


































Economics, Law and Policy 
ISSN 2576-2060 (Print) ISSN 2576-2052 (Online) 

Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 

www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp 

168 
 

 

Original Paper 

Research on the Legal Protection of Consumers’ Personal 

Information in Online Shopping 

Xu Xinyi
1
 

1
 Dalian Ocean University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province 

 

Received: April 28, 2025        Accepted: May 9, 2025       Online Published: May 10, 2025 

doi:10.22158/elp.v8n1p168               URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v8n1p168 

 

Abstract 

In contemporary society, with the rapid development of the e-commerce economy, online shopping has 

become an essential part of people’s lives. Consumers’ personal information holds significant value, 

which leads to an increased risk of personal information leakage in online shopping. This paper 

clarifies the relevant concepts of consumers’ personal information in online shopping, analyzes the 

current protection situation, reveals a series of existing problems, and proposes corresponding 

improvement suggestions. The aim is to provide theoretical references for constructing a more sound 

legal protection system for consumers’ personal information in online shopping, making it more 

comprehensive and complete. 

Keywords 

Online Shopping, Consumers, Legal Protection, Personal Information Protection 

 

1. General Theories on the Protection of Consumers’ Personal Information in Online Shopping 

1.1 The Concept of Consumers’ Personal Information in Online Shopping 

In the specific context of online shopping, consumers’ personal information refers to various types of 

information provided by consumers to e-commerce platforms, merchants, and various third-party 

entities that support and serve online shopping during their participation in online shopping activities. 

These are recorded in electronic or other forms and can identify a specific consumer’s identity either 

alone or in combination with other information. This concept encompasses a wide range of contents, 

including but not limited to consumers’ names, genders, ages, ID numbers, home addresses, contact 

information (such as mobile phone numbers, email addresses), biometric information (fingerprints, 

facial recognition data, etc.), bank account information, consumption preferences, shopping history 

records, and browsing traces. 



www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp                   Economics, Law and Policy                        Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 

169 
Published by SCHOLINK INC. 

1.2 The Characteristics of Consumers’ Personal Information in Online Shopping 

In the special environment of online shopping, consumers’ personal information exhibits various 

characteristics. 

1.2.1 Diversity 

In the transaction scenario of online shopping, with the continuous expansion of the user scale and the 

high-frequency occurrence of shopping activities, the quantity of consumers’ personal information has 

experienced explosive growth, forming a vast information set. E-commerce platforms process hundreds 

of millions of user transaction data daily, including a wide variety of information types, such as basic 

identity verification information, financial information, and information reflecting consumption 

behaviors and preferences. The diversity of this information reflects the all-round needs and behavior 

trajectories of consumers in the online shopping process and provides rich materials for e-commerce 

platforms and merchants to understand consumers in depth. 

1.2.2 Easy Collection and Transmission 

In the digital age, online shopping platforms can easily collect personal information at every stage of 

consumers’ shopping through advanced information-technology-based acquisition means. When 

consumers register on a platform, basic information such as their names and phone numbers is already 

obtained by the platform. Moreover, once this information is collected, it can be rapidly transmitted 

over the Internet (Shen, X. J., 2022, pp. 148-150). Through network transmission, information can 

cross geographical boundaries and be shared and circulated among different servers, databases, and 

third-parties. Some e-commerce platforms share part of consumers’ personal information with 

cooperative advertisers or data-analysis companies for precise marketing, which significantly increases 

the risk of information leakage. 

1.2.3 Property 

In the era of big data, consumers’ personal information has become a highly valuable asset (Chen, J. L., 

2025, pp. 152-154). Information such as consumers’ purchase behaviors and preferences can assist 

merchants in analyzing consumers’ behaviors, enabling them to better understand consumer behavior 

and thus enhance sales and customer satisfaction. For example, online shopping platforms can 

accurately recommend products that consumers may be interested in based on their purchase history 

and browsing behaviors, promoting an increase in purchase volume. 

