Recent trends and Challenges in Smart Cities EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities Research Article 1 Recent Trends and Challenges in Smart Cities Pooja G1, Sundar R2, Harshini R3,*, Arjuna S4 and Ram Kumar C5 1Masters in Biomedical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano Milan, Italy 2Assistant Professor, Department of BME, Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 3UG Student, Department of BME, Dr. N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India. 4UG Student, Department of BME, Dr. N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India. 5Associate Professor, Department of BME, Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore. Abstract Smart systems are wanting for smart communities to adapt to restricted spaces and assets across the world. Thus, smart urban communities arose mostly because of exceptionally inventive ICT ventures and markets, and furthermore, they have begun to utilize novel arrangements exploiting the Internet of Things (IoT), huge information and distributed computing innovations to lay out a significant association between every part and layer of a city. Smarter solutions need to be executed to make digital services for economic and social advancement seamlessly reach the occupants in an easy and secure way and encourage them to continue using the amenities. A holistic development rather than just technological advancement is essential for the betterment of Smart lifestyle of the present and future population. This paper attempts to analyze advancements, and the challenges involved in implementing them in various sectors should be executed to make computerized administrations for monetary and social headway flawlessly arrive at the tenants in a simple and secure manner and urge them to keep utilizing the conveniences. Keywords: smart city, recent trends, challenges. Received on 31 July 2022, accepted on 12 September 2022, published on 21 September 2022 Copyright © 2022 Pooja G. et al, licensed to EAI. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, which permits copying, redistributing, remixing, transformation, and building upon the material in any medium so long as the original work is properly cited. doi: 10.4108/eetsc.v6i3.2273 1. Introduction Innovative headways and the blend of various advances, gadgets, and organizations have brought about the idea of shrewd urban communities. These urban communities use various electronic contraptions, advancements, and sensors to gather information and offer raised types of assistance and encounters to individuals. Urbanization is expanding at a quick scale internationally with over 1.3 million individuals moving to the urban areas each and every day. It is assessed that more than 65% of the worldwide populace will live in the urban communities by 2040. Associated and brilliant urban communities are turning into a stage for development for such a worldwide populace [1]. Many governments across the world are taking up various drives towards brilliant medical care and computerized wellbeing. The public authority of India has incorporated the drives, for example, Free Diagnostics *Corresponding author. Email: mysteryprincess27@gmail.com Service Initiative (FDSI), portable clinical units, and so on to help its savvy urban communities mission. The interests in smart medical care appear to be paying off. The whole world was affected by the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. Millions of people have died, and millions have been contaminated by the dangerous infection. Numerous nations are hit continuously and third wave rushes of the infection. Smart and digital technologies have been helpful in pandemic control and management [1]. Artificial intelligence and Big Data technologies have been very helpful in drug revelation and antibody dispersion. Far off wellbeing observing through IoT-based medical care applications has empowered the patients and specialists to connect without visiting the emergency clinic/clinical focus. Such measures have helped with guaranteeing the security of the patients and the clinical experts. Similar mechanisms are important for successfully implementing the idea of smart cities [2]. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities 09 2022 - 10 2022 | Volume 6 | Issue 3 | e4 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ mailto:mysteryprincess27@gmail.com Pooja G. et al. 2 2. Smart Cities A smart city is a technologically modern urban area that utilizes various kinds of electronic strategies and sensors to gather explicit information. Data acquired from that information is utilized to oversee resources, assets and administrations proficiently; consequently, that information is utilized to further develop tasks across the city. This incorporates information gathered from residents, gadgets, structures and resources that is handled and analysed to monitor and manage Smart cities and smart enterprises deal with the integration of artificial intelligence, web technologies, smart mobile platforms, telecommunications, e-commerce, e-business, and other technologies. Fields of utilizations are related to services for users and citizens, like transportation, structures, e- health, utilities, etc. which is shown in Figure 1. Smart cities use information and communication technologies (ICTs) to scale services include utilities and transportation to a developing population. Progressing population development and urbanization are starting a renewed desire to integrate technology into the design of city services, in this way creating the essence of "smart cities" [3]. Smart cities rely intensely on sensors to perceive parameters, for