






























*Corresponding author:
Email: nebhawas@gmail.com, Phone +251-910-248878

Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla 

municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia 
Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje* 

Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia 

KEYWORDS: 
Active abattoir survey; 

Cysticercus bovis; 

Dilla town;  

Taeniasis;  

Questionnaire survey 

 

  
 

 
 

  

   

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION 

Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia 
saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant 
impact on human health. The cystic stage 
usually affects the muscle of cattle where 
humans are susceptible from the contaminated 
raw meat (Taylor et al., 2007). Taenia infection 
in human is referred to as Taeniasis and the one 
caused by the larval stage is referred to be 
cysticercosis (Hancock et al., 1989). Bovine 
cysticercosis, caused by the metacestodes of T. 
saginata, is distributed worldwide occurring in 
developed as well as developing countries 
(Dorny et al., 2009). However, the prevalence of 

this parasite is considered to be higher in 
developing countries. This phenomenon is 
related to poor sanitation, traditional cattle 
husbandry systems and inadequate meat 
inspection facilities (Cabaret et al., 2002; Dorny 
and Praet, 2007).The life cycle and transmission 
of parasite occurs most commonly in 
environments characterized by poor sanitation, 
primitive livestock husbandry practices and 
inadequate meat inspection, management and 
control policies (Mann, 1983; Phiri et al., 2003). 
Humans are the obligate final host and become 
infected by ingesting infected meat that has 
been inadequately cooked or frozen (Scandrett 
et al., 2009). Most incidents arise in cattle as a 
result of direct exposure to proglottids shed 

East African Journal of Biophysical and Computational Sciences 

Journal homepage : https://journals.hu.edu.et/hu-journals/index.php/eajbcs 
Hawassa University

College of Natural & Computational Sciences

Year 2021

Volume xx No xx

East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci., Vol. 1, Issue. 1 

54

Research article

A  cross  sectional  study  was  conducted  during  November  2013  to  June  2014  to  estimate
the  prevalence  of  Cysticercosis  from  abattoir  survey  and  Taeniasis  within  the  society
found  in  and  around  Dilla  town.  Active  abattoir  survey  and  questionnaire  survey  were
performed to accomplish the study. Of the total of 400 inspected  cattle  carcasses, 17 had
varying number of  C. bovis  giving an overall prevalence  of  4.25% (17/400). Anatomical
distribution of  the cyst showed that highest proportions of  C. bovis  cyst were observed in
shoulder  muscle  and  tongue  (29.41%),  followed  by,  masseter  muscle  (23.53%),  heart
(11.76%)  and liver  (5.88%). Of the total 69 interviewed respondents, 57.79% (40/69) had
contracted  T.saginata  infection. The majority of the respondent had an experience of  raw
meat  consumption  (65.29%,  45/69)  as  a  result  of  traditional  and  cultural  practice.  From
those  raw  meat  consumers,  62.2%  (28/45)  were  experienced  taeniasis.  However,  no
significant  association  was  observed  between  raw  meat  consumption  and  taeniasis
(p<0.05).  The  findings  of  this  study  including  prevalence  of  C.  bovis  and  questionnaire
survey of taeniasis prevalence indicated the importance of Cysticercosis and Taeniasis in
public health aspects. Therefore, due attention should be given to the public awareness and
strict routine meat inspection in order to safe guard the public health.

ABSTRACT

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East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci., Vol. 1, Issue 1 
 

from humans, but there have been some reports 
of large scale outbreaks resulting from sewage-
contaminated feed or forage. Even in developed 
countries where high standard of abattoir meat 
inspection that identify measly from beef 
carcass, did not succeeded in eliminating this 
parasites (Frolova, 1982; Smith, 1994). 

Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to 
have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, 
it is economically important as it causes carcass 
condemnation arising from heavy infestation 
with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, 
there is cost related to inspecting meat, the 
necessity to freeze or boil infected meat and 
losses may also occur from restriction in 
exportation of live animal and their products 
(Soulsby, 1982). Cysticercosis was significantly 
more prevalent in between man and animal and 
the use of causal workers in feedlots may be 
factors that are conducive to Taenia saginata 
transmission (Dorny et al., 2002). In previous 
studies, taeniasis or bovine cysticercosis is an 
important meat-borne zoonosis with the impact 
on the safety of food presented for human 
consumption in different parts of the country. 
The reported prevalence of taeniasis in the 
human population has been found to range from 
31.0% to 89.4% in Ethiopia (Tembo, 2001; 
Abunna et al., 2008; Megersa et al., 2010; Bedu 
et al.,2011; Endris and Negussie, 2011). In 
Ethiopia, the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis 
ranges from 3.1 % in the central part to 26.25% 
in the southern part of the country (Tembo, 
2001; Dawit, 2004; Nigatu, 2004; Hailu, 2005; 
Abunna et al., 2008). High prevalence of 
cysticercosis is related to the tradition of eating 
raw beef which is considered one of a major risk 
factor for its transmission (Mamo, 1988). 
However, there is limitation in terms of 
countrywide study on prevalence of bovine 

