East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, Issue. 1, 1-8

*Corresponding author:
Email: mereba480@gmail.com, +251 916 83 24 19 https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/eajbcs.v3i1.1S

Calves gastrointestinal nematodes and Eimeria prevalence and associated risk factors in dairy

farms, southern Ethiopia

Maireg Hailu1, Kassahun Asmare2, Endrias Zewdu Gebremedhin3, Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti4,
Maria Vitale4, Desie Sheferaw2*

1MoLSD, Sidama Region, P.O.B 242, Hawassa, Ethiopia;
2Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O.Box 005, Hawassa, Ethiopia;
3Ambo University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, P.O.Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia;
4Italian National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis at Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentaledella
Sicilia A. Mirri, Italy;

KEYWORDS:

Calves;

Dairy farm;

Eimeria;

Nematode;

Ethiopia

ABSTRACT

Dairy production plays a vital role in livestock farming in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the 
productivity of the sector has been impacted negatively by the morbidity and mortality of 
replacement animals. A Cross sectional study was therefore, aimed at estimating the 
prevalence of Nematode and Eimeria infection in calves in Hawassa, Shashemene 
and Arsi Negelle, southern Ethiopia. To this end a flotation technique was used to 
recover Nematode egg and Eimeria oocyst from rectally collected faeces. The overall 
prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection, Nematode and Eimeria species 
collectively, was 43.9% (95% CI=38.6-49.4). The estimated proportion of Nematode, 
Eimeria and mixed infection was 35.8%, 21.5% and 13.3%, respectively. Among the 
potential factors considered faecal consistency, age and study area were found to increase 
recovery of Nematode egg and Eimeria oocyst in faeces (p< 0.05). Area wise, the 
prevalence has been noted to be higher at Arsi Negelle followed by Hawassa and 
Shashemene (p< 0.05). Besides, younger and diarrheic calves were found more infected 
by Nematode and Eimeria species than their adult and non-diarrhic counterpart. Based on 
their morphological appearance, Strongyle type (20.3%), Trichuris (4.2%) and Ascaris 
(16.3%) eggs, Eimeria oocysts (21.5%) were observed. In the light of this finding the 
authors would like to advise the need for strategic intervention.

INTRODUCTION

There is increasing demand for dairy products 
in urban and peri-urban areas, which indicates 
the importance of dairying in Ethiopia 
(Tegegn et al., 2013). Ethiopia's cattle 
population is estimated at 60.4 million. Calves 
accounted nearly for about 18% (CSA, 2018). 
The sustainability of any dairy

production depends on the successful program
of raising calves for replacement (Bath et al.,
1985). In the modern societies, dairy farming
has transformed into a business, where the
owners have to look at improving the
efficiency of the productions. One of the
principal means of action to improve profit
margins is to control and reduce costs.

Journal homepage : https://journals.hu.edu.et/hu-journals/index.php/eajbcs
Hawassa University

College of Natural & Computational Sciences

Year 2021

Volume xx No xx

East African Journal of Biophysical and Computational Sciences

 
Research article



East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-8

2

This can be achieved by improving dairy animal
health, especially the replacement calves. The
costs of young stock diseases are difficult to
quantify but are linked to a reduced growth and
increased mortality rate. Hence, the pre-weaning
period represents a time of significant losses in
the dairy industry (Breen et al., 2012).

Health management of replacement animals is
crucial for farm profitability. Its productivity
can be impacted negatively by the high
mortality of replacement animals. The highest
morbidity and mortality rates on dairy generally
occur before weaning (Breen et al., 2012;
Constable et al., 2017; Radostits, 2001). In
many dairy farms today, the young stocks are
often observed less frequently than adult cows
by both veterinary advisors and farm staff,
resulting in delayed disease detection and
treatment; veterinary attention becomes focused
on diseased individuals as they arise rather than
working towards producing groups of healthy
calves (Breen et al., 2012).