1.3 The Difference between Personal Information and Consumers’ Personal Information in Online 

Shopping 

Personal information, as a broad concept, has a rich connotation. It includes various types of 

information generated by natural persons in daily life, work, social interaction, and other scenarios, 

which can identify their identities or reflect their specific activities either alone or in combination with 

other information. Consumers’ personal information in online shopping is a subset of personal 

information in the specific scenario of online shopping, with distinct scenario-specific limitations. It 

mainly consists of the information provided by consumers when participating in online shopping 



www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp                   Economics, Law and Policy                        Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 

170 
Published by SCHOLINK INC. 

activities, which is closely related to the online-shopping process, including information generated in 

links such as registering an account, browsing products, placing an order, payment and settlement, 

logistics and distribution, and after-sales evaluation. Compared with general personal information, the 

main collectors of consumers’ personal information in online shopping are e-commerce platforms, 

merchants, and third-parties providing services for online shopping, such as payment institutions and 

logistics enterprises. 

 

2. The Current Situation of the Protection of Consumers’ Personal Information in Online 

Shopping in China 

2.1 The Legislative Situation 

China has gradually established a legal system for personal information protection, and relevant laws 

and regulations have regulated the protection of consumers’ personal information in online shopping. 

The Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, as the fundamental law in 

the field of personal information protection in China, clarifies the basic principles of personal 

information processing and stipulates the obligations of personal information processors and the rights 

of individuals in personal information processing activities. The Law of the People’s Republic of China 

on the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests focuses on protecting consumers’ rights and 

interests and specifically regulates the collection and use of consumers’ personal information by 

operators. It requires operators to follow the principles of legality, justness, and necessity, clearly 

inform the purpose, method, and scope of information collection, obtain consumers’ explicit 

authorization, and assume the responsibilities of confidentiality and security protection. The 

Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China, in the context of network operation, clearly 

requires network operators to adopt technical means and other necessary measures to fully guarantee 

the security of users’ personal information, effectively prevent the risks of information leakage, 

damage, and loss, and comprehensively safeguard the personal-information-security defense line. 

However, there are still deficiencies in China’s personal-information-protection legal system. On the 

one hand, the legal provisions are relatively scattered. There are intersections and overlaps among 

different laws and regulations, and there is a lack of a unified coordination mechanism, resulting in 

difficulties in legal application. On the other hand, some legal provisions are too principle-based, 

lacking specific implementation rules, which makes it difficult to effectively implement them in 

practice. In addition, considering the particularity of the online-shopping scenario, such as the 

protection of personal information in emerging business forms like live-streaming e-commerce and 

social e-commerce, legal norms are still lagging behind. 

2.2 The Judicial Situation 

According to the latest data, personal-infringement cases in online shopping in China occur frequently, 

and judicial practice plays an indispensable role. However, there are still many problems in judicial 

practice. First, the burden-of-proof allocation is unreasonable. Due to the complexity and technicality 



www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp                   Economics, Law and Policy                        Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 

171 
Published by SCHOLINK INC. 

of the network environment, consumers often find it difficult to collect and preserve infringement 

evidence. Existing laws usually require consumers to bear the main burden of proof, which makes it 

extremely difficult for consumers to protect their rights. Second, the standards for damage 

compensation are vague and chaotic, frequently leading to the phenomenon of different judgments in 

similar cases. In addition, there are disputes over legal application. The connection and coordination 

between different legal provisions are not smooth enough, affecting the unity and authority of judicial 

judgments. 

2.3 The Law-Enforcement Situation 

In China, multiple departments, including the Cyberspace Administration of China, the 

market-supervision department, and the public-security department, are responsible for the supervision 

of the protection of consumers’ personal information. In recent years, various departments have 

actively carried out special rectification actions and increased the intensity of cracking down on 

personal-information infringement. However, the current supervision work still faces many challenges. 

There are problems of overlapping responsibilities and insufficient coordination among various 

supervision departments. Since personal-information protection involves multiple fields and links, 

different departments have poor communication during the supervision process, resulting in low 

supervision efficiency. 