example, temperature, dampness, allergens, contamination, traffic conditions, and power matrix status. The values of these parameters provide a context that helps a system to understand the state of a citizen at some random time. Figure 1. Components of Smart city 3. Recent Trends There are three layers to a smart city: an innovation base which incorporates cell phones and sensors associated by fast correspondence organizations, applications making an interpretation of crude information into bits of knowledge and utilization by urban communities and general society. The rising notoriety of 5G, overall entrance of cell phones and expanding reception of IoT are completely expected to speed up smart city advancements and carry them into the standard. With this, there are new ways that innovation can change urban communities [4]. Figure 2 describes the impact of innovations that happened in the latest trends. Figure 2. Impact of 10 smart city trends and innovations in 2022 3.1. Smart Health The pandemic has made obviously the local area an enormous part in establishing better wellbeing conditions for residents. Smart developments can lessen burden on medical services natural systems by supporting finding and therapy, yet furthermore preventive dealing with oneself. This moves the concentration from individual-focused medical care to a local area model. Directed by information examination, medical care can be custom fitted for people and their families. Smart health can be grouped as a subset of e-health given s-health is comparable to the ICT framework of the recognized a smart city. Regardless, there is a differentiation between s-health and m-health. For instance, in s-health there is plausibility that the recognized key correspondence may not be portable or not. In reality, for a large portion of cases it could incorporate spread out fixed sensors The patient gets information or information from an interactive pole of information for checking the level of residue, dust, notwithstanding pollution for which individual has sensitivity. The information further aides patients in forestalling the regions that can end up being unsafe for their health conditions. The shaft of information helps in giving the patient with information about the best course or heading that they can take to arrive at an objective EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities 09 2022 - 10 2022 | Volume 6 | Issue 3 | e4 Recent trends and Challenges in Smart Cities 3 and about the nearest pharmacies from where he can purchase antihistamine pills [4]. 3.2. Smart infrastructure Infrastructure frames the groundwork of each and every city, and development can upgrade existing connection focuses in more ways than one — from green structures to waste management systems to traffic guideline. Singapore's Green Mark affirmation conspire, for instance, is presently pointed toward making 80% of the city's structures green. Gartner predicts multiple billion associated IoT gadgets in business shrewd structures by 2028, fuelled by broadcast communications frameworks, with 5G and High Efficiency Wi-Fi alongside smart utilities like power, waste and water. Moving advancements incorporate platform assessment frameworks, IoT sensors for wastewater and obstruct checking, halting sensor applications, lighting sensors and fire identification frameworks. This could provoke more conservative, close sew metropolitan communities in the future [5]. 3.3. Smart citizens Finally, smart cities enhance the voices of their tenants. Applications permit residents to momentarily report nearby issues, while local area network platforms permit people to pool together and share assets Metropolitan communities are progressing as cooperative environments, with more investment and straightforwardness. Open information and emerging developments are preparing for metropolitan communities to be more human-focused and multidirectional for government, associations and residents the same [6]. 3.4. Smart energy Besides investing in clean energy, metropolitan areas can utilize development to screen real time energy use and upgrade energy use. This includes the usage of supportable and moral materials, climate friendly and assets productive plans, renewables fuelled frameworks and advanced developments to change in accordance with use. The energy change adds to making a round economy, according to Deloitte Insights, through the decentralization of energy creation with inexhaustible sources. This is preparing for metropolitan communities to be independent in their energy usage [6]. 3.5. Smart safety Biometrics, facial recognition, smart cameras and video surveillance all have been building up some forward momentum with expanded use by policing. These advancements assist urban areas with recognizing examples and patterns in crime data, diminish reaction times and investigate crime prediction. Yet, despite the fact that these innovations present alluring choices, residents' security, opportunity and common freedoms survive from foremost significance. Urban communities should be mindful so as to explore going with moral and administrative issues of utilizing such innovations, and try not to oppress explicit areas or segment gatherings [7]. 3.6. Smart mobility Smart mobility use innovation to empower individuals and different types of transport to work in more proficient, strong, and maintainable ways. Progresses in metropolitan portability rotate around further developed foundation, versatility as-a-administration, micro mobility, operations arrangements, and zero-emission transportation. Intelligent traffic management, high level driving, and independent vehicles are making metropolitan mobility eco- accommodating. Novel vehicle choices, for example, hyperloop, robot axis, and water taxis likewise track down applications in brilliant city versatility [8]. 