E-Journal of Tourism Vol.9. No.1. (2022): 20-30 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 20 e-ISSN 2407-392X. p-ISSN 2541-0857 The Phenomenon of Crisis Management Development on Tourism Destination Ni Made Eka Mahadewi1*, Ni Ketut Dewi Irwanti2 1Bali Tourism Polytechnic 2University Triatmamulya *Corresponding Author: eka.mahadewi@gmail.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v9i1.84038 Article Info Submitted: December 25th 2021 Accepted: March 5th 2022 Published: March 31th 2022 Abstract In every destination, crisis could be affecting the global tourism industry sector. Gurtner (2007) asserted that crisis management as a science, is still in its infancy largely due to the difficulties in standardizing, measur- ing, and comparing one crisis situation with another. Crisis usually re- lated to political issues, economic or social situation at the destination and distributed all over the world through numerous media channels. This pa- per aimed at providing a combination concept of crisis management and ergonomic perspective. A model came to this study to answer the phe- nomenon of crisis management on tourist destination. By providing a lit- erature-based overview on how a decline in visitor numbers due to crisis management and the destination do not implement the ergonomic com- ponents; an integrative model designed to know the answer why the num- bers of visitor declined to tourist destination and why the income from tourism sectors decreased. The results of this paper will try to describe and to emphasize particular types of tourism crisis and accordingly, pos- sibilities to improve and manage them. Some literatures-based theoretical and it implementation to Bali as tourist destination used to elaborate tour- ism condition such as: (1) the type of tourism crisis in Bali as a favourite tourist destination; (2) the tourism product and services of Bali tourism from ergonomic perspective; (3) the relationship of crisis and its support- ing product and services for Bali tourism from ergonomic perspective; (4) the phenomenon crisis and its tourism development from ergonomic perspectives to quality and sustainability of Bali tourism. Keywords: Tourism Crisis; Ergonomic Destination; Tourism Develop- ment; Travel Management. INTRODUCTION Background A big country with a diverse culture is the identity of the Indonesia. However, this strength has not been able to make the development and growth of Indonesian tourism at the forefront of bringing in foreign tourists compared to Thailand, Sin- gapore and Malaysia. The crisis of trust from the world community came to Indone- sia due to the lack of updated information on security, comfort and services in the tourism sector. A tourism crisis is defined as any unforeseen tourism event that affects tourists' confidence in a destination that http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot E-Journal of Tourism Vol.9. No.1. (2022): 20-30 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 21 e-ISSN 2407-392X. p-ISSN 2541-0857 interferes with its ability to operate nor- mally. The tourism crisis describes condi- tions that can threaten the normal opera- tion and conduct of tourism businesses; damage the tourist destination as a whole including the reputation of safety, attrac- tiveness, comfort; thus affecting the per- ception of the destination which in turn causes a decline in the local tourism and travel economy, affects the tourism busi- ness and affects tourist visits and expendi- tures (Sonmez, Apostolopoulus, Tarlow, 1999; WTO, 2003; King and Cottrel, 2007). No tourist destination is completely immune from the crisis but to minimize the vulnerability of the crisis, stakeholders in tourist destinations need to implement greater initiatives in managing their tourist destinations (Bierman, 2003). Ergonom- ics-based on destination management can make Bali as a quality and sustainable des- tination. The government, as the highest stakeholder in tourism management, needs to provide crisis management knowledge to the community after the COVID-19 pandemic. More systematic input from human resources was identified as a way to assist tourism businesses in preparing for and dealing with crisis (Pforr and Hosie, 2008). Bali and even Indonesia need to pri- oritize destination development on ergo- nomic destination management and the placement of human resources that are competent in developing their tourism. This can create a sense of security, comfort and excellent service for destinations. During covid 19, Bali experienced a decrease in the number of tourist visit, both domestic and international. Based on hotel occupancy in Bali, in April – August 2020, the Bali hotel occupancy become 0%, it is means no visitor or tourist stay at hotel, and no arrival at the airport. On De- cember 2019, the hotel occupancy only be- came 62,55%; in 2020 is 19,00% and hotel occupancy target on December 2021 is 30% (Bali Tourism