 

3. Problems Existing in the Protection of Consumers’ Personal Information in Online Shopping 

in China 

3.1 Imperfect Legal System 

3.1.1 Scattered and Illogical Legal Provisions 

The legal provisions on personal-information protection in China are widely distributed in multiple 

laws and regulations, showing a scattered state and have not yet formed a unified legal system with 

strict logic and a complete structure. Although the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s 

Republic of China provides a relatively comprehensive framework for personal-information protection, 

in the specific implementation process, it still needs to be coordinated and cooperated with other 

relevant laws. In the online-shopping scenario, the protection of consumers’ personal information 

involves multiple laws such as the Law on the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests, the 

Cybersecurity Law, and the E-commerce Law. These laws have made provisions on 

personal-information protection from different angles, resulting in conflicts and contradictions in legal 

application. This scattered legislative model lacks a unified legislative concept and system, and there is 

a lack of effective coordination and integration among various laws and regulations. Different laws 

have differences in the definition of personal information, protection scope, liability for infringement, 

etc., making it difficult to accurately grasp and apply in practice. The scatter of legal provisions also 

leads to legal loopholes. Due to the lack of comprehensive overall planning and coordination among 



www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp                   Economics, Law and Policy                        Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 

172 
Published by SCHOLINK INC. 

various laws and regulations, there may be situations where the protection of personal information in 

certain fields lacks clear provisions. 

3.1.2 Poor Operability of Some Legal Provisions 

In China’s current laws, some provisions on personal-information protection are vague and uncertain in 

practice, resulting in poor operability. In terms of the definition of personal information, although laws 

such as the Personal Information Protection Law have defined the concept of personal information, in 

practical applications, there are still disputes over whether some special information belongs to 

personal information. For some information that indirectly reflects personal characteristics, whether it 

should be included in the category of personal information is not clearly defined by law. Although this 

information cannot directly identify a person’s identity, it may be able to identify an individual in 

combination with other information. In practice, there is a lack of clear legal basis for the collection, 

use, and protection of such information, which is likely to trigger infringement disputes. In addition, 

some legal provisions lack specific implementation rules and operation procedures, making it difficult 

for law-enforcement departments to carry out their work. This also leaves a large operating space for 

personal-information processors, who may evade legal responsibilities on various pretexts. 

3.2 Incomplete Regulatory Mechanism 

3.2.1 Insufficient Coordination and Cooperation among Regulatory Departments 

In the supervision of the protection of consumers’ personal information in online shopping, multiple 

departments, including the Cyberspace Administration of China, the market-supervision department, 

and the public-security department, play important roles. In the actual supervision process, there are 

problems of insufficient coordination and cooperation among these departments, resulting in low 

supervision efficiency and it being difficult to form an effective supervision synergy. These problems 

lead to the existence of supervision loopholes and duplicate supervision in the supervision process. 

Some illegal acts may not be promptly and effectively investigated and punished due to insufficient 

coordination and cooperation among departments, forming supervision loopholes. 

3.2.2 Backward Regulatory Technical Means 

With the rapid development of network technology, the business models and technical applications of 

online shopping are constantly innovating, which poses great challenges to the supervision of the 

protection of consumers’ personal information. The existing regulatory technical means are relatively 

backward and difficult to meet the regulatory needs in the new situation, resulting in many difficulties 

and deficiencies in the supervision work. Personal-information-security incidents in online shopping 

are often sudden and covert, requiring regulatory departments to have the ability to respond quickly and 

handle emergencies. The existing regulatory technical means are insufficient in emergency handling 

and it is difficult to take effective measures in a timely manner to reduce the losses caused by 

personal-information-security incidents. 

 

 



www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp                   Economics, Law and Policy                        Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 

173 
Published by SCHOLINK INC. 

3.3 Difficulties in Consumers’ Rights Protection 

3.3.1 Difficulties in Burden of Proof 

When consumers’ personal information is infringed in online shopping, it is often very difficult for 

consumers to provide evidence. In China, the principle of liability for infringement generally follows 

the fault-liability principle, that is, “whoever claims, whoever proves”. Consumers must bear the 

obligation and responsibility of providing evidence if they want to protect their rights. However, in the 

actual process of providing evidence, consumers always encounter various problems. 

In many cases, consumers also find it difficult to obtain relevant infringement evidence. Online 

shopping involves many subjects and complex information-processing processes. The collection, 

storage, and use of personal information are mainly controlled by e-commerce platforms, merchants, 

and third-party service providers. These subjects have absolute advantages in technology, resources, 

and information control, while consumers are in a weak position, which greatly limits consumers’ 

ability to prove. 

