






























East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, Issue 1, 9-16

*Corresponding author:Email: bizuwmmh@gmail.com , +251- 91 1053403 https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/eajbcs.v3i1.2S

Abdurahman Esleman1, Bizuneh Yirga2*, Wondiye Aychiluhim2

1Research Scholar, Department of Sport Science, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
2Department of Sport Science, Hawassa University, Ethiopia

KEYWORDS:

Aerobic fitness;

Body composition;

Cardiovascular

endurance

INTRODUCTION

Physical fitness is the biggest potentiality of
the human beings. It cannot be bought; it can
only be achieved through day to day physical
activity (Bharath and Mukesh, 2011). Regular
physical exercise and fitness are critically

East African Journal of Biophysical and Computational Sciences

Journal homepage : https://journals.hu.edu.et/hu-journals/index.php/eajbcs
Hawassa University

College of Natural & Computational Sciences

Year 2021

Volume xx No xx

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to examine the impact of a 12-week aerobic exercise program on health-related 
physical fitness variables among grade eleven male students at Gonji Preparatory School.  The st-
udy design  was  experimental  method.  Initially,  242  students  aged  from  18  to  22  years 
were purposively selected, but only 108 students fulfilled inclusion criteria of the study. From th-
ese, 51 students declined to participate and 57 were willing to participate. For ease of  
management, only 30 students were selected from these willing groups based on simple random 
sampling technique,which were then grouped equally into control and experimental groups. 
Experimental group was exposed  to  aerobic  exercises  for  40 - 60  minute  a  day  for  3  days  a  
week  during  12-week.  Both study  groups  were  exposed  to  40  minute  per  week  in  school  
regular  physical  education  class during  12-week.  Study  groups  had  taken  pre-test  and  post-test 
measurements.  Paired  t-test  and independent  t-test  were  used  for  data  analysis.  The  level  of  
significant was set at p<0.05. Statistically significant difference have been detected between the 
pre-test and post-test values on experimental  group  in body  composition  (t=-3.571,  p<0.05  and  
cardio-respiratory  fitness  (t=-4.258,  p<0.05),  but  control  group  in  body  composition  (t=-1.786,  
p>0.05  and  cardio-respiratory fitness  (t=-0.091,  p>0.05)  registered  no  statistically  significant  
difference.  The  result  obtained from  experimental  group  indicated  that  there  were  significant  
differences  observed  in  body composition and cardio-respiratory fitness, but not on control 
group. Based on the current finding, a  12-week  moderate  aerobic  exercise  program  for  40 - 60  
minute  a  day  for  3  days  a  week  has positive  effect  on  the  improvement  of  physical  fitness,  but  
not  improvement  40  minute  school regular physical education class, so that it  needs additional 
time  for physical education  class  for grade 11 male students in preparatory schools.

important  for  the  health  and  welfare  of
people  of  all  categories,  whether  they
regularly  participate   in   exercise  (usually
referred as sport)  or  some  type  of  moderate
health-enhancing   physical  activities.   Even
among   frail   adults   and   very  old   adults,
mobility  and  functioning  can  be

Effects of Twelve-Week Aerobic Exercise on Selected Health-Related Physical Fitness

Variables on Gonji Preparatory School Male Students

 
Research article



East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, Issue 1, 9-16

      
     

       
        
      

       
       

          
      

   
 

  
  

 
 
 

 
 

 

  
 

 
 

 
 

  
 

 
 
 
 

   
 
 
 
 

 

  

 
 
 
 
 

   
 
 
 
 
 
 

    
 
 
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
 
 

improved  through  physical  activity  (Butler  et 
al.,  1998).  Correctly  performed  progressive
exercise  increases  the  level  of  fitness  and 
improves  health.  It  also  creates  a  sense  of 
wellbeing,  produce  greater  energy  and  reduce 
the  risk  of  developing  many  diseases.  Exercise 
makes  improvements  on  the  body  systems  over 
and  above  normal  day  to  day  activities  and  as  a 
result,  the  systems  adapt  anatomically  and 
physiologically (Rosser, 2001).

