Sebuah Kajian Pustaka: e-Journal of Linguistics Available online at https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/index Vol. 14, No. 1, January 2020, pages: 13-19 Print ISSN: 2541-5514 Online ISSN: 2442-7586 https://doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2020.v14.i01.p02 13 English – Indonesian Passive Sentences in Cookbook Kadek Ayu Ekasani 1 Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Bali Internasional, Indonesia ekasani@stpbi.ac.id Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati 2 Udayana University, Indonesia mas.indrawati@yahoo.com Article info Abstract* Received Date: July 12, 2019 Accepted Date: July 17, 2019 Published Date: January 31, 2020 Keywords:* English passive voice, Indonesian passive voice, cookbook This research focuses on the English-Indonesian passive sentence in cookbook. The aim of this research is to find out how the English passive sentence translated into Indonesian passive one cookbook. The data source was taken from English cookbook entitled The Essential Book of Sauces & Dressings written by Lowery, et.al and published by Periplus, Singapore and the translation into Indonesian entitled “Saus dan Dressing yang esensial” translated by Hadyana P. and published by Periplus, Indonesia. The methods of collecting data are observation and documentation. Scintific article tends to use passive sentence rather than active one. This is intended to show the product and disappear the doer. In doing the works, the translator translated English passive voice into Indonesian passive voice in several ways. The results show in English cookbook found some passive constructions which are translated also into passive construction in TL. The passive construction in English cookbook are in the form of present tense (is/are + V past participle), modal passive (modal + be + V past participle), present perfect tense (has + been + V past participle). The translation in Indonesian are translated into passive construction by using verbs added by prefix di-, active construction with active verbs, and verbs added by prefix ter-. 1. Introduction Language is one of the important roles in translation. In transferring the message from source language into target language the translator should have enough information about the source and the target language to deliver a good translation. English as an international language is used in many part of the world. One of the English written text that is translated into Indonesian is cookbook. In understanding English cookbook that has different term from Indonesian makes Indonesian people difficult to understand it. That is why the English cookbook 14 has its Indonesian version in order to help people who want to make Western food can understand and receive the information easily. In order to translate cookbook from source language into target language is not easy, because the wrong translation can make the result of the food different from the original one. Translation, sometimes, is not an easy task to do because there are many aspects that should be determined in order to maintain the message conveyed. The different grammatical features and culture are two of them (Widya & Dewi, 2015). Proper grammar provides a vital role for understanding language. One of the main components in any grammar is the verb. Thus, the translator has to give the most attention to the translation of verbs. One of the possible problems a translator may face is related to passive voice. Because of the diverse functions and usage of passive voice in a language, the translator should know how to translate it with appropriate function and acceptable usage (Abbasi & Arjenan, 2014). Baker (1991, 103-109) said that one must weigh this potential change in content and focus against the benefits of the rendering a smooth, natural translation in context where the use of the passive, for instance, would be statistically less acceptable than the use of the active or an alternative structure in the target language, their respective stylistic value in different text types, and the most important of all the functions of the passive and the similar structure in each language. The linguistic features of cookbook commonly use imperative structures and the verbs are in active forms. Sometimes in the English cookbook the use of passive voices can be seen in the process of making food. This research will focus the analysis on the passive sentences occur in English cookbook and its translation into Indonesian. This research can help students in food production major understand the structure of English passive sentences and its translation so they can make the food similar with the original one. The previous researches that having similar focus with this research are Abbasi & Arjenan (2014), Widya & Dewi (2015), Suastini (2019). From those three researchers found that in translation study, the understanding of passive structure is really important for the translator, so the target reader can have the meaning equivalent with the source language. 2. Research Methods This research uses qualitative method. The data used in this research is English cookbook entitled "The Essential Book of Sauces & Dressings" from Lowery Barbara, published by Periplus, Singapore and its translation into Indonesian titled Saus dan Dressing yang Esensial by Hadyana P. published by Periplus, Indonesia. The method used in preparing the data related to the subject of this research is documentation method. Arikunto (2002 : 206) says that documentation method is a method used to look for the data about things or variables which are in the form of notes, transcriptions, books, newspaper, magazines, leafs, etc. The technique data collections of this study were collected by using the following steps: the first is reading the English cookbook and its translation version. Then, select the sentences which contain English passive voice in the English cookbook and its translation. The technique and method of analyzing the collected data are: the first is classifying the data. After collecting the data, the researcher will divide the data collection into each classification based on the type of passive in English and its translation. Second is analyzing the passive voice in the English cookbook and its translation. 