id sid eid entity type economy-7725 1 1 165 CARDINAL economy-7725 1 2 2025 CARDINAL economy-7725 1 3 asian online journal publishing group ORG economy-7725 1 4 12 CARDINAL economy-7725 1 5 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 1 6 165 CARDINAL economy-7725 1 7 2025 CARDINAL economy-7725 1 8 2313 CARDINAL economy-7725 1 9 2518-0118 QUANTITY economy-7725 1 10 10.20448 CARDINAL economy-7725 1 11 2025 CARDINAL economy-7725 1 12 asian online journal publishing group ORG economy-7725 1 13 africa LOC economy-7725 1 14 jonathan emenike PERSON economy-7725 1 15 ogbuabor2 ORG economy-7725 1 16 1,2department DATE economy-7725 1 17 university of nigeria ORG economy-7725 1 18 nsukka GPE economy-7725 1 19 nigeria GPE economy-7725 2 1 1email DATE economy-7725 3 1 obed.ojonta@unn.edu.ng 2email CARDINAL economy-7725 3 2 africa LOC economy-7725 4 1 africa LOC economy-7725 4 2 31 CARDINAL economy-7725 4 3 african NORP economy-7725 4 4 the period 2011-2020 DATE economy-7725 6 1 africa LOC economy-7725 7 1 gmm ORG economy-7725 8 1 african NORP economy-7725 8 2 the african union ORG economy-7725 9 1 africa LOC economy-7725 10 1 j. e. PERSON economy-7725 10 2 2025 DATE economy-7725 11 1 africa LOC economy-7725 12 1 12(2 DATE economy-7725 12 2 165โ€“174 CARDINAL economy-7725 13 1 10.20448 CARDINAL economy-7725 13 2 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 13 3 october 2025 DATE economy-7725 13 4 17 october 2025 DATE economy-7725 13 5 3 november 2025 DATE economy-7725 13 6 18 november 2025 DATE economy-7725 13 7 4.0 CARDINAL economy-7725 13 8 asian NORP economy-7725 22 1 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0162-0303 CARDINAL economy-7725 22 2 2025 DATE economy-7725 22 3 12(2 DATE economy-7725 22 4 165 CARDINAL economy-7725 22 5 2025 CARDINAL economy-7725 22 6 asian online journal publishing group ORG economy-7725 22 7 africa LOC economy-7725 23 1 africa LOC economy-7725 24 1 1 CARDINAL economy-7725 26 1 njamen kengdo PERSON economy-7725 26 2 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 26 3 nkemgha GPE economy-7725 26 4 nchofoung GPE economy-7725 26 5 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 27 1 african NORP economy-7725 27 2 geo-jaja & mangum ORG economy-7725 27 3 2003 DATE economy-7725 28 1 robinson PERSON economy-7725 28 2 2014 DATE economy-7725 29 1 world bank ORG economy-7725 29 2 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 30 1 africa LOC economy-7725 30 2 3 percent PERCENT economy-7725 30 3 the european union ORG economy-7725 30 4 latin america LOC economy-7725 30 5 caribbean LOC economy-7725 30 6 55 CARDINAL economy-7725 30 7 42 percent PERCENT economy-7725 31 1 africa LOC economy-7725 32 1 african NORP economy-7725 32 2 emmanuel o nwosu PERSON economy-7725 32 3 2018 DATE economy-7725 32 4 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 32 5 nwosu & orji ORG economy-7725 32 6 2016 DATE economy-7725 33 1 african NORP economy-7725 34 1 african NORP economy-7725 37 1 sweet & eterovic ORG economy-7725 37 2 2019 DATE economy-7725 37 3 2020 DATE economy-7725 37 4 zhu & li ORG economy-7725 37 5 2016 DATE economy-7725 39 1 lee PERSON economy-7725 39 2 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 39 3 nasir PERSON economy-7725 39 4 2020 DATE economy-7725 42 1 mealy & teytelboym ORG economy-7725 42 2 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 42 3 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 42 4 2017 DATE economy-7725 43 1 africa LOC economy-7725 44 1 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 44 2 1 CARDINAL economy-7725 44 3 africa LOC economy-7725 44 4 african NORP economy-7725 44 5 44 CARDINAL economy-7725 45 1 tunisia GPE economy-7725 45 2 african NORP economy-7725 45 3 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 46 1 african NORP economy-7725 46 2 african NORP economy-7725 48 1 2025 DATE economy-7725 48 2 12(2 DATE economy-7725 48 3 165 CARDINAL economy-7725 48 4 2025 CARDINAL economy-7725 48 5 asian online journal publishing group ORG economy-7725 48 6 1 CARDINAL economy-7725 48 7 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 49 1 eci PERSON economy-7725 49 2 25 CARDINAL economy-7725 49 3 eci PERSON economy-7725 49 4 25 CARDINAL economy-7725 49 5 africa LOC economy-7725 49 6 eci country PERSON economy-7725 49 7 eci japan PERSON economy-7725 49 8 1 2.26 CARDINAL economy-7725 49 9 tunisia GPE economy-7725 49 10 switzerland GPE economy-7725 49 11 2 2.14 CARDINAL economy-7725 49 12 63 CARDINAL economy-7725 49 13 2.04 CARDINAL economy-7725 49 14 egypt GPE economy-7725 50 1 67 -0.13 DATE economy-7725 50 2 germany GPE economy-7725 50 3 4 1.94 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 4 68 -0.15 MONEY economy-7725 50 5 1.83 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 6 71 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 7 6 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 8 kenya GPE economy-7725 50 9 80 DATE economy-7725 50 10 austria GPE economy-7725 50 11 1.68 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 12 morocco GPE economy-7725 50 13 81 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 14 -0.35 united kingdom GPE economy-7725 50 15 8 1.61 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 16 slovenia GPE economy-7725 50 17 9 1.59 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 18 92 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 19 10 1.54 namibia PERCENT economy-7725 50 20 95 