire novel entitled “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz” in order to understand the story of the novel and to observe the possibility of the data which could be taken from this book. Firstly, the entire novel were read to find out the sentences containing relative clauses. After it, it is important to select the data that is based on the problems discussed in this research study. Finally, the types of relative clauses were classified and continue to analyze the syntax structure of relative clauses. 29 3. Discussions The data of relative clauses are analyzed based on their types and continue to analyze syntax in tree diagram. Here are the data presented below including the tree diagram analysis. Case 1 A little girl who had lived so long (24). Relative Clause C: who had lived so long S V C SL: RC RP VP Perfect V ADVP who had lived so long The example in case 1 above is a kind of restrictive relative clause with relative pronoun who as the antecedent. In restrictive relative clause, the relative pronoun has the function as a subject. The relative clause in case 1 has the constituent structure of subject (who), verb phrase (had lived), and adverb phrase (so long). Verb phrase (had lived) consists of perfect (had) followed by verb (lived). Relative clauses who had lived so long is found after a noun phrase a little girl. It usually provides some information related to the person or thing indicated by that noun phrase. Relative pronoun who introduces relative clause who had lived so long. Relative pronoun who in case 1 differs from personal pronoun in which the sentence which contains relative pronoun is placed at the beginning of the clause. Relative pronoun who functions as the subject. Relative clauses who had lived so long is stated as restrictive relative clause Comrie (1981). An English relative clause who had lived so long is stated as relative pronoun type. Comrie (1981) stated that as with the pronoun-retention type, there is a pronoun in the relative clause indicating the head. Case 2 The Scarecrow, who had been trying to think. (24) Relative Clause C: who had been trying to think. (24) S V C 30 SL: RC RP VP Perfect aux V PP P VP V Who had been trying to think The example in case 2 above is called as restrictive relative clause with relative pronoun who as the antecedent. In restrictive relative clause in case 2 above, the relative pronoun functions as a subject. The relative clause in case 2 has the constituent structure of subject (who), verb phrase (had ben trying), and prepositional phrase (to think). Verb phrase (had been trying) consists of perfect (had) followed by auxiliary (been) and verb (trying). Relative clauses who had been trying to think is found after a noun phrase the scarecrow. It provides some information related to the person or thing indicated by that noun phrase. Relative pronoun who introduces relative clause who had been trying to think. Relative pronoun who in case 2 differs from personal pronoun in which the sentence which contains relative pronoun is placed at the beginning of the clause. Relative pronoun who functions as the subject. Relative clauses who had been trying to think is stated as restrictive relative clause Comrie (1981). An English relative clause who had been trying to think is stated as relative pronoun type. Comrie (1981) stated that as with the pronoun-retention type, there is a pronoun in the relative clause indicating the head. Case 3 I know of any living person who has seen him. (26) Relative clause C.: who has seen him. S V C SL: RC RP VP Perfect V NP N Who has seen him 31 The example in case 3 above is categorized as restrictive relative clause with relative pronoun who as the antecedent. In restrictive relative clause in case 3 above, the relative pronoun functions as a subject. The relative clause in case 3 has the constituent structure of subject (who), verb phrase (has seen him), and noun phrase (him). Verb phrase (has seen) consists of perfect (has) followed by verb (seen). Relative clauses who has seen him is found after a noun phrase any living person. It indicates some information related to the person or thing indicated by that noun phrase. Relative pronoun who introduces relative clause who has seen him. Relative pronoun who in case 3 differs from personal pronoun in which the sentence containing relative pronoun is at the beginning of the clause. Relative pronoun who functions as the subject. Relative clauses who has seen him is stated as restrictive relative clause, Comrie (1981). An English relative clause who has seen him is stated as relative pronoun type. Comrie (1981) stated that as with the pronoun-retention type, there is a pronoun in the relative clause indicating the head. Case 4 There is but one wicked Witch in all the Land of Oz the one who lives in the West."