3. Theoretical Framework 3.1 English passive voice Passive voice is formed by putting “to be” followed by past participle (V3). In forming the passive sentence, the learners have to pay attention to the tense. English has many tenses 15 which have the different use and changing. Voice in English grammar refers to an active or passive use of verb. The active is the voice that is used most commonly. The active and passive have different verb phrases in that the passive has an additional auxiliary: a form of the auxiliary be followed by an -ed participle. Here are examples of corresponding active and passive verb phrases: Active Passive loves is loved sold was sold is fighting is being fought has reconstructed will proclaim has been reconstructed will be proclaimed may have asserted should be purifying may have been asserted should be being purified (Greenbaum, 2002:57) The “by-phrase” is used in passive sentences when it is important to know who performs an action (Azar, 1993: 283). Azar (1993: 282) said only transitive verb can be used in the passive. A transitive verb is a verb that is followed by an object. The opposite of transitive verb is intransitive verb. An intransitive verb is a verb that is not followed by an object. For example: 1. Transitive Verb Active : Bob mailed the letter. Passive : The letter was mailed by Bob. 2. Intransitive Verb Active : I slept well last night. Passive : (not possible). 3.2 Indonesian passive voice In Indonesian, there are also two type of sentences based on the nature of the relationship of actor-action, they are active and passive sentences. According to Anbiya (2010: 77) passive sentence is sentence that the subject is subjected to a thing or action, whether intentional or not. Indonesia dijajah Belanda selama 350 tahun. On the sentence above, the word “Indonesia” serves as a subject which shows unintentional action. In other words, subjects of passive have a role to do the action. The verb in passive voice usually have affix di-, ke-, and ter-. The form of prefix di- does not have the other variation and also it never does the change. Prefix di- just has one function to form the passive verb (Ramlan: 1997: 116). Buku itu diambil Fuad S P O From the example above, the writer concludes that in passive sentence, the object is behind of the verb and the subject is affected the action. Prefix ter- is an affix which is productive and has the meaning as “the situation happened”. Affix ter- has the function to form the passive verb (Ramlan, 1997: 117). The sentence in which the predicate is a passive form of verb using prefix ter- shows that the subject is as receiver of the action and which is not intentional. For examples: Jariku teriris pisau. The meaning of prefix ke-, is in the state of the purpose of suffer of the doing action. For examples: Dia kesakitan oleh gigitan anjing itu 16 4. Discussions The following are data analysis of English passive sentences and their translations. (4-1) SL : Dressing up simple desserts such as ice cream, fresh or poached fruit, pancakes and steamed puddings is made very easy with the addition of these luscious sweet sauces. (p.52) TL : Menambah citarasa hidangan penutup sederhana seperti es krim, buah segar/setup buah, panekuk, dan puding dapat dilakukan dengan mudah; cukup dengan menambahkan saus manis dan lezat. (p.52) From the text above, the translator translated the SL passive voice is made into dilakukan in TL. The passive construction in SL is formed by auxiliary verb be + past participle (is + made), and in TL is formed by prefix di- + verb base + -kan (dilakukan). The tense in SL is present tense and its passive characteristic is be (is/am/are) + past participle. The doer in the sentence above is unknown, but the sentence is still acceptable. (4-2) SL : The egg yolks are whisked with the water in a pan over very low heat until thick and foamy. . . (p.58) TL : Kocok kuning telur dalam wadah yang ditaruh di atas panci berisi air mendidih lembut. . . (p.58) In the data above the SL passive voice, are whisked is translated into active voice kocok in TL. The tense in SL is also present tense. In procedure text the sentences are mostly in the form of active sentences in order to explain the process of making the food. The translator in TL choose to translate the SL passive voice into the TL active voice to transfer the message easily to the target reader specially for the Indonesian people because the instruction of making the food is clear and to the point. (4-3) SL : The sauce can be prepared ahead and refrigerated for up to 24 hours. (p.9) TL : Saus dapat dipersiapkan sebelumnya dan didinginkan sampai 24 jam. (p.9) There are two passive voices in SL, they are can be prepared and refrigerated. Both passive voices can be classified as modal passive with the characteristic is modal (can) + be + V past participle (prepared and refrigerated). The SL passive voices are translated into modal (dapat) + di- verb (dipersiapkan and didinginkan) in TL. The doer in this sentence is unknown, but the sentence is still acceptable, because it is implicitly understood that the doer is the chef or cook or the person who wants to do the job of cooking in that particular situation. (4-4) SL : Plain milk may be used, particularly if the sauce is to have other flavourings. (p.24) TL : Gunakan susu biasa tanpa bumbu tambahan bila saus akan diberi aroma lain. (p.24) In the data above, SL passive voice is may be used. It is also classified as modal passive with its characteristic is is modal (may) + be + V past participle (used). Its translation in TL becomes active voice (gunakan). The linguistic structures of cookbook commonly used imperative sentence with active verb. So the structure of SL passive that is translated into TL active is still acceptable. (4-5) SL : Other fresh herbs such as chives, dill or tarragon may be added, or try a combination of your favourite