Medbot-Medical Diagnosis System using Artificial Intelligence


EAI Endorsed Transactions 
on Smart Cities Research Article 

A Contemporary Approach to Designing and 
Implementing Electronic Voting Systems (EVS) 
Adams A. K. Azameti 1, *, Samuel Chris Quist1, Godfred Koi-Akrofi1, and Benedict C. Nwachuku2 

1 Department of Information Technology, University of Professional Studies, Accra-Ghana 
2 Department of Information Technology, Academic City University College, Accra-Ghana 

Abstract 

 Keywords: Smart Cities, Software Engineering, E-voting System, Intelligent Agent, Multi-Agent Systems, 

Received on 19 September 2023, accepted on 11 March 2024, published on 14 March 2024 

Copyright © 2024 A. A. K. Azameti et al., licensed to EAI. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative 
Commons Attribution license, which permits unlimited use, distribution and reproduction in any medium so long as the original work 
is properly cited.

doi: 10.4108/eetsc.3896 

*Corresponding author. Email: adamsblessed36@gmail.com 

1. Introduction

The idea of using electronic technology in political elections 
predates the Internet. It originated in the late 1980s with the 
advent of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network 
(ARPANET), the National Science Foundation Network 
(NSFNET), and the introduction of commercial Internet 
Service Providers (ISPs) [1]. Voting machines (VM) started 
emerging globally in the mid-19th century, with 
advancements in instrumentation, computer science, and 
Artificial Intelligence (AI) [1] [2]. By the early 20th century, 
mark-sense scanners were employed for ballot counting, 
notably the Norden Electronic Vote Tallying System in 1959 
[3] [4]. Voting technology took a significant leap in 1965 with
Votronic's optical mark vote tabulator [3].
     In the mid-20th century, punch-card voting systems 
(PCVSs) gained popularity but faced some issues [5] [6]. The 
year 2020 marked a decline in the use of punch card systems, 

primarily due to their shortcomings during the US presidential 
elections [5]. The 1970s witnessed the invention of another 
voting machine (VM), and in 1974, the first direct-recording 
electronic (DRE) voting machine was used in a legally 
binding election. The 20th century brought the Internet 
Revolution, allowing various countries to explore electronic 
voting technologies [5].  
     These advances foster the integration of electronic voting 
systems into smart city infrastructure as a key pillar for the 
advancement through the Journal of Smart Cities research 
where e-voting application is evident [7] [8]. It has the 
potential to provide discussions on the policies and 
regulations governing e-voting. E-voting systems can be seen 
as part of this technological ecosystem, and this journal can 
explore how these systems integrate with other smart city 
technologies like IoT, data analytics, and digital identity 
systems [7, 8]. E-voting systems raise important issues related 
to data security and privacy [8]. The e-voting system ensures 

This study investigates into the potential of Electronic Voting Systems (EVS) in Ghana, to enhance transparent and 
trustworthy electoral processes. We presented a comprehensive framework highlighting trust, diaspora engagement, and 
human factors in voting. The study proposes a robust EVS framework for Ghana, emphasizing trust and accountability, 
preventing electoral fraud, and encouraging African governments to invest in IT and collaborate with experts in e-government 
and e-voting systems. We commence with a detailed systems analysis, identifying specific electoral challenges in Ghana. An 
artifact is designed and developed, and its effectiveness is demonstrated through Design Science Research Methodology 
(DSRM). We evaluated its alignment with the desired solution for Ghana's electoral issues. We emphasize the potential of 
EVS to address electoral challenges in Ghana and underscore the importance of proactive government policies, IT 
investments, and collaboration with IT experts. User performance assessment and acceptance testing were evaluated and 
achieved a remarkable 98% approval rate, demonstrating the feasibility of implementing EVS at the national level. This 
research underlines the role of EVS in Ghana and advocates for visionary government policies and investments in IT. These 
measures can modernize electoral systems, align them with international standards, and promote democratic advancement 
while preventing electoral fraud in Ghana and other African nations to avoid condemnation and punishment of 
unconstitutional transfers of power that are being challenged through meticulously planned takeovers in the subregion in 
recent times. 

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A. A. K. Azameti et al. 

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the confidentiality and integrity of votes, and how they protect 
voter information aligns with this Journal [8]. In addition, it 
plays a pivotal role in raising awareness among the public and 
stakeholders about the benefits and challenges of e-voting 
systems and their applications in smart city activities [8]. 
     Electronic voting (e-voting) involves capturing, recording, 
and processing election data digitally in real-time [5] [6]. It is 
a formal decision-making process for electing public officials. 
The efficiency, reliability, and security of e-voting systems 
(EVS) are crucial for a safe system [6]. Traditional paper-
based voting systems have their share of the problems, 
including lost, stolen, or miscounted ballots [9]. E-voting is 
changing the perception of voting processes, enabling 
participation without constraints or political influences [6]. 
E-voting consists of various methods, from touchscreen
kiosks to online voting [6]. It can include punched cards,
optical scan systems, specialized kiosks, and even voting via
phones or the Internet. E-voting offers real-time results,
enhancing accuracy and transparency.
     In the proposed EVS, voters cast their ballots online, with 
strict registration processes supervised by administrators for 
security [10]. This approach reduces congestion, minimizes 
errors, and allows for verification. Traditional systems have 
faced disputes and violence, as seen in the 2020 elections in 
Ghana and the 2022 Kenyan elections [11] [12]. 
Global Election Observers have advocated for EVS in Africa 
to combat vote rigging and ensure accountability [13]. History 
has shown flaws in traditional voting systems, underscoring 
the need for EVS [11] [12]. For instance, Kenya's electoral 
commission struggled to update the voters' register, leading to 
disputes [12]. Brazil introduced an e-voting system in 1996 to 
improve accountability and transparency [13] and as a result, 
e-voting has been used successfully in various countries
globally. The government of Ghana should be prepared to
implement e-voting in the 2024 elections to ensure free and
fair elections. Furthermore, the coup d'états in West Africa,
Central Africa, and the Sahel Region are troubling. This
frequent phenomenon in the subregion in recent times should
serve as a warning to other African leaders to uphold the rule
of law and thus seek the ultimate interest of the citizens above
personal gains.
     EVS can help Africa overcome electoral challenges, such 
as fraud and violence, as witnessed in Ghana's 2020 election 
[11] [14]. Voter registration issues and external factors like
rain have also affected turnout [14]. Early education can
influence voter participation, but traditional systems in Ghana
have discouraged voters due to long queues and cumbersome
processes.
This study proposes a novel EVS based on Design Science
Research Methodology (DSRM). It addresses the limitations
of existing systems and aims to improve transparency,
reliability, and efficiency. The 2020 election issues in Ghana
motivated this project, which focuses on developing a mobile
application for voting [15]. The system aims to remind voters,
validate eligibility, and ensure fast, accurate result
computation.
     The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 provides 
background and defines the problem. Section 3 outlines the 
DSRM methodology and processes used to develop the EVS. 
Section 4 discusses the proposed system and outlines system 
implementation and its related interfaces, Section 5 performs 
system evaluation in which performance assessment criteria 
were examined to ascertain that the system meets its 

requirements and Section 6 concludes the paper and suggests 
future research directions for enhancing transparency and 
security [14]. 