Authority, 2021). From another data recorded, crisis in Bali came from tragedy Bali bomb blast in 2002 and 2005. The tourism sector in Bali de- creased in tourist arrival on 2003 and 2006. Fluctuation in the number of foreign tour- ists occurred in the range 1997 to 2007; from 1997 to 1998 and 1999, the number of visits to Indonesia decreased by about 500 thousand tourists (down 11 percent). The decline tourists visiting Bali only 3 percent. After political situation in 1998; the num- ber of tourists visiting Bali rise steadily. The decline tourists again occurred in 2003 and in 2006. As well known in 2002 and 2005 as the tragedy Bali bombings. In Bali, the number of tourists fell from 1,28 mil- lion to 99 thousand. Learn from experienced the fluctua- tion Bali tourism, and compared to Asia tourist destination; Bali need to improve the services including the policy, security, safety, coordination and information (UNDP, et.al., 2003; Prideaux, 2005; Ma- hadewi, et.al., 2014; Diaz and Rodriques, 2016; Ollivaud and Haxton, 2019; McKercher, et.al., 2021). Research Objectives The research objectives of this study were as follows: (1) To identify the type of tourism crisis in Bali as a tourist destina- tion; (2) To identify the tourism product and services of Bali tourism from ergo- nomic perspective; (3) To identify the rela- tionship of crisis and supporting product and services for Bali tourism from ergo- nomic perspective; (4) To construct of phe- nomenon crisis and its tourism develop- ment from ergonomic perspectives to qual- ity and sustainability of Bali tourism. LITERATURE REVIEW Crisis Management and Its Important to Tourism Industry Martens, et.al. (2016) wrote the im- portance of crisis management for the http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot E-Journal of Tourism Vol.9. No.1. (2022): 20-30 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 22 e-ISSN 2407-392X. p-ISSN 2541-0857 tourism industry. Tourists or visitor came or not come to visit a specific tourism des- tination is because its image. Image is pic- tures, figure, portrait that many people have about personal, company, organiza- tion, or product. Image as part of behavior of an individual or self-image (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2008 on Mahadewi, et.al., 2014). The destination image differs from other image types since it is inevitably linked to the destination image is also highly influenced through non tourism re- lated information sources (Echtner and Ritchie, 2003). By getting the impression, that the destination is not safe to visit, po- tential tourists will exclude the destination from their list of places considered for a visit (Glaesser, 2003). Crisis classification based on Sausmarez, 2007 on Martens, et.al (2016) put into three types: (1) potential crisis; (2) latent crisis, (3) acute crisis (see figure 1). Potential crisis included (1) crisis commu- nication; (2) crisis management; (3) crisis preparedness; (4) crisis prevention. Ergonomic to Tourist Destination Ergonomics is a multidisciplinary field that examines human activities and their environment with the principles of fit- ting the job to the person (Grandjean and Kroemer, 2000). Ergonomic is about de- signing for people, and terminology of ‘workplace’ replaced to ‘comfort zone’ to easier implementation to tourism destina- tion perspectives. Ergonomic is defined as the science of fitting a workplace to the user’s needs, ergonomics aims to increase efficiency and productivity and reduce dis- comfort. In a tourist destination, implemen- tation of ergonomic ideally used in every facility and supporting tourist attraction. Capacity of roads, pedestrian area, tourist capacity in tourist objects, bus or transport composition, stairs in every accommoda- tion or in tourist object, all need to be as- sessed when creating a workspace or com- fort zone, whether it is at the indoor or at outdoor (Manuaba, 2006; Irwanti and Ma- hadewi, 2019). Figure 1. The Temporal Classification of Crisis Source: Sausmarez, 2007 on Martens, et.al (2016) Ergonomics Information, Communica- tion, Technology Current technology developments as a tool for tourist to access information. The Ministry of Communication and Information (2019), used the information technology to support tourist destinations which include 3 stages: (1) Planning: tour- ists need planning before traveling to tour- ist destinations by searching for Potential Crisis Imaginary crisis that might occur in the future Latent Crisis occurring crisis that does not yet have measurable negative influence Acute Crisis Occurring crisis that has per- ceivable and measurable nega- tive influence http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot E-Journal of Tourism Vol.9. No.1. (2022): 20-30 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 23 e-ISSN 2407-392X. p-ISSN 2541-0857 information through the web, page or so- cial media which is then