herbs. (p.25) 17 TL : Rempah daun, seperti kucai, dill atau tarragon dapat dipakai, atau kombinasikan beberapa rempah daun yang Anda sukai. (p.25) In the data above, SL passive voice is may be added. It is also classified as modal passive with its characteristic is is modal (may) + be + V past participle (added). The SL passive voice is translated into modal (dapat) + di- verb (dipakai) in TL. The usage of prefix di- instead of ter- in the translation indicates that the verb in the sentence intends to perform the action. (4-6) SL : When all the oil has been added, stir in an extra 2 teaspoons of lemon juice and season to taste with salt and white pepper. (p.34) TL : Bila semua minyak telah dituang, tambahkan 2 sendok teh sari jeruk lemon tambahan, garam dan lada putih. (p.34) The SL passive voice, has been added is translated into telah dituang. The most equivalent word to translate had been added is dituang not tertuang. The usage of prefix di- instead of ter- is the meaning contained by the verb intends to perform the action. The passive voice in this sentence can be classified as present perfect tense with its characteristic is auxiliary (has) + been + V past participle (added). (4-7) SL : When all the milk has been added, keep stirring over medium heat until the mixture boils and thickens. (p.24) TL : Setelah semua susu tercampur, masak sambil diaduk di atas api sedang hingga mendidih dan kental. (p.24) The SL passive voice, has been added is translated into tercampur. The prefix ter- has the function to form the passive verb in TL. When comparing Indonesian passive voice with prefix di- and prefix ter-, it can be seen that there is such an unintended factor implied in the usage of prefix ter-. Commonly, verb with prefix ter- is the predicate of the sentence which is used to express the sudden and unexpected action. Otherwise, in the data passive above, the prefix ter- identified that the process of verb tercampur express an expected action. The verb tercampur means to add something to combine two or more things to form one substance. The doer is the person who does the job of cooking in the particular situation. 4. Novelties Research on passive voice is commonly found in novel or narrative text meanwhile the procedure text especially cookbook commonly use active verbs in the process of making food based on the structure of imperative sentence. There is one novelty of this study that was found in the analysis which presented as in below. Commonly, in the English passive voice the structure is be + past participle, meanwhile in the Indonesian passive voice the verb in passive voice usually have affix di-, ke-, and ter-. From the analysis of passive voice found that in TL the passive construction with the prefix ter- (tercampur) expressed an expected action. It is different from the theory that the verb with prefix ter- is used to express the sudden and unexpected action. The example of the analysis is Setelah semua susu tercampur, masak sambil diaduk di atas api sedang hingga mendidih dan kental. The Indonesian passive (tercampur) expressed an expected action. It is also emphasized from the conjunction (setelah) which means the process of tercampur has really expected to be happened. In this study the form of the passive voice shows that the receiver of the action which is expected thing in the context of the sentence 18 5. Conclusion From the analysis above, it can be concluded that both English and Indonesian have passive constructions. The usage of passive constructions in English cookbook is also found meanwhile the characteristic of cookbook commonly used active construction. The passive construction in English cookbook are in the form of present tense (is/are + V past participle), modal passive (modal + be + V past participle), present perfect tense (has + been + V past participle). The translation in Indonesian are translated into passive construction by using verbs added by prefix di-, active construction with active verbs, and verbs added by prefix ter-. 6. Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Drs. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.A. and Prof. Dr. Ketut Artawa, M.A., my research supervisors, for their patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques of this research work. References: Abbasi, Akbar & Arjenan, Fateme Mirjani. (2014). Translation of English Passive and Unaccusative Verbs into Farsi: A Comparative Study of Three Translations of ‘Animal Farm’ by Three Iranian Translators. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 98. 9-15. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.382 Alwi, Hasan, dkk. (2003). 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Singapore: Periplus. 19 Ramlan. (1997). Morfologi Tinjauan Deskriptif. Yogyakarta: CV. Karyono. Shadily, Hasan and John M. Echols. (2010). Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Suastini, Ni Wayan. 2019. Translation of English Passive Sentences into Indonesian. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, Vol.2, No.1, pp.147-150. doi: 10.32996/ijllt.2019.2.1.25 Widya & Dewi, Mutiara Indah Ayu. 2015. Translation of Passive Voice found in the Novel “The Sea of Monster” by Rick Riordan and its translation by Nuraini Mastura. Jurnal Lingua Cultura. Vol.9, No.2. pp.126-131. Biography of Authors Kadek Ayu Ekasani, S.S., M.Hum. was born in Denpasar on November 25th, 1982. He is lecturer in STP Bali Internasional. She graduated her bachelor degree in the Faculty of Letter, Udayana University in 2004. She holds a Master of Linguistic in Translation Studies from Udayana University, Bali. Now, she is completing her dissertation at Udayana University. Email: ekasani@stpbi.ac.id Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati is a Senior lecturer in Udayana University, Faculty of Art, Denpasar, Indonesia, ID 80234. She obtained her PhD in 2012 in Linguistic Typology from Udayana University, Bali. Her research interests are in linguistic typology, sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. Email: mas.indrawati@yahoo.com mailto:nengahsudipa@yahoo.co.id