2. Related work

Electronic voting ( e-voting), stands as a major transformation 
to enhance democratic processes. In a world constantly 
evolving through technological innovation, the traditional 
paper-based methods of voting have faced challenges and 
limitations. The integration of electronic systems into voting 
procedures has offered potential solutions to these challenges, 
promising greater accessibility, efficiency, and transparency 
in elections. 
     We embark on a journey through the evolution of 
electronic voting systems, spanning from their inception to 
contemporary trends. These works collectively shed light on 
the ever-expanding landscape of electronic voting, addressing 
issues that range from security and privacy to usability and 
trustworthiness. We read through these papers and 
investigated the major findings and insights presented by each 
of them. These findings encompass a wide array of 
perspectives and considerations, reflecting the multifaceted 
nature of electronic voting. The authors' research endeavors 
seek to inform and guide us in the pursuit of more secure, 
reliable, and accessible voting systems. 
We aim to gain a comprehensive understanding of the 
challenges and opportunities that electronic voting presents in 
the context of modern democracies. Each paper offers a 
unique lens through which we can examine the past, present, 
and future of electronic voting systems, ultimately 
contributing to the ongoing discourse on the transformation of 
the electoral process. 
     The paper [16], offers valuable insights into the use of 
electronic voting systems in a large-scale educational setting. 
It focuses on practical experiences and provides useful 
guidance for educators considering similar implementations. 
It examines the challenges and successes of this experience, 
providing key indicators for success. The paper [17] examines 
the current status of blockchain-based voting research and 
highlights the advantages of using blockchain technology in 
electronic voting systems. It identifies privacy protection and 
transaction speed as major challenges. The paper [18], 
evaluates previous national electronic voting systems, 
highlighting their disadvantages before the advent of 
blockchain technology. It reviews electronic voting systems 
utilizing blockchain technology, discussing their strengths 
and weaknesses.  
     This paper [19], appears to provide a comprehensive 
review and taxonomy of electronic voting schemes, making it 
a valuable resource for understanding the landscape of 
electronic voting. It emphasizes the importance of security 
requirements and discusses challenges in electronic voting 
systems. The paper [20] reviews various electronic voting 
systems, identifies shortcomings, and proposes a novel 
approach for developing a secured electronic voting system 
using fingerprint and visual semagram techniques. The paper 
[21], reviews the evolution of electronic voting systems and 
their increasing adoption in various elections worldwide. It 
discusses the challenges posed by complex communication 
technologies in e-voting, including verifiability, 
dependability, security, anonymity, and trust. It further 

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explores different views on the adoption of online voting and 
reports on the role of technology transfer from research to 
practice. 
     The author [10], focuses on India's use of Electronic 
Voting Machines (EVMs) in elections and highlights their 
simplicity, reliability, and usability. Despite criticism, certain 
details of the EVMs' design have not been publicly disclosed 
or rigorously evaluated for security. It examines the 
effectiveness of EVMs in the Indian electoral system, 
considering both challenges and opportunities. The paper 
[22],  examines the usability of electronic voting systems, 
particularly those using touch screens. It reports on usability 
studies, including expert reviews, observations, field tests, 
and exit polls. The analysis suggests that electronic voting 
systems generally work well but have some shortcomings, 
especially related to voter usability. The paper [23] defines e-
voting as any method where a voter's intention is expressed or 
collected electronically. 
     The paper [24] provides an overview of global 
developments in e-voting, with a focus on remote and internet 
voting. It discusses the interest in e-voting across various 
sectors and highlights the lessons learned from e-voting tests. 
The major finding is the increasing attention to e-voting due 
to its potential to address issues with traditional voting 
systems. The paper [25], explores the evolution of electronic 
voting systems, including shifts from paper-based to 
paperless, manual to technology-driven methods. It discusses 
the development, legalization, guidelines, vulnerabilities, 
security, and protection aspects of electronic voting systems 
over time. The paper [26], discusses the implementation of 
remote online voting systems suitable for a university setting, 
allowing students to vote using various electronic devices. It 
highlights the use of modern technologies, like extensible 
markup language and extensible style language 
transformation style sheets, to ensure a consistent voting 
experience across different devices. It further focuses on 
achieving "author once, publish to any device" in the context 
of electronic voting. It discusses the design and 
implementation of a secure electronic voting system allowing 
voters to cast their votes using various electronic devices. It 
further emphasizes the use of technology for enhancing the 
convenience and integrity of the election process.  
     The paper [18] discusses the advantages of e-voting over 
traditional paper voting systems and explores the evolution of 
electronic voting, particularly with the emergence of 
blockchain technology. It outlines the strengths and 
weaknesses of e-voting systems using blockchain. The major 
finding is the potential for blockchain to enhance the security 
and transparency of e-voting systems. The paper [27] focuses 
on Estonia, a country that has made significant strides in 
deploying Internet voting. It explores the legal, technical, 
political, and cultural aspects that have contributed to 
Estonia's successful implementation of Internet voting. The 
major finding is the in-depth analysis of how Estonia has 
addressed the challenges and considerations associated with 
e-voting, providing valuable lessons for other nations.                
The paper [28] highlights the significance of elections and
voting in democratic societies and the increasing interest in e-
voting as a means to address the shortcomings of manual
voting systems. It reviews common e-voting models, existing
election schemes, and essential e-voting terminologies. The
major finding here is the growing interest and importance of

e-voting in the context of e-government and e-democracy
initiatives. The paper [29], compares and integrates the
approaches taken by the U.S. and EU regarding e-voting
system certification. It suggests that combining high-level
guidelines from the EU with field-tested procedures from the
U.S. can create a practical certification manual. The major
finding is the proposal for an applied methodology that
enhances the certification of e-voting systems, ensuring their
reliability and security. The systematic review investigates the
factors influencing the successful implementation of e-voting,
particularly in Namibia and Estonia [30]. The study identifies
critical factors such as ICT infrastructure, legal and
institutional factors, security, trust, and voter education. The
major finding is the identification of these key factors that can
shape the successful adoption of e-voting systems, providing
valuable insights for policymakers.
     The paper [31], outlines the requirements, design, and 
implementation of electronic voting systems, particularly in a 
university setting. It emphasizes the separation of data content 
from presentation to achieve flexibility across different 
devices. The major finding is the "author once, publish to any 
device" approach, which simplifies the design and 
implementation of e-voting systems. The article [32] 
discusses the importance of voter-verifiable audit trails in 
electronic voting systems and evaluates the state's criteria for 
direct-recording electronic (DRE) voting machines equipped 
with voter-verified paper records (VVPR). It addresses 
privacy, security, verification, integrity, functionality, and 
examination issues. The major finding is the potential for 
VVPR systems to enhance transparency and trust in e-voting. 
The paper [33], discusses the importance of electronic voting 
(e-voting) in e-democracy. It acknowledges the controversies, 
and criticisms surrounding e-voting, including concerns about 
electoral errors and fraud and further presents a risk 
assessment framework for e-voting and examines the factors 
that led to the abandonment of e-voting plans in Ireland in 
2004. Thus, emphasizes the need for thorough risk analysis in 
e-voting implementation.       The paper [34] addresses the 
controversy surrounding e-voting and Internet-based remote 
voting and discusses the potential benefits of online voting, 
including increased voter turnout. The paper also highlights 
security concerns associated with Internet voting and 
emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach 
considering the technical, legal, social, and political aspects 
of e-voting research. The paper [35] discusses the goals of 
election reform efforts in various countries, including the U.S. 
and the U.K.      These goals vary, from increasing voter 
turnout to reducing election fraud and enfranchising 
underrepresented populations. The overall aim of election 
reform is to improve the democratic process by making voting 
more accessible, accurate, and secure to prevent frequent 
coups in Africa.  
     The complex history of coups and coup attempts in Africa 
has been the subject of extensive research and analysis over 
the years. In recent times, with the backdrop of the COVID-
19 pandemic, there is growing concern that the continent may 
be on the brink of a new wave of political instability in the 
form of military coups. This review aims to shed light on key 
scholarly works that investigate this critical issue, offering 
valuable insights into the factors contributing to coup attempts 
in Africa and potential strategies for prevention. Hence the 
comprehensive study of the application of e-voting in national 

