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*Corresponding author: 
  Email: desie.s@hu.edu.et,+251-916832419   https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/eajbcs.v6i1.3S 
 

 

 
Cattle Trypanosomosis and Associated Risk Factors in Abala Abaya District, Wolaita Zone, 

Southern Ethiopia 
 

Abera Olke1 and Desie Sheferaw2* 
 

1Wolaita Zone MOARD, Southern Region, Ethiopia 
2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O.Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia  
 

KEYWORDS:  
Bovine; 
Buffy Coat; 
Glossina; 
PCV; 
Trypanosomosis; 
Ethiopia  
 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT 
Cattle trypanosomosis is a unicellular protozoan disease that causes serious economic losses 
due to its impact on production and productivity. A cross sectional study was done in Abala 
Abaya district, Wolaita zone, southern Region of Ethiopia. The study was conducted from 
November 2023 to April 2024 with the objective of estimating the prevalence of cattle 
trypanosomosis and assessing the associated risk factors for the occurrence of the disease. 
Systemic random sampling technique was used to select 256 study cattle. Buffy coat 
technique was used to examine for the presence of Trypanosoma spp. and to measure PCV 
of each studied animal.  The overall prevalence of cattle trypanosomosis was 18.8% (n=48, 
95% CI=14.4-24.0). Two species of Trypanosoma were identified in area, namely: T. 
congolense (62.5%) and T. vivax (22.9%). The proportion of T. congolense was significantly 
higher (p< 0.05) than Trypanosoma vivax. The mean PCV of cattle infected by trypanosome 
significantly (p <0.05) lower than the non-infected cattle. Generally, this study revealed that 
the prevalence of trypanosomosis was higher in Abala Abaya. Further research to explore 
the prevailing lower overall mean PCV of cattle in the area and timely implementation of 
different feasible control measures are recommended.

 
 
INTRODUCTION 

Ethiopia possessed huge number of livestock 
population. However, the low economic returns 
from these resources are associated with several 
factors such as animal diseases, poor 
management, and low genetic potential of 
indigenous breeds (CSA, 2022). Trypanosomosis 
is one of the protozoan diseases that puts a 
significant impediment to cattle production, and 
negatively influencing the overall growth of 
agriculture in general; and the nation’s food self-
reliance efforts in particular (Abebe, 2005).  

Trypanosomosis is a haemoparasitic disease that 
is caused by unicellular protozoan parasites, 
genus Trypanosoma. Trypanosoma species are 
transmitted either cyclically by Glossina spp. or 
mechanically by biting flies like Tabanus spp. 
and Stomoxys spp. (Constable et al., 2017; 
Oluwafemi et al., 2007; Uilenberg, 1998). In 
Ethiopia, the most commonly reported and 
predominant Trypanosoma spp. include: T. 
congolense and T. vivax (Leta et al., 2016). It 
reproduces in the bloodstream, lymphatic 
vessels, and tissue like central nervous system 
(Constable et al., 2017). Trypanosomosis is 
characterized by intermittent fever, progressive 

East African Journal of Biophysical and Computational Sciences 
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Research article 



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27 
 

development of anaemia, and loss of body 
condition, and if untreated can leads to death of 
the infected animal (Constable et al., 2017; 
Taylor et al., 2007; Bourn et al., 2001).  

Animal trypanosomosis is a serious constraint to 
cattle production, posing a threat to household 
food security and livelihoods of the community. 
The disease costs the cattle sector through 
mortality, reduction in milk production and body 
weight, and cost of control and treatment (Kizza 
et al., 2021). Moreover, Trypanosoma spp. 
influences the ovulatory and oestrous activity 
(Obasi et al., 1999), pituitary function (Abebe et 
al., 1993) and reproduction (Ogwu et al., 1984) 
of cattle.  

Animal trypanosomosis is one of the livestock 
diseases that impaired cattle productivity in 
Abala Abaya district. There is a complaint from 
livestock owners in the district. Therefore, the 
purpose of the current study was to estimate the 
prevalence of cattle trypanosomosis, and to 
assess the potential risk factor predisposing to the 
infection.  

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Description of the Study Area 

The study was carried out in five selected kebeles 
of Abala Abaya, namely: Mareka, Ajaja, Shoya, 
Gafata and Faricho. Abala Abaya district is 
found in Wolaita Zone, Southern Regional State, 
Ethiopia. Geographically, the Abala Abaya 
district lies between 37°44′10" and 37°54′20" E 
longitudes and 6°35′0" to 6°45′10" N latitudes. 
The altitude ranges the district is 700 to 2275 
meters above sea level. The average annual 
rainfall of the area is 854 mm, and the mean 
annual temperature is 21.9°C. The area is known 

by mixed farming, crop and livestock, practice, 
and the community in the area kept livestock that 
include cattle, sheep, goats and equines.  

