id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
elp-56054	1	1	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	1	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	1	3	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	1	4	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	1	5	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	1	6	issn	issn	VERB
elp-56054	1	7	2576	2576	NUM
elp-56054	1	8	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	1	9	2060	2060	NUM
elp-56054	1	10	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	1	11	print	print	NOUN
elp-56054	1	12	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	1	13	issn	issn	PROPN
elp-56054	1	14	2576	2576	NUM
elp-56054	1	15	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	1	16	2052	2052	NUM
elp-56054	1	17	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	1	18	online	online	ADJ
elp-56054	1	19	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	1	20	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	1	21	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	2	1	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	2	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	3	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	2	4	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	2	5	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	2	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	7	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	2	8	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	VERB
elp-56054	2	9	152	152	NUM
elp-56054	2	10	original	original	ADJ
elp-56054	2	11	paper	paper	NOUN
elp-56054	2	12	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	2	13	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	2	14	atypical	atypical	ADJ
elp-56054	2	15	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	2	16	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	2	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	2	18	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	2	19	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	2	20	zhifeng	zhifeng	NOUN
elp-56054	2	21	teng	teng	PROPN
elp-56054	2	22	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	2	23	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	2	24	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	2	25	school	school	NOUN
elp-56054	2	26	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	27	shanghai	shanghai	PROPN
elp-56054	2	28	university	university	PROPN
elp-56054	2	29	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	2	30	finance	finance	NOUN
elp-56054	2	31	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	2	32	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	2	33	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	34	shanghai	shanghai	PROPN
elp-56054	2	35	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	36	china	china	PROPN
elp-56054	2	37	received	receive	VERB
elp-56054	2	38	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	39	april	april	PROPN
elp-56054	2	40	22	22	NUM
elp-56054	2	41	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	42	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	2	43	accepted	accept	VERB
elp-56054	2	44	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	45	may	may	AUX
elp-56054	2	46	7	7	NUM
elp-56054	2	47	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	48	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	2	49	online	online	ADV
elp-56054	2	50	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	2	51	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	52	may	may	AUX
elp-56054	2	53	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	2	54	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	55	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	2	56	doi:10.22158	doi:10.22158	NOUN
elp-56054	2	57	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	2	58	elp.v8n1p152	elp.v8n1p152	NOUN
elp-56054	2	59	url	url	PROPN
elp-56054	2	60	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	61	http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v8n1p152	http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v8n1p152	PROPN
elp-56054	2	62	abstract	abstract	ADP
elp-56054	2	63	the	the	DET
elp-56054	2	64	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	2	65	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	2	66	has	have	AUX
elp-56054	2	67	given	give	VERB
elp-56054	2	68	rise	rise	NOUN
elp-56054	2	69	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	2	70	atypical	atypical	ADJ
elp-56054	2	71	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	2	72	relationships	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	2	73	marked	mark	VERB
elp-56054	2	74	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	2	75	formal	formal	ADJ
elp-56054	2	76	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	2	77	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	2	78	substantive	substantive	ADJ
elp-56054	2	79	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	2	80	dependence	dependence	NOUN
elp-56054	2	81	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	82	challenging	challenge	VERB
elp-56054	2	83	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	2	84	“	"	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	85	employee	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	2	86	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	2	87	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	2	88	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	89	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	2	90	”	"	PUNCT
elp-56054	2	91	dichotomies	dichotomy	NOUN
elp-56054	2	92	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	2	93	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	2	94	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	2	95	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	3	1	this	this	DET
elp-56054	3	2	paper	paper	NOUN
elp-56054	3	3	analyzes	analyze	VERB
elp-56054	3	4	how	how	SCONJ
elp-56054	3	5	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	3	6	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	3	7	face	face	VERB
elp-56054	3	8	classification	classification	NOUN
elp-56054	3	9	dilemmas	dilemma	NOUN
elp-56054	3	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	3	11	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	3	12	weakened	weaken	VERB
elp-56054	3	13	personal	personal	ADJ
elp-56054	3	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	3	15	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	3	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	3	17	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	3	18	organizational	organizational	ADJ
elp-56054	3	19	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	3	20	leading	lead	VERB
elp-56054	3	21	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	3	22	inadequate	inadequate	ADJ
elp-56054	3	23	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	3	24	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	3	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	3	26	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	3	27	opacity	opacity	NOUN
elp-56054	3	28	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	3	29	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	3	30	loss	loss	NOUN
elp-56054	3	31	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	3	32	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	3	33	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	3	34	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	4	1	drawing	draw	VERB
elp-56054	4	2	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	4	3	international	international	ADJ
elp-56054	4	4	experiences	experience	NOUN
elp-56054	4	5	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	4	6	germany	germany	PROPN
elp-56054	4	7	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	4	8	“	"	PUNCT
elp-56054	4	9	quasi	quasi	ADJ
elp-56054	4	10	-	-	NOUN
elp-56054	4	11	employee	employee	ADJ
elp-56054	4	12	”	"	PUNCT
elp-56054	4	13	framework	framework	NOUN
elp-56054	4	14	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	4	15	california	california	PROPN
elp-56054	4	16	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	4	17	abc	abc	PROPN
elp-56054	4	18	test	test	NOUN
elp-56054	4	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	4	20	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	4	21	proposes	propose	VERB
elp-56054	4	22	a	a	DET
elp-56054	4	23	threefold	threefold	ADJ
elp-56054	4	24	institutional	institutional	ADJ
elp-56054	4	25	reconstruction	reconstruction	NOUN
elp-56054	4	26	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	4	27	constructing	construct	VERB
elp-56054	4	28	a	a	DET
elp-56054	4	29	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
elp-56054	4	30	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	4	31	determination	determination	NOUN
elp-56054	4	32	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	4	33	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	4	34	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	4	35	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	4	36	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	4	37	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	4	38	factual	factual	ADJ
elp-56054	4	39	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	4	40	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	4	41	enhancing	enhance	VERB
elp-56054	4	42	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	4	43	regulation	regulation	NOUN
elp-56054	4	44	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	4	45	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	4	46	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	4	47	to	to	PART
elp-56054	4	48	address	address	VERB
elp-56054	4	49	covert	covert	ADJ
elp-56054	4	50	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	4	51	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	4	52	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	4	53	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	4	54	establishing	establish	VERB
elp-56054	4	55	a	a	DET
elp-56054	4	56	tiered	tiere	VERB
elp-56054	4	57	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	4	58	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	4	59	mechanism	mechanism	NOUN
elp-56054	4	60	tailored	tailor	VERB
elp-56054	4	61	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	4	62	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	4	63	’	’	PART
elp-56054	4	64	dependency	dependency	NOUN
elp-56054	4	65	levels	level	NOUN
elp-56054	4	66	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	5	1	these	these	DET
elp-56054	5	2	measures	measure	NOUN
elp-56054	5	3	aim	aim	VERB
elp-56054	5	4	to	to	PART
elp-56054	5	5	balance	balance	VERB
elp-56054	5	6	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	5	7	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	5	8	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	5	9	protective	protective	ADJ
elp-56054	5	10	safeguards	safeguard	NOUN
elp-56054	5	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	5	12	adapting	adapt	VERB
elp-56054	5	13	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	5	14	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	5	15	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	5	16	the	the	DET
elp-56054	5	17	hybrid	hybrid	ADJ
elp-56054	5	18	nature	nature	NOUN
elp-56054	5	19	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	5	20	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	5	21	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	5	22	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	6	1	keywords	keyword	VERB
elp-56054	6	2	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	6	3	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	6	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	6	5	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	6	6	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	6	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	6	8	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	6	9	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	6	10	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	6	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	6	12	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	6	13	regulation	regulation	NOUN
elp-56054	6	14	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	6	15	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	7	1	introduction	introduction	NOUN
elp-56054	7	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	7	3	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	7	4	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	7	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	7	6	an	an	DET
elp-56054	7	7	emerging	emerge	VERB
elp-56054	7	8	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	7	9	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	7	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	7	11	differs	differ	VERB
elp-56054	7	12	fundamentally	fundamentally	ADV
elp-56054	7	13	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	7	14	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	7	15	economies	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	7	16	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	7	17	market	market	NOUN
elp-56054	7	18	structure	structure	NOUN
elp-56054	7	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	7	20	operational	operational	ADJ
elp-56054	7	21	frameworks	framework	NOUN
elp-56054	7	22	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	7	23	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	7	24	user	user	NOUN
elp-56054	7	25	convenience	convenience	NOUN
elp-56054	7	26	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	8	1	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	8	2	enables	enable	VERB
elp-56054	8	3	more	more	ADV
elp-56054	8	4	efficient	efficient	ADJ
elp-56054	8	5	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	8	6	rational	rational	ADJ
elp-56054	8	7	distribution	distribution	NOUN
elp-56054	8	8	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	8	9	resources	resource	NOUN
elp-56054	8	10	to	to	PART
elp-56054	8	11	balance	balance	VERB
elp-56054	8	12	societal	societal	ADJ
elp-56054	8	13	supply	supply	NOUN
elp-56054	8	14	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	8	15	demand	demand	NOUN
elp-56054	8	16	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	9	1	driven	drive	VERB
elp-56054	9	2	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	9	3	advancing	advance	VERB
elp-56054	9	4	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	9	5	technologies	technology	NOUN
elp-56054	9	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	9	7	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	9	8	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	9	9	have	have	AUX
elp-56054	9	10	now	now	ADV
elp-56054	9	11	permeated	permeate	VERB
elp-56054	9	12	all	all	DET
elp-56054	9	13	sectors	sector	NOUN
elp-56054	9	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	9	15	playing	play	VERB
elp-56054	9	16	a	a	DET
elp-56054	9	17	pivotal	pivotal	ADJ
elp-56054	9	18	role	role	NOUN
elp-56054	9	19	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	9	20	every	every	DET
elp-56054	9	21	link	link	NOUN
elp-56054	9	22	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	9	23	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	9	24	production	production	NOUN
elp-56054	9	25	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	10	1	as	as	SCONJ
elp-56054	10	2	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	10	3	reshape	reshape	VERB
elp-56054	10	4	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	10	5	ecosystems	ecosystem	NOUN
elp-56054	10	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	10	7	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	10	8	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	10	9	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	10	10	industries	industry	NOUN
elp-56054	10	11	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	10	12	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	10	13	ride	ride	NOUN
elp-56054	10	14	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	10	15	hailing	hail	VERB
elp-56054	10	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	10	17	food	food	NOUN
elp-56054	10	18	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	10	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	10	20	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	10	21	e	e	X
elp-56054	10	22	-	-	NOUN
elp-56054	10	23	commerce	commerce	NOUN
elp-56054	10	24	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	10	25	transforming	transform	VERB
elp-56054	10	26	global	global	ADJ
elp-56054	10	27	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	10	28	markets	market	NOUN
elp-56054	10	29	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	11	1	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	11	2	2022	2022	NUM
elp-56054	11	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	11	4	china	china	PROPN
elp-56054	11	5	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	11	6	sharing	share	VERB
elp-56054	11	7	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	11	8	recorded	record	VERB
elp-56054	11	9	transaction	transaction	NOUN
elp-56054	11	10	volumes	volume	NOUN
elp-56054	11	11	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	11	12	3.832	3.832	NUM
elp-56054	11	13	trillion	trillion	NUM
elp-56054	11	14	rmb	rmb	NOUN
elp-56054	11	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	11	16	a	a	DET
elp-56054	11	17	year	year	NOUN
elp-56054	11	18	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	11	19	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	11	20	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	11	21	year	year	NOUN
elp-56054	11	22	increase	increase	NOUN
elp-56054	11	23	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	11	24	3.9	3.9	NUM
elp-56054	11	25	%	%	NOUN
elp-56054	11	26	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	11	27	reflecting	reflect	VERB
elp-56054	11	28	an	an	DET
elp-56054	11	29	overall	overall	ADJ
elp-56054	11	30	upward	upward	ADJ
elp-56054	11	31	trajectory	trajectory	NOUN
elp-56054	11	32	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	12	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	12	2	lifestyle	lifestyle	PROPN
elp-56054	12	3	services	service	NOUN
elp-56054	12	4	sector	sector	NOUN
elp-56054	12	5	led	lead	VERB
elp-56054	12	6	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	12	7	1.8548	1.8548	NUM
elp-56054	12	8	trillion	trillion	NUM
elp-56054	12	9	rmb	rmb	NOUN
elp-56054	12	10	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	12	11	transactions	transaction	NOUN
elp-56054	12	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	12	13	where	where	SCONJ
elp-56054	12	14	online	online	ADJ
elp-56054	12	15	food	food	NOUN
elp-56054	12	16	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	12	17	accounted	account	VERB
elp-56054	12	18	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	12	19	25.4	25.4	NUM
elp-56054	12	20	%	%	NOUN
elp-56054	12	21	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	12	22	the	the	DET
elp-56054	12	23	national	national	ADJ
elp-56054	12	24	catering	catering	NOUN
elp-56054	12	25	industry	industry	NOUN
elp-56054	12	26	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	12	27	revenue	revenue	NOUN
elp-56054	12	28	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	12	29	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	12	30	ride	ride	NOUN
elp-56054	12	31	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	12	32	hailing	hail	VERB
elp-56054	12	33	trips	trip	NOUN
elp-56054	12	34	made	make	VERB
elp-56054	12	35	up	up	ADP
elp-56054	12	36	40.5	40.5	NUM
elp-56054	12	37	%	%	NOUN
elp-56054	12	38	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	12	39	total	total	ADJ
elp-56054	12	40	taxi	taxi	NOUN
elp-56054	12	41	passenger	passenger	NOUN
elp-56054	12	42	volume	volume	NOUN
elp-56054	12	43	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	12	44	signaling	signal	VERB
elp-56054	12	45	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	NOUN
elp-56054	12	46	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	12	47	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	12	48	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	12	49	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	12	50	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	12	51	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	12	52	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	13	1	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	13	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	13	3	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	13	4	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	13	5	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	13	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	13	7	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	13	8	153	153	NUM
elp-56054	13	9	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	13	10	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	13	11	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	13	12	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	13	13	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	13	14	deep	deep	ADJ
elp-56054	13	15	integration	integration	NOUN
elp-56054	13	16	into	into	ADP
elp-56054	13	17	daily	daily	ADJ
elp-56054	13	18	consumer	consumer	NOUN
elp-56054	13	19	life	life	NOUN
elp-56054	13	20	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	13	21	national	national	ADJ
elp-56054	13	22	information	information	NOUN
elp-56054	13	23	center	center	PROPN
elp-56054	13	24	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	13	25	china	china	PROPN
elp-56054	13	26	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	13	27	2023	2023	NUM
elp-56054	13	28	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	13	29	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	14	1	u.s	u.s	PROPN
elp-56054	14	2	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	14	3	census	census	PROPN
elp-56054	14	4	bureau	bureau	PROPN
elp-56054	14	5	data	data	PROPN
elp-56054	14	6	shows	show	VERB
elp-56054	14	7	that	that	SCONJ
elp-56054	14	8	the	the	DET
elp-56054	14	9	quantity	quantity	NOUN
elp-56054	14	10	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	14	11	non	non	ADJ
elp-56054	14	12	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	14	13	employer	employer	ADJ
elp-56054	14	14	firms	firm	NOUN
elp-56054	14	15	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	14	16	the	the	DET
elp-56054	14	17	united	united	PROPN
elp-56054	14	18	states	states	PROPN
elp-56054	14	19	rose	rise	VERB
elp-56054	14	20	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	14	21	60	60	NUM
elp-56054	14	22	percent	percent	NOUN
elp-56054	14	23	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	14	24	1999	1999	NUM
elp-56054	14	25	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	14	26	2014	2014	NUM
elp-56054	14	27	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	14	28	rozzi	rozzi	NOUN
elp-56054	14	29	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	14	30	f.	f.	PROPN
elp-56054	14	31	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	14	32	2018	2018	NUM
elp-56054	14	33	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	14	34	p.	p.	NOUN
elp-56054	14	35	33	33	NUM
elp-56054	14	36	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	14	37	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	15	1	this	this	DET
elp-56054	15	2	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	15	3	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	15	4	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	15	5	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	15	6	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	15	7	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	15	8	accurately	accurately	ADV
elp-56054	15	9	matches	match	VERB
elp-56054	15	10	fragmented	fragmented	ADJ
elp-56054	15	11	service	service	NOUN
elp-56054	15	12	demand	demand	NOUN
elp-56054	15	13	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	15	14	distributed	distribute	VERB
elp-56054	15	15	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	15	16	supply	supply	NOUN
elp-56054	15	17	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	15	18	technological	technological	ADJ
elp-56054	15	19	empowerment	empowerment	NOUN
elp-56054	15	20	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	16	1	however	however	ADV
elp-56054	16	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	16	3	as	as	SCONJ
elp-56054	16	4	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	16	5	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	16	6	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	16	7	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	16	8	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	16	9	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	16	10	the	the	DET
elp-56054	16	11	―employment	―employment	ADJ
elp-56054	16	12	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	16	13	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	16	14	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	16	15	employment‖	employment‖	NOUN
elp-56054	16	16	dichotomy	dichotomy	NOUN
elp-56054	16	17	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	16	18	the	the	DET
elp-56054	16	19	industrial	industrial	ADJ
elp-56054	16	20	era	era	NOUN
elp-56054	16	21	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	16	22	its	its	PRON
elp-56054	16	23	pre	pre	ADJ
elp-56054	16	24	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	16	25	existing	existing	ADJ
elp-56054	16	26	theories	theory	NOUN
elp-56054	16	27	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	16	28	institutions	institution	NOUN
elp-56054	16	29	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	16	30	not	not	PART
elp-56054	16	31	well	well	ADV
elp-56054	16	32	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	16	33	suited	suit	VERB
elp-56054	16	34	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	16	35	the	the	DET
elp-56054	16	36	present	present	ADJ
elp-56054	16	37	situation	situation	NOUN
elp-56054	16	38	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	17	1	―in	―in	PROPN
elp-56054	17	2	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	17	3	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	17	4	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	17	5	union	union	NOUN
elp-56054	17	6	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	17	7	great	great	ADJ
elp-56054	17	8	britain	britain	PROPN
elp-56054	17	9	v.	v.	PROPN
elp-56054	17	10	roofoods	roofoods	PROPN
elp-56054	17	11	ltd	ltd	PROPN
elp-56054	18	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	18	2	2017	2017	NUM
elp-56054	18	3	]	]	PUNCT
elp-56054	18	4	tur1/985	tur1/985	X
elp-56054	18	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	18	6	the	the	DET
elp-56054	18	7	uk	uk	PROPN
elp-56054	18	8	central	central	PROPN
elp-56054	18	9	arbitration	arbitration	NOUN
elp-56054	18	10	committee	committee	NOUN
elp-56054	18	11	ruled	rule	VERB
elp-56054	18	12	that	that	SCONJ
elp-56054	18	13	deliveroo	deliveroo	PROPN
elp-56054	18	14	riders	rider	NOUN
elp-56054	18	15	lacked	lack	VERB
elp-56054	18	16	―personal	―personal	ADJ
elp-56054	18	17	obligation‖	obligation‖	X
elp-56054	18	18	to	to	PART
elp-56054	18	19	perform	perform	VERB
elp-56054	18	20	services	service	NOUN
elp-56054	18	21	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	18	22	thus	thus	ADV
elp-56054	18	23	denying	deny	VERB
elp-56054	18	24	employee	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	18	25	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	18	26	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	18	27	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	18	28	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	18	29	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	18	30	union	union	NOUN
elp-56054	18	31	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	18	32	great	great	ADJ
elp-56054	18	33	britain	britain	PROPN
elp-56054	18	34	v.	v.	PROPN
elp-56054	18	35	roofoods	roofoods	PROPN
elp-56054	18	36	ltd	ltd	PROPN
elp-56054	18	37	t	t	PROPN
elp-56054	18	38	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	18	39	a	a	DET
elp-56054	18	40	deliveroo	deliveroo	NOUN
elp-56054	19	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	19	2	2017	2017	NUM
elp-56054	19	3	]	]	PUNCT
elp-56054	19	4	tur1/985	tur1/985	NOUN
elp-56054	19	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	19	6	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	19	7	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	19	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	20	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	20	2	court	court	NOUN
elp-56054	20	3	ruled	rule	VERB
elp-56054	20	4	that	that	SCONJ
elp-56054	20	5	the	the	DET
elp-56054	20	6	rider	rider	NOUN
elp-56054	20	7	qualified	qualify	VERB
elp-56054	20	8	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	20	9	an	an	DET
elp-56054	20	10	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	20	11	contractor	contractor	NOUN
elp-56054	20	12	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	20	13	thus	thus	ADV
elp-56054	20	14	was	be	AUX
elp-56054	20	15	not	not	PART
elp-56054	20	16	entitled	entitle	VERB
elp-56054	20	17	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	20	18	termination	termination	NOUN
elp-56054	20	19	compensation	compensation	NOUN
elp-56054	20	20	under	under	ADP
elp-56054	20	21	the	the	DET
elp-56054	20	22	fair	fair	ADJ
elp-56054	20	23	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	20	24	act	act	PROPN
elp-56054	20	25	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	21	1	a	a	DET
elp-56054	21	2	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	21	3	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	21	4	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	21	5	contract	contract	NOUN
elp-56054	21	6	gives	give	VERB
elp-56054	21	7	him	he	PRON
elp-56054	21	8	―virtually	―virtually	ADV
elp-56054	21	9	unlimited	unlimited	ADJ
elp-56054	21	10	right	right	NOUN
elp-56054	21	11	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	21	12	substitution‖	substitution‖	PROPN
elp-56054	21	13	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	21	14	i.e.	i.e.	X
elp-56054	21	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	21	16	the	the	DET
elp-56054	21	17	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	21	18	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	21	19	can	can	AUX
elp-56054	21	20	delegate	delegate	VERB
elp-56054	21	21	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	21	22	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	21	23	others	other	NOUN
elp-56054	21	24	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	21	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	21	26	which	which	PRON
elp-56054	21	27	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	21	28	contrary	contrary	ADJ
elp-56054	21	29	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	21	30	the	the	DET
elp-56054	21	31	―personal	―personal	PROPN
elp-56054	21	32	obligation‖	obligation‖	NOUN
elp-56054	21	33	requirement	requirement	NOUN
elp-56054	21	34	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	21	35	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	21	36	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	21	37	relationships	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	21	38	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	22	1	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	22	2	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	22	3	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	22	4	highly	highly	ADV
elp-56054	22	5	flexible	flexible	ADJ
elp-56054	22	6	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	22	7	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	22	8	working	working	NOUN
elp-56054	22	9	hours	hour	NOUN
elp-56054	22	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	22	11	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	22	12	the	the	DET
elp-56054	22	13	ability	ability	NOUN
elp-56054	22	14	to	to	PART
elp-56054	22	15	choose	choose	VERB
elp-56054	22	16	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	22	17	own	own	ADJ
elp-56054	22	18	time	time	NOUN
elp-56054	22	19	slots	slot	NOUN
elp-56054	22	20	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	22	21	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	22	22	the	the	DET
elp-56054	22	23	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	22	24	does	do	AUX
elp-56054	22	25	not	not	PART
elp-56054	22	26	have	have	VERB
elp-56054	22	27	direct	direct	ADJ
elp-56054	22	28	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	22	29	over	over	ADP
elp-56054	22	30	how	how	SCONJ
elp-56054	22	31	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	22	32	work	work	VERB
elp-56054	22	33	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	22	34	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	22	35	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	22	36	route	route	NOUN
elp-56054	22	37	planning	planning	NOUN
elp-56054	22	38	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	22	39	dress	dress	NOUN
elp-56054	22	40	code	code	NOUN
elp-56054	22	41	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	22	42	etc	etc	X
elp-56054	22	43	.	.	X
elp-56054	22	44	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	22	45	confronting	confront	VERB
elp-56054	22	46	the	the	DET
elp-56054	22	47	crisis	crisis	NOUN
elp-56054	22	48	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	22	49	institutional	institutional	ADJ
elp-56054	22	50	adaptation	adaptation	NOUN
elp-56054	22	51	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	22	52	the	the	DET
elp-56054	22	53	transformation	transformation	NOUN
elp-56054	22	54	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	22	55	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	22	56	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	22	57	triggered	trigger	VERB
elp-56054	22	58	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	22	59	the	the	DET
elp-56054	22	60	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	22	61	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	22	62	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	22	63	how	how	SCONJ
elp-56054	22	64	to	to	PART
elp-56054	22	65	construct	construct	VERB
elp-56054	22	66	an	an	DET
elp-56054	22	67	innovative	innovative	ADJ
elp-56054	22	68	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	22	69	inclusive	inclusive	ADJ
elp-56054	22	70	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	22	71	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	22	72	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	22	73	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	22	74	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	22	75	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	22	76	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	22	77	interests	interest	NOUN
elp-56054	22	78	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	22	79	has	have	AUX
elp-56054	22	80	become	become	VERB
elp-56054	22	81	an	an	DET
elp-56054	22	82	urgent	urgent	ADJ
elp-56054	22	83	matter	matter	NOUN
elp-56054	22	84	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	23	1	2	2	X
elp-56054	23	2	.	.	X
elp-56054	23	3	characterization	characterization	NOUN
elp-56054	23	4	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	23	5	atypical	atypical	ADJ
elp-56054	23	6	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	23	7	relationships	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	23	8	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	23	9	the	the	DET
elp-56054	23	10	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	23	11	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	23	12	the	the	DET
elp-56054	23	13	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	23	14	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	23	15	has	have	AUX
elp-56054	23	16	structurally	structurally	ADV
elp-56054	23	17	reshaped	reshape	VERB
elp-56054	23	18	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	23	19	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	23	20	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	1	differing	differ	VERB
elp-56054	24	2	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	24	3	the	the	DET
elp-56054	24	4	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	24	5	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	24	6	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	24	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	8	its	its	PRON
elp-56054	24	9	core	core	NOUN
elp-56054	24	10	features	feature	NOUN
elp-56054	24	11	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	24	12	as	as	SCONJ
elp-56054	24	13	follows	follow	VERB
elp-56054	24	14	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	15	first	first	ADV
elp-56054	24	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	17	technology	technology	NOUN
elp-56054	24	18	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	19	driven	drive	VERB
elp-56054	24	20	diversification	diversification	NOUN
elp-56054	24	21	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	24	22	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	24	23	forms	form	NOUN
elp-56054	24	24	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	25	forming	form	VERB
elp-56054	24	26	composite	composite	ADJ
elp-56054	24	27	modes	mode	NOUN
elp-56054	24	28	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	24	29	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	24	30	crowdsourcing	crowdsource	VERB
elp-56054	24	31	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	32	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	24	33	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	34	taskrabbit	taskrabbit	VERB
elp-56054	24	35	task	task	NOUN
elp-56054	24	36	subcontracting	subcontracting	NOUN
elp-56054	24	37	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	38	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	39	subcontracting	subcontracting	NOUN
elp-56054	24	40	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	41	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	24	42	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	43	regional	regional	ADJ
elp-56054	24	44	contracting	contracting	NOUN
elp-56054	24	45	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	24	46	logistics	logistic	NOUN
elp-56054	24	47	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	24	48	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	49	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	50	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	24	51	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	24	52	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	53	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	24	54	cooperation	cooperation	NOUN
elp-56054	24	55	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	56	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	24	57	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	58	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	24	59	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	24	60	independently	independently	ADV
elp-56054	24	61	accepting	accept	VERB
elp-56054	24	62	orders	order	NOUN
elp-56054	24	63	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	64	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	24	65	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	24	66	so	so	ADV
elp-56054	24	67	on	on	ADV
elp-56054	24	68	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	25	1	second	second	ADV
elp-56054	25	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	25	3	the	the	DET
elp-56054	25	4	functionality	functionality	NOUN
elp-56054	25	5	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	25	6	subordinate	subordinate	ADJ
elp-56054	25	7	elements	element	NOUN
elp-56054	25	8	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	25	9	weakened	weaken	VERB
elp-56054	25	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	25	11	personality	personality	NOUN
elp-56054	25	12	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	25	13	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	25	14	dissolved	dissolve	VERB
elp-56054	25	15	due	due	ADP
elp-56054	25	16	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	25	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	25	18	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	25	19	choice	choice	NOUN
elp-56054	25	20	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	25	21	working	working	NOUN
elp-56054	25	22	time	time	NOUN
elp-56054	25	23	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	25	24	place	place	NOUN
elp-56054	25	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	25	26	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	25	27	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	25	28	evolves	evolve	VERB
elp-56054	25	29	into	into	ADP
elp-56054	25	30	the	the	DET
elp-56054	25	31	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
elp-56054	25	32	balance	balance	NOUN
elp-56054	25	33	between	between	ADP
elp-56054	25	34	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	25	35	commission	commission	PROPN
elp-56054	25	36	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	25	37	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	25	38	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	25	39	multi	multi	ADJ
elp-56054	25	40	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	25	41	source	source	ADJ
elp-56054	25	42	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	25	43	;	;	PUNCT
elp-56054	25	44	organizational	organizational	ADJ
elp-56054	25	45	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	25	46	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	25	47	replaced	replace	VERB
elp-56054	25	48	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	25	49	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	25	50	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	25	51	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	25	52	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	25	53	monitoring	monitoring	NOUN
elp-56054	25	54	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	25	55	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	25	56	the	the	DET
elp-56054	25	57	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	25	58	theory	theory	NOUN
elp-56054	25	59	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	25	60	―three	―three	PROPN
elp-56054	25	61	subordinates‖	subordinates‖	PROPN
elp-56054	25	62	can	can	AUX
elp-56054	25	63	hardly	hardly	ADV
elp-56054	25	64	completely	completely	ADV
elp-56054	25	65	cover	cover	VERB
elp-56054	25	66	the	the	DET
elp-56054	25	67	new	new	ADJ
elp-56054	25	68	type	type	NOUN
elp-56054	25	69	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	25	70	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	25	71	relationship	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	25	72	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	26	1	third	third	ADV
elp-56054	26	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	26	3	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	26	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	26	5	implicit	implicit	ADJ
elp-56054	26	6	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	26	7	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	26	8	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	26	9	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	26	10	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	26	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	26	12	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	26	13	establish	establish	VERB
elp-56054	26	14	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	26	15	systems	system	NOUN
elp-56054	26	16	using	use	VERB
elp-56054	26	17	user	user	NOUN
elp-56054	26	18	ratings	rating	NOUN
elp-56054	26	19	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	26	20	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	26	21	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	26	22	allocation	allocation	NOUN
elp-56054	26	23	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	26	24	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	27	1	these	these	DET
elp-56054	27	2	systems	system	NOUN
elp-56054	27	3	disguise	disguise	VERB
elp-56054	27	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	27	5	profound	profound	ADJ
elp-56054	27	6	interference	interference	NOUN
elp-56054	27	7	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	27	8	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	27	9	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	27	10	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	27	11	the	the	DET
elp-56054	27	12	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	27	13	process	process	NOUN
elp-56054	27	14	beneath	beneath	ADP
elp-56054	27	15	the	the	DET
elp-56054	27	16	surface	surface	NOUN
elp-56054	27	17	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	27	18	level	level	NOUN
elp-56054	27	19	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	27	20	granted	grant	VERB
elp-56054	27	21	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	27	22	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	27	23	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	28	1	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	28	2	a	a	DET
elp-56054	28	3	result	result	NOUN
elp-56054	28	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	28	5	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	28	6	becomes	become	VERB
elp-56054	28	7	challenging	challenging	ADJ
elp-56054	28	8	to	to	PART
elp-56054	28	9	identify	identify	VERB
elp-56054	28	10	the	the	DET
elp-56054	28	11	organizational	organizational	ADJ
elp-56054	28	12	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	28	13	inherent	inherent	ADJ
elp-56054	28	14	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	28	15	the	the	DET
elp-56054	28	16	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	28	17	relationship	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	28	18	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	29	1	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	29	2	reality	reality	NOUN
elp-56054	29	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	29	4	however	however	ADV
elp-56054	29	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	29	6	this	this	DET
elp-56054	29	7	setup	setup	NOUN
elp-56054	29	8	gives	give	VERB
elp-56054	29	9	rise	rise	NOUN
elp-56054	29	10	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	29	11	a	a	DET
elp-56054	29	12	new	new	ADJ
elp-56054	29	13	form	form	NOUN
elp-56054	29	14	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	29	15	domination	domination	NOUN
elp-56054	29	16	known	know	VERB
elp-56054	29	17	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	29	18	―de	―de	NOUN
elp-56054	29	19	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	29	20	organizational	organizational	ADJ
elp-56054	29	21	control‖	control‖	NOUN
elp-56054	29	22	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	29	23	rani	rani	PROPN
elp-56054	29	24	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	29	25	u.	u.	PROPN
elp-56054	29	26	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	29	27	furrer	furrer	NOUN
elp-56054	29	28	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	29	29	m.	m.	NOUN
elp-56054	29	30	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	29	31	gerecke	gerecke	PROPN
elp-56054	29	32	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	29	33	m.	m.	NOUN
elp-56054	29	34	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	29	35	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	VERB
elp-56054	29	36	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	29	37	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	29	38	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	29	39	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	29	40	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	29	41	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	29	42	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	30	1	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	30	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	30	3	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	30	4	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	30	5	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	30	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	30	7	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	30	8	154	154	NUM
elp-56054	30	9	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	30	10	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	30	11	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	30	12	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	30	13	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	30	14	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	30	15	berg	berg	PROPN
elp-56054	30	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	30	17	j.	j.	PROPN
elp-56054	30	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	30	19	2021	2021	NUM
elp-56054	30	20	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	30	21	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	31	1	2.1	2.1	NUM
elp-56054	31	2	diverse	diverse	ADJ
elp-56054	31	3	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	31	4	complex	complex	ADJ
elp-56054	31	5	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	31	6	patterns	pattern	NOUN
elp-56054	31	7	the	the	DET
elp-56054	31	8	cooperation	cooperation	NOUN
elp-56054	31	9	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	31	10	can	can	AUX
elp-56054	31	11	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	31	12	broadly	broadly	ADV
elp-56054	31	13	ambient	ambient	ADJ
elp-56054	31	14	crowd	crowd	NOUN
elp-56054	31	15	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	31	16	sourced	source	VERB
elp-56054	31	17	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	31	18	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	31	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	31	20	subcontracted	subcontracted	ADJ
elp-56054	31	21	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	31	22	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	31	23	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	31	24	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	31	25	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	31	26	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	31	27	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	31	28	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	31	29	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	31	30	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	32	1	crowdsourcing	crowdsource	VERB
elp-56054	32	2	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	32	3	a	a	DET
elp-56054	32	4	new	new	ADJ
elp-56054	32	5	type	type	NOUN
elp-56054	32	6	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	32	7	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	32	8	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	32	9	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	32	10	relies	rely	VERB
