item: #1 of 97 id: economy-1000 author: ManieshiFonseka, Thiththalapitige Natasha title: Impact of Remuneration on Motivation: A Study of Acwell Engineering (PVT) LTD Sri Lanka date: 2019 words: 7337 flesch: 53 summary: Moreover the degree of association between remuneration methods and employee motivation is quiet low. At the same time Van Zyl et al. (2010) also proven that when the gaps between employee remuneration is regularly proliferating, then it would ultimately enhance the gap and convert the positive relationship between employees’ performance and remuneration into negatives. keywords: acwell; data; employees; engineering; ltd; methods; motivation; pvt; remuneration; remuneration methods; salary cache: economy-1000.pdf plain text: economy-1000.txt item: #2 of 97 id: economy-1001 author: Evans, Yeboah; Antwi, Agyeiwaah Vivian title: China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: How are Ghana Benefiting and its Issues on the Economy? date: 2019 words: 5410 flesch: 48 summary: Currently China has the highest number of foreign direct investment registered projects among the other investing nations in the Ghanaian economy. The authors examined the linked between China’s foreign direct investment and Ghana’s building and construction sector performance, by using the robust regression model and the outcome show that Chinese foreign direct investment in the building and construction sector of Ghana has a relevant positive effect on economic growth of Ghana as a result of a strong expansion of investors dauntless in Ghana’s economy. keywords: africa; china; chinese; countries; development; economy; fdi; foreign; ghana; investment; nations; projects cache: economy-1001.pdf plain text: economy-1001.txt item: #3 of 97 id: economy-1010 author: Aminu, Alarudeen; Ogunjimi, Joshua Adeyemi title: A Small Macroeconometric Model of Nigeria date: 2019 words: 13250 flesch: 53 summary: However, real GDP model, exchange rate model, oil export model, non-oil export model and oil import model are found not to be cointegrated because the values of their computed F-statistic are less than 5 percent, 1 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent and 10 percent level of significance respectively. Aggregate output equation Interest rate equation C 27.943437 C -212.010636 D(LHCAP) 0.059001** 0.187105** D(LM2) keywords: consumption; economy; exchange rate; export; gdp; interest rate; model; nigeria; oil; oil export; oil price; percent; percent increase; policy; rate; result; run; variables cache: economy-1010.pdf plain text: economy-1010.txt item: #4 of 97 id: economy-1030 author: Ameur, Ahmed Ameur; Ahssen, Djamila title: The Application of the Hassan Loan in Algeria: Social Experience and Solutions date: 2019 words: 7590 flesch: 53 summary: In addition, expatriates abroad can pay their Zakat on the basis of transferring the zakat to the National Fund of Zakat Fund by means of international transfer or any other, where it should include name, the national ID number of Zakat fund (10-4780) and Zakat amount in both letters and numbers. The Zakat Fund is organized and distributed to needy Muslims in Algeria. keywords: algeria; bank; funds; islamic; loan; ministry; money; national; projects; zakat al; zakat fund cache: economy-1030.pdf plain text: economy-1030.txt item: #5 of 97 id: economy-1137 author: Biyena, Debeli Chala; Beyene, Endegena Asmamaw title: Urban Poverty and its Determinants in Debre Markos City: A Household Level Analysis date: 2019 words: 8366 flesch: 59 summary: Abstract This study is aimed at examining the extent of urban household poverty using the FGT approach and the national poverty line as a reference. 74 References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 74 http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.20448/journal.502.2019.62.65.75&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2017-01-14 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ https://www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/Economy/article/view/1137 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5891-9250 https://www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/Economy/article/view/1137 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5891-9250 https://www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/Economy/article/view/1137 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5891-9250 Economy, 2019, 6(2): 65-75 66 © 