continued by mak- ing online reservations from flight ticket reservations to lodging; (2) on the way to tourist destinations (on tourism system we called ‘bridging element’), tourists use mo- bile phones to access tourist objects, culi- nary, tourist attractions, and others; (3) af- ter traveling, tourists share experiences through the media social. The use of infor- mation technology in this digital era is very important. To support the process of delivering information precisely and accurately, it is necessary to apply the display principle. The display principle used on the web, page and social media is a form of ergo- nomics implementation that makes it easier for tourists to get information about the tourist destinations they are going to. The display principle has a function to avoid er- rors in information, is easy to remember, interesting to read, avoids fatigue and bore- dom of the content that is displayed, and so on. Font arrangement, spacing, layout, color, animation, and content are the basic principles of using displays. (Manuaba, 2016; Sever, 2019; Sethi, 2020). Ergonomics in tourist activities Tourist activities are tourist activi- ties carried out while in tourist destina- tions. Various tourist activities carried out by tourists include cycling, tracking, jog- ging, walking in the rice field, rafting and so on. In carrying out tourism activities, it is always strived to keep tourists healthy, safe and comfortable. The application of ergonomic prin- ciples in creating safety and comfort in car- rying out tourist activities is very im- portant, in this case it needs to be consid- ered; 1) the type of tourism activities car- ried out (whether in the category of activi- ties with heavy, medium or light loads), 2) the equipment used whether it meets the safe and comfortable rules, and 3) the use of time in carrying out activities does not exceed the physical and psychological ca- pacity of tourists. For example, before car- rying out cycling or tracking activities, tourists who participate in these activities must meet the provisions of 1) the suitabil- ity of capacity with tourism activities in terms of age, gender, physical fitness and physical capacity, 2) determination of mileage and 3) rest time, rest needed when the physical load increases which is char- acterized by an increase in pulse rate (Genaldy, et. al., 2007; Shackel, 2007; Manuaba, 2016; Lintangsari, et.al., 2020). Tourism Development Tourism is the set of relationships that determine people’s temporary and not habitual displacement, including at least one overnight stay in a location other than the usual residence (Andreis & Carioni, 2019). Tourism comprises a complex, col- laborative, interrelationship of suppliers organization and destinations. Destination managers and leader of the organization fa- cilitate destination-level partnership be- tween various stakeholders. Destination managers also mitigate risks, crisis and risk perceptions to establish a positive image and increase the attractiveness of tourist destinations. Despite the interest in crisis impacts, a paucity of research exists on un- derstanding how destination leaders or managers address crisis at the local level (Fyall, Garrod & Wang, 2012; Fyall et.al, 2012; Chew & Bahari, 2014; Becken & Hughey, 2013 on Todman-Lewis, 2017). RESEARCH METHODS This research used systematic and integrative literature review. Systematic review is a synthesis of the available re- search and experiment which concentrate on a specific research problem. This type of review helps the researchers to over- come likely biases by adopting some http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot E-Journal of Tourism Vol.9. No.1. (2022): 20-30 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 24 e-ISSN 2407-392X. p-ISSN 2541-0857 methods (De Souza, 2010). An integrative literature review is a non-experimental de- sign. The researchers objectively put cri- tique, summarize and make conclusions about subject matter through a systematic search, categorization and thematic analy- sis of past qualitative and quantitative re- search studies on the subject (LoBiondo- Wood and Haber, 2010.; Sparbel and An- derson, 2000; Toracco, 2005., on Dela and Janet, 2017). An integrative review, a com- prehensive and inclusive methodology per- mits the inclusion of both quantitative and qualitative research articles (Whittemore and Knalf, 2005). Secondary data collected from literature related topic crisis manage- ment, tourism, destination, ergonomic; and a content analysis was conducted to docu- ments. RESULT AND DISCUSSION From some literatures which been used for this study; show that crisis is a condition or event intensified by flawed managerial structures or resistance to change (Gurtner, 2007; Fyall, Garrod and Wang, 2012; Martens, et.al., 2016; Tod- man-Lewis, 2017; Rossi, 2020; Bandoi, et.al. 2020; McKercher, et.al. 2021). Bali as a tourist destination