elp-56054	32	11	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	32	12	internet	internet	NOUN
elp-56054	32	13	technology	technology	NOUN
elp-56054	32	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	33	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	33	2	online	online	ADJ
elp-56054	33	3	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	33	4	disassembles	disassemble	VERB
elp-56054	33	5	various	various	ADJ
elp-56054	33	6	tasks	task	NOUN
elp-56054	33	7	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	33	8	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	33	9	transportation	transportation	NOUN
elp-56054	33	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	33	11	food	food	NOUN
elp-56054	33	12	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	33	13	beverage	beverage	NOUN
elp-56054	33	14	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	33	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	33	16	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	33	17	domestic	domestic	ADJ
elp-56054	33	18	service	service	NOUN
elp-56054	33	19	into	into	ADP
elp-56054	33	20	fragmented	fragmented	ADJ
elp-56054	33	21	units	unit	NOUN
elp-56054	33	22	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	33	23	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	33	24	―gig	―gig	NOUN
elp-56054	33	25	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	33	26	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	33	27	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	33	28	―tasks‖	―tasks‖	PROPN
elp-56054	33	29	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	33	30	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	33	31	outsources	outsource	VERB
elp-56054	33	32	them	they	PRON
elp-56054	33	33	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	33	34	a	a	DET
elp-56054	33	35	large	large	ADJ
elp-56054	33	36	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	33	37	scale	scale	NOUN
elp-56054	33	38	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	33	39	dispersed	disperse	VERB
elp-56054	33	40	group	group	NOUN
elp-56054	33	41	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	33	42	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	33	43	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	33	44	cherry	cherry	NOUN
elp-56054	33	45	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	33	46	m.	m.	NOUN
elp-56054	33	47	a.	a.	PROPN
elp-56054	33	48	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	33	49	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	33	50	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	33	51	p.	p.	NOUN
elp-56054	33	52	32	32	NUM
elp-56054	33	53	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	33	54	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	34	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	34	2	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	34	3	serves	serve	VERB
elp-56054	34	4	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	34	5	an	an	DET
elp-56054	34	6	intermediary	intermediary	ADJ
elp-56054	34	7	hub	hub	NOUN
elp-56054	34	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	34	9	connecting	connect	VERB
elp-56054	34	10	the	the	DET
elp-56054	34	11	demand	demand	NOUN
elp-56054	34	12	side	side	NOUN
elp-56054	34	13	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	34	14	one	one	NUM
elp-56054	34	15	end	end	NOUN
elp-56054	34	16	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	34	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	34	18	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	34	19	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	34	20	the	the	DET
elp-56054	34	21	other	other	ADJ
elp-56054	34	22	end	end	NOUN
elp-56054	34	23	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	34	24	assigning	assign	VERB
elp-56054	34	25	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	34	26	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	34	27	coordinating	coordinate	VERB
elp-56054	34	28	the	the	DET
elp-56054	34	29	task	task	NOUN
elp-56054	34	30	completion	completion	NOUN
elp-56054	34	31	process	process	NOUN
elp-56054	34	32	as	as	SCONJ
elp-56054	34	33	needed	need	VERB
elp-56054	34	34	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	35	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	35	2	core	core	NOUN
elp-56054	35	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	35	4	this	this	DET
elp-56054	35	5	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	35	6	lies	lie	VERB
elp-56054	35	7	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	35	8	the	the	DET
elp-56054	35	9	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	35	10	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	35	11	depth	depth	NOUN
elp-56054	35	12	application	application	NOUN
elp-56054	35	13	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	35	14	information	information	NOUN
elp-56054	35	15	technology	technology	NOUN
elp-56054	35	16	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	35	17	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	35	18	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	35	19	systems	system	NOUN
elp-56054	35	20	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	35	21	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	35	22	realizes	realize	VERB
elp-56054	35	23	the	the	DET
elp-56054	35	24	intelligent	intelligent	ADJ
elp-56054	35	25	distribution	distribution	NOUN
elp-56054	35	26	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	35	27	tasks	task	NOUN
elp-56054	35	28	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	35	29	the	the	DET
elp-56054	35	30	precise	precise	ADJ
elp-56054	35	31	matching	matching	NOUN
elp-56054	35	32	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	35	33	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	35	34	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	35	35	needs	need	NOUN
elp-56054	35	36	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	35	37	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	35	38	the	the	DET
elp-56054	35	39	standardized	standardized	ADJ
elp-56054	35	40	acceptance	acceptance	NOUN
elp-56054	35	41	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	35	42	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	35	43	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	35	44	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	35	45	results	result	NOUN
elp-56054	35	46	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	36	1	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	36	2	covers	cover	VERB
elp-56054	36	3	a	a	DET
elp-56054	36	4	wide	wide	ADJ
elp-56054	36	5	range	range	NOUN
elp-56054	36	6	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	36	7	fields	field	NOUN
elp-56054	36	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	36	9	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	36	10	basic	basic	ADJ
elp-56054	36	11	manual	manual	ADJ
elp-56054	36	12	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	36	13	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	36	14	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	36	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	36	16	distribution	distribution	NOUN
elp-56054	36	17	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	36	18	goods	good	NOUN
elp-56054	36	19	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	36	20	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	36	21	professional	professional	ADJ
elp-56054	36	22	services	service	NOUN
elp-56054	36	23	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	36	24	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	36	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	36	26	design	design	NOUN
elp-56054	36	27	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	36	28	programming	programming	NOUN
elp-56054	36	29	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	36	30	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	36	31	processing	processing	NOUN
elp-56054	36	32	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	36	33	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	36	34	all	all	PRON
elp-56054	36	35	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	36	36	which	which	PRON
elp-56054	36	37	can	can	AUX
elp-56054	36	38	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	36	39	accomplished	accomplish	VERB
elp-56054	36	40	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	36	41	task	task	NOUN
elp-56054	36	42	splitting	splitting	NOUN
elp-56054	36	43	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	36	44	distributed	distributed	ADJ
elp-56054	36	45	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
elp-56054	36	46	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	36	47	combining	combine	VERB
elp-56054	36	48	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
elp-56054	36	49	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	36	50	resource	resource	NOUN
elp-56054	36	51	integration	integration	NOUN
elp-56054	36	52	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
elp-56054	36	53	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	37	1	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	37	2	romania	romania	PROPN
elp-56054	37	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	37	4	some	some	DET
elp-56054	37	5	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	37	6	use	use	VERB
elp-56054	37	7	―partner	―partner	PART
elp-56054	37	8	companies‖	companies‖	PROPN
elp-56054	37	9	to	to	PART
elp-56054	37	10	contract	contract	VERB
elp-56054	37	11	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	37	12	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	37	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	37	14	creating	create	VERB
elp-56054	37	15	a	a	DET
elp-56054	37	16	―platform	―platform	NOUN
elp-56054	37	17	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	37	18	third	third	ADJ
elp-56054	37	19	party	party	NOUN
elp-56054	37	20	company	company	NOUN
elp-56054	37	21	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	37	22	worker‖	worker‖	PROPN
elp-56054	37	23	subcontracting	subcontracting	NOUN
elp-56054	37	24	structure	structure	NOUN
elp-56054	37	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	37	26	which	which	PRON
elp-56054	37	27	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	37	28	subcontracting	subcontract	VERB
elp-56054	37	29	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	37	30	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	38	1	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	38	2	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	38	3	classified	classify	VERB
elp-56054	38	4	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	38	5	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	38	6	contractors	contractor	NOUN
elp-56054	38	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	38	8	responsible	responsible	ADJ
elp-56054	38	9	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	38	10	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	38	11	own	own	ADJ
elp-56054	38	12	equipment	equipment	NOUN
elp-56054	38	13	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	38	14	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	38	15	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	38	16	contributions	contribution	NOUN
elp-56054	38	17	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	39	1	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	39	2	leverage	leverage	VERB
elp-56054	39	3	this	this	DET
elp-56054	39	4	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	39	5	to	to	PART
elp-56054	39	6	sidestep	sidestep	VERB
elp-56054	39	7	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	39	8	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	39	9	obligations	obligation	NOUN
elp-56054	39	10	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	39	11	minimum	minimum	NOUN
elp-56054	39	12	wage	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	39	13	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	39	14	paid	pay	VERB
elp-56054	39	15	leave	leave	NOUN
elp-56054	39	16	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	40	1	yet	yet	CCONJ
elp-56054	40	2	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	40	3	often	often	ADV
elp-56054	40	4	retain	retain	VERB
elp-56054	40	5	operational	operational	ADJ
elp-56054	40	6	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	40	7	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	40	8	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	40	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	40	10	leaving	leave	VERB
elp-56054	40	11	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	40	12	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	40	13	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
elp-56054	40	14	protections	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	40	15	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	40	16	unstable	unstable	ADJ
elp-56054	40	17	incomes	income	NOUN
elp-56054	40	18	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	40	19	rosioru	rosioru	NOUN
elp-56054	40	20	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	40	21	f.	f.	PROPN
elp-56054	40	22	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	40	23	2020	2020	NUM
elp-56054	40	24	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	40	25	pp	pp	ADP
elp-56054	40	26	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	41	1	423	423	NUM
elp-56054	41	2	-	-	NUM
elp-56054	41	3	442	442	NUM
elp-56054	41	4	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	41	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	42	1	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	42	2	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	42	3	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	42	4	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	42	5	arrangements	arrangement	NOUN
elp-56054	42	6	involve	involve	VERB
elp-56054	42	7	individuals	individual	NOUN
elp-56054	42	8	who	who	PRON
elp-56054	42	9	operate	operate	VERB
elp-56054	42	10	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	42	11	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	42	12	contractors	contractor	NOUN
elp-56054	42	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	42	14	freelancers	freelancer	NOUN
elp-56054	42	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	42	16	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	42	17	similar	similar	ADJ
elp-56054	42	18	professionals	professional	NOUN
elp-56054	42	19	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	43	1	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	43	2	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	43	3	not	not	PART
elp-56054	43	4	same	same	ADJ
elp-56054	43	5	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	43	6	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	43	7	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	43	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	44	1	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	44	2	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	44	3	paid	pay	VERB
elp-56054	44	4	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	44	5	providing	provide	VERB
elp-56054	44	6	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	44	7	customers	customer	NOUN
elp-56054	44	8	directly	directly	ADV
elp-56054	44	9	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	44	10	goods	good	NOUN
elp-56054	44	11	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	44	12	services	service	NOUN
elp-56054	44	13	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	44	14	instead	instead	ADV
elp-56054	44	15	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	44	16	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	44	17	an	an	DET
elp-56054	44	18	employer	employer	NOUN
elp-56054	44	19	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	44	20	employee	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	44	21	relationship	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	44	22	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	45	1	typically	typically	ADV
elp-56054	45	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	45	3	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	45	4	manage	manage	VERB
elp-56054	45	5	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	45	6	own	own	ADJ
elp-56054	45	7	business	business	NOUN
elp-56054	45	8	activities	activity	NOUN
elp-56054	45	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	45	10	take	take	VERB
elp-56054	45	11	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	45	12	business	business	NOUN
elp-56054	45	13	risks	risk	NOUN
elp-56054	45	14	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	45	15	financial	financial	ADJ
elp-56054	45	16	obligations	obligation	NOUN
elp-56054	45	17	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	45	18	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	45	19	may	may	AUX
elp-56054	45	20	use	use	VERB
elp-56054	45	21	contractors	contractor	NOUN
elp-56054	45	22	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	45	23	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	45	24	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	45	25	to	to	PART
elp-56054	45	26	access	access	VERB
elp-56054	45	27	customers	customer	NOUN
elp-56054	45	28	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	45	29	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	45	30	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	45	31	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	45	32	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	46	1	this	this	DET
elp-56054	46	2	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	46	3	gives	give	VERB
elp-56054	46	4	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	46	5	considerable	considerable	ADJ
elp-56054	46	6	operational	operational	ADJ
elp-56054	46	7	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	46	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	46	9	enabling	enable	VERB
elp-56054	46	10	them	they	PRON
elp-56054	46	11	to	to	PART
elp-56054	46	12	make	make	VERB
elp-56054	46	13	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	46	14	own	own	ADJ
elp-56054	46	15	schedules	schedule	NOUN
elp-56054	46	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	46	17	select	select	ADJ
elp-56054	46	18	projects	project	NOUN
elp-56054	46	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	46	20	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	46	21	define	define	VERB
elp-56054	46	22	service	service	NOUN
elp-56054	46	23	conditions	condition	NOUN
elp-56054	46	24	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	47	1	but	but	CCONJ
elp-56054	47	2	there	there	PRON
elp-56054	47	3	is	be	VERB
elp-56054	47	4	a	a	DET
elp-56054	47	5	trade	trade	NOUN
elp-56054	47	6	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	47	7	off	off	NOUN
elp-56054	47	8	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	47	9	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	47	10	there	there	PRON
elp-56054	47	11	are	be	VERB
elp-56054	47	12	no	no	DET
elp-56054	47	13	restrictions	restriction	NOUN
elp-56054	47	14	imposed	impose	VERB
elp-56054	47	15	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	47	16	employers	employer	NOUN
elp-56054	47	17	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	47	18	there	there	PRON
elp-56054	47	19	is	be	VERB
elp-56054	47	20	no	no	DET
elp-56054	47	21	standard	standard	ADJ
elp-56054	47	22	job	job	NOUN
elp-56054	47	23	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	47	24	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	48	1	there	there	PRON
elp-56054	48	2	is	be	VERB
elp-56054	48	3	no	no	DET
elp-56054	48	4	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	48	5	thing	thing	NOUN
elp-56054	48	6	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	48	7	health	health	NOUN
elp-56054	48	8	insurance	insurance	NOUN
elp-56054	48	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	48	10	pension	pension	NOUN
elp-56054	48	11	plans	plan	NOUN
elp-56054	48	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	48	13	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	48	14	paid	pay	VERB
elp-56054	48	15	holidays	holiday	NOUN
elp-56054	48	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	48	17	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	48	18	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	48	19	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	48	20	guarantees	guarantee	NOUN
elp-56054	48	21	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	48	22	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	48	23	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	48	24	a	a	DET
elp-56054	48	25	minimum	minimum	NOUN
elp-56054	48	26	wage	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	48	27	guarantee	guarantee	NOUN
elp-56054	48	28	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	48	29	anti	anti	ADJ
elp-56054	48	30	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	48	31	discrimination	discrimination	ADJ
elp-56054	48	32	clause	clause	NOUN
elp-56054	48	33	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	48	34	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	48	35	rare	rare	ADJ
elp-56054	48	36	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	48	37	katz	katz	PROPN
elp-56054	48	38	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	48	39	l.	l.	PROPN
elp-56054	48	40	f.	f.	PROPN
elp-56054	48	41	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	48	42	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	48	43	krueger	krueger	PROPN
elp-56054	48	44	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	48	45	a.	a.	PROPN
elp-56054	48	46	b.	b.	PROPN
elp-56054	48	47	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	48	48	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	48	49	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	48	50	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	49	1	2.2	2.2	NUM
elp-56054	49	2	erosion	erosion	NOUN
elp-56054	49	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	49	4	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	49	5	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	49	6	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	49	7	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	49	8	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	49	9	processes	process	NOUN
elp-56054	49	10	because	because	SCONJ
elp-56054	49	11	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	49	12	the	the	DET
elp-56054	49	13	weakening	weakening	NOUN
elp-56054	49	14	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	49	15	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	49	16	individual	individual	ADJ
elp-56054	49	17	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	49	18	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	49	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	49	20	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	49	21	organizational	organizational	ADJ
elp-56054	49	22	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	49	23	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	49	24	coupled	couple	VERB
elp-56054	49	25	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	49	26	the	the	DET
elp-56054	49	27	effects	effect	NOUN
elp-56054	49	28	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	49	29	hidden	hidden	ADJ
elp-56054	49	30	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	49	31	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	49	32	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	49	33	the	the	DET
elp-56054	49	34	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	49	35	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	49	36	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	49	37	exhibit	exhibit	VERB
elp-56054	49	38	distinct	distinct	ADJ
elp-56054	49	39	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
elp-56054	49	40	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	49	41	xie	xie	PROPN
elp-56054	49	42	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	49	43	z.	z.	PROPN
elp-56054	49	44	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	49	45	2018	2018	NUM
elp-56054	49	46	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	49	47	pp	pp	ADJ
elp-56054	49	48	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	50	1	1546	1546	NUM
elp-56054	50	2	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	50	3	1569	1569	NUM
elp-56054	50	4	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	50	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	51	1	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	NOUN
elp-56054	51	2	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	51	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	51	4	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	51	5	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	51	6	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	51	7	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	51	8	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	51	9	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	51	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	51	11	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	51	12	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	51	13	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	51	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	51	15	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	51	16	155	155	NUM
elp-56054	51	17	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	51	18	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	51	19	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	51	20	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	51	21	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	51	22	2.2.1	2.2.1	NUM
elp-56054	51	23	the	the	DET
elp-56054	51	24	weakening	weakening	NOUN
elp-56054	51	25	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	51	26	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	51	27	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	51	28	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	51	29	’	’	PART
elp-56054	51	30	apparent	apparent	ADJ
elp-56054	51	31	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	51	32	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	51	33	choosing	choose	VERB
elp-56054	51	34	hours	hour	NOUN
elp-56054	51	35	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	51	36	locations	location	NOUN
elp-56054	51	37	challenges	challenge	VERB
elp-56054	51	38	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	51	39	notions	notion	NOUN
elp-56054	51	40	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	51	41	personal	personal	ADJ
elp-56054	51	42	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	51	43	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	52	1	unlike	unlike	ADP
elp-56054	52	2	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	52	3	jobs	job	NOUN
elp-56054	52	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	52	5	which	which	PRON
elp-56054	52	6	have	have	VERB
elp-56054	52	7	a	a	DET
elp-56054	52	8	fixed	fix	VERB
elp-56054	52	9	schedule	schedule	NOUN
elp-56054	52	10	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	52	11	an	an	DET
elp-56054	52	12	employer	employer	NOUN
elp-56054	52	13	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	52	14	job	job	NOUN
elp-56054	52	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	52	16	the	the	DET
elp-56054	52	17	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	52	18	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	52	19	appears	appear	VERB
elp-56054	52	20	to	to	PART
elp-56054	52	21	have	have	VERB
elp-56054	52	22	its	its	PRON
elp-56054	52	23	own	own	ADJ
elp-56054	52	24	schedules	schedule	NOUN
elp-56054	52	25	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	52	26	service	service	NOUN
elp-56054	52	27	areas	area	NOUN
elp-56054	52	28	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	53	1	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	53	2	romania	romania	PROPN
elp-56054	53	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	53	4	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	53	5	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	53	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	53	7	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	53	8	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	53	9	glovo	glovo	PROPN
elp-56054	53	10	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	53	11	have	have	VERB
elp-56054	53	12	formal	formal	ADJ
elp-56054	53	13	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
elp-56054	53	14	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	53	15	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	53	16	select	select	VERB
elp-56054	53	17	active	active	ADJ
elp-56054	53	18	hours	hour	NOUN
elp-56054	53	19	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	53	20	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	53	21	zones	zone	NOUN
elp-56054	53	22	via	via	ADP
elp-56054	53	23	the	the	DET
elp-56054	53	24	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	53	25	interface	interface	NOUN
elp-56054	53	26	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	54	1	but	but	CCONJ
elp-56054	54	2	this	this	DET
elp-56054	54	3	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	54	4	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	54	5	strictly	strictly	ADV
elp-56054	54	6	regulated	regulate	VERB
elp-56054	54	7	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	54	8	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	54	9	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	54	10	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	54	11	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	54	12	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	54	13	must	must	AUX
elp-56054	54	14	respond	respond	VERB
elp-56054	54	15	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	54	16	orders	order	NOUN
elp-56054	54	17	within	within	ADP
elp-56054	54	18	15	15	NUM
elp-56054	54	19	seconds	second	NOUN
elp-56054	54	20	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	54	21	accept	accept	VERB
elp-56054	54	22	at	at	ADV
elp-56054	54	23	least	least	ADV
elp-56054	54	24	70	70	NUM
elp-56054	54	25	%	%	NOUN
elp-56054	54	26	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	54	27	ride	ride	NOUN
elp-56054	54	28	requests	request	NOUN
elp-56054	54	29	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	54	30	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	54	31	account	account	NOUN
elp-56054	54	32	restrictions	restriction	NOUN
elp-56054	54	33	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	54	34	non	non	ADJ
elp-56054	54	35	compliance	compliance	NOUN
elp-56054	54	36	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	54	37	rosioru	rosioru	NOUN
elp-56054	54	38	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	54	39	f.	f.	PROPN
elp-56054	54	40	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	54	41	2020	2020	NUM
elp-56054	54	42	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	54	43	pp	pp	ADP
elp-56054	54	44	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	55	1	423	423	NUM
elp-56054	55	2	-	-	NUM
elp-56054	55	3	442	442	NUM
elp-56054	55	4	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	55	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	56	1	this	this	DET
elp-56054	56	2	tension	tension	NOUN
elp-56054	56	3	between	between	ADP
elp-56054	56	4	―technology	―technology	PROPN
elp-56054	56	5	empowerment‖	empowerment‖	PROPN
elp-56054	56	6	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	56	7	―algorithmic	―algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	56	8	control‖	control‖	PROPN
elp-56054	56	9	removes	remove	VERB
elp-56054	56	10	the	the	DET
elp-56054	56	11	direct	direct	ADJ
elp-56054	56	12	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	56	13	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	56	14	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	56	15	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	56	16	hours	hour	NOUN
elp-56054	56	17	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	56	18	places	place	NOUN
elp-56054	56	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	56	20	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	56	21	creating	create	VERB
elp-56054	56	22	a	a	DET
elp-56054	56	23	new	new	ADJ
elp-56054	56	24	form	form	NOUN
elp-56054	56	25	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	56	26	individual	individual	ADJ
elp-56054	56	27	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	56	28	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	56	29	means	mean	NOUN
elp-56054	56	30	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	56	31	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	56	32	surveillance	surveillance	NOUN
elp-56054	56	33	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	57	1	2.2.2	2.2.2	NUM
elp-56054	57	2	decreasing	decrease	VERB
elp-56054	57	3	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	57	4	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	57	5	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	57	6	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	57	7	diversification	diversification	NOUN
elp-56054	57	8	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	57	9	revenue	revenue	NOUN
elp-56054	57	10	sources	source	NOUN
elp-56054	57	11	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	57	12	different	different	ADJ
elp-56054	57	13	levels	level	NOUN
elp-56054	57	14	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	57	15	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	57	16	dependence	dependence	NOUN
elp-56054	57	17	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	57	18	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	57	19	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	58	1	redefine	redefine	VERB
elp-56054	58	2	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	58	3	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	58	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	59	1	some	some	DET
elp-56054	59	2	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	59	3	earn	earn	VERB
elp-56054	59	4	across	across	ADP
elp-56054	59	5	multiple	multiple	ADJ
elp-56054	59	6	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	59	7	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	59	8	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	59	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	59	10	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	59	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	59	12	deliveroo	deliveroo	NOUN
elp-56054	59	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	59	14	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	59	15	taskrabbit	taskrabbit	NOUN
elp-56054	59	16	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	59	17	adopting	adopt	VERB
elp-56054	59	18	a	a	DET
elp-56054	59	19	decentralized	decentralized	ADJ
elp-56054	59	20	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	59	21	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	59	22	lessens	lessen	VERB
elp-56054	59	23	reliance	reliance	NOUN
elp-56054	59	24	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	59	25	any	any	DET
elp-56054	59	26	single	single	ADJ
elp-56054	59	27	intermediary	intermediary	NOUN
elp-56054	59	28	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	59	29	goldschmidt	goldschmidt	NOUN
elp-56054	59	30	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	59	31	schmieder	schmieder	NOUN
elp-56054	59	32	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	59	33	2015	2015	NUM
elp-56054	59	34	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	59	35	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	60	1	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	60	2	contrast	contrast	NOUN
elp-56054	60	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	60	4	those	those	PRON
elp-56054	60	5	who	who	PRON
elp-56054	60	6	depend	depend	VERB
elp-56054	60	7	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	60	8	a	a	DET
elp-56054	60	9	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	60	10	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	60	11	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	60	12	dispatch	dispatch	NOUN
elp-56054	60	13	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	60	14	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	60	15	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	60	16	food	food	NOUN
elp-56054	60	17	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	60	18	deliver	deliver	VERB
elp-56054	60	19	riders	rider	NOUN
elp-56054	60	20	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	60	21	ride	ride	NOUN
elp-56054	60	22	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	60	23	hailing	hail	VERB
elp-56054	60	24	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	60	25	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	60	26	exhibit	exhibit	VERB
elp-56054	60	27	pronounced	pronounce	VERB
elp-56054	60	28	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	60	29	dependence	dependence	NOUN
elp-56054	60	30	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	61	1	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	61	2	earnings	earning	NOUN
elp-56054	61	3	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	61	4	tightly	tightly	ADV
elp-56054	61	5	governed	govern	VERB
elp-56054	61	6	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	61	7	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	61	8	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	61	9	determining	determine	VERB
elp-56054	61	10	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	61	11	volume	volume	NOUN
elp-56054	61	12	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	61	13	payment	payment	NOUN
elp-56054	61	14	rates	rate	NOUN
elp-56054	61	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	61	16	creating	create	VERB
elp-56054	61	17	financial	financial	ADJ
elp-56054	61	18	vulnerability	vulnerability	NOUN
elp-56054	61	19	despite	despite	SCONJ
elp-56054	61	20	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	61	21	formal	formal	ADJ
elp-56054	61	22	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	61	23	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	61	24	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	61	25	contractors	contractor	NOUN
elp-56054	61	26	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	62	1	2.2.3	2.2.3	NUM
elp-56054	62	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	62	3	weakening	weakening	NOUN
elp-56054	62	4	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	62	5	formal	formal	ADJ
elp-56054	62	6	organizational	organizational	ADJ
elp-56054	62	7	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	62	8	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	62	9	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	62	10	lack	lack	VERB
elp-56054	62	11	strict	strict	ADJ
elp-56054	62	12	binding	bind	VERB
elp-56054	62	13	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	62	14	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	62	15	enterprise	enterprise	NOUN
elp-56054	62	16	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	62	17	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	62	18	driving	drive	VERB
elp-56054	62	19	a	a	DET
elp-56054	62	20	fundamental	fundamental	ADJ
elp-56054	62	21	shift	shift	NOUN
elp-56054	62	22	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	62	23	organizational	organizational	ADJ
elp-56054	62	24	affiliation	affiliation	NOUN
elp-56054	62	25	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	63	1	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	63	2	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	63	3	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	63	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	63	5	employers	employer	NOUN
elp-56054	63	6	directly	directly	ADV
elp-56054	63	7	govern	govern	VERB
elp-56054	63	8	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	63	9	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	63	10	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	63	11	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	63	12	attendance	attendance	NOUN
elp-56054	63	13	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	63	14	discipline	discipline	NOUN
elp-56054	63	15	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	64	1	however	however	ADV
elp-56054	64	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	64	3	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	64	4	exercise	exercise	VERB
elp-56054	64	5	indirect	indirect	ADJ
elp-56054	64	6	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	64	7	via	via	ADP
elp-56054	64	8	implicit	implicit	ADJ
elp-56054	64	9	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
elp-56054	64	10	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	64	11	user	user	NOUN
elp-56054	64	12	ratings	rating	NOUN
elp-56054	64	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	64	14	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	64	15	incentives	incentive	NOUN
elp-56054	64	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	64	17	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	64	18	penalties	penalty	NOUN
elp-56054	64	19	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	65	1	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	65	2	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	65	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	65	4	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	65	5	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	65	6	sign	sign	VERB
elp-56054	65	7	third	third	ADJ
elp-56054	65	8	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	65	9	party	party	NOUN
elp-56054	65	10	contracts	contract	NOUN
elp-56054	65	11	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	65	12	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	65	13	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	65	14	arrangements	arrangement	NOUN
elp-56054	65	15	outside	outside	ADP
elp-56054	65	16	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	65	17	corporate	corporate	ADJ
elp-56054	65	18	structures	structure	NOUN
elp-56054	65	19	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	66	1	yet	yet	ADV
elp-56054	66	2	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	66	3	establish	establish	VERB
elp-56054	66	4	virtual	virtual	ADJ
elp-56054	66	5	management	management	NOUN
elp-56054	66	6	systems	system	NOUN
elp-56054	66	7	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	66	8	service	service	NOUN
elp-56054	66	9	quality	quality	NOUN
elp-56054	66	10	metrics	metric	NOUN
elp-56054	66	11	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	66	12	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	66	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	66	14	low	low	ADJ
elp-56054	66	15	ratings	rating	NOUN
elp-56054	66	16	triggering	trigger	VERB
elp-56054	66	17	reduced	reduce	VERB
elp-56054	66	18	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	66	19	allocations	allocation	NOUN
elp-56054	66	20	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	66	21	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	66	22	task	task	NOUN
elp-56054	66	23	completion	completion	NOUN
elp-56054	66	24	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	66	25	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	66	26	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	66	27	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	66	28	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	66	29	time	time	NOUN
elp-56054	66	30	limits	limit	NOUN
elp-56054	66	31	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	66	32	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	67	1	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	67	2	remain	remain	VERB
elp-56054	67	3	subject	subject	ADJ
elp-56054	67	4	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	67	5	these	these	DET
elp-56054	67	6	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	67	7	dispatch	dispatch	NOUN
elp-56054	67	8	regulations	regulation	NOUN
elp-56054	67	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	67	10	even	even	ADV
elp-56054	67	11	without	without	ADP
elp-56054	67	12	formal	formal	ADJ
elp-56054	67	13	employer	employer	NOUN
elp-56054	67	14	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	67	15	employee	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	67	16	ties	tie	NOUN
elp-56054	67	17	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	67	18	o’connor	o’connor	ADV
elp-56054	67	19	v.	v.	ADP
elp-56054	67	20	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	67	21	technologies	technology	NOUN
elp-56054	67	22	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	67	23	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	67	24	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	67	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	67	26	82	82	NUM
elp-56054	67	27	f.	f.	PROPN
elp-56054	67	28	supp	supp	PROPN
elp-56054	67	29	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	68	1	3d	3d	NUM
elp-56054	68	2	1133	1133	NUM
elp-56054	68	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	68	4	1149	1149	NUM
elp-56054	68	5	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	68	6	n.d	n.d	PROPN
elp-56054	68	7	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	68	8	cal	cal	PROPN
elp-56054	68	9	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	68	10	2015	2015	NUM
elp-56054	68	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	68	12	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	68	13	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	69	1	3	3	X
elp-56054	69	2	.	.	X
elp-56054	69	3	the	the	DET
elp-56054	69	4	reality	reality	NOUN
elp-56054	69	5	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	69	6	the	the	DET
elp-56054	69	7	dilemma	dilemma	NOUN
elp-56054	69	8	faced	face	VERB
elp-56054	69	9	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	69	10	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	69	11	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	69	12	the	the	DET
elp-56054	69	13	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	69	14	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	69	15	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	69	16	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	69	17	often	often	ADV
elp-56054	69	18	face	face	VERB
elp-56054	69	19	a	a	DET
elp-56054	69	20	dilemma	dilemma	NOUN
elp-56054	69	21	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	69	22	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	69	23	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	69	24	caught	catch	VERB
elp-56054	69	25	between	between	ADP
elp-56054	69	26	identifying	identify	VERB
elp-56054	69	27	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	69	28	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	69	29	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	69	30	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	69	31	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	69	32	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	69	33	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	69	34	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	69	35	weakened	weakened	ADJ
elp-56054	69	36	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	69	37	leaving	leave	VERB
elp-56054	69	38	them	they	PRON
elp-56054	69	39	unable	unable	ADJ
elp-56054	69	40	to	to	PART
elp-56054	69	41	access	access	VERB
elp-56054	69	42	adequate	adequate	ADJ
elp-56054	69	43	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	69	44	protections	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	69	45	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	70	1	this	this	DET
elp-56054	70	2	ambiguity	ambiguity	NOUN
elp-56054	70	3	complicates	complicate	VERB
elp-56054	70	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	70	5	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	70	6	identification	identification	NOUN
elp-56054	70	7	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	70	8	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	70	9	relationships	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	70	10	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	71	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
elp-56054	71	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	71	3	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	71	4	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	71	5	specific	specific	ADJ
elp-56054	71	6	issues	issue	NOUN
elp-56054	71	7	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	71	8	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	71	9	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	71	10	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	71	11	opacity	opacity	NOUN
elp-56054	71	12	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	71	13	the	the	DET
elp-56054	71	14	absence	absence	NOUN
elp-56054	71	15	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	71	16	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	71	17	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	71	18	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	71	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	71	20	which	which	PRON
elp-56054	71	21	exacerbates	exacerbate	VERB
elp-56054	71	22	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	71	23	challenges	challenge	NOUN
elp-56054	71	24	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	71	25	rosenblat	rosenblat	NOUN
elp-56054	71	26	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	71	27	a.	a.	NOUN
elp-56054	71	28	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	71	29	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	71	30	stark	stark	PROPN
elp-56054	71	31	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	71	32	l.	l.	PROPN
elp-56054	71	33	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	71	34	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	71	35	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	71	36	pp	pp	ADJ
elp-56054	71	37	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	72	1	3758	3758	NUM
elp-56054	72	2	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	72	3	3766	3766	NUM
elp-56054	72	4	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	72	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	73	1	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	NOUN
elp-56054	73	2	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	73	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	73	4	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	73	5	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	73	6	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	73	7	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	73	8	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	73	9	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	73	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	73	11	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	73	12	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	73	13	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	73	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	73	15	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	73	16	156	156	NUM
