GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp EARTH SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL Earth Sci. Res. J. Vol. 13, No. 2 (December 2009): 119-133 COMPOSITIONAL AND PETROGENETIC FEATURES OF SCHISTOSE ROCKS OF IBADAN AREA, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA O.A. Okunlola, O.C. Adeigbe and O.O.Oluwatoke Department of Geology, University of Ibadan Nigeria gbengaokunlola@yahoo.co.uk ABSTRACT Amphibole and quartz schist which occur in association with migmatite gneiss, granitic gneiss and Pan African Older Granite bodies around Ibadan area, southwestern Nigeria, were studied with a view to elucidate their compositional characteristics and their evolution. Mineralogical determinations from optical studies show a high proportion of granular quartz and accessory muscovite in the quartz schist. The amphibole schist on the other hand comprises mainly dark colored bands of hornblende with subordinate tremolite, chlorite and minor amounts of plagioclase and quartz. Chemical analysis of the samples obtained by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) instrumentation method, involving major and trace elements reveal the silicieous nature of the quartz schist and and the amphibole .sam- ples of both rock units are also marked by relatively elevated contents of Ba, Zr, Rb, La and Ce and Zr. In addition, varia- tion plots using Na2O, Al2O, K2O suggests arenaceous sedimentary ancestry for the quartz schist and an igneous ancestry most probably mafic extrusive volcanics for the amphibole schist. Provenance indicators, such as Ba, in the quartz schists suggest derivation of this sedimentary protolith from the weathering of largely granitic rocks. Similarity of the amphibole schist progenitors with subalkaline basaltic andesite is also implied by the Na2O+K2O versus SiO2 bivariate plot, while the Na2O+K2O-Fe2O3 (t)-MgO ternary plot reveal their calc-alkaline affinity. Tectonically, the quartz schists evolved within the passive margin environment, whereas the MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3 ternary plots reveal an Ocean island basalt tec- tonic evolution for the amphibole schist. Key words: Amphibole, Quartz, Schist, Schistose rocks, Ibadan-Nigeria, Petrogenetic RESUMEN Anfíboles y esquistos de cuarzo que ocurren en asociación con gneiss migmatiticas, gneiss de granito y cuerpos antiguos de granito Pan Africano alrededor del área de Ibadan, a sudoeste de Nigeria, fueron estudiados con el fin de aclarar las características composicionales y su evolución. 119 Manuscript received: 13/05/2009 Accepted for publication: 10/12/2009 PAGINAS 29-30.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp martes, 09 de febrero de 2010 18:32:42 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees Determinaciones mineralógicas a partir de estudios ópticos muestran una alta proporción de cuarzo granular y moscovita accesorios en el esquistos de cuarzo. Por otro lado, los esquistos anfíboliticos incluyen bandas de color oscuro principalmente de hornblenda con tremolita, clorito y de pequeñas cantidades de plagioclasa y cuarzo. El análisis químico de las muestras obtenidas por el método acoplamiento inductivo de Espectrometría de Masas (ICPMS), revela la naturaleza de silicieous de los esquistos de cuarzo y los anfíboliticos. Muestras de ambas unidades de rocas también están marcados por el contenido relativamente elevado de Ba, Zr, Rb, La y Ce y Zr. Además, la variación de las gráficas Na2O, Al2O, K2O sugiere arenas sedimentarias antiguas para el esquisto de cuarzo y una ígnea antigua muy probablemente mafica para los esquistos anfíboliticos. Los indicadores de procedencia, tales como Ba, en los esquistos de cuarzo sugieren derivación de protolito sedimentario desde la erosión de las rocas graníticas en gran medida. La similaridad entre los progenitores de esquisto anfíboliticos con andesita basáltica subalkaline también implican Na2O + K2O