have experienced in crisis who affected tourism sectors, such as political events, natural disasters, Bali bomb blast and pandemic covid 19. To pro- vide an overview of chosen literature the used publications are designed as an inte- grated model in figure 2. CRISIS ON TRAVEL & TOURISM Types of Ergonomic *Types of Crisis Tourist Destination *YELLOW & RED ZONE Destination Preparedness Figure 2. The Integrative Research Model The Crisis Management on Tourism and Ergonomic Perspectives on Destination- Study Case: Bali (Adopted from Gurtner, Y., 2007; Fyall, Garrod and Wang, 2012; Martens, et.al., 2016; Todman-Lewis, 2017; Rossi, 2020; Bandoi, et.al. 2020; McKercher, et.al. 2021) Potential Crisis Latent Cri- sis Acute Cri- sis Tourist Destination IM- AGE Cognitive ergonomic Physical er- gonomic Organizational ergonomic Lack of service at the destination: road, bridge, transport, etc Political issue (1965); Bali bomb blast (2002, 2005) Pandemic Covid 19 T e c h n o lo g y , In fo rm a ti o n , C o m m u n ic a ti o n Tourist activities & facilities; Lack on Comfort/Safe/ Secu- rity; Poor service, bad envi- ronment (bacteria, virus, mold) Mental process, perception, memory, reason- ing and motor re- sponses Policy, pro- cess, socio culture Decline in visi- tor numbers; no income from tourism sector, economic, so- cial problem Increase in visitor numbers; big in- come from tour- ism sector, posi- tive impact to quality, premier destination and Bali Sustainability Positive negative Tourist activities & facilities; Comfort, clean, Safe, Security; Excellent service, Clean, Health Environment Clean, safety, health Comfort facil- ities http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot E-Journal of Tourism Vol.9. No.1. (2022): 20-30 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 25 e-ISSN 2407-392X. p-ISSN 2541-0857 The figure shows the integrative the- ory concept and its implementation to con- dition of Bali tourism. This figure as the answer of the all objective research. Poten- tial crisis could become from lack of ser- vice, lack of design of infrastructures, fa- cilities or services. Latent crisis usually came from political issue and terrorism. And pandemic covid 19 as part of acute cri- sis for destination. There are four types of ergonomic called as a total ergonomic, it can be de- scribed into: (1) ‘physical ergonomic’ ex- amines the relationship between physical activity and human anatomy, anthropome- try, physiology and biomechanics; (2) ‘Cognitive ergonomics’ examines the hu- man relationship with memory, mental process, perception, reasoning and motor responses. It relates to decision making, human and computer interaction, mental works, workload, training, stress,; (3) ‘Or- ganizational ergonomics’ examines the re- lationship between humans and organiza- tions, policies, working time, working con- ditions, participation and team work are important components in the organization (Manuaba, 2006). And (4) environmental aspect included clean, safety, hygiene. Aspects of security and comfort in tourist destinations need to be considered, not only for tourists but also for managers and even all tourism stakeholders. Safe conditions which are avoiding the risk of harm while being comfortable means the fulfillment of one's physical and psycho- logical needs based on each individual's perception. Safe and comfortable condi- tions are part of an ergonomic study that considers physical, cognitive, and environ- mental aspects. Some things that need to be considered in supporting aspects of se- curity and comfort in tourist destinations are infrastructure and facilities. In general, tourist destination facilities do not have er- gonomic standards that refer to appropriate technology (a) Economical, the technology used must take into account the benefits to be obtained, b) technical, the technology chosen does not absorb much energy, c) er- gonomic, useful technology and does not have a negative impact on physical and mental health, d) socio culture, tourist needs are adjusted to culture and aesthetic values, e) energy saving, excessive use of energy can damage the existing order, f) does not damage the environment, the technology used does not have a negative impact on the environment. Ergonomic standards that refer to appropriate technol- ogy can be used as the basis for building facilities to foster a sense of security and comfort for tourists. The development of facilities and infrastructure as well as sup- porting facilities in tourist destinations al- ready has a reference standard but has not been implemented comprehensively. The standard for the procurement of infrastructure and supporting facilities is contained in the Minister of Tourism Reg- ulation No. 3/2018 concerning the Special Allocation Fund for physical development in the tourism sector. This regulation states the provisions for the construction of tour- ism facilities which include development of