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Contribution of this paper to the literature This study contributes to existing literature by examining the extent of urban household poverty using the FGT approach and the national poverty line as a reference. keywords: area; city; ethiopia; family; households; incidence; income; level; non; percent; poverty; status; study; total; water cache: economy-1137.pdf plain text: economy-1137.txt item: #6 of 97 id: economy-1154 author: Kasi, Bhartesh Ramprakash; Mahmood, Najdat title: Composition and Working of the Sharia Supervisory Boards in Bahrain’s Islamic Banks date: 2019 words: 5847 flesch: 42 summary: Sharia governance in Islamic banks: Effectiveness and supervision model. Keywords: Islamic banks, Islamic finance, Sharia board, Sharia supervisory board, Sharia scholar, Bahrain. keywords: banks; board; countries; finance; financial; governance; islamic; journal; members; sharia; ssb; study cache: economy-1154.pdf plain text: economy-1154.txt item: #7 of 97 id: economy-1236 author: Azouzi, Mohamed Ali title: Managerial Optimism Level, Board of Directors Efficiency and Debt Decision in Tunisian Companies date: 2020 words: 7693 flesch: 54 summary: More specifically, it examines the links between managerial optimism level, debt decision and board of director’s efficiency. In this article, we try to develop some testable predictions in order to give some logical answers, even partial answer for the following question: Can manager optimism affect board efficiency and debt decision? keywords: board; capital; ceo; choice; company; control; debt; decision; directors; journal; leader; level; optimism cache: economy-1236.pdf plain text: economy-1236.txt item: #8 of 97 id: economy-1530 author: Umar, Faruq title: Socio-Economic Implication of Political and Economic Participation of Women in Nigeria date: 2020 words: 7553 flesch: 50 summary: Keywords: Women empowerment, Insecurity, Endogenous growth model, ARDL technique, Juvenile Delinquencies. Meanwhile, there are already avalanche of literature on the factors responsible for the rising crime rate in Nigeria, none seems to be focusing on the rising trend of women empowerment (see (Adebayo, 2013; keywords: crime; development; economic; economy; empowerment; female; force; growth; journal; labour; level; nigeria; participation; study; women cache: economy-1530.pdf plain text: economy-1530.txt item: #9 of 97 id: economy-1545 author: Kalansooriya, C.W.; Gunasekara, W. G. V.; Jayarathne, P. G. S. A. title: Food Security in Urban Households: The Role of Women in an Asian Context date: 2020 words: 6154 flesch: 55 summary: Given this context, this study tries to analyse the role of urban women in assuring household food security by exploring the context of South Asia. Although women’s income contributes to a positive change in household food security, there is also a downside to this. keywords: education; female; food; food security; hdds; household; household food; income; level; security; sri; study; women cache: economy-1545.pdf plain text: economy-1545.txt item: #10 of 97 id: economy-1562 author: Igoni, Suoye; Ogiri, Itotenaan Henry title: Causality of Fiscal Policies and Per Capita Income Development: Evidence from the Nigerian Economy date: 2020 words: 4081 flesch: 49 summary: This serves as a regulatory agency with the responsibility to collaborate with the ministry of finance to maintain stable economic growth rate through the application of fiscal policies and improve per capita income of Nigerians. Fiscal policy is a vital instrument used by the government to influence and maintain a stable desired economic growth and development. keywords: capita; economy; expenditure; government; growth; income; nigeria; policy; study cache: economy-1562.pdf plain text: economy-1562.txt item: #11 of 97 id: economy-1580 author: Onyele, Kingsley Onyekachi; Ikwuagwu, Eberechi B.; Onyekachi-Onyele, Charity title: Macroeconomic Policies and Stock Market Liquidity: Evidence from Nigeria date: 2020 words: 8433 flesch: 48 summary: On the other hand, through the impact of fiscal policy instruments on components of monetary policy, especially the discount rate (monetary policy rate). Hence, given that fiscal policy according to Alade (2017) has three major components, that is, government collected tax revenue, public expenditures and government debt, while Ukeje (2012) also indicated that monetary policy is transmitted through the discount rate (monetary policy rate) as