3.7. E-governance The e-governance pattern drives smart city actors to disclose administrations and choices more open, supportable, cooperative, and straightforward. To accomplish this, new businesses use blockchain and IoT- based arrangements, to remember all partners for the dynamic interaction. Computerized administrations, like web based casting a ballot, advanced visas, and hearty information security instruments, support resident cooperation and lead to the development of e-a majority rule government. Further, web based retraining programs, nearby e-profession focuses, and digitalization of business capabilities like permitting and burden filling add to monetary development and a pioneering business climate [8]. 3.8. Green urban planning Because of environmental change and climatic conditions urban planning is confronting a huge challenge to make urban communities smart, economical, and strong. Driven by decarbonization objectives, a green urban plan consolidates reasonable area approaches and 15-minute city models where most everyday necessities are reachable by walking or cycling. Besides, smart farms for plant development and vertical miniature forests increases biodiversity. As ocean levels rise globally, new and sustainable alternatives like drifting urban areas, islands, ranches, schools, and riverbanks catch the world's consideration [9]. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities 09 2022 - 10 2022 | Volume 6 | Issue 3 | e4 Pooja G. et al. 4 3.9. Advanced waste management As urban populations and buyer culture consistently develop, waste production increases as well. Advanced waste management systems use IoT sensors to precisely monitor waste removal, advise inhabitants about their utilization, and energize them with monetary rewards. Simultaneously, e-waste reusing permit individuals to trade electronics for money. smart containers sort uncategorized waste and manage amount of waste. Artificial intelligence recycling robots exactly recognize the sort of materials during waste separation, which increases overall productivity and large efficiency by keeping away from human association. Together, arising waste management solutions decrease the ecological effects of economic activities [10]. 4. Challenges in Smart City Healthcare Smart city utilizes ICT to provide smart medical services and that can in turn more efficiently channel city assets to help occupants speedily as required. While scientists and city originators have made significant first strides towards coordinating smart ICT and medical services, which can scale further by turning out to be all the more completely associated 4.1. Cyber security and privacy Surely the advances in unavoidable registering and AI open up opportunities for smarter medical care using smart city development. Simultaneously, these advances depend on information being both gathered and shared. Security issues frequently deflect information sharing. Truly, security and protection are the issues that are most often featured in conversations about boundaries to integrating advancement into medical services. Concerns about protection and security are not unsubstantiated. Smart homes offer enormous advantages for wellbeing observing and intercession, yet reports are oftentimes delivered about ways for into hack into these homes. This new variety of criminals might get insights regarding occupant residing pattern which enables efficient break out into a house, jeopardizing both the inhabitant's possessions and their wellbeing. Different types of security hazard might rise in any event, when there is no vindictive aim. For instance, wellbeing checking gadgets that don't adhere to endorsed programming guidelines can imperil lives by not giving basic data at the required time. Sharing mobile application data can likewise be hazardous, on the grounds that the gathered data may distinguish the client as well as track their ongoing area and foresee future areas [10]. While information is believed to be encoded before transmission and limit, the force of the information lies in sharing the information to break down patterns over whole populaces. While the primary line of protection that is utilized by scientists preceding sharing information is to displace names with randomized identifiers (de- recognizing the information), this isn't adequate. In the space of security protecting information mining, information examination strategies ensure specific degrees of protection while endeavouring to support the utility of the information. This is alluded to as the protection utility trade off. Three kinds of privacy-ensuring information mining strategies are being explored that might offer affirmation for smart city inhabitants. To start with, information can be "camouflaged" as it is gathered by annoying the information. Second, in situations where the first gathered information will be delivered to outsiders, an objective of protection saving information mining is to guarantee the anonymity of the information [86]. This alludes to the confirmation that the recognizable properties for some random clients are undistinguishable from basically k-1 different clients. K-anonymity can be accomplished through strategies that incorporate eliminating delicate traits, expanding variety of touchy characteristics, or adding manufactured information to jumble the genuine qualities, subsequently permitting delicate information to "conceal in the group". On account of versatile information, an option in contrast to relegating a solitary consistent identifier