versus SiO2, por la variación de la gráfica Na2O + K2O-Fe2O3 (t)- MgO revelan su afinidad calco-alcalinas. Tectónicamente, los esquistos de cuarzo evolucionaron en un ambiente de margen pasivo, mientras que el gráfico MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3 parcela ternario revelan una evolución tectónica basalto en la isla de Océano para los esquistos anfíboliticos. Palabras clave: Anfíboles, Cuarzo, Esquistos, Schistose rocks, Ibadan-Nigeria, Petrogenetic. Introduction The Nigerian Basement Complex which occurs within the Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic, Pan-African (ca 0.6 Ga.) province east of the West African Craton is loosely classi- fied into three principal subdivisions. These are the ancient migmatite-gneiss–quartzite complex, the schist belts and the Pan-African (ca 600 Ma.) granitic series (Elueze and Okunlola, 2003). The migmatite gneiss suites are mainly ca 2.8 to 2.0 Ga. ages. Most authors on the Nigerian Basement Complex subscribe to the view that the rocks of these suites com- prise largely a sedimentary series with associated minor igneous rocks which has been variably altered by meta- morphic, migmatic and granitic processes (Oyawoye, 1972; Rahaman, 1988; Okunlola, 2005). A number of north-south trending Proterozoic schist belts occur conspicuously within the western part of Nigeria with few in the eastern parts and show distinctive petrological and structural features. Fourteen of such belts have been delineated (Rahaman, 1976; Odeyemi, 1977; Ekwueme and Shing1987; Elueze, 1991; Okunlola, 2001; Elueze and Okunlola, 2003). Belts in the southwest include Iseyin, Igarra, Egbe ,Isanlu, Ife- Ilesha,, lokoja -Jakura, and Toto-Gadabuike. As at now how- ever, there is no complete agreement on location, delimitation, geological nomenclature and geodynamic setting of the Nige- rian schist belt. These schistose rocks occurrences around Ibadan con- stitute the southern extension of the N-S trending Iseyin Oyan belt. This study hence aims at elucidating the compositional features and hence petrogenetic affinity of these schistose rocks of Ibadan area. This is expected to fur- ther lead to the understanding of the geodynamic evolution of the schist belts and the Precambrian of Nigeria. Lithological association and petrography In the study area, the schistose rocks are associated with an al- most north~ south trending unit of the migmatite gneiss com- plex. The contacts are tectonic in places with prominent slickenside features and cataclastites. These units were later in- truded by Pan-African granitic rocks of adammellitic and peg- matitic varieties. These schistose rocks are mainly quartz schist and amphibole schist. The quartz schist form prominent fea- tures especially west of Ajibode and Sango area (Fig. 1). Their outcrop pattern indicates possibly a refolded fold (Fig. 1). They are usually fine grained and form extensive north -south trending bodies. In places, they are characterized by preponder- ance of quartz rubbles and usually whitish grey in color. But in areas of prominent iron staining as a result of thick overlying lateritic regolith they are usually brownish gray in color. They are the most extensive of the schistose rocks studied. Under the microscope, the rock unit is composed mainly of quartz and muscovite (Fig. 3) Quartz occurs as cloudy anhedral grains with characteristic weak birefringence, prominent undulose extinction and low relief while muscovite occurs as tiny elongate plates with poikilitic crystals of quartz. The am- phibole schists on the other hand occur in places as greenish, fissile bodies sometimes weathered or as lenticular and some- times ovoid shaped bodies comprising of indistinct dark col- ored bands of greenish black amphibole, light colored bands of plagioclase and minor quartz. Thin section study reveals that the amphiboles are mainly hornblende, tremolite and chlorite. 120 O.A. OKUNLOLA, O.C. ADEIGBE AND O.O.OLUWATOKE PAGINAS 29-30.