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elections in Africa to mitigate coup d’etat is based on these 
findings:  
     The author [36], explores the potential for a resurgence of 
coups in Africa. Major findings are due to the identification 
of political, economic, or social factors contributing to the risk 
of coups and increased political instability or dissatisfaction 
with governance. In [37], the author argued that the impact of 
the COVID-19 pandemic on coup dynamics in Africa is 
evidence of how the pandemic exacerbated existing 
vulnerabilities, potentially leading to an increase in coup 
attempts and insights into how health crises can strain 
governance and trigger political unrest. The author [38] 
conducts a comprehensive historical analysis of coup attempts 
in Africa covering a considerable timeframe, unveiling 
observable patterns and trends in such endeavors across 
various decades. Furthermore, the author evaluates the 
efficacy of strategies implemented to counteract coups within 
the African context. The author [39] employs quantitative 
methodologies to investigate the correlation between military 
coups and underdevelopment. The study presents statistical 
evidence that links coup events and diminished economic and 
social development indicators. The analysis provides 
perceptions of how coup events can impede development in 
the affected countries.  
     In [40] the author concentrates on predictive models for 
coup attempts in Africa and outlines insightful key variables, 
and risk factors that facilitate accurate coup prediction. The 
study provides potential perceptions into the efficacy of early 
warning systems in preempting coup attempts. The findings 
underscore the recurrent occurrence of reignited coups in 
Africa, attributed to the failure of African leaders to recognize 
warning signs. Moreover, the author [41], discusses emerging 
threats and vulnerabilities in the context of African military 
coups and examines the regional conflicts, external 
influences, or other factors that could heighten the risk of coup 
attempts and offers potential future scenarios and implications 
for African stability. Finally, the author [42], also provided 
specific reasons behind the higher frequency of coups in 
Africa compared to other regions with an analysis of 
structural, historical, and cultural factors that make Africa 
more susceptible to coup attempts and how governance and 
power dynamics play a role in coup dynamics on the 
continent.  

     The historical backgrounds of the coups in Africa leading 
to the condemnation and punishment of unconstitutional 
transfers of power are being challenged by meticulously 
planned takeovers that seem to align with democratic 
principles and receive widespread popular approval by 
citizens. The study argued the need for African leaders to 
allow e-voting to ensure free and fair elections to deepen good 
governance in the subregion and to avert unnecessary coups 
for accelerated development of the continent. 

3. Methodology

The concept of Design Science Research Methodology 
(DSRM) originates from engineering and sciences, 
particularly those focused on artificial artifacts. DSRM is a 
fundamental problem-solving approach [43], aiming to 
advance human knowledge by creating innovative artifacts 
and design knowledge (DK) through creative solutions to real-
world challenges [43]. This concept has played a crucial role 
in enabling research communities and practitioners to develop 
innovative solutions for complex societal problems.      DSRM 
finds applications in various fields, including engineering, 
natural sciences, business, and economics. DSRM integration 
into artificial intelligence and machine learning architectures 
into system design is suitable for the development of any 
complex systems. The DSRM Framework serves as the 
foundation for developing any DSRM architecture and is 
elaborated in the section below. 

 3.1 The DSRM Framework 

The framework catalyzes comprehending, executing, and 
evaluating Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM) 
[43] [44]. Formulating research activities that cater well to
the needs of stakeholders, such as citizens or electorates
with an interest in e-voting system development, ensures
research relevance. Prior research and insights from scholars 
and practitioners provide robust theoretical support,
including theories, frameworks, instruments, constructs,
models, methods, and real-world implementations, which
are essential for constructing the research study.

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Figure 1: Amplified Framework for Design Science Research Methodology 

As depicted in Figure 1 above, DSRM investigates pertinent 
real-world problems across various application domains. 
DSRM underscores the importance of furnishing a solution 
that warrants empirical scrutiny involving researchers, 
practitioners, and industry collaborators, utilizing specific and 
pertinent technologies. The central point of DSRM 
emphasizes conducting thorough systems analysis within the 
specific real-world context of organizations, institutions, 
government agencies, companies, etc., to identify the precise 
issues requiring resolution as the initial step of the DSRM 
project. However, in scenarios where the specific needs of the 
problem domain have been previously identified or studied, 
DSRM would cement those established needs as the starting 
point. DSRM assesses the existing academic knowledge base 
to determine the extent to which design knowledge is 
available to address the identified problem. This academic 
knowledge may manifest as theories, frameworks, 
instruments, constructs, models, methods, and instantiations, 
coupled with methodologies like experimentation, data 
analysis, formalism, measures, validation criteria, 
optimization, models, construction, and processes.   When this 
knowledge is deemed necessary to resolve the problem, it can 
be applied through routine design processes, falling outside 
the purview of DSRM. DSRM only comes into play when it 
seeks to create an innovative solution to the problem, typically 
building upon and modifying existing design knowledge to 

advance design activities for problem resolution. These design 
activities consist of 'building' and 'evaluating' components, 
iterated upon until the problem is effectively addressed. 
DSRM incorporates diverse research methods, contingent on 
the established research domain. For instance, in social 
science research, methods like interviews, surveys, literature 
reviews, or focus group discussions may be employed, 
whereas computer science and engineering may favor formal, 
experimental, building, processing, modeling, and simulation 
techniques to tackle identified problems. 

3.2 DSRM Process 

The DSRM projects rely on various process models, as 
outlined in  [43], to tackle different projects in diverse 
domains. One widely referenced DSRM model is [43] [44]. 
The DSRM process consists of six stages: problem 
identification and motivation, defining objectives for the 
desired solution, design and development, demonstration, 
evaluation, and communication. Additionally, it encompasses 
four other entry points, including problem-centered initiative, 
objective-centered solution, design and development-centered 
initiation, and client/context initiation. The complete DSRM 
process is illustrated in Figure 2, providing a concise 
description on each DSRM activity. 