cysticericosis. Although there were some 
research works carried out with associated 
factors, there is still little information regarding 
the recent status of bovine cysticercosis and the 
prevalence of T. saginata in humans in areas 
like Dilla and its surroundings. Therefore, the 
objective of this study was to estimate the 
prevalence of cysticercosis in animals and 
taeniasis in human. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Description of the Study Area 

Dilla town is currently functioning as an 
administrative center of the Gedeo Zone in the 
Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples 
Region (SNNPR) in Ethiopia Geographically, 
Dilla town is located on 6°24′30′′N Longitude 
and 38°18′30′′E Latitude with an average 
elevation of 1570 meters above sea level. 
Comparatively, the town is located 90 Kms 
from Hawassa, the capital of SNNPR and 359 
Kms on the main road from Addis Ababa to 
Nairobi. Dilla is one of the main market centers 
in Southern Ethiopia and it is one of the fastest 
growing urban centers in the country. Based on 
the 2007 population and housing survey of 
Ethiopia, the population of Dilla town was 
estimated to be about 59,150. Livestock 
population of the town was estimated to be 12, 
475. The town is covering a total land area of 
about 1123.4 hectare. The mean atmospheric 
temperature of the town varies from 20°C in 
summer to 28°Cin winter and the average rain 
fall is 1257.2mm (CSA, 2008).  

Study Animals 

Animals which were presented to Dilla 
municipal abattoir mainly come from Dilla and 

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East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci., Vol. 1, Issue 1 
 

the surrounding area (Wonago, Kura, Bore, 
Sonkicha, Tunticha and Kibre Mengist). Local 
zebu cattle and cross breed presented to abattoir 
for slaughter were used as a study population for 
active abattoir survey. 

Study Type and Sample size 

A cross-sectional study was carried out from 
November 2013 to June 2014. By following a 
systematic random sampling method, a total of 
400 cattle were randomly sampled and routinely 
inspected for the presence of T. saginata 
metacestodes in edible parts of the slaughtered 
cattle. The total number of cattle required for 
the study was calculated based on the formula 
given by Thrusfield (2005) for a simple random 
sampling method. By rule of thumb where there 
is no information for an area it is possible to 
take 50% of expected prevalence. Using 5% 
degree of absolute precision, 384 animals need 
to be sampled but, 400 animals were sampled.  

Study Methodology 

Active Abattoir Survey: Active abattoir survey 
was conducted during routine meat inspection 
on systematically selected 400 cattle slaughtered 
at the abattoir. Ante-mortem and post-mortem 
examinations were conducted by visiting the 
abattoir three days a week. During ante-mortem 
examination, each study animal was given an 
identification number and its sex, age and origin 
was recorded. This is to avoid the unnecessary 
mixing with organs during inspection. Age 
estimation was done based on owner 
information and dentition. During inspection, 
each predilection sites were inspected according 

to the guideline of Ministry of Agriculture 
(1972).  

Questionnaire Survey: A semi-structured 
questionnaire was administered to 69 volunteer 
respondents from Dilla city. In the questionnaire 
survey, usage of toilet, and raw meat 
consumption habit were  addressed. 

Data Management and Analysis 

Abattoir data was collected and recorded and 
the data was carefully entered into Microsoft 
excel. The outcome variable for the abattoir 
study were cases Cysticercus bovis detected 
during routine post mortem inspection at Dilla 
municipal abattoir. Logistic regression was 
employed to analyze the association of the 
occurrence with the potential risk factors like 
sex, origin, breed, age, and body score condition 
using STATA statistical software version 11. 
Multivariate analysis for the risk factors of 
active abattoir and questionnaire survey during 
study period was used in which the degree of 
associations among risk factors was indicated 
with Odds ratio.  

RESULTS  

Abattoir Survey  

Prevalence: Of the total 400 cattle inspected; 
17 cattle were positive for bovine cysticercosis 
with the prevalence of 4.25. Among different 
risk factors, the proportion of Cysticercus bovis 
was higher in cross-bred (4.34%), medium BCS 
(4.33%), >9 years old (6.93%), female (9.43%) 
cattle originated from Kibre-Mengist (13.3%)  
places (Table 1). 