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 21 hungary GPE economy-7725 50 22 11 1.52 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 23 algeria GPE economy-7725 50 24 96 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 25 slovakia GPE economy-7725 50 26 12 1.46 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 27 senegal GPE economy-7725 50 28 97 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 29 -0.66 ORG economy-7725 50 30 13 1.44 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 31 99 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 32 -0.73 united states of GPE economy-7725 50 33 america GPE economy-7725 50 34 14 1.4 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 35 burkina ORG economy-7725 50 36 100 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 37 -0.75 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 38 finland GPE economy-7725 50 39 1.36 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 40 zambia 105 ORG economy-7725 50 41 france GPE economy-7725 50 42 17 1.34 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 43 ethiopia GPE economy-7725 50 44 108 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 45 18 1.33 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 46 tanzania GPE economy-7725 50 47 109 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 48 19 1.23 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 49 botswana ORG economy-7725 50 50 111 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 51 belgium GPE economy-7725 50 52 20 1.18 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 53 zimbabwe GPE economy-7725 50 54 113 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 55 israel GPE economy-7725 50 56 114 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 57 mexico GPE economy-7725 50 58 1.14 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 59 angola 116 ORG economy-7725 50 60 thailand GPE economy-7725 50 61 23 1.12 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 62 libya GPE economy-7725 50 63 119 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 64 24 1.06 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 65 mozambique GPE economy-7725 50 66 120 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 67 25 1.02 MONEY economy-7725 50 68 ghana GPE economy-7725 50 69 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 70 133 CARDINAL economy-7725 50 71 massachusetts institute of technology ORG economy-7725 53 1 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 54 1 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 54 2 african NORP economy-7725 55 1 1990 DATE economy-7725 58 1 2002 DATE economy-7725 59 1 african NORP economy-7725 59 2 the last two decades DATE economy-7725 60 1 nigeria GPE economy-7725 60 2 eze, & ugwuoke ORG economy-7725 60 3 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 60 4 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 61 1 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 61 2 african NORP economy-7725 62 1 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 62 2 2002 DATE economy-7725 62 3 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 63 1 nigeria GPE economy-7725 64 1 0.209 -0.464 -0.292 QUANTITY economy-7725 64 2 1.820 1.542 0.793 1.604 MONEY economy-7725 64 3 1.663 CARDINAL economy-7725 64 4 1.394 CARDINAL economy-7725 64 5 1.388 CARDINAL economy-7725 64 6 1.525 MONEY economy-7725 64 7 1.111 CARDINAL economy-7725 64 8 brazil GPE economy-7725 67 1 0.016 CARDINAL economy-7725 67 2 0.447 CARDINAL economy-7725 67 3 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 68 1 nigeria GPE economy-7725 68 2 africa LOC economy-7725 68 3 china GPE economy-7725 68 4 asia LOC economy-7725 68 5 germany GPE economy-7725 68 6 europe LOC economy-7725 68 7 north america LOC economy-7725 68 8 brazil GPE economy-7725 68 9 south america LOC economy-7725 69 1 world bank ORG economy-7725 69 2 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 70 1 two CARDINAL economy-7725 72 1 africa LOC economy-7725 73 1 first ORDINAL economy-7725 73 2 africa LOC economy-7725 74 1 second ORDINAL economy-7725 74 2 2025 DATE economy-7725 74 3 12(2 DATE economy-7725 74 4 165 CARDINAL economy-7725 74 5 174 168 CARDINAL economy-7725 74 6 2025 CARDINAL economy-7725 74 7 asian online journal publishing group international ORG economy-7725 74 8 africa LOC economy-7725 75 1 section 3 LAW economy-7725 75 2 section 4 LAW economy-7725 75 3 section 5 LAW economy-7725 75 4 section 6 DATE economy-7725 76 1 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 76 2 2.1 CARDINAL economy-7725 79 1 linder GPE economy-7725 79 2 1961 DATE economy-7725 83 1 1948 DATE economy-7725 86 1 goodman ORG economy-7725 86 2 2000 DATE economy-7725 86 3 fitzenberger & kurz ORG economy-7725 86 4 2003 DATE economy-7725 86 5 1994 DATE economy-7725 87 1 howitt PERSON economy-7725 87 2 1992 DATE economy-7725 89 1 howitt PERSON economy-7725 89 2 1992 DATE economy-7725 92 1 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 92 2 fatai, agboola ORG economy-7725 92 3 ozturk GPE economy-7725 92 4 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 93 1 ajzen PERSON economy-7725 93 2 1991 DATE economy-7725 95 1 four CARDINAL economy-7725 98 1 2.2 CARDINAL economy-7725 101 1 2.2.1 CARDINAL economy-7725 101 2 africa LOC economy-7725 101 3 nchofoung GPE economy-7725 101 4 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 102 1 jiya PERSON economy-7725 