elp-56054	73	17	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	73	18	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	73	19	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	73	20	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	73	21	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	73	22	3.1	3.1	NUM
elp-56054	73	23	identity	identity	NOUN
elp-56054	73	24	challenges	challenge	NOUN
elp-56054	73	25	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	73	26	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	73	27	defines	define	VERB
elp-56054	73	28	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	73	29	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	73	30	using	use	VERB
elp-56054	73	31	three	three	NUM
elp-56054	73	32	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	73	33	criteria	criterion	NOUN
elp-56054	73	34	―personal	―personal	ADJ
elp-56054	73	35	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	73	36	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	73	37	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	73	38	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	73	39	organizational‖	organizational‖	NUM
elp-56054	73	40	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	73	41	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	73	42	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	73	43	under	under	ADP
elp-56054	73	44	direct	direct	ADJ
elp-56054	73	45	employer	employer	NOUN
elp-56054	73	46	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	73	47	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	73	48	economically	economically	ADV
elp-56054	73	49	reliant	reliant	ADJ
elp-56054	73	50	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	73	51	a	a	DET
elp-56054	73	52	single	single	ADJ
elp-56054	73	53	entity	entity	NOUN
elp-56054	73	54	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	73	55	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	73	56	part	part	NOUN
elp-56054	73	57	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	73	58	the	the	DET
elp-56054	73	59	employer	employer	NOUN
elp-56054	73	60	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	73	61	organizational	organizational	ADJ
elp-56054	73	62	structure	structure	NOUN
elp-56054	73	63	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	73	64	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	73	65	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	73	66	contractors	contractor	NOUN
elp-56054	73	67	operate	operate	VERB
elp-56054	73	68	fully	fully	ADV
elp-56054	73	69	autonomously	autonomously	ADV
elp-56054	73	70	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	74	1	however	however	ADV
elp-56054	74	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	74	3	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	74	4	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	74	5	exhibit	exhibit	VERB
elp-56054	74	6	―hybrid	―hybrid	PROPN
elp-56054	74	7	characteristics‖	characteristics‖	PROPN
elp-56054	75	1	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	75	2	blend	blend	VERB
elp-56054	75	3	elements	element	NOUN
elp-56054	75	4	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	75	5	both	both	DET
elp-56054	75	6	categories	category	NOUN
elp-56054	75	7	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	76	1	romanian	romanian	ADJ
elp-56054	76	2	uber	uber	PROPN
elp-56054	76	3	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	76	4	have	have	VERB
elp-56054	76	5	formal	formal	ADJ
elp-56054	76	6	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	76	7	to	to	PART
elp-56054	76	8	choose	choose	VERB
elp-56054	76	9	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	76	10	working	working	NOUN
elp-56054	76	11	hours	hour	NOUN
elp-56054	76	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	76	13	logging	log	VERB
elp-56054	76	14	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	76	15	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	76	16	off	off	ADP
elp-56054	76	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	76	18	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	76	19	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	76	20	will	will	NOUN
elp-56054	76	21	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	77	1	yet	yet	CCONJ
elp-56054	77	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	77	3	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	77	4	imposes	impose	VERB
elp-56054	77	5	substantive	substantive	ADJ
elp-56054	77	6	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	77	7	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	77	8	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	77	9	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	77	10	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	77	11	must	must	AUX
elp-56054	77	12	accept	accept	VERB
elp-56054	77	13	over	over	ADP
elp-56054	77	14	70	70	NUM
elp-56054	77	15	%	%	NOUN
elp-56054	77	16	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	77	17	ride	ride	NOUN
elp-56054	77	18	requests	request	NOUN
elp-56054	77	19	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	77	20	respond	respond	VERB
elp-56054	77	21	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	77	22	orders	order	NOUN
elp-56054	77	23	within	within	ADP
elp-56054	77	24	15	15	NUM
elp-56054	77	25	seconds	second	NOUN
elp-56054	77	26	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	77	27	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	77	28	penalties	penalty	NOUN
elp-56054	77	29	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	77	30	reduced	reduce	VERB
elp-56054	77	31	visibility	visibility	NOUN
elp-56054	77	32	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	77	33	noncompliance	noncompliance	NOUN
elp-56054	77	34	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	78	1	these	these	DET
elp-56054	78	2	mandates	mandate	NOUN
elp-56054	78	3	create	create	VERB
elp-56054	78	4	a	a	DET
elp-56054	78	5	contradiction	contradiction	NOUN
elp-56054	78	6	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	78	7	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	78	8	legally	legally	ADV
elp-56054	78	9	classified	classify	VERB
elp-56054	78	10	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	78	11	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	78	12	contractors	contractor	NOUN
elp-56054	78	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	78	14	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	78	15	ability	ability	NOUN
elp-56054	78	16	to	to	PART
elp-56054	78	17	decide	decide	VERB
elp-56054	78	18	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	78	19	terms	term	NOUN
elp-56054	78	20	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	78	21	both	both	CCONJ
elp-56054	78	22	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	78	23	practice	practice	NOUN
elp-56054	78	24	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	78	25	business	business	NOUN
elp-56054	78	26	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	78	27	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	78	28	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	78	29	deeply	deeply	ADV
elp-56054	78	30	circumscribed	circumscribe	VERB
elp-56054	78	31	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	78	32	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	78	33	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	78	34	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	79	1	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	79	2	remain	remain	VERB
elp-56054	79	3	neither	neither	CCONJ
elp-56054	79	4	fully	fully	ADV
elp-56054	79	5	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	79	6	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	79	7	operational	operational	ADJ
elp-56054	79	8	choices	choice	NOUN
elp-56054	79	9	nor	nor	CCONJ
elp-56054	79	10	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	79	11	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	79	12	decision	decision	NOUN
elp-56054	79	13	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	79	14	making	making	NOUN
elp-56054	79	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	79	16	blurring	blur	VERB
elp-56054	79	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	79	18	boundary	boundary	NOUN
elp-56054	79	19	between	between	ADP
elp-56054	79	20	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	79	21	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	79	22	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	79	23	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	79	24	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	79	25	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	79	26	rosioru	rosioru	NOUN
elp-56054	79	27	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	79	28	2020	2020	NUM
elp-56054	79	29	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	79	30	pp	pp	ADV
elp-56054	79	31	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	80	1	433	433	NUM
elp-56054	80	2	-	-	NUM
elp-56054	80	3	434	434	NUM
elp-56054	80	4	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	80	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	81	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
elp-56054	81	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	81	3	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	81	4	dependence	dependence	NOUN
elp-56054	81	5	decentralization	decentralization	NOUN
elp-56054	81	6	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	81	7	risk	risk	NOUN
elp-56054	81	8	transfer	transfer	NOUN
elp-56054	81	9	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	81	10	evident	evident	ADJ
elp-56054	81	11	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	81	12	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	81	13	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	81	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	82	1	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	82	2	rely	rely	VERB
elp-56054	82	3	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	82	4	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	82	5	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	82	6	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	82	7	allocation	allocation	NOUN
elp-56054	82	8	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	82	9	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	82	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	82	11	yet	yet	CCONJ
elp-56054	82	12	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	82	13	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	82	14	legally	legally	ADV
elp-56054	82	15	classified	classify	VERB
elp-56054	82	16	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	82	17	―independent	―independent	PROPN
elp-56054	82	18	contractors.‖	contractors.‖	NOUN
elp-56054	82	19	this	this	DET
elp-56054	82	20	classification	classification	NOUN
elp-56054	82	21	obligates	obligate	VERB
elp-56054	82	22	them	they	PRON
elp-56054	82	23	to	to	PART
elp-56054	82	24	bear	bear	VERB
elp-56054	82	25	individual	individual	ADJ
elp-56054	82	26	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	82	27	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	82	28	costs	cost	NOUN
elp-56054	82	29	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	82	30	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	82	31	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	82	32	evade	evade	VERB
elp-56054	82	33	obligations	obligation	NOUN
elp-56054	82	34	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	82	35	minimum	minimum	NOUN
elp-56054	82	36	wage	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	82	37	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	82	38	paid	pay	VERB
elp-56054	82	39	leave	leave	NOUN
elp-56054	82	40	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	83	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	83	2	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	83	3	shifts	shift	NOUN
elp-56054	83	4	financial	financial	ADJ
elp-56054	83	5	responsibilities	responsibility	NOUN
elp-56054	83	6	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	83	7	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	83	8	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	83	9	who	who	PRON
elp-56054	83	10	depend	depend	VERB
elp-56054	83	11	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	83	12	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	83	13	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	83	14	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	83	15	earnings	earning	NOUN
elp-56054	83	16	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	83	17	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	83	18	preserving	preserve	VERB
elp-56054	83	19	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	83	20	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	83	21	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	83	22	distance	distance	NOUN
elp-56054	83	23	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	83	24	employer	employer	NOUN
elp-56054	83	25	obligations	obligation	NOUN
elp-56054	83	26	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	83	27	creating	create	VERB
elp-56054	83	28	a	a	DET
elp-56054	83	29	structural	structural	ADJ
elp-56054	83	30	imbalance	imbalance	NOUN
elp-56054	83	31	between	between	ADP
elp-56054	83	32	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	83	33	reliance	reliance	NOUN
elp-56054	83	34	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	83	35	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	83	36	liability	liability	NOUN
elp-56054	83	37	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	83	38	rosioru	rosioru	NOUN
elp-56054	83	39	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	83	40	2020	2020	NUM
elp-56054	83	41	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	83	42	p.	p.	NOUN
elp-56054	83	43	433	433	NUM
elp-56054	83	44	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	83	45	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	84	1	spanish	spanish	ADJ
elp-56054	84	2	deliveroo	deliveroo	PROPN
elp-56054	84	3	riders	rider	NOUN
elp-56054	84	4	exemplify	exemplify	VERB
elp-56054	84	5	this	this	DET
elp-56054	84	6	issue	issue	NOUN
elp-56054	84	7	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	84	8	though	though	SCONJ
elp-56054	84	9	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	84	10	follow	follow	VERB
elp-56054	84	11	the	the	DET
elp-56054	84	12	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	84	13	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	84	14	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	84	15	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	84	16	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	84	17	practice	practice	NOUN
elp-56054	84	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	84	19	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	84	20	―service	―service	NOUN
elp-56054	84	21	agreement‖	agreement‖	PROPN
elp-56054	84	22	contracts	contract	NOUN
elp-56054	84	23	classify	classify	VERB
elp-56054	84	24	them	they	PRON
elp-56054	84	25	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	84	26	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	84	27	contractors	contractor	NOUN
elp-56054	84	28	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	84	29	excluding	exclude	VERB
elp-56054	84	30	them	they	PRON
elp-56054	84	31	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	84	32	employee	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	84	33	protections	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	84	34	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	85	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
elp-56054	85	2	adhering	adhere	VERB
elp-56054	85	3	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	85	4	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	85	5	mandates	mandate	NOUN
elp-56054	85	6	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	85	7	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	85	8	time	time	NOUN
elp-56054	85	9	limits	limit	NOUN
elp-56054	85	10	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	85	11	route	route	NOUN
elp-56054	85	12	optimizations	optimization	NOUN
elp-56054	85	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	85	14	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	85	15	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	85	16	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	85	17	under	under	ADP
elp-56054	85	18	these	these	DET
elp-56054	85	19	agreements	agreement	NOUN
elp-56054	85	20	denies	deny	VERB
elp-56054	85	21	those	those	DET
elp-56054	85	22	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	85	23	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	85	24	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	85	25	minimum	minimum	NOUN
elp-56054	85	26	wage	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	85	27	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	85	28	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	85	29	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	85	30	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	86	1	this	this	DET
elp-56054	86	2	mismatch	mismatch	NOUN
elp-56054	86	3	between	between	ADP
elp-56054	86	4	operational	operational	ADJ
elp-56054	86	5	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	86	6	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	86	7	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	86	8	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	86	9	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	86	10	contractual	contractual	ADJ
elp-56054	86	11	independence	independence	NOUN
elp-56054	86	12	reveals	reveal	VERB
elp-56054	86	13	how	how	SCONJ
elp-56054	86	14	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	86	15	use	use	VERB
elp-56054	86	16	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	86	17	structures	structure	NOUN
elp-56054	86	18	to	to	PART
elp-56054	86	19	avoid	avoid	VERB
elp-56054	86	20	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	86	21	obligations	obligation	NOUN
elp-56054	86	22	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	86	23	rodriguez	rodriguez	NOUN
elp-56054	86	24	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	86	25	pinero	pinero	NOUN
elp-56054	86	26	royo	royo	PROPN
elp-56054	86	27	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	86	28	miguel	miguel	PROPN
elp-56054	86	29	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	86	30	2020	2020	NUM
elp-56054	86	31	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	86	32	pp	pp	ADV
elp-56054	86	33	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	87	1	443	443	NUM
elp-56054	87	2	-	-	NUM
elp-56054	87	3	472	472	NUM
elp-56054	87	4	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	87	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	88	1	3.2	3.2	NUM
elp-56054	88	2	deficiency	deficiency	NOUN
elp-56054	88	3	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	88	4	basic	basic	ADJ
elp-56054	88	5	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	88	6	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	88	7	coverage	coverage	NOUN
elp-56054	88	8	the	the	DET
elp-56054	88	9	rapid	rapid	ADJ
elp-56054	88	10	expansion	expansion	NOUN
elp-56054	88	11	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	88	12	the	the	DET
elp-56054	88	13	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	88	14	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	88	15	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	88	16	has	have	AUX
elp-56054	88	17	given	give	VERB
elp-56054	88	18	rise	rise	NOUN
elp-56054	88	19	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	88	20	new	new	ADJ
elp-56054	88	21	forms	form	NOUN
elp-56054	88	22	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	88	23	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	88	24	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	89	1	yet	yet	ADV
elp-56054	89	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	89	3	globally	globally	ADV
elp-56054	89	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	89	5	the	the	DET
elp-56054	89	6	welfare	welfare	NOUN
elp-56054	89	7	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	89	8	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	89	9	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	89	10	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	89	11	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	89	12	lagging	lag	VERB
elp-56054	89	13	far	far	ADV
elp-56054	89	14	behind	behind	ADV
elp-56054	89	15	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	90	1	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	90	2	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	90	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	90	4	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	90	5	romania	romania	PROPN
elp-56054	90	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	90	7	its	its	PRON
elp-56054	90	8	open	open	ADJ
elp-56054	90	9	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	90	10	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	90	11	framework	framework	NOUN
elp-56054	90	12	covers	cover	VERB
elp-56054	90	13	the	the	DET
elp-56054	90	14	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	90	15	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	90	16	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	90	17	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	91	1	however	however	ADV
elp-56054	91	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	91	3	the	the	DET
elp-56054	91	4	available	available	ADJ
elp-56054	91	5	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	91	6	reveal	reveal	VERB
elp-56054	91	7	continuing	continue	VERB
elp-56054	91	8	problems	problem	NOUN
elp-56054	91	9	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	91	10	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	91	11	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	91	12	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	92	1	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	92	2	spite	spite	NOUN
elp-56054	92	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	92	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	92	5	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	92	6	provisions	provision	NOUN
elp-56054	92	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	92	8	obstacles	obstacle	NOUN
elp-56054	92	9	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	92	10	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	92	11	complicated	complicated	ADJ
elp-56054	92	12	registration	registration	NOUN
elp-56054	92	13	procedures	procedure	NOUN
elp-56054	92	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	92	15	algorithm	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	92	16	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	92	17	driven	drive	VERB
elp-56054	92	18	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	92	19	volatility	volatility	NOUN
elp-56054	92	20	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	92	21	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	92	22	unclear	unclear	ADJ
elp-56054	92	23	job	job	NOUN
elp-56054	92	24	classification	classification	NOUN
elp-56054	92	25	create	create	VERB
elp-56054	92	26	practical	practical	ADJ
elp-56054	92	27	loopholes	loophole	NOUN
elp-56054	92	28	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	93	1	these	these	DET
elp-56054	93	2	problems	problem	NOUN
elp-56054	93	3	highlight	highlight	VERB
elp-56054	93	4	a	a	DET
elp-56054	93	5	critical	critical	ADJ
elp-56054	93	6	disconnect	disconnect	NOUN
elp-56054	93	7	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	93	8	although	although	SCONJ
elp-56054	93	9	the	the	DET
elp-56054	93	10	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
elp-56054	93	11	framework	framework	NOUN
elp-56054	93	12	tries	try	VERB
elp-56054	93	13	to	to	PART
elp-56054	93	14	adapt	adapt	VERB
elp-56054	93	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	93	16	the	the	DET
elp-56054	93	17	unique	unique	ADJ
elp-56054	93	18	nature	nature	NOUN
elp-56054	93	19	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	93	20	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	93	21	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	93	22	outpaces	outpace	VERB
elp-56054	93	23	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	93	24	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	93	25	design	design	NOUN
elp-56054	93	26	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	93	27	leaving	leave	VERB
elp-56054	93	28	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	93	29	vulnerable	vulnerable	ADJ
elp-56054	93	30	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	93	31	systemic	systemic	ADJ
elp-56054	93	32	weaknesses	weakness	NOUN
elp-56054	93	33	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	94	1	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	NOUN
elp-56054	94	2	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	94	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	94	4	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	94	5	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	94	6	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	94	7	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	94	8	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	94	9	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	94	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	94	11	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	94	12	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	94	13	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	94	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	94	15	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	94	16	157	157	NUM
elp-56054	94	17	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	94	18	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	94	19	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	94	20	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	94	21	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	95	1	romanian	romanian	ADJ
elp-56054	95	2	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	95	3	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	95	4	face	face	VERB
elp-56054	95	5	substantial	substantial	ADJ
elp-56054	95	6	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	95	7	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	95	8	gaps	gap	NOUN
elp-56054	95	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	95	10	primarily	primarily	ADV
elp-56054	95	11	due	due	ADP
elp-56054	95	12	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	95	13	mismatches	mismatch	NOUN
elp-56054	95	14	between	between	ADP
elp-56054	95	15	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	95	16	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	95	17	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	95	18	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	95	19	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	95	20	design	design	NOUN
elp-56054	95	21	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	96	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	96	2	country	country	NOUN
elp-56054	96	3	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	96	4	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	96	5	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	96	6	framework	framework	NOUN
elp-56054	96	7	theoretically	theoretically	ADV
elp-56054	96	8	covers	cover	VERB
elp-56054	96	9	all	all	DET
elp-56054	96	10	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	96	11	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	96	12	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	96	13	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	96	14	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	96	15	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	96	16	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	96	17	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	96	18	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	97	1	yet	yet	CCONJ
elp-56054	97	2	key	key	ADJ
elp-56054	97	3	protections	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	97	4	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	97	5	unemployment	unemployment	NOUN
elp-56054	97	6	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	97	7	workplace	workplace	NOUN
elp-56054	97	8	injury	injury	NOUN
elp-56054	97	9	insurance	insurance	NOUN
elp-56054	97	10	remain	remain	VERB
elp-56054	97	11	optional	optional	ADJ
elp-56054	97	12	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	97	13	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	97	14	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	97	15	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	97	16	individuals	individual	NOUN
elp-56054	97	17	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	98	1	yet	yet	ADV
elp-56054	98	2	low	low	ADJ
elp-56054	98	3	wages	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	98	4	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	98	5	weak	weak	ADJ
elp-56054	98	6	enrollment	enrollment	NOUN
elp-56054	98	7	drive	drive	NOUN
elp-56054	98	8	low	low	ADJ
elp-56054	98	9	actual	actual	ADJ
elp-56054	98	10	coverage	coverage	NOUN
elp-56054	98	11	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	98	12	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	98	13	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	98	14	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	98	15	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	98	16	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	98	17	often	often	ADV
elp-56054	98	18	earn	earn	VERB
elp-56054	98	19	below	below	ADP
elp-56054	98	20	the	the	DET
elp-56054	98	21	national	national	ADJ
elp-56054	98	22	minimum	minimum	NOUN
elp-56054	98	23	wage	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	98	24	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	98	25	2,230	2,230	NUM
elp-56054	98	26	lei/465	lei/465	NOUN
elp-56054	98	27	eur	eur	NOUN
elp-56054	98	28	monthly	monthly	ADV
elp-56054	98	29	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	98	30	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	98	31	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	98	32	those	those	PRON
elp-56054	98	33	making	make	VERB
elp-56054	98	34	less	less	ADJ
elp-56054	98	35	than	than	ADP
elp-56054	98	36	six	six	NUM
elp-56054	98	37	months	month	NOUN
elp-56054	98	38	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	98	39	minimum	minimum	ADJ
elp-56054	98	40	wage	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	98	41	annually	annually	ADV
elp-56054	98	42	required	require	VERB
elp-56054	98	43	to	to	PART
elp-56054	98	44	pay	pay	VERB
elp-56054	98	45	health	health	NOUN
elp-56054	98	46	insurance	insurance	NOUN
elp-56054	98	47	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	98	48	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	98	49	a	a	DET
elp-56054	98	50	six	six	NUM
elp-56054	98	51	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	98	52	month	month	NOUN
elp-56054	98	53	salary	salary	NOUN
elp-56054	98	54	base	base	NOUN
elp-56054	98	55	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	98	56	1,338	1,338	NUM
elp-56054	98	57	lei/279	lei/279	NOUN
elp-56054	98	58	eur	eur	NOUN
elp-56054	98	59	annually	annually	ADV
elp-56054	98	60	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	98	61	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	98	62	exacerbating	exacerbate	VERB
elp-56054	98	63	financial	financial	ADJ
elp-56054	98	64	strain	strain	NOUN
elp-56054	98	65	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	98	66	ordonanță	ordonanță	PROPN
elp-56054	98	67	de	de	PROPN
elp-56054	98	68	urgență	urgență	PROPN
elp-56054	98	69	nr	nr	PROPN
elp-56054	98	70	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	99	1	26/2020	26/2020	NUM
elp-56054	99	2	art	art	NOUN
elp-56054	99	3	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	100	1	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	100	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	100	3	m.of	m.of	PROPN
elp-56054	100	4	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	100	5	pt	pt	PROPN
elp-56054	100	6	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	101	1	i	i	PROPN
elp-56054	101	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	101	3	nr	nr	PROPN
elp-56054	101	4	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	101	5	232/25	232/25	NUM
elp-56054	101	6	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	101	7	25	25	NUM
elp-56054	101	8	mar	mar	PROPN
elp-56054	101	9	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	101	10	2020	2020	NUM
elp-56054	101	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	101	12	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	101	13	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	102	1	this	this	PRON
elp-56054	102	2	creates	create	VERB
elp-56054	102	3	a	a	DET
elp-56054	102	4	heavy	heavy	ADJ
elp-56054	102	5	financial	financial	ADJ
elp-56054	102	6	burden	burden	NOUN
elp-56054	102	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	102	8	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	102	9	low	low	ADJ
elp-56054	102	10	wages	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	102	11	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	102	12	voluntary	voluntary	ADJ
elp-56054	102	13	enrollment	enrollment	NOUN
elp-56054	102	14	lead	lead	NOUN
elp-56054	102	15	to	to	PART
elp-56054	102	16	minimal	minimal	VERB
elp-56054	102	17	actual	actual	ADJ
elp-56054	102	18	coverage	coverage	NOUN
elp-56054	102	19	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	103	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	103	2	result	result	NOUN
elp-56054	103	3	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	103	4	a	a	DET
elp-56054	103	5	critical	critical	ADJ
elp-56054	103	6	gap	gap	NOUN
elp-56054	103	7	between	between	ADP
elp-56054	103	8	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	103	9	eligibility	eligibility	NOUN
elp-56054	103	10	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	103	11	practical	practical	ADJ
elp-56054	103	12	access	access	NOUN
elp-56054	103	13	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	103	14	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	103	15	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	103	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	103	17	leaving	leave	VERB
elp-56054	103	18	these	these	DET
elp-56054	103	19	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	103	20	vulnerable	vulnerable	ADJ
elp-56054	103	21	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	103	22	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	103	23	risks	risk	NOUN
elp-56054	103	24	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	104	1	these	these	DET
elp-56054	104	2	institutional	institutional	ADJ
elp-56054	104	3	challenges	challenge	NOUN
elp-56054	104	4	unfold	unfold	VERB
elp-56054	104	5	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	104	6	two	two	NUM
elp-56054	104	7	key	key	ADJ
elp-56054	104	8	ways	way	NOUN
elp-56054	104	9	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	104	10	first	first	ADV
elp-56054	104	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	104	12	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	104	13	companies	company	NOUN
elp-56054	104	14	classify	classify	VERB
elp-56054	104	15	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	104	16	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	104	17	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	104	18	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	104	19	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	104	20	to	to	PART
elp-56054	104	21	avoid	avoid	VERB
elp-56054	104	22	employer	employer	NOUN
elp-56054	104	23	obligations	obligation	NOUN
elp-56054	104	24	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	105	1	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	105	2	contribute	contribute	VERB
elp-56054	105	3	just	just	ADV
elp-56054	105	4	2.25	2.25	NUM
elp-56054	105	5	%	%	NOUN
elp-56054	105	6	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	105	7	total	total	ADJ
elp-56054	105	8	wages	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	105	9	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	105	10	unemployment	unemployment	NOUN
elp-56054	105	11	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	105	12	workplace	workplace	NOUN
elp-56054	105	13	injury	injury	NOUN
elp-56054	105	14	funds	fund	NOUN
elp-56054	105	15	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	105	16	far	far	ADV
elp-56054	105	17	less	less	ADJ
elp-56054	105	18	than	than	ADP
elp-56054	105	19	formal	formal	ADJ
elp-56054	105	20	employer	employer	NOUN
elp-56054	105	21	responsibilities	responsibility	NOUN
elp-56054	105	22	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	105	23	ordonanță	ordonanță	PROPN
elp-56054	105	24	de	de	PROPN
elp-56054	105	25	urgență	urgență	PROPN
elp-56054	105	26	nr	nr	PROPN
elp-56054	105	27	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	106	1	79/2017	79/2017	NUM
elp-56054	106	2	art	art	NOUN
elp-56054	106	3	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	107	1	282(1	282(1	NUM
elp-56054	107	2	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	107	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	107	4	m.of	m.of	PROPN
elp-56054	107	5	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	107	6	pt	pt	PROPN
elp-56054	107	7	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	108	1	i	i	PROPN
elp-56054	108	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	108	3	nr	nr	PROPN
elp-56054	108	4	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	108	5	937/29	937/29	PROPN
elp-56054	108	6	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	108	7	29	29	NUM
elp-56054	108	8	nov	nov	PROPN
elp-56054	108	9	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	108	10	2017	2017	NUM
elp-56054	108	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	108	12	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	108	13	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	109	1	meanwhile	meanwhile	ADV
elp-56054	109	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	109	3	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	109	4	enroll	enroll	VERB
elp-56054	109	5	voluntarily	voluntarily	ADV
elp-56054	109	6	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	109	7	low	low	ADJ
elp-56054	109	8	rates	rate	NOUN
elp-56054	109	9	due	due	ADJ
elp-56054	109	10	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	109	11	limited	limited	ADJ
elp-56054	109	12	information	information	NOUN
elp-56054	109	13	about	about	ADP
elp-56054	109	14	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	109	15	options	option	NOUN
elp-56054	109	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	109	17	deepening	deepen	VERB
elp-56054	109	18	coverage	coverage	NOUN
elp-56054	109	19	gaps	gap	NOUN
elp-56054	109	20	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	110	1	second	second	ADJ
elp-56054	110	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	110	3	the	the	DET
elp-56054	110	4	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	110	5	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	110	6	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	110	7	contribution	contribution	NOUN
elp-56054	110	8	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	110	9	shortchanges	shortchange	VERB
elp-56054	110	10	low	low	ADJ
elp-56054	110	11	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	110	12	wage	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	110	13	earners	earner	NOUN
elp-56054	110	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	111	1	pension	pension	NOUN
elp-56054	111	2	levels	level	NOUN
elp-56054	111	3	remain	remain	VERB
elp-56054	111	4	constrained	constrained	ADJ
elp-56054	111	5	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	111	6	the	the	DET
elp-56054	111	7	2020	2020	NUM
elp-56054	111	8	median	median	ADJ
elp-56054	111	9	pension	pension	NOUN
elp-56054	111	10	stood	stand	VERB
elp-56054	111	11	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	111	12	1,436	1,436	NUM
elp-56054	111	13	lei/300	lei/300	NOUN
elp-56054	111	14	eur	eur	NOUN
elp-56054	111	15	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	111	16	felicia	felicia	PROPN
elp-56054	111	17	rosioru	rosioru	NOUN
elp-56054	111	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	111	19	2021	2021	NUM
elp-56054	111	20	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	111	21	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	112	1	3.3	3.3	NUM
elp-56054	112	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	112	3	impact	impact	NOUN
elp-56054	112	4	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	112	5	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	112	6	non	non	NOUN
elp-56054	112	7	-	-	NOUN
elp-56054	112	8	transparency	transparency	NOUN
elp-56054	112	9	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	112	10	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	112	11	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	112	12	the	the	DET
elp-56054	112	13	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	112	14	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	112	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	112	16	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	112	17	act	act	VERB
elp-56054	112	18	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	112	19	primary	primary	ADJ
elp-56054	112	20	tools	tool	NOUN
elp-56054	112	21	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	112	22	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	112	23	allocation	allocation	NOUN
elp-56054	112	24	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	112	25	management	management	NOUN
elp-56054	112	26	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	113	1	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	113	2	collect	collect	VERB
elp-56054	113	3	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	113	4	analyze	analyze	VERB
elp-56054	113	5	vast	vast	ADJ
elp-56054	113	6	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	113	7	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	113	8	user	user	NOUN
elp-56054	113	9	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	113	10	to	to	PART
elp-56054	113	11	refine	refine	VERB
elp-56054	113	12	these	these	DET
elp-56054	113	13	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	113	14	internally	internally	ADV
elp-56054	113	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	113	16	ensuring	ensure	VERB
elp-56054	113	17	matching	matching	NOUN
elp-56054	113	18	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	113	19	management	management	NOUN
elp-56054	113	20	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
elp-56054	113	21	serve	serve	VERB
elp-56054	113	22	both	both	PRON
elp-56054	113	23	user	user	NOUN
elp-56054	113	24	needs	need	NOUN
elp-56054	113	25	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	113	26	profit	profit	NOUN
elp-56054	113	27	goals	goal	NOUN
elp-56054	113	28	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	114	1	this	this	DET
elp-56054	114	2	process	process	NOUN
elp-56054	114	3	transforms	transform	VERB
elp-56054	114	4	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	114	5	into	into	ADP
elp-56054	114	6	operational	operational	ADJ
elp-56054	114	7	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	114	8	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	114	9	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	114	10	dictate	dictate	VERB
elp-56054	114	11	task	task	NOUN
elp-56054	114	12	assignments	assignment	NOUN
elp-56054	114	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	114	14	pricing	pricing	NOUN
elp-56054	114	15	models	model	NOUN
elp-56054	114	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	114	17	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	114	18	performance	performance	NOUN
elp-56054	114	19	metrics	metric	NOUN
elp-56054	114	20	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	114	21	shaping	shape	VERB
elp-56054	114	22	how	how	SCONJ
elp-56054	114	23	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	114	24	engage	engage	VERB
elp-56054	114	25	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	114	26	the	the	DET
elp-56054	114	27	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	114	28	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	114	29	zhang	zhang	PROPN
elp-56054	114	30	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	114	31	l.	l.	PROPN
elp-56054	114	32	h.	h.	PROPN
elp-56054	114	33	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	114	34	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	114	35	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	114	36	pp	pp	ADJ
elp-56054	114	37	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	115	1	63	63	NUM
elp-56054	115	2	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	115	3	75	75	NUM
elp-56054	115	4	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	115	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	116	1	yet	yet	CCONJ
elp-56054	116	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	116	3	decision	decision	NOUN
elp-56054	116	4	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	116	5	making	make	VERB
elp-56054	116	6	logic	logic	NOUN
elp-56054	116	7	behind	behind	ADP
elp-56054	116	8	these	these	DET
elp-56054	116	9	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	116	10	often	often	ADV
elp-56054	116	11	operates	operate	VERB
elp-56054	116	12	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	116	13	opaque	opaque	ADJ
elp-56054	116	14	―black	―black	DET
elp-56054	116	15	boxes.‖	boxes.‖	NOUN
elp-56054	116	16	consider	consider	VERB
elp-56054	116	17	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	116	18	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	116	19	the	the	DET
elp-56054	116	20	company	company	NOUN
elp-56054	116	21	exclusively	exclusively	ADV
elp-56054	116	22	controls	control	VERB
elp-56054	116	23	its	its	PRON
elp-56054	116	24	surge	surge	NOUN
elp-56054	116	25	pricing	pricing	NOUN
elp-56054	116	26	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	116	27	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	116	28	task	task	NOUN
elp-56054	116	29	allocation	allocation	NOUN
elp-56054	116	30	systems	system	NOUN
elp-56054	116	31	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	117	1	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	117	2	have	have	VERB
elp-56054	117	3	no	no	DET
elp-56054	117	4	visibility	visibility	NOUN
elp-56054	117	5	into	into	ADP
elp-56054	117	6	how	how	SCONJ
elp-56054	117	7	these	these	DET
elp-56054	117	8	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	117	9	function	function	VERB
elp-56054	117	10	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	117	11	how	how	SCONJ
elp-56054	117	12	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	117	13	earnings	earning	NOUN
elp-56054	117	14	fluctuate	fluctuate	NOUN
elp-56054	117	15	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	118	1	research	research	NOUN
elp-56054	118	2	shows	show	VERB
elp-56054	118	3	uber	uber	NOUN
elp-56054	118	4	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	118	5	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	118	6	―black	―black	PROPN
elp-56054	118	7	box‖	box‖	PROPN
elp-56054	118	8	operates	operate	VERB
elp-56054	118	9	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	118	10	a	a	DET
elp-56054	118	11	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	118	12	puppeteer	puppeteer	NOUN
elp-56054	118	13	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	118	14	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	118	15	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	118	16	perceive	perceive	ADJ
elp-56054	118	17	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	118	18	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	118	19	logging	log	VERB
elp-56054	118	20	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	118	21	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	118	22	off	off	ADP
elp-56054	118	23	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	118	24	the	the	DET
elp-56054	118	25	invisible	invisible	ADJ
elp-56054	118	26	strings	string	NOUN
elp-56054	118	27	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	118	28	surge	surge	NOUN
elp-56054	118	29	pricing	pricing	NOUN
elp-56054	118	30	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	118	31	acceptance	acceptance	NOUN
elp-56054	118	32	rate	rate	NOUN
elp-56054	118	33	thresholds	threshold	NOUN
elp-56054	118	34	dictate	dictate	VERB
elp-56054	118	35	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	118	36	earnings	earning	NOUN
elp-56054	118	37	mobility	mobility	NOUN
elp-56054	118	38	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	119	1	rosenblat	rosenblat	NOUN
elp-56054	119	2	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	119	3	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	119	4	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	119	5	likens	liken	VERB
elp-56054	119	6	this	this	PRON
elp-56054	119	7	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	119	8	a	a	DET
elp-56054	119	9	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	119	10	panopticon	panopticon	NOUN
elp-56054	119	11	where	where	SCONJ
elp-56054	119	12	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	119	13	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	119	14	behavioral	behavioral	ADJ
elp-56054	119	15	choices	choice	NOUN
elp-56054	119	16	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	119	17	algorithmically	algorithmically	ADV
elp-56054	119	18	constrained	constrain	VERB
elp-56054	119	19	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	119	20	alex	alex	PROPN
elp-56054	119	21	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	119	22	luke	luke	PROPN
elp-56054	119	23	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	119	24	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	119	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	119	26	p.	p.	NOUN
elp-56054	119	27	3757	3757	NUM
elp-56054	119	28	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	119	29	p.	p.	NOUN
elp-56054	119	30	3763	3763	NUM
elp-56054	119	31	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	119	32	p.	p.	NOUN
elp-56054	119	33	3766	3766	NUM
elp-56054	119	34	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	119	35	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	120	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
elp-56054	120	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	120	3	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	120	4	details	detail	NOUN
elp-56054	120	5	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	120	6	shielded	shield	VERB
elp-56054	120	7	as	as	SCONJ
elp-56054	120	8	―trade	―trade	ADP
elp-56054	120	9	secrets,‖	secrets,‖	PROPN
elp-56054	120	10	making	make	VERB
elp-56054	120	11	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	120	12	difficult	difficult	ADJ
elp-56054	120	13	for	for	SCONJ
elp-56054	120	14	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	120	15	to	to	PART
elp-56054	120	16	prove	prove	VERB
elp-56054	120	17	violations	violation	NOUN
elp-56054	120	18	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	121	1	uber	uber	NOUN
elp-56054	121	2	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	121	3	contracts	contract	NOUN