Aerobic  exercise  stimulates  the  cardiovascular
and respiratory systems, as well as major muscle
groups,  resulting  in  improved  physical  and
mental  well-being.  Consistent  engagement  in
aerobic activities promotes notable physiological
changes. Specifically,  aerobic workouts increase
blood  flow  to  various  tissues,  encourage  blood
vessel  angiogenesis  (sprouting  of  new  vessels),
and  optimize  oxygen  transport,  leading  to  more
efficient  nutrient  delivery  to  muscles  and  waste
removal, allowing for sustained activity with less
fatigue (Shahana et al., 2010).

Physical  education  in  schools  builds  students'
competence  and  confidence,  enabling  them  to
participate in a variety of physical activities that
play  a  central  role  in  their  lives,  both  within
and  beyond  the  school  environment.  A  well-
designed  physical  education  curriculum  allows
all  students  to  enjoy  and  excel  in  diverse  forms
of  physical  activity.  The  time  allocated  to
physical  education  in  the  majority  of  schools
has declined with a  consequent  increase  in time
allocation  for  other  academic  subjects (Hillman
et  al.,  2008).  Unfortunately,  many  schools  have
reduced  physical  education   opportunities   in
order  to  dedicate more class time to meet these
academic  standards  (Lavall,  1984).  

Similarly,  the  Federal  Democratic  Republic  of
Ethiopian, the  Ministry  of  Education  has been
developed  a  physical  education  curriculum  in
secondary  and  preparatory  schools  with  a  one-
day  class  schedule  per  week   for  40  minutes
long for both  theoretical  and  practical   sessions.
The  allocation  of  periods  for  secondary,  junior
and  preparatory  schools  have  been  limited
compared  with  other  country  class  schedules
to ensure and develop  student’s  optimal  physical
fitness.  In  California,schools   serving   grades
7–12  are  required  to  provide  a  minimum  of
400   minutes   of   health  physical  education   (i.e
sport)  instruction  over every 10 day period  
(source:(http://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/cr/cf/
documents/,  Accessed on June  12, 2019)

The  objective  of  teaching  physical  education
curriculum  designed  by  Federal  Democratic
Republic  of  Ethiopian  Ministry  of  Education
was  intended  to  develop  and  maintain  all
aspects  of  personality  such  as  physical,  mental
and  social  wellbeing  of  students.  But,  the
question  is  it  possible  within  40  minutes  per
week  class  schedule?  According  to  American
College of Sports Medicine, (2009) participation
in  at  least  30  minutes  of  moderate  physical
activity  per  day  carried  out  3  days  a  week  will
yield  significant  health  benefits.  On  the  other
hand,  Thomas  et  al.  (2004)  stated  that  
an appropriate frequency for aerobic exercise is 
3-5 time per week  and total workout time 
should be able  20-60  minute  depending  on  the  
intensity  of the  activity.  World  health  
organization  (2006)suggests  that  one  should  
take  at  least  10,000 walking  step  counts  
per  day  for  health promotion.  In  Gonji  
preparatory  school,  male students  particularly 
show  high  motivation  to participate  in  
physical  education  class,  the  time allocated for 
physical education period allocated is one 
period per week for 40 minute it might be limit  
them  further  progression  and  intensity  of

10



11

exercise.  This  trend  might  be  made  students
developing  poor  fitness  levels  against  expected
norms  in  each  grade  level.  Based  on  the  period
allocated  for  grade  eleven  students  physical
education class and its effectiveness on physical
fitness  variables  of  students  the  researcher
conducted  this  research  to  fulfilled  gap
investigate  the  effect  of  twelve-week  aerobic
exercise  training  on  selected  health-related
physical  fitness  variables  of  body  composition,
cardio-respiratory  fitness, skeletal  strength,
and muscular endurance. Finally, the researchers
hypothesized an  experimental  group’s  of  body
composition  and  cardio-respiratory  fitness
would  have  significant  differences  following
exercise  interventions  compare  with  control
groups.

