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E-Journal of Tourism Vol.2. No.1. (2015): 33-42 

 

http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot  33  e-ISSN: 2407-392X.  p-ISSN: 2541-0857  

Study on the Development of Water Crisis in Bali Island in 2009 and 2013 

 
I Nyoman Sunarta

1
 and Abd. Rahman As-syakur

2,3
 

 
1
The Faculty of Tourism of Udayana University, Bali 

2
Center for Remote Sensing and Ocean Science (CReSOS) of Udayana University, Bali 

3
Pthe Study Program of Marine Science of the Faculty of Marine Science and Fishery of Udayana 

University, Bali 

Corresponding author: cairns54@yahoo.com 

 

ARTICLE INFO 

 

 
Received  

06 November 2014  

Accepted   

18 February 2015 

Available online  

10 March 2015 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

 

Water resources are one of the most important natural resources for human 

life in carrying out their various activities. Bali is a relatively a small island 

as well as a center for the development of tourism in Indonesia. The 

population as well as the number of tourists keeps increasing every year 

which has resulted in the water crisis problem. The development of the water 

crisis derived from the ratio of the amount of water supply to the amount of 

water demand in the Island of Bali. Water supply is determined by using the 

runoff coefficient method which was modified from the rational method. By 

co-relating the runoff coefficient with the average rainfall and the size of the 

island, the supply of water can be determined. The water demand is 

determined by using the variable of the population size and the Falkenmark 

indicator. The development of the water crisis is determined by comparing 

the amount of supply and demand of water in 2009 and 2013. The result of 

the calculation showed that the total water supply in Bali in 2009 amounted 

to 4.71 billion m3 / year and decreased to 3.57 billion m3 / year in 2013. 

During that period, the total water demand increased; in 2009 it amounted to 

5.46 billion m3 / year and in 2013 it amounted to 6.23 billion m3 / year. 

Thus, Bali has experienced a water deficit in 2009 and in 2013. The condition 

of Bali in 2009 showed that out of the 9 districts / cities, five experienced a 

water deficit, whereas in 2013 it increased to 8 districts / cities that have 

experienced a water deficit. Therefore, Bali should take serious steps to save 

water resources, not only to save the tourism development, which has 

become the mainstay of Bali, but also for the sustainability of the Balinese 

people’s lives. 

 

Keywords: water resources, water crisis, Bali island.

 

Introduction 

 Background 

 With 5636.66 km2, Bali is a relatively 
small province. The Province of Bali consists 

of the island of Bali and several small islands 

located in the south and north of the island. 

Given the small area of Bali Province, the 

water resources are one of the main problems 

in small islands. Water resources are one of 

the most important resources for human life in 

a variety of activities that include construction 

activities. Increasing population and 

development activities have increased the 

demands for water resources. On the other 

hand, the supply of water resources has 

become more limited, even in places that are 

categorized to be in critical condition. This is 

caused by various factors such as the 

narrowing of the water catchment area, 

decreased uptake of water in the soil, 

unprotected sources of spring water, disposal 

of water without optimum utilization, and 

degradation of water quality as a result of the 



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development and the diverse economic 

activities that take little account of 

environmental sustainability (The Indonesian 

Ministry of Environment, 2010).  

 

 Water is an important resource for all life 

on earth, in other words, water is "the organ of 

the world". The water problem has become a 

serious matter due to the rise of tourism 

industries which have positive impacts, by 

increasing the income of local people and 

foreign exchange, but also have a negative 

impact in the form of uncontrolled use of 

water. According to Hugon (2007), the 

complexity of water management has at least 

three dimensions: (1) the economic dimension, 

the distribution is a matter of price, and (2) the 

dimensions of the environment, such as 

pollution so that it takes an environmental 

management, (3) Finally, water has become a 

social dimension, which is something that is 

essential for all life. 