102 2 2020 DATE economy-7725 103 1 africa LOC economy-7725 104 1 ho PERSON economy-7725 104 2 iyke PERSON economy-7725 104 3 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 104 4 three CARDINAL economy-7725 105 1 africa LOC economy-7725 105 2 43 CARDINAL economy-7725 107 1 africa LOC economy-7725 108 1 shao PERSON economy-7725 108 2 razzaq PERSON economy-7725 108 3 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 110 1 nkemgha et ORG economy-7725 112 1 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 112 2 africa LOC economy-7725 113 1 33 CARDINAL economy-7725 113 2 africa LOC economy-7725 115 1 li PERSON economy-7725 115 2 zhao PERSON economy-7725 115 3 2010 DATE economy-7725 115 4 china GPE economy-7725 115 5 china GPE economy-7725 117 1 ajah PERSON economy-7725 117 2 2025 DATE economy-7725 117 3 africa LOC economy-7725 119 1 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 119 2 africa LOC economy-7725 120 1 africa LOC economy-7725 121 1 al ORG economy-7725 122 1 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 124 1 al ORG economy-7725 125 1 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 125 2 africa LOC economy-7725 126 1 2025 DATE economy-7725 126 2 12(2 DATE economy-7725 126 3 165 CARDINAL economy-7725 126 4 2025 CARDINAL economy-7725 126 5 asian online journal publishing group ORG economy-7725 126 6 nkemgha et al GPE economy-7725 126 7 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 126 8 shao PERSON economy-7725 126 9 razzaq PERSON economy-7725 126 10 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 128 1 2011โ€“2020 CARDINAL economy-7725 128 2 31 CARDINAL economy-7725 128 3 african NORP economy-7725 130 1 3 CARDINAL economy-7725 130 2 3.1 CARDINAL economy-7725 131 1 africa LOC economy-7725 132 1 africa LOC economy-7725 132 2 2011 DATE economy-7725 132 3 2020 DATE economy-7725 133 1 algeria GPE economy-7725 133 2 botswana GPE economy-7725 133 3 angola GPE economy-7725 133 4 cameroon GPE economy-7725 133 5 chad GPE economy-7725 133 6 burkina GPE economy-7725 133 7 faso GPE economy-7725 133 8 the republic of congo GPE economy-7725 133 9 the democratic republic GPE economy-7725 133 10 congo GPE economy-7725 133 11 egypt GPE economy-7725 133 12 ethiopia GPE economy-7725 133 13 cรดte d'ivoire ORG economy-7725 133 14 guinea GPE economy-7725 133 15 kenya GPE economy-7725 133 16 gabon GPE economy-7725 133 17 ghana GPE economy-7725 133 18 madagascar GPE economy-7725 133 19 mali GPE economy-7725 133 20 namibia GPE economy-7725 133 21 mozambique GPE economy-7725 133 22 nigeria GPE economy-7725 133 23 niger, south africa GPE economy-7725 133 24 senegal GPE economy-7725 133 25 tanzania GPE economy-7725 133 26 sudan GPE economy-7725 133 27 tunisia GPE economy-7725 133 28 togo GPE economy-7725 133 29 zambia GPE economy-7725 133 30 uganda GPE economy-7725 133 31 zimbabwe GPE economy-7725 134 1 appendix 1 PERSON economy-7725 135 1 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 135 2 3 CARDINAL economy-7725 136 1 african NORP economy-7725 137 1 0.4042 CARDINAL economy-7725 137 2 african NORP economy-7725 138 1 african NORP economy-7725 143 1 3.2 CARDINAL economy-7725 143 2 africa LOC economy-7725 143 3 kang-kook PERSON economy-7725 143 4 2020 DATE economy-7725 143 5 kaguendo GPE economy-7725 143 6 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 144 1 ๐ธ๐ถ๐ผ ORG economy-7725 144 2 = ๐‘“(๐‘‡๐‘‚๐‘… PERSON economy-7725 144 3 ๐‘‡๐‘…๐ท ORG economy-7725 144 4 ๐ผ๐‘๐‘†๐‘‡ ORG economy-7725 144 5 1 CARDINAL economy-7725 144 6 ๐‘‡๐‘‚๐‘… ORG economy-7725 144 7 ๐ผ๐‘๐‘†๐‘‡ ORG economy-7725 145 1 1 CARDINAL economy-7725 146 1 ๐ธ๐ถ๐ผ๐‘–๐‘ก ORG economy-7725 146 2 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 146 3 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 150 1 ketu PERSON economy-7725 150 2 kelly PERSON economy-7725 150 3 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 150 4 ndjakwa GPE economy-7725 150 5 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 151 1 3.3 CARDINAL economy-7725 151 2 gmm ORG economy-7725 151 3 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 153 1 african NORP economy-7725 153 2 from 2011 DATE economy-7725 153 3 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 154 1 arellano & bover ORG economy-7725 154 2 1995 DATE economy-7725 154 3 blundell & bond ORG economy-7725 154 4 1998 DATE economy-7725 156 1 2005 DATE economy-7725 156 2 first ORDINAL economy-7725 157 1 2002 DATE economy-7725 157 2 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 158 1 2002 DATE economy-7725 158 2 appendix 4 FAC economy-7725 160 1 african NORP economy-7725 161 1 the african union GPE economy-7725 162 1 de hoyos PERSON economy-7725 162 2 2006 DATE economy-7725 163 1 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 163 2 1995 DATE economy-7725 163 3 friedman ( ORG economy-7725 163 4 1937 DATE economy-7725 164 1 appendix 5 LAW economy-7725 167 1 second ORDINAL economy-7725 167 2 3 CARDINAL economy-7725 168 1 hansen PERSON economy-7725 168 2 1982 DATE economy-7725 169 1 2025 DATE economy-7725 169 2 12(2 DATE economy-7725 169 3 165 CARDINAL economy-7725 169 4 174 170 CARDINAL economy-7725 169 5 2025 CARDINAL economy-7725 169 6 asian online journal publishing group ORG economy-7725 170 1 3 CARDINAL economy-7725 171 1 4 CARDINAL economy-7725 171 2 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 171 3 3 CARDINAL economy-7725 171 4 six CARDINAL economy-7725 173 1 2025 DATE economy-7725 