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp martes, 09 de febrero de 2010 18:32:42 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees 121 COMPOSITIONAL AND PETROGENETIC FEATURES OF SCHISTOSE ROCKS OF IBADAN AREA, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA 140140140140 Figure 1. Geological map of study area. Table 1. Modal composition of the Quartz Schist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quartz (%) 92 94 93 90 89.5 91 92 Muscovite(%) 7 3 5 8 8 8 5 Microcline (% 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 Magnetite(%) 0.3 0.1 Zircon trace trace trace trace trace trace trace Rutile trace trace trace trace trace trace trace ENERO 30-GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp sÆbado, 30 de enero de 2010 18:16:21 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees 122 O.A. OKUNLOLA, O.C. ADEIGBE AND O.O.OLUWATOKE Q M H Bar scale = 2 mm Figure 2. Photomicrograph of amphibole schist of Ibadan area in transmitted light showing. Fine grained anhedral quartz (Q), irregularly oriented hornblende (H) and interstitial mica M) Table 2. Modal composition of the Amphibole Schist. (%). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hornblende 69 67 66 66 67 69 67 Plagioclase 10 9 12 14 9 10 10 Biotite 7 6 6 5.5 5 5 7 Quartz 8 9 8.5 9 10 9 9 Chlorite 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Pyroxene 5 5 5 4 3.5 4 6 Tremolite _ 3 _ _ 3.5 2.5 _ Total 99.6 99.5 98 99 98.5 100 99.5 ENERO 30-GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp sÆbado, 30 de enero de 2010 18:16:22 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees (Fig. 2) Quartz and plagioclase occur in minor proportions with accessory biotite and zircon. Hornblende occurs as small xenoblastic crystals, greenish in color while tremolite grains tend to be long, prismatic and usually pleichroic from pale green to dark green. Quartz occurs as small anhedral grains with wavy extinction. The Modal composition of the quartz schist and amphibole schist are shown in tables 1and 2. Geochemical Features Samples and Analytical Techniques Seven unaltered and fresh samples each of quartz schist and amphibole schist were analyzed for both major oxide and trace element concentrations at the Activation Laboratories, Canada, using the inductively coupled plasma analytical technique. Analytical results are presented in tables 3 and 4. Discussion of Results Average SiO2 value in the quartz schist is high (95%). This is comparable to values obtained for most quartz schist sam- ples of the Nigerian metasedimentary belt (Okonkwo, 1992; Elueze and Okunlola, 2003; Okunlola, et.al., 2006). Con- versely, the average SiO2 values in the amphibole schist (53.5%) is expectedly much lower and also lower than those of the average values of schistose amphibolites of Nigeria (Ajayi, 1980; Elueze, 1985; Elueze and Okunlola, 2003b). Fe2O3 values in the samples of the quartz schist range from 0.33%- 0.62% with a mean of 0.42% while in the amphibole schists they range from 9.63%-9.76% with a mean concen- tration of 9.7%. The comparatively lower Fe2O3 values in the quartz schist are due to the almost total absence of melanocratic minerals. The values for the amphibole schist are comparable to those of the schistose amphibolite variet- ies of Burum metabasalts while it is lower than those of the 123 COMPOSITIONAL AND PETROGENETIC FEATURES OF SCHISTOSE ROCKS OF IBADAN AREA, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA Bar scale = 2 mm M Q Figure 3. Photomicrograph of quartz schist of Ibadan area in transmitted light showing coarse anhedral grains of quartz (Q)and tiny intersti- tial muscovite. (M) PAGINA 33.