(29) Relative Clause C: who lives in the West S V C SL: RC RP VP V PP P NP Det N Who lives in the west Relative clause who lives in the West in case 4 above is categorized as restrictive relative clause with relative pronoun who as the antecedent. In restrictive relative clause in case 4 above, the relative pronoun functions as a subject. The relative clause in case 4 has the constituent structure of subject (who), verb (lives), preposition (in) and noun phrase (the west). Verb phrase consists of a verb (lives). Relative clauses who lives in the west is found after a noun phrase the one. It indicates some information related to the person or thing indicated by that noun phrase. Relative pronoun who introduces relative clause who has seen him. Relative pronoun who in case 4 differs from personal pronoun in which the sentence containing relative pronoun is at the beginning of the clause. Relative pronoun who functions as the subject. Relative clauses who lives in the West is stated as restrictive relative clause, Comrie (1981). An English relative clause who lives in the West is stated as relative pronoun type. Comrie (1981) stated that as with the pronoun-retention type, there is a pronoun in the relative clause indicating the head. Case 5 Those who dwelt in the East and the West were, indeed, wicked witches (29) 32 Relative Clause C: who dwelt in the East S V C SL: RC RP VP V PP P NP Det N Who dwelt in the East Relative clause who dwelt in the East in case 5 above is categorized as restrictive relative clause with relative pronoun who as the antecedent. In restrictive relative clause in case 5 above, the relative pronoun functions as a subject. The relative clause in case 5 has the constituent structure of subject (who), verb (dwelt), preposition (in) and noun phrase (the west). Verb phrase consists of a verb (dwelt). Relative clauses who dwelt in the East is found after a pronoun those. It can indicate some information related to the person or thing indicated by that noun phrase. Relative pronoun who introduces relative clause who dwelt in the East. Relative pronoun who in case 5 differs from personal pronoun in which the sentence containing relative pronoun is at the beginning of the clause. Relative pronoun who functions as the subject. Relative clauses who dwelt in the East is stated as restrictive relative clause, Comrie (1981). An English relative clause who dwelt in the East is stated as relative pronoun type. Comrie (1981) stated that as with the pronoun-retention type, there is a pronoun in the relative clause indicating the head. Case 6 "She is my aunt who lives in Kansas, where I came from." (30) Relative Clause C: who lives in Kansas S V C SL: RC RP VP V PP Who lives in Kansas Relative clause who lives in Kansas in case 6 above is categorized as restrictive relative clause with relative pronoun who as the antecedent. In restrictive relative clause in case 6 above, the relative pronoun functions as a subject. The relative clause in case 6 has the constituent 33 structure of subject (who), verb (lives), preposition (in) and noun phrase (Kansas). Verb phrase consists of a verb (lives). Relative clauses who lives in Kansas is found after a noun phrase my aunt. It can indicate some information related to the person or thing indicated by that noun phrase. Relative pronoun who introduces relative clause who lives in Kansas. Relative pronoun who in case 6 differs from personal pronoun in which the sentence containing relative pronoun is at the beginning of the clause. Relative pronoun who functions as the subject. Relative clauses who lives in Kansas is stated as restrictive relative clause, Comrie (1981). An English relative clause who lives in Kansas is stated as relative pronoun type. Comrie (1981) stated that as with the pronoun-retention type, there is a pronoun in the relative clause indicating the head. Case 7 Dorothy was going to ask another question, but just then the Munchkins, who had been standing silently by, gave a loud shout and pointed to the corner of the house where the Wicked Witch had been lying. (30) Relative Clause C: who had been standing silently S V ADV SL: RC RP VP Perfect aux V ADVP Adv Who had been standing silently Relative clause who had been standing silently in case 7 above is categorized as restrictive relative clause with relative pronoun who as the antecedent. In restrictive relative clause in case 7 above, the relative pronoun functions as a subject. The relative clause in case 7 has the constituent structure of subject (who), verb phrase (had been standing), and adverb (silently). Verb phrase consists of perfect (had), auxiliary (been), and a verb (standing). Relative clauses who had been standing silently is found after a noun phrase the Munchkins. It can indicate some information related to the person or thing indicated by that noun phrase. Relative pronoun who introduces relative clause who had been standing silently. Relative pronoun who in case 