Sebuah Kajian Pustaka: e-Journal of Linguistics Available online at https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eol/index Vol. 15, No. 2 July 2021, pages: 287-294 Print ISSN: 2541-5514 Online ISSN: 2442-7586 https://doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2021.v15.i02.p15 287 Directive Illocutionary Acts Used in Mission: Impossible- Fallout Movie Yolanda Diah Savitri 1 , Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti 2 1 yolanda66849@gmail.com, 2 ayu_widiastuti@unud.ac.id *corresponding author 1,2,3 English Departement, Faculty of Humanities, Udayana University Article info Abstract* Received Date: 5 March 2021 Accepted Date: 16 May 2021 Published Date: 31 July 2021 Keywords:* Speech Acts Directive Illocutionary Acts, Mission: Impossible- Fallout Movie script This study aims to find out the types of directive illocutionary acts performed by the characters in the Mission: Impossible-Fallout movie based on the theory of Keith Allan. The subject of this research is the conversations that occur to the characters. This study was conducted by using the descriptive qualitative method. The object of this research is Mission: Impossible - Fallout Movie script. The results of the study show that there are six types of directive illocutionary acts of the Movie. The type of directive that is often used in the movie is a question (39 utterances) which is often used to interrogate sources who have information regarding the IMF mission to find John Lark’s whereabouts and permission (3 words) is a type of directive that is rarely used in this film. 1. Introduction Language is the process of communicating a message between two or more subjects; one is the speaker or addresser, the other as the hearer or addressee. Language is the key to human life as a very important communication tool to show feelings and provide information for each individual. In uttering the language, the speaker is not only communicating. However, they also take action on their communication. Pragmatics is the study of the interrelationship between language and context. It can be interpreted as the study of meaning influenced by the context between the speaker and the hearer in a conversation. It is generally called speech acts. In this case, speech acts show how people act through what they have said. According to Searle (1979), there are five categories of illocutionary acts: assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative. The assertive act is how the hearer has to believe the speaker’s proposition. In the commissive, the hearer is to orientate about the future behavior of the speaker. The directive act is when the hearer has to do something. While in the declarative, a certain reality is to be retained or altered. Meanwhile, the expressive act is how a 288 personal or social fact of satisfaction or dissatisfaction is eliminated (Searle and Vanderveken, 1985). The act of directive illocution is commonly found in films. It can express a person’s thoughts, feelings, and meanings. In the movie, there are many expressions that have different meanings from one another. So, we have to know what the purpose of their conversation is. Understanding the meaning of a conversation is necessary to avoid misunderstanding. The topic interested entitled “Directive Illocutionary acts used in Mission: Impossible- Fallout movie” because illocutionary acts have become part of our daily conversation without us knowing it. Many utterances contain directive illocutionary acts in conversation. Directive illocutionary acts were chosen as the topic of this study because they act by using the language uttered by the character in Mission: Impossible- Fallout Movie is very worthy of being analyzed. This study focused on directive illocutionary acts and meaning that can support this study. This study required a theory from Keith Allan (1986) to explain the types of directive illocutionary itself. 2. Research Method Research method is important to use systematic way and scientific procedures to achieve a valid result. This study was conducted by using the descriptive qualitative method. The data of this study was taken from a movie script entitled Mission: Impossible-Fallout, which is a 2018 American spy film written. The movie was chosen as the data source because it contents many utterances indicating illocutionary acts, especially the types of directive illocutionary acts. The story is very interesting. The data of this study will be collected by using the documentation method. 3. Discussion The results showed that there were 93 directive utterances of illocutionary acts by character in the Mission: Impossible- Fallout movie. Types of directive illocutionary acts found in the movie are Request, Question, Prohibition, Requirements, Advice, and Permission. 3. 1. Request Request is the utterance that the speaker requests the hearer to do something. Request performatives can include: ask, beg, implore, insist, invite, petition, plead, pray, solicit, summon, tell, and urge. Data 1 Luther: “what if we make a deal?” This utterance is performed when Luther tried to make a deal with Dr. Delbruk, who pretended not to recognize John Lark even though Ethan and Luther had said they had evidence of how he contacted John Lark via his phone. Luther said that they (the IMF Team) would not read the manifesto on the air in the agreement. Dr. Delbruk thought that it was just bluff. 