Thus,  this   study   was   undertaken   with
the  objective   of   investigating  the   effects   of
aerobic  exercise   training   on   selected
health-related  physical  fitness  parameters  in
Gonji  preparatory  school  grade  eleven  male
students.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Description of the study area

The  study  was  conducted  at  Gonji  preparatory
school by involving grade eleven male students.
Gonji Kolela Woreda is located in West Gojjam
Zone,  Amhara  National  Regional  State.  The
administrative  center  of  West  Gojjam  is
Finoteselam;  it  is  also  the  administrative  center
of  Gonji  kolela  Woreda,  which  lies  72  km
South-east  of  Baihr  Dar  the  Amhara  regional
state capital.

Sampling method and Strategy

For  this  study,  242  grade  eleven  male  students
were  selected  purposively  from  the  target

East  Afr.  J.  Biophys.  Comput.  Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, Issue 1, 9-16

population. Based on inclusion criteria only 108
students  fulfilled  the  criteria,  of  which  51
students  declined  to  participate  and  57  were
volunteer  to  participate  in  the  study.  However,
to  manage  the  study  properly,  only  30  students
were  selected  by  simple  random  sampling
technique  from  57  volunteers.   Then  the  study
subjects  (n=30)  were  randomly  assigned  into
equal  experimental  and  control  groups  (n  =  15)
respectively. The age of these students assigned
in the two groups (n = 30) ranges from 18 to 22
years.  All  students  selected  to  participate  in  the
study were with good health condition.

Study design and methodology

Exercise training protocol

The  necessary  data  were  collected  pre-test  and
post-test  interventions  from  experimental  and
control  groups.  The  training  period  lasted  for
12-week.Study  participants  were  exercised  for
three  nonconsecutive  days  per  week  i.e.
Monday, Wednesday and Friday morning for 40
-  60  minute,  at  50-74%  Hr  max  moderate
intensity.  During  each  training  session,  six
different  exercises  were  performed  in  aerobic
training;  aerobic  dance,  walking,  jogging,
running,  rope  jumping  and  minor  game  of
football. To control the intensity of the exercise,
first the researcher calculated training heart rate
of each student by using Karvonen’s formula for
aerobic  using  the  maximum  heart  rate  to
calculate a  training  threshold  and listed down on
paper  then  counted  their  heart  rate  for  15
seconds  between  the  training  (Costill  et al.,
2008).



12

      
       

        
 

      
        

      
     

         
  

     
           

 

   
   

  
   

 
 

 

 

  

      
        

    
 

      
      

     
 

        
     

 
        

        
     

        
 

      
      

  
 
 
 
 

   

East  Afr.  J.  Biophys.  Comput.  Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, Issue 1, 9-16

Procedure:-Measured  the  student’s  height  in 
meters  and weight  in kilograms.
Scoring:-To  determined  BMI  divided  the 
weight  by  the  height  squared:  BMI  =  weight  /
height2  (Quetelet,  1835).

Data quality control

To  ensure  the  validity  and  reliability  of  the
study, standardized  testing  procedures  and
measurement  instruments  were  employed.
Standardized  instruments  designed  for  data
collection were used to accurately measure study
variables  and  to  assess  data  collection  validity.
To  ensure  the  uniformity, reliability, and
consistency of measurements, each variable was
measured three  times  on each participant, at  the
same  time  of  day, and  under  similar
environmental  conditions.  Measurements  were
consistently  scheduled  at  the  same  time
throughout the testing period and were taken by
the  same  examiner, following  instrument
calibration before each session.

Ethical  consecrations

The  study  procedures  were  approved  by  the
Research  Ethics  Review  Committee  of  Hawassa
University,  College  of  Natural  and
Computational  Sciences  (RERC/004/20),  and
written  informed  consent  was  obtained  from  the
participants.

The benefits of this research  were  highlighted to
participants.  They  were  assured  that  their
participation  in  this  study  is  voluntary,  and  that
it  is  greatly  appreciated.  Clear  awareness  was
also given to all grade eleven male students that
the  choice  not  to  be  involved  in  this  study  was
not affect their future career in any way.

Harvard Step Test

Step  test  was  designed  to  measure 
cardiovascular  fitness  or  endurance  by  using  a 
51  cm  high  bench  or  box  watch  for  timing 
minute. The step test works on the rationale that 
individuals  with  a  high  level  of  cardio-
respiratory  fitness  will  have  a  lower  heart  rate 
during  recovery  from  three  minutes  of 
standardized  exercise  than  less  conditioned
individuals.  The  lower  heart  rate  after  the  test
will be an indicator of being fitter (Brouha et  al.,
1943).