7 differs from personal pronoun in which the sentence containing relative pronoun is at the beginning of the clause. Relative pronoun who functions as the subject. Relative clauses who had been standing silently is stated as restrictive relative clause, Comrie (1981). An English relative clause who had been standing silently is stated as relative pronoun type. Comrie (1981) stated that as with the pronoun-retention type, there is a pronoun in the relative clause indicating the head. Case 8 "No, I cannot do that," she replied; "but I will give you my kiss, and no one will dare injure a person who has been kissed by the Witch of the North." (33) 34 Relative Clause C: who has been kissed by the Witch of the North S V C SL: RC RP VP Perfect Aux V PP P NP Who has been kissed by the Witch of the North Relative clause who has been kissed by the Witch of the North in case 8 above is categorized as restrictive relative clause with relative pronoun who as the antecedent. In restrictive relative clause in case 8 above, the relative pronoun functions as a subject. The relative clause in case 8 has the constituent structure of subject (who), verb phrase (has been kissed), and prepositional phrase (by the Witch of the North). Verb phrase consists of perfect (has), auxiliary (been), and a verb (kissed). Relative clauses who has been kissed by the Witch of the North is found after a noun phrase a person. It can indicate some information related to the person or thing indicated by that noun phrase. Relative pronoun who introduces relative clause who has been kissed by the Witch of the North. Relative pronoun who in case 8 differs from personal pronoun in which the sentence containing relative pronoun is at the beginning of the clause. Relative pronoun who functions as the subject. Relative clauses who has been kissed by the Witch of the North is stated as restrictive relative clause, Comrie (1981). An English relative clause who has been kissed by the Witch of the North is stated as relative pronoun type. Comrie (1981) stated that as with the pronoun- retention type, there is a pronoun in the relative clause indicating the head. Case 9 "Oh, he will see you," said the soldier who had taken her message to the Wizard, "although he does not like to have people ask to see him. (150) SL: RC RP VP Perfect V NP Det N PP P NP 35 Who had taken her message to the Wizard Relative clause who had taken her message to the Wizard in case 9 above is categorized as restrictive relative clause with relative pronoun who as the antecedent. In restrictive relative clause in case 9 above, the relative pronoun functions as a subject. The relative clause in case 9 has the constituent structure of subject (who), verb phrase (had taken), noun phrase (her message) and prepositional phrase (to the wizard). Verb phrase consists of perfect (had), and a verb (taken). Relative clauses who had taken her message to the Wizard is found after a noun phrase the soldier. It can indicate some information related to the person or thing indicated by that noun phrase. Relative pronoun who introduces relative clause who had taken her message to the Wizard. Relative pronoun who in case 9 differs from personal pronoun in which the sentence containing relative pronoun is at the beginning of the clause. Relative pronoun who functions as the subject. Relative clauses who had taken her message to the Wizard is stated as restrictive relative clause, Comrie (1981). An English relative clause who had taken her message to the Wizard is stated as relative pronoun type. Comrie (1981) stated that as with the pronoun-retention type, there is a pronoun in the relative clause indicating the head. 4. Conclusion The types of relative clauses found in the data source is restrictive relative clause with relative pronoun who. For example, it can be seen from the relative clause who had taken her message to the Wizard that has the constituent structure of subject (who), verb phrase (had taken), noun phrase (her message) and prepositional phrase (to the wizard). The data source is analyzed using the tree diagram. 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A student's introduction to English grammar. Cambridge University Press. Ji, S. (2000). ‘Face’and polite verbal behaviors in Chinese culture. Journal of pragmatics, 32(7), 1059-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378- Biography of Author I Gede Nika Wirawan is an English Lecture at ITB Stikom- Bali. He completed his Master study program in Applied Linguistics – Translation Studies from Udayana University in 2014. He completed her Undergraduate study program in English Literature from English Department, Udayana University in 2010. His research interests in Linguistics include translation studies, semiotics and cultural studies. He is also a member of Indonesian Translation Association (HPI) Email: Nika_wirawan@stikom-bali.ac.id