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp martes, 09 de febrero de 2010 18:33:12 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees 124 O.A. OKUNLOLA, O.C. ADEIGBE AND O.O.OLUWATOKE Table 3. Major element (%) and trace element (ppm) compositions of samples of Quartz Schist from Ibadan area. R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 SiO2 94.46 94.07 95.95 95.7 96.01 94.72 94.41 Al2O3 1.47 2.24 1.32 1.13 1.52 1.38 1.72 Fe2O3(T) 0.33 0.38 0.35 0.62 0.41 0.39 0.46 MnO 0.006 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.005 MgO 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.06 CaO 0.91 0.24 0.95 0.73 0.88 0.74 0.5 Na2O 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.08 0.15 0.09 0.083 K2O 0.36 0.35 0.3 0.26 0.35 0.302 0.3 TiO2 0.067 0.224 0.105 0.123 0.23 0.09 0.07 P2O5 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 LOI 1.268 0.875 1.191 0.963 0.566 0.906 1.364 Total 99.09 98.59 100.4 99.7 100.211 98.702 99.012 Ba 84 131 98 53 94 79 102 Ce 13.2 67.8 15.6 104 50.15 22.7 77.6 Co 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cr 20 20 60 20 20 20 20 Cu 10 30 10 10 10 10 10 Ga 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 La 9.1 23.8 8.8 40.4 20.53 15.93 25.12 Nb 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 Nd 5.1 27.3 6.3 46.2 21.23 12.72 29.73 Ni 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Pb 13 14 9 9 12 9 13 Rb 12 15 10 7 15 9 12 Sn 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 Sr 19 31 20 14 21 18 24 Th 2.3 8.7 2.3 9.4 5.7 8.3 3.01 V 8 9 7 9 9 8 9 Y 3 24 3 23 22 23 20 Zn 320 160 280 310 270 310 220 Zr 122 710 182 184 300 145 454 ENERO 30-GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp sÆbado, 30 de enero de 2010 18:16:23 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees banded and massive varieties of the same area (Elueze and Okunlola, 2003). The average K2O, Na2O and CaO values are greater in the amphibole schist (0.62%, 2.67% and 13.0% respec- tively) compared to those of the quartz schists (0.32%, 0.11% and 0.71% respectively). These K2O and Na2O val- ues for the amphibole schist are higher compared with most of the schistose amphibolite samples of Nigeria which are of tholeiitic affinity. However, for the quartz schist they are within limits for metasedimentary rocks (Okonkwo and Winchester, 1992.) The average values of MgO and TiO2 for the quartz schist are low (both less than 0.06%) Similarly, the average value for these oxides for amphi- bole schist at 7.17% and 0.29% respectively are also lower than those of tholeiitic basalts of Nigeria and those of the av- erage values for Holleindain Archean metabasalts (Jahn et.al, 1974). Average value for the quartz schist is 0.13% while that of the amphibole schist is 0.28%. Provenance of the protolith and tectonic Setting The Na2O/Al2O3 against K2O/Al2O3 plot (Fig. 4) (Garrels and McKenzie, 1971) shows the entire quartz schist samples plot in the sedimentary/metasedimentary field while the am- phibole schists plot in the igneous /metaigneous field. This 125 COMPOSITIONAL AND PETROGENETIC FEATURES OF SCHISTOSE ROCKS OF IBADAN AREA, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Quartz schists Amphibole schists Sedimentary/Metasedimentary Igneous K O\AI O2 2 3 N a O \A IO 2 2 3 Figure 4. Na2O/Al2O3 vs. K2O/Al2O3 plot for quartz schist and amphibole schist of Ibadan (after Garrels and McKenzie, 1971). Fransician greywacke 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 CaO (wt%) S iO (w t% ) 2 Figure 5. SiO2-CaO plot for quartz schists of Ibadan. (Field of Fransician greywacke after Brown et al., 1979). Symbols as in figure 2. ENERO 30-GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp sÆbado, 30 de enero de 2010 18:16:23 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees 126 O.A. OKUNLOLA, O.C. ADEIGBE AND O.O.OLUWATOKE Table 4. Major element (%) and trace element (ppm) compositions of samples of Amphibole Schist from Ibadan area. R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 SiO2 53.2 53.81 53.29 52.98 53.75 53.53 53.99 Al2O3 10.89 13.44 12.11 12.39 11.02 12.09 12.22 Fe2O3(T) 9.76 9.63 9.75 9.66 9.71 9.62 9.74 MnO 0.179 0.168 0.169 0.174 0.177 0.169 0.179 