elp-56054	121	4	typically	typically	ADV
elp-56054	121	5	include	include	VERB
elp-56054	121	6	mandatory	mandatory	ADJ
elp-56054	121	7	arbitration	arbitration	NOUN
elp-56054	121	8	clauses	clause	NOUN
elp-56054	121	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	121	10	blocking	block	VERB
elp-56054	121	11	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	121	12	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	121	13	pursuing	pursue	VERB
elp-56054	121	14	class	class	NOUN
elp-56054	121	15	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	121	16	action	action	NOUN
elp-56054	121	17	lawsuits	lawsuit	NOUN
elp-56054	121	18	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	121	19	cotter	cotter	NOUN
elp-56054	121	20	v.	v.	ADP
elp-56054	121	21	lyft	lyft	PROPN
elp-56054	121	22	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	121	23	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	121	24	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	121	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	121	26	176	176	NUM
elp-56054	121	27	f.	f.	PROPN
elp-56054	121	28	supp	supp	PROPN
elp-56054	121	29	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	122	1	3d	3d	NOUN
elp-56054	122	2	930	930	NUM
elp-56054	122	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	122	4	943	943	NUM
elp-56054	122	5	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	122	6	n.d	n.d	PROPN
elp-56054	122	7	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	122	8	cal	cal	PROPN
elp-56054	122	9	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	122	10	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	122	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	122	12	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	122	13	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	123	1	reviewing	review	VERB
elp-56054	123	2	a	a	DET
elp-56054	123	3	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	123	4	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	123	5	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	123	6	often	often	ADV
elp-56054	123	7	requires	require	VERB
elp-56054	123	8	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	123	9	reverse	reverse	ADJ
elp-56054	123	10	engineering	engineering	NOUN
elp-56054	123	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	123	12	which	which	PRON
elp-56054	123	13	often	often	ADV
elp-56054	123	14	runs	run	VERB
elp-56054	123	15	into	into	ADP
elp-56054	123	16	compliance	compliance	NOUN
elp-56054	123	17	issues	issue	NOUN
elp-56054	123	18	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	123	19	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	123	20	specifically	specifically	ADV
elp-56054	123	21	prohibits	prohibit	VERB
elp-56054	123	22	reverse	reverse	ADJ
elp-56054	123	23	engineering	engineering	NOUN
elp-56054	123	24	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	123	25	its	its	PRON
elp-56054	123	26	app	app	NOUN
elp-56054	123	27	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	123	28	the	the	DET
elp-56054	123	29	terms	term	NOUN
elp-56054	123	30	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	123	31	service	service	NOUN
elp-56054	123	32	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	124	1	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	NOUN
elp-56054	124	2	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	124	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	124	4	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	124	5	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	124	6	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	124	7	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	124	8	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	124	9	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	124	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	124	11	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	124	12	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	124	13	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	124	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	124	15	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	124	16	158	158	NUM
elp-56054	124	17	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	124	18	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	124	19	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	124	20	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	124	21	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	124	22	terms	term	NOUN
elp-56054	124	23	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	124	24	uber	uber	NOUN
elp-56054	124	25	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	124	26	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	125	1	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	125	2	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	125	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	125	4	facebook	facebook	PROPN
elp-56054	125	5	contend	contend	VERB
elp-56054	125	6	that	that	SCONJ
elp-56054	125	7	a	a	DET
elp-56054	125	8	researcher	researcher	NOUN
elp-56054	125	9	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	125	10	breach	breach	NOUN
elp-56054	125	11	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	125	12	the	the	DET
elp-56054	125	13	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	125	14	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	125	15	terms	term	NOUN
elp-56054	125	16	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	125	17	service	service	NOUN
elp-56054	125	18	constitutes	constitute	VERB
elp-56054	125	19	unauthorized	unauthorized	ADJ
elp-56054	125	20	access	access	NOUN
elp-56054	125	21	under	under	ADP
elp-56054	125	22	the	the	DET
elp-56054	125	23	computer	computer	NOUN
elp-56054	125	24	fraud	fraud	NOUN
elp-56054	125	25	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	125	26	abuse	abuse	NOUN
elp-56054	125	27	act	act	NOUN
elp-56054	125	28	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	125	29	cfaa	cfaa	PROPN
elp-56054	125	30	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	125	31	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	125	32	as	as	SCONJ
elp-56054	125	33	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	125	34	actions	action	NOUN
elp-56054	125	35	allegedly	allegedly	ADV
elp-56054	125	36	went	go	VERB
elp-56054	125	37	beyond	beyond	ADP
elp-56054	125	38	the	the	DET
elp-56054	125	39	scope	scope	NOUN
elp-56054	125	40	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	125	41	permitted	permit	VERB
elp-56054	125	42	use	use	NOUN
elp-56054	125	43	defined	define	VERB
elp-56054	125	44	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	125	45	the	the	DET
elp-56054	125	46	contractual	contractual	ADJ
elp-56054	125	47	agreement	agreement	NOUN
elp-56054	125	48	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	125	49	17	17	NUM
elp-56054	125	50	u.s.c	u.s.c	ADJ
elp-56054	125	51	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	126	1	§	§	PROPN
elp-56054	126	2	1201	1201	NUM
elp-56054	126	3	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	126	4	2012	2012	NUM
elp-56054	126	5	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	126	6	;	;	PUNCT
elp-56054	126	7	facebook	facebook	PROPN
elp-56054	126	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	126	9	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	126	10	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	127	1	v.	v.	ADP
elp-56054	127	2	power	power	PROPN
elp-56054	127	3	ventures	ventures	PROPN
elp-56054	127	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	127	5	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	127	6	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	127	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	127	8	844	844	NUM
elp-56054	127	9	f.3d	f.3d	NUM
elp-56054	127	10	1050	1050	NUM
elp-56054	127	11	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	127	12	9th	9th	ADJ
elp-56054	127	13	cir	cir	NOUN
elp-56054	127	14	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	127	15	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	127	16	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	127	17	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	128	1	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	129	1	3.4	3.4	NUM
elp-56054	129	2	loss	loss	NOUN
elp-56054	129	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	129	4	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	129	5	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	129	6	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	129	7	the	the	DET
elp-56054	129	8	lack	lack	NOUN
elp-56054	129	9	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	129	10	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	129	11	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	129	12	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	129	13	under	under	ADP
elp-56054	129	14	the	the	DET
elp-56054	129	15	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	129	16	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	129	17	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	129	18	reshaping	reshape	VERB
elp-56054	129	19	the	the	DET
elp-56054	129	20	pattern	pattern	NOUN
elp-56054	129	21	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	129	22	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	129	23	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	129	24	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	129	25	has	have	VERB
elp-56054	129	26	a	a	DET
elp-56054	129	27	huge	huge	ADJ
elp-56054	129	28	impact	impact	NOUN
elp-56054	129	29	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	129	30	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	129	31	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	129	32	various	various	ADJ
elp-56054	129	33	countries	country	NOUN
elp-56054	129	34	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	130	1	this	this	PRON
elp-56054	130	2	puts	put	VERB
elp-56054	130	3	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	130	4	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	130	5	a	a	DET
elp-56054	130	6	disadvantage	disadvantage	NOUN
elp-56054	130	7	under	under	ADP
elp-56054	130	8	the	the	DET
elp-56054	130	9	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	130	10	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	130	11	relationship	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	130	12	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	131	1	3.4.1	3.4.1	NUM
elp-56054	131	2	difficulty	difficulty	NOUN
elp-56054	131	3	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	131	4	forming	form	VERB
elp-56054	131	5	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	131	6	trade	trade	NOUN
elp-56054	131	7	union	union	NOUN
elp-56054	131	8	models	model	NOUN
elp-56054	131	9	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	131	10	the	the	DET
elp-56054	131	11	core	core	NOUN
elp-56054	131	12	carrier	carrier	NOUN
elp-56054	131	13	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	131	14	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	131	15	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	131	16	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	131	17	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	131	18	trade	trade	NOUN
elp-56054	131	19	unions	union	NOUN
elp-56054	131	20	rely	rely	VERB
elp-56054	131	21	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	131	22	four	four	NUM
elp-56054	131	23	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
elp-56054	131	24	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	131	25	―group	―group	PROPN
elp-56054	131	26	community‖	community‖	PROPN
elp-56054	131	27	to	to	PART
elp-56054	131	28	function	function	VERB
elp-56054	131	29	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	131	30	interdependence	interdependence	NOUN
elp-56054	131	31	among	among	ADP
elp-56054	131	32	members	member	NOUN
elp-56054	131	33	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	131	34	shared	share	VERB
elp-56054	131	35	interest	interest	NOUN
elp-56054	131	36	goals	goal	NOUN
elp-56054	131	37	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	131	38	psychological	psychological	ADJ
elp-56054	131	39	identification	identification	NOUN
elp-56054	131	40	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	131	41	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	131	42	long	long	ADJ
elp-56054	131	43	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	131	44	term	term	NOUN
elp-56054	131	45	attachment	attachment	NOUN
elp-56054	131	46	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	131	47	the	the	DET
elp-56054	131	48	group	group	NOUN
elp-56054	131	49	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	131	50	malin	malin	PROPN
elp-56054	131	51	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	131	52	m.	m.	PROPN
elp-56054	131	53	h.	h.	PROPN
elp-56054	131	54	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	131	55	2000	2000	NUM
elp-56054	131	56	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	131	57	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	132	1	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	132	2	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	132	3	industrial	industrial	ADJ
elp-56054	132	4	settings	setting	NOUN
elp-56054	132	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	132	6	physical	physical	ADJ
elp-56054	132	7	agglomeration	agglomeration	NOUN
elp-56054	132	8	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	132	9	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	132	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	132	11	factories	factory	NOUN
elp-56054	132	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	132	13	workshops	workshop	NOUN
elp-56054	132	14	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	132	15	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	132	16	stable	stable	ADJ
elp-56054	132	17	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	132	18	relationships	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	132	19	provided	provide	VERB
elp-56054	132	20	a	a	DET
elp-56054	132	21	natural	natural	ADJ
elp-56054	132	22	foundation	foundation	NOUN
elp-56054	132	23	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	132	24	unions	union	NOUN
elp-56054	132	25	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	132	26	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	132	27	developed	develop	VERB
elp-56054	132	28	identity	identity	NOUN
elp-56054	132	29	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	132	30	shared	share	VERB
elp-56054	132	31	workspaces	workspace	NOUN
elp-56054	132	32	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	132	33	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
elp-56054	132	34	interaction	interaction	NOUN
elp-56054	132	35	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	132	36	forming	form	VERB
elp-56054	132	37	not	not	PART
elp-56054	132	38	just	just	ADV
elp-56054	132	39	interest	interest	NOUN
elp-56054	132	40	communities	community	NOUN
elp-56054	132	41	but	but	CCONJ
elp-56054	132	42	also	also	ADV
elp-56054	132	43	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	132	44	identity	identity	NOUN
elp-56054	132	45	communities	community	NOUN
elp-56054	132	46	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	132	47	underpinned	underpin	VERB
elp-56054	132	48	the	the	DET
elp-56054	132	49	institutional	institutional	ADJ
elp-56054	132	50	basis	basis	NOUN
elp-56054	132	51	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	132	52	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	132	53	bargaining	bargaining	NOUN
elp-56054	132	54	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	133	1	however	however	ADV
elp-56054	133	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	133	3	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	133	4	today	today	NOUN
elp-56054	133	5	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	133	6	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	133	7	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	133	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	133	9	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	133	10	rely	rely	VERB
elp-56054	133	11	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	133	12	mobile	mobile	ADJ
elp-56054	133	13	apps	app	NOUN
elp-56054	133	14	to	to	PART
elp-56054	133	15	accept	accept	VERB
elp-56054	133	16	orders	order	NOUN
elp-56054	133	17	independently	independently	ADV
elp-56054	133	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	133	19	shifting	shift	VERB
elp-56054	133	20	the	the	DET
elp-56054	133	21	workplace	workplace	NOUN
elp-56054	133	22	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	133	23	physical	physical	ADJ
elp-56054	133	24	sites	site	NOUN
elp-56054	133	25	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	133	26	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	133	27	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	133	28	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	133	29	transforming	transform	VERB
elp-56054	133	30	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
elp-56054	133	31	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	133	32	offline	offline	ADJ
elp-56054	133	33	interaction	interaction	NOUN
elp-56054	133	34	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	133	35	algorithm	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	133	36	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	133	37	driven	drive	VERB
elp-56054	133	38	virtual	virtual	ADJ
elp-56054	133	39	matching	matching	NOUN
elp-56054	133	40	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	134	1	take	take	VERB
elp-56054	134	2	food	food	NOUN
elp-56054	134	3	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	134	4	riders	rider	NOUN
elp-56054	134	5	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	134	6	an	an	DET
elp-56054	134	7	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	134	8	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	134	9	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	134	10	receive	receive	VERB
elp-56054	134	11	orders	order	NOUN
elp-56054	134	12	via	via	ADP
elp-56054	134	13	apps	app	NOUN
elp-56054	134	14	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	134	15	complete	complete	ADJ
elp-56054	134	16	services	service	NOUN
elp-56054	134	17	individually	individually	ADV
elp-56054	134	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	134	19	lacking	lack	VERB
elp-56054	134	20	meaningful	meaningful	ADJ
elp-56054	134	21	communication	communication	NOUN
elp-56054	134	22	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	134	23	fellow	fellow	ADJ
elp-56054	134	24	riders	rider	NOUN
elp-56054	134	25	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	135	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
elp-56054	135	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	135	3	under	under	ADP
elp-56054	135	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	135	5	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	135	6	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	135	7	―decentralized‖	―decentralized‖	PROPN
elp-56054	135	8	task	task	NOUN
elp-56054	135	9	allocation	allocation	NOUN
elp-56054	135	10	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	135	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	135	12	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	135	13	engage	engage	VERB
elp-56054	135	14	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	135	15	demand	demand	NOUN
elp-56054	135	16	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	135	17	side	side	NOUN
elp-56054	135	18	entities	entity	NOUN
elp-56054	135	19	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	135	20	individuals	individual	NOUN
elp-56054	135	21	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	135	22	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	135	23	divergent	divergent	ADJ
elp-56054	135	24	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	135	25	goals	goal	NOUN
elp-56054	135	26	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	135	27	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	135	28	structures	structure	NOUN
elp-56054	135	29	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	135	30	hinder	hinder	VERB
elp-56054	135	31	the	the	DET
elp-56054	135	32	formation	formation	NOUN
elp-56054	135	33	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	135	34	shared	share	VERB
elp-56054	135	35	interest	interest	NOUN
elp-56054	135	36	objectives	objective	NOUN
elp-56054	135	37	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	136	1	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	136	2	a	a	DET
elp-56054	136	3	result	result	NOUN
elp-56054	136	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	136	5	safeguarding	safeguard	VERB
elp-56054	136	6	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	136	7	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	136	8	basic	basic	ADJ
elp-56054	136	9	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	136	10	becomes	become	VERB
elp-56054	136	11	extremely	extremely	ADV
elp-56054	136	12	challenging	challenging	ADJ
elp-56054	136	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	136	14	as	as	SCONJ
elp-56054	136	15	shown	show	VERB
elp-56054	136	16	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	136	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	136	18	table	table	NOUN
elp-56054	136	19	below	below	ADP
elp-56054	136	20	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	136	21	the	the	DET
elp-56054	136	22	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	136	23	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	136	24	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	136	25	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	136	26	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	136	27	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	136	28	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	136	29	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	136	30	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	137	1	3.4.2	3.4.2	NUM
elp-56054	137	2	loss	loss	NOUN
elp-56054	137	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	137	4	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	137	5	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	137	6	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	137	7	bargaining	bargaining	NOUN
elp-56054	137	8	power	power	NOUN
elp-56054	137	9	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	137	10	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
elp-56054	137	11	reconstruct	reconstruct	VERB
elp-56054	137	12	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	137	13	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	137	14	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	137	15	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	137	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	137	17	whereby	whereby	SCONJ
elp-56054	137	18	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	137	19	lack	lack	VERB
elp-56054	137	20	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	137	21	bargaining	bargaining	NOUN
elp-56054	137	22	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	137	23	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	137	24	making	make	VERB
elp-56054	137	25	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	137	26	difficult	difficult	ADJ
elp-56054	137	27	for	for	SCONJ
elp-56054	137	28	individuals	individual	NOUN
elp-56054	137	29	to	to	PART
elp-56054	137	30	negotiate	negotiate	VERB
elp-56054	137	31	pricing	pricing	NOUN
elp-56054	137	32	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	137	33	companies	company	NOUN
elp-56054	137	34	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	138	1	due	due	ADP
elp-56054	138	2	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	138	3	the	the	DET
elp-56054	138	4	unique	unique	ADJ
elp-56054	138	5	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
elp-56054	138	6	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	138	7	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	138	8	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	138	9	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	138	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	138	11	negotiation	negotiation	NOUN
elp-56054	138	12	outcomes	outcome	NOUN
elp-56054	138	13	often	often	ADV
elp-56054	138	14	fall	fall	VERB
elp-56054	138	15	short	short	ADV
elp-56054	138	16	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	138	17	expectations	expectation	NOUN
elp-56054	138	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	138	19	potentially	potentially	ADV
elp-56054	138	20	leading	lead	VERB
elp-56054	138	21	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	138	22	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	138	23	challenges	challenge	NOUN
elp-56054	138	24	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	139	1	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	139	2	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	139	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	139	4	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	139	5	2018	2018	NUM
elp-56054	139	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	139	7	seattle	seattle	PROPN
elp-56054	139	8	ride	ride	NOUN
elp-56054	139	9	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	139	10	hailing	hail	VERB
elp-56054	139	11	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	139	12	seeking	seek	VERB
elp-56054	139	13	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	139	14	bargaining	bargaining	NOUN
elp-56054	139	15	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	139	16	were	be	AUX
elp-56054	139	17	denied	deny	VERB
elp-56054	139	18	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	139	19	courts	court	NOUN
elp-56054	139	20	due	due	ADJ
elp-56054	139	21	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	139	22	antitrust	antitrust	ADJ
elp-56054	139	23	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	139	24	restrictions	restriction	NOUN
elp-56054	139	25	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	139	26	iglitzin	iglitzin	PROPN
elp-56054	139	27	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	139	28	d.	d.	PROPN
elp-56054	139	29	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	139	30	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	139	31	robbins	robbins	PROPN
elp-56054	139	32	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	139	33	j.	j.	PROPN
elp-56054	139	34	l.	l.	PROPN
elp-56054	139	35	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	139	36	2017	2017	NUM
elp-56054	139	37	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	139	38	pp	pp	ADJ
elp-56054	139	39	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	140	1	49	49	NUM
elp-56054	140	2	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	140	3	50	50	NUM
elp-56054	140	4	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	140	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	141	1	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	141	2	european	european	ADJ
elp-56054	141	3	countries	country	NOUN
elp-56054	141	4	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	141	5	denmark	denmark	PROPN
elp-56054	141	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	141	7	belgium	belgium	NOUN
elp-56054	141	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	141	9	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	141	10	germany	germany	PROPN
elp-56054	141	11	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	141	12	where	where	SCONJ
elp-56054	141	13	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	141	14	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	141	15	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	141	16	individuals	individual	NOUN
elp-56054	141	17	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	141	18	granted	grant	VERB
elp-56054	141	19	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	141	20	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	141	21	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	141	22	to	to	PART
elp-56054	141	23	negotiate	negotiate	VERB
elp-56054	141	24	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	141	25	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
elp-56054	141	26	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	141	27	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	141	28	dependence	dependence	NOUN
elp-56054	141	29	complicates	complicate	VERB
elp-56054	141	30	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	141	31	determinations	determination	NOUN
elp-56054	141	32	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	141	33	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	141	34	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	141	35	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	141	36	fulton	fulton	PROPN
elp-56054	141	37	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	141	38	l.	l.	PROPN
elp-56054	141	39	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	141	40	2018	2018	NUM
elp-56054	141	41	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	141	42	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	142	1	spain	spain	PROPN
elp-56054	142	2	adopted	adopt	VERB
elp-56054	142	3	specific	specific	ADJ
elp-56054	142	4	regulations	regulation	NOUN
elp-56054	142	5	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	142	6	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	142	7	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	142	8	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	142	9	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	142	10	2007	2007	NUM
elp-56054	142	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	142	12	requiring	require	VERB
elp-56054	142	13	economically	economically	ADV
elp-56054	142	14	dependent	dependent	ADJ
elp-56054	142	15	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	142	16	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	142	17	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	142	18	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	142	19	to	to	PART
elp-56054	142	20	sign	sign	VERB
elp-56054	142	21	contracts	contract	NOUN
elp-56054	142	22	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	142	23	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
elp-56054	142	24	to	to	PART
elp-56054	142	25	explicitly	explicitly	ADV
elp-56054	142	26	declare	declare	VERB
elp-56054	142	27	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	142	28	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	142	29	dependence	dependence	NOUN
elp-56054	142	30	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	142	31	agut	agut	PROPN
elp-56054	142	32	garcía	garcía	PROPN
elp-56054	142	33	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	142	34	c.	c.	PROPN
elp-56054	142	35	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	142	36	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	142	37	núñez	núñez	PROPN
elp-56054	142	38	gonzález	gonzález	PROPN
elp-56054	142	39	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	142	40	c.	c.	PROPN
elp-56054	142	41	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	142	42	2012	2012	NUM
elp-56054	142	43	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	142	44	pp	pp	ADJ
elp-56054	142	45	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	143	1	117	117	NUM
elp-56054	143	2	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	143	3	132	132	NUM
elp-56054	143	4	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	143	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	1	however	however	ADV
elp-56054	144	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	3	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	144	4	2017	2017	NUM
elp-56054	144	5	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	144	6	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	NOUN
elp-56054	144	7	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	144	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	9	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	144	10	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	144	11	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	144	12	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	144	13	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	144	14	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	144	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	16	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	144	17	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	144	18	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	144	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	20	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	144	21	159	159	NUM
elp-56054	144	22	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	144	23	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	144	24	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	144	25	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	144	26	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	144	27	shows	show	VERB
elp-56054	144	28	only	only	ADV
elp-56054	144	29	9,991	9,991	NUM
elp-56054	144	30	economically	economically	ADV
elp-56054	144	31	dependent	dependent	ADJ
elp-56054	144	32	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	144	33	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	34	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	144	35	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	144	36	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	144	37	spain	spain	PROPN
elp-56054	144	38	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	39	starkly	starkly	ADV
elp-56054	144	40	contrasting	contrast	VERB
elp-56054	144	41	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	144	42	the	the	DET
elp-56054	144	43	total	total	ADJ
elp-56054	144	44	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	144	45	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	46	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	144	47	population	population	NOUN
elp-56054	144	48	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	144	49	nearly	nearly	ADV
elp-56054	144	50	two	two	NUM
elp-56054	144	51	million	million	NUM
elp-56054	144	52	during	during	ADP
elp-56054	144	53	the	the	DET
elp-56054	144	54	same	same	ADJ
elp-56054	144	55	period	period	NOUN
elp-56054	144	56	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	57	revealing	reveal	VERB
elp-56054	144	58	that	that	SCONJ
elp-56054	144	59	protections	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	144	60	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	144	61	this	this	DET
elp-56054	144	62	group	group	NOUN
elp-56054	144	63	remain	remain	VERB
elp-56054	144	64	inadequate	inadequate	ADJ
elp-56054	144	65	to	to	PART
elp-56054	144	66	meet	meet	VERB
elp-56054	144	67	legislative	legislative	ADJ
elp-56054	144	68	expectations	expectation	NOUN
elp-56054	144	69	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	70	lionel	lionel	NOUN
elp-56054	144	71	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	72	2018	2018	NUM
elp-56054	144	73	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	74	p.	p.	NOUN
elp-56054	144	75	62	62	NUM
elp-56054	144	76	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	144	77	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	145	1	4	4	X
elp-56054	145	2	.	.	X
elp-56054	145	3	an	an	DET
elp-56054	145	4	empirical	empirical	ADJ
elp-56054	145	5	analysis	analysis	NOUN
elp-56054	145	6	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	145	7	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	145	8	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	145	9	experiences	experience	NOUN
elp-56054	145	10	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	145	11	the	the	DET
elp-56054	145	12	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	145	13	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	145	14	4.1	4.1	NUM
elp-56054	145	15	analysis	analysis	NOUN
elp-56054	145	16	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	145	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	145	18	applicability	applicability	NOUN
elp-56054	145	19	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	145	20	the	the	DET
elp-56054	145	21	introduction	introduction	NOUN
elp-56054	145	22	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	145	23	the	the	DET
elp-56054	145	24	german	german	ADJ
elp-56054	145	25	quasi	quasi	ADJ
elp-56054	145	26	-	-	NOUN
elp-56054	145	27	employee	employee	ADJ
elp-56054	145	28	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	145	29	the	the	DET
elp-56054	145	30	concept	concept	NOUN
elp-56054	145	31	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	145	32	―quasi	―quasi	NOUN
elp-56054	145	33	-	-	NOUN
elp-56054	145	34	employee‖	employee‖	PROPN
elp-56054	145	35	was	be	AUX
elp-56054	145	36	first	first	ADV
elp-56054	145	37	introduced	introduce	VERB
elp-56054	145	38	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	145	39	the	the	DET
elp-56054	145	40	1926	1926	NUM
elp-56054	145	41	labor	labor	PROPN
elp-56054	145	42	court	court	PROPN
elp-56054	145	43	act	act	NOUN
elp-56054	145	44	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	145	45	bundesministerium	bundesministerium	NOUN
elp-56054	145	46	der	der	NOUN
elp-56054	145	47	justiz	justiz	NOUN
elp-56054	145	48	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	145	49	1953	1953	NUM
elp-56054	145	50	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	145	51	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	146	1	subsequent	subsequent	ADJ
elp-56054	146	2	legislation	legislation	NOUN
elp-56054	146	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	146	4	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	146	5	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	146	6	the	the	DET
elp-56054	146	7	federal	federal	ADJ
elp-56054	146	8	vacation	vacation	PROPN
elp-56054	146	9	act	act	NOUN
elp-56054	146	10	（	（	PUNCT
elp-56054	146	11	bundesurlaubsgesetz	bundesurlaubsgesetz	NOUN
elp-56054	147	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	147	2	burlg	burlg	X
elp-56054	147	3	]	]	X
elp-56054	148	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	148	2	federal	federal	ADJ
elp-56054	148	3	vacation	vacation	NOUN
elp-56054	148	4	act	act	PROPN
elp-56054	148	5	]	]	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	7	1963	1963	NUM
elp-56054	148	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	9	§	§	NOUN
elp-56054	148	10	3	3	NUM
elp-56054	148	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	12	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	13	bundesanzeiger	bundesanzeiger	NOUN
elp-56054	148	14	verlag	verlag	NOUN
elp-56054	148	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	16	1963	1963	NUM
elp-56054	148	17	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	19	granted	grant	VERB
elp-56054	148	20	procedural	procedural	ADJ
elp-56054	148	21	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	148	22	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	23	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	148	24	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	25	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	148	26	court	court	NOUN
elp-56054	148	27	jurisdiction	jurisdiction	PROPN
elp-56054	148	28	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	29	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	148	30	substantive	substantive	ADJ
elp-56054	148	31	protections	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	148	32	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	33	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	148	34	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	35	paid	pay	VERB
elp-56054	148	36	leave	leave	NOUN
elp-56054	148	37	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	38	workplace	workplace	NOUN
elp-56054	148	39	accident	accident	NOUN
elp-56054	148	40	insurance	insurance	NOUN
elp-56054	148	41	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	148	42	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	149	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	149	2	1974	1974	NUM
elp-56054	149	3	amendment	amendment	NOUN
elp-56054	149	4	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	149	5	§	§	PROPN
elp-56054	149	6	12a	12a	NOUN
elp-56054	149	7	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	149	8	the	the	DET
elp-56054	149	9	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	149	10	bargaining	bargaining	NOUN
elp-56054	149	11	act	act	NOUN
elp-56054	149	12	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	149	13	tarifvertragsgesetz	tarifvertragsgesetz	VERB
elp-56054	149	14	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	149	15	further	far	ADV
elp-56054	149	16	refined	refine	VERB
elp-56054	149	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	149	18	definition	definition	NOUN
elp-56054	149	19	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	149	20	―employee	―employee	PROPN
elp-56054	149	21	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	149	22	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	149	23	persons,‖	persons,‖	PROPN
elp-56054	149	24	emphasizing	emphasize	VERB
elp-56054	149	25	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	149	26	high	high	ADJ
elp-56054	149	27	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	149	28	dependency	dependency	NOUN
elp-56054	149	29	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	149	30	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	149	31	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	149	32	needs	need	VERB
elp-56054	149	33	akin	akin	ADJ
elp-56054	149	34	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	149	35	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	149	36	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	149	37	covering	cover	VERB
elp-56054	149	38	groups	group	NOUN
elp-56054	149	39	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	149	40	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	149	41	home	home	NOUN
elp-56054	149	42	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	149	43	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	149	44	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	149	45	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	149	46	exclusive	exclusive	ADJ
elp-56054	149	47	commercial	commercial	ADJ
elp-56054	149	48	agents	agent	NOUN
elp-56054	149	49	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	149	50	dübler	dübler	NOUN
elp-56054	149	51	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	149	52	w.	w.	NOUN
elp-56054	149	53	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	149	54	1999	1999	NUM
elp-56054	149	55	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	149	56	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	150	1	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	150	2	a	a	DET
elp-56054	150	3	german	german	ADJ
elp-56054	150	4	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	150	5	case	case	NOUN
elp-56054	150	6	clarifying	clarify	VERB
elp-56054	150	7	standards	standard	NOUN
elp-56054	150	8	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	150	9	the	the	DET
elp-56054	150	10	―quasi	―quasi	NOUN
elp-56054	150	11	-	-	NOUN
elp-56054	150	12	employee‖	employee‖	PROPN
elp-56054	150	13	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	150	14	arbeitnehmerähnliche	arbeitnehmerähnliche	NOUN
elp-56054	150	15	person	person	NOUN
elp-56054	150	16	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	150	17	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	150	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	150	19	the	the	DET
elp-56054	150	20	federal	federal	ADJ
elp-56054	150	21	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	150	22	court	court	NOUN
elp-56054	150	23	analyzed	analyze	VERB
elp-56054	150	24	a	a	DET
elp-56054	150	25	dispute	dispute	NOUN
elp-56054	150	26	involving	involve	VERB
elp-56054	150	27	a	a	DET
elp-56054	150	28	retired	retire	VERB
elp-56054	150	29	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	150	30	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	150	31	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	150	32	insurance	insurance	NOUN
elp-56054	150	33	agent	agent	NOUN
elp-56054	150	34	who	who	PRON
elp-56054	150	35	had	have	VERB
elp-56054	150	36	a	a	DET
elp-56054	150	37	service	service	NOUN
elp-56054	150	38	contract	contract	NOUN
elp-56054	150	39	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	150	40	an	an	DET
elp-56054	150	41	insurance	insurance	NOUN
elp-56054	150	42	company	company	NOUN
elp-56054	150	43	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	151	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	151	2	contract	contract	NOUN
elp-56054	151	3	allowed	allow	VERB
elp-56054	151	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	151	5	plaintiff	plaintiff	NOUN
elp-56054	151	6	to	to	PART
elp-56054	151	7	freely	freely	ADV
elp-56054	151	8	choose	choose	VERB
elp-56054	151	9	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	151	10	to	to	PART
elp-56054	151	11	accept	accept	VERB
elp-56054	151	12	individual	individual	ADJ
elp-56054	151	13	insurance	insurance	NOUN
elp-56054	151	14	commissions	commission	NOUN
elp-56054	151	15	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	151	16	negotiate	negotiate	VERB
elp-56054	151	17	commission	commission	NOUN
elp-56054	151	18	rates	rate	NOUN
elp-56054	151	19	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	152	1	arguing	argue	VERB
elp-56054	152	2	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	152	3	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	152	4	dependence	dependence	NOUN
elp-56054	152	5	qualified	qualify	VERB
elp-56054	152	6	them	they	PRON
elp-56054	152	7	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	152	8	quasi	quasi	NOUN
elp-56054	152	9	-	-	NOUN
elp-56054	152	10	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	152	11	entitled	entitle	VERB
elp-56054	152	12	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	152	13	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	152	14	agreements	agreement	NOUN
elp-56054	152	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	152	16	the	the	DET
elp-56054	152	17	plaintiff	plaintiff	NOUN
elp-56054	152	18	sought	seek	VERB
elp-56054	152	19	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	152	20	recognition	recognition	NOUN
elp-56054	152	21	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	152	22	this	this	DET
elp-56054	152	23	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	152	24	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	153	1	however	however	ADV
elp-56054	153	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	153	3	the	the	DET
elp-56054	153	4	court	court	NOUN
elp-56054	153	5	rejected	reject	VERB
elp-56054	153	6	the	the	DET
elp-56054	153	7	claim	claim	NOUN
elp-56054	153	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	153	9	ruling	rule	VERB
elp-56054	153	10	the	the	DET
elp-56054	153	11	plaintiff	plaintiff	NOUN
elp-56054	153	12	remained	remain	VERB
elp-56054	153	13	a	a	DET
elp-56054	153	14	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	153	15	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	153	16	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	153	17	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	153	18	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	153	19	bundesarbeitsgericht	bundesarbeitsgericht	NOUN
elp-56054	153	20	[	[	X
elp-56054	153	21	bag	bag	NOUN
elp-56054	153	22	]	]	X
elp-56054	154	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	154	2	federal	federal	ADJ
elp-56054	154	3	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	154	4	court	court	PROPN
elp-56054	154	5	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	154	6	germany	germany	PROPN
elp-56054	154	7	]	]	PUNCT
elp-56054	154	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	154	9	mar	mar	PROPN
elp-56054	154	10	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	154	11	22	22	NUM
elp-56054	154	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	154	13	2000	2000	NUM
elp-56054	154	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	154	15	case	case	NOUN
elp-56054	154	16	no	no	NOUN
elp-56054	154	17	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	154	18	5	5	NUM
elp-56054	154	19	azr	azr	PROPN
elp-56054	154	20	244/99	244/99	NUM
elp-56054	154	21	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	154	22	neue	neue	PROPN
elp-56054	154	23	zeitschrift	zeitschrift	NOUN
elp-56054	154	24	für	für	PROPN
elp-56054	154	25	arbeitsrecht	arbeitsrecht	PROPN
elp-56054	154	26	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	154	27	nza	nza	PROPN
elp-56054	154	28	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	154	29	2000	2000	NUM
elp-56054	154	30	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	154	31	963	963	NUM
elp-56054	154	32	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	154	33	ger	ger	NOUN
elp-56054	154	34	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	154	35	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	154	36	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	154	37	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	155	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	155	2	court	court	NOUN
elp-56054	155	3	focused	focus	VERB
elp-56054	155	4	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	155	5	two	two	NUM
elp-56054	155	6	key	key	ADJ
elp-56054	155	7	factors	factor	NOUN
elp-56054	155	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	156	1	first	first	ADV
elp-56054	156	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	156	3	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	156	4	examined	examine	VERB
elp-56054	156	5	the	the	DET
elp-56054	156	6	plaintiff	plaintiff	NOUN
elp-56054	156	7	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	156	8	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	156	9	structure	structure	NOUN
elp-56054	156	10	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	156	11	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	156	12	fixed	fix	VERB
elp-56054	156	13	monthly	monthly	ADJ
elp-56054	156	14	pension	pension	NOUN
elp-56054	156	15	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	156	16	2,402	2,402	NUM
elp-56054	156	17	dm)—matching	dm)—matche	VERB
elp-56054	156	18	germany	germany	PROPN
elp-56054	156	19	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	156	20	median	median	ADJ
elp-56054	156	21	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	156	22	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	156	23	the	the	DET
elp-56054	156	24	time	time	NOUN
elp-56054	156	25	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	156	26	meant	mean	VERB
elp-56054	156	27	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	156	28	could	could	AUX
elp-56054	156	29	sustain	sustain	VERB
elp-56054	156	30	basic	basic	ADJ
elp-56054	156	31	living	living	NOUN
elp-56054	156	32	expenses	expense	NOUN
elp-56054	156	33	even	even	ADV
elp-56054	156	34	without	without	ADP
elp-56054	156	35	annual	annual	ADJ
elp-56054	156	36	insurance	insurance	NOUN
elp-56054	156	37	commissions	commission	NOUN
elp-56054	156	38	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	156	39	approximately	approximately	ADV