for every client is to occasionally change identifiers. This change makes following clients over the long run and space difficult. An ideal opportunity to change the identifier is the point at which a client enters a space with k-1 different clients so old and new IDs won't be quickly connected. Third, the result of information mining computations can be adjusted to try not to leak of delicate information. For instance, the reasonability of a gathering computation can be downsized enough with the objective that it meets execution restricts yet restricts the gamble of being utilized to recognize people. Whichever blend of methods is utilized, it is important that all gatherings including city creators, strategy producers, and tech suppliers settle on security ensures and depict to city tenants the potentially delicate information sharing that could happen with smart city advancements [11]. 4.2. Accessibility and Usability Healthcare is a keyword that appears in many smart city efforts. Nonetheless, cost is at this point a hindrance for inescapable reception of developments that can be utilized at an individual and nearby local area level. In the long haul, integrating technology into huge medical care can lessen costs for the city and its Citizens. Temporarily, regardless, the expense of the genuine development could keep networks from embracing the advancement [12]. Metropolitan communities can take on a comparative strategy as insurance agency to not simply balanced the momentary expense of wellbeing development yet likewise address one more check of health care technology, which EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities 09 2022 - 10 2022 | Volume 6 | Issue 3 | e4 Recent trends and Challenges in Smart Cities 5 is cutting out a potential open door to learn and embrace the advancement. Lately, some insurance agencies have offered limits to clients who consent to introduce telematics in their vehicles that screen driving. The expected guide for deciding to introduce the gadgets, as well as cutting down expense rates, is that the information can further develop street security considering the way that the protection application can illuminate drivers when they are driving too carelessly. Comparative rousing forces may be presented in the future by health care coverage associations to introduce ICT in homes. The development will maintain quality medical care in a monetarily smart way to citizens when and where they need it [13]. 4.3. Connection with other Smart City Services Smart cities utilize information and communications technologies in multiple ways. the objective of smart city platforms is to work with fitting and-play smart items that can be conveyed anyplace with a capacity to mix in to their environmental elements. The items ought to help wellbeing checking as well as design observing, climate observing, security, and insightful transportation. The smart urban communities will likewise possibly use streetlights as the spine for citywide remote organizations. Meshing sensors into existing city highlights addresses an illustration of the steadily expanding availability of information that can assist scientists with understanding the association between city plan and wellbeing. By observing air quality also as conduct, we can see the effect of our standards of conduct as well as plan decisions on air quality. Also, we can screen the effect of air quality on wellbeing and we can plan mediations, for example, changing city plan or giving continuous data to inhabitants to remain inside during seasons of unfortunate air quality [13]. 4.4. Multidisciplinary research and interaction Explored areas in this field are generally being studied all around the world by different practitioners as well as researchers. In any case, it is especially uncommon for the analysts to direct review or work in same establishment or associations; consequently, this makes it very difficult for them to share their data for commonly prompting a coordinated arrangement. Since ideas in this field are exceptionally new, there is a rising necessity for joint effort, collaboration and communication among different entertainers including specialists, professionals, states, doctors, and so on for characterizing a typical common ground all along, and thus, forestalling excess upgrades as well as over-spending [14]. 4.5. Educating & Engaging the Community For a Smart City to truly exist and prosper, it needs "shrewd" residents who are participated in and successfully dynamic in new advances. With any new sweeping tech project, a piece of the execution cycle ought to redetection paradigm for smart cities. ember showing the local area for its benefits. This ought to be conceivable through a movement of in-person civil focus style get-togethers and email crusades with elector enlistment, as well as an electronic preparation stage that keeps awake with the most recent. Exactly when a local area wants to have an effect in the overall options impact everyday presence, and is being passed on to in a sensible and shrewd manner, it's more ready to use the development and urge others to include it as well. This is indispensable to a Smart City's success [14]. 4.6. Being Socially Inclusive Smart travel programs that give riders ceaseless updates are really smart for a clamouring city. Regardless, imagine a scenario where a piece of the number of occupants in that city can't bear to take mass travel or Uber. The thing may be said about a developing older populace that doesn't utilize cell phones or applications? How should sagacious development reach and advantage these gatherings? It's pivotal that Smart City orchestrating includes the prospect, everything being equal, notwithstanding the rich and mechanically progressed. Development should continually be attempting to unite people, instead of separation them further considering pay or preparing levels. Contemplating these networks, related to different issues tended to in this article, will advance the general outcome of an answer past the space of educated clients [15]. 