MgO 7.07 7.26 7.3 7.11 7.17 7.22 7.03 CaO 14.74 11.29 12.98 14.57 13.29 11.36 12.89 Na2O 2.04 3.3 3.1 2.54 2.53 3.06 2.16 K2O 0.85 0.39 0.62 0.44 0.79 0.83 0.42 TiO2 0.262 0.305 0.283 0.307 0.287 0.278 0.263 P2O5 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 LOI 1.314 0.778 0.636 0.199 1.046 0.649 1.283 Total 100.4 100.4 100.298 100.43 99.83 98.866 100.235 Ba 93 27 60 56 87 33 64 Ce 24.2 10.8 18 25 10.5 22 12 co 53 50 52 49 50 59 48 Cr 860 710 790 850 700 860 730 Cu 40 50 50 40 40 60 50 Ga 10 11 10 10 12 11 10 La 9 4 7 6 9 5 5 Nb 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nd 10 6 8 10 6 8 7 Ni 250 180 220 195 230 198 232 Pb 13 5 6 9 12 8 10 Rb 13 4 9 4 11 10 8 Sn 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 Sr 111 91 101 95 106 103 100 Th 4.4 0.7 2.8 4.0 0.9 3.1 1.9 V 144 207 189 203 158 177 150 Y 9 11 13 9 13 9 7 Zn 310 110 110 205 302 253 180 Zr 105 33 81 45 101 39 79 ENERO 30-GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp sÆbado, 30 de enero de 2010 18:16:23 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees suggests clear distinct genesis for the protoliths for these rock units. The provenance of sedimentary rocks is usually inferred from the framework constituents of the rocks (Pettijohn, 1975; Potter, 1978; Dickinson and Vallani, 1980; Okonkwo, 2005) From the relatively low content of Ba, Rb and Sr in samples of the quartz schist (Table 3) there is a strong possibility of a sedimentary source depleted in arkosic composition, although the contribution on of a felsic source is not ruled out (Van de Kamp and Leake, 1986; Okonkwo and Winchester, 1996; Okonkwo, 2005). This is further supported by the plot of samples outside and above the field of Franscisian greywacke on the SiO2 versus CaO diagram of Brown et al, 1979. (Fig. 5). This shows that the protolith is not of a greywacke type. The plot of log (Fe2O3/K2O) versus log (SiO2/Al2O3) diagram (Herron, 1988) (Fig. 6), shows most of the quartz schist plot in the 127 COMPOSITIONAL AND PETROGENETIC FEATURES OF SCHISTOSE ROCKS OF IBADAN AREA, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA Quartz areniteSubarkose Sublitharenite Arkose wacke Shale Fe-Shale Fe-sand 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Litharenite LOG(SiO \AI O )2 2 3 L O G (F e O \K O ) 2 2 2 3 Figure 6. Log (Fe2O3/K2O) vs. Log (SiO2/Al2O3) for the quartz schist of Ibadan (after Herron, 1988). Symbols as in Figure 2. 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 (wt%)SiO2 Basaltic Trachyandesite Basalt Basaltic andesite Andesite Trachyte Phonolite Tephriph- onolite Phonote- phrite Tephrite Trachy andesite Foidite Trachy- basalt Picro basalt - Dacite N a O + K (w t% ) 2 2O Figure 7. Na2O+K2O vs. SiO2 (Total Alkali vs. Silica,) plot for the amphibole schist of Ibadan (after Le Maitre et al., 1989). Symbols as in Figure 2. ENERO 30-GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp sÆbado, 30 de enero de 2010 18:16:23 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees quartz sandstone field thus defining a quartz sandstone protolith for the samples. For the amphibole schist, the total alkali versus silica plot of Le Maitre et.al. (1989) (Fig. 7) reveal samples plot- ting in the basaltic andesite field indicating a protolith inter- mediate between basalt and andesite in composition. The bold dash lines in figure 7 shows that the amphibole schist all plots in the subalkaline series (Macdonald, 1968). The Na2O+K2O-Fe2O3(t)-MgO ternary plot (Fig. 8) after Kuno (1968) further discriminates the samples as having a calc al- kaline affinity, This is further confirmed by the K2O versus 128 O.A. OKUNLOLA, O.C. ADEIGBE AND O.O.OLUWATOKE Calc - Alkaline series Tholeiitic series MgONa2O+K O2 Fe O2 3total Figure 8. Ternary plot of molecular proportions Na2O+K2O-Fe2O3total-MgO for the amphibole schist (after Kuno, 1968). Symbols as in Fig- ure 4.8. 