289 However, when Ethan tried to call one of the television broadcasts, Dr. Delbruuk also provided the passcode from his phone. The utterance “What if we make a deal?” that was uttered by Luther is identified as directive illocutionary acts when there is an attempt by the addresser to get the addressee to do something. This utterance performs as a request. In this case, the addresser wants the addressee to give them his passcode to get information on the whereabouts of John Lark. 3.2. Question which belongs to question type here when the speaker asks the hearer/ addressee as to proposition. Data 1 Walker: “People fall for this shit? How do you intend to make Lark cooperate? This conversation is performed when Ethan and Walker are on a CIA plane disguised as a commercial airplane. Before taking action to meet the white widow, Ethan explained to the walker that there is no way to meet the white widow without an identification bracelet that had an RFID number. So Ethan explained that walker had to find the bracelet with an RFID detector and with that, they could find Lark. Walker also asked how to make Lark cooperate on that tool. The utterance “People fall for this shit? How do you intend to make Lark cooperate” is identified as directive illocutionary acts when Ethan as the hearer do what the speaker said. This utterance performs question type since Walker desire to ask a question, Ethan. Based on Cambridge Dictionary (2017), the meaning of asking is to ask someone or request an answer from someone. Relate to the utterance above, Walker asked Ethan to request an answer from the hearer about how Ethan intends to make Lark cooperate. Walker wants to know the information on how they make Lark cooperate with the RFID detector. 3.3 Prohibition The prohibition here means the speaker who prohibits the hearer from doing an act. Data 1 Alan: “Good God, Ethan, don’t make this any harder than it already is. I can no longer protect you, don’t you understand that?” The conversation took place when Alan Hunley met the IMF team in London to meet the courier who was going to deliver plutonium to them. However, who would have thought that Alan Hunley was there to tell the IMF team that White Widow’s meeting with the IMF team to exchange plutonium for Solomon lane was a trap because White Widow collaborated with the CIA. The CIA’s narrative states that Hunt defected and made the search for Lark is nothing but a 290 cover to hide that Lark is Hunt. With solid evidence that Ethan has removed plutonium and Allan doesn’t want to make this harder, Allan decides that his (Ethan) search for plutonium stops here. The utterance “Good God, Ethan, don’t make this any harder than it already is. I can no longer protect you, don’t you understand that?” that was uttered by Allan Hunley is identified as directive illocutionary acts. The utterance performs the actions of prohibition in the form of forbidding ever since the addressee prohibits Ethan from continuing his mission. 3.4 Requirements The requirements here mean that the speaker requires the hearer or addressee to do an act. Data 1 Ethan: “Get him up.” The conversation happened when Ethan Allan was in the toilet to find John Lark. There is a fight between Walker, Ethan, and what they think is Lark. However, in the middle of a fight, Ilsa came aiming at the chest of someone they thought was John Lark. Therefore, Ethan could not make the mask in the shape of the person’s face because Ethan needed a face to make a mask. Ethan ordered Walker to get him up, and Ethan rushed to meet the White Widow without wearing a mask. The utterance “Get him up” uttered by Ethan Hunt can be identified as directive illocutionary, since the hearer does what the speaker said. This utterance performs requirements type in the form of a command. Based on Oxford Dictionary (2017), the meaning of command is an order given to a person or an animal. In other words, the speaker utters the above statement, which means ordering the listener to do something. Regarding the words in the conversation above, Ethan gave orders to Walker to get him up. After Ethan said his uttered, Walker did what Ethan order to get him up. As a result, the above speech can be considered a requirements type. Data 2 Ilsa: “tie him up.” The conversation occurred when Ilsa was looking for another bomb with Benji. Then he saw the whereabouts of the lane. Ilsa also told Benji that he was going to a house looking for Lane and other bombs. Arriving at home, Ilsa did not realize that the lane was behind him and tied him up. Then Benji looked for Ilsa, and without realizing it, Benji’s neck was tied by Lane from behind, and there was a rebellion in which finally Benji could not do anything but could only wait for Ilsa to fight Lane back. After Ilsa managed to fight Lane and help Benji, Ilsa instructed Benji to tie Lane. They also tried to cut the ropes connected to the bomb. 291 Ilsa’s words “Tie him” can be identified as a directive illocution because Benji, as the hearer, does what the speaker says. After Ilsa said what he said, Benji did what Ilsa told him to do. This utterance performs requirements type in the form of a command. 