elp-56054	156	40	14,000	14,000	NUM
elp-56054	156	41	dm	dm	NOUN
elp-56054	156	42	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	156	43	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	157	1	this	this	PRON
elp-56054	157	2	negated	negate	VERB
elp-56054	157	3	the	the	DET
elp-56054	157	4	core	core	NOUN
elp-56054	157	5	requirement	requirement	NOUN
elp-56054	157	6	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	157	7	quasi	quasi	ADJ
elp-56054	157	8	-	-	NOUN
elp-56054	157	9	employee	employee	ADJ
elp-56054	157	10	classification	classification	NOUN
elp-56054	157	11	under	under	ADP
elp-56054	157	12	the	the	DET
elp-56054	157	13	german	german	ADJ
elp-56054	157	14	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	157	15	agreements	agreement	NOUN
elp-56054	157	16	act	act	VERB
elp-56054	157	17	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	157	18	tvg	tvg	PROPN
elp-56054	157	19	§	§	PROPN
elp-56054	157	20	12a	12a	NOUN
elp-56054	157	21	):	):	PUNCT
elp-56054	157	22	―existential	―existential	ADJ
elp-56054	157	23	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	157	24	level‖	level‖	ADV
elp-56054	157	25	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	157	26	dependence	dependence	NOUN
elp-56054	157	27	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	157	28	where	where	SCONJ
elp-56054	157	29	loss	loss	NOUN
elp-56054	157	30	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	157	31	contract	contract	NOUN
elp-56054	157	32	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	157	33	would	would	AUX
elp-56054	157	34	threaten	threaten	VERB
elp-56054	157	35	livelihood	livelihood	NOUN
elp-56054	157	36	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	158	1	second	second	ADJ
elp-56054	158	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	158	3	the	the	DET
elp-56054	158	4	court	court	NOUN
elp-56054	158	5	scrutinized	scrutinize	VERB
elp-56054	158	6	the	the	DET
elp-56054	158	7	plaintiff	plaintiff	NOUN
elp-56054	158	8	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	158	9	contractual	contractual	ADJ
elp-56054	158	10	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	158	11	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	159	1	he	he	PRON
elp-56054	159	2	declined	decline	VERB
elp-56054	159	3	specific	specific	ADJ
elp-56054	159	4	insurance	insurance	NOUN
elp-56054	159	5	tasks	task	NOUN
elp-56054	159	6	without	without	ADP
elp-56054	159	7	penalties	penalty	NOUN
elp-56054	159	8	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	159	9	contract	contract	NOUN
elp-56054	159	10	termination	termination	NOUN
elp-56054	159	11	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	159	12	successfully	successfully	ADV
elp-56054	159	13	renegotiated	renegotiate	VERB
elp-56054	159	14	commission	commission	NOUN
elp-56054	159	15	terms	term	NOUN
elp-56054	159	16	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	159	17	multiple	multiple	ADJ
elp-56054	159	18	products	product	NOUN
elp-56054	159	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	159	20	demonstrating	demonstrate	VERB
elp-56054	159	21	genuine	genuine	ADJ
elp-56054	159	22	bargaining	bargaining	NOUN
elp-56054	159	23	power	power	NOUN
elp-56054	159	24	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	160	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	160	2	court	court	NOUN
elp-56054	160	3	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	160	4	ruling	ruling	NOUN
elp-56054	160	5	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	160	6	this	this	DET
elp-56054	160	7	case	case	NOUN
elp-56054	160	8	articulated	articulate	VERB
elp-56054	160	9	two	two	NUM
elp-56054	160	10	pivotal	pivotal	ADJ
elp-56054	160	11	criteria	criterion	NOUN
elp-56054	160	12	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	160	13	determining	determine	VERB
elp-56054	160	14	quasi	quasi	ADJ
elp-56054	160	15	-	-	NOUN
elp-56054	160	16	employee	employee	ADJ
elp-56054	160	17	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	160	18	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	160	19	germany	germany	PROPN
elp-56054	160	20	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	161	1	first	first	ADV
elp-56054	161	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	161	3	the	the	DET
elp-56054	161	4	―ocial	―ocial	ADJ
elp-56054	161	5	need	need	NOUN
elp-56054	161	6	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	161	7	protection‖	protection‖	NOUN
elp-56054	161	8	standard	standard	PROPN
elp-56054	161	9	focuses	focus	VERB
elp-56054	161	10	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	161	11	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	161	12	declining	decline	VERB
elp-56054	161	13	assignments	assignment	NOUN
elp-56054	161	14	would	would	AUX
elp-56054	161	15	realistically	realistically	ADV
elp-56054	161	16	jeopardize	jeopardize	VERB
elp-56054	161	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	161	18	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	161	19	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	161	20	livelihood	livelihood	NOUN
elp-56054	161	21	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	161	22	a	a	DET
elp-56054	161	23	determination	determination	NOUN
elp-56054	161	24	rooted	root	VERB
elp-56054	161	25	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	161	26	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	161	27	reliance	reliance	NOUN
elp-56054	161	28	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	161	29	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	161	30	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	161	31	the	the	DET
elp-56054	161	32	contracting	contracting	NOUN
elp-56054	161	33	entity	entity	NOUN
elp-56054	161	34	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	161	35	bundesarbeitsgericht	bundesarbeitsgericht	PROPN
elp-56054	161	36	[	[	X
elp-56054	161	37	bag	bag	NOUN
elp-56054	161	38	]	]	X
elp-56054	162	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	162	2	federal	federal	ADJ
elp-56054	162	3	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	162	4	court	court	PROPN
elp-56054	162	5	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	162	6	germany	germany	PROPN
elp-56054	162	7	]	]	PUNCT
elp-56054	162	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	162	9	mar	mar	PROPN
elp-56054	162	10	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	162	11	22	22	NUM
elp-56054	162	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	162	13	2000	2000	NUM
elp-56054	162	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	162	15	case	case	NOUN
elp-56054	162	16	no	no	NOUN
elp-56054	162	17	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	162	18	5	5	NUM
elp-56054	162	19	azr	azr	PROPN
elp-56054	162	20	244/99	244/99	NUM
elp-56054	162	21	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	162	22	neue	neue	PROPN
elp-56054	162	23	zeitschrift	zeitschrift	NOUN
elp-56054	162	24	für	für	PROPN
elp-56054	162	25	arbeitsrecht	arbeitsrecht	PROPN
elp-56054	162	26	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	162	27	nza	nza	PROPN
elp-56054	162	28	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	162	29	2000	2000	NUM
elp-56054	162	30	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	162	31	963	963	NUM
elp-56054	162	32	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	162	33	ger	ger	NOUN
elp-56054	162	34	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	162	35	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	162	36	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	162	37	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	163	1	second	second	ADJ
elp-56054	163	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	163	3	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	163	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	163	5	―income	―income	PROPN
elp-56054	163	6	share	share	NOUN
elp-56054	163	7	factor‖	factor‖	PROPN
elp-56054	164	1	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	164	2	where	where	SCONJ
elp-56054	164	3	over	over	ADP
elp-56054	164	4	50	50	NUM
elp-56054	164	5	%	%	NOUN
elp-56054	164	6	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	164	7	total	total	ADJ
elp-56054	164	8	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	164	9	stems	stem	VERB
elp-56054	164	10	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	164	11	a	a	DET
elp-56054	164	12	single	single	ADJ
elp-56054	164	13	source	source	NOUN
elp-56054	164	14	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	164	15	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	NOUN
elp-56054	164	16	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	164	17	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	164	18	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	164	19	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	164	20	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	164	21	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	164	22	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	165	1	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	165	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	165	3	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	165	4	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	165	5	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	165	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	165	7	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	165	8	160	160	NUM
elp-56054	165	9	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	165	10	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	165	11	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	165	12	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	165	13	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	165	14	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	165	15	referenced	reference	VERB
elp-56054	165	16	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	165	17	tvg	tvg	PROPN
elp-56054	165	18	§	§	PROPN
elp-56054	165	19	12a(1)(1)(b	12a(1)(1)(b	NUM
elp-56054	165	20	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	165	21	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	165	22	courts	court	NOUN
elp-56054	165	23	typically	typically	ADV
elp-56054	165	24	dismiss	dismiss	VERB
elp-56054	165	25	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	165	26	claims	claim	NOUN
elp-56054	165	27	if	if	SCONJ
elp-56054	165	28	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	165	29	have	have	VERB
elp-56054	165	30	alternative	alternative	ADJ
elp-56054	165	31	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	165	32	streams	stream	NOUN
elp-56054	165	33	adequate	adequate	ADJ
elp-56054	165	34	to	to	PART
elp-56054	165	35	meet	meet	VERB
elp-56054	165	36	basic	basic	ADJ
elp-56054	165	37	needs	need	NOUN
elp-56054	165	38	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	166	1	this	this	DET
elp-56054	166	2	decision	decision	NOUN
elp-56054	166	3	highlights	highlight	VERB
elp-56054	166	4	a	a	DET
elp-56054	166	5	central	central	ADJ
elp-56054	166	6	tenet	tenet	NOUN
elp-56054	166	7	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	166	8	the	the	DET
elp-56054	166	9	german	german	ADJ
elp-56054	166	10	quasi	quasi	ADJ
elp-56054	166	11	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	166	12	employee	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	166	13	framework	framework	NOUN
elp-56054	166	14	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	166	15	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	166	16	requires	require	VERB
elp-56054	166	17	more	more	ADJ
elp-56054	166	18	than	than	ADP
elp-56054	166	19	just	just	ADV
elp-56054	166	20	financial	financial	ADJ
elp-56054	166	21	ties	tie	NOUN
elp-56054	166	22	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	166	23	the	the	DET
elp-56054	166	24	customer	customer	NOUN
elp-56054	166	25	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	167	1	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	167	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	167	3	contrary	contrary	NOUN
elp-56054	167	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	167	5	the	the	DET
elp-56054	167	6	test	test	NOUN
elp-56054	167	7	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	167	8	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	167	9	looks	look	VERB
elp-56054	167	10	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	167	11	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	167	12	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	167	13	would	would	AUX
elp-56054	167	14	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	167	15	exposed	expose	VERB
elp-56054	167	16	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	167	17	an	an	DET
elp-56054	167	18	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	167	19	threat	threat	NOUN
elp-56054	167	20	if	if	SCONJ
elp-56054	167	21	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	167	22	were	be	AUX
elp-56054	167	23	deprived	deprive	VERB
elp-56054	167	24	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	167	25	that	that	DET
elp-56054	167	26	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	167	27	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	167	28	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	167	29	other	other	ADJ
elp-56054	167	30	words	word	NOUN
elp-56054	167	31	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	167	32	if	if	SCONJ
elp-56054	167	33	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	167	34	deprivation	deprivation	NOUN
elp-56054	167	35	would	would	AUX
elp-56054	167	36	endanger	endanger	VERB
elp-56054	167	37	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	167	38	ability	ability	NOUN
elp-56054	167	39	to	to	PART
elp-56054	167	40	maintain	maintain	VERB
elp-56054	167	41	a	a	DET
elp-56054	167	42	basic	basic	ADJ
elp-56054	167	43	standard	standard	NOUN
elp-56054	167	44	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	167	45	living	living	NOUN
elp-56054	167	46	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	168	1	that	that	DET
elp-56054	168	2	limit	limit	NOUN
elp-56054	168	3	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	168	4	not	not	PART
elp-56054	168	5	satisfied	satisfied	ADJ
elp-56054	168	6	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	168	7	mere	mere	ADJ
elp-56054	168	8	financial	financial	ADJ
elp-56054	168	9	dependence	dependence	NOUN
elp-56054	168	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	168	11	but	but	CCONJ
elp-56054	168	12	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	168	13	the	the	DET
elp-56054	168	14	fact	fact	NOUN
elp-56054	168	15	that	that	SCONJ
elp-56054	168	16	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	168	17	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	168	18	virtually	virtually	ADV
elp-56054	168	19	impossible	impossible	ADJ
elp-56054	168	20	to	to	PART
elp-56054	168	21	waive	waive	VERB
elp-56054	168	22	contractual	contractual	ADJ
elp-56054	168	23	earnings	earning	NOUN
elp-56054	168	24	without	without	ADP
elp-56054	168	25	serious	serious	ADJ
elp-56054	168	26	difficulties	difficulty	NOUN
elp-56054	168	27	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	169	1	4.1.1	4.1.1	NUM
elp-56054	169	2	feasibility	feasibility	NOUN
elp-56054	169	3	analysis	analysis	NOUN
elp-56054	169	4	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	169	5	applying	apply	VERB
elp-56054	169	6	the	the	DET
elp-56054	169	7	quasi	quasi	ADJ
elp-56054	169	8	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	169	9	employee	employee	ADJ
elp-56054	169	10	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	169	11	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	169	12	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	169	13	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	169	14	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	169	15	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	169	16	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	169	17	providers	provider	NOUN
elp-56054	169	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	169	19	though	though	SCONJ
elp-56054	169	20	formally	formally	ADV
elp-56054	169	21	autonomous	autonomous	ADJ
elp-56054	169	22	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	169	23	supplying	supply	VERB
elp-56054	169	24	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	169	25	own	own	ADJ
elp-56054	169	26	tools	tool	NOUN
elp-56054	169	27	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	169	28	setting	set	VERB
elp-56054	169	29	flexible	flexible	ADJ
elp-56054	169	30	schedules	schedule	NOUN
elp-56054	169	31	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	170	1	but	but	CCONJ
elp-56054	170	2	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	170	3	face	face	VERB
elp-56054	170	4	significant	significant	ADJ
elp-56054	170	5	structural	structural	ADJ
elp-56054	170	6	constraints	constraint	NOUN
elp-56054	170	7	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	170	8	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	170	9	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	170	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	170	11	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	170	12	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	170	13	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	170	14	scheduling	scheduling	NOUN
elp-56054	170	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	170	16	rating	rating	NOUN
elp-56054	170	17	systems	system	NOUN
elp-56054	170	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	170	19	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	170	20	performance	performance	NOUN
elp-56054	170	21	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	170	22	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	170	23	incentives	incentive	NOUN
elp-56054	170	24	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	170	25	which	which	PRON
elp-56054	170	26	shape	shape	VERB
elp-56054	170	27	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	170	28	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	170	29	processes	process	NOUN
elp-56054	170	30	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	170	31	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	170	32	financial	financial	ADJ
elp-56054	170	33	reliance	reliance	NOUN
elp-56054	170	34	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	170	35	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	170	36	revenues	revenue	NOUN
elp-56054	170	37	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	170	38	often	often	ADV
elp-56054	170	39	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	170	40	main	main	ADJ
elp-56054	170	41	source	source	NOUN
elp-56054	170	42	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	170	43	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	170	44	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	171	1	this	this	DET
elp-56054	171	2	dual	dual	ADJ
elp-56054	171	3	nature	nature	NOUN
elp-56054	171	4	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	171	5	formal	formal	ADJ
elp-56054	171	6	independence	independence	NOUN
elp-56054	171	7	coupled	couple	VERB
elp-56054	171	8	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	171	9	substantive	substantive	ADJ
elp-56054	171	10	reliance	reliance	NOUN
elp-56054	171	11	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	171	12	aligns	align	VERB
elp-56054	171	13	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	171	14	the	the	DET
elp-56054	171	15	german	german	ADJ
elp-56054	171	16	employee	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	171	17	framework	framework	NOUN
elp-56054	171	18	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	172	1	first	first	ADV
elp-56054	172	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	172	3	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	172	4	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	172	5	exhibit	exhibit	VERB
elp-56054	172	6	absence	absence	NOUN
elp-56054	172	7	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	172	8	personal	personal	ADJ
elp-56054	172	9	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	172	10	but	but	CCONJ
elp-56054	172	11	pronounced	pronounce	VERB
elp-56054	172	12	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	172	13	dependence	dependence	NOUN
elp-56054	172	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	173	1	unlike	unlike	ADP
elp-56054	173	2	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	173	3	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	173	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	173	5	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	173	6	lack	lack	VERB
elp-56054	173	7	direct	direct	ADJ
elp-56054	173	8	employer	employer	NOUN
elp-56054	173	9	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	173	10	over	over	ADP
elp-56054	173	11	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	173	12	details	detail	NOUN
elp-56054	173	13	;	;	PUNCT
elp-56054	173	14	no	no	DET
elp-56054	173	15	mandatory	mandatory	ADJ
elp-56054	173	16	schedules	schedule	NOUN
elp-56054	173	17	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	173	18	specific	specific	ADJ
elp-56054	173	19	task	task	NOUN
elp-56054	173	20	instructions	instruction	NOUN
elp-56054	173	21	exist	exist	VERB
elp-56054	173	22	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	174	1	yet	yet	CCONJ
elp-56054	174	2	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	174	3	operate	operate	VERB
elp-56054	174	4	within	within	ADP
elp-56054	174	5	rigid	rigid	ADJ
elp-56054	174	6	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	174	7	ecosystems	ecosystem	NOUN
elp-56054	174	8	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	174	9	the	the	DET
elp-56054	174	10	established	establish	VERB
elp-56054	174	11	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	174	12	govern	govern	VERB
elp-56054	174	13	task	task	NOUN
elp-56054	174	14	allocation	allocation	NOUN
elp-56054	174	15	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	174	16	performance	performance	NOUN
elp-56054	174	17	evaluation	evaluation	NOUN
elp-56054	174	18	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	175	1	this	this	PRON
elp-56054	175	2	aligns	align	VERB
elp-56054	175	3	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	175	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	175	5	core	core	ADJ
elp-56054	175	6	feature	feature	NOUN
elp-56054	175	7	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	175	8	employee	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	175	9	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	175	10	like	like	ADJ
elp-56054	175	11	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	175	12	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	175	13	formal	formal	ADJ
elp-56054	175	14	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	175	15	coupled	couple	VERB
elp-56054	175	16	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	175	17	substantive	substantive	ADJ
elp-56054	175	18	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	175	19	dependence	dependence	NOUN
elp-56054	175	20	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	176	1	second	second	ADJ
elp-56054	176	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	176	3	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	176	4	monopolize	monopolize	VERB
elp-56054	176	5	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	176	6	demand	demand	NOUN
elp-56054	176	7	information	information	NOUN
elp-56054	176	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	176	9	creating	create	VERB
elp-56054	176	10	an	an	DET
elp-56054	176	11	―internal	―internal	ADJ
elp-56054	176	12	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	176	13	market‖	market‖	PROPN
elp-56054	176	14	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	176	15	severs	sever	VERB
elp-56054	176	16	direct	direct	ADJ
elp-56054	176	17	access	access	NOUN
elp-56054	176	18	between	between	ADP
elp-56054	176	19	providers	provider	NOUN
elp-56054	176	20	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	176	21	clients	client	NOUN
elp-56054	176	22	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	177	1	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	177	2	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	177	3	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	177	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	177	5	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	177	6	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	177	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	177	8	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	177	9	can	can	AUX
elp-56054	177	10	not	not	PART
elp-56054	177	11	accept	accept	VERB
elp-56054	177	12	street	street	NOUN
elp-56054	177	13	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	177	14	hailed	hail	VERB
elp-56054	177	15	rides	ride	NOUN
elp-56054	177	16	;	;	PUNCT
elp-56054	177	17	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	177	18	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	177	19	rely	rely	VERB
elp-56054	177	20	exclusively	exclusively	ADV
elp-56054	177	21	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	177	22	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	177	23	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	177	24	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	177	25	allocations	allocation	NOUN
elp-56054	177	26	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	178	1	this	this	PRON
elp-56054	178	2	strips	strip	VERB
elp-56054	178	3	them	they	PRON
elp-56054	178	4	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	178	5	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	178	6	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	178	7	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	178	8	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	178	9	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	178	10	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	178	11	pricing	pricing	NOUN
elp-56054	178	12	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	178	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	178	14	client	client	NOUN
elp-56054	178	15	acquisition	acquisition	NOUN
elp-56054	178	16	freedom	freedom	NOUN
elp-56054	178	17	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	178	18	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	178	19	direct	direct	ADJ
elp-56054	178	20	market	market	NOUN
elp-56054	178	21	access	access	NOUN
elp-56054	178	22	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	179	1	4.1.2	4.1.2	NUM
elp-56054	179	2	challenges	challenge	NOUN
elp-56054	179	3	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	179	4	applying	apply	VERB
elp-56054	179	5	the	the	DET
elp-56054	179	6	quasi	quasi	ADJ
elp-56054	179	7	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	179	8	employee	employee	ADJ
elp-56054	179	9	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	179	10	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	179	11	the	the	DET
elp-56054	179	12	previous	previous	ADJ
elp-56054	179	13	case	case	NOUN
elp-56054	179	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	179	15	the	the	DET
elp-56054	179	16	german	german	ADJ
elp-56054	179	17	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	179	18	federal	federal	PROPN
elp-56054	179	19	court	court	NOUN
elp-56054	179	20	rejected	reject	VERB
elp-56054	179	21	the	the	DET
elp-56054	179	22	plaintiff	plaintiff	NOUN
elp-56054	179	23	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	179	24	claim	claim	NOUN
elp-56054	179	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	179	26	holding	hold	VERB
elp-56054	179	27	that	that	SCONJ
elp-56054	179	28	the	the	DET
elp-56054	179	29	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	179	30	percentage	percentage	NOUN
elp-56054	179	31	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	179	32	not	not	PART
elp-56054	179	33	the	the	DET
elp-56054	179	34	only	only	ADJ
elp-56054	179	35	criterion	criterion	NOUN
elp-56054	179	36	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	179	37	but	but	CCONJ
elp-56054	179	38	also	also	ADV
elp-56054	179	39	needs	need	VERB
elp-56054	179	40	to	to	PART
elp-56054	179	41	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	179	42	combined	combine	VERB
elp-56054	179	43	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	179	44	subjective	subjective	ADJ
elp-56054	179	45	factors	factor	NOUN
elp-56054	179	46	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	179	47	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	179	48	―whether	―whether	ADV
elp-56054	179	49	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	179	50	not	not	PART
elp-56054	179	51	one	one	NUM
elp-56054	179	52	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	179	53	dependent	dependent	ADJ
elp-56054	179	54	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	179	55	the	the	DET
elp-56054	179	56	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	179	57	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	179	58	survival‖	survival‖	NOUN
elp-56054	179	59	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	179	60	i.e.	i.e.	X
elp-56054	179	61	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	179	62	the	the	DET
elp-56054	179	63	need	need	NOUN
elp-56054	179	64	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	179	65	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	179	66	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	179	67	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	180	1	however	however	ADV
elp-56054	180	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	180	3	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	180	4	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	180	5	’	’	PART
elp-56054	180	6	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	180	7	fluctuates	fluctuate	NOUN
elp-56054	180	8	greatly	greatly	ADV
elp-56054	180	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	180	10	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	180	11	how	how	SCONJ
elp-56054	180	12	to	to	PART
elp-56054	180	13	dynamically	dynamically	ADV
elp-56054	180	14	assess	assess	VERB
elp-56054	180	15	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	180	16	dependence	dependence	NOUN
elp-56054	180	17	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	180	18	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	180	19	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	180	20	needs	need	NOUN
elp-56054	180	21	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	180	22	an	an	DET
elp-56054	180	23	issue	issue	NOUN
elp-56054	180	24	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	180	25	remains	remain	VERB
elp-56054	180	26	to	to	PART
elp-56054	180	27	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	180	28	resolved	resolve	VERB
elp-56054	180	29	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	1	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	181	2	addition	addition	NOUN
elp-56054	181	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	181	5	complexity	complexity	NOUN
elp-56054	181	6	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	181	7	decentralized	decentralized	ADJ
elp-56054	181	8	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	181	9	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	181	10	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	181	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	12	where	where	SCONJ
elp-56054	181	13	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	181	14	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	181	15	often	often	ADV
elp-56054	181	16	serve	serve	VERB
elp-56054	181	17	multiple	multiple	ADJ
elp-56054	181	18	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	181	19	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	181	20	the	the	DET
elp-56054	181	21	same	same	ADJ
elp-56054	181	22	time	time	NOUN
elp-56054	181	23	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	24	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	181	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	26	online	online	ADJ
elp-56054	181	27	car	car	NOUN
elp-56054	181	28	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	181	29	taking	take	VERB
elp-56054	181	30	orders	order	NOUN
elp-56054	181	31	across	across	ADP
elp-56054	181	32	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	181	33	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	34	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	35	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	181	36	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	181	37	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	181	38	sources	source	NOUN
elp-56054	181	39	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	181	40	decentralized	decentralize	VERB
elp-56054	181	41	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	42	makes	make	VERB
elp-56054	181	43	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	181	44	difficult	difficult	ADJ
elp-56054	181	45	to	to	PART
elp-56054	181	46	apply	apply	VERB
elp-56054	181	47	the	the	DET
elp-56054	181	48	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	181	49	criterion	criterion	NOUN
elp-56054	181	50	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	181	51	―single	―single	ADJ
elp-56054	181	52	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	181	53	dependence.‖	dependence.‖	NOUN
elp-56054	181	54	4.2	4.2	NUM
elp-56054	181	55	practical	practical	ADJ
elp-56054	181	56	insights	insight	NOUN
elp-56054	181	57	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	181	58	california	california	PROPN
elp-56054	181	59	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	181	60	abc	abc	PROPN
elp-56054	181	61	test	test	PROPN
elp-56054	181	62	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	181	63	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	181	64	relationship	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	181	65	classification	classification	NOUN
elp-56054	181	66	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	67	california	california	PROPN
elp-56054	181	68	assembly	assembly	PROPN
elp-56054	181	69	bill	bill	NOUN
elp-56054	181	70	5	5	NUM
elp-56054	181	71	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	72	§	§	PROPN
elp-56054	181	73	2	2	NUM
elp-56054	181	74	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	75	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	181	76	regular	regular	ADJ
elp-56054	181	77	session	session	NOUN
elp-56054	181	78	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	79	cal	cal	NOUN
elp-56054	181	80	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	81	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	181	82	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	181	83	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	182	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	182	2	ab-5	ab-5	ADJ
elp-56054	182	3	act	act	NOUN
elp-56054	182	4	replaces	replace	VERB
elp-56054	182	5	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	182	6	multi	multi	ADJ
elp-56054	182	7	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	182	8	factor	factor	NOUN
elp-56054	182	9	tests	test	NOUN
elp-56054	182	10	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	182	11	a	a	DET
elp-56054	182	12	strict	strict	ADJ
elp-56054	182	13	abc	abc	PROPN
elp-56054	182	14	test	test	NOUN
elp-56054	182	15	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	182	16	requiring	require	VERB
elp-56054	182	17	businesses	business	NOUN
elp-56054	182	18	to	to	PART
elp-56054	182	19	prove	prove	VERB
elp-56054	182	20	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	182	21	operate	operate	VERB
elp-56054	182	22	free	free	ADJ
elp-56054	182	23	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	182	24	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	182	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	182	26	perform	perform	VERB
elp-56054	182	27	tasks	task	NOUN
elp-56054	182	28	not	not	PART
elp-56054	182	29	central	central	ADJ
elp-56054	182	30	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	182	31	the	the	DET
elp-56054	182	32	business	business	NOUN
elp-56054	182	33	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	182	34	core	core	NOUN
elp-56054	182	35	operations	operation	NOUN
elp-56054	182	36	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	182	37	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	VERB
elp-56054	182	38	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	182	39	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	182	40	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	182	41	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	182	42	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	182	43	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	182	44	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	183	1	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	183	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	183	3	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	183	4	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	183	5	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	183	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	183	7	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	183	8	161	161	NUM
elp-56054	183	9	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	183	10	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	183	11	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	183	12	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	183	13	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	183	14	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	183	15	work	work	VERB
elp-56054	183	16	independently	independently	ADV
elp-56054	183	17	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	184	1	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	184	2	significantly	significantly	ADV
elp-56054	184	3	increases	increase	VERB
elp-56054	184	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	184	5	likelihood	likelihood	NOUN
elp-56054	184	6	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	184	7	classifying	classify	VERB
elp-56054	184	8	gig	gig	NOUN
elp-56054	184	9	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	184	10	as	as	SCONJ
elp-56054	184	11	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	184	12	entitled	entitle	VERB
elp-56054	184	13	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	184	14	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	184	15	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	184	16	protections	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	184	17	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	185	1	employee	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	185	2	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	185	3	entitles	entitle	VERB
elp-56054	185	4	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	185	5	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	185	6	medical	medical	ADJ
elp-56054	185	7	care	care	NOUN
elp-56054	185	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	185	9	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	185	10	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	185	11	compensation	compensation	NOUN
elp-56054	185	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	185	13	paid	pay	VERB
elp-56054	185	14	sick	sick	ADJ
elp-56054	185	15	leave	leave	NOUN
elp-56054	185	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	185	17	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	185	18	safeguards	safeguard	NOUN
elp-56054	185	19	against	against	ADP
elp-56054	185	20	arbitrary	arbitrary	ADJ
elp-56054	185	21	termination	termination	NOUN
elp-56054	185	22	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	185	23	statutory	statutory	ADJ
elp-56054	185	24	procedures	procedure	NOUN
elp-56054	185	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	185	26	enhancing	enhance	VERB
elp-56054	185	27	job	job	NOUN
elp-56054	185	28	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	185	29	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	185	30	california	california	PROPN
elp-56054	185	31	assembly	assembly	PROPN
elp-56054	185	32	bill	bill	NOUN
elp-56054	185	33	5	5	NUM
elp-56054	185	34	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	185	35	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	185	36	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	185	37	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	186	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
elp-56054	186	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	186	3	this	this	DET
elp-56054	186	4	classification	classification	NOUN
elp-56054	186	5	legally	legally	ADV
elp-56054	186	6	enables	enable	VERB
elp-56054	186	7	union	union	NOUN
elp-56054	186	8	formation	formation	NOUN
elp-56054	186	9	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	186	10	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	186	11	bargaining	bargaining	NOUN
elp-56054	186	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	186	13	empowering	empower	VERB
elp-56054	186	14	groups	group	NOUN
elp-56054	186	15	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	186	16	ride	ride	NOUN
elp-56054	186	17	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	186	18	hail	hail	NOUN
elp-56054	186	19	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	186	20	to	to	PART
elp-56054	186	21	advocate	advocate	VERB
elp-56054	186	22	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	186	23	higher	high	ADJ
elp-56054	186	24	wages	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	186	25	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	186	26	better	well	ADJ
elp-56054	186	27	working	working	NOUN
elp-56054	186	28	conditions	condition	NOUN
elp-56054	186	29	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	186	30	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	186	31	clarifying	clarify	VERB
elp-56054	186	32	dispute	dispute	NOUN
elp-56054	186	33	resolution	resolution	NOUN
elp-56054	186	34	pathways	pathway	NOUN
elp-56054	186	35	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	186	36	raising	raise	VERB
elp-56054	186	37	corporate	corporate	ADJ
elp-56054	186	38	compliance	compliance	NOUN
elp-56054	186	39	costs	cost	NOUN
elp-56054	186	40	to	to	PART
elp-56054	186	41	foster	foster	VERB
elp-56054	186	42	fairer	fair	ADJ
elp-56054	186	43	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	186	44	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	186	45	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	187	1	however	however	ADV
elp-56054	187	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	187	3	ab5	ab5	NOUN
elp-56054	187	4	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	187	5	implementation	implementation	NOUN
elp-56054	187	6	directly	directly	ADV
elp-56054	187	7	threatens	threaten	VERB
elp-56054	187	8	the	the	DET
elp-56054	187	9	core	core	ADJ
elp-56054	187	10	demand	demand	NOUN
elp-56054	187	11	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	187	12	casual	casual	ADJ
elp-56054	187	13	laborers	laborer	NOUN
elp-56054	187	14	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	187	15	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	187	16	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
elp-56054	187	17	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	188	1	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	188	2	shows	show	VERB
elp-56054	188	3	45	45	NUM
elp-56054	188	4	%	%	NOUN
elp-56054	188	5	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	188	6	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	188	7	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	188	8	work	work	VERB
elp-56054	188	9	fewer	few	ADJ
elp-56054	188	10	than	than	ADP
elp-56054	188	11	10	10	NUM
elp-56054	188	12	hours	hour	NOUN
elp-56054	188	13	weekly	weekly	ADJ
elp-56054	188	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	188	15	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	188	16	92	92	NUM
elp-56054	188	17	%	%	NOUN
elp-56054	188	18	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	188	19	less	less	ADJ
elp-56054	188	20	than	than	ADP
elp-56054	188	21	40	40	NUM
elp-56054	188	22	hours	hour	NOUN
elp-56054	188	23	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	188	24	most	most	ADV
elp-56054	188	25	choose	choose	VERB
elp-56054	188	26	this	this	DET
elp-56054	188	27	casual	casual	ADJ
elp-56054	188	28	arrangement	arrangement	NOUN
elp-56054	188	29	to	to	PART
elp-56054	188	30	control	control	VERB
elp-56054	188	31	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	188	32	schedules	schedule	NOUN
elp-56054	188	33	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	188	34	balance	balance	NOUN
elp-56054	188	35	family	family	NOUN
elp-56054	188	36	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	188	37	other	other	ADJ
elp-56054	188	38	commitments	commitment	NOUN
elp-56054	188	39	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	189	1	classifying	classify	VERB
elp-56054	189	2	them	they	PRON
elp-56054	189	3	as	as	SCONJ
elp-56054	189	4	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	189	5	would	would	AUX
elp-56054	189	6	strip	strip	VERB
elp-56054	189	7	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	189	8	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	189	9	the	the	DET
elp-56054	189	10	right	right	NOUN
elp-56054	189	11	to	to	PART
elp-56054	189	12	accept	accept	VERB
elp-56054	189	13	orders	order	NOUN
elp-56054	189	14	freely	freely	ADV
elp-56054	189	15	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	189	16	work	work	VERB
elp-56054	189	17	across	across	ADP
elp-56054	189	18	multiple	multiple	ADJ
elp-56054	189	19	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	189	20	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	190	1	companies	company	NOUN
elp-56054	190	2	might	might	AUX
elp-56054	190	3	introduce	introduce	VERB
elp-56054	190	4	mandatory	mandatory	ADJ
elp-56054	190	5	scheduling	scheduling	NOUN
elp-56054	190	6	systems	system	NOUN
elp-56054	190	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	190	8	requiring	require	VERB
elp-56054	190	9	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	190	10	to	to	PART
elp-56054	190	11	work	work	VERB
elp-56054	190	12	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	190	13	specific	specific	ADJ
elp-56054	190	14	zones	zone	NOUN
elp-56054	190	15	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	190	16	during	during	ADP
elp-56054	190	17	set	set	ADJ
elp-56054	190	18	hours	hour	NOUN
elp-56054	190	19	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	190	20	a	a	DET
elp-56054	190	21	direct	direct	ADJ
elp-56054	190	22	clash	clash	NOUN
elp-56054	190	23	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	190	24	the	the	DET
elp-56054	190	25	gig	gig	NOUN
elp-56054	190	26	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	190	27	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	190	28	―on	―on	ADJ
elp-56054	190	29	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	190	30	demand‖	demand‖	PROPN
elp-56054	190	31	model	model	NOUN
elp-56054	190	32	built	build	VERB
elp-56054	190	33	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	190	34	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	190	35	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	190	36	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	190	37	remarks	remark	NOUN
elp-56054	190	38	made	make	VERB
elp-56054	190	39	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	190	40	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	190	41	ab5	ab5	NOUN
elp-56054	190	42	press	press	NOUN
elp-56054	190	43	call	call	NOUN
elp-56054	190	44	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	190	45	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	190	46	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	190	47	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	190	48	newsroom	newsroom	NOUN
elp-56054	190	49	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	190	50	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	190	51	sept	sept	PROPN
elp-56054	190	52	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	190	53	11	11	NUM
elp-56054	190	54	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	190	55	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	190	56	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	190	57	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	190	58	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	191	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
elp-56054	191	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	191	3	tech	tech	NOUN
elp-56054	191	4	companies	company	NOUN
elp-56054	191	5	have	have	AUX
elp-56054	191	6	actively	actively	ADV
elp-56054	191	7	resisted	resist	VERB
elp-56054	191	8	ab5	ab5	NOUN
elp-56054	191	9	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	191	10	lawsuits	lawsuit	NOUN
elp-56054	191	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	191	12	referendum	referendum	NOUN
elp-56054	191	13	initiatives	initiative	NOUN
elp-56054	191	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	191	15	etc	etc	X
elp-56054	191	16	.	.	X
elp-56054	191	17	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	191	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	191	19	lyft	lyft	NOUN
elp-56054	191	20	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	191	21	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	191	22	others	other	NOUN
elp-56054	191	23	have	have	AUX
elp-56054	191	24	jointly	jointly	ADV
elp-56054	191	25	invested	invest	VERB
elp-56054	191	26	$	$	SYM
elp-56054	191	27	60	60	NUM
elp-56054	191	28	million	million	NUM
elp-56054	191	29	to	to	PART
elp-56054	191	30	launch	launch	VERB
elp-56054	191	31	a	a	DET
elp-56054	191	32	referendum	referendum	NOUN
elp-56054	191	33	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	191	34	an	an	DET
elp-56054	191	35	attempt	attempt	NOUN
elp-56054	191	36	to	to	PART
elp-56054	191	37	obtain	obtain	VERB
elp-56054	191	38	an	an	DET
elp-56054	191	39	exemption	exemption	NOUN
elp-56054	191	40	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	191	41	a	a	DET
elp-56054	191	42	voter	voter	NOUN
elp-56054	191	43	referendum	referendum	NOUN
elp-56054	191	44	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	191	45	would	would	AUX
elp-56054	191	46	advocate	advocate	VERB
elp-56054	191	47	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	191	48	maintaining	maintain	VERB
elp-56054	191	49	the	the	DET
elp-56054	191	50	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	191	51	contractor	contractor	NOUN
elp-56054	191	52	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	191	53	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	191	54	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	191	55	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	191	56	provide	provide	VERB
elp-56054	191	57	limited	limited	ADJ
elp-56054	191	58	benefits	benefit	NOUN
elp-56054	191	59	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	1	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	192	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	192	3	same	same	ADJ
elp-56054	192	4	time	time	NOUN
elp-56054	192	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	6	if	if	SCONJ
elp-56054	192	7	the	the	DET
elp-56054	192	8	bill	bill	NOUN
elp-56054	192	9	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	192	10	strictly	strictly	ADV