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Figure 2: Design Science Research Methodology Process Model 

The DSRM processes, from problem identification to 
evaluation stages, are illustrated with a specific focus on the 
execution of the e-voting project, from the problem activity 
stage to the evaluation activity stage, before implementation. 
     Activity Stage 1. Problem Identification and 
Motivation: This phase defines the e-voting research problem 
and justifies the proposed solution. The solution not only 
motivates researchers but also receives support from 
stakeholders by demonstrating a deep understanding of the 
problem. The resources required for this activity are based on 
the understanding of the problem's state and its solution to 
support stakeholder needs. 
     Activity Stage 2.  Define the Objective for a Solution: 
This stage derives specific objectives from the problem 
definition and knowledge to develop the e-voting system. 
Objectives can be quantitative (aiming for a better solution 
than existing systems) or qualitative (explaining how the new 
artifact description supports problem solutions). 
     Activity Stage 3.  Design and Development: This phase 
translates the specific objectives derived from the problem 
definition into a DSRM artifact capable of addressing 
stakeholder needs and objectives. It also determines the 
artifact's functionality and architecture based on the e-voting 
system's objectives. 
     Activity Stage 4.  Demonstration: This stage highlights 
the significance of the artifact in addressing one or more 
instances of the problem identified. It involves specific 
methodologies, such as experimentation, simulation, case 
studies, proofs, or alternative approaches, to showcase the 
artifact's effectiveness. 
     Activity Stage 5.  Evaluation:  This phase measures how 
well the artifact aligns with the desired solution for the 
problem identified in stage one. It involves comparing the 
proposed solution's objectives to the actual observed results of 
the e-voting system. The outcomes inform researchers 

whether the artifact meets its objectives from the problem 
definition perspective. If not, iterations may be needed for 
improvements or further communication with stakeholders. 
     Activity Stage 6.  Communication: At this stage, the 
aspects of the problem and the designed e-voting system are 
effectively communicated to stakeholders. Stakeholders make 
an informed decision on whether the e-voting system 
adequately addresses the outlined problems. This 
communication extends to a wider audience, including 
professionals and research communities, to advance 
knowledge through journal publications. 

3.3 UML System Design 

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized 
modeling language facilitating the specification, 
visualization, construction, and documentation of software 
system artifacts [45] [46] [47]. UML ensures scalability, 
security, and robustness in software execution. UML plays a 
crucial role in object-oriented software development. 

3.3.1 Use Case 
A use case diagram offers a graphical representation of 
interactions among system elements. It serves as a 
methodology for system analysis, aiding in the identification, 
clarification, and organization of system requirements. These 
diagrams illustrate use cases and the specific roles played by 
actors within and around the system. Key components of a 
Use Case diagram include [47] [48]: 
Actors: Actors are entities external to the system that interact 
with it. These can be users, other systems, or even hardware 
devices. Actors are represented as stick figures or other 
symbols outside the system boundary. 
Use Cases: Use cases represent the specific functionalities or 
tasks that the system needs to perform their relationships and 

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interactions to fulfill the needs of its users or external entities. 
Each use case describes a particular interaction between an 
actor and the system. 
System Boundary: The system boundary defines the scope 
of the system and separates it from its external environment. 

Use cases and actors are typically placed within this boundary. 
Associations: Associations or lines connect actors to use 
cases, illustrating the relationships and interactions between 
them. Each association represents a communication path.

Figure 3: Use Cases of actors within the EVS 

 3.3.2 Sequence Diagram 
 A Sequence diagram is a type of interaction diagram in the 
Unified Modeling Language (UML) that depicts the 
interactions among objects or components within a system 
over time [45] [46] [47, 49]. It provides a dynamic view of the 
system, illustrating the sequence of messages exchanged 
between different entities and the order in which these 
interactions occur. Key components of a Sequence diagram 
include: 
Lifelines: Lifelines represent the different entities or objects 
participating in the sequence of interactions. Each lifeline is 
depicted as a vertical dashed line, and the length of the line 
corresponds to the duration of the object's existence during the 
interaction. 
Messages: Messages are depicted as arrows and represent the 
communication or interaction between lifelines. They indicate 
the flow of information or control between objects. Messages 
can be synchronous (i.e. request and wait for a response) or 
asynchronous (i.e. send a message and continue without 

waiting for a response). 
Activation Boxes: Activation boxes represent the period 
during which an object is actively processing a message. They 
appear as a box around the portion of the lifeline where the 
object is executing a particular task or operation. 
Focus of Control: The focus of control, represented by an 
arrow, indicates the direction of control flow during the 
execution of a message. It helps visualize the order in which 
messages are processed. 
Return Messages: Return messages illustrate the response 
sent by an object after processing a received message. They 
complete the communication loop between the sender and 
receiver. 
     Sequence diagrams are valuable for understanding the 
dynamic behavior of a system, particularly in scenarios where 
the flow of interactions and the order of message exchanges 
are crucial for comprehending system behavior over time.

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Figure 4: Sequence diagram showing the movement of actors with procedural events

3.3.3 Class Diagram 
 A class diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML), is a 
visual representation that illustrates the structure and 
relationships of classes within a system [45] [46] [47] [49]. It 
is a fundamental tool for object-oriented modeling and design, 
providing a blueprint for the software architecture. The 
essence of a class diagram lies in its ability to convey key 
aspects of the system's static structure, including classes, their 
attributes, methods, and the associations between them. The 
key elements of a class diagram consist of: 
Class: It represents a blueprint for objects, encapsulating data 
(attributes) and behaviors (methods). Classes are depicted as 
rectangles with three compartments, showing the class name, 
attributes, and methods. 
Association: It indicates relationships between classes. 
Associations define how classes interact and can be either uni-
directional or bi-directional. Multiplicity notations specify the 
number of instances participating in the association. 

Inheritance (Generalization): It illustrates the relationship 
between classes, showing inheritance hierarchies. The arrow 
points from the subclass to the superclass, indicating that the 
subclass inherits attributes and behaviors from the superclass. 
Dependency: It represents a relationship where a change in 
one class may affect another. It is denoted by a dashed arrow. 
Multiplicity: It specifies the number of instances of one class 
associated with a single instance of another class. It is 
depicted using numerical values or asterisks. 
     Class diagrams help developers and stakeholders 
understand the static structure of a system, facilitating 
communication and collaboration during the design and 
development phases of a project. They serve as a foundation 
for further design decisions, providing a visual guide for 
creating and maintaining robust, scalable, and well-organized 
software systems.

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3.3.4 Data Flow Representations 
A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) in Unified Modeling Language 
(UML) depicts a graphical representation that illustrates how 
data flows within a system. It focuses on the transformation 
of data as it moves through different processes: data stores, 
and external entities [46] [47] [49]. The essence of a Data 
Flow Diagram lies in its ability to provide a clear and concise 
visualization of the flow of information within a system. The 
key elements of a Data Flow Diagram include: 
Processes: These represent activities or  
transformations that manipulate the data. Processes are 
depicted as circles or ovals, and they describe the functions or 
operations performed on the incoming data. 
Data Flows: It represents the movement of data between 
processes, data stores, and external entities. Arrows 
connecting these elements depict the direction of data flow, 
emphasizing how information is exchanged within the system. 
Data Stores: It represents repositories where data is stored. 