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 K O (w t% ) 2 SiO (wt%)2 High-K (Calcalkaline) series Calc-alkaline series Low-K (tholeiitic) series Figure 9. Plot of K2O vs. SiO2 for the amphibole schist (after Le Maitre et al., 1989) Symbols as in Figure 4.8. ENERO 30-GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp sÆbado, 30 de enero de 2010 18:16:23 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees 129 COMPOSITIONAL AND PETROGENETIC FEATURES OF SCHISTOSE ROCKS OF IBADAN AREA, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA Oceanic island arcPassive margin Continental island arc Active continental margin -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 D is cr im in an t F u n ct io n 2 Discriminant Function 1 Figure 10. A discriminant functional plot for the quartz schist, showing the tectonic fields, (after, Bhatia, 1983). Symbols as in Figure 4.8. Discriminant function 1= -0.0447 SiO2 – 0.972 TiO2 + 0.008 Al2O3 – 0.267 Fe2O3 + 0.208 FeO – 3.082MnO + 0.140MgO + 0.195 CaO + 0.719 Na2O – 0.032K2O + 7.510 P2O5 + 0.303 Discriminant function 2= -0.421 SiO2 + 1.988 TiO2 – O.526 Al2O3 – 0.551 Fe2O3 – 1.610 FeO + 2.720 MnO+ 0.881 MgO -0.907 CaO – 0.177 Na2O – 1.840 K2O + 7.244 P2O5 + 43.57 OI MORB IAC C SCI MgO AI O2 3 Fe O2 3 Figure 11. Ternary plot of Al2O3-MgO-Fe2O3 molecular proportions of the amphibole schist. Diagram is after Pearce et al., 1977. Symbols as in Figure 4.8. C Continental IAC Island arc and active continental margin MORB Mid-Oceanic Ridge basalt OI Ocean Island SCI Spreading centre Island ENERO 30-GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp sÆbado, 30 de enero de 2010 18:16:23 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees 130 O.A. OKUNLOLA, O.C. ADEIGBE AND O.O.OLUWATOKE Table 5. Chemical index of alteration (CIA) % of Quartz Schist and Amphibole Schist. Sample number CIA (%) Rock Name R1 52 Quartz Schist R2 76 Quartz Schist R3 49 Quartz Schist R4 51 Quartz Schist R5 52 Quartz Schist R6 55 Quartz Schist R7 66 Quartz Schist Average 57 Sample CIA (%) Rock Name R8 38 Amphibole Schist R9 47 Amphibole Schist R10 42 Amphibole Schist R11 41 Amphibole Schist R12 40 Amphibole Schist R13 44 Amphibole Schist R14 44 Amphibole Schist Average 42 Table 6. Index of compositional variability ICV % of Quartz schist and amphibole schist of Ibadan area. Sample Designation ICV Rock Name R1 1.25 Quartz Schist R2 0.60 Quartz Schist R3 1.42 Quartz Schist R4 1.64 Quartz Schist R5 1.36 Quartz Schist R6 1.20 Quartz Schist R7 0.86 Quartz Schist Average 1.20 Sample Designation ICV Rock Name R8 3.19 Amphibole Schist R9 2.39 Amphibole Schist R10 2.81 Amphibole Schist R11 2.79 Amphibole Schist R12 3.07 Amphibole Schist R13 2.68 Amphibole Schist R14 2.66 Amphibole Schist Average 2.80 Plagioclase Al O2 3 K O2CaO+Na O2 K-Feldspar Smectite Average Archean Mudstone Average Ibadan Quartz Schist Average Ibadan Amphibole Schist Av Shale Post Archean Upper Crust Kaolinite Illite Figure 12. Ternary plot of molecular proportions Al2O3-(A)-CaO+Na2O(CN)-K2O(K) for the rocks (after McLennan et al., 1995). Upper crust composition and average Post Archaean Shale from Taylor and McLennan, 1985. ENERO 30-GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp sÆbado, 30 de enero de 2010 18:16:24 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees SiO2 plot (Fig. 9) after Le Maitre et al (1989).This shows that the amphibole schist of Ibadan area have a distinct petrogenetic character from most of the amphibolitic rocks of the basement complex of Nigeria which are mostly tholeiitic with Archean metabasalt affinity (Ajayi et.al., 1980; Elueze, 1980; Okonkwo, 1992; Okunlola and Elueze, 2003; Okunlola et.al., 2006) Tectonically, the quartz schist samples plots as passive margin rocks on a discriminant function diagram after Bhatia (1983). (Fig. 10) The amphibole schists samples on the other hand, plot in the ocean island field on the MgO-Fe2O3 (t)-Al2O3 ternary plot after Pearce et al (1977) (Fig. 11). Source Rock Weathering and