elp-56054	192	11	enforced	enforce	VERB
elp-56054	192	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	13	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	192	14	could	could	AUX
elp-56054	192	15	significantly	significantly	ADV
elp-56054	192	16	increase	increase	VERB
elp-56054	192	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	192	18	price	price	NOUN
elp-56054	192	19	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	192	20	services	service	NOUN
elp-56054	192	21	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	22	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	192	23	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	24	higher	high	ADJ
elp-56054	192	25	taxi	taxi	NOUN
elp-56054	192	26	fares	fare	NOUN
elp-56054	192	27	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	28	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	29	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	192	30	the	the	DET
elp-56054	192	31	associated	associated	ADJ
elp-56054	192	32	costs	cost	NOUN
elp-56054	192	33	being	be	AUX
elp-56054	192	34	passed	pass	VERB
elp-56054	192	35	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	192	36	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	192	37	consumers	consumer	NOUN
elp-56054	192	38	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	39	roosevelt	roosevelt	PROPN
elp-56054	192	40	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	41	m.	m.	NOUN
elp-56054	192	42	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	43	bhuiyan	bhuiyan	PROPN
elp-56054	192	44	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	45	j.	j.	PROPN
elp-56054	192	46	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	47	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	192	48	luna	luna	PROPN
elp-56054	192	49	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	50	t.	t.	PROPN
elp-56054	192	51	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	52	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	192	53	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	54	september	september	PROPN
elp-56054	192	55	11	11	NUM
elp-56054	192	56	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	192	57	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	193	1	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	193	2	companies	company	NOUN
elp-56054	193	3	may	may	AUX
elp-56054	193	4	reduce	reduce	VERB
elp-56054	193	5	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	193	6	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	193	7	scale	scale	NOUN
elp-56054	193	8	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	193	9	even	even	ADV
elp-56054	193	10	withdraw	withdraw	VERB
elp-56054	193	11	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	193	12	the	the	DET
elp-56054	193	13	california	california	PROPN
elp-56054	193	14	market	market	NOUN
elp-56054	193	15	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	194	1	if	if	SCONJ
elp-56054	194	2	400,000	400,000	NUM
elp-56054	194	3	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	194	4	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	194	5	classified	classify	VERB
elp-56054	194	6	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	194	7	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	194	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	194	9	businesses	business	NOUN
elp-56054	194	10	will	will	AUX
elp-56054	194	11	face	face	VERB
elp-56054	194	12	huge	huge	ADJ
elp-56054	194	13	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	194	14	costs	cost	NOUN
elp-56054	194	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	194	16	which	which	PRON
elp-56054	194	17	may	may	AUX
elp-56054	194	18	result	result	VERB
elp-56054	194	19	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	194	20	about	about	ADP
elp-56054	194	21	a	a	DET
elp-56054	194	22	large	large	ADJ
elp-56054	194	23	number	number	NOUN
elp-56054	194	24	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	194	25	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	194	26	losing	lose	VERB
elp-56054	194	27	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	194	28	jobs	job	NOUN
elp-56054	194	29	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	194	30	margot	margot	PROPN
elp-56054	194	31	roosevelt	roosevelt	PROPN
elp-56054	194	32	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	194	33	johana	johana	PROPN
elp-56054	194	34	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	194	35	taryn	taryn	PROPN
elp-56054	194	36	luna	luna	PROPN
elp-56054	194	37	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	194	38	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	194	39	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	194	40	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	195	1	5	5	X
elp-56054	195	2	.	.	X
elp-56054	195	3	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
elp-56054	195	4	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	195	5	path	path	NOUN
elp-56054	195	6	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	195	7	institutional	institutional	ADJ
elp-56054	195	8	reconstruction	reconstruction	NOUN
elp-56054	195	9	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	195	10	the	the	DET
elp-56054	195	11	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	195	12	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	195	13	atypical	atypical	ADJ
elp-56054	195	14	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	195	15	'	'	PART
elp-56054	195	16	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	195	17	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	195	18	the	the	DET
elp-56054	195	19	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	195	20	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	195	21	given	give	VERB
elp-56054	195	22	the	the	DET
elp-56054	195	23	complexity	complexity	NOUN
elp-56054	195	24	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	195	25	determining	determine	VERB
elp-56054	195	26	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	195	27	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	195	28	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	195	29	the	the	DET
elp-56054	195	30	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	195	31	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	195	32	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	195	33	the	the	DET
elp-56054	195	34	diverse	diverse	ADJ
elp-56054	195	35	forms	form	NOUN
elp-56054	195	36	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	195	37	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	195	38	relationships	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	195	39	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	195	40	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	195	41	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
elp-56054	195	42	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	195	43	covert	covert	ADJ
elp-56054	195	44	managerial	managerial	ADJ
elp-56054	195	45	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	195	46	over	over	ADP
elp-56054	195	47	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	195	48	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	195	49	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	195	50	systems	system	NOUN
elp-56054	195	51	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	195	52	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	195	53	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	195	54	necessary	necessary	ADJ
elp-56054	195	55	to	to	PART
elp-56054	195	56	explore	explore	VERB
elp-56054	195	57	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
elp-56054	195	58	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	195	59	determination	determination	NOUN
elp-56054	195	60	models	model	NOUN
elp-56054	195	61	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	195	62	regulate	regulate	VERB
elp-56054	195	63	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	195	64	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	195	65	to	to	PART
elp-56054	195	66	protect	protect	VERB
elp-56054	195	67	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	195	68	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	195	69	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	195	70	also	also	ADV
elp-56054	195	71	avoiding	avoid	VERB
elp-56054	195	72	imposing	impose	VERB
elp-56054	195	73	overly	overly	ADV
elp-56054	195	74	broad	broad	ADJ
elp-56054	195	75	requirements	requirement	NOUN
elp-56054	195	76	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	195	77	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
elp-56054	195	78	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	196	1	5.1	5.1	NUM
elp-56054	196	2	construction	construction	NOUN
elp-56054	196	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	196	4	a	a	DET
elp-56054	196	5	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
elp-56054	196	6	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	196	7	determination	determination	NOUN
elp-56054	196	8	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	196	9	a	a	DET
elp-56054	196	10	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
elp-56054	196	11	evaluation	evaluation	NOUN
elp-56054	196	12	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	196	13	multi	multi	ADJ
elp-56054	196	14	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	196	15	dimensional	dimensional	ADJ
elp-56054	196	16	factors	factor	NOUN
elp-56054	196	17	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	196	18	essential	essential	ADJ
elp-56054	196	19	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	196	20	defining	define	VERB
elp-56054	196	21	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	196	22	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	196	23	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	196	24	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	197	1	taking	take	VERB
elp-56054	197	2	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	197	3	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	197	4	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	197	5	factual	factual	ADJ
elp-56054	197	6	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	197	7	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	197	8	core	core	NOUN
elp-56054	197	9	criteria	criterion	NOUN
elp-56054	197	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	197	11	analysts	analyst	NOUN
elp-56054	197	12	must	must	AUX
elp-56054	197	13	also	also	ADV
elp-56054	197	14	integrate	integrate	VERB
elp-56054	197	15	factors	factor	NOUN
elp-56054	197	16	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	197	17	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	197	18	’	’	PART
elp-56054	197	19	reliance	reliance	NOUN
elp-56054	197	20	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	197	21	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	197	22	resources	resource	NOUN
elp-56054	197	23	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	197	24	the	the	DET
elp-56054	197	25	substitutability	substitutability	NOUN
elp-56054	197	26	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	197	27	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	197	28	tasks	task	NOUN
elp-56054	197	29	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	197	30	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	197	31	the	the	DET
elp-56054	197	32	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	197	33	’s	’s	NOUN
elp-56054	197	34	degree	degree	NOUN
elp-56054	197	35	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	197	36	dominance	dominance	NOUN
elp-56054	197	37	over	over	ADP
elp-56054	197	38	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	197	39	processes	process	NOUN
elp-56054	197	40	to	to	PART
elp-56054	197	41	establish	establish	VERB
elp-56054	197	42	holistic	holistic	ADJ
elp-56054	197	43	judgment	judgment	NOUN
elp-56054	197	44	standards	standard	NOUN
elp-56054	197	45	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	198	1	this	this	DET
elp-56054	198	2	approach	approach	NOUN
elp-56054	198	3	ensures	ensure	VERB
elp-56054	198	4	that	that	SCONJ
elp-56054	198	5	classification	classification	NOUN
elp-56054	198	6	does	do	AUX
elp-56054	198	7	not	not	PART
elp-56054	198	8	rest	rest	VERB
elp-56054	198	9	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	198	10	formal	formal	ADJ
elp-56054	198	11	contractual	contractual	ADJ
elp-56054	198	12	labels	label	NOUN
elp-56054	198	13	alone	alone	ADV
elp-56054	198	14	but	but	CCONJ
elp-56054	198	15	accounts	account	VERB
elp-56054	198	16	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	198	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	198	18	substantive	substantive	ADJ
elp-56054	198	19	power	power	NOUN
elp-56054	198	20	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
elp-56054	198	21	inherent	inherent	ADJ
elp-56054	198	22	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	198	23	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	198	24	management	management	NOUN
elp-56054	198	25	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	198	26	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	198	27	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	198	28	how	how	SCONJ
elp-56054	198	29	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	198	30	dictate	dictate	VERB
elp-56054	198	31	task	task	NOUN
elp-56054	198	32	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	PROPN
elp-56054	198	33	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	198	34	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	198	35	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	198	36	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	198	37	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	198	38	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	198	39	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	198	40	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	198	41	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	198	42	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	198	43	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	198	44	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	198	45	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	198	46	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	198	47	162	162	NUM
elp-56054	198	48	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	198	49	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	198	50	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	198	51	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	198	52	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	198	53	allocation	allocation	PROPN
elp-56054	198	54	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	198	55	performance	performance	NOUN
elp-56054	198	56	metrics	metric	NOUN
elp-56054	198	57	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	198	58	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	198	59	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	198	60	structures	structure	NOUN
elp-56054	198	61	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	1	to	to	PART
elp-56054	199	2	determine	determine	VERB
elp-56054	199	3	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	199	4	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	199	5	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	199	6	controlled	control	VERB
elp-56054	199	7	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	199	8	employers	employer	NOUN
elp-56054	199	9	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	10	i.e.	i.e.	X
elp-56054	199	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	12	exhibit	exhibit	NOUN
elp-56054	199	13	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	199	14	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	15	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	199	16	the	the	DET
elp-56054	199	17	―dominant	―dominant	ADJ
elp-56054	199	18	attributes‖	attributes‖	PROPN
elp-56054	199	19	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	199	20	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	199	21	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	22	we	we	PRON
elp-56054	199	23	can	can	AUX
elp-56054	199	24	draw	draw	VERB
elp-56054	199	25	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	199	26	the	the	DET
elp-56054	199	27	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	199	28	factors	factor	NOUN
elp-56054	199	29	considered	consider	VERB
elp-56054	199	30	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	199	31	a	a	DET
elp-56054	199	32	uk	uk	PROPN
elp-56054	199	33	court	court	NOUN
elp-56054	199	34	ruling	ruling	NOUN
elp-56054	199	35	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	36	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	199	37	the	the	DET
elp-56054	199	38	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	199	39	possesses	possess	VERB
elp-56054	199	40	the	the	DET
elp-56054	199	41	power	power	NOUN
elp-56054	199	42	to	to	PART
elp-56054	199	43	set	set	VERB
elp-56054	199	44	service	service	NOUN
elp-56054	199	45	fees	fee	NOUN
elp-56054	199	46	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	199	47	commission	commission	NOUN
elp-56054	199	48	rates	rate	NOUN
elp-56054	199	49	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	50	the	the	DET
elp-56054	199	51	authority	authority	NOUN
elp-56054	199	52	to	to	PART
elp-56054	199	53	design	design	VERB
elp-56054	199	54	transaction	transaction	NOUN
elp-56054	199	55	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	199	56	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	57	discretion	discretion	NOUN
elp-56054	199	58	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	199	59	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	199	60	allocation	allocation	NOUN
elp-56054	199	61	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	62	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	199	63	over	over	ADP
elp-56054	199	64	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	199	65	decision	decision	NOUN
elp-56054	199	66	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	67	making	making	NOUN
elp-56054	199	68	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	69	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	199	70	over	over	ADP
elp-56054	199	71	communication	communication	NOUN
elp-56054	199	72	channels	channel	NOUN
elp-56054	199	73	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	199	74	customers	customer	NOUN
elp-56054	199	75	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	76	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	199	77	control	control	VERB
elp-56054	199	78	over	over	ADP
elp-56054	199	79	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
elp-56054	199	80	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	199	81	profit	profit	NOUN
elp-56054	199	82	generation	generation	NOUN
elp-56054	199	83	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	84	uber	uber	PROPN
elp-56054	199	85	bv	bv	PROPN
elp-56054	199	86	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	199	87	others	other	NOUN
elp-56054	199	88	v.	v.	ADP
elp-56054	199	89	aslam	aslam	PROPN
elp-56054	199	90	andothers	andother	NOUN
elp-56054	199	91	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	92	uksc5	uksc5	PROPN
elp-56054	199	93	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	94	paras.94	paras.94	NOUN
elp-56054	199	95	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	96	100	100	NUM
elp-56054	199	97	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	98	2021	2021	NUM
elp-56054	199	99	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	199	100	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	200	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	200	2	establishment	establishment	NOUN
elp-56054	200	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	200	4	a	a	DET
elp-56054	200	5	third	third	ADJ
elp-56054	200	6	category	category	NOUN
elp-56054	200	7	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	200	8	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	200	9	should	should	AUX
elp-56054	200	10	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	200	11	approached	approach	VERB
elp-56054	200	12	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	200	13	prudence	prudence	NOUN
elp-56054	200	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	201	1	this	this	DET
elp-56054	201	2	institutional	institutional	ADJ
elp-56054	201	3	design	design	NOUN
elp-56054	201	4	must	must	AUX
elp-56054	201	5	carefully	carefully	ADV
elp-56054	201	6	balance	balance	VERB
elp-56054	201	7	fundamental	fundamental	ADJ
elp-56054	201	8	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	201	9	protections	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	201	10	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	201	11	avoiding	avoid	VERB
elp-56054	201	12	excessive	excessive	ADJ
elp-56054	201	13	burdens	burden	NOUN
elp-56054	201	14	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	201	15	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
elp-56054	201	16	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	201	17	could	could	AUX
elp-56054	201	18	stifle	stifle	VERB
elp-56054	201	19	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	201	20	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	201	21	development	development	NOUN
elp-56054	201	22	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	202	1	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	202	2	classification	classification	NOUN
elp-56054	202	3	should	should	AUX
elp-56054	202	4	first	first	ADV
elp-56054	202	5	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	202	6	determined	determine	VERB
elp-56054	202	7	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	202	8	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	202	9	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	202	10	criteria	criterion	NOUN
elp-56054	202	11	to	to	PART
elp-56054	202	12	distinguish	distinguish	VERB
elp-56054	202	13	between	between	ADP
elp-56054	202	14	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	202	15	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	202	16	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	202	17	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	202	18	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	202	19	individuals	individual	NOUN
elp-56054	202	20	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	202	21	before	before	ADP
elp-56054	202	22	considering	consider	VERB
elp-56054	202	23	potential	potential	ADJ
elp-56054	202	24	qualification	qualification	NOUN
elp-56054	202	25	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	202	26	this	this	DET
elp-56054	202	27	third	third	ADJ
elp-56054	202	28	category	category	NOUN
elp-56054	202	29	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	203	1	specifically	specifically	ADV
elp-56054	203	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	203	3	we	we	PRON
elp-56054	203	4	should	should	AUX
elp-56054	203	5	draw	draw	VERB
elp-56054	203	6	upon	upon	SCONJ
elp-56054	203	7	international	international	ADJ
elp-56054	203	8	practice	practice	NOUN
elp-56054	203	9	when	when	SCONJ
elp-56054	203	10	exploring	explore	VERB
elp-56054	203	11	the	the	DET
elp-56054	203	12	creation	creation	NOUN
elp-56054	203	13	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	203	14	this	this	DET
elp-56054	203	15	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
elp-56054	203	16	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	203	17	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	203	18	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	203	19	arbeitnehmerähnliche	arbeitnehmerähnliche	PROPN
elp-56054	203	20	personen	personen	PROPN
elp-56054	203	21	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	203	22	tarifvertragsgesetz	tarifvertragsgesetz	VERB
elp-56054	203	23	[	[	X
elp-56054	203	24	tvg	tvg	X
elp-56054	203	25	]	]	X
elp-56054	204	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	204	2	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	204	3	bargaining	bargaining	NOUN
elp-56054	204	4	act	act	NOUN
elp-56054	204	5	]	]	PUNCT
elp-56054	204	6	§	§	PROPN
elp-56054	204	7	12a	12a	NOUN
elp-56054	204	8	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	204	9	ger	ger	NOUN
elp-56054	204	10	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	204	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	204	12	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	204	13	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	205	1	where	where	SCONJ
elp-56054	205	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	205	3	above	above	ADJ
elp-56054	205	4	elements	element	NOUN
elp-56054	205	5	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	205	6	subsidiarity	subsidiarity	NOUN
elp-56054	205	7	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	205	8	fully	fully	ADV
elp-56054	205	9	satisfied	satisfied	ADJ
elp-56054	205	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	205	11	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	205	12	shall	shall	AUX
elp-56054	205	13	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	205	14	accorded	accord	VERB
elp-56054	205	15	the	the	DET
elp-56054	205	16	same	same	ADJ
elp-56054	205	17	treatment	treatment	NOUN
elp-56054	205	18	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	205	19	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	205	20	as	as	SCONJ
elp-56054	205	21	if	if	SCONJ
elp-56054	205	22	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	205	23	were	be	AUX
elp-56054	205	24	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	205	25	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	206	1	if	if	SCONJ
elp-56054	206	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	206	3	requirements	requirement	NOUN
elp-56054	206	4	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	206	5	not	not	PART
elp-56054	206	6	fulfilled	fulfil	VERB
elp-56054	206	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	206	8	minimum	minimum	ADJ
elp-56054	206	9	requirements	requirement	NOUN
elp-56054	206	10	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	206	11	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	206	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	206	13	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	206	14	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	206	15	minimum	minimum	ADJ
elp-56054	206	16	wages	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	206	17	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	206	18	maximum	maximum	ADJ
elp-56054	206	19	working	working	ADJ
elp-56054	206	20	hours	hour	NOUN
elp-56054	206	21	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	206	22	shall	shall	AUX
elp-56054	206	23	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	206	24	established	establish	VERB
elp-56054	206	25	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	207	1	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	207	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	207	3	same	same	ADJ
elp-56054	207	4	time	time	NOUN
elp-56054	207	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	207	6	the	the	DET
elp-56054	207	7	basic	basic	ADJ
elp-56054	207	8	obligations	obligation	NOUN
elp-56054	207	9	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	207	10	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	207	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	207	12	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	207	13	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	207	14	minimum	minimum	ADJ
elp-56054	207	15	working	working	NOUN
elp-56054	207	16	hours	hour	NOUN
elp-56054	207	17	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	207	18	the	the	DET
elp-56054	207	19	obligation	obligation	NOUN
elp-56054	207	20	to	to	PART
elp-56054	207	21	work	work	VERB
elp-56054	207	22	faithfully	faithfully	ADV
elp-56054	207	23	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	207	24	diligently	diligently	ADV
elp-56054	207	25	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	207	26	the	the	DET
elp-56054	207	27	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	207	28	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	207	29	should	should	AUX
elp-56054	207	30	also	also	ADV
elp-56054	207	31	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	207	32	defined	define	VERB
elp-56054	207	33	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	207	34	so	so	SCONJ
elp-56054	207	35	as	as	SCONJ
elp-56054	207	36	to	to	PART
elp-56054	207	37	clarify	clarify	VERB
elp-56054	207	38	the	the	DET
elp-56054	207	39	boundaries	boundary	NOUN
elp-56054	207	40	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	207	41	the	the	DET
elp-56054	207	42	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	207	43	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	207	44	obligations	obligation	NOUN
elp-56054	207	45	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	207	46	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	207	47	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	208	1	corresponding	correspond	VERB
elp-56054	208	2	industry	industry	NOUN
elp-56054	208	3	associations	association	NOUN
elp-56054	208	4	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	208	5	government	government	NOUN
elp-56054	208	6	agencies	agency	NOUN
elp-56054	208	7	can	can	AUX
elp-56054	208	8	set	set	VERB
elp-56054	208	9	up	up	ADP
elp-56054	208	10	standardized	standardized	ADJ
elp-56054	208	11	documents	document	NOUN
elp-56054	208	12	to	to	PART
elp-56054	208	13	clarify	clarify	VERB
elp-56054	208	14	the	the	DET
elp-56054	208	15	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	208	16	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	208	17	obligations	obligation	NOUN
elp-56054	208	18	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	208	19	both	both	DET
elp-56054	208	20	parties	party	NOUN
elp-56054	208	21	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	208	22	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	208	23	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	208	24	the	the	DET
elp-56054	208	25	same	same	ADJ
elp-56054	208	26	time	time	NOUN
elp-56054	208	27	quantify	quantify	VERB
elp-56054	208	28	the	the	DET
elp-56054	208	29	elements	element	NOUN
elp-56054	208	30	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	208	31	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	208	32	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	208	33	according	accord	VERB
elp-56054	208	34	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	208	35	the	the	DET
elp-56054	208	36	degree	degree	NOUN
elp-56054	208	37	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	208	38	satisfaction	satisfaction	NOUN
elp-56054	208	39	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	208	40	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	208	41	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	208	42	taking	take	VERB
elp-56054	208	43	the	the	DET
elp-56054	208	44	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	208	45	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	208	46	interests	interest	NOUN
elp-56054	208	47	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	208	48	regular	regular	ADJ
elp-56054	208	49	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	208	50	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	208	51	the	the	DET
elp-56054	208	52	benchmark	benchmark	NOUN
elp-56054	208	53	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	208	54	the	the	PRON
elp-56054	208	55	more	more	ADJ
elp-56054	208	56	the	the	DET
elp-56054	208	57	degree	degree	NOUN
elp-56054	208	58	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	208	59	satisfaction	satisfaction	NOUN
elp-56054	208	60	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	208	61	the	the	DET
elp-56054	208	62	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	208	63	to	to	PART
elp-56054	208	64	give	give	VERB
elp-56054	208	65	the	the	DET
elp-56054	208	66	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	208	67	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	208	68	interests	interest	NOUN
elp-56054	208	69	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	208	70	this	this	DET
elp-56054	208	71	type	type	NOUN
elp-56054	208	72	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	208	73	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	208	74	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	208	75	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	208	76	wages	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	208	77	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	208	78	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	208	79	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	208	80	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	208	81	the	the	PRON
elp-56054	208	82	closer	close	ADJ
elp-56054	208	83	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	208	84	the	the	DET
elp-56054	208	85	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	208	86	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	208	87	interests	interest	NOUN
elp-56054	208	88	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	208	89	regular	regular	ADJ
elp-56054	208	90	employees	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	208	91	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	209	1	dynamically	dynamically	ADV
elp-56054	209	2	assessing	assess	VERB
elp-56054	209	3	the	the	DET
elp-56054	209	4	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	209	5	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	209	6	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	209	7	can	can	AUX
elp-56054	209	8	also	also	ADV
elp-56054	209	9	effectively	effectively	ADV
elp-56054	209	10	address	address	VERB
elp-56054	209	11	complex	complex	ADJ
elp-56054	209	12	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	209	13	patterns	pattern	NOUN
elp-56054	209	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	209	15	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	209	16	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	209	17	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	209	18	participating	participate	VERB
elp-56054	209	19	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	209	20	multiple	multiple	ADJ
elp-56054	209	21	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	209	22	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	210	1	5.2	5.2	NUM
elp-56054	210	2	enhancing	enhance	VERB
elp-56054	210	3	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	210	4	regulation	regulation	NOUN
elp-56054	210	5	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	210	6	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	210	7	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	210	8	mechanisms	mechanism	VERB
elp-56054	210	9	the	the	DET
elp-56054	210	10	non	non	ADJ
elp-56054	210	11	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	210	12	transparent	transparent	ADJ
elp-56054	210	13	nature	nature	NOUN
elp-56054	210	14	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	210	15	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	210	16	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	210	17	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	210	18	economies	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	210	19	fundamentally	fundamentally	ADV
elp-56054	210	20	undermines	undermine	VERB
elp-56054	210	21	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	210	22	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	210	23	ability	ability	NOUN
elp-56054	210	24	to	to	PART
elp-56054	210	25	protect	protect	VERB
elp-56054	210	26	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	210	27	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	210	28	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	211	1	as	as	SCONJ
elp-56054	211	2	these	these	DET
elp-56054	211	3	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	211	4	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	211	5	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	211	6	exhibit	exhibit	VERB
elp-56054	211	7	inherent	inherent	ADJ
elp-56054	211	8	concealment	concealment	NOUN
elp-56054	211	9	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	211	10	coded	code	VERB
elp-56054	211	11	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	211	12	dynamically	dynamically	ADV
elp-56054	211	13	adjusted	adjust	VERB
elp-56054	211	14	operations	operation	NOUN
elp-56054	211	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	211	16	jurisdictional	jurisdictional	ADJ
elp-56054	211	17	complexity	complexity	NOUN
elp-56054	211	18	across	across	ADP
elp-56054	211	19	multiple	multiple	ADJ
elp-56054	211	20	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	211	21	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	211	22	entities	entity	NOUN
elp-56054	211	23	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	211	24	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	211	25	illusory	illusory	ADJ
elp-56054	211	26	consent	consent	NOUN
elp-56054	211	27	achieved	achieve	VERB
elp-56054	211	28	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	211	29	standardized	standardized	ADJ
elp-56054	211	30	terms	term	NOUN
elp-56054	211	31	that	that	SCONJ
elp-56054	211	32	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	211	33	must	must	AUX
elp-56054	211	34	passively	passively	ADV
elp-56054	211	35	accept––characteristics	accept––characteristics	PROPN
elp-56054	211	36	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	211	37	collectively	collectively	ADV
elp-56054	211	38	exceed	exceed	VERB
elp-56054	211	39	the	the	DET
elp-56054	211	40	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
elp-56054	211	41	scope	scope	NOUN
elp-56054	211	42	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	211	43	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	211	44	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	211	45	governance	governance	NOUN
elp-56054	211	46	systems	system	NOUN
elp-56054	211	47	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	211	48	necessitating	necessitate	VERB
elp-56054	211	49	the	the	DET
elp-56054	211	50	urgent	urgent	ADJ
elp-56054	211	51	establishment	establishment	NOUN
elp-56054	211	52	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	211	53	an	an	DET
elp-56054	211	54	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	211	55	auditing	auditing	NOUN
elp-56054	211	56	mechanism	mechanism	NOUN
elp-56054	211	57	to	to	PART
elp-56054	211	58	ensure	ensure	VERB
elp-56054	211	59	transparency	transparency	NOUN
elp-56054	211	60	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	211	61	accountability	accountability	NOUN
elp-56054	211	62	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	211	63	maintaining	maintain	VERB
elp-56054	211	64	operational	operational	ADJ
elp-56054	211	65	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
elp-56054	211	66	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	211	67	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	211	68	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	212	1	this	this	DET
elp-56054	212	2	approach	approach	NOUN
elp-56054	212	3	must	must	AUX
elp-56054	212	4	carefully	carefully	ADV
elp-56054	212	5	balance	balance	VERB
elp-56054	212	6	the	the	DET
elp-56054	212	7	imperative	imperative	NOUN
elp-56054	212	8	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	212	9	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	212	10	protections	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	212	11	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	212	12	the	the	DET
elp-56054	212	13	need	need	NOUN
elp-56054	212	14	to	to	PART
elp-56054	212	15	preserve	preserve	VERB
elp-56054	212	16	the	the	DET
elp-56054	212	17	innovative	innovative	ADJ
elp-56054	212	18	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	NOUN
elp-56054	212	19	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	212	20	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	212	21	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	212	22	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	212	23	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	212	24	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	212	25	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	213	1	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	213	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	213	3	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	213	4	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	213	5	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	213	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	213	7	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	213	8	163	163	NUM
elp-56054	213	9	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	213	10	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	213	11	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	213	12	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	213	13	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	213	14	potential	potential	NOUN
elp-56054	213	15	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	213	16	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	213	17	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	213	18	markets	market	NOUN
elp-56054	213	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	213	20	requiring	require	VERB
elp-56054	213	21	nuanced	nuanced	ADJ
elp-56054	213	22	implementation	implementation	NOUN
elp-56054	213	23	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	213	24	considers	consider	VERB
elp-56054	213	25	both	both	CCONJ
elp-56054	213	26	the	the	DET
elp-56054	213	27	technical	technical	ADJ
elp-56054	213	28	feasibility	feasibility	NOUN
elp-56054	213	29	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	213	30	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	213	31	oversight	oversight	NOUN
elp-56054	213	32	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	213	33	the	the	DET
elp-56054	213	34	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	213	35	realities	reality	NOUN
elp-56054	213	36	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	213	37	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	213	38	operations	operation	NOUN
elp-56054	213	39	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	213	40	sandvig	sandvig	PROPN
elp-56054	213	41	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	213	42	c.	c.	PROPN
elp-56054	213	43	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	213	44	hamilton	hamilton	PROPN
elp-56054	213	45	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	213	46	k.	k.	PROPN
elp-56054	213	47	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	213	48	karahalios	karahalios	PROPN
elp-56054	213	49	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	213	50	k.	k.	PROPN
elp-56054	213	51	et	et	PROPN
elp-56054	213	52	al	al	PROPN
elp-56054	213	53	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	213	54	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	213	55	2022	2022	NUM
elp-56054	213	56	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	213	57	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	214	1	5.2.1	5.2.1	NUM
elp-56054	214	2	addressing	address	VERB
elp-56054	214	3	covert	covert	ADJ
elp-56054	214	4	violations	violation	NOUN
elp-56054	214	5	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	214	6	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	214	7	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	214	8	firstly	firstly	ADV
elp-56054	214	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	214	10	to	to	PART
elp-56054	214	11	address	address	VERB
elp-56054	214	12	the	the	DET
elp-56054	214	13	issue	issue	NOUN
elp-56054	214	14	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	214	15	―false	―false	ADV
elp-56054	214	16	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	214	17	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	214	18	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	214	19	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	214	20	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	214	21	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	214	22	employed‖	employed‖	PROPN
elp-56054	214	23	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	214	24	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	214	25	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	214	26	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	214	27	the	the	DET
elp-56054	214	28	audit	audit	NOUN
elp-56054	214	29	needs	need	VERB
elp-56054	214	30	to	to	PART
elp-56054	214	31	verify	verify	VERB
elp-56054	214	32	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	214	33	the	the	DET
elp-56054	214	34	algorithm	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	214	35	constitutes	constitute	VERB
elp-56054	214	36	substantive	substantive	ADJ
elp-56054	214	37	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	214	38	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	214	39	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	215	1	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	215	2	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	215	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	215	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	215	5	dispatch	dispatch	NOUN
elp-56054	215	6	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	215	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	215	8	attendance	attendance	NOUN
elp-56054	215	9	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	215	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	215	11	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	215	12	performance	performance	NOUN
elp-56054	215	13	evaluation	evaluation	NOUN
elp-56054	215	14	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	215	15	the	the	DET
elp-56054	215	16	algorithm	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	215	17	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	215	18	the	the	DET
elp-56054	215	19	takeaway	takeaway	PROPN
elp-56054	215	20	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	215	21	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	215	22	analyzed	analyze	VERB
elp-56054	215	23	to	to	PART
elp-56054	215	24	determine	determine	VERB
elp-56054	215	25	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	215	26	the	the	DET
elp-56054	215	27	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	215	28	are	be	AUX
elp-56054	215	29	subject	subject	ADJ
elp-56054	215	30	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	215	31	mandatory	mandatory	ADJ
elp-56054	215	32	scheduling	scheduling	NOUN
elp-56054	215	33	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	215	34	the	the	DET
elp-56054	215	35	algorithm	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	215	36	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	215	37	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	215	38	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	215	39	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	215	40	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	215	41	taking	take	VERB
elp-56054	215	42	response	response	NOUN
elp-56054	215	43	rate	rate	NOUN
elp-56054	215	44	thresholds	threshold	NOUN
elp-56054	215	45	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	215	46	regional	regional	ADJ
elp-56054	215	47	restrictions	restriction	NOUN
elp-56054	215	48	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	215	49	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	215	50	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	215	51	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	215	52	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	215	53	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	215	54	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	215	55	dependent	dependent	ADJ
elp-56054	215	56	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	215	57	a	a	DET
elp-56054	215	58	single	single	ADJ
elp-56054	215	59	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	215	60	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	215	61	lacks	lack	VERB
elp-56054	215	62	bargaining	bargaining	NOUN
elp-56054	215	63	space	space	NOUN
elp-56054	215	64	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	216	1	if	if	SCONJ
elp-56054	216	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	216	3	algorithm	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	216	4	causes	cause	VERB
elp-56054	216	5	the	the	DET
elp-56054	216	6	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	216	7	to	to	PART
elp-56054	216	8	lose	lose	VERB
elp-56054	216	9	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	216	10	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	216	11	terms	term	NOUN
elp-56054	216	12	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	216	13	working	working	NOUN
elp-56054	216	14	time	time	NOUN
elp-56054	216	15	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	216	16	task	task	NOUN
elp-56054	216	17	allocation	allocation	NOUN
elp-56054	216	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	216	19	even	even	ADV
elp-56054	216	20	if	if	SCONJ
elp-56054	216	21	the	the	DET
elp-56054	216	22	relationship	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	216	23	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	216	24	formally	formally	ADV
elp-56054	216	25	a	a	DET
elp-56054	216	26	contractual	contractual	ADJ
elp-56054	216	27	relationship	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	216	28	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	216	29	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	216	30	should	should	AUX
elp-56054	216	31	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	216	32	recognized	recognize	VERB
elp-56054	216	33	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	216	34	a	a	DET
elp-56054	216	35	de	de	X
elp-56054	216	36	facto	facto	X
elp-56054	216	37	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	216	38	relationship	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	216	39	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	216	40	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	216	41	included	include	VERB
elp-56054	216	42	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	216	43	the	the	DET
elp-56054	216	44	scope	scope	NOUN
elp-56054	216	45	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	216	46	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	216	47	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	216	48	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	216	49	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	217	1	secondly	secondly	ADV
elp-56054	217	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	217	3	it	it	PRON
elp-56054	217	4	’s	’	VERB
elp-56054	217	5	important	important	ADJ
elp-56054	217	6	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	217	7	compliance	compliance	NOUN
elp-56054	217	8	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	217	9	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	217	10	collection	collection	NOUN
elp-56054	217	11	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	217	12	privacy	privacy	NOUN
elp-56054	217	13	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	217	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	218	1	review	review	VERB
