Microsoft Word - Asrat Solomon _ A Study on assessment of community KAP toward bovine tuberculosis_ DOI East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2024), Vol. 5, Issue. 2, 29-40 Asrat Solomon Kenasew 1*, Said Mohammed Harar1, Alemitu Ketema Tamirat1, Metadel Molto1 1College of Agricultural and Natural Resource, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Jinka University, P.O. Box: 165, Jinka, Ethiopia KEYWORDS: Attitude; Bovine Tuberculosis; Jinka town; Knowledge; Practice ABSTRACT Bovine tuberculosis is yet a major public health problem throughout the world, including African countries like Ethiopia. Limited public knowledge about the disease, coupled with negative attitudes and poor health practices, are contributing to this issue. A cross- sectional study was carried out from March 2023 to July 2023 to assess the community knowledge, attitude, and practice on Bovine Tuberculosis in Jinka Town. Questionnaire survey and retrospective data were used as a tool for data collection. Among 382 respondents, 254 (66.5%) knew about Bovine tuberculosis, whereas 128 (33.5%) respondents did not have any idea about the disease. Except sex, other predictors like age, marital status, educational level and occupation were significantly associated with knowledge and preventive practices towards Bovine tuberculosis. Respondents had misconceptions on zoonotic importance of the disease and 95 (24.87%) respondents consume raw milk. Regarding retrospective data result, among 1278 patients examined for Tuberculosis, 316 (24.7%) and 5 (0.39%) were positive for pulmonary and extra pulmonary Tuberculosis in 2020 G.C. During 2021 G.C, among 1066 patients examined for Tuberculosis, 190 (17.8%) and 12 (1.12%) patients were positive for pulmonary and extra pulmonary Tuberculosis respectively. Number of patients for pulmonary and extrapulmonary were increased to 18.25% and 4% respectively in 2022 G.C. Since there were misconceptions among the respondents, awareness creation and detailed investigation on the status of Bovine and human Tuberculosis was recommended. INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Ethiopia has 70 million cattle, 42.9 million sheep, 52.5 million goats, 2.15 million horses, 10.8 million donkeys, 0.38 million mules and 8.1 million camels (CSA, 2020). Despite this abundant cattle population in the country, the livestock sub-sector is generally less productive, its capacity is small, and its direct contribution Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) remains to be a major public health problem throughout the world, including Ethiopia. The condition is worse in low income countries like Ethiopia, where lower knowledge, attitude, and practice East African Journal of Biophysical and Computational Sciences Journal homepage : https://journals.hu.edu.et/hu-journals/index.php/eajbcs Assessment of Community Knowledge, Attitude and Practices toward Bovine Tuberculosis in Jinka Town, Southern Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Email: asratsolomon48@gmail.com +251-920440837 https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/eajbcs.v5i2.3S to the national economy is minimal (Shitaye et al., 2007). The poor health condition of its livestock has been one of the responsible factors for the low productivity and hence profitability (Giday and Teklehaymanot, 2013). Research article East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2024), Vol. 5, No. 2, 29-40 30 (KAP) of the publics is poor about the disease (Adugna et al., 2023). Bovine Tuberculosis (TB) is characterized by the formation of tubercles, which are distinct granulomatous lesions in affected organs and tissues that exhibit varying degrees of calcification, necrosis, and encapsulation (Thakur et al., 2020). This disease is the second main cause of death from an infection disease world-wide, after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most serious public health issues in the world, infecting billions of people each year and ranking as the second highest cause of death from an infectious disease behind HIV/AIDS. In 2013, about 9 million new TB cases and 1.5 million TB deaths were estimated. About 85 percent of the disease burden is found in Asia and Africa (WHO, 2014). The TB situation has worsened over the last three decades, which can be attributed to the HIV/AIDS pandemic (Getahun et al., 2010). Mycobacterium bovis is not the major source of human tuberculosis, but humans remain susceptible to bovine tuberculosis (Bulto,2012). Humans can be infected primarily by ingesting the agent by drinking raw milk containing the infective bacilli, secondly, by inhaling infective droplets when there is close contact between the owner and his/her cattle, especially at night since in some cases they share shelters