3.3.2 High Cost of Rights Protection 

Consumers often have to pay high costs of time, energy, and money in the process of safeguarding their 

personal-information rights, which seriously dampens consumers’ enthusiasm for rights protection and 

makes them choose to give up protecting their rights when facing infringement. 

The rights-protection process for consumers’ personal-information-infringement cases often takes a lot 

of time. From the discovery of personal-information infringement by consumers to the final result of 

rights-protection, the whole process is cumbersome and complex. It also consumes a lot of energy. 

Consumers need to constantly communicate and negotiate with the infringing party and relevant 

departments, collect evidence, and understand relevant laws, regulations, and policies during the 

rights-protection process. In addition, in the litigation process, consumers may need to pay litigation 

fees, lawyer fees, appraisal fees, and other expenses. These additional payments are a large expense for 

ordinary consumers, resulting in consumers giving up rights-protection because they cannot afford 

these costs. 

 

4. Suggestions for Improving the Legal Protection of Consumers’ Personal Information in Online 

Shopping 

4.1 Improve the Legal System 

4.1.1 Formulate a Unified Personal-Information-Protection Law 

From an international perspective, many developed countries and regions have formulated perfect 

personal-information-protection laws, providing useful references for China. The General Data 

Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union is a model in the global field of 

personal-information protection. The implementation of GDPR has greatly strengthened the protection 

of personal information within the EU, expanded the scope of information-subject rights, enhanced 



www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp                   Economics, Law and Policy                        Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 

174 
Published by SCHOLINK INC. 

citizens’ trust in personal-information security (Hong, F., & Chen, Y., 2021, pp. 63-65), and had a 

profound impact on global personal-information-protection legislation. 

In the United States, there is no unified legislation for the protection of consumers’ personal 

information in online shopping. Instead, it adopts a decentralized-legislation approach in different 

professional fields to protect consumers’ personal information (Li, X. R., 2023). At the federal level, 

the United States has formulated multiple laws related to personal-information protection. In terms of 

industry self-regulation, various industry associations in the United States have developed a series of 

self-regulatory norms to guide enterprises to abide by relevant personal-information-protection 

regulations. This protection model in the United States not only gives full play to the role of the market 

but also ensures the security of personal information through legal constraints. 

Combined with China’s actual situation, when formulating a unified personal-information-protection 

law, the right attribute of personal information should be clearly defined as an independent personality 

right, and individuals should be granted a series of rights such as the right to control and the right to 

know about their personal information. In the collection of personal information, it should be stipulated 

that information collectors must follow the principles of legality, justness, and necessity, clearly inform 

the purpose, method, and scope of personal-information collection, and obtain the clear consent of 

individuals. For the collection of sensitive personal information, stricter provisions should be set. It is 

also necessary to establish and improve the regulatory mechanism and relief channels for 

personal-information protection, clarify the responsibilities and authorities of regulatory departments, 

and strengthen the supervision and inspection of personal-information-processing activities. 

Additionally, punitive damages can be introduced by referring to relevant regulations (Li, X., 2019). 

4.1.2 Improve the Legal Norms Related to Online Shopping 

Online shopping, as a unique business model, has special ways of collecting, using, storing, and 

transmitting personal information, and requires specific legal norms to adjust and regulate. 

In online shopping, the collection link of consumers’ personal information involves many subjects and 

complex processes, and it is easy to have infringement behaviors. Special legal norms should be 

formulated to clarify the rights and obligations of e-commerce platforms, merchants, and third-party 

service providers in personal-information collection. It should be stipulated that when e-commerce 

platforms collect consumers’ personal information, they must provide consumers with clear and 

understandable privacy policies. The scope of information collection should be restricted, and personal 

information irrelevant to online-shopping business should not be collected. 

