Sebuah Kajian Pustaka:
e-Journal of Linguistics
Available online at https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/index
Vol. 14, No. 2, July 2020, pages: 268-275
Print ISSN: 2541-5514 Online ISSN: 2442-7586
https://doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2020.v14.i02.p10
268
Compound Words Found in Seventy-Seven Thousand Service-Trees (Sri
Chinmoy)
Laila Damayanti
1
Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
elladenpasar741@gmail.com
Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini
2
Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
kmserimalini@yahoo.com
Article info Abstract*
Received Date: 9 March 2020
Accepted Date: 10 March 2020
Published Date: 31 July 2020
Keywords:*
Compound words, Endocentric,
Exocentric, Copulative.
This research deals with compound words used
in Seventy-Seven Thousand Service-Trees by Sri
Chinmoy. The case is many people did not recognize
and aware of using it. This research is trying to
describe the types and the structure of compound
words and supported by two theories, those are Booij
(2007) and McCarthy (2002). In achieving the
objectives, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative
as the type of the research. The data are in the form of
compound words. In collecting the data the writer
applies documentation technique and the steps are
reading attentively, selecting, collecting, and
classifying the data systematically by following the
types and the structure of compound words. The results
of this research show that there are three kinds of
compound words. From 390 the data of compound
words, there are 348 data are classified as a compound
noun, 20 data are classified as a compound adjective,
and 22 data are classified as a compound verb. In this
research, it is found that only two ways in the spelling
of compound words are solid and hyphenated. There
are three sub-classes of compound words found in this
study those are endocentric compound, exocentric
compound, and copulative compound.
269
1. Introduction
Linguistics is the study of language, how it is put together and how it functions and how
words are arranged in a certain order, and sometimes the words are changed to adjust the
meaning. By the arrangement of words and by the knowledge of the speaker about what the
hearer will understand and affected the meaning. Morphology is the study of the structure of
words, the study of the rules governing the formation of words language. Morphology can be
divided into two main branches. They are Inflectional Morphology and Word Formation,
Matthews (1974: 42). Word formations according to Marchand (1992:2), in The Categories and
Types of Present-day English Word Formation, word formation is “The branch of the science of
language which studies the pattern on which a language forms new lexical units, i.e words”.
Word formation is more strictly, ’lexeme formation’. We may define it as the branch of
morphology which deals with the relations between a complex lexeme and simple(r) lexeme,
Matthews ( 1991:37).
Compound is a unit consisting of two or more bases, Quirk (1973: 444). Compounds are
particularly interesting linguistic constructions for several reasons. First, they constitute an
anomaly among grammatical constructions because they are “word” but at the same time exhibit
a type or internal syntax. As for the relationship between syntax and morphology, it has often
been observed that compounds are the morphological constructions that are closest to syntactic
constructions, to the extent that there is no general agreement on which component of the
grammar is responsible for their formation. A compound is a complex lexeme that can be thought
of as consisting of two or more base lexemes. In the simplest case, a compound consists of two
lexemes that are joined together (called compound members), Haspelmath and Sims.D. (2002:
137). Based on the background above, the problems can be distinguished and formulated in two
problems as follows: 1. What kinds of compound words are found in Seventy-Seven Thousand
Service-Trees? 2. How is the structure of compound word in Seventy-Seven Thousand Service-
Trees like?
Additional information about compound word such as journals and articles from different
sources are needed in this study. Rumiyati (2015) dealt with compound words used in the novel.
The research was aimed at describing the types and the meaning of compound words. The result
of her research shows that there were endocentric compound as the highest data followed by the
copulative compound and an exocentric compound. The writer also classified the meaning of
compounds in transparent is more dominant than opaque meaning. While in this study found
exocentric compound as the highest data followed by the endocentric compound and copulative
compound. There are only two ways in spelling compound words found in this study, they were
hyphenated and solid. Wibowo (2014) also analyzed the meaning of compound words and found
transparent meaning and opaque meaning. The similarities between Rumiyati and Wibowo’s
analysis are in the meaning of compound words. They found that transparent meaning as the
highest data and opaque as the lowest. Based on that review the researcher analyzes types and the
way in spelling compound words to give the readers information and knowledge about spelling
compound words.
2. Research Methods
The method that applied in this research is library research method. It means that research
done without observation in the field. It is done by using the books related to the study.
270
2.1 Data Source
The data source is taken from the book entitled Seventy-Seven Thousand Service-Trees by
Sri Chinmoy. This is the 1,483rd book that Sri Chinmoy has written since he came to the west in
1964. His first book was published in 1970. This book was published by Agni Press 84-47 Parson
Blvd. Jamaica, NY 11432 27 August 2004. The content of this book is poetry series written by
Sri Chinmoy (part 1-50) series. In this analysis, the writer used the book poetry series part 39. It
is used as a data source because it contained many compound words found in this book.