 

 In terms of quantity, the supply of water 

is relatively steady at times because of the 

hydrological cycle, but the water quality tends 

to fluctuate based on the local conditions. This 

situation affects the carrying capacity of water 

for life in which the ratio between the supply 

of water and the water demand of the 

community will illustrate the status of the 

water carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is a 

picture of the maximum capacity of the system 

to support environmental or ecological 

conditions and the social activities (Jin, 2006). 

The concept of carrying capacity under the 

Law Number 23 of 1997 on Environmental 

Management is the capability of the 

environment to support humans and other 

living creatures which entails three subjects, 

i.e. the population number, the condition of the 

population and the capability of the 

environment / resources. 

 

 Generally speaking, the method of 

calculating the carrying capacity of water is 

performed by the equations as specified in the 

Regulation of the Indonesian Ministry of 

Environment Number 17 of 2009 (the Ministry 

of Environment, 2009). The equation takes 

into account the supply and the demand of 

water resources for the people who live in 

certain areas or regions. The function of the 

equation is to know in general whether water 

resources in a particular region are in a state of 

surplus or deficit. The state of surplus 

indicates that the supply of water is adequate; 

on the contrary, the state of deficit indicates 

that the demand for water is not adequate 

(Suyono et al., 2006).  

 

 The supply of water in relation to the 

carrying capacity of water is the amount of 

available water reserves for the purpose of 

human life on a daily basis (domestic) and 

human demand for water to produce one unit 

of product for a period of one year (Ministry 

of Environment, 2008). The supply of water is 

usually found on the surface such as lakes, 

rivers, marshes and on the subsurface, water 

which is in principle all the water that comes 

from rain water. The water demand in relation 

to the carrying capacity of water is an 

illustration of the amount of water demand for 

the purpose of human life on a daily basis 

(domestic) and human demand for water to 

produce one unit of product for a period of one 

year (MoE, 2008). 

 

Study Locations 

 

 This research was conducted in the 

Province of Bali which is located between 8 ° 

3'40 "- 8 ° 50'48" of south latitude and 114 ° 

25'53 "- 115 ° 42'40" of east longitude (see 

Figure 1). The Province of Bali is divided into 

two parts (north and south); in the central part 

of Bali mountain ranges stretch from the east 

to the west. The mountain ranges consist of 

two volcanoes (Mount Agung and Mount 

Batur) and some non-volcanic mountains, 

among others: Mount Seraya, Mount Patas, 

and Mount Merebuk. These mountain ranges 

make the central part of the area of the 

Province of Bali into the headwaters of the 

rivers that flow to the north, and those which 

flow to the south. The Province of Bali 

comprises four islands, of which Bali is the 

main island. Because Bali is a small island, 

most of the water source is rainwater. In 

addition to rain, the main source of water in 

Bali is groundwater and surface water. The 

average rainfall in Bali is high enough ranging 

from 495-3359 mm / year. The lowest rainfall 

occurs in the northwest and southeast of the 

island of Bali and the highest in the central 

part of the island (Daryono, 2004). Rainfall in 

Bali is affected by the monsoon activity 

(Aldrian and Dwi Susanto, 2003; Daryono, 

2004; As-syakur et al., 2013) as well as the 



E-Journal of Tourism Vol.2. No.1. (2015): 33-42 

 

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interaction of marine and atmospheric 

anomalies in the waters around Indonesia, 

such as the incidence of IOD (Indian Ocean 

Dipole), El Nino and La Nina (Silvers, 2007; 

As-syakur, 2010; As-syakur and Prasetia, 

2010). The amount of rainfall greatly affects 

the supply and the carrying capacity of water 

in Bali.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1. The Locations of the Research 

 

Methodology 

 

Calculation of Water Supply  

 

The water supply calculation uses the 

runoff coefficient method, which is modified 

from the rational method. The calculation of 

equation of water supply of the runoff 

coefficient method is (Ministry of 

Environment, 2008): 