These can include databases, files, or any other storage 
mechanism. Data stores are typically represented as 
rectangles. 
External Entities: These represent external entities that 
interact with the system but are not part of it. These entities 
can be users, other systems, or external data sources. External 
entities are usually represented as squares. 
Data Annotations: These include data labels that provide 
additional information about the data being transferred, such 
as data types or specific attributes. 
DFDs are valuable for understanding and communicating the 
flow of information in a system, helping to identify key 
processes, data sources, and interactions. They are particularly 
useful during the early stages of system analysis and design, 
allowing stakeholders to visualize and validate the 
information flow before moving into the detailed design and 
implementation phases. DFD facilitates communication 
among project team members and stakeholders, aiding in the 
development of robust and efficient information systems. 

Figure 5: Class diagram of the EVS 

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Figure 6: Data flow diagram of EVS

    3.3.5 Context Representations 
A context diagram in a Unified Modeling Language (UML) is 
a high-level visual representation that provides an overview 
of a system and its interactions with external entities [47]. The 
essence of a context diagram lies in its simplicity and focus 
on the system's boundaries, showing the relationships 
between the system and its external environment. The key 
elements of a context diagram involve: 
System Boundary: It represents the scope of the system 
being modeled. It is typically depicted as a circle or a box, 
enclosing the system components. 
System: It represents the main subject or system under 
consideration. It could also be a software application, a 
process, or any entity being analyzed or designed. 
External Entities: These represent entities outside the system 
boundary that interact with the system. These can include 
users, other systems, or external data sources. External entities 
are usually depicted as squares or rectangles. 
Data Flows: It represents the flow of information between the 
system and external entities. Arrows connecting the system 
and external entities show the direction of data flow. 
     Context diagrams are essential for providing a high-level 

understanding of a system's context and interactions without 
investigating detailed internal processes. They serve several 
purposes: 
Clarity: Context diagrams provide a clear and concise view 
of the system's external interactions, making it easier for 
stakeholders to grasp the system's overall purpose and 
connections. 
Communication: It facilitates communication between 
project teams and stakeholders by providing a common 
understanding of the system's boundaries and external 
influences. 
Scope Definition: Context diagrams help in defining the 
scope of the system by highlighting what is inside and outside 
the system boundary. 
Project Planning: It serves as a starting point for project 
planning, helping project teams identify key external elements 
that need consideration during system analysis and design. 
     In brief, context diagrams are a valuable tool in the early 
stages of system development, helping stakeholders establish 
a shared understanding of the system's context before 
proceeding with more detailed modeling and design activities. 

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Figure 7: Context diagram of EVS 

3.3.6 Flowchart Representations 
A flowchart in Unified Modeling Language (UML), uses a 
diagrammatic representation that illustrates the sequence of 
steps or activities in a process [50]. While UML itself does 
not have a specific notation for flowcharts, traditional 
flowchart symbols and conventions are often used within the 
broader context of UML modeling. The essence of a flowchart 
lies in its ability to provide a visual representation of the flow 
and logic of a process. The key elements of a flowchart 
include: 
Start and End Symbols: These represent the beginning and 
end points of the process. Typically depicted as ovals or 
rounded rectangles. 
Process Symbols: These represent activities or tasks within 
the process. Usually depicted as rectangles, with each 
rectangle containing a description of the task. 
Decision Symbols: It indicates points in the process where a 
decision must be made, leading to different paths. Often 
represented as diamonds, with branching arrows indicating 
possible outcomes. 
Flow Arrows: They connect symbols to show the flow and 
sequence of activities. Arrows indicate the direction in which the 
process is progressing. 
Connector Symbols: Used to connect different parts of the 
flowchart, especially when the process is too complex to fit on a 

single page. 
     The essence of a flowchart in UML lies in its utility for process 
visualization, analysis, and communication. Flowcharts are 
widely employed in various domains, including software 
development, business processes, and project management, to 
represent workflows, decision-making logic, and procedural 
steps. They serve several purposes: 
Clarity: Flowcharts provide a clear and easy-to-understand 
representation of processes, making it simple for stakeholders to 
follow the sequence of    
   activities. 

Analysis: It aids in analyzing and understanding the logical 
flow of a process, identifying potential bottlenecks, decision 
points, and areas for improvement. 
Communication: Flowcharts serve as a communication tool 
between team members, stakeholders, and individuals 
involved in the process, ensuring a shared understanding of 
the workflow. 
     While UML primarily focuses on modeling object-oriented 
systems, flowcharts, including their symbols and conventions, 
are a valuable complementary tool for representing procedural 
aspects and process flows within the broader context of UML-
based modeling. 

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Figure 8: E-voting Systems Flowchart 

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Figure 9: Flowchart Showing the Process of Voting 

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Figure 10: Register Voter Flowchart 

4. System Implementation and Interfaces

In this section, we analyze and discuss the practical 
implementation of the e-voting system, exploring its various 
interfaces and functionalities. 

4.1 Home Interfaces 

The Home Interface serves as the initial point of contact for 
users upon launching the Igbo Students Association (ISA) 
app. Its primary purpose is to provide information about the 
Igbo Students Association. Users can access FAQs related to 
the association, and a menu for navigating the app is 
accessible through a dedicated button. While the primary 
focus of the project is the e-voting system within the app. It 
also doubles as an information hub for both members and non-

members of the association. Advertisers can also request to 
feature their products on this interface for a fee. 

    4.1.1 Menu Interfaces 
The Menu Interface functions include registration, my 
account, vote, results, and help as the central hub of the ISA 
app, presenting users with several key options: 
Registration: Allows returning officers to register as 
association members. 
My account: Displays the details of the currently logged-in 
user. If a user isn't logged in, clicking this button prompts 
them to log in. 
Vote: Navigates a registered user to the voting section, where 
he/she can cast him/her votes. 

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Results: Provides provisional voting results for a specific 
session. 
Help: Offers information on frequently asked questions about 
the Igbo Student Association and a means to contact the 
association. 
Registration Interface: This interface is accessed by clicking 
the "Registration" button. It enables returning officers, who 
possess the necessary credentials, to register new eligible 
voters of the association. Information collected during 
registration includes first and last names, ID numbers, email, 
gender, phone number, and a default password set by the 
returning officer. Users are required to read and accept the 
terms and conditions before the returning officer proceeds 
with registration. 
My Account Interface: To access this interface, voters must 
log in using the information provided or given by the returning 
officer. They are required to change their password, ensuring 
it meets the security requirements. Additionally, users can 
update their details here. 
Voter Interface:  After verifying login credentials, users are 
directed to the Voter Interface when attempting to cast their 
votes. In this situation, they can select their preferred 
candidates, starting from the president and proceeding down 
the list. Upon completing their vote, clicking the "Finish" 
button stores their choices in the database. Each office 

category opens a view for the voter to choose their preferred 
candidate from the options provided. 
Results Interface: This interface displays election results and 
serves as an information source for the votes cast. It presents 
candidate names and the number of votes they've received, 
with color codes explained at the bottom of the system. 
Selected Candidate Interface:  Once a category (e.g., 
president) is selected, this interface allows users to choose 
their preferred candidate for that position. Users simply select 
one option from the provided choices. A final confirmation is 
prompted to ensure the user's intent. If confirmed, the user's 
choice is saved, and they can continue voting for other offices. 
If denied, they can return to the selected preferred candidate 
page to make a different selection. 
Login Interface: Before casting a vote, users must log in to 
ensure that only eligible voters participate and prevent fake 
votes. Users enter a username and password. Only those with 
the correct credentials are allowed to access the voting system. 
Contact Us Interface: In this interface, users have the option 
to call the association by clicking the "Call" button or send an 
email directly through their mail application. If users choose 
the email option, they are prompted to enter their full name 
and compose a message. 
About US Interface: The About Us interface offers users 
relevant information about the application, their voting rights, 
and the governing body responsible for the app's usage. 