well as monetary authority’s prescriptions of cash reserve ratio and liquidity ratio of deposit money banks in Nigeria. keywords: government; journal; liquidity; long; market; policies; policy; rate; ratio; run; stock; stock market; turnover; variables cache: economy-1580.pdf plain text: economy-1580.txt item: #12 of 97 id: economy-1581 author: Dewan, Md. Nayem; Khan, Noor Muhammad; Rahman, PK. Md. Motiur title: Socioeconomic Status Measurement: An Analysis of Incorporation of Mixed Variables into Principal Component Approach date: 2020 words: 4060 flesch: 64 summary: They include: 1) non-poor: where household wealth condition remains above the poverty line for 5 years. 2) ascending poor: where household wealth condition was below the poverty line 5 years ago but is now above poverty. keywords: analysis; data; household; percent; poverty; study; transition; variables; wealth cache: economy-1581.pdf plain text: economy-1581.txt item: #13 of 97 id: economy-1604 author: Olayemi, Aransi, Waliyi title: Perceived Challenges and Strategies towards the Attainments of Sustainable Development Goal Three (SDG 3): Evidence from Irewole and Isokan Local Government Areas of Osun State, Nigeria date: 2020 words: 7497 flesch: 44 summary: Items Mean S.D Inadequate financial resources towards health care services 3.25 0.72 Weak personnel management capacity which usually leads to brain drain among health workers 2.89 0.67 Inadequate supervision and evaluation of the health programs or projects 1.50 0.19 Inadequate involvement of members of the community in the planning process and mobilization of the people towards health projects 3.76 0.88 Lack of adequate land space for building capital projects for health care delivery. 3.27 0.76 Provision of adequate land space for health projects. keywords: challenges; community; development; goals; government; health; implementation; journal; nigeria; programs; projects; research; respondents; study cache: economy-1604.pdf plain text: economy-1604.txt item: #14 of 97 id: economy-1615 author: Rex, Obiwuru Chidera title: The Performance of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) in the Fight against Corruption in Nigeria: A Critical Appraisal date: 2020 words: 4569 flesch: 51 summary: Nigeria‟s EFCC EFCC boss magu avoids question on Tinubu‟s Bullion Van. keywords: agency; commission; corruption; country; crimes; efcc; government; group; journal; nigeria; pulse.ng; scam cache: economy-1615.pdf plain text: economy-1615.txt item: #15 of 97 id: economy-1811 author: Nath, Smita title: An Analysis of the Relationship among Economic Growth, External Debt and Exports in India (1970-2018) date: 2020 words: 7337 flesch: 55 summary: Kaushik and Klein (2008) found a long term relationship among export growth, export instability, investment and economic growth in case of India during 1971-2005 and a unidirectional Granger causality running from real exports to real GDP. Export growth, export instability, investment and economic growth in India: keywords: countries; debt; economic; exports; gdp; granger; growth; journal; model; relationship; results; run cache: economy-1811.pdf plain text: economy-1811.txt item: #16 of 97 id: economy-1826 author: Ezekiel, Agbo,; Oshoke, Abu, Prince title: The Influence of Demographic Factors on Investment Behaviour of Individual Investors: A Case Study of Edo State, Nigeria date: 2020 words: 6861 flesch: 43 summary: Information on the nature of the relationship between demographic factors and individual investment behaviour will be of immense use to individual investors, financial experts, brokers and investment firms. Many studies on this aspect has judiciously made use of behavioural finance to analyze the behavioural pattern of investor’s behaviour and specifically generalized assertions based on the cognitive and heuristic factors that affect individual investment behaviour. keywords: behaviour; experience; factors; individual; influence; information; investment; investors; journal; level; respondents; risk; study cache: economy-1826.pdf plain text: economy-1826.txt item: #17 of 97 id: economy-1879 author: Duhu, Isiwu George; Chike, Azike Lawrence; Chukwuemeka, Ngwu Jerome title: Monetary Policy Changes and Inflationary Pressure in Nigeria date: 2020 words: 6739 flesch: 55 summary: Annual time series data on changes in inflation rate, broad money supply, net domestic credit, monetary policy rate, real GDP growth rate (real output) and exchange rate