There are also many problems in the use and sharing of personal information in online shopping. In 

order to standardize the use and sharing of personal information, the conditions, procedures, and the 

rights and obligations of all parties should be clearly defined. The use of personal information must be 

carried out within the purpose and scope clearly defined at the time of collection, and the purpose 

should not be changed without permission. Moreover, e-commerce platforms and related merchants 

should conduct limited collection of consumers’ personal information based on the principle of 



www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp                   Economics, Law and Policy                        Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 

175 
Published by SCHOLINK INC. 

necessity and strictly follow the minimum-data-volume standard when collecting personal information 

(Zhong, H. Y., Wang, Q. R., Peng, H. Y. et al., 2018, pp. 92-95). In terms of personal-information 

sharing, the clear consent of consumers must be obtained, and relevant agreements should be signed to 

clarify the rights and obligations of all sharing parties. 

4.2 Strengthen the Regulatory Mechanism 

4.2.1 Strengthen the Coordination and Cooperation among Regulatory Departments 

In order to effectively solve the problem of insufficient coordination and cooperation among 

departments in the supervision of the protection of consumers’ personal information in online shopping, 

it is necessary to start from multiple aspects and establish a long-term and effective coordination and 

cooperation mechanism. 

Establishing a unified information-sharing platform is one of the key measures. This platform should 

integrate the data and information obtained by various departments in the supervision of 

personal-information protection and realize the real-time sharing and interaction of information. 

Through the information-sharing platform, various departments can break down information barriers 

and avoid supervision loopholes and duplicate supervision caused by information asymmetry. 

It is also crucial to clarify the division of responsibilities of each regulatory department. A detailed 

supervision-responsibility list should be formulated to clarify the work of each department. By 

clarifying the division of responsibilities, each department can perform its own duties, avoid the 

phenomenon of shirking responsibility caused by unclear responsibilities, and improve supervision 

efficiency. Regular communication and coordination meetings can also be held to strengthen the 

communication and cooperation among various departments and form a supervision synergy. 

4.2.2 Improve the Regulatory Technology Level 

Facing the technical challenges in the supervision of the protection of consumers’ personal information 

in online shopping, active measures should be taken to increase investment in the research and 

development of regulatory technologies, improve the regulatory technology level, and adapt to the 

changing network environment and personal-information-protection needs. 

Increasing the capital investment in the research and development of regulatory technologies is the 

primary task. The government should set up special funds to encourage scientific-research institutions 

and enterprises to carry out the research and development of regulatory technologies. The government 

can also guide enterprises to increase investment in the research and development of regulatory 

technologies through policies such as tax preferences and financial subsidies and improve the 

enthusiasm of enterprises to participate in regulatory technology innovation. Cultivating a professional 

regulatory technology talent team is also of great significance. Universities and vocational colleges 

should strengthen the construction of relevant majors to cultivate and transport professional talents for 

regulatory departments. Regulatory departments should regularly organize internal personnel to 

participate in technical training and learning and communication activities to improve the technical 

level and business capabilities of regulators. 



www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp                   Economics, Law and Policy                        Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 

176 
Published by SCHOLINK INC. 

4.3 Reduce the Cost of Consumers’ Rights Protection 

4.3.1 Reasonably Allocate the Burden of Proof 

In personal information infringement cases, the burden of proof on consumers should be appropriately 

reduced. The burden of proof can be reversed, and the defendant should be required to prove that they 

have no infringement (Xu, Y., 2017). Personal information processors should prove that they have 

followed the principles of legality, justness, and necessity in the process of collecting, using, storing, 

and transmitting consumers’ personal information, and have taken reasonable security measures and 

there is no infringement. If personal information processors cannot prove that they are not at fault, they 

should bear the liability for infringement. An evidence preservation system can also be established. 

After consumers discover that their personal information has been infringed, they can apply to relevant 

departments for evidence preservation in a timely manner to ensure the authenticity and integrity of the 

evidence and provide strong support for subsequent rights protection. 

4.3.2 Establish a Diversified Dispute Resolution Mechanism 

Improving diversified dispute resolution mechanisms such as litigation, arbitration, and mediation can 

provide consumers with more convenient and efficient rights protection channels, reduce the cost of 

rights protection, and effectively resolve personal information infringement disputes in a timely manner. 

Firstly, the litigation process can be optimized to improve litigation efficiency. Special tribunals or 

collegial panels for personal information infringement cases can be established, and judges with 

professional knowledge and rich experience can be selected to hear such cases. Secondly, the role of 

arbitration institutions in resolving personal information infringement disputes should be strengthened, 

and consumers and personal information processors should be encouraged to resolve disputes through 

arbitration. Arbitration can quickly resolve disputes and reduce the cost of consumers’ rights protection. 