Gastrointestinal nematodes and Eimeria species
are the most important agents causing disease in
calves (Bruhn et al., 2012). Calves are most
vulnerable to gastrointestinal parasites in their
first grazing season, although yearlings and, less
often, adults are sometimes affected (Constable
et al., 2017). Gastrointestinal parasitic
infections, nematode and Eimeria species, play a
key role in the economic losses in that they
cause low productivity, delayed growth,
declined weight gain and death of the animal,
and significant expenses of treatment (Höglund
et al., 2018; Höglund et al., 2013; Höglund et
al., 2001; Sutherland, and Scott, 2010). Even if
various studies undergone on cattle helminthosis
and Eimeria infections, only limited information

available. So this research output added to the 
existing information to build-up the data base. 
The aim of this study was to estimate the 
prevalence of Nematode and Eimeria species 
infections in calves and to identify potential risk 
factors associated with these infections.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study areas and animals

The study areas were Arsi-Negelle, Shashemene 
and Hawassa which are located in southern part 
of Ethiopia. The altitudes of the study areas 
range from 1,500 to 2,300 meters above sea 
level (masl). The annual rainfall varies, 
measuring 800–1,300 mm in Hawassa, 500–
1,091 mm in Arsi Negelle, and 800–1,300 
mm in Shashemene. The mean annual 
minimum and maximum temperatures for 
Hawassa, Arsi-Negelle and Shashemene 
were 12.1ºC and 26.4ºC, 12.6 ºC and 27.3 ºC, 
and 14 ºC and 27 ºC, respectively (National 
Meteorological Agency, 2017). Small scale 
dairy farming (i.e. urban and per-urban) was 
the characteristic feature of all the study 
areas. In the selected dairy farms, all calves 
(N=330) aged 12 months or younger were 
included in the study. The age of the calves was 
determined through interviews with the farm 
owners.

Study design and sample size

A cross-sectional study design was employed to 
estimate the prevalence of GIT Nematode and 
Eimeria in calves of the dairy farms. The study 
was conducted from January 2018 to September 
2018. Lists of dairy farms were prepared in 
collaboration with Arsi-Negelle, Shashemene 
and Hawassa district animal health service



3

Office. Then, all farms having greater than or 
equal to three cows were purposively selected, 
making a total of 92 dairy farms with three or 
more calves. The sample size was computed by 
considering the gastrointestinal parasites 
prevalence, 61%, reported by Telila et al. (2014) 
and taking in to account of 95% CI and 5%
absolute desired precision(Thrusfield, 2018). 
Accordingly, the computed sample size was 
365. But during the study period 330 calves 
were found in all the selected farms. Hence, all 
the available calves were considered for the 
study.

Study methods

Data on farm size, management practices, and 
the presence of other animal species were 
gathered from farm owners using a pretested 
questionnaire. Subsequently, approximately 15 
gm of fresh fecal samples were collected directly 
from the rectum of selected calves using 
disposable arm-length gloves. The samples were 
placed in screw-cap universal bottles and labeled 
with unique codes matching the corresponding 
numbers on the data collection sheet. Moreover, 
other information like farm name, calf age, 
sex, and faecal consistency (i.e. diarrhea, 
soft or normal) were recorded on the format 
prepared for this purpose. Then the samples 
were placed in cool ice box and 
transported to the Parasitology laboratory of the 
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa 
University. The samples were kept in the 
refrigerator and examined within 24 hours of the 
collection. The faecal samples were processed 
by the flotation technique, and a flotation fluid 
of saturated sodium chloride solution (Specific 
gravity=1.2) was used; and the processed

      

      
   

     

    
        

     
    
    
        
    
     

    
       
      
       

  

    
     
      

     
     
     

     
     

East  Afr.  J.  Biophys.  Comput.  Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, No. 1,  1-8

samples  were  examined  under  10x  or  40x 
magnifications for  Nematodes  eggs and  Eimeria 
oocysts  (Zajac  and  Conboy,  2012;  Foreyt,
2001).