Procedure:-The  test  subject  repeatedly  steps 
onto  and  off  of  a  platform  in  a  cycle  of  two 
seconds.  The  height  of  the  platform  is  51 
centimeters  for  men.  The  participant  must 
maintain  a  stepping  rate  of  30  steps  per  minute 
for  five  minutes  or  until  reaching  exhaustion.  A 
metronome  is  used  to  ensure  the  correct  pace.
Exhaustion  is  defined  as  the  inability  to  sustain 
the  stepping  rate  for  15  seconds.  Upon 
completing  the  test,  the  participant  immediately 
sits  down,  and  heartbeats  are  recorded  at 
intervals  of  1  to  1.5  minutes,  2  to  2.5  minutes,
and 3 to 3.5 minutes.

Scoring:-  the results were recorded  as  time until 
exhaustion  in  seconds  (tc)  and  total  heartbeats 
counted  (hb).  It  is  plotted  into  a  simple  fitness 
index  equation:  tcx100/hb  x  2  (Brouha  et  al.,
1943).

Body  Mass  Index

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a calculation used to 
estimate body fat based on a person's height and 
weight, applicable to both men and women.  The 
purpose  of  BMI  is  to  determine  the  ideal 
body  weight  in  relation  to  body  fat  and  lean 
tissue.



East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, Issue 1, 9-16

13

experimental group (EG) and Control group
(CG), respectively. These showed that the study
participants’ characteristics were homogeneous
groups.

Experimental and control groups data analyzed
within-groups by paired t-test and between-
group effects analyzed by independent t-test
design were applied during pretest and post-test
of exercise interventions’. Experimental and
control groups were participated in regular
physical education programs aligned with the
Ministry of Education school curriculum one
period of 40-minute per week. In addition the
experimental group engaged 12-week aerobic
exercise training for 3 days per week for 40 up
to 60 minutes per session.

RESULTS

The results of the study purpose at the effects of
aerobic exercise on selected health-related
physical fitness parameters in Gonji preparatory
school male students are summarized in table 1.

.

Table- 1: Paired t-test analysis result of the pre-test and post-test data of the experimental
group and control group

Variables (n=30) Group Pre-test
x̅± SD

Post-test
x̅± SD

t p

BMI (kg/m2)
Experimental group 18.97±1.33 18.35±1.10 9.64 0.000*
Control group 19.77±1.12 19.81±1.14 1.72 0.107

Harvard step test
(30 steps/ minute)

Experimental group 104.53±12.55 118.27±12.55 -12.06 0.000*
Control group 104.13±11.45 103.67±12.41 -0.344 0.736

BMI: Body mass Index, *Significant at p<0.05 level

Body mass index (BMI) and Harvard step test
pre-test and post-test data of control group
revealed that (t=-1.72, p>0.05) and (t=-0.344,
p>0.05) no statistical significant. On the other

hand, experimental group in body mass index
pre-test and post-test data (t = 9.64,p <0.05) and
Harvard step test (t =-12.06,p < 0.05) have been
found statistical significant.

Each  participant  was  allocated  a  number  and
alphabetical  code  to  ensure  that  confidentiality
and  anonymity  is  maintained.  Information
sheets,  agreement  and  consent  forms  have  been
translated  into  the  national  language  of
Ethiopian in Amharic.

All  data  will  be  kept  in  the  possession  of  the
principal  research  team,  and  will  be  destroyed
five years after the completion of this study.

Data analysis

The  collected  data  were  analyzed  using
statistical  package  software  for  social  science
(SPSS) version 20.  Paired t-test and independent
t-test  were  used  for  data  analysis.  The  level  of
significant was set at p<0.05.