tourist attractions and improvement of tourism amenities. Development of tourist attraction, among others; development of TIC (tourist information center); 2. Making changing rooms and/or toilets; 3. Construc- tion of the pergola; 4. Gazebo making; 5. Installation of garden lights; 6. Construc- tion of guardrails; 7. Development of the stage for arts/performances; 8. Develop- ment of souvenir stalls; 9. Construction of plazas / culinary hawker centers; 10. Con- struction of places of worship; 11. Con- struction of a viewing deck; 12. Construc- tion of identity gates; 13. Construction of pedestrian paths/walks/roads within the area, boardwalks, and parking lots; and 14. Manufacture of directional signs. While the increase in tourism amenities include; 1. Construction of tourist docks; 2. Con- struction of yacht docking/stopping points; 3. Construction of a dive center and its http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot E-Journal of Tourism Vol.9. No.1. (2022): 20-30 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 26 e-ISSN 2407-392X. p-ISSN 2541-0857 equipment; 4. Construction of a surf center and its equipment; 5. Construction of dams; and 6. Procurement of glass bottom boats (Permenpar, 2018). One of the provisions for the con- struction of infrastructure facilities made in this regulation refers to the capacity and needs of users (tourists) such as using the dimensions of the human body (anthro- pometry) to determine comfort and safety in using the facilities. Anthropometry is one of the fields of study in ergonomics. Anthropometric data is used for various purposes, such as work station design, work facilities, and product design in order to obtain appropriate and appropriate sizes with the dimensions of the human limbs that will use them (Wingjosoebroto, 2008). So that the use of anthropometric measure- ments is not only used in designing infra- structure and facilities but also used to de- sign every product produced in tourist des- tinations, including hotel products such as hotel design, room design, hotel equipment design and including souvenir designs. In addition to anthropometry, the use of the principle of visual display in ergonomics in tourist areas is important. For example the placement of identity gates, displays or di- rectional signs, maps and certain signs to find locations in tourist areas. Determina- tion of viewing distance, typeface, charac- ter size, color selection, placement will minimize tourist errors in receiving infor- mation (Irwanti & Mahadewi, 2019). As a destination, not all of tourism aspect used of ergonomic procedures and rules. When the destination managers or leaders do not stand and follow the ergo- nomic component; it can become crisis in all aspect of facilities, infrastructures, ser- vices related tourism. A crisis, especially in its early stages, tends to generate a situa- tion of chaos, panic, uncertainty and gen- eral confusion. In order to increase the probability of recovery strategy success, it is equally essential managing human and financial resources and fostering an ade- quate level of cooperation between all stakeholders, from public to private sec- tors, from tourism central bodies to local offices. It will help destination to make an image. The physical damage caused by tourism crisis can be managed and restored quickly, but the damage done to the image of the destination might be more compli- cated to rebuild and strengthen (Minar, L. 2019). The destination image can play a crucial role in tourism behavior and inten- tion to travel (Mahadewi, et.al., 2014). Bali as a small island that had suf- fered from a man-made crisis all had dif- ferent impacts on tourism behavior. Bali reported the declining tourist arrival during crisis on 2003, 2006 (see figure 1 and 2). Table 1 show that crisis happen in 2021when the arrival of tourist (dominant domestic market) going to decrease. The condition of destination of Bali took place as potential and acute crisis. It will become two option: positive impact and negative impact. McKercher, et.al (2021) mention on their research, Bali as premier tourism destination. This state- ment gave positive impact to Bali. Another impact came from covid 19 and affected economic sector. Economic crisis affecting tourism include global recession, weak na- tional economies, and sudden changes in exchange rates. All these can result in a loss of tourist or consumer confidence and alter the propensity to travel. Any crisis in the categories reviewed as figure 4, will damage the tourism sector’s ability to op- erate normally, either because of damage to transport and other infrastructure and fa- cilities, or because of the perception that the destination is unsecure or unsafe. Sen- sitivity to destination development disturb- ances can be caused by the inability of the destination to implement ergonomic rules, which should have a good impact to Bali as a tourist