with their animals. In some countries, it is estimated that up to 10% of human tuberculosis are due to bovine tuberculosis (Gebremedhin et al., 2014). Furthermore, M. bovis can infect human when raw meat and other products from infected animals (Malama et al., 2013) are consumed or by inhaling infective droplets or direct exposure to infected animals (Verma et al., 2014). Ethiopia has one of the world's highest rates of human tuberculosis, which is primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is imperative that tuberculosis positive animals must be slaughtered (culled); as soon as the initial group of reactors is removed, rigorous hygienic practices must be put in place to control the spread of infection. This involves thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting all feed troughs with a hot, 5% phenol solution. In general terms, control measures of bovine tuberculosis in the traditional extensive production systems are more difficult and complex (OIE, 2009). Statement of Problem Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animal to human. It induces a substantial economic impact through high cost of eradication programs and the severe consequences for movements of animals and their products, biodiversity, public health and substantial economic effect (Le Roex et al., 2013, Rodriguez-Campos, et al., 2014). Zoonotic tuberculosis incidence varies across regions and countries, with higher rates observed where there is close contact between people and large cattle populations, particularly when unpasteurized milk and dairy products are frequently consumed (Kock et al., 2021). Ethiopia is one of the African countries where BTB is considered as expanding disease in animals. Diagnosis of BTB in Ethiopia is usually carried out on the basis of tuberculin test, meat inspection at the abattoir and rarely on bacteriological techniques (Ameni et al., 2003). But researchers conducted milk borne zoonosis so far in Jinka town revealed that there is still a gap in KAP towards the zoonotic diseases. The KAP towards BTB alone was not studied in East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2024), Vol. 5, No. 2, 29-40 31 Jinka town and that is why the current research was contemplated in the study area. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objective of assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices towards Bovine tuberculosis in Jinka town of southern, Ethiopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of the Study Area The study was conducted from March 2023 to July 2023 in Jinka town which is the capital city of South Omo Zone. It is located in the hills north of the Tama Plains. Currently, Jinka is the center of Jinka town administration. It has a latitude and Longitude of 5°47′N and 36°34′E Coordinates respectively and an elevation of 1490 meters above sea level. The average annual temperature and precipitation are 21.1°C and 1274 mm, respectively. It is 750 KM south of the main capital city of the country, Addis Ababa. Currently, it is one of the seats for six regional bureaus of Southern Ethiopia. The town has 40,311 cattle, 11,411 Goats, 2868 Sheep, 95,718 poultry, and 1402 equine population (Jinka town Agriculture office, 2023). Study Population The study population were individuals who are resident in Jinka town with different Socio- demographic characteristics. This study includes individuals of sex, different age categories, different occupation, different marital status, and those, which were found on different educational levels. Besides this, the target populations were interviewed with specific questions related to knowledge, attitude, and practice of the community toward Bovine Tuberculosis. Study Design A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2023 to July 2023 to assess the community knowledge, attitude, and practice on Bovine Tuberculosis in Jinka Town. Accordingly, individuals will be selected by simple random sampling. Sample Size Determination The study population of the current study was comprised of simple randomly selected students of different educational levels (elementary, high schools, colleges), farmers, a governmental and self-employee that are found in Jinka town and its surroundings. Thus, the formula given by Yamane (1967) for the questionnaire survey was employed to calculate the sample size required for this study. 