 

Study design 

The study, a prospective in type, was conducted 
from November, 2023 to April, 2024. The 
prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 
estimated, and the potential risk factors were 
investigated by using a cross-sectional study 
design. Also Trypanosoma spp. prevailing in the 
area was identified.  

Study population 

The study animals were cattle (i.e. both local and 
cross breeds) that include both male and female, 
different age groups and body condition scores. 
The study cattle were managed under extensive 
production system. The body condition score of 
the study animals were grouped in to three: poor, 
medium and good as described by Nicholson and 
Butterworth (1989). Their ages were estimated 
based on teeth dentition (Dee Fails and Magee, 
2018) and information obtained from the owners.  

Sample size determination and sampling 
method 

The required sample size for the study was 
computed according to the formula described by 
Thrusfield (2018). For sample size computation 
expected prevalence of 5% that reported by 
Hundessa et al. (2021) was taken in to account. 
The computed value was 73 animals, but to 
increase accuracy of the study this value 
multiplied by 3.5, and hence, the total sample 
size of the study was 256 cattle. The study 



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28 
 

considered 5% desired absolute precision and 
95% confidence interval.  

The study cattle were selected by systematic 
random sampling (i.e. Every 15 cattle were 
selected) method from purposively selected five 
Kebeles. The study cattle selection was done in 
the grazing field and in the morning.  

Study methodology 

Sample collection  

Animals selected for study were properly 
restrained, and the marginal ear vein areas 
disinfected by 70% denatured alcohol. Then it 
was punctured by using blood lancet and then 
blood samples were taken with heparinized 
haematocrit tubes. The blood samples were 
collected with haematocrit capillary tubes to the 
level of ¾ of its length and one end of the tube 
sealed by crystal seal.  

Laboratory examination 

The laboratory work was done at the site of 
sample collection by using portable laboratory 
equipment (Microscope, centrifuge, generator, 
capillary tube, hematocrit reader, microscopic 
slide, cover slide, blood lancet and field table). 
On the field, the tubes with blood samples were 
placed in haematocrit centrifuge with the sealed 
end kept outward, and then it was centrifuged at 
12,000rpm for five minutes. After that the tube 
taken out of the centrifuge and the Packed Cell 
Volume (Uilenberg, 1998; Murray, 1977) was 
measured by using haematocrit reader and the 
reading expressed in percentage of the total 

volume of blood. Those animals with PCV less 
than 24% were considered to be anaemic (OIE, 
2008). The haematocrit capillary tube was cut by 
diamond tipped pencil 1mm below the buffy coat 
(Murray, 1977). The content of the capillary tube 
was then expressed onto a microscopic slide and 
covered by cover slip. Immediately it was 
examined under 10X and 40X objective lenses to 
identify the Trypanosoma spp. based on the 
movement pattern of the parasite (OIE, 2018; 
Uilenberg, 1998; Paris et al., 1982).  

Data Management and Data Analysis  

Collected data summarized by descriptive 
statistics like mean and percentage. 
Trypanosome infection prevalence was 
calculated by dividing the number of positive 
cattle by the total number examined and 
multiplying by 100. The association of cattle 
trypanosome infection and the potential risk 
factors (i.e. sex, age, and body condition score) 
investigated by univariable logistic regression 
analysis; and for this purpose STATA version 14 
software was used for data analysis.  

RESULTS 

The overall prevalence of cattle trypanosomosis 
was 18.8% (n=48, 95% CI=14.4-24.0). The 
analysis of the potential risk factors considered 
during the study was shown below (Table 1). 
Two Trypanosoma spp., T. congolense and T. 
vivax, were in the study district. Of the positive 
cases, nearly 23%, 15% and 62% were because 
of T.vivax, T.congolense and mixed infection, 
respectively.  

 
  



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Table 1: Prevalence of trypanosome and univariable logistic regression analysis of the potential 
risk factors analysis 
Risk 
Factors 

Category No. examined No. positive (%) 95 % CI OR χ2 p-value 

Kebele  Mareka 50 8 (16.0) 8.1-29.1 Ref - - 
Ajaja 51 10 (19.6) 10.8-33.0 1.28 0.47 0.636 
Shoya 52 10 (19.2) 10.6-32.4 1.25 0.43 0.669 
Faricho 52 11 (21.2) 12.0-34.5 1.41 0.67 0.505 
Gafata 51 9 (17.7) 9.4-30.8 1.13 0.22 0.825 

Body 
condition 

Good 49 7 (14.3) 6.9-27.3 Ref - - 
Medium 136 21 (15.4) 10.3-22.6 1.10 0.19 0.847 
Poor 71 20 (28.2) 18.9-39.8 2.35 1.76 0.078 

Age 1-3 year 87 18 (20.7) 13.4-30.6 1.27 0.63 0.528 
4-5 year 94 16 (17.0) 10.7-26.1 Ref - - 
>6 year 75 14 (18.7) 11.3-29.2 1.12 0.28 0.781 

Sex  Male 110 21 (19.1) 12.7-27.6 Ref 0.12 0.903 
Female 146 27 (18.5) 12.6-25.7 0.96 - - 

Overall  256 48 (18.8) 14.4-20.0    
 

The mean PCV of infected cattle was lower 
(19.8%) than the mean PCV of non-infected 

cattle (24.8%) and the difference in mean PCV 
was statistically significant (p< 0.05) (Table 2). 