ARCS       10  
A

    (1) 

where SA is water supply (m
3
 / year), C is the 

weighted runoff coefficient, R is the average 

annual rainfall (mm / year), A is the size of 

area (hectare), and 10 is the conversion factor 

from mm/hectare to m
3
. Value of C is the 

average value of the coefficient of runoff in an 

area. In the year 2009, the value of the runoff 

coefficient was calculated by using the 

following equation (Ministry of Environment, 

2009): 


 


i

i1
)  (

  
A

AC
C    (2) 

where Ci is the runoff coefficient of land use i 

(Table 1), while Ai is the area of land use i. 

 

Table 1. The value of the runoff coefficient for 

each type of land use  

Type of land use the runoff coefficient (Ci) 

Body of water 0,8
 (3)

 

Building 0,8
 (3)

 

Forest 

0,06
 

(1)
 

Plantation 

0,52
 

(7)
 

Mangrove 0,3
 (2)

 

Sand 0,1
 (8)

 

Beach sand 0,1
 (8)

 

Settlement 0,5
 (6)

 

Salinity 0,8
 (3)

 

Grasses 

0,35
 

(5)
 

Irrigated rice fields  

0,75
 

(3,4)
 

Rainfed lowland  

0,52
 

(4)
 

Bushes 

0,35
 

(2)
 

Fishfond 0,8
 (3)

 

Uncultivated Land 0,2
 (3)

 

Moor / farm 0,3
 (5)

 

 

Sources: 
(1)

 Ward, A.D., S. T. Trimble (2004) 

 
(2)

 Tunich-Nah Consultants & 

Engineering (2007) 

 
(3)

 Jinno, et al. (2009) 

 
(4)

 Yuge, et al. (2008) 

 
(5)

 MoE (2008) 

 
(6)

 Kadam, et al. (2009) 

 
(7)

 The State of Queensland (2004) 

 

 In the year 2013, the value of the runoff 

coefficient was calculated by remote sensing 

approach. The calculation of the coefficient of 

runoff with remote sensing image analysis 

approach was effected by assuming the 

spectral values on the channels of remote 

sensing data which have a relationship with 

the imperviousness area (Schueler, 1994) as 

well as the condition and composition of 

vegetation density (Puigdefabregas 2005). In 

simple terms, the coefficient of runoff was 

related to the land cover types, through the 

capacity level of the types of land cover in 

infiltrating the surface water. In its approach to 

remote sensing, the area of imperviousness 

and the conditions and composition of 

vegetation density were obtained from the 

transformation of the Normalized Difference 

Vegetation Index (NDVI). NDVI (Tucker, 

1979) is one of the very familiar indices used 

to map the distribution of vegetation rapidly, 

Bali Province 



E-Journal of Tourism Vol.2. No.1. (2015): 33-42 

 

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and a variety of conditions on the surface of 

land. NDVI has a very strong relationship with 

the conditions and the density of vegetation 

(Carlson and Ripley, 1997; Purevdorj et al., 

1998; Ishiyama et al., 2001; Glenn et al., 

2008; As-syakur and Adnyana, 2009; 

Pettorelli et al., 2011). However, in addition to 

mapping the vegetated areas (quality and 

quantity), NDVI can also be used to map 

impervious areas. Matthias and Martin (2003) 

have always used NDVI to map impervious 

areas (imperviousness) in urban areas in 

Germany, whereas Wibowo and Yuniawati 

(2007) found a strong correlation between 

NDVI with imperviousness area percentage in 

the Citarum Hulu watershed. The 

transformation of the Landsat satellite imagery 

spectral values into NDVI uses the following 

equation (Tucker, 1979): 

 
Red  NIR

Red - NIR
  NDVI


    (2) 

NIR is the channel near infrared wavelengths 

and Red is the red wavelength channel on the 

Landsat imagery. In this study, Landsat 8 was 

used in calculating the value of the runoff 

coefficient in the Bali Province. 