elp-56054	218	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	218	3	scope	scope	NOUN
elp-56054	218	4	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	218	5	use	use	NOUN
elp-56054	218	6	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	218	7	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	218	8	collected	collect	VERB
elp-56054	218	9	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	218	10	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	218	11	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	218	12	the	the	DET
elp-56054	218	13	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	218	14	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	218	15	prohibit	prohibit	VERB
elp-56054	218	16	monitoring	monitoring	NOUN
elp-56054	218	17	beyond	beyond	ADP
elp-56054	218	18	what	what	PRON
elp-56054	218	19	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	218	20	reasonably	reasonably	ADV
elp-56054	218	21	necessary	necessary	ADJ
elp-56054	218	22	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	219	1	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	219	2	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	219	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	219	4	detecting	detect	VERB
elp-56054	219	5	excessive	excessive	ADJ
elp-56054	219	6	monitoring	monitoring	NOUN
elp-56054	219	7	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	219	8	movement	movement	NOUN
elp-56054	219	9	tracks	track	NOUN
elp-56054	219	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	219	11	biometric	biometric	ADJ
elp-56054	219	12	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	219	13	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	219	14	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	219	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	219	16	facial	facial	ADJ
elp-56054	219	17	recognition	recognition	NOUN
elp-56054	219	18	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	219	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	219	20	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	219	21	the	the	DET
elp-56054	219	22	use	use	NOUN
elp-56054	219	23	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	219	24	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	219	25	to	to	PART
elp-56054	219	26	manage	manage	VERB
elp-56054	219	27	―hidden	―hidden	NOUN
elp-56054	219	28	overtime‖	overtime‖	X
elp-56054	219	29	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	219	30	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	219	31	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	219	32	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	219	33	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	219	34	pushing	push	VERB
elp-56054	219	35	tasks	task	NOUN
elp-56054	219	36	outside	outside	ADP
elp-56054	219	37	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	219	38	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	219	39	hours	hour	NOUN
elp-56054	219	40	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	219	41	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	220	1	audits	audit	NOUN
elp-56054	220	2	need	need	VERB
elp-56054	220	3	to	to	PART
elp-56054	220	4	confirm	confirm	VERB
elp-56054	220	5	that	that	SCONJ
elp-56054	220	6	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	220	7	collection	collection	NOUN
elp-56054	220	8	complies	complie	NOUN
elp-56054	220	9	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	220	10	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	220	11	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	220	12	regulations	regulation	NOUN
elp-56054	220	13	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	220	14	that	that	SCONJ
elp-56054	220	15	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	220	16	do	do	AUX
elp-56054	220	17	not	not	PART
elp-56054	220	18	violate	violate	VERB
elp-56054	220	19	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	220	20	’	’	PART
elp-56054	220	21	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	220	22	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	220	23	privacy	privacy	NOUN
elp-56054	220	24	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	220	25	rest	rest	VERB
elp-56054	220	26	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	220	27	the	the	DET
elp-56054	220	28	name	name	NOUN
elp-56054	220	29	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	220	30	―management	―management	NOUN
elp-56054	220	31	optimization‖.	optimization‖.	NUM
elp-56054	220	32	5.2.2	5.2.2	NUM
elp-56054	220	33	risk	risk	NOUN
elp-56054	220	34	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	220	35	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	220	36	auditing	auditing	NOUN
elp-56054	220	37	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	220	38	systematic	systematic	ADJ
elp-56054	220	39	risk	risk	NOUN
elp-56054	220	40	review	review	NOUN
elp-56054	220	41	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	220	42	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	220	43	decision	decision	NOUN
elp-56054	220	44	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	220	45	making	make	VERB
elp-56054	220	46	risk	risk	NOUN
elp-56054	220	47	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	220	48	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	220	49	audits	audits	NOUN
elp-56054	220	50	focus	focus	VERB
elp-56054	220	51	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	220	52	the	the	DET
elp-56054	220	53	potential	potential	ADJ
elp-56054	220	54	threats	threat	NOUN
elp-56054	220	55	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	220	56	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	220	57	operations	operation	NOUN
elp-56054	220	58	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	220	59	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	220	60	’	’	PART
elp-56054	220	61	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	220	62	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	220	63	establishing	establish	VERB
elp-56054	220	64	risk	risk	NOUN
elp-56054	220	65	early	early	ADJ
elp-56054	220	66	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	220	67	warning	warning	NOUN
elp-56054	220	68	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	220	69	corrective	corrective	ADJ
elp-56054	220	70	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
elp-56054	220	71	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	220	72	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
elp-56054	220	73	assessment	assessment	NOUN
elp-56054	220	74	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	220	75	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
elp-56054	220	76	monitoring	monitoring	NOUN
elp-56054	220	77	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	221	1	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	221	2	analyze	analyze	VERB
elp-56054	221	3	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	221	4	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	221	5	pricing	pricing	NOUN
elp-56054	221	6	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	221	7	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	221	8	allocation	allocation	NOUN
elp-56054	221	9	lead	lead	NOUN
elp-56054	221	10	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	221	11	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	221	12	discrimination	discrimination	NOUN
elp-56054	221	13	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	221	14	instability	instability	NOUN
elp-56054	221	15	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	222	1	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	222	2	instance	instance	NOUN
elp-56054	222	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	222	4	a	a	DET
elp-56054	222	5	ride	ride	NOUN
elp-56054	222	6	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	222	7	hailing	hail	VERB
elp-56054	222	8	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	222	9	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	222	10	―dynamic	―dynamic	ADJ
elp-56054	222	11	pricing‖	pricing‖	ADJ
elp-56054	222	12	algorithm	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	222	13	may	may	AUX
elp-56054	222	14	systematically	systematically	ADV
elp-56054	222	15	depress	depress	VERB
elp-56054	222	16	earnings	earning	NOUN
elp-56054	222	17	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	222	18	specific	specific	ADJ
elp-56054	222	19	regions	region	NOUN
elp-56054	222	20	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	222	21	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	222	22	particular	particular	ADJ
elp-56054	222	23	groups	group	NOUN
elp-56054	222	24	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	222	25	necessitating	necessitate	VERB
elp-56054	222	26	audits	audits	NOUN
elp-56054	222	27	to	to	PART
elp-56054	222	28	check	check	VERB
elp-56054	222	29	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	222	30	discriminatory	discriminatory	ADJ
elp-56054	222	31	categorization	categorization	NOUN
elp-56054	222	32	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	222	33	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	222	34	geography	geography	NOUN
elp-56054	222	35	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	222	36	gender	gender	NOUN
elp-56054	222	37	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	222	38	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	222	39	other	other	ADJ
elp-56054	222	40	factors	factor	NOUN
elp-56054	222	41	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	222	42	as	as	ADV
elp-56054	222	43	well	well	ADV
elp-56054	222	44	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	222	45	―data	―data	ADV
elp-56054	222	46	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	222	47	driven	drive	VERB
elp-56054	222	48	exploitation‖	exploitation‖	NOUN
elp-56054	222	49	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	222	50	squeezes	squeeze	VERB
elp-56054	222	51	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	222	52	’	’	PART
elp-56054	222	53	earnings	earning	NOUN
elp-56054	222	54	margins	margin	NOUN
elp-56054	222	55	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	223	1	risk	risk	NOUN
elp-56054	223	2	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	223	3	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	223	4	audits	audits	NOUN
elp-56054	223	5	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	223	6	high	high	ADJ
elp-56054	223	7	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	223	8	risk	risk	NOUN
elp-56054	223	9	positions	position	NOUN
elp-56054	223	10	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	223	11	food	food	NOUN
elp-56054	223	12	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	223	13	riders	rider	NOUN
elp-56054	223	14	examine	examine	VERB
elp-56054	223	15	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	223	16	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	223	17	prioritize	prioritize	VERB
elp-56054	223	18	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
elp-56054	223	19	at	at	ADP
elp-56054	223	20	the	the	DET
elp-56054	223	21	expense	expense	NOUN
elp-56054	223	22	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	223	23	safety	safety	NOUN
elp-56054	223	24	thresholds	threshold	NOUN
elp-56054	223	25	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	224	1	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	224	2	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	224	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	224	4	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	224	5	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	224	6	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	224	7	overtime	overtime	NOUN
elp-56054	224	8	penalty	penalty	NOUN
elp-56054	224	9	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	224	10	may	may	AUX
elp-56054	224	11	compel	compel	VERB
elp-56054	224	12	riders	rider	NOUN
elp-56054	224	13	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	224	14	speed	speed	NOUN
elp-56054	224	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	224	16	necessitating	necessitate	VERB
elp-56054	224	17	assessment	assessment	NOUN
elp-56054	224	18	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	224	19	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	224	20	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	224	21	include	include	VERB
elp-56054	224	22	reasonable	reasonable	ADJ
elp-56054	224	23	time	time	NOUN
elp-56054	224	24	buffers	buffer	NOUN
elp-56054	224	25	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	224	26	integrate	integrate	VERB
elp-56054	224	27	traffic	traffic	NOUN
elp-56054	224	28	violation	violation	NOUN
elp-56054	224	29	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	224	30	to	to	PART
elp-56054	224	31	dynamically	dynamically	ADV
elp-56054	224	32	adjust	adjust	VERB
elp-56054	224	33	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	224	34	routes	route	NOUN
elp-56054	224	35	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	225	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
elp-56054	225	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	225	3	audits	audit	NOUN
elp-56054	225	4	should	should	AUX
elp-56054	225	5	review	review	VERB
elp-56054	225	6	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	225	7	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	225	8	excessively	excessively	ADV
elp-56054	225	9	compress	compress	VERB
elp-56054	225	10	rest	rest	NOUN
elp-56054	225	11	periods	period	NOUN
elp-56054	225	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	225	13	normalizing	normalize	VERB
elp-56054	225	14	―covert	―covert	X
elp-56054	225	15	overtime‖	overtime‖	PUNCT
elp-56054	225	16	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	225	17	infringing	infringe	VERB
elp-56054	225	18	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	225	19	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	225	20	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	225	21	right	right	NOUN
elp-56054	225	22	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	225	23	health	health	NOUN
elp-56054	225	24	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	226	1	5.2.3	5.2.3	NUM
elp-56054	226	2	construction	construction	NOUN
elp-56054	226	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	226	4	audit	audit	NOUN
elp-56054	226	5	mechanism	mechanism	NOUN
elp-56054	226	6	establish	establish	VERB
elp-56054	226	7	a	a	DET
elp-56054	226	8	tripartite	tripartite	ADJ
elp-56054	226	9	audit	audit	NOUN
elp-56054	226	10	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	226	11	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	226	12	―government	―government	NOUN
elp-56054	226	13	regulation	regulation	NOUN
elp-56054	226	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	226	15	third	third	ADJ
elp-56054	226	16	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	226	17	party	party	NOUN
elp-56054	226	18	institutions	institution	NOUN
elp-56054	226	19	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	226	20	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	226	21	participation‖	participation‖	PROPN
elp-56054	226	22	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	226	23	government	government	NOUN
elp-56054	226	24	authorities	authority	NOUN
elp-56054	226	25	lead	lead	VERB
elp-56054	226	26	the	the	DET
elp-56054	226	27	filing	filing	NOUN
elp-56054	226	28	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	226	29	compliance	compliance	NOUN
elp-56054	226	30	review	review	NOUN
elp-56054	226	31	process	process	NOUN
elp-56054	226	32	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	226	33	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	226	34	cyber	cyber	ADJ
elp-56054	226	35	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	NOUN
elp-56054	226	36	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	226	37	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	226	38	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	226	39	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	226	40	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	226	41	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	226	42	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	227	1	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	227	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	227	3	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	227	4	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	227	5	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	227	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	227	7	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	227	8	164	164	NUM
elp-56054	227	9	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	227	10	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	227	11	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	227	12	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	227	13	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	227	14	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
elp-56054	227	15	bodies	body	NOUN
elp-56054	227	16	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	227	17	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	227	18	administrative	administrative	ADJ
elp-56054	227	19	agencies	agency	NOUN
elp-56054	227	20	jointly	jointly	ADV
elp-56054	227	21	formulating	formulate	VERB
elp-56054	227	22	the	the	DET
elp-56054	227	23	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	227	24	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	227	25	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	227	26	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	227	27	filing	file	VERB
elp-56054	227	28	checklist	checklist	NOUN
elp-56054	227	29	to	to	PART
elp-56054	227	30	mandate	mandate	VERB
elp-56054	227	31	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	227	32	to	to	PART
elp-56054	227	33	disclose	disclose	VERB
elp-56054	227	34	core	core	ADJ
elp-56054	227	35	parameters	parameter	NOUN
elp-56054	227	36	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	227	37	scheduling	scheduling	NOUN
elp-56054	227	38	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	227	39	decision	decision	NOUN
elp-56054	227	40	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	227	41	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	227	42	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	227	43	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	227	44	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	227	45	dispatch	dispatch	NOUN
elp-56054	227	46	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	227	47	compensation	compensation	NOUN
elp-56054	227	48	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	227	49	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	227	50	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	227	51	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	227	52	impact	impact	NOUN
elp-56054	227	53	assessment	assessment	NOUN
elp-56054	227	54	reports	report	VERB
elp-56054	227	55	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	228	1	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	228	2	third	third	ADJ
elp-56054	228	3	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	228	4	party	party	NOUN
elp-56054	228	5	audit	audit	NOUN
elp-56054	228	6	institutions	institution	NOUN
elp-56054	228	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	228	8	composed	compose	VERB
elp-56054	228	9	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	228	10	technical	technical	ADJ
elp-56054	228	11	experts	expert	NOUN
elp-56054	228	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	228	13	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	228	14	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	228	15	practitioners	practitioner	NOUN
elp-56054	228	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	228	17	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	228	18	union	union	NOUN
elp-56054	228	19	representatives	representative	NOUN
elp-56054	228	20	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	228	21	will	will	AUX
elp-56054	228	22	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	228	23	cultivated	cultivate	VERB
elp-56054	228	24	to	to	PART
elp-56054	228	25	conduct	conduct	VERB
elp-56054	228	26	evaluations	evaluation	NOUN
elp-56054	228	27	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	228	28	both	both	CCONJ
elp-56054	228	29	the	the	DET
elp-56054	228	30	technical	technical	ADJ
elp-56054	228	31	compliance	compliance	NOUN
elp-56054	228	32	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	228	33	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	228	34	impacts	impact	NOUN
elp-56054	228	35	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	228	36	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	228	37	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	228	38	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	228	39	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	228	40	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	228	41	using	use	VERB
elp-56054	228	42	―anti	―anti	ADJ
elp-56054	228	43	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	228	44	discrimination‖	discrimination‖	NOUN
elp-56054	228	45	testing	testing	NOUN
elp-56054	228	46	to	to	PART
elp-56054	228	47	verify	verify	VERB
elp-56054	228	48	the	the	DET
elp-56054	228	49	fairness	fairness	NOUN
elp-56054	228	50	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	228	51	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	228	52	output	output	NOUN
elp-56054	228	53	results	result	NOUN
elp-56054	228	54	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	229	1	a	a	DET
elp-56054	229	2	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	229	3	participation	participation	NOUN
elp-56054	229	4	mechanism	mechanism	NOUN
elp-56054	229	5	will	will	AUX
elp-56054	229	6	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	229	7	established	establish	VERB
elp-56054	229	8	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	229	9	the	the	DET
elp-56054	229	10	creation	creation	NOUN
elp-56054	229	11	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	229	12	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	229	13	representative	representative	NOUN
elp-56054	229	14	committees	committee	NOUN
elp-56054	229	15	endowed	endow	VERB
elp-56054	229	16	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	229	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	229	18	right	right	NOUN
elp-56054	229	19	to	to	PART
elp-56054	229	20	access	access	VERB
elp-56054	229	21	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	229	22	audit	audit	NOUN
elp-56054	229	23	information	information	NOUN
elp-56054	229	24	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	229	25	raise	raise	VERB
elp-56054	229	26	objections	objection	NOUN
elp-56054	229	27	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	229	28	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	229	29	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	229	30	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	229	31	may	may	AUX
elp-56054	229	32	infringe	infringe	VERB
elp-56054	229	33	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	229	34	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	229	35	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	229	36	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	230	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
elp-56054	230	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	230	3	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	230	4	audit	audit	NOUN
elp-56054	230	5	tools	tool	NOUN
elp-56054	230	6	can	can	AUX
elp-56054	230	7	detect	detect	VERB
elp-56054	230	8	whether	whether	SCONJ
elp-56054	230	9	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	230	10	contain	contain	VERB
elp-56054	230	11	discriminatory	discriminatory	ADJ
elp-56054	230	12	logic	logic	NOUN
elp-56054	230	13	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	230	14	hidden	hide	VERB
elp-56054	230	15	control	control	NOUN
elp-56054	230	16	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
elp-56054	230	17	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	230	18	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	230	19	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	230	20	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	230	21	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	230	22	analyzing	analyze	VERB
elp-56054	230	23	the	the	DET
elp-56054	230	24	legality	legality	NOUN
elp-56054	230	25	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	230	26	―exclusivity	―exclusivity	PROPN
elp-56054	230	27	clauses‖	clauses‖	PROPN
elp-56054	230	28	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	230	29	―anti	―anti	ADJ
elp-56054	230	30	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	230	31	subcontracting	subcontracting	ADJ
elp-56054	230	32	clauses‖	clauses‖	PROPN
elp-56054	230	33	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	230	34	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	230	35	service	service	NOUN
elp-56054	230	36	agreements	agreement	NOUN
elp-56054	230	37	to	to	PART
elp-56054	230	38	ensure	ensure	VERB
elp-56054	230	39	they	they	PRON
elp-56054	230	40	do	do	AUX
elp-56054	230	41	not	not	PART
elp-56054	230	42	unjustly	unjustly	ADV
elp-56054	230	43	restrict	restrict	VERB
elp-56054	230	44	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	230	45	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	230	46	autonomy	autonomy	NOUN
elp-56054	230	47	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	231	1	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	231	2	trajectory	trajectory	NOUN
elp-56054	231	3	tracking	tracking	NOUN
elp-56054	231	4	leverages	leverage	NOUN
elp-56054	231	5	blockchain	blockchain	PROPN
elp-56054	231	6	technology	technology	NOUN
elp-56054	231	7	to	to	PART
elp-56054	231	8	record	record	VERB
elp-56054	231	9	the	the	DET
elp-56054	231	10	full	full	ADJ
elp-56054	231	11	life	life	NOUN
elp-56054	231	12	cycle	cycle	NOUN
elp-56054	231	13	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	231	14	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	231	15	decisions	decision	NOUN
elp-56054	231	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	231	17	making	make	VERB
elp-56054	231	18	processes	process	NOUN
elp-56054	231	19	like	like	ADP
elp-56054	231	20	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	231	21	allocation	allocation	NOUN
elp-56054	231	22	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	231	23	reward	reward	NOUN
elp-56054	231	24	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	231	25	penalty	penalty	NOUN
elp-56054	231	26	applications	application	NOUN
elp-56054	231	27	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	231	28	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	231	29	performance	performance	NOUN
elp-56054	231	30	evaluations	evaluation	NOUN
elp-56054	231	31	fully	fully	ADV
elp-56054	231	32	traceable	traceable	ADJ
elp-56054	231	33	—	—	PUNCT
elp-56054	231	34	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	231	35	as	as	ADP
elp-56054	231	36	creating	create	VERB
elp-56054	231	37	a	a	DET
elp-56054	231	38	delivery	delivery	NOUN
elp-56054	231	39	data	datum	NOUN
elp-56054	231	40	ledger	ledger	NOUN
elp-56054	231	41	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	231	42	riders	rider	NOUN
elp-56054	231	43	to	to	PART
elp-56054	231	44	prevent	prevent	VERB
elp-56054	231	45	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	231	46	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	231	47	arbitrarily	arbitrarily	ADV
elp-56054	231	48	deducting	deduct	VERB
elp-56054	231	49	payments	payment	NOUN
elp-56054	231	50	or	or	CCONJ
elp-56054	231	51	restricting	restrict	VERB
elp-56054	231	52	order	order	NOUN
elp-56054	231	53	acceptance	acceptance	NOUN
elp-56054	231	54	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	232	1	5.3	5.3	NUM
elp-56054	232	2	progressive	progressive	ADJ
elp-56054	232	3	mechanism	mechanism	NOUN
elp-56054	232	4	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	232	5	tiered	tiere	VERB
elp-56054	232	6	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	232	7	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	232	8	system	system	NOUN
elp-56054	232	9	5.3.1	5.3.1	NUM
elp-56054	232	10	tiered	tiere	VERB
elp-56054	232	11	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	232	12	strategy	strategy	NOUN
elp-56054	232	13	first	first	ADV
elp-56054	232	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	232	15	classify	classify	VERB
elp-56054	232	16	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	232	17	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	232	18	into	into	ADP
elp-56054	232	19	distinct	distinct	ADJ
elp-56054	232	20	tiers	tier	NOUN
elp-56054	232	21	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	232	22	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
elp-56054	232	23	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	232	24	core	core	NOUN
elp-56054	232	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	232	26	semi	semi	ADJ
elp-56054	232	27	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	232	28	dependent	dependent	ADJ
elp-56054	232	29	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	232	30	casual	casual	NOUN
elp-56054	232	31	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	232	32	based	base	VERB
elp-56054	232	33	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	232	34	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	232	35	degree	degree	NOUN
elp-56054	232	36	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	232	37	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	232	38	affiliation	affiliation	NOUN
elp-56054	232	39	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	232	40	income	income	NOUN
elp-56054	232	41	stability	stability	NOUN
elp-56054	232	42	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	232	43	then	then	ADV
elp-56054	232	44	design	design	VERB
elp-56054	232	45	differentiated	differentiate	VERB
elp-56054	232	46	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	232	47	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	232	48	schemes	scheme	NOUN
elp-56054	232	49	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	232	50	each	each	DET
elp-56054	232	51	tier	tier	NOUN
elp-56054	232	52	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	233	1	5.3.2	5.3.2	NUM
elp-56054	233	2	flexible	flexible	ADJ
elp-56054	233	3	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	233	4	fund	fund	NOUN
elp-56054	233	5	mechanism	mechanism	NOUN
elp-56054	233	6	establish	establish	VERB
elp-56054	233	7	a	a	DET
elp-56054	233	8	dedicated	dedicated	ADJ
elp-56054	233	9	flexible	flexible	ADJ
elp-56054	233	10	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	233	11	fund	fund	NOUN
elp-56054	233	12	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	233	13	the	the	DET
elp-56054	233	14	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	233	15	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	233	16	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	234	1	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	234	2	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	234	3	earning	earn	VERB
elp-56054	234	4	below	below	ADP
elp-56054	234	5	the	the	DET
elp-56054	234	6	statutory	statutory	ADJ
elp-56054	234	7	minimum	minimum	NOUN
elp-56054	234	8	wage	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	234	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	234	10	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	234	11	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	234	12	governments	government	NOUN
elp-56054	234	13	shall	shall	AUX
elp-56054	234	14	jointly	jointly	ADV
elp-56054	234	15	prepay	prepay	VERB
elp-56054	234	16	subsidies	subsidy	NOUN
elp-56054	234	17	to	to	PART
elp-56054	234	18	cover	cover	VERB
elp-56054	234	19	insurance	insurance	NOUN
elp-56054	234	20	contributions	contribution	NOUN
elp-56054	234	21	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	234	22	provide	provide	VERB
elp-56054	234	23	temporary	temporary	ADJ
elp-56054	234	24	relief	relief	NOUN
elp-56054	234	25	payments	payment	NOUN
elp-56054	234	26	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	234	27	thereby	thereby	ADV
elp-56054	234	28	enhancing	enhance	VERB
elp-56054	234	29	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	234	30	’	’	PART
elp-56054	234	31	risk	risk	NOUN
elp-56054	234	32	resilience	resilience	NOUN
elp-56054	234	33	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	235	1	5.3.3	5.3.3	NUM
elp-56054	235	2	establishment	establishment	NOUN
elp-56054	235	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	235	4	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	235	5	enterprise	enterprise	NOUN
elp-56054	235	6	employee	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	235	7	committees	committee	NOUN
elp-56054	235	8	corporate	corporate	ADJ
elp-56054	235	9	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	235	10	management	management	NOUN
elp-56054	235	11	systems	system	NOUN
elp-56054	235	12	must	must	AUX
elp-56054	235	13	constrain	constrain	VERB
elp-56054	235	14	corporate	corporate	ADJ
elp-56054	235	15	power	power	NOUN
elp-56054	235	16	while	while	SCONJ
elp-56054	235	17	protecting	protect	VERB
elp-56054	235	18	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	235	19	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	235	20	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	236	1	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	236	2	the	the	DET
elp-56054	236	3	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	236	4	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	236	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	236	6	flexible	flexible	ADJ
elp-56054	236	7	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	236	8	arrangements	arrangement	NOUN
elp-56054	236	9	prevent	prevent	VERB
elp-56054	236	10	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	236	11	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	236	12	contracts	contract	NOUN
elp-56054	236	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	236	14	leading	lead	VERB
elp-56054	236	15	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	236	16	to	to	PART
elp-56054	236	17	unilaterally	unilaterally	ADV
elp-56054	236	18	define	define	VERB
elp-56054	236	19	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	236	20	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	236	21	obligations	obligation	NOUN
elp-56054	236	22	through	through	ADP
elp-56054	236	23	standardized	standardized	ADJ
elp-56054	236	24	agreements	agreement	NOUN
elp-56054	236	25	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	237	1	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	237	2	lack	lack	VERB
elp-56054	237	3	channels	channel	NOUN
elp-56054	237	4	to	to	PART
elp-56054	237	5	voice	voice	NOUN
elp-56054	237	6	objections	objection	NOUN
elp-56054	237	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	237	8	creating	create	VERB
elp-56054	237	9	systemic	systemic	ADJ
elp-56054	237	10	risks	risk	NOUN
elp-56054	237	11	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	237	12	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	237	13	violations	violation	NOUN
elp-56054	237	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	238	1	given	give	VERB
elp-56054	238	2	traditional	traditional	ADJ
elp-56054	238	3	unions	union	NOUN
elp-56054	238	4	’	'	PUNCT
elp-56054	238	5	ineffectiveness	ineffectiveness	NOUN
elp-56054	238	6	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	238	7	potential	potential	ADJ
elp-56054	238	8	antitrust	antitrust	ADJ
elp-56054	238	9	conflicts	conflict	NOUN
elp-56054	238	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	238	11	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	238	12	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
elp-56054	238	13	should	should	AUX
elp-56054	238	14	create	create	VERB
elp-56054	238	15	employee	employee	NOUN
elp-56054	238	16	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	238	17	led	lead	VERB
elp-56054	238	18	committees	committee	NOUN
elp-56054	238	19	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	238	20	union	union	NOUN
elp-56054	238	21	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	238	22	like	like	ADJ
elp-56054	238	23	functions	function	NOUN
elp-56054	238	24	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	239	1	these	these	DET
elp-56054	239	2	committees	committee	NOUN
elp-56054	239	3	shall	shall	AUX
elp-56054	239	4	negotiate	negotiate	VERB
elp-56054	239	5	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	239	6	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	239	7	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	239	8	minimum	minimum	ADJ
elp-56054	239	9	wages	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	239	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	239	11	working	working	NOUN
elp-56054	239	12	hours	hour	NOUN
elp-56054	239	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	239	14	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	239	15	basic	basic	ADJ
elp-56054	239	16	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	239	17	security	security	NOUN
elp-56054	239	18	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	240	1	members	member	NOUN
elp-56054	240	2	must	must	AUX
elp-56054	240	3	have	have	AUX
elp-56054	240	4	verified	verify	VERB
elp-56054	240	5	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	240	6	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	240	7	tenure	tenure	NOUN
elp-56054	240	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	240	9	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	240	10	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	240	11	regulations	regulation	NOUN
elp-56054	240	12	must	must	AUX
elp-56054	240	13	incorporate	incorporate	VERB
elp-56054	240	14	their	their	PRON
elp-56054	240	15	input	input	NOUN
elp-56054	240	16	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	241	1	jointly	jointly	ADV
elp-56054	241	2	developed	develop	VERB
elp-56054	241	3	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	241	4	between	between	ADP
elp-56054	241	5	committees	committee	NOUN
elp-56054	241	6	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	241	7	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	241	8	shall	shall	AUX
elp-56054	241	9	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	241	10	publicly	publicly	ADV
elp-56054	241	11	disclosed	disclose	VERB
elp-56054	241	12	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	241	13	apply	apply	VERB
elp-56054	241	14	equally	equally	ADV
elp-56054	241	15	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	241	16	current	current	ADJ
elp-56054	241	17	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	241	18	future	future	ADJ
elp-56054	241	19	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	241	20	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	241	21	binding	bind	VERB
elp-56054	241	22	force	force	NOUN
elp-56054	241	23	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	242	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	242	2	validity	validity	NOUN
elp-56054	242	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	242	4	such	such	ADJ
elp-56054	242	5	rules	rule	NOUN
elp-56054	242	6	must	must	AUX
elp-56054	242	7	be	be	AUX
elp-56054	242	8	legally	legally	ADV
elp-56054	242	9	guaranteed	guarantee	VERB
elp-56054	242	10	to	to	PART
elp-56054	242	11	safeguard	safeguard	VERB
elp-56054	242	12	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	242	13	’	’	PART
elp-56054	242	14	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	242	15	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	242	16	interests	interest	NOUN
elp-56054	242	17	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	243	1	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	NOUN
elp-56054	243	2	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	243	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	243	4	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	243	5	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	243	6	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	243	7	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	243	8	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	243	9	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	243	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	243	11	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	243	12	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	243	13	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	243	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	243	15	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	243	16	165	165	NUM
elp-56054	243	17	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	243	18	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	243	19	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	243	20	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	243	21	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	243	22	references	reference	VERB
elp-56054	243	23	17	17	NUM
elp-56054	243	24	u.s.c	u.s.c	ADJ
elp-56054	243	25	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	244	1	§	§	PROPN
elp-56054	244	2	1201	1201	NUM
elp-56054	244	3	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	244	4	2012	2012	NUM
elp-56054	244	5	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	244	6	;	;	PUNCT
elp-56054	244	7	facebook	facebook	PROPN
elp-56054	244	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	244	9	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	244	10	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	245	1	v.	v.	ADP
elp-56054	245	2	power	power	PROPN
elp-56054	245	3	ventures	ventures	PROPN
elp-56054	245	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	245	5	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	245	6	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	245	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	245	8	844	844	NUM
elp-56054	245	9	f.3d	f.3d	NUM
elp-56054	245	10	1050	1050	NUM
elp-56054	245	11	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	245	12	9th	9th	ADJ
elp-56054	245	13	cir	cir	NOUN
elp-56054	245	14	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	245	15	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	245	16	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	245	17	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	246	1	agut	agut	PROPN
elp-56054	246	2	garcía	garcía	PROPN
elp-56054	246	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	246	4	c.	c.	PROPN
elp-56054	246	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	246	6	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	246	7	núñez	núñez	PROPN
elp-56054	246	8	gonzález	gonzález	PROPN
elp-56054	246	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	246	10	c.	c.	PROPN
elp-56054	246	11	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	246	12	2012	2012	NUM
elp-56054	246	13	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	246	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	247	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	247	2	regulation	regulation	NOUN
elp-56054	247	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	247	4	economically	economically	ADV
elp-56054	247	5	dependent	dependent	ADJ
elp-56054	247	6	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	247	7	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	247	8	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	247	9	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	247	10	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	247	11	spain	spain	PROPN
elp-56054	247	12	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	247	13	a	a	DET
elp-56054	247	14	critical	critical	ADJ
elp-56054	247	15	analysis	analysis	NOUN
elp-56054	247	16	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	247	17	a	a	DET
elp-56054	247	18	comparison	comparison	NOUN
elp-56054	247	19	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	247	20	italy	italy	PROPN
elp-56054	247	21	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	248	1	e	e	X
elp-56054	248	2	-	-	NOUN
elp-56054	248	3	journal	journal	NOUN
elp-56054	248	4	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	248	5	international	international	ADJ
elp-56054	248	6	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	248	7	comparative	comparative	ADJ
elp-56054	248	8	labour	labour	NOUN
elp-56054	248	9	studies	study	NOUN
elp-56054	248	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	248	11	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	248	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	248	13	117	117	NUM
elp-56054	248	14	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	248	15	132	132	NUM
elp-56054	248	16	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	249	1	arbeitnehmerähnliche	arbeitnehmerähnliche	PROPN
elp-56054	249	2	personen	personen	PROPN
elp-56054	249	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	249	4	tarifvertragsgesetz	tarifvertragsgesetz	VERB
elp-56054	249	5	[	[	X
elp-56054	249	6	tvg	tvg	X
elp-56054	249	7	]	]	X
elp-56054	250	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	250	2	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	250	3	bargaining	bargaining	NOUN
elp-56054	250	4	act	act	NOUN
elp-56054	250	5	]	]	PUNCT
elp-56054	250	6	§	§	PROPN
elp-56054	250	7	12a	12a	NOUN
elp-56054	250	8	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	250	9	ger	ger	NOUN
elp-56054	250	10	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	250	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	250	12	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	251	1	bundesanzeiger	bundesanzeiger	PROPN
elp-56054	251	2	verlag	verlag	PROPN
elp-56054	251	3	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	252	1	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	252	2	1963	1963	NUM
elp-56054	252	3	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	252	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	253	1	bundesurlaubsgesetz	bundesurlaubsgesetz	PROPN
elp-56054	253	2	vom	vom	PROPN
elp-56054	253	3	8	8	PROPN
elp-56054	253	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	254	1	januar	januar	PROPN
elp-56054	254	2	1963	1963	NUM
elp-56054	254	3	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	254	4	bgbl	bgbl	NOUN
elp-56054	254	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	255	1	i	i	PRON
elp-56054	255	2	s.	s.	PROPN
elp-56054	255	3	2	2	NUM
elp-56054	255	4	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	255	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	255	6	zuletzt	zuletzt	X
elp-56054	255	7	geändert	geändert	ADJ
elp-56054	255	8	durch	durch	NOUN
elp-56054	255	9	art	art	NOUN
elp-56054	255	10	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	256	1	7	7	NUM
elp-56054	256	2	g	g	NOUN
elp-56054	256	3	v.	v.	ADP
elp-56054	256	4	20.4.2022	20.4.2022	NOUN
elp-56054	256	5	i	i	PRON
elp-56054	256	6	614	614	NUM
elp-56054	256	7	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	257	1	bundesarbeitsgericht	bundesarbeitsgericht	NOUN
elp-56054	258	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	258	2	bag	bag	NOUN
elp-56054	258	3	]	]	X
elp-56054	259	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	259	2	federal	federal	ADJ
elp-56054	259	3	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	259	4	court	court	PROPN
elp-56054	259	5	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	259	6	germany	germany	PROPN
elp-56054	259	7	]	]	PUNCT
elp-56054	259	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	259	9	mar	mar	PROPN
elp-56054	259	10	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	259	11	22	22	NUM
elp-56054	259	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	259	13	2000	2000	NUM
elp-56054	259	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	259	15	case	case	NOUN
elp-56054	259	16	no	no	NOUN
elp-56054	259	17	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	259	18	5	5	NUM
elp-56054	259	19	azr	azr	PROPN
elp-56054	259	20	244/99	244/99	NUM
elp-56054	259	21	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	259	22	neue	neue	PROPN
elp-56054	259	23	zeitschrift	zeitschrift	NOUN
elp-56054	259	24	für	für	PROPN
elp-56054	259	25	arbeitsrecht	arbeitsrecht	PROPN
elp-56054	259	26	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	259	27	nza	nza	PROPN
elp-56054	259	28	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	259	29	2000	2000	NUM
elp-56054	259	30	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	259	31	963	963	NUM
elp-56054	259	32	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	259	33	ger	ger	NOUN
elp-56054	259	34	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	259	35	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	259	36	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	260	1	bundesarbeitsgericht	bundesarbeitsgericht	PROPN
elp-56054	261	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	261	2	bag	bag	NOUN
elp-56054	261	3	]	]	X
elp-56054	262	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	262	2	federal	federal	ADJ
elp-56054	262	3	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	262	4	court	court	PROPN
elp-56054	262	5	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	262	6	germany	germany	PROPN
elp-56054	262	7	]	]	PUNCT
elp-56054	262	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	262	9	mar	mar	PROPN
elp-56054	262	10	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	262	11	22	22	NUM
elp-56054	262	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	262	13	2000	2000	NUM
elp-56054	262	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	262	15	case	case	NOUN
elp-56054	262	16	no	no	NOUN
elp-56054	262	17	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	262	18	5	5	NUM
elp-56054	262	19	azr	azr	PROPN
elp-56054	262	20	244/99	244/99	NUM
elp-56054	262	21	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	262	22	neue	neue	PROPN
elp-56054	262	23	zeitschrift	zeitschrift	NOUN
elp-56054	262	24	für	für	PROPN
elp-56054	262	25	arbeitsrecht	arbeitsrecht	PROPN
elp-56054	262	26	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	262	27	nza	nza	PROPN
elp-56054	262	28	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	262	29	2000	2000	NUM
elp-56054	262	30	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	262	31	963	963	NUM
elp-56054	262	32	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	262	33	ger	ger	NOUN
elp-56054	262	34	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	262	35	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	262	36	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	263	1	bundesministerium	bundesministerium	NOUN
elp-56054	263	2	der	der	ADJ
elp-56054	263	3	justiz	justiz	NOUN
elp-56054	263	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	264	1	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	264	2	1953	1953	NUM
elp-56054	264	3	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	264	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	265	1	arbeitsgerichtsgesetz	arbeitsgerichtsgesetz	PROPN
elp-56054	265	2	vom	vom	PROPN
elp-56054	265	3	3	3	NUM
elp-56054	265	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	266	1	september	september	PROPN
elp-56054	266	2	1953	1953	NUM
elp-56054	266	3	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	266	4	bgbl	bgbl	NOUN
elp-56054	266	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	267	1	i	i	PRON