Table 2. Mean PCV value of infected and non-infected cattle 
Conditions No. examined Mean PCV (%) SE 95% CI t-test P-value 

Infected 48 19.8 0.48 18.8-20.7 12.6 0.000 

Non-infected 208 24.8 0.32 24.1-25.4 Ref. - 

Overall 256 23.8 0.31 23.2-24.4   

 

DISCUSSION  

Trypanosomosis is negatively influencing the 
growth of agriculture in general, and particularly 
the livestock sector. The overall prevalence of 
cattle trypanosomosis in Abala Abaya district 
was 18.8% (95% CI=14.4-24.0%). This 
observation is agreed with Ginta and Abegaz 
(2022) who reported 18.5% (95% CI= 13.1-
23.9). On the other hand the present result is 
higher than the reports from various areas of 
Southern Region of the country (Fesseha et al., 

2022; Seyoum et al., 2022; Eyasu et al., 2021; 
Hundessa et al., 2021; Takele et al., 2020; Girma 
et al., 2014; Begna et al., 2011). Higher 
prevalence of trypanosomosis also reported from 
southern Region of Ethiopia (Zeryehun and 
Abraham, 2012). These differences in the 
prevalence of the disease among the studies 
might be partly related to the variation in 
ecology, tsetse fly contact with cattle, tsetse fly 
density and tsetse fly infection rate (Gebre et al., 
2022; Constable et al., 2017; Leak et al., 1999; 
Rowland et al., 1993).  



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Two Trypanosoma spp., namely T. congolense 
and T. vivax, were encountered during the study 
in Abala Abaya district. Moreover, T. congolense 
(62.5%; 95% CI= 47.9-75.1) was the 
predominant species identified followed by T. 
vivax (22.9%, 95% CI=13.1-37.1). The 
predominancy of T. congolense was reported 
from various areas of the country (Gebre et al., 
2022; Eyasu et al., 2021; Tsegaye et al., 2021; 
Teshome and Biamesh, 2020; Anjulo et al., 
2019; Leta et al., 2016; Fayisa et al., 2015; 
Biyazen et al., 2014; Desta et al., 2013; Zeryehun 
and Abraham, 2012; Daud and Molalegne, 2011; 
Abebe, 2005). This might be related the 
development of better immune response to T. 
vivax by the infected hosts (Taylor et al., 2004; 
Leak et al., 1993). Moreover, the predominance 
of T. congolense in Ethiopian cattle is largely due 
to higher transmission efficiency by tsetse flies, 
its greater pathogenicity and persistence, suitable 
environmental conditions, and ongoing vector 
control strategies. 

The mean PCV of cattle infected with 
trypanosome was significantly lower (19.8%; 
95% CI=18.8-20.7; p< 0.05) than the mean PCV 
of non-infected animals (24.8%; 95% CI=24.1-
25.4). This observation is in a general agreement 
with many authors report (Fesseha et al., 2022; 
Kedir et al., 2016; Fayisa et al., 2015). This 
difference could reflect the impact of 
trypanosomosis on the PCV of infected hosts. 

Lower PCV is one of the symptoms for 
trypanosomosis (Constable et al., 2017).  
Reduction of PCV is an indication of anaemia, 
which is caused due to erythrophagocytosis, 
suppressed erythropoiesis and haemaolysis 
(Sudan et al., 2023; Akinbamijo et al., 1998).   

CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 

The study revealed that an overall prevalence of 
cattle trypanosomosis in Abala Abaya district 
was higher (18.8%). This could greatly influence 
the health as well as the productivity of cattle. 
Trypanosoma spp. circulating in the study area 
includes T. congolense and T. vivax. The mean 
PCV of cattle infected by trypanosome was 
significantly higher than the non-infected one. 
The lower overall mean PCV of cattle in the area 
need to be further explored and different feasible 
control measures should be timely introduced in 
the study area.  

Acknowledgements 

The author would like to forward heartfelt 
gratitude to the animal owners for the permission 
provided to collect peripheral blood sample from 
their animals. We also extend our sincere 
appreciation for technical and material support 
provided by the research team of the STEP 
Southern Project Office.  

 

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