173 2 al ORG economy-7725 173 3 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 174 1 3 CARDINAL economy-7725 174 2 africa LOC economy-7725 175 1 africa LOC economy-7725 177 1 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 177 2 lesotho ORG economy-7725 178 1 africa LOC economy-7725 179 1 africa LOC economy-7725 181 1 2025 DATE economy-7725 181 2 al ORG economy-7725 182 1 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 182 2 africa LOC economy-7725 183 1 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 183 2 khan GPE economy-7725 183 3 khan GPE economy-7725 183 4 abdulahi GPE economy-7725 183 5 liaqat GPE economy-7725 183 6 2019 DATE economy-7725 184 1 african NORP economy-7725 185 1 appendix 2 FAC economy-7725 187 1 africa LOC economy-7725 188 1 lo turco PERSON economy-7725 188 2 2018 DATE economy-7725 188 3 njangang GPE economy-7725 188 4 tadadjeu GPE economy-7725 188 5 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 188 6 al ORG economy-7725 189 1 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 193 1 romero PERSON economy-7725 193 2 gramkow PERSON economy-7725 193 3 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 194 1 african NORP economy-7725 195 1 3 CARDINAL economy-7725 195 2 africa LOC economy-7725 200 1 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 200 2 gรณmez-zaldรญvar PERSON economy-7725 200 3 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 200 4 khan GPE economy-7725 200 5 bibi PERSON economy-7725 200 6 babar PERSON economy-7725 200 7 2020 DATE economy-7725 200 8 franco PERSON economy-7725 200 9 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 202 1 3 CARDINAL economy-7725 202 2 5% PERCENT economy-7725 203 1 africa LOC economy-7725 204 1 butler ORG economy-7725 204 2 2011 DATE economy-7725 204 3 quattrociocchi GPE economy-7725 204 4 mercuri GPE economy-7725 204 5 calabrese NORP economy-7725 204 6 2017 CARDINAL economy-7725 204 7 greece GPE economy-7725 204 8 europe LOC economy-7725 205 1 african NORP economy-7725 207 1 african NORP economy-7725 209 1 africa LOC economy-7725 209 2 africa LOC economy-7725 210 1 2025 DATE economy-7725 210 2 12(2 DATE economy-7725 210 3 165 CARDINAL economy-7725 210 4 2025 CARDINAL economy-7725 210 5 asian online journal publishing group ORG economy-7725 210 6 3 CARDINAL economy-7725 211 1 1 CARDINAL economy-7725 211 2 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 211 3 3 CARDINAL economy-7725 211 4 4 CARDINAL economy-7725 211 5 5 CARDINAL economy-7725 211 6 6 eci l1 PERSON economy-7725 212 1 0.978 CARDINAL economy-7725 212 2 0.972 CARDINAL economy-7725 213 1 0.962 CARDINAL economy-7725 214 1 1.011 CARDINAL economy-7725 214 2 0.957 CARDINAL economy-7725 214 3 0.990 CARDINAL economy-7725 214 4 0.002 CARDINAL economy-7725 214 5 0.006 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 1 0.017 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 2 0.008 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 3 0.002 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 4 0.002 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 5 0.127 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 6 0.002 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 7 0.134 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 8 0.002 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 9 0.108 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 10 0.011 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 11 0.132 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 12 0.002 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 13 0.124 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 14 0.002 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 15 infs 0.095 PERSON economy-7725 215 16 0.008 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 17 0.082 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 18 0.014 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 19 0.090 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 20 0.010 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 21 0.105 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 22 0.016 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 23 0.104 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 24 0.001 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 25 0.077 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 26 0.093 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 27 0.017 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 28 0.361 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 29 0.002 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 30 0.306 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 31 0.008 CARDINAL economy-7725 215 32 0.304 CARDINAL economy-7725 216 1 0.023 CARDINAL economy-7725 216 2 0.279 CARDINAL economy-7725 216 3 0.009 CARDINAL economy-7725 216 4 0.006 CARDINAL economy-7725 216 5 ge ORG economy-7725 217 1 0.269 CARDINAL economy-7725 217 2 0.814 CARDINAL economy-7725 217 3 vc PERSON economy-7725 217 4 0.997 CARDINAL economy-7725 218 1 0.003 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 1 0.086 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 2 0.613 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 3 0.845 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 4 0.393 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 5 0.030 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 6 0.158 