2.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
The method used in this study is by observing the data found in this book. The technique
used in this study for collecting the data is by reading the poems and combined with note taking
and then the data identified into some groups and classified it into their types. After classifying
the data, the researcher continues by listing the data based on each type of compound word. It
was useful to know the total amount of compound words found in this book. After listing the data
the researcher is taken twenty-seven as the representative data of compound words for analysis
descriptively in this study. They are selected according to the scope of this study and the
theoretical framework.
2.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
The collected data is qualitatively analyzed and supported by the quantitative method
descriptively presented based on the theory applied in the study. The data is also quantitatively
analyzed to count the compound sentences found in the book. It means that the data is analyzed
by describing the related theory. The analysis started from finding out the compound words used
in the book. Then, collected the data is classified into the scope of problems to ease the analysis.
After making this classification, the relevant data by following the problems are quoted and then
they are analyzed descriptively from the Morphological point of view. At last, the structure of
compound words based on their kinds are analyzed.
2.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Analysis
In this study there are two methods used to describe the result of the data analyzed. The
methods used in presenting the data are formal and informal. Formal means that the data used
symbols, codes, and table which have a particular meaning. The data is presented by using
symbols, code and trees diagram to explain the result of the data analyzed. Informal finding
presentations means that the result of the data analyzed is presented by using the word.
3. Theoretical Framework
The first theory used in analyzing the types of compound words is that introduced by
McCarthy (2002). Compounds, that is words formed by combining roots, and the much smaller
category of phrasal words, that is items that have the internal structure of phrases but function
syntactically as words, McCarthy (2002:59). The second theory used in analyzing the structure
of compound words used the theory by Booij (2007). According to Booij (2007:79) there are four
types of compounds, they are endocentric compound, exocentric compound, copulative
compound and appositive compound.
4. Discussion
271
4.1 Compound Noun
A compound noun is with a noun that compounding really comes into its own as a word-
forming process in English. McCarthy (2002:61). It is important to understand and recognize
compound nouns. Each compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives
and other nouns. There are several ways to form a noun compound based on McCarthy (2002:71)
Those are as follows:
N + N = N
Adj + N = N
V + N = N
Prep + N = N
a. Noun-Noun (NN)
Data (1) : When I am separated from my Lord, my life-boat plies between empti-
ness and barrenness.
( Sri Chinmoy, 2004: 38,008 )
These words life-boat are exocentric compound and hypenated. life-boat is a compound noun
that is formed by joining two words they are life as a noun and boat as a noun, which makes one
new word life-boat and the semantic meaning for these words are boat refers to the world that we
live in.
The grammatical structure :
Word : life-boat
Combination : [life]N+[boat]N→[life-boat]N
N
N N
life boat
4.3 Compound Adjective
All compound adjectives are right headed and it is an adjective word. It is showed that
compound adjectives are headed by adjectives. There are four ways to form an adjective
compound. Those are as follows:
N + Adj = Adj
Adj + Adj = Adj
V + Adj = Adj
Prep + Adj = Adj
a. Adjective-Noun (AN)
Compound noun found in Seventy-Seven Thousand Service-Trees that is combined by the
adjective-noun are analyzed as follows:
Data (2) : My Lord, Please give me the capacity to be a full-time
satisfaction-server of Yours.
( Sri Chinmoy, 2004: 38,079 )
These Words full-time are compound noun separated by hyphenated. This compound Formed by
joining two words they are full as an adjective and time as a noun. The endocentric compound is
the type for this compound which is the right headed is Time. The meaning is involving a full
amount of time spent on some activity, especially a job.
The grammatical structure :
272
Word : full-time
Combination : [full]A+[time]N→[full-time]N
N
A N
full time
4.4 Compound Verb
Verb compound is a verb that consists of two words. Compound verbs are usually written
with a hyphen. There are four ways to form a verb compound. Those are as follows:
N + V = V
Adj + V = V
V + V = V
Prep + V = V
a. Noun-Verb (NV)
Data (3) : We can make our Godward journey sunlit with our heart’s
aspiration-cries.
( Sri Chinmoy, 2004: 38,038 )
The word aspiration-cries is formed from the word aspiration as a noun and the word
cries as a verb. The word aspiration means the act of aspiring or ardently desiring. The word cries
means cause to do something or bring to some state by crying or weeping. The word aspiration-
cries means refers to someone that they want to find a good way with a sincerity heart. The form
of this compound is hyphenated because it marked by a hyphen and the type of this compound is
exocentric compound because those words have semantic meaning.