were collected from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin, 2018 issue. The study modeled inflation rate as a function of monetary policy rate (MPR), treasury bills rate (TBR), savings rate (SR), prime lending rate (PLR), maximum lending rate (MLR), growth of narrow money (M1), broad money (M2), net domestic credit (NDC), net credit to government (NCG) and credit to private sector (CPS). keywords: changes; impact; inflation; money; nigeria; output; period; policy; rate; run; supply; test cache: economy-1879.pdf plain text: economy-1879.txt item: #18 of 97 id: economy-1909 author: Peter, Sede,; Uzezi, Oghenerurie, Precious; Oshoke, Abu, Prince; Adesuwa, Eniye, Blessing title: HIV/Aids, Infant Mortality and Economic Growth: A Systematic Assessment of Their Causal Relationship in Nigeria date: 2020 words: 9450 flesch: 54 summary: Given the influences other economic variables have on HIV/AIDS, infant mortality and economic growth, we incorporated four variables in our analysis. Abstract Nigeria has the second largest HIV/AIDS burden in the world and this has been closely associated with adverse economic effects and in turn HIV/AIDS has hindered economic growth in the past decades. keywords: aids; capital; economy; error; growth; health; hiv; increase; infant; lhivpr; lu5; model; mortality; nigeria; study; variables cache: economy-1909.pdf plain text: economy-1909.txt item: #19 of 97 id: economy-1993 author: Veni, L. Krishna title: Inflow and Outflow of Foreign Direct Investments in BRICS Countries - An Analysis date: 2020 words: 4392 flesch: 56 summary: This paper analyses the impact of FDI outflows on the GDP of BRICS countries. Impact of FDI outflows on GDP of BRICS countries. keywords: brics; china; countries; fdi; india; inflow; study cache: economy-1993.pdf plain text: economy-1993.txt item: #20 of 97 id: economy-2282 author: Gerald, Banda; Garry, Simukoko; Patson, Tailoka Frank title: Effect of Load Shedding on Small Scale Entrepreneurs: A Case of Kitwe District of Zambia date: 2020 words: 4247 flesch: 63 summary: Keywords: Load shedding, Small scale entrepreneurs, Electricity, Economy, Analysis of Covariance, Zambia. (Load shedding has no effect on small scale entrepreneurs in Zambia). keywords: effect; entrepreneurs; load; scale; shedding; study; zambia cache: economy-2282.pdf plain text: economy-2282.txt item: #21 of 97 id: economy-2316 author: Ali, Shoaib; Naveed, Hafiz Muhammad; Khaliq, Abubakar title: Does an External Governance Framework Enhance the Performance of Pakistan's Banking Sectors? Foreign Ownership as Moderator date: 2020 words: 6857 flesch: 46 summary: Corporate governance has the function of offering an assurance that managers are working to boost the returns of shareholders. This study analysis defines the connotation of corporate governance and the performance of banking institutions. keywords: auditors; banking; banks; data; effect; governance; journal; model; ownership; pakistan; performance; pms; research; study; transparency cache: economy-2316.pdf plain text: economy-2316.txt item: #22 of 97 id: economy-2441 author: NWIKINA, Christian Gbarawae; GBARATO, Ledum Moses; MEEKOR, Joseph Jim title: The Nigeria’s Debt- Growth Nexus: A Blessing or Burden? date: 2020 words: 6209 flesch: 50 summary: Keywords: External debt, Domestic debt, Debt servicing, Nominal GDP, Nigeria. However, only domestic debt stock is efficient enough to spur economic activities, which suggests that prudent employment of domestic debt which is not affected by exchange rate is a strong catalyst for rapid increase in economic activities in Nigeria. keywords: activities; debt; economic; economy; gdp; growth; influence; journal; level; management; nigeria; study; test cache: economy-2441.pdf plain text: economy-2441.txt item: #23 of 97 id: economy-2537 author: Sienso, Gifty; Ishmael, ohammed; Lambongang, Munkaila title: Technical Efficiency of Sorghum Production in Garu District of the Upper East Region, Ghana date: 2021 words: 6958 flesch: 53 summary: Technical efficiency varied widely among sorghum farmers, ranging from 16.14% to 99.11% with a mean technical efficiency of 88.92%. The stochastic frontier production function was employed to estimate the skill of sorghum farmers to use the least possible quantity of inputs under a given technology to produce a greater level of output. keywords: access; coefficient; district; efficiency; extension; farmers; ghana; journal; level; production; size; sorghum; sorghum