5. Conclusion It can be viewed as a prime contribution to the development of empirical research to get a superior comprehension of the ongoing peculiarities of Smart cities. To this end, six principal spaces and the related sub-domains of Smart City sending have been classified i.e., natural resources and energy, transport and mobility, infrastructures, government, as well as economy and individuals. A dataset of logical factors has been gathered and relapse examinations have been directed to comprehend the connection between different geological, metropolitan, demographical, human resources, ecological and innovation related factors. The consequences of this study have uncovered that there is no worldwide definition of Smart Cities, and that the latest things and development examples of any singular Smart Cities rely generally upon the neighbourhood setting factors. City strategy producers are in this manner asked to attempt to comprehend these variables to shape fitting techniques for their Smart Cities. This study is specifically founded on a system that could likewise be applied to make a superior determination of EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities 09 2022 - 10 2022 | Volume 6 | Issue 3 | e4 Pooja G. et al. 6 speculation open doors in times of restricted financial assets and to focus on Smart Cities drives in the different spaces and sub-spaces of expected execution, taking into account their capacity to boost the benefits related with the specific cutthroat trait of a Smart City. The smart cities idea has acquired a great consideration lately and it will probably keep on doing as such from here on out. Urban communities are distributing smart plans, related gatherings are moving and that's just the beginning and more books are being composed regarding the matter. Smart innovations can give answers for urban communities by assisting them with setting aside cash, decrease fossil fuel by products and oversee traffic streams. Yet, the intricacy of the plan is hindering its progress. It includes an enormous number of stakeholders (nearby specialists, residents, innovation organizations and scholastics) each having their own vision of what a smart city ought to be; the majority of the discussion gets impeded on attempting to comprehend what 'smart' signifies instead of focusing on how it can assist urban communities with meeting their objectives. Additionally, since the market for brilliant advances is moderately new, it needs new plans of action and approaches to working which are yet to be created and carried out. References [1] Yin C, Xiong Z, Chen H, Wang J, Cooper D, David B. A literature survey on smart cities. Science China Information Sciences. 2015 Oct;58(10):1-8. [2] Al Nuaimi E, Al Neyadi H, Mohamed N, Al-Jaroodi J. Applications of big data to smart cities. Journal of Internet Services and Applications. 2015 Aug;6(1):1-5. [3] Harrison C, Donnelly IA. A theory of smart cities. InProceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the ISSS- 2011, Hull, UK 2011 Sep 23. [4] Chourabi H, Nam T, Walker S, Gil-Garcia JR, Mellouli S, Nahon K, Pardo TA, Scholl HJ. Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. In2012 45th Hawaii international conference on system sciences 2012 Jan 4 (pp. 2289-2297). IEEE. [5] Pacheco Rocha N, Dias A, Santinha G, Rodrigues M, Queirós A, Rodrigues C. Smart cities and healthcare: A systematic review. Technologies. 2019 Aug 16;7(3):58. [6] Ghazal TM, Hasan MK, Alshurideh MT, Alzoubi HM, Ahmad M, Akbar SS, Al Kurdi B, Akour IA. IoT for smart cities: Machine learning approaches in smart healthcare— A review. Future Internet. 2021 Aug 23;13(8):218. [7] Hossain MS, Muhammad G, Alamri A. Smart healthcare monitoring: a voice pathology Multimedia Systems. 2019 Oct;25(5):565-75. [8] Pramanik MI, Lau RY, Demirkan H, Azad MA. Smart health: Big data enabled health paradigm within smart cities. Expert Systems with Applications. 2017 Nov 30;87:370-83. [9] Poongodi M, Sharma A, Hamdi M, Maode M, Chilamkurti N. Smart healthcare in smart cities: wireless patient monitoring system using IoT. The Journal of Supercomputing. 2021 Nov;77(11):12230-55. [10] Tripathi G, Abdul Ahad M, Paiva S. Sms: A secure healthcare model for smart cities. Electronics. 2020 Jul 13;9(7):1135. [11] Umair M, Cheema MA, Cheema O, Li H, Lu H. Impact of COVID-19 on IoT adoption in healthcare, smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, transportation and industrial IoT. Sensors. 2021 Jun 1;21(11):3838. [12] Alghamdi A, Hammad M, Ugail H, Abdel-Raheem A, Muhammad K, Khalifa HS, El-Latif A, Ahmed A. Detection of myocardial infarction based on novel deep transfer learning methods for urban healthcare in smart cities. Multimedia tools and applications. 2020 Mar 23:1- 22. [13] Sanghavi J. Review of smart healthcare systems and applications for smart cities. InICCCE 2019 2020 (pp. 325- 331). Springer, Singapore. [14] Baba SM, Banday MT. Application Development for Wearable Internet of Things using Hexiwear. In2020 7th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN) 2020 Feb 27 (pp. 542-548). IEEE. [15] Murthy BS, Peddoju SK. IoT-Based Patient Health Monitoring: A Comprehensive Survey. ICT Analysis and Applications. 2021:349-56. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities 09 2022 - 10 2022 | Volume 6 | Issue 3 | e4