 

       The estimated runoff coefficient by the 

NDVI approach used three approaches: two 

approaches by equation and one approach by 

coefficients. The equation approaches, namely 

the equation of the NDVI value relationship 

with the percentage of imperviousness area 

and the equation of the NDVI value 

relationship with the percentage of vegetation 

density. In its analysis, if the value of NDVI 

<-0.0607, then it was transformed into a flow 

coefficient value based on the percentage of 

imperviousness area (Cip); if the NDVI 

values> 0.4202, then it was converted into 

flow coefficient value based on the vegetation 

density (Cvp); and if the NDVI values between 

-0.0607 to 0.4202, then the value of a given 

flow coefficient was at 0.4903. To find the 

value of the flow coefficient based on the 

percentage of imperviousness area, it was 

calculated by using equation (3), while to find 

the value of the flow coefficient based on the 

percentage of imperviousness area, it was 

calculated by using equation (4). The 

equations are as follows: (Wibowo and Hadi, 

2008): 

100)) / 46,977) + I)116,66(NDV           

– 
2

DVI)((-63,61(N * (0.91  0.05   
ip

C 

 
(3) 

 
1  100) / 2,4779) - VI)(127,19(ND (-   

vp
C 

 
(4) 

 

In order to calculate the weighted average 

value of the runoff coefficient for each district, 

the raster data analysis results of remote 

sensing were truncated for each district by 

using the ArcView GIS software. Furthermore, 

the state of the average runoff coefficient per 

district was calculated by using the following 

equation: 

ijA

ij

JP

CH
  R    (5) 

Where C is the average value of 

coefficient of runoff, CRij value is the value of 

the runoff coefficient on the pixelij (mm / 

year), and JPijA is the number of the pixelij in 

region A. 

 

       The average rainfall (R) was obtained 

from the analysis of the geographic 

information system (GIS) based on the annual 

rainfall data such as those used by Daryono 

(2002) in his research. The data were 

interpolated by using Kriging method of the 

Surfer 8.0 software. The interpolation was 

performed on the data of average annual 

rainfall in 58 rain posts in Bali Province; the 

data interval used was 10 to 22 years. In order 

to calculate the average rainfall per district, the 

raster data of interpolation were truncated for 

each district by using ArcView GIS software. 

After passing through the process of 

interpolation and truncation, the state of 

average annual rainfall per district was 

calculated by using the following equation: 

ijA

ij

JP

CH
  R    (6) 

where R is the average rainfall (mm / year), 

the value of CHij is the rainfall on the pixelij 

(mm / year), and JPijA is the number of pixelij 
in region A. 

 

 

 

 

 



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Calculation of Water Demands   

 

Calculation of the water demands in 

relation to the carrying capacity of water used 

the following equation (Ministry of 

Environment, 2008): 

AA
KHL  N  D     (7) 

where DA is the total water demand (m
3
 / 

year), N is the number of people (people), and 

KHLA is Falkenmark indicator which is the 

minimum water demands for decent living 

based on the estimated water demands of 

households, agriculture, industry and energy, 

as well as environmental demand 

(Falkenmark, 1989), in which the value 

assigned to Indonesia amounted to 1,600 m
3
 / 

capita / year (Ministry of Environment, 2008). 

The data of the population size per district of 

the Bali Province in 2008 and 2013 were 

obtained from the statistical books of ‘Bali 

Province in Figures’, year 2008 and 2013 

(BPS, 2009, 2014). 

 

Status Determination of Carrying Capacity 

of Water  

 

The status of the carrying capacity of 

water is obtained from the comparison 

between the water supply (SA) and the water 

demand (DA) with the condition; SA > DA, the 

carrying capacity of water is declared to be a 

surplus, If SA < DA, the carrying capacity of 

water is declared to be a deficit (Prastowo et 

al., 2006). 