Figure 11: Menu interface       Figure 12: Voter Registration Page

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Figure 13: Candidate Voting Page       Figure 14: Login Page 

5. System Evaluation: Performance
Assessment Criteria

Acceptance testing is a process used in software development 
to determine if a system or application meets specified 
requirements. The criteria used in the survey are (strongly 
agree, agree, somewhat agree, and disagree). They are 
commonly used in survey-based assessments and can be 
applied to evaluate various aspects of the acceptance test.  The 
brief discussion for each criterion for the survey is as follows: 

    Strongly Agree: 
    The user or tester strongly believes that the system or 

application has met the specified requirement. 
    The implication indicates a high level of confidence in the 

successful completion of the acceptance test. 
 The user is satisfied that the software meets their expectations 

fully. 
    Agree: 
    The user or tester believes that the system or application has 

generally met the specified requirement. 
    Its implication indicates a positive assessment, with the user 

being generally satisfied with the performance of the 
software. Minor issues may exist, but they are not significant 
enough to undermine the overall satisfaction. 

    Somewhat Agree: 
    The user or tester is leaning towards an agreement but has 

reservations or concerns about certain aspects.  
    The implication suggests that while there may be some 

satisfaction, there are noticeable issues or concerns that need 
attention. It indicates a level of uncertainty or a need for 
further investigation into specific areas. 

    Disagree: 
    The user or tester believes that the system or application has 

not met the specified requirement. 
    Its implication signals a clear dissatisfaction with the 

performance or functionality of the software.    These 
requirements could be due to major issues, critical bugs, or a 
failure to meet essential requirements. These criteria are 
subjective and depend on the perspective of the user or tester. 
They are useful in gathering feedback and assessing the 
overall success of the acceptance test. The goal is to ensure 
that the software aligns with the user's expectations and 
fulfills the agreed-upon requirements. 

           System evaluation and testing have been conducted to 
ensure accuracy and correctness. User acceptance tests align 
the system with user requirements, and it has achieved a 98% 
acceptance rate. The user responses are summarized in Table 
1. 

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Table 1: User acceptance test and performance evaluation criterion 

5.1 Discussion on Each Criterion For 
Assessment Test 

Table 1 presents an evaluation of various criteria related to the 
e-voting systems based on the responses of individuals. We
evaluate each criterion below:
System Accuracy: Strongly Agree (8-10) has 314 responses,
representing 98%, and indicates a high level of confidence in
the system’s accuracy among the respondents. It demonstrates
the extent to which the system produces correct and reliable
results. High accuracy is crucial, especially in applications
where precision is essential.
Ease of Use: Strongly Agree (8-10) receives 314 responses
with 98% acceptance suggesting the system is perceived as
user-friendly. It explains how user-friendly and intuitive the
system is for end-users. An easy-to-use system improves user
adoption, reduces training costs, and enhances overall user
satisfaction.
System Validation: Strongly Agree (8-10) similarly has 314
responses which represent 98% with strong agreement,
indicating trust in the system’s validation processes. The
process confirms that the system meets the specified
requirements. System validation ensures that the software
performs as intended and meets the user’s expectations.
Transparency: Strongly Agree (8-10) representing 314
respondents with 98% indicating a high agreement to suggests
that respondents perceive the system as transparent. The
degree to which the system's operations and decision-making
processes are visible and understandable. Transparency is

essential for building trust and understanding how the system 
works, particularly in critical applications such as e-voting 
systems. 
Convenience: Agree (5-7) with 314 respondents representing 
agreement of 98% to indicate that respondents find the system 
convenient to use. It demonstrates how easily and 
comfortably, users can interact with the system. A convenient 
system enhances user experience and encourages regular use. 
Authentication: Strongly Agree (8-10) which is 314 
respondents, indicating strong agreement of 98% to suggests 
that respondents trust the system's authentication 
mechanisms. The process of verifying the identity of users or 
entities accessing the system. Strong authentication is crucial 
for security, preventing unauthorized access to sensitive 
information. 
Reliability: Strongly Agree (8-10) with 314 respondents 
representing a high agreement of 98% indicates that 
respondents consider the system to be reliable in its 
performance. The ability of the system to consistently perform 
as expected without failures. Reliable systems are crucial, 
especially in mission-critical applications, to ensure 
consistent performance and availability. 
Non-coercibility: Strongly Agree (8-10) representing 314 
respondents with a strong agreement of 98% to indicate 
confidence that the system cannot be coerced or manipulated. 
The system should not force or coerce users into taking certain 
actions against their will. It demonstrates high ethical 

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considerations and user autonomy, particularly in systems 
dealing with personal information or decision-making. 
Integrity: Strongly Agree (8-10) which has 314 respondents 
with high agreement of 98% to suggest that respondents 
perceive the system as maintaining its integrity. The assurance 
that data and information within the system are accurate and 
unaltered. Data integrity is vital for maintaining the 
trustworthiness of information and preventing unauthorized 
tampering. 
Certifiability: Strongly Agree (8-10) indicating 314 
respondents with 98% indicating that respondents believe the 
system is certifiable, meeting necessary standards. The 
system's adherence to relevant standards and certifications. 
Certifiability is important in regulated industries and ensures 
that the system complies with established norms. 
Cost-effectiveness: Agree (5-7) which receives 314 
respondents, indicating agreement of 98% to suggest that it 
provides value for money. The efficiency of the system in 
delivering value relative to its cost. A cost-effective system 
maximizes benefits while minimizing expenses, contributing 
to overall organizational efficiency. 
Uniqueness: Strongly Agree (8-10) which has 314 
respondents suggesting strong agreement of 98% to indicate 
that respondents perceive the system as unique or innovative. 
The distinctiveness of the system's features or capabilities 

compared to alternatives. Uniqueness can provide a 
competitive advantage and attract users looking for specific 
functionalities. 
Auditability: Strongly Agree (8-10) which consists of 314 
respondents with a high agreement of 98% suggests that 
respondents believe the system is auditable, allowing for 
scrutiny and verification of results. The ability to track and 
review system activities for accountability and compliance. 
Auditability is crucial for regulatory compliance and internal 
monitoring of system behavior. 
Secrecy: Strongly Agree (8-10) which receives 314 
respondents, representing high agreement of 98% indicates 
that respondents believe the system maintains the secrecy of 
votes. The protection of sensitive information from 
unauthorized access. The implication implies secrecy is 
crucial in systems handling confidential data to prevent data 
breaches and maintain privacy. 
     The evaluation across all criteria indicates strong 
agreement (98%) from respondents, suggesting high levels of 
confidence in the system's accuracy, usability, security, 
transparency, and other essential attributes. This 
overwhelmingly positive feedback indicates that the system is 
well-perceived and meets the expectations of users in various 
aspects, making it a reliable and trustworthy system for its 
intended purpose as an e-voting system. 