Data analysis

Al  collected  data  were  entered  into  a  Microsoft
Excel  spreadsheet,  where  they  were  edited,
coded,  and  summarized  using  descriptive
statistics  such  as  means  and  proportions.
Univariable  logistic  regression  analysis  was
employed   to  evaluate  the  association  of  the
putative risk factors considered in this particular
study  with  calves  infection  by  nematodes  and
Eimeria  species.  Those  non-collinear  variables
(gamma=0.20)  with  a  p-value  of  ≤  0.25  in  the
univariable  logistic  regression  analysis  were
subjected  to  a  multivariable  logistic  regression
analysis. Finally, the model fitness was assessed
by  the  Hosmer–Lemeshow  goodness-of-fit  test
(Dohoo  et  al.,  2009).  For  the  data  analysis
STATA  14.2  software  was  used.  The  study
considered  a  95%  level  of  confidence  and  5%
desired level of precision.

RESULTS

Prevalence of gastrointestinal  Nematodes  and 
Eimeria

The  overall  prevalence  of  gastrointestinal 
parasitic  infection  was  43.9%  (95%  CI=38.6-
49.4)  of  which  Nematodes  and  Eimeria  species 
and  mixed  infections  accounted  for  118 
(35.8%),  71  (21.5%)  and  44  (13.3%),
respectively.  The  prevalence  of  Nematode  and 
Eimeria  species  infection  varied  between  the 
study  areas:  Shashemene,  Hawassa  and  Arsi 
Negelle (Table 1).



East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-8

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Table- 1: Animal level prevalence of Nematodes and Eimeria species infections of calves vs.

variables considered for the study

Variables Variables
level

No
examined

Nematode species Eimeria species

No (%) positive 95% CI No (%)
positive

95% CI

Study area Shashemene 114 26 (22.8%) 16.0-31.2 14 (12.3%) 7.4-19.7
Hawassa 179 74 (41.3%) 34.3-48.7 42 (23.5%) 17.8-30.2
Arsi Negelle 37 18 (48.6%) 33.0-64.6 15 (40.5%) 25.9-57.1

Age 0-3 months 142 39 (27.5%) 20.7-35.4 24 (16.9%) 11.6-24.0
4-6 months 113 47 (41.6%) 32.8-50.9 32 (28.3%) 20.7-37.4
7-12 months 75 32 (42.7%) 31.9-54.2 15 (20.0%) 12.4-30.7

Sex Female 212 78 (36.8%) 30.5-43.5 48 (22.6%) 17.5-28.8
Male 118 40 (33.9%) 25.9-43.0 23 (19.5%) 13.3-27.7

Animal
composition

Cattle only 269 109 (40.5%) 34.8-46.5 63 (23.4%) 18.7-28.9
Mixed* 61 9 (14.8%) 7.8-26.2 8 (13.1%) 6.6-24.3

Faecal
consistency

Normal 148 44 (29.7%) 22.9-37.6 22 (14.9%) 10.0-21.6
Semi-formed 150 56 (37.3%) 30.0-45.4 38 (25.3%) 19.0-33.0
Diarrhea 32 18 (56.3%) 38.7-72.4 11 (34.4%) 19.9-52.4

Total 330 118 (35.8%) 30.7-41.1 71 (21.5%) 17.4-26.3

* Mixed= Mixed with other domestic animals like equine, sheep and/or goats

Logistic regression analysis of potential risk
factors for GIT nematode infection

The univariable logistic regression analysis
revealed that among the potential factors
considered in the study areas, age and faecal
consistency were associated with the occurrence
of both Nematode species (Table 2) and Eimeria
species in calves (Table 3).  All the risk factors,
variables, were non-collinear (γ is between -
0.254 and 0.195), and hence, those risk factors
with p<0.25 in univariable logistic regression
were subjected to the multivariable analysis.

The odds of acquiring Nematode infection by
calves in Arsi Negelle and Hawassa were 3.8
and 2.8 times higher as compared to
Shashemene, respectively (Table 2). Similarly,
the likelihood of shedding Eimeria oocysts by
calves of Arsi Negelle (Adjusted OR=6.2, p<
0.001) and Hawassa (Adjusted OR=2.6,
p=0.007) was significantly different from that of
calves in Shashemene (Table 3).



East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-8

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Table- 2: Logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors for GIT Nematode infection in

calves, southern Ethiopia.