Table-1: Proportions of cysts occurrence in inspected organs and carcass at Dilla municipal 

abattoir during the study period(n=400) 

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East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci., Vol. 1, Issue 1 
 

Variable Examined animals Positive animals Proportions 
Breed Local  377  16 4.24 

Cross 23 1 4.34 
BCS Medium  346  15 4.33 

Good  54  2 3.70 
Age 3 - 5 year 89  2 2.25 

5 - 9 year 210  8 3.81 
>9 year 54  7 6.93 

Sex Male  347  12 3.46 
Female  53  5 9.43 

Origin Wonago 306  11 3.59 
Dilla 23  0 0 
Kura 4  0 0 
Sonkicha 18  1 5.56 
K.meng.  15  2 13.3 
Bore  16  2 12..5 
Tunticha 18  1 5.56 

Anatomical Distribution of Cysts: Analysis of 

active abattoir survey showed that there was a 

variation in the infected anatomical distribution 

of cysticerci in organs inspected. Of the organs 

examined, the highest proportion of C. bovis 

cysts were observed in the tongue (29.41%) and 

shoulder muscle (29.41%) followed by masseter 

muscles (23.53%), heart (11.76%) and liver 

(5.88%) (Table 2). 

Table-2: Frequency of anatomical distribution of C.bovis (n=400) 

Organs affected Total number of affected organs Prevalence Proportion within 
organs 

Tongue 5 1.25 29.41 
Shoulder muscle 5 1.25 29.41 
Masseter muscle 4 1 23.53 
Heart 2 0.5 11.76 
Liver 1 0.25 5.88 
Total 17 4.25 100 
 

Questionnaire survey: Of the total 69 
interviewed respondents who participated in this 
study, 57.97% (40/69) had contracted T. 
saginata infection. Proportion among different 
factors of respondents were analyzed and 
showed higher proportion in male (39.13%), 
>34 years (36.23%), and in those who consume 

raw meat (40.6%). Further analysis showed no 
significant difference between most of the risk 
factors (sex, age, meat consumption habit, 
residence and toilet usage) (P>0.05). However, 
respondents with college level showed less 
proportion (5.8%) compared to illiterate 
(15.94%) with a slight significance difference 
(p<0.05) (Table 3). 

57



 
*Corresponding author: 
Email: nebhawas@gmail.com, Phone +251-910-248878 
 

  

Table 3- Proportion of Taeniasis among the interviewed respondents in Dilla city, Southern 
Ethiopia (n=69) 
Variables No of interview 

(Infected) 
Proportion Odds Ratio 

(95% CI) 
P-value 

Sex     Female  25 (13) 52 1  
Male 44 (27) 61.36 1.5 (0.46, 5.1) 0.485 

Age 16 - 25 16 (7) 43.75 1  
25 - 34 14 (8) 57.14 2.1 (0.35, 13.1) 0.409 
>34 39 (25) 64.10 2.9 (0.51, 16.52) 0.228 

Education level 
 

Illiterate 18 (11) 61.11 1  
Primary 21 (14) 66.70 1.1 (0.21, 5.33) 0.939 
Secondary 18 (11) 61.11 2 (0.27, 15.16) 0.488 
College 12 (4) 33.33 10.47 0.052 

Consumption 
habit 

Cooked 24 (12) 50 1  
Raw 45 (28) 62.20 1.5 (0.49, 4.64) 0.473 

Residence Rural 30  (17) 56.70 1  
Urban 39 (23) 58.97 4.1 (0.7, 24.24) 0.117 

Toilet usage No 3 (2) 66.67 1  
Yes 66 (38) 57.58 1.03 (0.07, 14.36) 0.983 

Total  69 (40) 57.97   

DISCUSSION  

The prevalence of C. bovis among the carcasses 
inspected at Dilla municipal abattoir was 4.25% 
which is in agreement with the findings of 
Tamirat et al. (2018) (4.2%) at Bahir Dar, 
Ibrahim  and Zerihun (2012) (3.6%) at Addis 
Ababa abattoir, Taresa et al.(2011) (3.65%) at 
Jimma, Dawit  (2004) (4.9%) at Gondar, 
Megersa et al. (2010) (4.4%) at Jimma and Bedu 
et al. (2011) (3%) at Zeway. However, higher 
prevalence of C.bovis were registered by 
Tegegne et al. (2018) (8.97%) in Kombolcha, 
Moje et al. (2014) (10.1%)at Shashamanne; 
Abunna et al. (2008) (26.25%) at Hawassa; 
Kebede et al. (2009) (7.5%) and Regassa et al. 
(2009) (11.3%) both at Wolaita Soddo abattoirs. 
The observed difference among these studies 

could be explained with the agro-climatic 
conditions of the study areas, the number of 
incision made during inspection, the ability of 
the meat inspector to identify the C.bovis, habit 
or culture of raw meat consumption, sample size 
and sampling method, level of environmental 
contamination with the eggs of T. saginata, dose 
and viability of egg consumed (Scandrett et al., 
2009). Low infection among the inspected 
animals in the present study area could be due to 
limited number of incisions made on the 
predilections sites. This may in turn lead to 
missing of infected animals as the sensitivity of 
detecting the parasite will decline with limited 
number of incisions (Wanzala et al., 2003). The 
presence and number of cysts in any given site 
varied greatly among animals and demonstrate 
the absence of any true predilection sites for C. 
bovis (Scandrett et al., 2009). The present study 