𝑛 = 𝑁 (1 + 𝑁 ∗ (𝑒) ) where n -sample size, N-population size = 20,267 Jinka town Population (Jinka town Finance and economic development office, 2023), e-acceptable sampling error =0.05, 95% confidence level and p= 0.05 were assumed. Hence, the total sample size was calculated to be 392. Method of Data Collection Questionnaire Survey A structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the community settled on urban and peri-urban areas of the study area. In addition, the socio- East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2024), Vol. 5, No. 2, 29-40 32 demographic information of each respondent was recorded. Randomly selected individuals who live within the different locality of the study areas (i.e. the study population) were the target group for this study. The questionnaire was administered to the randomly selected individuals by common local language in (Amharic and Ari language) during the interview. There was a brief discussion on the objective of the survey and respondents were asked for their consent before administration of the questionnaire. Retrospective Data Retrospective data (cases of Tuberculosis in 3 consecutive years starting from 2020 to 2022) was collected from Jinka General Hospital in order to compare the prevalence of the disease and the level of the knowledge in the town. It was also important to have data of age-related cases of Tuberculosis. Data management and Analysis All collected data were entered into the Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheet, coded and then imported to STATA version-13 statistical software for descriptive statistical analysis. Pearson’s chi-square (2) test was used to access knowledge, attitude and practice with their respective age, sex, education level, marital status and occupation towards bovine tuberculosis disease. In all the analysis, confidence level was held at 95% and statistical analysis was considered as significant at p<0.05 RESULTS Respondents’ Socio Demographic Characteristics The response rate was 382 (97.45%). 10 (2.55%) respondents didn’t respond for the questionnaire during the study period. Among the respondents, 284 (74.3%) and 98 (25.7%) were male and female, respectively. Among the age groups, adults were the dominating group with 292 (76.4%) and youths were 90 (23.6%). Of the total respondents, 268 (70.2%) were married and 114 (29.8%) were unmarried, 50 (13.09%) were illiterate and 232 (86.92%) were considered as educated (Table 1). Table 1: Socio demographic characteristics of respondents in Jinka Town (n=382) Variables Frequency Percentage (%) Sex Male 284 74.3 Female 98 25.7 Age Youth (15-24 yrs) 90 23.6 Adult (>25 yrs) 292 76.4 Marital Status Married 268 70.2 Unmarried 114 29.8 Educational level Illiterate 50 13.09 Primary School 116 30.37 Secondary School 96 25.13 Diploma, degree and above 120 31.41 East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2024), Vol. 5, No. 2, 29-40 33 Knowledge of Respondents on Bovine Tuberculosis A total of 254 (66.5%) respondents in the study area knew about bovine tuberculosis whereas 128 (33.5%) respondents haven’t heard about the disease. Among the informed / knowledgeable respondents, 213 (83.86%) knew that bacteria causes Bovine tuberculosis. About 80% (n=204) respondents clearly mentioned emaciation as a clinical sign of BTB. Among the respondents who knew about BTB (n=254), 208 (81.89%) knew that Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease where as 46 (18.11%) did not have any idea about its zoonotic nature. Likewise, 147 (57.87%) respondents knew that ingestion of raw milk can transmit Bovine TB from animal to human (Table 2). Table 2: Knowledge of respondents regarding Bovine Tuberculosis (n=382) Variables Frequency Percentage (%) Know BTB before Yes 254 66.5 No 128 33.5 Knowledge on cause of the disease (n=254) Bacteria 213 83.86 Parasite 11 4.33 Shortage of feed 12 4.72 Religion 18 7.09 Clinical signs of BTB (n=254) Lethargy 17 6.7 Coughing 31 12.2 Lymph node enlargement 2 0.79 Emaciation 204 80.31 Zoonotic disease (n=254) Yes 208 81.89 No 46 18.11 Method of transmission to human (n=254) Consumption of raw milk 147 57.87 Consumption of raw meat 62 24.41 Through cold air 26 10.24 I do not know 19 7.48 Relationship Between Knowledge about Bovine Tuberculosis and the Variables Among 284 male and 98 female respondents, 195 (68.79%) and 59 (60.2%) were knowledgeable on BTB, respectively. The remaining 31.33% males and 39.9% females did not have any idea about the disease. Regarding the age groups, only 40% of the youths knew about the disease and 74.66% of the adults had good knowledge towards BTB. Based on educational level, 78% of Illiterate respondents had poor knowledge on the disease. Except sex, all independent variables (Age, Marital Status, and Educational Level) considered in this study were significantly associated with the Knowledge of Bovine Tuberculosis (P<0.05) (Table 3). East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2024), Vol. 5, No. 2, 29-40 34 Table 3: Relationship between knowledge on Bovine Tuberculosis and the variables Variables Number of respondents Know About BTB 2 P- value Yes (%) No (%) Sex Male 284 195 (68.67) 89 (31.33) 2.3393 0.126 Female 98 59 (60.2) 39 (39.8) Age Youth (15-24 yrs) 90 36 (40) 54 (60) 37.0886 0.000 Adult (>25 yrs) 292 218 (74.66) 74 (25.34) Marital Status Married 268 206 (76.87) 62 (23.13) 43.5410 0.000 Unmarried 114 48 (42.1) 66 (57.9) Educational level Illiterate 50 11 (22) 39 (78) 66.2325 0.000 Primary School 116 66 (56.9) 50 (43.1) Secondary School 96 56 (58.33) 40 (41.67) College level & above 120 109 (90.83) 11 (9.17) Attitudes Toward Disease prevention Among the respondents, 137 (35.86%) considered the disease prevention status in Jinka town as poor and 245 (64.14%) considered it as good. Among the 382 respondents, 233 (82.2%) had positive attitude towards the disease to prevent BTB and the remaining 149 (27.8%) were remained with negative attitude towards BTB. Relation Ship Between Educational Level and Preventive Practices All considered preventive practices such as consumption of milk, boiling of milk, actions taken when animal and human are affected with the disease were significantly associated (p<0.05) with the educational level of the respondents (Table 4). Table 4: Relationship Between Educational Level and Preventive Practices toward BTB Variables Educational Level 2 P- value Illiterate (50) Primary school (116) Secondary school (96) Diploma and above (120) Consumption of raw milk No (287) 10 (20%) 96 (82.8%) 77 (80.2%) 104 (86.7%) 31.1480 0.000 Yes (95) 40 (80%) 20 (17.2%) 19 (19.8%) 16 (13.3%) Boiling of milk before consumption prevent BTB Yes (265) 37 (74%) 55 (47.4%) 64 (66.67%) 109 (90.8%) 52.1416 0.000 No (117) 13 (26%) 61 (52.6%) 32 (33.33%) 11 (9.2%) Actions taken if human is affected with TB Seek doctor (260) 40 (80%) 56 (48.28%) 58 (60.41%) 106 (88.3% 0.000 Seek traditional healers (58) 7 (14%) 24 (20.69%) 18 (18.75%) 9 (7.5%) No action (64) 3 (6%) 36 (31.03%) 20 (20.84%) 5 (4.2%) Actions taken if animal is affected with BTB Seek veterinarian (39) 39 (78%) 54 (46.55%) 58 (60.42%) 103 (85.8%) 51.7462 0.000 Seek traditional healers (8) 8 (16%) 27 (23.28%) 20 (20.83%) 13 (10.8%) No action (4) 3(6%) 35 (30.17%) 18 (18.75%) 4 (3.34%) East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2024), Vol. 5, No. 2, 29-40 35 Retrospective Data Results Retrospective data on the prevalence of Pulmonary and extrapulmonary Tuberculosis was collected from Jinka General Hospital. The data include a 3-years registered disease report of the hospital from 2020 to 2022. The data was classified in to different age and sex groups. The data revealed higher prevalence of Human tuberculosis and its prevalence was higher in males. Among 316 people which were positive for pulmonary TB, 163 (51.6%) were males and 153 (48.4%) were females in 2020. In 2021, there were 190 peoples from which 118 (62.1%) were males and 72 (37.9%) were females. This number was increased to 205 peoples in 2022, among which 127 (61.95%) were males and 78 (38.05%) were females. The result also indicated the presence of extrapulmonary TB in Jinka town. Accordingly, there were 5, 12 and 45 peoples positive for this condition during 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively (table 5). Table 5: Retrospective data result based on sex groups Year Total examined for TB Positive cases Prevalence (%) Type of TB Male Female Pulmonary Extra Pulmonary 2020 2045 163 (51.6%) 153 (48.4%) 15.69 316 5 2021 1732 118 (62.1%) 72 (37.9%) 11.66 190 12 2022 2111 127 (61.95%) 78 (38.05) 11.8 205 45 DISCUSSION Based on the detailed assessment of KAP towards BTB, 254 (66.5%) respondents in the study area knew about BTB, while the remaining 33.5% respondents did not have any idea about the disease. This finding is higher than the finding of Abebe et al. (2020) who revealed KAP towards BTB as 39.39% at Jinka town. This difference might be due to increased provision of awareness to the community by the different stake holders and those NGOs implementing their community services at the study area and the surroundings. Even though, there is still a knowledge gap towards BTB, the higher knowledge might be related with the recommendation of the previous study of Abebe et al. (2020) who recommended awareness creation as a part of zoonotic disease prevention. The current finding is lower than the study conducted in Jarso district West Wollega zone, Oromia Region by Hailu et al. (2022) who revealed that 100% participants defined TB as a disease of lung. A study conducted in Gambia by Boshorum et al. (2020) also revealed that most participants had heard about tuberculosis. Moreover, study conducted in Gambella by Bati et al. (2013) revealed higher KAP than the current finding. Hailu et al., (2021) reported 57.2% respondents were well-informed about TB in Bahir dar, Amhara region Ethiopia. Furthermore, Zeru et al. (2014) revealed that 30.8% of the respondents have