Finally, the mediation mechanism should be improved, and diversified mediation organizations should 

be established. During the mediation process, mediation organizations should adhere to the principles 

of fairness and impartiality, fully listen to the opinions of the parties, and help the parties reach a 

settlement agreement. Mediation agreements have legal effect, and the parties should perform them. If 

one party fails to perform, the other party can apply to the court for compulsory enforcement. 

4.3.3 Strengthen Consumers’ Rights Protection Education 

By carrying out diversified publicity activities and holding targeted training lectures, strengthening the 

education of consumers’ legal knowledge and rights protection awareness can effectively improve 

consumers’ self-protection ability, enhance their rights protection awareness, and enable consumers to 

take timely and effective measures to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests when facing 

personal information infringement. 

Carrying out publicity activities is an important way to improve consumers’ legal knowledge and rights 

protection awareness. Various media platforms can be fully utilized to widely publicize the laws, 

regulations, and policies on personal information protection. Public service advertisements on personal 

information protection can be broadcast on TV, special columns on personal information protection can 



www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp                   Economics, Law and Policy                        Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 

177 
Published by SCHOLINK INC. 

be set up in newspapers, and publicity materials and videos on personal information protection can be 

released on network platforms for consumers to consult and learn at any time. Offline publicity 

activities can also be carried out to publicize personal information protection knowledge face-to-face 

with consumers and answer consumers’ questions. 

 

5. Conclusion 

With the rapid development and continuous progress of e-commerce, the value of consumers in online 

shopping is constantly increasing. At the same time, although relevant laws in China provide a legal 

basis for its protection, cases of infringement of consumers’ personal information still occur frequently, 

indicating that we still need to strengthen the legal protection of consumers’ rights. 

Facing the growing situation of online shopping infringing on consumers’ personal information, it is 

urgent to strengthen the protection of consumers’ personal information, safeguard consumers’ 

legitimate rights and interests, and construct a perfect legal protection system for consumers’ personal 

information. In the future, with the continuous development of network technology and online 

shopping models, the protection of consumers’ personal information will face more complex 

challenges and also new development opportunities. We need to keep up with the development of the 

industry, continuously optimize the legal system, improve the long-term regulatory mechanism, 

vigorously promote the research, development, and application of technological innovation, and 

actively carry out publicity and education to effectively enhance consumers’ awareness and prevention 

ability of personal information protection. Only by making joint efforts from multiple aspects can we 

build a safe, stable, standardized, and orderly online shopping ecological environment and promote the 

healthy and orderly development of the online shopping industry. 

 

References 

Chen, J. L. (2025). Research on the Protection of Consumers’ Personal Information in the E-commerce 

Environment. Modern Marketing (Early Edition), 2025(03), 152-154. 

Hong, F., & Chen, Y. (2021). Enlightenment and Reference of Foreign Personal Information Protection 

Legislation to China. Northern Finance Journal, 2021(11), 63-65. 

Li, X. (2019). Research on the Tort Liability of Personal Information in the Network Environment. 

Beijing Jiaotong University. 

Li, X. R. (2023). Research on the Legal Issues of the Protection of Consumers’ Personal Information 

in Online Shopping. Qingdao University. https://doi.org/10.31839/ibt.2023.01.40.153 

Shen, X. J. (2022). Protection of Consumers’ Personal Information in Online Shopping. Heilongjiang 

Human Resources and Social Security, 2022(10), 148-150. 

Xu, Y. (2017). Legal Protection of Consumers’ Personal Information in Online Shopping. Capital 

University of Economics and Business. 

 

https://doi.org/10.31839/ibt.2023.01.40.153


www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp                   Economics, Law and Policy                        Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 

178 
Published by SCHOLINK INC. 

Zhong, H. Y., Wang, Q. R., Peng, H. Y. et al. (2018). Analysis of the Principles of Collection, Custody, 

and Utilization of Consumers’ Personal Information—Taking E-commerce Platforms as an 

Example. Legal System and Economy, 2018(05), 92-95. 

  