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 7 0.300 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 8 310 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 9 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 10 0.212 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 11 27 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 12 27 CARDINAL economy-7725 219 13 27 CARDINAL economy-7725 220 1 0.10 CARDINAL economy-7725 222 1 0.05 CARDINAL economy-7725 224 1 0.01 CARDINAL economy-7725 225 1 ge ORG economy-7725 225 2 vc PERSON economy-7725 226 1 5 CARDINAL economy-7725 227 1 africa LOC economy-7725 228 1 africa LOC economy-7725 229 1 africa LOC economy-7725 230 1 africa LOC economy-7725 231 1 the african union GPE economy-7725 233 1 the african union ORG economy-7725 233 2 african NORP economy-7725 234 1 africa LOC economy-7725 235 1 african NORP economy-7725 236 1 african NORP economy-7725 237 1 the african union ORG economy-7725 238 1 african NORP economy-7725 239 1 abbasi PERSON economy-7725 239 2 k. r. PERSON economy-7725 239 3 m., & shaikh ORG economy-7725 239 4 p. a. PERSON economy-7725 240 1 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 242 1 28(48 CARDINAL economy-7725 242 2 68717-68731 DATE economy-7725 243 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15312-4 acemoglu PERSON economy-7725 243 2 d. NORP economy-7725 243 3 f. a. PERSON economy-7725 243 4 j. a. PERSON economy-7725 243 5 2014 DATE economy-7725 245 1 annual DATE economy-7725 245 2 6(1 CARDINAL economy-7725 245 3 875912 DATE economy-7725 246 1 1992 DATE economy-7725 248 1 econometrica PERSON economy-7725 248 2 323โ€“351 CARDINAL economy-7725 249 1 ajzen PERSON economy-7725 249 2 i. PERSON economy-7725 249 3 1991 DATE economy-7725 251 1 179-211 CARDINAL economy-7725 252 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t antonietti PERSON economy-7725 252 2 r., & franco ORG economy-7725 252 3 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 253 1 granger PERSON economy-7725 254 1 56 CARDINAL economy-7725 254 2 225 CARDINAL economy-7725 255 1 arellano PERSON economy-7725 255 2 m., & bover ORG economy-7725 255 3 1995 DATE economy-7725 257 1 econometrics ORG economy-7725 257 2 68(1 CARDINAL economy-7725 257 3 29 CARDINAL economy-7725 258 1 2025 DATE economy-7725 258 2 12(2 DATE economy-7725 258 3 165 CARDINAL economy-7725 258 4 2025 CARDINAL economy-7725 258 5 asian online journal publishing group ORG economy-7725 258 6 blundell ORG economy-7725 258 7 r., & bond ORG economy-7725 258 8 s. PERSON economy-7725 258 9 1998 DATE economy-7725 260 1 87(1 DATE economy-7725 260 2 115143 DATE economy-7725 261 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00009-8 blundell ORG economy-7725 261 2 r. NORP economy-7725 261 3 l. PERSON economy-7725 261 4 goodman ORG economy-7725 261 5 a., & reed ORG economy-7725 261 6 2000 DATE economy-7725 262 1 britain GPE economy-7725 262 2 british NORP economy-7725 263 1 110(461 CARDINAL economy-7725 263 2 82 CARDINAL economy-7725 264 1 s. r. PERSON economy-7725 264 2 2002 DATE economy-7725 266 1 portuguese NORP economy-7725 266 2 1(2 CARDINAL economy-7725 266 3 141 CARDINAL economy-7725 267 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-002-0009-9 de hoyos PERSON economy-7725 267 2 r. e. PERSON economy-7725 267 3 2006 DATE economy-7725 269 1 6(4 CARDINAL economy-7725 269 2 482 CARDINAL economy-7725 270 1 b. PERSON economy-7725 270 2 d., & nasir ORG economy-7725 270 3 m. a. PERSON economy-7725 270 4 2020 DATE economy-7725 271 1 european NORP economy-7725 272 1 273 CARDINAL economy-7725 272 2 111146 DATE economy-7725 273 1 w. PERSON economy-7725 273 2 2002 DATE economy-7725 275 1 two decades DATE economy-7725 276 1 1677-1696 CARDINAL economy-7725 277 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(02)00073-6 emeka PERSON economy-7725 277 2 e. t. PERSON economy-7725 277 3 ajah, a. c., & asongu ORG economy-7725 277 4 s. a. PERSON economy-7725 277 5 2025 DATE economy-7725 278 1 africa LOC economy-7725 279 1 the journal of international trade & economic development ORG economy-7725 279 2 34(7 CARDINAL economy-7725 279 3 1656-1678 CARDINAL economy-7725 280 1 i. PERSON economy-7725 280 2 butler GPE economy-7725 280 3 r. w. PERSON economy-7725 280 4 e. (2011 ORG economy-7725 282 1 38(3 CARDINAL economy-7725 282 2 1110 CARDINAL economy-7725 283 1 a. f., PERSON economy-7725 283 2 agboola ORG economy-7725 283 3 ozturk PERSON economy-7725 283 4 i. PERSON economy-7725 283 5 f. v., PERSON economy-7725 283 6 & agboola ORG economy-7725 283 7 m. o. 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GPE economy-7725 329 3 bibi PERSON economy-7725 329 4 s. PERSON economy-7725 329 5 a. PERSON economy-7725 329 6 lyu, PERSON economy-7725 329 7 j., & babar ORG economy-7725 329 8 z. u. PERSON economy-7725 329 9 2020 DATE economy-7725 331 1 12(4 CARDINAL economy-7725 331 2 1618 DATE economy-7725 332 1 khan GPE economy-7725 332 2 m. a. PERSON economy-7725 332 3 khan GPE economy-7725 332 4 m. a. PERSON economy-7725 332 5 abdulahi GPE economy-7725 332 6 m. e. PERSON economy-7725 332 7 liaqat GPE economy-7725 332 8 i., & shah ORG economy-7725 332 9 s. s. h. PERSON economy-7725 332 10 2019 DATE economy-7725 333 1 the united states perspective GPE economy-7725 334 1 multinational financial management ORG economy-7725 334 2 49 DATE economy-7725 334 3 67 CARDINAL economy-7725 335 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2019.01.001 lee