5.2  Performance Assessment 

In this section, we explain the meaning of the criterion used 
for the performance assessment and how it relates to EVS 
development. Each of these criteria plays a vital role in 
assessing the performance, usability, security, and overall 
effectiveness of a system in its intended context and how the 
survey evaluation process was done immediately after casting 
the votes. The evaluation process was meticulously organized 
to gather input from a targeted group of 320 individual 
students. Below is a detailed breakdown of the evaluation 
process. 
     The evaluation aimed to include the participation of 320 
individual students. The selection of these individuals 
involved stakeholders, users, or relevant participants with 
adequate interest in the subject matter under evaluation. 
Voter turnout: The expected voter turnout was 320 voters. 
However, only 314 individuals actively voted successfully 
and subsequently completed the survey to cast votes 
immediately to evaluate the system’s performance. 

 Percentage of voters who voted: To calculate the 

percentage of voters who participated, we divided the 314 
voters who cast votes by the 320 total number of voters 
expected and then multiplied by 100. 
Actual voters = ( 314

320
 ) x 100 = 98.125% (1)      

Therefore, the percentage  of voters who voted successfully 
was approximately 98.13% 
To calculate the percentage of voters who did not participate, 
subtract the 314 number of voters from the 320 expected total 
number of voters and multiply by 100. 
Voters absent = ( 320−314

320
 ) x 100  

 = ( 6
320

 ) x 100 = 1.875%          (2) 
Therefore, the percentage of voters who did not turn out to 
vote was approximately 1.8%. In brief, the evaluation process 
targeted the participation of 320 voters, but 314 individual 
students actively participated resulting in a high voter turnout 
of approximately 98.13%. The remaining 6 individual 
students who did not vote represent 1.88%. This information 
provides insight into the engagement level and participation 
rate in the evaluation process indicating the robustness of the 
EVS. 

 SECTION A: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA 
No Questions User / 

(Voter) 
% Returning 

Officer 
% 

Q1 Gender 
Male 147 46.8 10 3.2 
Female I51 48.1 6 1.9 

Q2 Age groups 
18-28 179 57 5 1.6 
29-38 68 21.7 7 2.2 
39-48 51 16.2 4 1.3 
49-58
59+ 

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Q3 Marital status 
Single 278 88.5 12 3.8 
Married 20 6.4 4 1.3 

Q4 Highest education 
SHS 263 84.0 6 2 
Diploma 22 7.0 3 1 
Degree 10 3.2 3 1 
Masters 3 1 2 0.6 
PhDs 
Other 

Q5 Designated University/Technical University 
University of Ghana, Accra-Public 27 8.6 5 1.6 
University of Cape Coast (UCC)- Public 13 4.1 
University of Education, Winneba- Public 2 0.6 
Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi- Public 23 7.3 4 1.3 
University of Mines & Technology, Tarkwa-Public 4 1.3 
University of Professional Studies, Accra- Public 11 3.5 
University of Development Studies, Tamale- Public 3 1 
Ghana Communication Technology University (GCTU), Accra- Public 15 4.8 1 0.3 
Regional Maritime University, Accra- Public 13 4.1 
Ashesi University, Accra-Private 14 4.5 1 0.3 
Central University 15 4.8 1 0.3 
All Nations University 14 4.5 1 0.3 
Methodist University 14 4.5 2 0.6 
Presbyterian University 
Islamic University College, Ghana (Accra) 4 1.3 
Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA), Accra. 11 3.5 
Christian Service University College, Kumasi 
Catholic University of Ghana (CUG), Sunyani 3 11 
Accra Institute of Technology, Accra 5 1.6 
Regent University College of Science and Technology, Accra 14 4.5 1 0.3 
Knutsford University College, Accra 5 1.6 
Garden City University College, Kumasi 
Wisconsin International University College, Ghana (Accra) 11 3.5 
Academic City University College, (Accra) 12 3.8 
Radford University College (Accra) 
Evangelical Presbyterian University College (Ho) 3 1 
African University College of Communication (AUCC), Accra 5 1.6 
Kaaf University College 6 2 
University of Energy and Natural Resources 3 1 
Zenith University College, Accra 9 2.9 
Accra Technical University 7 2.2 
Kumasi Technical University 7 2.2 
Ho Technical University 6 2 
Takoradi Technical University 5 1.6 
Koforidua Technical University 9 2.9 
Cape Coast Technical University 5 1.6 

SECTION B:  DIGITAL LITERACY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF USING E-VOTING SYSTEMS 
Q1 To what extent do you feel digitally literate to use the e-voting system for this election? (Please, INDICATE your digital literacy 

and accessibility of using E-voting systems in the box provided based on a scale of 1-5 where 1 is Very low and 5 is Very high where 
possible.) 
Very low 2 0.6 
Low 11 3.5 
Don’t know/not sure 12 3.8 
High 108 34.4 
Very high 181 57.6 

Q2 What challenges do you foresee for students with limited digital literacy in 
using e-voting systems? 

Limited Understanding of Technology   16 5.1 
Difficulty in Using Electronic Devices  3 1 
Concerns About Security and Privacy 71 22.6 

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Risk of Making Errors During Voting 36 11.5 
Difficulty in Verifying Votes 92 29.3 
Limited Access to Information 21 6.7 
Digital Exclusion and Inequality 11 3.5 
Potential for Coercion or Manipulation 13 4.1 
Difficulty in Troubleshooting Technical Issues 51 16.2 

Q3 Are you aware of any resources or support services available to enhance 
digital literacy by using e-voting systems? 
Yes 197 62.7 
No 76 24.2 
Maybe 41 13.1 

Q4 In your opinion, how would you rate the following digital literacy initiatives 
to improve and ensure broader accessibility to e-voting platforms? 
Tailored Training Programs 57 18.2 
Online Tutorials and Resources 12 3.8 
Community Workshops and Outreach 27 8.6 
Multilingual Support 23 7.3 
Incorporate User-Friendly Design 56 17.8 
Collaboration with Educational Institutions 36 11.5 
Public Awareness Campaigns 53 16.9 
Accessible Learning Platforms 15 4.8 
Continuous Support and Feedback Mechanisms 35 11.1 

Q5 Do you believe that e-voting systems are user-friendly for individuals of 
varying levels of digital literacy? 
Yes 253 80.6 
No 51 16.2 
Maybe 10 3.2 

Q6 To what degree does your perception of your digital literacy influence your 
willingness to adopt e-voting in elections? (Please, INDICATE your digital 
literacy and accessibility of using E-voting systems in the box provided based on 
a scale of 1-5 where 1 is Very low and 5 is Very high where possible.) 
Very low 3 1 
Low 36 11.5 
Don’t know/not sure 7 2.2 
High 101 32.2 
Very high 167 53.1 