The  characteristics  of  study  participants  mean
and standard deviation (SD)  of age (yr.), height
(m), weight (Kg) and maximum heart rate were
19.13±0.74,  1.69±  0.06,  54.39  ±  4.82  and
200.86±0.74, and  19.07±0.88, 1.68±  0.04, and
55.78±3.65  and  200.93±0.88  for  the



East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, Issue 1, 9-16

14

Table -2: Independent t-test analysis result of the pre-test and post-test data of the
experimental group and control group

Variables (n=30) Group Pre-test
x̅± SD

Post-test
x̅± SD

t p

BMI (kg/m2)
Experimental group 18.97±1.33 18.35±1.10 -3.57 0.001
Control group 18.78±1.12 19.81±1.14 -1.79 0.085

Harvard step test
(30 steps/ minute)

Experimental group 104.53±12.55 118.27±12.55 -4.26 0.000
Control group 104.13±11.45 103.67±12.41 0.091 0.928

*Significant at p<0.05 level

As summarized in table 2, body mass index pre-
test and post-test data of the control group (t =-
1.79, p > 0.05) and Harvard step test (t =0.091,p
> 0.05) have been found no statistical
significant. Whereas, in the experimental group

the pre-test and post-test body mass index data
(t = -3.57, p<0.05) and Harvard step test (t = -
4.26, p < 0.05) have been found statistical
significant.

DISCUSSION

In this study, a statistical significance reduction
in BMI and Harvard step test values has been
determined for male students participated in 12
weeks aerobic workout.

When pre-test and post-test values with-in
groups experimental group were examined, the
difference in the body mass index average
before exercise (18.97±1.33) and after exercise
(18.35±1.10) was statistically significant (p <
0.05). On the other hand, pre-test and post-test
values with-in control group were examined,
body mass index average before exercise
(19.77±1.12) and after exercise (19.81±1.14)
was not statistically significance (p > 0.05).
These findings are comparable with the findings
of Arslan (2011) who investigated the effect of
two exercise protocols (step-up and aerobic
dance exercise) on body composition
parameters after eight-week exercise. The study
participants took part in a step-up and aerobic
dance exercise programs for one hour per day, 3
days a week for 8 weeks. After the eight weeks

of  the  step-up  and  aerobic  dance  exercise
program,  it  was  found  that  the  decrease  in  the
waist  body  mass  index  in  exercise  groups  was
significant.  Similarly,  Patricia   (2008)  tried  to
examine  the   effects  of  a  12-week   exercise
based  training  program  on  aerobic  fitness  and
body  composition.  Their  study  found  that
exercise  training  significantly  improved  body
mass  index  of   the  exercise   group,  but  on the
contrary,  the  body  weight  of  the  control  group
increased  significantly   at  the  end  of  the  12-
week  exercise  intervention  program  period.
Based on the  findings of the current  study,  in
parallel   with   the  literature,  aerobic  exercises
program  can result  a  positive effect  in body fat
percentage.

Following 12-week aerobic exercise training the
difference  in  the  Harvard  step  test  average
before  exercise  (104.53  ±  12.55)  and  after
exercise  (118.27±12.55)  in  experimental  group
was  statistically  significant(p  <  0.05).  On  the
contrary,  the  difference  in  the  Harvard  step  test
average  before  exercise  (104.13±11.45)  and
after  exercise  (103.67±12.41)  in  the  control
group  was  not  statistically  significant  (p  >
0.05).  In  lie   with   this,  Williams   and
Morton



East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, Issue 1, 9-16

15

(1986)also conducted a 12-week aerobic dance
exercise protocol. Accordingly, significant
improvements were observed in VO2 max,
increased lean body mass and decreased body
fat percentage following the 12 weeks exercise
intervention. However, the difference of these
parameters in the control group were not
statistical significant. Mahendran (2009) also
conducted similar study on the effects of 12-
week aerobic exercises on selected health-
related variables of body composition,
cardiovascular endurance and muscular
endurance. The exercise program protocols were
walking, jogging, running and rope skipping at
the end of exercise interventions a 12-minutes
run test was given for the study participants.
Mahendran I his finding showed that statistical
significant in body composition, cardiovascular
endurance and muscular on the study
participants of experimental group p < 0.05.
were observed, but not on control group. It can
be can conclude that walking, jogging, running
and aerobic dance increase the performance of
step test exercise according to the study findings
which is parallel to the literature.