PERSON economy-7725 335 2 c. c. PERSON economy-7725 335 3 b. a. PERSON economy-7725 335 4 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 337 1 31(2 CARDINAL economy-7725 337 2 976 CARDINAL economy-7725 338 1 linder GPE economy-7725 338 2 s. b. PERSON economy-7725 338 3 1961 DATE economy-7725 340 1 uppsala GPE economy-7725 340 2 almqvist & wiksell ORG economy-7725 341 1 a. PERSON economy-7725 341 2 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 343 1 51(8 CARDINAL economy-7725 343 2 103948 DATE economy-7725 344 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103948 nchofoung PERSON economy-7725 344 2 t. n., & asongu ORG economy-7725 344 3 s. a. PERSON economy-7725 344 4 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 345 1 africa LOC economy-7725 346 1 189 CARDINAL economy-7725 346 2 152 CARDINAL economy-7725 347 1 nchofoung GPE economy-7725 347 2 t. n. GPE economy-7725 347 3 s. a. PERSON economy-7725 347 4 njamen kengdo PERSON economy-7725 347 5 a. a. PERSON economy-7725 347 6 e. d. PERSON economy-7725 347 7 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 348 1 linear ORG economy-7725 348 2 africa LOC economy-7725 349 1 african NORP economy-7725 349 2 34(1 CARDINAL economy-7725 349 3 81-96 DATE economy-7725 350 1 s. m. PERSON economy-7725 350 2 kaguendo GPE economy-7725 350 3 u. v. e., & noumba PERSON economy-7725 350 4 i. PERSON economy-7725 350 5 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 351 1 africa LOC economy-7725 352 1 168 CARDINAL economy-7725 352 2 113129 DATE economy-7725 353 1 njangang GPE economy-7725 353 2 h. GPE economy-7725 353 3 a. PERSON economy-7725 353 4 tadadjeu GPE economy-7725 353 5 s., & kamguia ORG economy-7725 353 6 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 356 1 46(2 CARDINAL economy-7725 356 2 102246 DATE economy-7725 357 1 g. z. PERSON economy-7725 357 2 nchofoung GPE economy-7725 357 3 t. n. GPE economy-7725 357 4 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 358 1 africa LOC economy-7725 359 1 132 CARDINAL economy-7725 359 2 104108 DATE economy-7725 360 1 1990 DATE economy-7725 362 1 cambridge GPE economy-7725 362 2 ma: harvard university press ORG economy-7725 363 1 nwosu ORG economy-7725 363 2 e. o. PERSON economy-7725 363 3 a. PERSON economy-7725 363 4 2018 DATE economy-7725 364 1 nigerian NORP economy-7725 365 1 international journal of development issues ORG economy-7725 365 2 17(3 CARDINAL economy-7725 365 3 266 CARDINAL economy-7725 366 1 https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-06-2017-0113 nwosu PERSON economy-7725 366 2 e. o., & orji ORG economy-7725 366 3 a. PERSON economy-7725 366 4 2016 CARDINAL economy-7725 367 1 nigeria GPE economy-7725 368 1 argumenta oeconomica PERSON economy-7725 368 2 1(36 CARDINAL economy-7725 368 3 191โ€“224 CARDINAL economy-7725 369 1 o. e. PERSON economy-7725 369 2 j. e. PERSON economy-7725 369 3 eze ORG economy-7725 369 4 a. a. PERSON economy-7725 369 5 w. o. PERSON economy-7725 369 6 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 370 1 africa LOC economy-7725 371 1 457 CARDINAL economy-7725 371 2 j. e. PERSON economy-7725 371 3 e. t. PERSON economy-7725 371 4 a., & onuigbo ORG economy-7725 371 5 f. n. PERSON economy-7725 371 6 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 372 1 africa LOC economy-7725 373 1 26(4 CARDINAL economy-7725 373 2 348 CARDINAL economy-7725 374 1 o. i. PERSON economy-7725 374 2 2023 CARDINAL economy-7725 375 1 nigeria GPE economy-7725 376 1 international journal of economics ORG economy-7725 376 2 50-63 CARDINAL economy-7725 377 1 o. i. PERSON economy-7725 377 2 obodoechi GPE economy-7725 377 3 d. n., & ugwu ORG economy-7725 377 4 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 378 1 nigeria GPE economy-7725 379 1 19(3 DATE economy-7725 379 2 249โ€“267 CARDINAL economy-7725 380 1 m. h. PERSON economy-7725 380 2 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 382 1 60(1 CARDINAL economy-7725 382 2 13-50 CARDINAL economy-7725 383 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01875-7 PERSON economy-7725 385 1 https://doi.org/10.1108/jed-11-2022-0231 GPE economy-7725 386 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.103948 PERSON economy-7725 386 2 2025 DATE economy-7725 386 3 12(2 DATE economy-7725 386 4 165 CARDINAL economy-7725 386 5 174 173 CARDINAL economy-7725 386 6 2025 CARDINAL economy-7725 386 7 asian online journal publishing group ORG economy-7725 386 8 1994 DATE economy-7725 388 1 22(9 CARDINAL economy-7725 388 2 1325-1343 CARDINAL economy-7725 389 1 quattrociocchi GPE economy-7725 389 2 b. GPE economy-7725 389 3 mercuri GPE economy-7725 389 4 calabrese NORP economy-7725 389 5 m., & perano ORG economy-7725 389 6 2017 CARDINAL economy-7725 391 1 7(1 CARDINAL economy-7725 391 2 62 CARDINAL economy-7725 392 1 j. p., & gramkow PERSON economy-7725 392 2 c. PERSON economy-7725 392 3 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 394 1 139 CARDINAL economy-7725 394 2 105317 DATE economy-7725 395 1 samuelson ORG economy-7725 395 2 p. a. PERSON economy-7725 395 3 1948 DATE economy-7725 397 1 58(230 CARDINAL economy-7725 397 2 163 CARDINAL economy-7725 397 3 https://doi.org/10.2307/2225933 shao PERSON economy-7725 397 4 s., & razzaq, a. ORG economy-7725 397 5 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 399 1 79 CARDINAL economy-7725 399 2 103034 DATE economy-7725 400 1 2019 DATE economy-7725 402 1 40 years DATE economy-7725 403 1 