Variables Variables

level

No.

examined

No. (%)

positive

Univariable Multivariable

OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value

Study area Shashemene 114 26 (22.8%) Rf. - - Rf. - -

Hawassa 179 74 (41.3%) 2.4 1.4-4.0 0.001 2.8 1.6-5.0 ≤ 0.001

Arsi Negelle 37 18 (48.6%) 3.2 1.5-7.0 0.003 3.8 1.7-8.7 0.002

Age 0-3 months 142 39 (27.5%) Rf. - - Rf. - -

4-6 months 113 47 (41.6%) 1.9 1.1-3.2 0. 018 2.2 1.2-3.8 0.007

7-12 months 75 32 (42.7%) 2.0 1.1-3.6 0.024 2.2 1.1-4.0 0.017

Sex Female 212 78 (36.8%) Rf.

Male 118 40 (33.9%) 1.1 0.7-1.8 0.599

Faecal

consistency

Normal 148 44 (29.7%) Rf. - - Rf. - -

Semi-formed 150 56 (37.3%) 1.4 0.9-2.3 0.165 1.6 1.0-2.6 0.076

Diarrhea 32 18 (56.3%) 3.0 1.4-6.6 0.005 5.7 2.4-13.7 ≤ 0.001

Total 330 118 (35.8%)

OR = Odds ratio, Rf. = Reference

Table- 3: Logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors for Eimeria species infection in
calves, southern Ethiopia.

Variable Category No.
examined

No. (%)
positive

Univariable Multivariable

OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value

Study area Shashemene 114 14 (12.3%) Rf. - - Rf. - -
Hawassa 179 42 (23.5%) 2.2 1.1-4.2 0.019 2.6 1.3-5.3 0.007
Arsi Negelle 37 15 (40.5%) 4.9 2.1-11.5 0.000 6.2 2.5-15.7 ≤ 0.001

Age 0-3 months 142 24 (16.9%) Rf. - - Rf. - -
4-6 months 113 32 (28.3%) 1.9 1.1-3.6 0. 030 2.3 1.2-4.4 0.010
7-12 months 75 15 (20.0%) 1.2 0.6-2.5 0.572 2.3 0.6-2.7 0.527

Sex Female 212 48 (22.6%) 1.2
Male 118 23 (19.5%) Rf. 0.7-2.1 0.505 - - -

Faecal
consistency

Normal 148 22 (14.9%) Rf. - - Rf. - -

Semi-formed 150 38 (25.3%) 2.0 1.1-3.5 0.026 2.1 1.2-3.9 0.016
Diarrhea 32 11 (34.4%) 3.0 1.3-7.1 0.012 5.3 2.0-13.6 0.001

Total 330 71 (21.5%)

Based on their morphological characteristics of

their eggs (i.e. when examined under 10X



East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-8

6

and/or 40X microscopic magnification) four

major groups of gastrointestinal nematode

parasites were identified (Table 4).

Table- 4: Types of parasites identified based on morphology of their eggs/oocyst

Group of parasites Proportion (%) Std. Err 95% CI

Strongyles 20.3% 0.02 16.3-25.0

Trichuris 4.2% 0.01 2.5-7.1

Ascaris 16.3% 0.02 12.7-20.8

Eimeria 21.5% 0.02 17.4-26.3

Among the different reproductive disorders,
abortion and retained fetal membrane showed
statistically significant association (p<0.05) with

uterine infection that was expressed either in the
form of endometritis or metritis (Table 4).

Table-4. Association of uterine infection with the other reproductive disorders of cows as a
predisposing factor
Predisposing
factors

Number of
cows

Cows with uterine
infection

Cows without uterine
infection

2 p-
value

RFM 11 7(63.6%) 4(36.4%) 11.9 0.001
Abortion 6 5(83.3%) 1(16.7%) 13.11 0.000
Dystocia 3 1(33.3%) 2(66.7%) 0.16 0.688
Hypocalcemia 3 1(33.3%) 2(66.7%) 0.16 0.688
RFM=Retained Fetal Membrane