Q7 How would you rate your level of digital literacy in terms of using technology, 
including e-voting systems? (Please, INDICATE your digital literacy and 
accessibility of using E-voting systems in the box provided based on a scale of 1-
5 where 1 is Very low and 5 is Very high where possible.) 
Very low 4 1.3 
Low 15 4.8 
Don’t know/not sure 3 1 
High 91 28.9 
Very high 201 64.0 

Q8 What challenges do you anticipate for individuals with limited digital 
literacy in utilizing e-voting systems? 
Difficulty in Navigating Electronic Interfaces 61 19.4 
Lack of Familiarity with Technology 23 7.3 
Concerns About Security and Privacy 37 11.8 
Difficulty in Verifying Votes 61 19.4 
Limited Access to Information 13 4.1 
Potential for Coercion or Manipulation 24 7.6 
Difficulty in Troubleshooting Technical Issues 25 8.0 
Risk of Making Errors During Voting 40 12.7 
Digital Exclusion and Inequality 30 9.6 

Table 2: Analysis of survey data to assess the effectiveness of the e-voting system 

5.3 Discussion on Performance   Assessment 

To evaluate the data provided in Table 2, we analyze various 
aspects such as socio-demographic characteristics and 

attitudes toward e-voting systems. The evaluation has been 
broken down into sections below: 
Section A: Socio-demographic Data 

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• Gender distribution: The data shows that 46.8% of
respondents are male, while 48.1% are female. There 
is a slight imbalance favoring females. It is
noteworthy that a significant portion of 3.2%
Returning Officers are male while 1.9 % are female).

• Age group: The majority of respondents 57% within
the 18-28 group indicating a younger demographic.

• Marital status: A vast majority 88.5% of
respondents are single, suggesting potential
differences in voting behavior compared to married
individuals.

• Highest education: The majority have completed
Senior High School (SHS), indicating a relatively
high level of education among respondents.

• Designated university/Technical university: The
data provides insights into the distribution of
respondents across different educational institutions,
which could be valuable for targeting awareness
campaigns or training programs.

      Section B: Digital literacy and accessibility 
      of using    E-voting systems 

• Digital literacy: We had 57.6% significant majority
feel very highly about using the e-voting systems,
while 34.4% rate their literacy as high. Only a small
percentage of 4.1% feel very low or low digital
literacy, which is promising for e-voting adoption.

• Challenges faced by students with limited digital
literacy: Concerns about security, privacy, and
difficulty in verifying votes are the most significant
challenges identified, indicating areas for
improvement in e-voting system design and
education.

• Awareness of resources for digital literacy
enhancement: A majority of 62.7% are aware of
resources or support services available to enhance
digital literacy by using e-voting systems, suggesting
a positive inclination toward learning.

• Perception of digital literacy initiatives: Tailored
training programs, user-friendly design, and public
awareness campaigns are perceived positively,
indicating potential areas of focus for improving
digital literacy.

• User-friendliness of e-voting systems: A large
majority of 80.6% believe e-voting systems are user-
friendly for individuals of varying levels of digital
literacy, which is crucial for adoption.

• Impact of digital literacy adoption: A significant
majority of 85.3% have a high or very high
perception of their digital literacy, which positively
influences their willingness to adopt e-voting
systems.

• Challenges for individuals with limited digital
literacy: Difficulty in navigating interfaces, verifying 
votes, and troubleshooting technical issues are the
primary challenges anticipated, highlighting areas for
improvement in system usability and support.

In general, the data suggests a generally positive towards e-
voting systems, with a majority expressing confidence in their 
digital literacy and user-friendliness of such systems. 
However, there are still concerns regarding security, privacy, 
and potential technical challenges, especially among 
individuals with limited digital literacy. Targeted efforts in 
education, training, and system design are essential to address 
these concerns and ensure broader accessibility and 
acceptance of e-voting systems among diverse demographics. 

6. Conclusion and Future Work

The e-voting system (EVS) has received widespread 
endorsement in the African continent, particularly following 
attempts at election rigging by a few presidential candidates. 
Electoral fraud, or the manipulation of election results, is a 
prevalent issue in many African countries. In recent times, 
some African countries have seen coup d’etats due to many 
factors: popular dissatisfaction, institutional weakness, 
historical precedents, authoritarian regimes, military 
discontent, and economic crisis. One major pillar to 
preventing coup d’etats in Africa is building a strong 
institution to make independent decisions without any 
political influences. 
Challenges to implementing EVS at the national level in 
countries like Ghana include high illiteracy rates. However, 
its successful implementation in tertiary institutions, as 

demonstrated by a 98% user acceptance rate, can serve as a 
model for broader adoption. As these educated students 
graduate, they will educate the nation about the benefits of 
EVS over traditional systems, fostering transparency and trust 
in electoral systems across Africa. 
African leaders should invest in Information Technology to 
develop robust e-government and e-voting applications. 
Collaboration between IT experts and government is crucial 
for timely implementation. Recent advancements in e-
government in Ghana exemplify progress in this direction. It 
is advisable to implement e-voting systems in the 2024 
general elections to ensure transparent, auditable, and 
trustworthy electoral processes in Ghana. 

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	Adams A. K. Azameti 1, *, Samuel Chris Quist1, Godfred Koi-Akrofi1, and Benedict C. Nwachuku2
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Related work
	3. Methodology
	3.1 The DSRM Framework
	3.2 DSRM Process
	3.3 UML System Design
	3.3.1 Use Case
	3.3.2 Sequence Diagram
	3.3.3 Class Diagram
	3.3.4 Data Flow Representations
	3.3.5 Context Representations
	3.3.6 Flowchart Representations
	4. System Implementation and Interfaces
	4.1 Home Interfaces
	4.1.1 Menu Interfaces
	5. System Evaluation: Performance Assessment Criteria
	Acceptance testing is a process used in software development to determine if a system or application meets specified requirements. The criteria used in the survey are (strongly agree, agree, somewhat agree, and disagree). They are commonly used in su...
	Strongly Agree:
	The user or tester strongly believes that the system or application has met the specified requirement.
	The implication indicates a high level of confidence in the successful completion of the acceptance test.
	The user is satisfied that the software meets their expectations fully.
	Agree:
	The user or tester believes that the system or application has generally met the specified requirement.
	Its implication indicates a positive assessment, with the user being generally satisfied with the performance of the software. Minor issues may exist, but they are not significant enough to undermine the overall satisfaction.
	Somewhat Agree:
	The user or tester is leaning towards an agreement but has reservations or concerns about certain aspects.
	The implication suggests that while there may be some satisfaction, there are noticeable issues or concerns that need attention. It indicates a level of uncertainty or a need for further investigation into specific areas.
	Disagree:
	The user or tester believes that the system or application has not met the specified requirement.
	Its implication signals a clear dissatisfaction with the performance or functionality of the software.    These requirements could be due to major issues, critical bugs, or a failure to meet essential requirements. These criteria are subjective an...
	5.1 Discussion on Each Criterion For
	Assessment Test
	5.2  Performance Assessment
	5.3 Discussion on Performance   Assessment
	6. Conclusion and Future Work
	References