Sediment Maturity of the Protolith The chemical index of alteration (CIA) (Nesbitt and Young 1982) defined as CIA= [Al2O3/(Al2O3 + CaO + Na2O + K2O)] *100 has been used to determine the degree of weath- ering of the protolith of the rocks in the study area. The quartz schist samples have an average CIA value of 57% (Table 5) whereas those of the amphibole schist record an average value of 42%. This indicates a relatively moderate weathering of the source rocks. In comparison, quartz schists from Igarra area have an average CIA value of 53.9% (Okeke and Meju, 1985) and those of Jakura area (Elueze and Okunlola, 2003) have an average value of 62.1%. Therefore the protoliths of the Ibadan quartz schists show fairly higher degree of weathering than those of the Igarra schist and conversely a lower degree than those of the Jakura schists. The differential weathering degree is further con- firmed by the ternary plot of molecular proportions: Al2O3 (A) - CaO + Na2O (CN) - K2O (K) (Fig. 10) after McLennan et al. (1985), the quartz schists plot between the Post-Achaean Shale and the Upper crust compositions but very close to the average Archaean Mudstone (above the plagioclase – K-feldspar mid-line) indicating still a moder- ately strong weathering of the rocks. The amphibole schists on the contrary plot below the plagioclase – K-feldspar mid-line, indicating a lower degree of weathering relative to the quartz schists. From the index of compositional variability (ICV) = (Fe2O3 + K2O + Na2O + CaO + MgO + TiO2)/ Al2O3 (wt %) (Cox and Lowe, 1995) which measures the abundance of alumina relative to other major constituents of the rock except SiO2, average values of 1.20 and 2.80 for the quartz schists and for the amphibole schists respectively were calculated (Table 6). Normally, compositionally im- mature pelitic rocks will have high ICV, whereas mature pelitic rocks with very little non-silicate clay minerals will possess low values (<0.6) (Elueze and Okunlola, 2003). The value for the quartz schist show moderate to high compositional maturity which is a reflection of the moderate intensity of weathering of the source rocks for the sediments prior to metamorphism. Mature to moder- ately mature pelitic metasediments (such as quartz schist) are characteristics of relatively stable cratonic environ- ments (Weaver, 1989; Elueze and Okunlola, 2003). Conclusions Petrographic and chemical data earlier described strongly indicates a sedimentary protolith, probably quartz sand- stone, for the quartz schists. The quartz sandstone was de- rived from the moderate to fairly intense weathering of granitic rocks. Quartz sandstones are generally regarded as formed from recycled sediments or from materials de- rived from weathering under low relief conditions as well as under low rates of sedimentation. Such conditions are obtained in stable cratonic environment like the passive margin. It has been shown that first cycle quartz schists can be formed under a unique combination of tectonic and climatic conditions. These include prolonged transport in- volving slow rate of sedimentation or prolonged alluvial storage with low relief and severe tropical weathering conditions (Weaver, 1989). Mature pelitic rocks may also be produced by very strong chemical weathering of first cycle materials. The quartz schist of Ibadan area are believed to be metamor- phosed products of moderate to slightly intensive weathered felsic source rocks, subjected to prolonged transport, sorting and deposition under stable cratonic environment. 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Elsevier, Am- sterdam, 820p. 133 COMPOSITIONAL AND PETROGENETIC FEATURES OF SCHISTOSE ROCKS OF IBADAN AREA, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA ENERO 30-GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.prn D:\GEOCIENCIAS 13-2 DIC 2009\GEOCIENCIAS-VOL 13-2 2009.vp sÆbado, 30 de enero de 2010 18:16:24 p p p Composite 133 lpi at 45 degrees