good awareness about BTB in Mekelle town, Ethiopia. This finding is lower than the findings of the current study (66.5%). The difference of KAP between different regions and countries might be partly related with the difference of awareness level and it might be due to their ecological, socio- East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2024), Vol. 5, No. 2, 29-40 36 cultural and socio-economic differences. Since the studies were implemented in different levels of urbanization where awareness creation level through media and access to internet might by different. The current study indicated that, among the knowledgeable respondents (n=254), 208 (81.89%) knew that BTB is a zoonotic disease. This result was higher than the report of Hailu et al. (2022) and Zeru et al. (2014) who reported 24.4% and 15% respondents, respectively, agreed with the idea that tuberculosis can easily spread from animals to humans and vice versa. Furthermore, Wendmagegn et al. (2016) reported that 48% of the respondents in Woldiya knew that BTB is zoonotic. The inconsistency between different studies might be due to differences in the degree of consciousness among the participants in the study areas of concern. The predictors of the knowledge were sex, age, marital status, and educational level. Males have higher knowledge (68.67%) towards BTB than females (31.33%) but gender /sex was the only factor not associated with the knowledge of BTB (p>0.05). There is no difference between sex groups. The current study predicted that knowledge about BTB is higher in older age groups than youths. This is inconsistent with the finding of Hailu et al. 2021 who revealed as knowledge about BTB is higher in the age groups between 46 and 60 years. It might be suggested that elders have low level of knowledge due to limited access to training and awareness associated with BTB due to different reasons. The current finding is consistent with the result of Ismiala et al. (2015) who reported that age groups greater than 58 years are knowledgeable than the youngsters in Nigeria. As underlined by Hailu et al. (2021), knowledge increases with years of working experience. Similar study by Addo et al. (2011) in Ghana supported this finding suggesting that herds men with long practical experiences had a greater knowledge due to past experiences on BTB in their herd. Ngoshe et al. (2023) also suggested that despite their lower level of education, older farmers were well-informed on animal diseases compared to younger farmers. In the current study, marital status is significantly associated (p<0.05) with the knowledge towards TB. Among 268 married respondents, 206 (76.87%) were knowledgeable than the unmarried ones (42.1%). This might be due to previous experience and exposure to training. As couples are two, one of them might have awareness and they can share it together. In addition to this, in order to take care of their children, married respondents might be likely to have more access to health centers where awareness creation takes place than unmarried ones. Regarding education, those who attend college (diploma level) and above have high knowledge and practice on BTB as compared to those who joined primary and no formal education at all. Similar findings were also reported in Ethiopia by Asebe and Gudina (2018), Kerorsa (2019) and recently by Hailu et al. (2021). The study conducted in Nigeria by Ismaila et al. (2015) revealed similar result. As stated by Asebe and Gudina (2018), providing education plays a pivotal role in adding knowledge. Moreover, Education is an important tool in increasing awareness towards BTB among livestock owners and limited access to education results in low awareness among the community. Furthermore, education was among the factors East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2024), Vol. 5, No. 2, 29-40 37 associated with better level of precautionary practice for BTB. This finding is consistent with the finding of Hailu et al. (2021), who revealed education as a factor which is associated with level of practice for BTB. Regarding the causes of BTB, among the knowledgeable respondents about BTB (n=254), most of the respondents 213 (83.86%) knew that bacteria cause BTB. This finding is similar to Buregyeya et al. (2011) in Ethiopia where 79.9% of the respondents discerned the source of TB. But the current study indicated that yet 7.09%, 4.33% and 4.72% have misconception that religion, parasite and shortage of feed, respectively cause BTB. Onyango et al. (2020) also revealed very similar result who stated there was high misunderstanding that cold air and dust cause TB. Regarding consumption of raw milk, 95 (24.87%) of respondents consume raw milk. This result is lower that the study conducted in South Gondar Zone by Alelign