3.5 Advice It means the speaker advises the hearer or addressee to do something. Data 1 Allan: “Spend 24 hours we don’t have to pull a confession we can’t trust from a man we haven’t positively identified? No. we need reliable intelligence, and we need it now. This scenario is precisely why the IMF exists!” In this scene, Erika asks Walker to come with Ethan to meet the White Widow. This conversation occurred when Ethan was about to leave for Paris using a CIA agent plane. However, with the arrival of Erica and the walker, Ethan’s departure was delayed, because Erika told Walker to call the workers to turn off the existing machines. The utterance “Spend 24 hours we don’t have to pull a confession we can’t trust from a man we haven’t positively identified? No. we need reliable intelligence, and we need it now. This scenario is precisely why the IMF exists!” Allan uttered that is identified as directive illocutionary acts. This utterance performs the Advice type since the speaker advises Erika that they needed a reliable intelligence agent at that time. Based on Cambridge Dictionary (2017), the meaning of the word advice is an opinion that someone offers you about what you should do in a particular situation or condition. Relate to the utterance in this conversation above, the speaker (Allan) gave his opinion that they need reliable intelligence on that condition. As a result, the utterance in this conversation can be considered the utterance as Advices type. Data 2 Luther: “there’s nothing else you can do. Go be with your husband.” This conversation occurred when an IMF agent found the whereabouts of 1 bomb. At that time, Julia approached Luther to help him. However, two more bombs could not be found. So, Ethan orders Luther to continue the task of cutting the wire connected to the first bomb while Ilsa and Benji look for the other bomb together, and Ethan chases Walker to snatch the detonator out of his hands. But at the last second, they can’t reach Ethan, and Luther becomes alert if something bad happens, so Luther advises Julia to find her husband because there is nothing more she needs to help. In this scene, the IMF agents are doing their best to complete this mission and hope Ethan can grab the detonator from Walker. The utterance “there’s nothing else you can do. Go be with your husband.” Luther uttered that is identified as directive illocutionary acts. This utterance performs Advice type in suggestion since the speaker suggests to Julia to find her husband. Based on Cambridge Dictionary (2017), the meaning of suggest is to mention an idea, possible plan, or action for other people to consider. In other words, the speaker uttered the utterance above in which it has intended meaning to suggest the hearer do something. Related to the statement in this conversation above, the speaker Luther suggested the hearer Julia be with her husband. 292 3.6 Permission It means the speaker who permits the hearer or addressed to do something. Data 1 Ethan: “I am so sorry, Julia. I’m so sorry.” This conversation occurred when an IMF agent searched for Lane’s whereabouts, which he believed could indicate plutonium in Kashmir. Arriving in Kashmir, Ethan met his ex-wife named Julia. He then hugged his ex-wife and said, “I am so sorry, Julia. I’m so sorry. “I am so sorry, Julia. I’m so sorry.” because Ethan felt that he always put Julia in bad condition, namely when he was carrying out his duties as an IMF agent. The speaker (Ethan) apologized to Julia for always putting her in a dangerous situation related to the conversation above. The utterance “I am so sorry, Julia. I’m sorry” uttered by Ethan is identified as directive illocutionary acts. This utterance performs Permission types in pardon since the speaker apologized to his ex-wife for always putting her in such a dangerous condition. Based on Oxford dictionary (2017), some people use the meaning of pardon to say ‘sorry’ when they have said or done something wrong, usually by accident. 4. Novelties Allan’s theory was used to identifying directive illocutionary acts and Halliday’s (1989) theory was used to analyzing the context of situation in Mission: Impossible – Fallout. Those theory can be used as a source of a better understanding about how people act through their speech, what their conversational purposes are and also to understand the meaning of a conversation in the movie. 5. Conclusion There are six data can be concluded based on the research findings of this study. There are six types of directive illocutionary acts. They are requests, question, prohibitions, requirements, permission, and advice. Question is the most dominant data found in this movie because the speaker want the hearer to think again whether they should do what the speakers was told or not. The context of situation theory applied in this study consists of field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. The context of situation shows there are five participants often appear on the scene, which becomes the main character and Ethan Hunt, and the dominant supporting characters Ilsa Faust, Benji Dunn, Luther Stickell, August Walker. References Searle, J.R. (1979). Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge: University Press Searle, J.R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Languages.Cambridge: University Press. 293 Yule, George. 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Teachers’ Directive speech acts in Indonesian Learning Interaction in 10 th grade of SMA Bias Yogyakarta. Faculty of Language and Art. Yogyakarta State University. Online Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/. Accessed in March, 2021. 294 Biography of Author Yolanda Diah Savitri was born in Denpasar on September, 28 th 1999. She is an undergraduate student in English Departement of Faculty of Humanities in Udayana University. Email: yolanda66849@gmail.com Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti, S.S., M.Hum. is an active lecturer in English Departement of Faculty of Humanities in Udayana University. Email: ayu_widiastuti@unud.ac.id mailto:yolanda66849@gmail.com