 

Results and Discusion 

 

Water Supply 

 

The results of calculations showed that in 

2009 and 2013 the supply of water for Bali 

Province amounted to 4.71 and 3.57 billion m
3
 

/ year. Specifically, in 2009, the supply of 

water for Tabanan was the largest, the supply 

of water in the year 2008 in the amount of 1.07 

billion m
3
 / year, while the city of Denpasar 

was an area that had the lowest water supply, 

which amounted to 0.13 billion m
3
 / year. 

Whereas in 2013 the supply of water for 

Karangasem was the largest, amounting to 

0.62 billion m
3
 / year, the city of Denpasar was 

an area that had the lowest water supply, 

which amounted to 0.10 billion m
3
 / year. The 

level of water supply was influenced by three 

factors, namely rainfall, land cover type, and 

area. In 2009,Tabanan had a fairly high 

rainfall followed by a weighted runoff 

coefficient, the same condition also occurred 

in the year 2013 in Karangasem. In 2009 and 

2013, the cities of Denpasar and Klungkung 

were among those with the lowest quantity of 

water supply. Denpasar City had the smallest 

level of water supply due to the small land 

area size as well as the high value of the 

weighted runoff coefficient. Klungkung had a 

low level of water supply due to the small 

amount of rainfall, especially in the sub-

district of Nusa Penida. The level of water 

supply for the Bali Province and districts in 

the Province of Bali can be seen in Table 2, 

while its distribution for Bali Province is 

presented in Figure 2. 

Table 2. The size of area, the average rainfall, 

the average weighted runoff 

coefficient and the level of water 

supply in Bali in 2009 and 2013. 

 

No 
District

/City 

Size of 

Area 

(ha) 

Rainfall (mm/year) 
weighted runoff 

coefficient 

water supply 

(in billion of 

m
3
/year) 

2009 2013 2009 2013 2009 2013 

1 

District 

of 

Jembra

na 

84,1

80 
1,726 1,869 0.34 0.22 0.49 0.34 

2 

Distri

ct of 

Taba

nan 

83,9

30 
2,428 2,529 0.53 0.25 1.07 0.53 

3 

Distri

ct of 

Badu

ng 

42,0

09 
2,033 2,035 0.48 0.35 0.41 0.30 

4 

Distri

ct of 

Gian

yar 

36,8

00 
2,199 2,273 0.55 0.34 0.44 0.28 

5 

Distri

ct of 

Klun

gkun

g 

31,5

00 
1,426 1,339 0.43 0.34 0.19 0.14 

6 

Distri

ct of 

Bang

li 

52,0

81 
2,219 2,171 0.44 0.35 0.51 0.40 

7 

Distri

ct of 

Kara

ngase

m 

83,9

54 
1,989 2,158 0.42 0.34 0.70 0.62 

8 

Distri

ct of 

Bulel

eng 

136,

588 
1,727 1,750 0.36 0.23 0.85 0.55 

9 

City 

of 

Denp

asar 

12,3

98 
1,720 1,686 0.59 0.46 0.13 0.10 

10 

Provi

nce 

of 

Bali 

563,

666 
1,955 1,979 0.43 0.32 4.71 3.57 



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Figure 2. Distribution map of the amount of 

water supply per district in Bali for 

Year 2009 (left) and 2013 (right) 

 

Water Demand 

 

The total demand of water for the 

population of the Province of Bali in 2009 and 

2013 reached 5.46 and 6.23 billion m
3
 / year. 

Water demand is increasing along with the 

increasing population number in the Province 

of Bali. In 2008, the highest level of water 

demand occurred in Buleleng which reached 

1.04 billion m
3
 / year and Klungkung was the 

region with the lowest level of water 

consumption, which amounted to 0.28 billion 

m
3
 / year. The conditions in 2013 increased to 

1.26 billion m
3
 / year in the City of Denpasar. 