115, 7893 DATE economy-7725 404 1 t. v. PERSON economy-7725 404 2 2020 DATE economy-7725 406 1 social science & medicine ORG economy-7725 406 2 265 CARDINAL economy-7725 406 3 113480 DATE economy-7725 407 1 t. v. PERSON economy-7725 407 2 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 410 1 63(3 CARDINAL economy-7725 410 2 1571-1604 DATE economy-7725 411 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-021-02175-4 windmeijer ORG economy-7725 411 2 f. PERSON economy-7725 411 3 2005 DATE economy-7725 412 1 linear ORG economy-7725 412 2 two CARDINAL economy-7725 412 3 gmm ORG economy-7725 413 1 126(1 CARDINAL economy-7725 413 2 25 CARDINAL economy-7725 415 1 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 416 1 2022 CARDINAL economy-7725 417 1 washington GPE economy-7725 418 1 a. y., & yalta PERSON economy-7725 418 2 2021 CARDINAL economy-7725 420 1 6(1 CARDINAL economy-7725 420 2 516 CARDINAL economy-7725 421 1 s., & li ORG economy-7725 421 2 r. PERSON economy-7725 421 3 2016 DATE economy-7725 423 1 applied economics ORG economy-7725 423 2 3815-3828 CARDINAL economy-7725 424 1 appendix 1 PRODUCT economy-7725 426 1 eci PRODUCT economy-7725 427 1 massachusetts institute of technology ORG economy-7725 428 1 infs africa ORG economy-7725 428 2 african development bank ORG economy-7725 428 3 africa LOC economy-7725 428 4 ge government effectiveness ORG economy-7725 428 5 wgi ORG economy-7725 428 6 https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/worldwide -governance-indicators LOC economy-7725 428 7 vc PERSON economy-7725 428 8 wgi ORG economy-7725 428 9 https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/worldwide -governance-indicators LOC economy-7725 428 10 wgi ORG economy-7725 428 11 https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/worldwide -governance- LOC economy-7725 428 12 wgi ORG economy-7725 428 13 https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/worldwide -governance-indicators LOC economy-7725 428 14 wgi ORG economy-7725 428 15 https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/worldwide -governance- LOC economy-7725 428 16 wgi ORG economy-7725 428 17 https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/worldwide -governance-indicators LOC economy-7725 428 18 appendix 2. PERSON economy-7725 431 1 eci 310 PERSON economy-7725 431 2 0.515 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 3 0.390 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 4 310 1.835 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 5 2.982 1.040 1.510 QUANTITY economy-7725 431 6 310 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 7 310 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 8 310 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 9 3.909 0.389 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 10 310 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 11 0.532 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 12 0.966 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 13 ge ORG economy-7725 431 14 310 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 15 0.495 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 16 0.497 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 17 0.777 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 18 1.104 rq QUANTITY economy-7725 431 19 310 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 20 0.512 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 21 310 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 22 0.512 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 23 0.601 vc 310 QUANTITY economy-7725 431 24 0.632 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 25 0.688 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 26 https://infrastructureafrica.opendataforafrica.org/rscznob/africa-infrastructure-development-index-aidi GPE economy-7725 431 27 https://infrastructureafrica.opendataforafrica.org/rscznob/africa-infrastructure-development-index-aidi GPE economy-7725 431 28 2025 DATE economy-7725 431 29 12(2 DATE economy-7725 431 30 165 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 31 2025 CARDINAL economy-7725 431 32 asian online journal publishing ORG economy-7725 431 33 appendix 3 PRODUCT economy-7725 432 1 eci tor PERSON economy-7725 432 2 infs trd PERSON economy-7725 432 3 vc polst eci 1.0000 PERSON economy-7725 432 4 1.0000 infs QUANTITY economy-7725 432 5 0.4017 CARDINAL economy-7725 432 6 0.4001 ORG economy-7725 432 7 0.0310 0.5235 CARDINAL economy-7725 432 8 0.5392 CARDINAL economy-7725 433 1 0.6837 CARDINAL economy-7725 434 1 0.6802 -0.1105 -0.2150 0.5445 MONEY economy-7725 434 2 0.3172 CARDINAL economy-7725 435 1 0.0424 MONEY economy-7725 435 2 0.5679 CARDINAL economy-7725 436 1 0.3579 CARDINAL economy-7725 436 2 1.0000 MONEY economy-7725 436 3 0.4182 CARDINAL economy-7725 436 4 0.3446 0.0614 MONEY economy-7725 436 5 1.0000 MONEY economy-7725 436 6 4 CARDINAL economy-7725 437 1 2002 DATE economy-7725 437 2 gmm ORG economy-7725 438 1 eci l1.(bond1 PERSON economy-7725 439 1 eci l1.(bond2 PERSON economy-7725 439 2 eci l1.(bond3 PERSON economy-7725 439 3 eci l1.(bond4 PERSON economy-7725 440 1 eci l1.