CONCLUSION

Based on the major finding of this study, it was
conclude that 12-week aerobic exercise training
program has significantly improved on student’s
cardio-respiratory fitness and body composition
on the study participants of experimental group.
On the contrary, Student’s participated in
regular physical education class for 40-minute
per week assigned as control group has no
significant improvement on selected health
related physical fitness components of cardio-
respiratory fitness and body composition. So
that, based on the findings indicated 40-minute
physical education period may be limiting the

students’ performance to improve health-related
physical fitness components. Therefore, it is
better to revisit the period allocation of regular
physical education practical class, i.e. the
allocated, 40 minute per week for grade eleven
curriculum needs modification to protect the
student’s health through movement and enhance
physically fit, mentally alert, emotional stable
and socially interactive citizens.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank College of Natural
and Computational Sciences of Hawassa
University Research Ethics Review Committee
(RERC) for permitting us ethical approval for
implementation of this manuscript.

References
American College of Sports Medicine 2009.ACSM

Guidelines for Exercise Testing and
Prescription 9th ed. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, Philadelphia, 346 pp.

Arslan F. 2011. The effects of an eight-week step-
aerobic dance exercise program on body
composition parameters in middle-aged
sedentary obese women. Int. J. Sports
Med..12(4):160-168.

Bharath M. and Mukesh G. 2011.A Comparative
Study of Physical Fitness of Central, Navodaya
and Adarsh residential schools’ students of
Gujarat State. Asia J. Phys. Edu. Comp, Sci.
4(1):41-42.

Brouha L., Heath C.W. and, Graybiel A. 1943. Step
test simple method of measuring physical
fitness for hard muscular work in adult men.
Rev. Canadian Biol. 86 (2).

Butler R.N., Davis R., Lewis C.B., Nelson M.E. and
Strauss E. 1998.Physical fitness benefits of
exercising for the older Patient. 3(10):46-62.

California Department of Education 2009.Reference
Guide, 2012–13 California Physical Fitness
Test.(http://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/cr/cf/document/,
Accessed on June 12, 2019).



East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, Issue 1, 9-16

16

Costill D. L., Kenney W. L., & Wilmore J.
2008.Physiology of sport and exercise. Human
kinetics publisher, California.265 pp.

Hillman C. H., Erickson K. I. and Kramer A. F.
2008. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise
effects on brain and cognition Nat. Neuro Sci. 9
(1): 68 -76.

Lavall E.H., Shepherd R.J. and Volle M. 1984.An
Endurance Fitness Program in Primary School
Children. Community Health Studies. 3 (2): 45-
56

Mahendran P. 2009.Effect of 12 Weeks aerobic
exercises on selected health-related physical
fitness and physiological variables of
adolescents. Unpublished MSc Thesis,
Pondicherry University, Pondicherry.128 pp.

Patricia W. 2006.Concepts of physical fitness.
Active lifestyles for wellness. 13thedition. New
York: McGraw-Hill.

Quetelet A. 1835. A Treatise on man and the
development of his faculties. New York: Rosser
printing.

Rosser M. 2001.Body Fitness and Exercises.2nd

edition. New Delhi. 342 pp.
Shahana A., Usha S.N. and Hasrani S.S. 2010.

Effect of Aerobic exercise program on Health
Related physical fitness components of middle
Aged women Br. J. Sports Med. B 4 (4): 19-
23.

Thomas D., Paul M. and Walton T. 2004. Fit &
Well: Core Concept and Labs in Physical
Fitness and Wellness. California State
University. McGraw-Hill Companies.6th ed. 385
pp.

Williams L.D. and Morton A.R. 1986.Changes in
selected cardio-respiratory responses to
exercise and in body composition following a
12‐week aerobic dance program. J. Sports Sci.
J. 4(3):189-199.

World Health Organization (WHO) 2006. Obesity
and Physical Activity: The 2006 Technical
Report Series. WOH, Geneva, Switzerland.

.


	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 2.pdf
	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 4
	Slide Number 5
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1

	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 4
	Slide Number 5
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1

	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 4
	Slide Number 5
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1

	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 2.pdf
	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 4
	Slide Number 5
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1

	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 4
	Slide Number 5
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1

	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 4
	Slide Number 5
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1