In the meantime, Klungkung was the region 

with the lowest level of water consumption, 

which amounted to 0.27 billion m
3
 / year in 

the year of 2013. The high demand for water 

in the City of Denpasar was due to the large 

population. Based on the results of the 2010 

census, the population of the City of Denpasar 

reached 788,589 inhabitants. The lowest water 

demand in Klungkung district was also due to 

its small population number. This suggests that 

the amount of water demand will increase 

along with the increasing number of 

population. The level of water demand for 

each district is presented in Table 3, and its 

distribution for the Province of Bali can be 

seen in Figure 3. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3. The total population and the total 

water demand in Bali in 2009 and 

2013 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    Figure 2.    Distribution map of the amount 

of water demand per district in 

Bali for Year 2009 (left) and 

2013 (right) 

 

 

 

N

o 
District/City 

Falkenmark 

Indicator 

Total of Populations 

(people) 

Water Demand (in 

billion of m
3
/year) 

2009 2013 2009 2013 

1 

Distric

t of 

Jembr

ana 

1.600 
268,

269 

261,638 

0.43 0.42 

2 

District 

of 

Tabanan 

1.600 
416,

743 
420,913 

0.67 0.67 

3 

Distric

t of 

Badun

g 

1.600 
383,

880 

543,332 

0.61 0.87 

4 

Distric

t of 

Giany

ar 

1.600 
394,

755 

469,777 

0.63 0.75 

5 

Distric

t of 

Klung

kung 

1.600 
176,

822 

170,543 

0.28 0.27 

6 

Distric

t of 

Bangli 

1.600 
213,

808 
215,353 

0.34 0.34 

7 

Distric

t of 

Karan

gasem 

1.600 
430,

251 

396,487 

0.69 0.63 

8 

Distric

t of 

Bulele

ng 

1.600 
650,

237 

624,125 

1.04 1.00 

9 

City 

of 

Denpa

sar 

1.600 
475,

080 

788,589 

0.76 1.26 

10 

Provin

ce of 

Bali 

1.600 

3,40

9,84

5 3,890,757 

5.46 6.23 



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Status of Water Carrying Capacity 

 

In general, the status of the water carrying 

capacity of Bali Province in 2009 was 

deficient with a status value below the 

carrying capacity of water or 0.86. Meanwhile, 

in 2013 the conditions also remained deficient, 

with the value of the carrying capacity 

declined to 0.57. The amount of water deficit 

in Bali in 2009 was 0.75 billion m
3
 / year, and 

increased to 2.65 billion m
3
 / year in 2013. The 

status of the water carrying capacity for each 

district in the Province of Bali in 2009 was 

quite evenly distributed between districts that 

experienced surplus status of water carrying 

capacity with those experiencing the deficit 

status of water carrying capacity. There were 

four districts which had the status of surplus 

water carrying capacity with values ranging 

from 1.59 to 1.02 or the amount of surplus 

water ranging from 0.40 to 0.01 billion m
3
 / 

year. On the other hand, there were five 

districts / cities that had a deficient carrying 

capacity of water ranging from 0.81 to 0.16 or 

the amount of water deficit ranging from 0.09 

to 0.63 billion m
3
 / year. The district that had 

the highest surplus status of water carrying 

capacity was Tabanan and the city that 

experienced the highest deficit status of water 

carrying capacity was Denpasar. 

 

Meanwhile in 2013, the status of the water 

carrying capacity for each district in the 

Province of Bali seemed to be uneven, with 

only one district that had a water surplus, 

namely the District of Bangli, whereas the 

remaining 8 districts / cities have experienced 

water deficit conditions. The District of Bangli 

has excess water of only 0.05 billion m3 / 

year, whereas the water deficit amounts of the 

eight districts / city range from 0.02 to 1.17 

billion m
3
 / year. In detail, the value of the 

water carrying capacity and its status can be 

seen in Table 4 and Figure 4. The distribution 

of the value and the status of water carrying 

capacity of Bali Province is presented in 

Figure 5 and 6. 

 

Under these conditions and in order to 

cope with the high rate of water deficit in the 

Province of Bali, it is necessary to reduce land 

conversion, especially the conversion of 

forests and agricultural areas into residential 

areas, because the impervious residential areas 

greatly affect the hydrological cycle in the 

form of the infiltration process of rainwater 

into groundwater and the amount of surface 

runoff. This condition will affect the mainstay 

discharge which is part of the water supply. In 

addition, it is necessary for the restoration of 

forest areas as they serve orological functions, 

by controlling land use changes in forest areas, 

reforesting areas that have critical or very 

critical areas, as well as maintaining and 

overseeing the critical potential areas. 

Predicting the supply of water for the future 

also needs to be done, given the fluctuations in 

the water supply with a high enough 

variability of space and time. 

 

Table 4. The value and the status of water 

carrying capacity of Bali Province 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 4. The graph of values, and the status of 

the water carrying capacity of Bali Province. 

N

u

m. 

District/City 

Value of the carrying 

capacity of water 

Status of the carrying capacity 

of water 

2009 2013 2009 2013 

1 

District of 

Jembrana 
1.15 

0.82 
Surplus Deficit 

2 

District of 

Tabanan 
1.59 

0.79 
Surplus Deficit 

3 

District of 

Badung 
0.67 

0.35 
Deficit Deficit 

4 

District of 

Gianyar 
0.70 

0.37 
Deficit Deficit 

5 

District of 

Klungkung 
0.68 

0.53 
Deficit Deficit 

6 

District of 

Bangli 
1.48 

1.16 
Surplus Surplus 

7 

District of 

Karangasem 
1.02 

0.98 
Surplus Deficit 

8 

District of 

Buleleng 
0.81 

0.55 
Deficit Deficit 

9 

City of 

Denpasar 
0.16 

0.08 
Deficit Deficit 

10 

Province of 

Bali 
0.86 

0.57 
Deficit Deficit 

0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
1,60

K
a

b
. 

Je
m

b
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n
a

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a

b
. 

T
a

b
a

n
a

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a

b
. 

B
a

d
u

n
g

K
a

b
. 

G
ia

n
y

a
r

K
a

b
. 

K
lu

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g

k
u

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a

b
. 

B
a

n
g

li

K
a

b
. 

K
a

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a

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m

K
a

b
. 

B
u

le
le

n
g

K
o

ta
 D

e
n

p
a

sa
r

2009 2013



E-Journal of Tourism Vol.2. No.1. (2015): 33-42 

 

http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot  40  e-ISSN: 2407-392X.  p-ISSN: 2541-0857  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 5. Distribution map of carrying 

capacity of water per district in Bali 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 6. Distribution map of the status of 

water carrying capacity of Bali 

Province in 2009 (left) and 2013 

(right) 

 

Conclusion and Recommendation 

 

The calculation shows that the total water 

supply of the island of Bali in 2009 amounted 

to 4.71 billion m
3
 / year and decreased to 3.57 

billion m
3
 / year in 2013. During that period, 

the total water demand increased, in which in 

2009 it was at 5.46 billion m3 / year, and in 

2013 amounted to 6.23 billion m
3
 / year. Thus, 

the island of Bali in 2009 and in 2013 

experienced a water deficit. The condition of 

the island of Bali in 2009 showed that of the 9 

districts / cities, five of them experienced 

water shortages with the amount of water 

deficit ranging from 0.09 to 0.63 billion m
3
 / 

year. Whereas in 2013, it amounted to 8 

districts / cities that  experienced a water 

deficit which ranged from 0.02 to 1.17 billion 

m3 / year. Therefore, Bali should take serious 

steps to save water resources, not only to save 

tourism development which is a mainstay of 

the island of Bali, but also the sustainability of 

the Balinese people’s lives. 

 

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