The grammatical structure :
Word : aspiration-cries
Combination : [aspiration]N+[cries]V→[aspiration-cries]V
V
N V
Aspiration cries
Table 4.1 Frequency of compound words found :
No Kinds of Compound Words Found Frequency Percentage
273
1. Compound Noun 348
a. Noun-Noun (NN) 334 95,9%
b. Verb-Noun (VN) - -
c. Adjective-Noun (AN) 11 3,2%
d. Preposition-Noun (PN) 3 0,9%
Total Percentage 100%
2. Compound Adjective 21
a. Noun-Adjective (NA) 11 52,3%
b. Adjective-Adjective (AA) 1 4,8%
c. Verb-Adjective (VA) 5 23,8%
d. Preposition-Adjective (PA) 4 19,1%
Total Percentage 100%
3. Compound Verb 22
a. Verb-Verb (VV) 2 9,1%
b. Noun-Verb (NV) 9 40,9%
c. Adjective-Verb (AV) 4 18,2%
d. Preposition-Verb (PV) 7 31,8%
Total Percentage 100%
Table 4.2 Frequency of spelling compound words found:
274
Three Form in
Spelling of
Compound
Words
Compound
Noun
Compound
Adjective
Compound
Verb
Percentage
Solid 9 6 10 6,4%
Hypen 339 14 12 93,6%
Open 0 0 0 0%
Total
Percentage
100%
5. Novelty
Research on compound words is commonly found in a novel or narrative text and all
types of compound words found it. Meanwhile, in this study used poems book as a reprentative
data. The novelty is not all types of compound words found in this book. The appositive
compound has not found in this book. The way in the spelling of compound words commonly
solid and open, rarely used hyphen. But the novelty about this research also found that most
compound words with hyphenated form are 365 of data and the percentages are 93,6% and open
form not found in this book.
6. Conclusion
The researcher draws the conclusion based on kinds of compound words as follows: The
total amount of the data of compound words found in this book are 390, there are 348 of the data
are classified as a compound noun and the percentage is 89,2% and for the compound adjective,
there are 20 of the data found in this book and the percentage is 5,1% and for the last compound
is compound verb there are 22 of the data found in this book and the percentage is 5,7%. There
are three ways in spelling compound words those are: solid, hyphen and open. The total amount
of compound words found in this book are 390 which has spelled in three ways those are: the
solid form is found 25 of the data and the percentage are 6,4%, hyphenated form is 365 and the
percentage is 93,6% and open compound not found in this book. We can conclude that in spelling
compound words found in this book mostly are hyphenated and continued by solid. The structure
of the compound word used bracketing and trees diagram. There are three types of compound
words those are: endocentric compound, exocentric compound and copulative compound. The
total amount of the endocentric compound found in this book is 29 and the exocentric compound
is 357, the copulative compound is 4 and the last appositive compound has not found in this
book. The exocentric compound is dominant in this book continues with endocentric compound
and the last is copulative compound. We can conclude that three types of compound words found
in this book. Analyzing compound words and comparing with phrases to avoid confusion for the
reader is good for the next researcher.
7. Acknowledgments
I would like to dedicate my best thanks to Drs. I Nyoman Udayana, M.Litt., Ph.D. as my
research supervisor who always leads and encourages me to get the best critical thoughts and
ideas in completing this article.
275
References
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United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
Booij, Geert. 2007. An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Chinmoy, Sri. 2004. Seventy-Seven Thousand Service-Trees. Jamaica, New York:
Agni Press 84-47 Parsons Blvd.
Echols, John M. and Shadily, Hasan. 1975. An English-Indonesia dictionary. New
York: Cornel University Press.
Haspelmath, Marthin., & Sims, D. Andrea. 2010. Understanding Morphology 2nd
Edition. London: British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data.
Marchand, H. 1992. The Categories and Types of Present-day English Word Formation. 2-nd
Edition. Munich: C. H. Becksche Verlaegsbuchhandlung.
Matthews, P.H. 1991. Morphology. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
McCarthy, Andrew Carstairs. 2002. An Introduction to English Morphology.
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Biography of Authors
Laila Damayanti, S.S. was born in Mataram on September 23th, 1978. She graduated
her bachelor degree at STIBA Saraswati Denpasar in 2016.
Email: elldenpasar741@gmail.com
Dr.Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini,S.S.,M.Hum. She is senior professor in Udayana
University, Faculty of Art, Denpasar, Indonesia.
Ph.+628124614676
Email: kmserimalini@yahoo.com