et al. (2019) who reported that 69% respondents consume raw or under cooked milk and dairy products. Similarly, Wario et al. (2018) showed that 66.2% respondents consume raw milk in Yabello. Moreover, the finding of Tschopp et al., (2013) from Arsi zone, Ethiopia revealed that 55.4% respondents consume raw milk. The study conducted in Ghana by Addo et al. (2011) and by Ngoshe et al. (2023) in Far Northern Kwa Zulu-Natal reported that 40% and 51.98% of the study participants consume raw milk respectively. This might be linked with food consumption habit and geographical difference (Hailu et al., 2021). Unlike the current study, most of the studies mentioned were carried out in rural and agro-pastoral areas, where raw milk consumption is likely to be practiced. According to Ismaila et al. (2015), the inconsistency might be due to difference in knowledge on zoonosis and consequence of raw food consumption. Educational level is among the factors significantly associated with raw milk consumption (p <0.05). The prevalence of raw milk consumption was 80%, 17.2%, 19.8% and 13.33% in illiterate, primary, secondary and diploma and above educational levels respectively. This indicates that as educational level of the respondent increases, awareness level on the consequence of raw milk consumption also increases. Among 120 respondents educated to college level and above, 109 (90.8%) considered boiling milk before consumption as a preventive method of the transmission of BTB from animals to humans. In another side, among 50 respondents who have no formal education, 74% respondents considered boiling milk as preventive method. This result is almost similar to the result of Hailu et al., (2021) who stated that 99% of the respondents knew boiling milk prior to drinking can prevent the transmission of BTB to humans. The current finding is different from that of Hailu et al. 2022 and Bihon et al. (2021) who indicated that more than 60% respondents disagree that pasteurization of milk before consumption prevents TB. This difference might be due the difference in the educational level of the respondents in the study areas. The retrospective data revealed that there was high prevalence of Human tuberculosis in Jinka town and its surroundings. This might be related with low awareness towards the transmission of BTB to human and limitations to follow possible preventive measures including boiling East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2024), Vol. 5, No. 2, 29-40 38 of milk destined for consumption. This in turn increases the frequency of raw milk consumption in the study area and the surrounding. Furthermore, most TB patients fail to get treatment in the study area as there is no enough health services. Almost 92% people do not come back to clinics for follow up after their first treatment because of panic of what people will say about them (Onyango et al., 2020). Concomitantly, this increases the transmission rate of TB to susceptible ones. The prevalence of TB was higher in males than females. Among the individuals who showed-up to Jinka General hospital for medical support and diagnosed positive for tuberculosis, majority of them were males. The higher prevalence of human TB in male might be related with occupational behavior, wider home range and exposure to TB patients. Occupationally, females remain in the home and have low exposure to sick people and the other risk factors associated with human TB than males. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION This study has identified that relatively there is good level of knowledge and moderate level of attitude and practices towards the prevention and control of the disease and yet there are misconceptions which require additional work to minimize the gap of KAP among the community. This study revealed that there is high prevalence of human tuberculosis as a result of low attitude and practice towards the preventive and control measures of BTB. Moreover, they also have knowledge gap on the impact of consumption of raw milk and possible disease prevention strategy. Analysis of the retrospective data also indicated that, there is high prevalence of human TB in the study area which is believed to be due to the above problems. It also indicates that the disease can affect all age and sex groups. Based on the above conclusions, regular community awareness creation work on the possible prevention strategies of the disease, and collaborative engagement of veterinarians and physicians for the control and further investigation of the level of BTB and Human TB in the region are recommended. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to the Jinka General Hospital for provision of the 3 years retrospective data. 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