DISCUSSION

Calves are vital members of the dairy farms and
represent the future replacement stock, and they
deserve special attention and great care of health
(Chang’a et al., 2010). The overall prevalence of
gastrointestinal parasitic infection was 43.9 %,
of which Nematode and Eimeria species
infections were accounted for 35.8% and 21.5%,
respectively. The prevalence of Nematode
species observed during this study was in a
general agreement with the report from the West
Hararghe zone (Tulu and Lelisa, 2016; Kemal
and Terefe, 2013). The multivariable logistic

regression analysis showed that among the
potential risk factors considered in the study
areas age and the study areas were found
significantly associated with infection of calves
both by Nematode and Eimeria species (Table 2
and 3). The variation between the study areas
might be due to the differences in the prevailing
management factors in the areas (Constable et
al., 2017). The prevalence of Nematode species
infection increases as the age of the calves
increases. Similarly, Tulu and Lelisa (2016)
reported that as the age of calves increased, the
exposure time to the infective stage of larvae
and oocysts also increased. Relatively the lower
Eimeria infection during the first three months
of age was due to the effect of colostral



East Afr. J. Biophys. Comput. Sci. (2022), Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-8

7

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS: All authors
agreed with the content and to submit for
publication. Contributions of each author is as
follows: MA data collection; KA design of
work, data analysis and comment on draft; EZG
design of work, data analysis and comment on
draft; VDMLP design and comment on draft;
DS design of work, data analysis and draft
preparation.

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In  conclusion,  gastrointestinal  parasitic
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of  the  calves  and  faecal  consistency  were
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Nematode  and  Eimeria  species  infection  of
calves.  Therefore,  it  is  advisable  to  introduce
strategic  interventions  that  include  regular
treatment  of the  herd including the calves.

CONFLICT  OF  INTEREST:  There  is  no
financial or other relationship that might lead to
a conflict of interest.

CONSENT  TO  PARTICIPATE:  Informed 
consent was obtained from all participants 
involved in the study.



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	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1

	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 4
	Slide Number 5
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1

	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 4
	Slide Number 5
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1

	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 2.pdf
	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 4
	Slide Number 5
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1

	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 4
	Slide Number 5
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1

	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members
	Table of contents
	Slide Number 4
	Slide Number 5
	Slide Number 6
	Volume 1.pdf
	1_Biodiversity conservation
	Joseph Katswera, Norah M. Mutekanga and Charles K. Twesigye*
	Fig 1: Map showing Kibale and Queen Elizabeth Conservation Areas and location of study sites.
	The study documented the threats to biodiversity in the case study national parks and wildlife reserves. Both primary and secondary threats were identified (Table 2), and their threat reduction percentages and indices calculated (Table 3). The managem...
	Demographic characteristics of the respondents
	Threats to biodiversity conservation
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and protected areas
	Threat Reduction
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index
	Effectiveness of PA management in managing threats
	Fig. 2: Relationship between staffing and threat reduction assessment index
	Threat Reduction Assessment Index and PAs
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Kibale Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and mammal population in Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area
	Threat reduction and ecological integrity rating
	The data indicators were analysed and various scores were assigned basing on the computed TRA Index in Table 4. Each indicator of ecological integrity was assigned a color score: dark green (TRA index 81-100%) for “acceptable” ecological integrity (ve...
	Table- 5: Ecological Integrity Score Card using Data Indicators


	2_Prevalence of trypanosomiasis
	5_Climate change_Biju
	7_Public health implications
	Public health implications of bovine Cysticercosis from cattle slaughtered at Dilla municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia
	Fikadu Tesfaye, Jemere Bekele, Mesele Abera and Nebyou Moje*
	Hawassa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
	Bovine cysticercosis is a cystic stage of Taenia saginata, zoonotic parasite with its significant impact on human health. The cystic stage usually affects the muscle of cattle where humans are susceptible from the contaminated raw meat (Taylor et al.,...
	Generally cysticercosis in animals is expected to have insignificant clinical effect. Nevertheless, it is economically important as it causes carcass condemnation arising from heavy infestation with the cysticerci of T. saginata. Additionally, there i...

	9_Fish Aeromonas bacteria

	cover 1-1.pdf
	Slide Number 1
	Editorial Board members

	back cover 1.pdf
	Slide Number 1