destination. http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot E-Journal of Tourism Vol.9. No.1. (2022): 20-30 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 27 e-ISSN 2407-392X. p-ISSN 2541-0857 Table 1. Bali Tourists Arrival 2018-2021 Month 2018 2019 2020 2021 January 743,456 793,527 879,702 282,248 February 655,719 692,113 721,105 240,608 March 762,622 787,616 567,452 305,579 April 777,287 795,997 175,120 330,593 May 682,521 656,082 101,948 363,959 June 1,156,151 1.287,877 137,395 498,852 July 906,347 935,930 229,112 166,718 August 770,364 925,360 355,732 202,187 September 774,144 812,003 283,349 298,950 October 762,124 853,007 337,304 468,826 November 806397 852,626 425,097 No data yet December 960,859 1,152,901 382,841 No data yet Total 9,757,991 10,545,039 4,596,157 3,158,520 Source: Bali Tourism Authority (5 November 2021). The condition of destination of Bali took place as potential and acute crisis. It will become two option: positive impact and negative impact. McKercher, et.al (2021) mention on their research, Bali as premier tourism destination. This state- ment gave positive impact to Bali. Another impact came from covid 19 and affected economic sector. Economic crisis affecting tourism include global recession, weak na- tional economies, and sudden changes in exchange rates. All these can result in a loss of tourist or consumer confidence and alter the propensity to travel. Any crisis in the categories reviewed as figure 4, will damage the tourism sector’s ability to op- erate normally, either because of damage to transport and other infrastructure and fa- cilities, or because of the perception that the destination is unsecure or unsafe. Sen- sitivity to destination development disturb- ances can be caused by the inability of the destination to implement ergonomic rules, which should have a good impact to Bali as a tourist destination. Relationship between tour- ism development, quality of life and sus- tainability performance are very important topics and benchmarks in long-term poli- cies and strategies global, regional dan local level (Bandoi, et.al. 2020). Regarding the objectives research, through our analy- sis, we were able to identify the problem of Bali tourism from ergonomic perspective and crisis management approach. CONCLUSION The results of the study may be sig- nificant to the effective practice for policy maker by helping destination managers identify factors affiliated with crisis and with ergonomic preparedness to facilitate the continuation of core business activities before, during, and following crisis. The results offered guidance to destination leaders or managers on improving readi- ness at the local level. Other contribution of the study to policy maker, destination leaders, destination business to adopt a proactive approach to planning and manag- ing for possible risks affecting tourism des- tination and its business operations. The conclusions that could be taken from this study are: (1) The type of tourism crisis in Bali as a tourist destination during the pandemic covid-19 were identified as acute crisis; (2) The tourism product and services of Bali tourism need to be im- proved from ergonomic perspective; (3) The relationship of crisis and supporting http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot E-Journal of Tourism Vol.9. No.1. (2022): 20-30 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 28 e-ISSN 2407-392X. p-ISSN 2541-0857 product services for Bali tourism from er- gonomic perspective were positively im- pact to the growth of Bali tourism destina- tion development; (4) The coordination and cooperation of tourism stakeholders is needed to develop Bali tourism destination development. Leaders or managers can handle crisis effectively by knowing which preparedness strategies are best suited for specific risks by using ergonomic ap- proach; and how to identify qualified indi- viduals to collaborate with when handling emergencies. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to tourism leaders and managers in Bali Tourism Authority, Bali Hotel and Restaurant Association, who support this project by giving data infor- mation related tourism development and strategic destination. I would also like to extend my thanks to my institution Bali Tourism Polytechnic for providing me with all the facility that was required. REFERENCES Andreis, F.D. and Carioni, M.A. (2019) ‘A Critical Approach to the Tourism Management’. Open Journal of Applied Sciences. ISSN Online 2165-3925. ISSN Print:2165-3917 Bali Hotel and Restaurant Association (PHRI Bali). (2021). Hotel Room Occupancy Statistic. Bali Bali Tourism Authority. (2021) ‘Bali Tourism Statistic’. Bali Bandoi,A. Jianu, E., Enescu, M., Axinte, G. Tudor, S. Firoiu, D., (2020) ‘The Relationship between Development of Tourism Quality of Life and Sustainable Performance in EU Countries’. Artcle Sustainability. MPDI journal. Dela. C., Janet. J.G. (2017) ‘An