elp-56054	267	2	s.	s.	PROPN
elp-56054	267	3	1267	1267	NUM
elp-56054	267	4	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	267	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	268	1	§	§	NOUN
elp-56054	268	2	5	5	NUM
elp-56054	268	3	abs	ab	NOUN
elp-56054	268	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	269	1	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	269	2	satz	satz	PROPN
elp-56054	269	3	2	2	NUM
elp-56054	269	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	269	5	california	california	PROPN
elp-56054	269	6	assembly	assembly	PROPN
elp-56054	269	7	bill	bill	PROPN
elp-56054	269	8	5	5	NUM
elp-56054	269	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	269	10	§	§	PROPN
elp-56054	269	11	2	2	NUM
elp-56054	269	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	269	13	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	269	14	regular	regular	ADJ
elp-56054	269	15	session	session	NOUN
elp-56054	269	16	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	269	17	cal	cal	NOUN
elp-56054	269	18	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	269	19	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	269	20	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	269	21	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	269	22	adding	add	VERB
elp-56054	269	23	california	california	PROPN
elp-56054	269	24	labor	labor	PROPN
elp-56054	269	25	code	code	PROPN
elp-56054	269	26	§	§	PROPN
elp-56054	269	27	2750.3	2750.3	NUM
elp-56054	269	28	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	269	29	effective	effective	ADJ
elp-56054	269	30	january	january	PROPN
elp-56054	269	31	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	269	32	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	269	33	2020	2020	NUM
elp-56054	269	34	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	269	35	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	270	1	cherry	cherry	NOUN
elp-56054	270	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	270	3	m.	m.	NOUN
elp-56054	270	4	a.	a.	NOUN
elp-56054	270	5	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	270	6	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	270	7	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	270	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	271	1	age	age	NOUN
elp-56054	271	2	discrimination	discrimination	NOUN
elp-56054	271	3	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	271	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	271	5	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	271	6	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	271	7	demand	demand	NOUN
elp-56054	271	8	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	271	9	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	271	10	crowdwork	crowdwork	NOUN
elp-56054	271	11	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	272	1	berkeley	berkeley	PROPN
elp-56054	272	2	journal	journal	PROPN
elp-56054	272	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	272	4	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	272	5	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	272	6	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	272	7	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	272	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	272	9	40(1	40(1	NOUN
elp-56054	272	10	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	272	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	272	12	32	32	NUM
elp-56054	272	13	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	273	1	cotter	cotter	PROPN
elp-56054	273	2	v.	v.	ADP
elp-56054	273	3	lyft	lyft	PROPN
elp-56054	273	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	273	5	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	273	6	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	273	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	273	8	176	176	NUM
elp-56054	273	9	f.	f.	PROPN
elp-56054	273	10	supp	supp	PROPN
elp-56054	273	11	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	274	1	3d	3d	NOUN
elp-56054	274	2	930	930	NUM
elp-56054	274	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	274	4	943	943	NUM
elp-56054	274	5	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	274	6	n.d	n.d	PROPN
elp-56054	274	7	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	274	8	cal	cal	PROPN
elp-56054	274	9	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	274	10	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	274	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	274	12	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	275	1	dübler	dübler	NOUN
elp-56054	275	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	275	3	w.	w.	PROPN
elp-56054	275	4	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	275	5	1999	1999	NUM
elp-56054	275	6	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	275	7	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	276	1	working	work	VERB
elp-56054	276	2	people	people	NOUN
elp-56054	276	3	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	276	4	germany	germany	PROPN
elp-56054	276	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	277	1	comparative	comparative	ADJ
elp-56054	277	2	labor	labor	PROPN
elp-56054	277	3	law	law	PROPN
elp-56054	277	4	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	277	5	policy	policy	PROPN
elp-56054	277	6	journal	journal	NOUN
elp-56054	277	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	277	8	21(1	21(1	NUM
elp-56054	277	9	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	277	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	277	11	88	88	NUM
elp-56054	277	12	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	278	1	felicia	felicia	PROPN
elp-56054	278	2	rosioru	rosioru	PROPN
elp-56054	278	3	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	279	1	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	279	2	2021	2021	NUM
elp-56054	279	3	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	279	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	280	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	280	2	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	280	3	protection	protection	NOUN
elp-56054	280	4	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	280	5	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	280	6	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	280	7	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	280	8	romania	romania	PROPN
elp-56054	280	9	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	280	10	meeting	meet	VERB
elp-56054	280	11	the	the	DET
elp-56054	280	12	growing	grow	VERB
elp-56054	280	13	demand	demand	NOUN
elp-56054	280	14	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	280	15	affordable	affordable	ADJ
elp-56054	280	16	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	280	17	adequate	adequate	ADJ
elp-56054	280	18	coverage	coverage	NOUN
elp-56054	280	19	?	?	PUNCT
elp-56054	281	1	babes	babe	NOUN
elp-56054	281	2	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	281	3	bolyai	bolyai	NOUN
elp-56054	281	4	university	university	NOUN
elp-56054	281	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	282	1	https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12282	https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12282	PROPN
elp-56054	282	2	fulton	fulton	PROPN
elp-56054	282	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	282	4	l.	l.	PROPN
elp-56054	282	5	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	282	6	2018	2018	NUM
elp-56054	282	7	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	282	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	283	1	trade	trade	NOUN
elp-56054	283	2	unions	union	NOUN
elp-56054	283	3	protecting	protect	VERB
elp-56054	283	4	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	283	5	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	283	6	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	283	7	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	283	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	284	1	etuc	etuc	PROPN
elp-56054	284	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	284	3	brussels	brussels	PROPN
elp-56054	284	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	284	5	62	62	NUM
elp-56054	284	6	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	285	1	goldschmidt	goldschmidt	NOUN
elp-56054	285	2	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	285	3	schmieder	schmieder	NOUN
elp-56054	285	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	286	1	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	286	2	2015	2015	NUM
elp-56054	286	3	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	286	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	287	1	document	document	NOUN
elp-56054	287	2	a	a	DET
elp-56054	287	3	large	large	ADJ
elp-56054	287	4	rise	rise	NOUN
elp-56054	287	5	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	287	6	domestic	domestic	ADJ
elp-56054	287	7	outsourcing	outsourcing	NOUN
elp-56054	287	8	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	287	9	―contracting	―contracte	VERB
elp-56054	287	10	out‖	out‖	NOUN
elp-56054	287	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	287	12	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	287	13	germany	germany	PROPN
elp-56054	287	14	as	as	ADV
elp-56054	287	15	well	well	ADV
elp-56054	287	16	since	since	SCONJ
elp-56054	287	17	the	the	DET
elp-56054	287	18	1990s	1990s	NUM
elp-56054	287	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	287	20	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	287	21	a	a	DET
elp-56054	287	22	large	large	ADJ
elp-56054	287	23	growth	growth	NOUN
elp-56054	287	24	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	287	25	contracted	contract	VERB
elp-56054	287	26	out	out	ADP
elp-56054	287	27	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	287	28	being	be	AUX
elp-56054	287	29	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	287	30	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	287	31	business	business	NOUN
elp-56054	287	32	service	service	NOUN
elp-56054	287	33	firms	firm	NOUN
elp-56054	287	34	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	287	35	temporary	temporary	ADJ
elp-56054	287	36	help	help	NOUN
elp-56054	287	37	agencies	agency	NOUN
elp-56054	287	38	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	288	1	song	song	PROPN
elp-56054	288	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	288	3	et	et	PROPN
elp-56054	288	4	al	al	PROPN
elp-56054	288	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	289	1	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	289	2	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	289	3	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	289	4	find	find	VERB
elp-56054	289	5	related	related	ADJ
elp-56054	289	6	evidence	evidence	NOUN
elp-56054	289	7	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	289	8	the	the	DET
elp-56054	289	9	united	united	PROPN
elp-56054	289	10	states	states	PROPN
elp-56054	289	11	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	289	12	an	an	DET
elp-56054	289	13	increase	increase	NOUN
elp-56054	289	14	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	289	15	worker	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	289	16	sorting	sort	VERB
elp-56054	289	17	across	across	ADP
elp-56054	289	18	firms	firm	NOUN
elp-56054	289	19	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	289	20	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	289	21	permanent	permanent	ADJ
elp-56054	289	22	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	289	23	wage	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	289	24	levels	level	NOUN
elp-56054	289	25	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	289	26	a	a	DET
elp-56054	289	27	pattern	pattern	NOUN
elp-56054	289	28	that	that	PRON
elp-56054	289	29	is	be	AUX
elp-56054	289	30	consistent	consistent	ADJ
elp-56054	289	31	with	with	ADP
elp-56054	289	32	a	a	DET
elp-56054	289	33	rising	rise	VERB
elp-56054	289	34	reliance	reliance	NOUN
elp-56054	289	35	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	289	36	contracting	contract	VERB
elp-56054	289	37	out	out	ADP
elp-56054	289	38	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	289	39	low	low	ADJ
elp-56054	289	40	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	289	41	wage	wage	NOUN
elp-56054	289	42	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	289	43	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	289	44	many	many	ADJ
elp-56054	289	45	firms	firm	NOUN
elp-56054	289	46	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	290	1	iglitzin	iglitzin	PROPN
elp-56054	290	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	290	3	d.	d.	PROPN
elp-56054	290	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	290	5	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	290	6	robbins	robbins	PROPN
elp-56054	290	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	290	8	j.	j.	PROPN
elp-56054	290	9	l.	l.	PROPN
elp-56054	290	10	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	290	11	2017	2017	NUM
elp-56054	290	12	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	290	13	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	291	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	291	2	city	city	NOUN
elp-56054	291	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	291	4	seattle	seattle	PROPN
elp-56054	291	5	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	291	6	ordinance	ordinance	NOUN
elp-56054	291	7	providing	provide	VERB
elp-56054	291	8	collective	collective	ADJ
elp-56054	291	9	bargaining	bargaining	NOUN
elp-56054	291	10	rights	right	NOUN
elp-56054	291	11	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	291	12	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	291	13	contractor	contractor	NOUN
elp-56054	291	14	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	291	15	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	291	16	hire	hire	NOUN
elp-56054	291	17	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	291	18	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	291	19	an	an	DET
elp-56054	291	20	analysis	analysis	NOUN
elp-56054	291	21	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	291	22	the	the	DET
elp-56054	291	23	major	major	ADJ
elp-56054	291	24	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	291	25	hurdles	hurdle	NOUN
elp-56054	291	26	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	292	1	berkeley	berkeley	PROPN
elp-56054	292	2	journal	journal	PROPN
elp-56054	292	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	292	4	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	292	5	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	292	6	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	292	7	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	292	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	292	9	38	38	NUM
elp-56054	292	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	292	11	49	49	NUM
elp-56054	292	12	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	292	13	50	50	NUM
elp-56054	292	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	293	1	independent	independent	ADJ
elp-56054	293	2	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	293	3	’	’	PART
elp-56054	293	4	union	union	NOUN
elp-56054	293	5	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	293	6	great	great	ADJ
elp-56054	293	7	britain	britain	PROPN
elp-56054	293	8	v.	v.	PROPN
elp-56054	293	9	roofoods	roofoods	PROPN
elp-56054	293	10	ltd	ltd	PROPN
elp-56054	293	11	t	t	PROPN
elp-56054	293	12	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	293	13	a	a	DET
elp-56054	293	14	deliveroo	deliveroo	NOUN
elp-56054	294	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	294	2	2017	2017	NUM
elp-56054	294	3	]	]	PUNCT
elp-56054	294	4	tur1/985	tur1/985	X
elp-56054	294	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	295	1	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	295	2	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	295	3	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	295	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	296	1	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	296	2	cac	cac	PROPN
elp-56054	296	3	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	296	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	297	1	https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12282	https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12282	ADJ
elp-56054	297	2	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	NOUN
elp-56054	297	3	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	297	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	297	5	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	297	6	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	297	7	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	297	8	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	297	9	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	297	10	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	297	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	297	12	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	297	13	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	297	14	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	297	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	297	16	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	297	17	166	166	NUM
elp-56054	297	18	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	297	19	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	297	20	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	297	21	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	297	22	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	297	23	katz	katz	PROPN
elp-56054	297	24	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	297	25	l.	l.	PROPN
elp-56054	297	26	f.	f.	PROPN
elp-56054	297	27	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	297	28	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	297	29	krueger	krueger	PROPN
elp-56054	297	30	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	297	31	a.	a.	PROPN
elp-56054	297	32	b.	b.	PROPN
elp-56054	297	33	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	297	34	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	297	35	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	297	36	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	298	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	298	2	rise	rise	NOUN
elp-56054	298	3	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	298	4	nature	nature	NOUN
elp-56054	298	5	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	298	6	alternative	alternative	ADJ
elp-56054	298	7	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	298	8	arrangements	arrangement	NOUN
elp-56054	298	9	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	298	10	the	the	DET
elp-56054	298	11	united	united	PROPN
elp-56054	298	12	states	states	PROPN
elp-56054	298	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	298	14	1995	1995	NUM
elp-56054	298	15	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	298	16	2015	2015	NUM
elp-56054	298	17	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	298	18	working	work	VERB
elp-56054	298	19	paper	paper	NOUN
elp-56054	298	20	no.22667	no.22667	PROPN
elp-56054	298	21	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	298	22	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	299	1	national	national	PROPN
elp-56054	299	2	bureau	bureau	PROPN
elp-56054	299	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	299	4	economic	economic	ADJ
elp-56054	299	5	research	research	NOUN
elp-56054	299	6	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	300	1	https://doi.org/10.3386/w22667	https://doi.org/10.3386/w22667	NOUN
elp-56054	300	2	lionel	lionel	PROPN
elp-56054	300	3	fulton	fulton	PROPN
elp-56054	300	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	300	5	trade	trade	NOUN
elp-56054	300	6	unions	union	NOUN
elp-56054	300	7	protecting	protect	VERB
elp-56054	300	8	self	self	NOUN
elp-56054	300	9	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	300	10	employed	employ	VERB
elp-56054	300	11	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	300	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	300	13	etuc	etuc	NOUN
elp-56054	300	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	300	15	brussels	brussels	PROPN
elp-56054	300	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	300	17	2018	2018	NUM
elp-56054	300	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	300	19	62	62	NUM
elp-56054	300	20	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	301	1	malin	malin	PROPN
elp-56054	301	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	301	3	m.	m.	PROPN
elp-56054	301	4	h.	h.	PROPN
elp-56054	301	5	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	301	6	2000	2000	NUM
elp-56054	301	7	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	301	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	302	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	302	2	national	national	PROPN
elp-56054	302	3	labor	labor	PROPN
elp-56054	302	4	relations	relations	PROPN
elp-56054	302	5	act	act	VERB
elp-56054	302	6	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	302	7	cyberspace	cyberspace	NOUN
elp-56054	302	8	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	302	9	union	union	NOUN
elp-56054	302	10	organizing	organize	VERB
elp-56054	302	11	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	302	12	electronic	electronic	ADJ
elp-56054	302	13	workplaces	workplace	NOUN
elp-56054	302	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	303	1	49	49	NUM
elp-56054	303	2	u.	u.	PROPN
elp-56054	303	3	kan	kan	PROPN
elp-56054	303	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	304	1	l.	l.	PROPN
elp-56054	304	2	rev	rev	PROPN
elp-56054	304	3	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	304	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	304	5	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	304	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	304	7	12	12	NUM
elp-56054	304	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	305	1	national	national	ADJ
elp-56054	305	2	information	information	PROPN
elp-56054	305	3	center	center	PROPN
elp-56054	305	4	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	305	5	china	china	PROPN
elp-56054	305	6	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	306	1	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	306	2	2023	2023	NUM
elp-56054	306	3	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	306	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	307	1	annual	annual	ADJ
elp-56054	307	2	report	report	NOUN
elp-56054	307	3	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	307	4	china	china	PROPN
elp-56054	307	5	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	307	6	sharing	share	VERB
elp-56054	307	7	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	307	8	development	development	NOUN
elp-56054	307	9	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	308	1	state	state	NOUN
elp-56054	308	2	information	information	NOUN
elp-56054	308	3	center	center	NOUN
elp-56054	308	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	309	1	retrieved	retrieve	VERB
elp-56054	309	2	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	309	3	http://www.sic.gov.cn/sic/93/552/557/0223/11819_pc.html	http://www.sic.gov.cn/sic/93/552/557/0223/11819_pc.html	PUNCT
elp-56054	309	4	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	309	5	last	last	ADJ
elp-56054	309	6	visited	visit	VERB
elp-56054	309	7	may	may	AUX
elp-56054	309	8	20	20	NUM
elp-56054	309	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	309	10	2024	2024	NUM
elp-56054	309	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	309	12	o’connor	o’connor	ADV
elp-56054	309	13	v.	v.	ADP
elp-56054	309	14	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	309	15	technologies	technology	NOUN
elp-56054	309	16	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	309	17	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	309	18	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	309	19	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	309	20	82	82	NUM
elp-56054	309	21	f.	f.	PROPN
elp-56054	309	22	supp	supp	PROPN
elp-56054	309	23	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	310	1	3d	3d	NUM
elp-56054	310	2	1133	1133	NUM
elp-56054	310	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	310	4	1149	1149	NUM
elp-56054	310	5	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	310	6	n.d	n.d	PROPN
elp-56054	310	7	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	310	8	cal	cal	PROPN
elp-56054	310	9	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	310	10	2015	2015	NUM
elp-56054	310	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	310	12	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	311	1	ordonanță	ordonanță	PROPN
elp-56054	311	2	de	de	PROPN
elp-56054	311	3	urgență	urgență	PROPN
elp-56054	311	4	nr	nr	PROPN
elp-56054	311	5	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	311	6	26/2020	26/2020	NUM
elp-56054	311	7	art	art	NOUN
elp-56054	311	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	312	1	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	312	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	312	3	m.of	m.of	PROPN
elp-56054	312	4	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	312	5	pt	pt	PROPN
elp-56054	312	6	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	313	1	i	i	PROPN
elp-56054	313	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	313	3	nr	nr	PROPN
elp-56054	313	4	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	313	5	232/25	232/25	NUM
elp-56054	313	6	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	313	7	25	25	NUM
elp-56054	313	8	mar	mar	PROPN
elp-56054	313	9	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	313	10	2020	2020	NUM
elp-56054	313	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	313	12	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	313	13	rom	rom	NOUN
elp-56054	313	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	313	15	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	313	16	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	314	1	ordonanță	ordonanță	PROPN
elp-56054	314	2	de	de	PROPN
elp-56054	314	3	urgență	urgență	PROPN
elp-56054	314	4	nr	nr	PROPN
elp-56054	314	5	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	315	1	79/2017	79/2017	NUM
elp-56054	315	2	art	art	NOUN
elp-56054	315	3	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	316	1	282(1	282(1	NUM
elp-56054	316	2	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	316	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	316	4	m.of	m.of	PROPN
elp-56054	316	5	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	316	6	pt	pt	PROPN
elp-56054	316	7	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	317	1	i	i	PROPN
elp-56054	317	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	317	3	nr	nr	PROPN
elp-56054	317	4	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	317	5	937/29	937/29	PROPN
elp-56054	317	6	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	317	7	29	29	NUM
elp-56054	317	8	nov	nov	PROPN
elp-56054	317	9	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	317	10	2017	2017	NUM
elp-56054	317	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	317	12	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	317	13	rom	rom	NOUN
elp-56054	317	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	317	15	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	317	16	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	318	1	rani	rani	PROPN
elp-56054	318	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	318	3	u.	u.	PROPN
elp-56054	318	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	318	5	furrer	furrer	NOUN
elp-56054	318	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	318	7	m.	m.	NOUN
elp-56054	318	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	318	9	gerecke	gerecke	PROPN
elp-56054	318	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	318	11	m.	m.	NOUN
elp-56054	318	12	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	318	13	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	318	14	berg	berg	PROPN
elp-56054	318	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	318	16	j.	j.	PROPN
elp-56054	318	17	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	318	18	2021	2021	NUM
elp-56054	318	19	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	318	20	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	319	1	world	world	NOUN
elp-56054	319	2	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	319	3	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	319	4	social	social	ADJ
elp-56054	319	5	outlook	outlook	NOUN
elp-56054	319	6	2021	2021	NUM
elp-56054	319	7	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	319	8	the	the	DET
elp-56054	319	9	role	role	NOUN
elp-56054	319	10	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	319	11	digital	digital	ADJ
elp-56054	319	12	labour	labour	NOUN
elp-56054	319	13	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	319	14	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	319	15	transforming	transform	VERB
elp-56054	319	16	the	the	DET
elp-56054	319	17	world	world	NOUN
elp-56054	319	18	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	319	19	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	319	20	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	320	1	international	international	ADJ
elp-56054	320	2	labour	labour	PROPN
elp-56054	320	3	organization	organization	NOUN
elp-56054	320	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	321	1	retrieved	retrieve	VERB
elp-56054	321	2	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	321	3	https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/	https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/	PROPN
elp-56054	321	4	wcms_771749.pdf	wcms_771749.pdf	NOUN
elp-56054	321	5	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	322	1	remarks	remark	NOUN
elp-56054	322	2	made	make	VERB
elp-56054	322	3	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	322	4	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	322	5	ab5	ab5	NOUN
elp-56054	322	6	press	press	NOUN
elp-56054	322	7	call	call	NOUN
elp-56054	322	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	322	9	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	322	10	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	322	11	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	322	12	newsroom	newsroom	NOUN
elp-56054	322	13	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	322	14	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	322	15	sept	sept	PROPN
elp-56054	322	16	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	322	17	11	11	NUM
elp-56054	322	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	322	19	2019)https://drive.google.com	2019)https://drive.google.com	NUM
elp-56054	322	20	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	322	21	file	file	NOUN
elp-56054	322	22	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	322	23	d	d	NOUN
elp-56054	322	24	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	322	25	lthl2wvzyke5qyagvge	lthl2wvzyke5qyagvge	ADJ
elp-56054	322	26	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	322	27	fhlu	fhlu	NOUN
elp-56054	322	28	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	322	29	juewoboy	juewoboy	NOUN
elp-56054	322	30	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	322	31	view	view	NOUN
elp-56054	322	32	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	322	33	transcriptavailable	transcriptavailable	ADJ
elp-56054	322	34	https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o9edg.wmgzboweumg	https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o9edg.wmgzboweumg	PROPN
elp-56054	322	35	iovezch54z	iovezch54z	PROPN
elp-56054	322	36	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	323	1	rodriguez	rodriguez	NOUN
elp-56054	323	2	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	323	3	pinero	pinero	NOUN
elp-56054	323	4	royo	royo	PROPN
elp-56054	323	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	323	6	miguel	miguel	PROPN
elp-56054	323	7	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	323	8	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	323	9	2020	2020	NUM
elp-56054	323	10	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	323	11	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	324	1	platforms	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	324	2	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	324	3	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	324	4	work	work	NOUN
elp-56054	324	5	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	324	6	spanish	spanish	ADJ
elp-56054	324	7	industrial	industrial	ADJ
elp-56054	324	8	relations	relation	NOUN
elp-56054	324	9	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	325	1	comparative	comparative	ADJ
elp-56054	325	2	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	325	3	law	law	PROPN
elp-56054	325	4	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	325	5	policy	policy	PROPN
elp-56054	325	6	journal	journal	PROPN
elp-56054	325	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	325	8	41(2	41(2	NUM
elp-56054	325	9	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	325	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	325	11	443	443	NUM
elp-56054	325	12	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	325	13	472	472	NUM
elp-56054	325	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	326	1	roosevelt	roosevelt	PROPN
elp-56054	326	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	326	3	m.	m.	NOUN
elp-56054	326	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	326	5	bhuiyan	bhuiyan	PROPN
elp-56054	326	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	326	7	j.	j.	PROPN
elp-56054	326	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	326	9	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	326	10	luna	luna	PROPN
elp-56054	326	11	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	326	12	t.	t.	PROPN
elp-56054	326	13	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	326	14	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	326	15	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	326	16	september	september	PROPN
elp-56054	326	17	11	11	NUM
elp-56054	326	18	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	326	19	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	327	1	sweeping	sweeping	ADJ
elp-56054	327	2	bill	bill	NOUN
elp-56054	327	3	rewriting	rewrite	VERB
elp-56054	327	4	california	california	PROPN
elp-56054	327	5	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	327	6	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	327	7	sent	send	VERB
elp-56054	327	8	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	327	9	gov	gov	PROPN
elp-56054	327	10	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	327	11	newsom	newsom	PROPN
elp-56054	327	12	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	328	1	los	los	PROPN
elp-56054	328	2	angeles	angeles	PROPN
elp-56054	328	3	times	times	PROPN
elp-56054	328	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	329	1	retrieved	retrieve	VERB
elp-56054	329	2	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	329	3	https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-09-11/sweeping-bill-rewriting-california-employme	https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-09-11/sweeping-bill-rewriting-california-employme	PROPN
elp-56054	329	4	nt	nt	PROPN
elp-56054	329	5	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	329	6	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	329	7	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	329	8	moves	move	NOUN
elp-56054	329	9	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	329	10	to	to	ADP
elp-56054	329	11	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	329	12	gov	gov	NOUN
elp-56054	329	13	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	329	14	newsom	newsom	NOUN
elp-56054	329	15	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	330	1	rosenblat	rosenblat	PROPN
elp-56054	330	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	330	3	a.	a.	NOUN
elp-56054	330	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	330	5	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	330	6	stark	stark	PROPN
elp-56054	330	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	330	8	l.	l.	PROPN
elp-56054	330	9	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	330	10	2016	2016	NUM
elp-56054	330	11	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	330	12	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	331	1	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	331	2	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	331	3	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	331	4	information	information	NOUN
elp-56054	331	5	asymmetries	asymmetry	NOUN
elp-56054	331	6	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	331	7	a	a	DET
elp-56054	331	8	case	case	NOUN
elp-56054	331	9	study	study	NOUN
elp-56054	331	10	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	331	11	uber	uber	PROPN
elp-56054	331	12	’s	’s	PART
elp-56054	331	13	drivers	driver	NOUN
elp-56054	331	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	332	1	international	international	ADJ
elp-56054	332	2	journal	journal	NOUN
elp-56054	332	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	332	4	communication	communication	NOUN
elp-56054	332	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	332	6	10	10	NUM
elp-56054	332	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	332	8	3758	3758	NUM
elp-56054	332	9	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	332	10	3766	3766	NUM
elp-56054	332	11	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	333	1	rosioru	rosioru	NOUN
elp-56054	333	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	333	3	f.	f.	PROPN
elp-56054	333	4	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	333	5	2020	2020	NUM
elp-56054	333	6	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	333	7	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	334	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	334	2	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	334	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	334	4	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	334	5	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	334	6	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	334	7	romania	romania	PROPN
elp-56054	334	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	335	1	comparative	comparative	ADJ
elp-56054	335	2	labor	labor	PROPN
elp-56054	335	3	law	law	PROPN
elp-56054	335	4	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	335	5	policy	policy	PROPN
elp-56054	335	6	journal	journal	PROPN
elp-56054	335	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	335	8	41(3	41(3	NUM
elp-56054	335	9	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	335	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	335	11	423	423	NUM
elp-56054	335	12	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	335	13	442	442	NUM
elp-56054	335	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	336	1	rosioru	rosioru	NOUN
elp-56054	336	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	336	3	f.	f.	PROPN
elp-56054	336	4	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	336	5	2020	2020	NUM
elp-56054	336	6	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	336	7	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	337	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	337	2	status	status	NOUN
elp-56054	337	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	337	4	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	337	5	workers	worker	NOUN
elp-56054	337	6	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	337	7	romania	romania	PROPN
elp-56054	337	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	338	1	comparative	comparative	ADJ
elp-56054	338	2	labor	labor	PROPN
elp-56054	338	3	law	law	PROPN
elp-56054	338	4	&	&	CCONJ
elp-56054	338	5	policy	policy	PROPN
elp-56054	338	6	journal	journal	PROPN
elp-56054	338	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	338	8	41(2	41(2	NUM
elp-56054	338	9	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	338	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	338	11	423	423	NUM
elp-56054	338	12	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	338	13	442	442	NUM
elp-56054	338	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	339	1	rozzi	rozzi	NOUN
elp-56054	339	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	339	3	f.	f.	PROPN
elp-56054	339	4	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	339	5	2018	2018	NUM
elp-56054	339	6	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	339	7	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	340	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	340	2	impact	impact	NOUN
elp-56054	340	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	340	4	the	the	DET
elp-56054	340	5	gig	gig	NOUN
elp-56054	340	6	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	340	7	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	340	8	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	340	9	u.s	u.s	PROPN
elp-56054	340	10	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	340	11	labor	labor	NOUN
elp-56054	340	12	markets	market	NOUN
elp-56054	340	13	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	340	14	understanding	understand	VERB
elp-56054	340	15	the	the	DET
elp-56054	340	16	role	role	NOUN
elp-56054	340	17	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	340	18	non	non	ADJ
elp-56054	340	19	-	-	ADJ
elp-56054	340	20	employer	employer	ADJ
elp-56054	340	21	firms	firm	NOUN
elp-56054	340	22	using	use	VERB
elp-56054	340	23	econometric	econometric	ADJ
elp-56054	340	24	models	model	NOUN
elp-56054	340	25	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	340	26	the	the	DET
elp-56054	340	27	example	example	NOUN
elp-56054	340	28	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	340	29	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	340	30	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	341	1	junior	junior	ADJ
elp-56054	341	2	management	management	NOUN
elp-56054	341	3	science	science	NOUN
elp-56054	341	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	341	5	3(2	3(2	NUM
elp-56054	341	6	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	341	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	341	8	33	33	NUM
elp-56054	341	9	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	342	1	https://doi.org/10.3386/w22667	https://doi.org/10.3386/w22667	NUM
elp-56054	342	2	https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o9edg.wmgzboweumg	https://drive.google.com/file/d/1o9edg.wmgzboweumg	VERB
elp-56054	342	3	https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-09-11/sweeping-bill-rewriting-california-employment-law-moves-to-gov-newsom	https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-09-11/sweeping-bill-rewriting-california-employment-law-moves-to-gov-newsom	NOUN
elp-56054	342	4	https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-09-11/sweeping-bill-rewriting-california-employment-law-moves-to-gov-newsom	https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-09-11/sweeping-bill-rewriting-california-employment-law-moves-to-gov-newsom	NOUN
elp-56054	342	5	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp	NOUN
elp-56054	342	6	economics	economic	NOUN
elp-56054	342	7	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	342	8	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	342	9	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	342	10	policy	policy	NOUN
elp-56054	342	11	vol	vol	NOUN
elp-56054	342	12	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	342	13	8	8	NUM
elp-56054	342	14	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	342	15	no	no	INTJ
elp-56054	342	16	.	.	NOUN
elp-56054	342	17	1	1	NUM
elp-56054	342	18	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	342	19	2025	2025	NUM
elp-56054	342	20	167	167	NUM
elp-56054	342	21	published	publish	VERB
elp-56054	342	22	by	by	ADP
elp-56054	342	23	scholink	scholink	PROPN
elp-56054	342	24	inc	inc	PROPN
elp-56054	342	25	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	342	26	sandvig	sandvig	PROPN
elp-56054	342	27	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	342	28	c.	c.	PROPN
elp-56054	342	29	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	342	30	hamilton	hamilton	PROPN
elp-56054	342	31	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	342	32	k.	k.	PROPN
elp-56054	342	33	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	342	34	karahalios	karahalios	PROPN
elp-56054	342	35	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	342	36	k.	k.	PROPN
elp-56054	342	37	et	et	PROPN
elp-56054	342	38	al	al	PROPN
elp-56054	342	39	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	343	1	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	343	2	2022	2022	NUM
elp-56054	343	3	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	343	4	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	344	1	auditing	audit	VERB
elp-56054	344	2	algorithms	algorithm	NOUN
elp-56054	344	3	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	344	4	research	research	NOUN
elp-56054	344	5	methods	method	NOUN
elp-56054	344	6	for	for	ADP
elp-56054	344	7	detecting	detect	VERB
elp-56054	344	8	discrimination	discrimination	NOUN
elp-56054	344	9	on	on	ADP
elp-56054	344	10	internet	internet	NOUN
elp-56054	344	11	platforms[r	platforms[r	NOUN
elp-56054	344	12	/	/	SYM
elp-56054	344	13	ol	ol	ADJ
elp-56054	344	14	]	]	PUNCT
elp-56054	344	15	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	345	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	345	2	2022	2022	NUM
elp-56054	345	3	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	345	4	09	09	NUM
elp-56054	345	5	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	345	6	02	02	NUM
elp-56054	345	7	]	]	PUNCT
elp-56054	345	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	345	9	retrieved	retrieve	VERB
elp-56054	345	10	from	from	ADP
elp-56054	345	11	https://social.cs.uiuc.edu/papers/pdfs/ica2014-sandvig.pdf	https://social.cs.uiuc.edu/papers/pdfs/ica2014-sandvig.pdf	PROPN
elp-56054	345	12	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	346	1	uber	uber	PROPN
elp-56054	346	2	bv	bv	PROPN
elp-56054	346	3	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	346	4	others	other	NOUN
elp-56054	346	5	v.	v.	ADP
elp-56054	346	6	aslam	aslam	PROPN
elp-56054	346	7	andothers	andother	NOUN
elp-56054	346	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	346	9	uksc5	uksc5	PROPN
elp-56054	346	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	346	11	paras.94	paras.94	NOUN
elp-56054	346	12	-	-	PUNCT
elp-56054	346	13	100	100	NUM
elp-56054	346	14	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	346	15	2021	2021	NUM
elp-56054	346	16	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	346	17	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	347	1	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	347	2	specifically	specifically	ADV
elp-56054	347	3	prohibits	prohibit	VERB
elp-56054	347	4	reverse	reverse	ADJ
elp-56054	347	5	engineering	engineering	NOUN
elp-56054	347	6	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	347	7	its	its	PRON
elp-56054	347	8	app	app	NOUN
elp-56054	347	9	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	347	10	the	the	DET
elp-56054	347	11	terms	term	NOUN
elp-56054	347	12	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	347	13	service	service	NOUN
elp-56054	347	14	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	348	1	terms	term	NOUN
elp-56054	348	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	348	3	uber	uber	ADJ
elp-56054	348	4	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	348	5	http://www.uber.com/legal/terms/us/	http://www.uber.com/legal/terms/us/	NOUN
elp-56054	349	1	[	[	X
elp-56054	349	2	http://perma.cc/6ccg-djxy	http://perma.cc/6ccg-djxy	X
elp-56054	349	3	]	]	X
elp-56054	349	4	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	349	5	last	last	ADV
elp-56054	349	6	visited	visit	VERB
elp-56054	349	7	sept	sept	PROPN
elp-56054	349	8	.	.	PROPN
elp-56054	349	9	14	14	NUM
elp-56054	349	10	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	349	11	2017	2017	NUM
elp-56054	349	12	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	349	13	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	350	1	xie	xie	PROPN
elp-56054	350	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	350	3	z.	z.	PROPN
elp-56054	350	4	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	350	5	2018	2018	NUM
elp-56054	350	6	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	350	7	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	351	1	judicial	judicial	ADJ
elp-56054	351	2	identification	identification	NOUN
elp-56054	351	3	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	351	4	employment	employment	NOUN
elp-56054	351	5	relationships	relationship	NOUN
elp-56054	351	6	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	351	7	platform	platform	NOUN
elp-56054	351	8	economy	economy	NOUN
elp-56054	351	9	:	:	PUNCT
elp-56054	351	10	a	a	DET
elp-56054	351	11	perspective	perspective	NOUN
elp-56054	351	12	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	351	13	subordination	subordination	NOUN
elp-56054	351	14	theory	theory	NOUN
elp-56054	351	15	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	352	1	peking	peking	PROPN
elp-56054	352	2	university	university	PROPN
elp-56054	352	3	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	352	4	journal	journal	NOUN
elp-56054	352	5	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	352	6	30(6	30(6	NUM
elp-56054	352	7	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	352	8	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	352	9	1546	1546	NUM
elp-56054	352	10	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	352	11	1569	1569	NUM
elp-56054	352	12	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	353	1	zhang	zhang	PROPN
elp-56054	353	2	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	353	3	l.	l.	PROPN
elp-56054	353	4	h.	h.	PROPN
elp-56054	353	5	(	(	PUNCT
elp-56054	353	6	2019	2019	NUM
elp-56054	353	7	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	353	8	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	354	1	the	the	DET
elp-56054	354	2	emergence	emergence	NOUN
elp-56054	354	3	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	354	4	alienation	alienation	NOUN
elp-56054	354	5	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	354	6	legal	legal	ADJ
elp-56054	354	7	regulation	regulation	NOUN
elp-56054	354	8	of	of	ADP
elp-56054	354	9	algorithmic	algorithmic	ADJ
elp-56054	354	10	power	power	NOUN
elp-56054	354	11	.	.	PUNCT
elp-56054	355	1	studies	study	NOUN
elp-56054	355	2	in	in	ADP
elp-56054	355	3	law	law	NOUN
elp-56054	355	4	and	and	CCONJ
elp-56054	355	5	business	business	NOUN
elp-56054	355	6	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	355	7	36(4	36(4	NUM
elp-56054	355	8	)	)	PUNCT
elp-56054	355	9	,	,	PUNCT
elp-56054	355	10	63	63	NUM
elp-56054	355	11	-	-	SYM
elp-56054	355	12	75	75	NUM
elp-56054	355	13	.	.	PUNCT