(bond5 PERSON economy-7725 441 1 0.458 CARDINAL economy-7725 441 2 0.469 CARDINAL economy-7725 441 3 1.106 CARDINAL economy-7725 441 4 0.895 CARDINAL economy-7725 441 5 0.867 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 1 0.880 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 2 0.901 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 3 0.899 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 4 first ORDINAL economy-7725 442 5 0.310 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 6 0.307 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 7 0.335 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 8 0.341 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 9 second ORDINAL economy-7725 442 10 1.070 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 11 1.043 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 12 1.108 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 13 1.055 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 14 1.106 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 15 1.060 CARDINAL economy-7725 442 16 six CARDINAL economy-7725 443 1 0.01 CARDINAL economy-7725 443 2 1% PERCENT economy-7725 443 3 appendix 5 LAW economy-7725 444 1 1 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 2 2 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 3 3 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 4 4 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 5 5 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 6 vc PERSON economy-7725 444 7 6 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 8 1.648 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 9 0.331 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 10 1.653 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 11 0.331 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 12 1.667 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 13 0.329 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 14 1.619 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 15 0.329 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 16 1.644 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 17 0.328 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 18 1.621 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 19 0.332 ORG economy-7725 444 20 pesaran ORG economy-7725 444 21 1.146 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 22 0.314 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 23 1.142 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 24 0.316 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 25 1.128 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 26 0.316 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 27 1.224 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 28 0.315 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 29 1.144 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 30 0.314 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 31 1.088 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 32 0.314 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 33 friedman fe 1.000 ORG economy-7725 444 34 0.331 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 35 1.000 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 36 0.331 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 37 1.000 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 38 0.329 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 39 1.000 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 40 0.329 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 41 1.000 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 42 0.328 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 43 1.000 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 44 friedman ORG economy-7725 444 45 1.000 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 46 1.000 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 47 0.316 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 48 1.000 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 49 0.316 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 50 1.000 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 51 0.315 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 52 1.000 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 53 1.000 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 54 0.314 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 55 1.215 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 56 0.331 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 57 1.236 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 58 0.331 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 59 1.050 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 60 0.329 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 61 1.042 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 62 0.329 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 63 1.063 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 64 0.328 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 65 1.186 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 66 0.102 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 67 0.316 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 68 0.121 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 69 0.316 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 70 0.039 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 71 0.315 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 72 0.103 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 73 0.314 CARDINAL economy-7725 444 74 six CARDINAL economy-7725 445 1 pesaran ORG economy-7725 445 2 friedman ORG economy-7725 448 1 asian NORP economy-7725 448 2 journal publishing group ORG