Integrative Literatur Review Framework for Post Graduating Nursing Research Reviews’. European Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. Vol.5. No.1. ISSN 2056-600x Diaz,M.N., Rodriques, T.E. (2016). ‘Determining the Sustainability Factors and Performance of a Tourism Destination from the Stakeholders’ Perspective. Department of Business and Management, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.doi:10.3390/su8090951. www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainabilit y Directorate Strategic Management. (2021). Bali Update to Anticpate Christmas and New Year 2022. Ministry of Tourism and Economic Creative. Jakarta. Genaldy, A. Karwowski, W. Rehim, A.A. (2007). ‘The Work Compatibility improvemnet framework: prelimineray findings of a Case Study for Defining and Measuring the Human at Work System. Jurnal of Ergonomic. Vol.50. issue 11. Taylor Francis Online. Glaesser, D. (2003) ‘Crisis Management in Tourism Industry’. Burlington: Butterworth Heineman Grandjean, E., Kroemer. (2000) ‘Fitting the Task to the Human’. A Textbook of Occupational Ergonomics. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis Gurtner, Y. (2007) ‘Tourism Crisis: Management and Recovery in Tourist-reliant Destinations’. Book: Communities Living with Hazards editor David King and Alison Cottrell. http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot E-Journal of Tourism Vol.9. No.1. (2022): 20-30 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 29 e-ISSN 2407-392X. p-ISSN 2541-0857 Irwanti, NKD,. Mahadewi., NME. (2019) ‘Ergonomic Destination, A Quality Tourism identity’. Lambert Academic Germany Publishing. Amazon.com Lintangsari, P.S., Yuliawati, E., Suroso, H.C., (2020). ‘Designing a Tourism Mininus Driver Chair by Using IDEAS Framework in a Virtual Environment’. Adhitama Institute of Technology Surabaya. Journal of Research and Technology. Mahadewi, N.M.E., Bendesa, IKG., Antara, M. (2014) ‘Factors Influencing Tourists Revisit to Bali as MICE Destination’. E-Journal of Tourism Vol.1. No.1. 1-11 Manuaba, A. (2006) ’Macro Ergonomic Approach on Work Organization with Special Reference to The Utilization of Total Ergonomic SHIP Approach to Obtain Humane, Competitive and Sustainable Work System and Products. Proceeding National Seminar on Ergonomy, Surabaya. 21-22November Martens, H.M., Feldesz, K. Merten, P. (2016) ‘Crisis Management in Tourism-A Literature Based Approach on the Proactive Prediction of a Crisis and The Implementation of Prevention Measures’. Athens Journal of Tourism-Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 89-102 McKercher, B., Tolkash, D., Eka Mahadewi, N.M., Ngurah Byomantara, D.G., (2021) ‘The Relationship between Motive and In- Destination Behaviour’. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 46. pp.432-439 McKercher, B., Tolkash, D., Eka Mahadewi, N.M., Ngurah Byomantara, D.G., (2021) ’Individual Tourism System’. Journal of Tourism Management. 82. Minar, L. (2019) ‘Crisis management and Destination Image Repair after Terrorism’. Master Thesis Modul Vienna University. Ollivaud, P., Haxton, P. (2019). ‘Making the Most of Tourism in Indonesia toPromote Sustainable Regional Development’. Economic Department Papers. No.1535. OECD. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Prideaux, B. (2005). ‘Factors Affecting Bilateral Tourism Flows’. James Cook University, Australia. Annals of Tourism Journal Research. Vol.32. No.3 pp.780-801. Rossi, C. (2012) ‘Tourism Security and Destination Crisis Management’. National Research Council Institute for Service Industry Research. University of Basilicata. Researchgate article Sethi, R., (2020). ‘Ergonomic Design and Lean Management in the Hospitality Industry in India’. hvs.com Sever, M., M. (2019). ‘Improving Ergonomic Conditions at Hospitality Industry’. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science. Vol.8. issue2, p 91-101. econpapers.repec.org Shackel. B. (2007). ‘Factors influencing the application of Ergonomics in Practice’. Journal of Ergonomic. Vol. 23. Issue 8. Taylor Francis Online Sonmez, SF., Backman, SJ., (1992) ‘Crisis Management in Tourist Destination‘. Pensykvania University. Clemson University. Vision in Leisure and Business. Vol.11 Number 3. Article 4. Todman-Lewis, CVM. (2017) ‘Startegies for Crisis Preparedness of Tourist Destination’. Walden University. Disertation nd Doctoral Studies. http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot E-Journal of Tourism Vol.9. No.1. (2022): 20-30 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 30 e-ISSN 2407-392X. p-ISSN 2541-0857 College of management and Technology UNDP., USAID., World Bank. (2003). ‘Bali Beyond The Tragedy’. Report of the Consultive Group Indonesia (CGI). documents1.worldbank.org. Bali Whittemore, R., and Knafl, K., (2005) ‘The Integrative Review: Update Metodology’. Jurnal of Advanced Nursing, 546-553. http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot