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E-Journal of Tourism Vol.5. No.1. (2018): 46-53
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Analysis of Village Tourism Development in Sawahan, Trenggalek Regency, Indonesia:
A Sustainable Livelihood Approach
Rita Parmawati
1
, Yusup Saktiawan
2
, Ferik Antyo Agus Wibowo
1
, and
Agung Sih Kurnianto
3
1
Postgraduate, Brawijaya University, Malang
2
Widyagama Husada Health Education Academy, Malang
3
Faculty of Public Health, Bakti Indonesia University, Cluring, Banyuwangi
Corresponding author: ritaparmawati1990@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO
Received
02 November 2017
Accepted
14 March 2018
Available online
30 March 2018
ABSTRACT
Sustainable approach takes into consideration on five aspects in the
development of the model, i.e., social, natural, human, physical, and
economic. This study aims to find out the development of tourism village
based on sustainable livelihood approach. The study was conducted on July-
August, 2017 in Sawahan Village, Watulimo Subdistrict, Trenggalek
Regency, East Java Province. The assumption is that the sustainable
livelihood process has been running in the village. Five types of assets have
been observed namely natural, human, financial, social, and physical.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis were used to analyses data and
information. Regression analysis on testing partial and simultaneous
hypotheses were undertaken. The results showed that natural and social
assets become the main factors in supporting the development of sustainable
livelihood in Sawahan Village. Although it affects as minor condition, the
financial, physical, and human asset can significantly influence when in the
same condition.
Keywords : asset, livelihood, sustainable, and Sawahan
Introduction
Background
Tourism is one of the important
industrial sectors and has great potential and
opportunities to be developed. The
development of tourism in developing
countries, including Indonesia, is expected to
help equalize economic opportunities and
hamper villagers to migrate to the city. The
development of tourism is also expected to
improve economy condition. It can improve
the welfare of the surrounding community
(Evita, Sirtha and Sunartha, 2012). The
development of tourism in Indonesia in recent
years has entered into a new form. The new
trend of tourism development in Indonesia is
rural based tourism model (Triambodo and
Damanik, 2015). The development of rural
tourism in Indonesia began to emerge in 2007,
when the Indonesian government launched the
Visit Indonesia program as a promotion effort.
From the number of existing villages, as many
as 1,902 villages have the potential to be
developed as rural tourism that can be
developed as a tourist attraction to be visited
by tourists, both of foreign and domestic. In
2012 the government built 978 villages
through the village development program
(Suarthana et al., 2015). Meanwhile, the target
of tourism in 2019 amounted to 20 million
foreign tourists. Of that number, it is expected
that visit the rural tourism as much as 2
million foreign tourists and urban tourism as
much as 2.5 million (Sundaryani, 2017).
mailto:ritaparmawati1990@gmail.com
E-Journal of Tourism Vol.5. No.1. (2018): 46-53
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Sustainable approach in Trenggalek
Regency, East Java Province lays on five
aspects in the development of the model, i.e.,
social, natural, human, physical, and
economic. This study aims to find out the
development of tourism village based on
sustainable livelihood approach. The
assumption is that the sustainable livelihood
process has been running in the village. Five
types of assets have been observed namely
natural, human, financial, social, and physical.
Research objective
This study aims to find out the
development of tourism village based on
sustainable livelihood approach in Sawahan
village on five types of assets namely natural,
human, financial, social, and physical.
Literature Review
The development of tourist village is
strongly influenced by the institutional aspect,
the object and the tourist attraction, as well as
the means of tourism infrastructure
(Damayanti, Soeaidy and Ribawanto, 2014).
This is due to the three aspects of the
development of the tourist village has an
important role in improving the service and
quality of tourism products. In the institutional
development, the need for proper initial
planning in determining the proposed
programs or activities, especially on the
Tourism Awareness Group (Kelompok Sadar
Wisata) in order to be able to improve the
knowledge and skills through the programs
(Damayanti, Soeaidy and Ribawanto, 2014;
Prafitri and Damayanti, 2016).
The importance of the role of the
tourism sector requires all stakeholders to
develop this sector sustainably (Dangi and
Jamal, 2016). Tourism also has a negative
impact on destinations, local communities, the
natural environment, and the economy.
Sustainable approach is an approach that takes
into consideration five aspects in the
development of the model, ie social, natural,
human, physical, and economic aspects. These
five aspects are an important component in
supporting the success of tourism (Parmawati
et al., 2012; Suarthana et al., 2015; Dangi and
Jamal, 2016).
Methodology
Research Location and Data Collection
This research was conducted in
Sawahan Village, Watulimo Subdistrict,
Trenggalek Regency, East Java Province. The
study was conducted from July to August,
2017. Site selection is based on the
consideration that Sawahan Village has
implemented Community-based Tourism
(CBT), where the community is self-
sustainingly trying to build, manage, and
monitor the existing tourist attraction through
the Duren Sari Tourism Awareness Group.
The assumption is that the sustainable
livelihood process has been running in the
village.
Five types of assets were observed,
namely natural asset, human asset, financial
asset, social asset, and physical asset. Each
asset has a different topic of question: i)
natural asset (X1) = availability of natural
resources and disaster threats, ii) human asset
(X2) = knowledge level, community skills in
work, language, and health condition, iii)
financial asset (X3) = level of productivity and
property ownership, iv) social asset (X4) =
involvement of tourism, culture, and social
life, and v) physical asset (X5) = existence of
infrastructure and life support facilities.
Figure 1. Map of Study Site.
Mark :
Dark grey = Trenggalek Regency;
Black = Sawahan Village, a rural
tourism area
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The analysis unit of the respondent is
household, male and female, age minimum 20
years, and already working. This study uses
the same as 5 to 10 times the number of
variable manifest as indicators. This study
uses 10 indicators, so the number of
respondents is 10x6 = 60 respondents.
Indicators of this research are tourism village
and five assets. Secondary data obtained from
the Tourism and Culture Departement,
planning, research, and Development Agency,
Watulimo District Office, and Sawahan
Village Office.
Data Analysis
Regression analysis on testing partial
and simultaneous hypotheses were undertaken.
Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was used
to determine whether the standardized
residuals studied were normally distributed.
The multicollinearity test was performed using
the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) value. The
analysis also used the assumption of
homocedasticity (Glejser test) to determine the
range of residual values is constant.
Autocorrelation was undertaken based on
Durbin Watson test to determine correlation
between variables (Augusty, 2006).
Result and Discussion
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Normality Test
Based on the error normality test with
Kolmogorov-smirnov, obtained p value of
0.778 which is greater than the value of α
(0.05) (accept H0) which can be concluded that
the error spread normally so that the
assumption of normality is confirmed.
Table 1 . Result of One-sample Kolmogorov-
Smirnov Test
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
Unstandardized
Residual
N 19
Normal Parameters
a,b
Mean ,0000000
Std.
Deviation
1,11163499
Most Extreme
Differences
Absolute ,151
Positive ,134
Negative -,151
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z ,659
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,778
a. Test distribution is Normal.
b. Calculated from data.
Multicollinearity Test
Multicollinearity is a near-perfect linear
correlation between two or more predictor
variables. Multicollinearity test is used to test
whether in the regression model that formed
there is perfect correlation or not on predictor
variables. The multicollinearity free test is
performed using the Variance Inflation Factor
(VIF) value. Based on VIF values all predictor
variables (X1, X2, X3 and X4) have VIF value
<10, then the H0 hypothesis is accepted: there
is no multicollinearity between independent
variables so that non-multicolinearity
assumption is accepted.
Table 2. Result of Multikolinieritas Test
Model Collinearity Statistics
Tolerance VIF
1
(Constant)
X1 ,630 1,588
X2 ,441 2,269
X3 ,561 1,782
X4 ,619 1,616
Homocedasticity Assumption
Homocedasticity means that the variety
of residual values is constant (fixed). Testing
of homocedasticity assumption can be done by
Glejser test. Based on the results, it is known
that the value of p predictors X1, X2, X3 and
X4 is greater than α (0.05), then the H0
hypothesis is accepted: error has a constant
(homogeneous) variable so that non-
multicolinearity assumption is met.
Table 3. Result of Homocedasticity Test
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardi
zed
Coefficie
nts
t-test Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Cons
tant)
-14,179 7,311 -1,939 ,073
X1 ,259 ,135 ,551 1,919 ,076
X2 -,154 ,082 -,648 -1,888 ,080
X3 ,120 ,079 ,460 1,511 ,153
X4 ,194 ,112 ,503 1,736 ,105
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Non Autocorrelation Assumption
Autocorrelation is a correlation between
a variable value with the same variable in one
or more previous lags. The test was performed
by using Durbin Watson test. Durbin Watson
(D) value was 2,110 and Durbin Watson table
with k = 5, n = 30, α = 0.05 (5%) obtained DL
value of 0.8588 and DU of 1.8482.
Table 4. Result of Non-autocorrelation Test
Durbin Watson Criteria Mark
Less than 0.8588 Autocorrelation present
0.8588- 1.8482 No conclusion
1.8482– 2.1518
Autocorrelation not
present
2.1518 – 3.1412 No conclusion
Lebih dari 2.1518 Autocorrelation present
Based on the decision criteria, Durbin
Watson (D) 2.115 is between DU and (4-DU)
or 1.8482 and 2.1518 in the table, the decision
taken is to receive H0, ie no autocorrelation
between errors so that non-autocorrelation
assumptions are confirmed. According to the
result of classical assumption test, it is known
that the research data has fulfilled all
assumptions, so further regression analysis can
be done.
Simultaneous Test Results
Testing the significance of parameters
simultaneously used to determine the effect of
predictor variables contained in the regression
model to the response variable as a whole or
together (see table 5). Testing of significance
simultaneously is done using F test. Based on
the test of significance of parameters
simultaneously known p value obtained less
than α (0.05), it is decided to accept H0 which
means that human, financial, social and
physical assets together influencing the
development of sustainable livelihood in
Sawahan Village. Human, financial, social and
physical assets are interrelated and become a
consideration for the development of a
sustainable livelihood.
Table 5. Significance Parameters for
Simultaneous Test
ANOVA
a
Model Sum
of
Square
s
df Me
an
Squ
are
F Sig.
1
Regres
sion
28,915 4 7,2
29
4,550 ,015
b
Residu
al
22,243 14 1,5
89
Total 51,158 18
a. Dependent Variable: Y
b. Predictors: (Constant), X4, X3, X1, X2
Partial Test Results
Testing the significance of the
parameters of the regression model partially
used to determine the influence of each
predictor variable to the response variable.
Testing is done using t test statistic. Based on
the result of the test of significance of
individual parameters, it is known that the 2
nd
regression (second reduction model) obtained
from less than α (0.05), it is decided to accept
H0, which means that the variable of Finance
asset, Social asset and Physical asset
significantly influence the development of
sustainable livelihood approach of rural
tourism in Sawahan Village.
Table 6. Partial Test Results
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
t test
Sig.
B Std.
Error
1
(Consta
nt)
18,247 14,640 1,246 ,233
X1 -,142 ,270 -,523 ,609
X2 -,544 ,164 -3,325 ,005
X3 ,310 ,159 1,953 ,071
X4 ,353 ,224 1,574 ,138
2
(Consta
nt)
11,289 5,987 1,886 ,079
X2 -,586 ,140 -4,196 ,001
X3 ,336 ,147 2,281 ,038
X4 ,418 ,181 2,310 ,036
Conformity Testing Model
From the analysis results obtained R
square value of 0.565, meaning that the
contribution of data to the model formed by
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56.5% and the rest of 43.5% influenced by
other variables outside the study.
Formation of Regression Model as a
description of asset development
a. Full Regression Model
Regression Model acquired :
Y = 18.247– 0.142X1 – 0.544X2 +
0.310 X3 + 0.353 X5 +
Y = 18.247– 0.142 Human Asset –
0.544 Financial Asset + 0.310 Social
Asset + 0.353 Physical Asset+
b. First Regression Reduction Model
Regression Model acquired :
Y = 11.289– 0.586 X2 + 0.336 X3 +
0.418 X4 +
Y = 11.289– 0.586 Financial Asset +
0.336 Social Asset+ 0.418 Physical
Asset+
Based on the model b, it is known that
the regression coefficient of financial asset
predictor variable is -0.586, that is, if other
predictor variables are fixed and financial
asset increases by 1 unit. This illustrates the
development of a sustainable livelihood in
Sawahan Village decreased by 58.6%. The
regression coefficient of social asset predictor
variable is 0.336. This illustrates another
predictor variable of fixed value and social
asset increased by 1 unit, or the development
of sustainable livelihood-based tourism village
in Sawahan Village increased by 33.6%. The
regression coefficient of physical asset
predictor variable is 0.418. This explains if
other predictor variables are fixed and physical
asset increases by 1 unit, so the development
of sustainable-livelihood in Sawahan increased
by 41.8%.
The regression model shows the actual
position and influence of the observed assets.
Independently with the assumption of other
asset is fixed, financial asset will actually
reduce the development of sustainable
livelihood in Sawahan Village by 58.6%. This
illustrates the early work of the Sawahan
community who are closely related to their
property in the form of livestock and land. The
absence of tourism developments will soon
make them return to their old jobs as farmers,
and not to sustainable livelihood. Social asset
illustrates the positive trend, which if assumed
other asset stability, it will have a positive
effect on sustaibale livelihood of 33.6%. In
addition, the same condition is illustrated by
the physical asset model, which will affect
41.8% increase in sustainable livelihood.
Social life also greatly influences the
sustainability of tourism in the context of the
rural tourism (Figure 2). In addition to being a
tourist attraction, social structure becomes part
in the management of rural tourism conducted
in the Sawahan Village. The social structure is
known to be an original part of a rural tourism,
as happened in Wae Rebo Village, Flores
(Louis, 2015), Kampung Naga, Tasikmalaya
(Qodariah and Armiyati, 2013). Therefore,
sustainable livelihood must rely on the social
assets within the village itself.
Although not a major influence, but
other asset parameters also have a
considerable influence together. The value of
the test of parameter significance (tables 5 &
6) indicates a correlation between human,
financial, social, and physical assets that
occurs jointly. This correlation shows the
modalities are interrelated and become a
consideration in the development of
sustainable livelihood in Sawahan Village.
Human resources have a great influence on the
development of a tourism. This asset is related
to human ability and intelligence in
understanding and facing problems in seeing
tourism, both in social structure, conservation,
and business (Qodariah and Armiyati, 2013;
Putri, Soemarno and Hakim, 2015; Haryati et
al., 2016). The value of financial and physical
assets in the village of Sawahan became a
supporting factor. Most societies have
possessions that contribute greatly to their
economies, such as livestock and land. In
addition, village infrastructure has been
developed adequately. Infrastructure generally
supports the growth and development of
tourism.
Variable Mapping
Based on the variable mapping (Figure
2), a preference of natural and social assets
influences the sustainability of a tourist
village. Sawahan Village natural resources are
considered quite complete and have the
strength to survive as a tourist attraction.
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These resources are beaches, seas, and forests.
Very little impact of natural disasters also
enlarge the value of natural asset as the main
carrying capacity of sustainable livelihood.
Community support in the formation of
tourist villages has a major impact on
sustainable livelihood. Public confidence in
the potential of ecotourism as an employment
opportunity is also very supportive of
sustainable livelihood. This is greater than any
other assets, such as a financial asset, in which
one of the shares is ownership of property,
whether in the form of land or livestock. It
also illustrates that tourism opens new
opportunities as the main job, replacing other
conventional workers in Sawahan Village.
Figure 2. Mapping of Sustainable Livelihood
on the Five Assets in the village
sawahan.
Sawahan Village becomes a figure of a
developing tourist village. The tourist village
has a special display that will depict a tourism
focus, eg religious village tours, ancient
villages with custom architecture, villages
with agriculture areas, or villages with social
life forms perhaps the only one in the world
(Veselinović, Ševarlić and Todorović, 2007;
Louis, 2015; Meidiana, Surjono and Saputra,
2015). Objectively, the selected assets have
illustrated the form of sustainable livelihood in
Sawahan Village, where based on the R square
value, it has been shown that 56.5% indicates
a real effect. Nature, in this case is the view of
the shape of the earth and the ecosystem in it
is the main asset of a tourism-based scenery or
ecotourism and support the lifes of people in it
(De Wit et al., 2009; Brandl et al., 2017).
Nature damage is a part that must be avoided
to maintain the sustainability of a tourism. A
tourism development can reach a saturation
point, where the peak of tourist arrivals that
are not followed by conservation awareness
will degrade the process back to a minimum.
This process can be induced by environmental
biophysical changes and inadequate facilities.
Peak visits that exceed the comfort limit will
soon induce a decrease in tourist traffic
(Prasetyowati, Harahab and Soemarno, 2014;
Perkins and Debbage, 2016). Sawahan Village
describes an early awareness of this problem.
Variable mapping (figure 2) shows the
community has understood the importance of
natural asset in a sustainable tourism. This
evidence provides a good foundation for
management that is oriented towards nature
and human development, and not to profit
(Putri, Soemarno and Hakim, 2015). The same
fact has been proven that tourism
management, which is focused on saving
nature, will support the sustainability of
ecosystems, community employment, and
visits (Putri, Soemarno and Hakim, 2015;
Haryati et al., 2016).
Conclusion
Natural and social asset become the
main factors in supporting the development of
sustainable livelihood in Sawahan Village.
Although it affects as minor condition, the
financial, physical, and human asset can
significantly influence when in the same
condition.
Acknowledgement
Authors thank to Sawahan Village Chief
for research permission and his assistance in
the field. Authors also thank to Tourism
Awareness Group Duren Sari for a warm
assistance during the field, including data
collection and sharing.
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