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East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci., Vol. 1, Issue 1 
 

showed that tongue and shoulder muscle, 
Masseter, heart, and liver were the muscle, 
predilection sites for the cysts of C. bovis which 
is similar to the results of Megerssa et al. 
(2010).  

Regarding the anatomical distribution of the 
cysts, many researchers come up with different 
results like Abunna et al.(2008) and Getachew 
(1990) reported triceps as being frequently 
affected by the cyst, while Mulugeta (1997) 
found as heart as a preferable organ. However, 
the present study showed that the most 
frequently affected organ with the highest 
number of cysts was the tongue which is in 
agreement with different studies conducted in 
different parts of the country (Hailu, 2005; Bedu 
et al., 2011).  

Human taeniasis was a widespread health 
problem in the study area with the prevalence of 
57.79% and agrees with the findings of others, 
64.2% by Taylor et al.(2007), 51.1% by Regassa 
et al.(2008), 56.7% by Bedu et al. (2011). 
However, it was higher than the report from 
Kombolcha (31%) (Endris and Negussie, 2011). 
In the current study, significant association were 
detected between different level of educational 
level in which respondents with college 
education showed lower level of taeniasis 
compared to illiterate (p<0.05). However, the 
rest of respondents factor including raw meat 
consumption showed no significant association 
with taeniasis (p>0.05). This contradicted with 
different researches that got association between 
raw meat consumption with taeniasis (Abunna 
et al., 2008; Megersa et al., 2010; Bedu et al., 
2011; Endris and Negussie, 2011). 

 
 

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 

The recorded prevalence of bovine cysticercosis 
indicated the importance of this disease in the 
study area. The finding of this work 
demonstrates the importance of Taenia saginata 
(taeniasis) and Cysticercus bovis in human and 
animals respectively. The recorded prevalence 
of cysticercosis was found to be lower as 
compared to previous findings from different 
parts of the country. In the study area, the 
introduction of urban and rural health extension 
programs that taught the people intensively to 
use latrine might have a significant role for the 
reduction of Cysticercus bovis prevalence. 
According to selected respondents, higher 
proportion of respondents showed infection 
(taeniasis) at least once in their lifetime. In 
general, the findings of the present study reflects 
the circulation of cysticercosis and taeniasis in 
cattle and human, respectively which deserves 
serious attention by the various stakeholders in 
order to safe guard the public health. In this 
regard different intervention mechanisms like 
strict meat inspection procedures not to miss the 
cystic parasite and public education to create 
awareness on its transmission methods should 
be implemented. 

Acknowledgements 

The authors fully acknowledge Hawassa 
University for the financial support and Dilla 
Municipal abattoir officials as well as workers 
for their willingness to support the active 
abattoir survey. Additionally, all peoples that 
involved in the questionnaire survey were also 
appreciated.  

 
 

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East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci., Vol. 1, Issue 1 
 

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	Cover V1.pdf (p.1)
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	Table of contents Vol1.pdf (p.3-5)
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	Table of contents
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	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

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	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

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	Slide Number 1

	INTRODUCTION
	EXTENSION OF THE MODIFIED MODEL INTO AN OPTIMAL CONTROL
	Optimal protection and hospitalization using modified model
	Existence of an optimal control
	The Hamiltonian and optimality system

	Numerical simulations of optimal control problem
	Optimal control comparisons and strategies

	CONCLUSION
	INTRODUCTION
	INTRODUCTION
	INTRODUCTION
	EXTENSION OF THE MODIFIED MODEL INTO AN OPTIMAL CONTROL
	Optimal protection and hospitalization using modified model
	Existence of an optimal control
	The Hamiltonian and optimality system

	Numerical simulations of optimal control problem
	Optimal control comparisons and strategies

	CONCLUSION
	INTRODUCTION
	INTRODUCTION
	INTRODUCTION
	EXTENSION OF THE MODIFIED MODEL INTO AN OPTIMAL CONTROL
	Optimal protection and hospitalization using modified model
	Existence of an optimal control
	The Hamiltonian and optimality system

	Numerical simulations of optimal control problem
	Optimal control comparisons and strategies

	CONCLUSION
	INTRODUCTION
	INTRODUCTION