production; study cache: economy-2537.pdf plain text: economy-2537.txt item: #24 of 97 id: economy-3289 author: OKOLO, Chukwuemeka Valentine; OKOLO, Bartholomew Onyekachi; ANIKA, Nneka Nancy title: Nutrition for Pre-school Children in Africa and Asia: A Review Analysis on the Economic Impact of Children’s Malnutrition date: 2021 words: 5988 flesch: 53 summary: However, above and beyond mortality factors, the importance of health and diet to sustain child development and educational success is increasingly recognized (Bundy & Guyatt, 1996; van den Heuvel et al., 2013). In a 2017 survey, the costs of not growing child development in the form of mandatory pre-school and home visits are substantial and may minimize stunting to more than 10 per cent of GDP (Richter et al., 2017). keywords: africa; age; children; countries; development; growth; health; malnutrition; nutrition; overweight; pre; school; stunting; world cache: economy-3289.pdf plain text: economy-3289.txt item: #25 of 97 id: economy-3432 author: Mensah, Owusu Samuel; Jianlin, Chen; Chuambo, Fu; Qio, Hu title: Revisiting the Relationship between Poverty and Environmental Sustainability in Sub-Saharan African Countries using Dynamic Econometric Models date: 2021 words: 8766 flesch: 51 summary: This study assembles a collection of four sophisticated econometric models to determine the impact of poverty and other variables on two indicators of environmental sustainability. The study further discloses that poverty is one of the strongest factors that affect environmental sustainability. keywords: africa; countries; development; environment; growth; journal; pollution; poverty; quality; results; study; sub; sustainability; test; variables; world cache: economy-3432.pdf plain text: economy-3432.txt item: #26 of 97 id: economy-3522 author: Chile, Nzeh Innocent; Uzoechina, Benedict I; Eze, Millicent Adanne; Imoagwu, Chika P; Nwamaka, Ozoh Joan title: Does Terms of Trade Matter for Economic Growth? A Focus on Natural Resource-Rich Sub-Saharan African Countries date: 2021 words: 6946 flesch: 58 summary: Analyzing the terms of trade effect for Pakistan. Fixed effects model also assumes that those time- invariant features are unique to the individual entity and should not be correlated with other individual characteristics. keywords: countries; economic; effects; export; gdp; growth; model; period; results; study; terms; trade cache: economy-3522.pdf plain text: economy-3522.txt item: #27 of 97 id: economy-3575 author: Duru, Innocent U title: Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth: The Scenario of the MINT Economies date: 2021 words: 9362 flesch: 55 summary: Abstract This study investigated the impact of trade liberalization on economic growth for Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey from 1986 to 2020. The no causality results for Mexico and Indonesia means that the policy objectives of trade liberalization and economic growth can be pursued independently in both economies. keywords: economic; economies; growth; impact; indonesia; journal; mexico; mint; nigeria; openness; results; run; test; trade; trade liberalization; trade openness; turkey cache: economy-3575.pdf plain text: economy-3575.txt item: #28 of 97 id: economy-4016 author: Joseph, Dahunsi Olusola ; Rosemary, Soetan, Olufunmilayo title: Resource-Use Efficiency and Firm Performance in Nigeria’s Manufacturing Industry date: 2022 words: 6614 flesch: 40 summary: Technical efficiency of manufacturing firms in Cameroon: sources and determinants. Abstract The study investigated the existence of technical efficiency among manufacturing firms and examine its effects on firm performance in Nigeria using firm level data between 2001 and 2017. keywords: efficiency; firms; frontier; industry; level; manufacturing; nigeria; performance; production; stochastic; study; use cache: economy-4016.pdf plain text: economy-4016.txt item: #29 of 97 id: economy-4104 author: OSEI-GYEBI, Samuel title: Education and Livelihood in Ghana: Evidence from Instrumental Variable Analysis date: 2022 words: 7572 flesch: 54 summary: Second, we estimate the effect of education on the consumption expenditure of poor individuals in Ghana. The income and consumption of poor individuals were significantly lower than those who are better off. keywords: consumption; education; effect; expenditure; ghana; individuals; level; livelihood; poverty; schooling; status; variable cache: economy-4104.pdf plain text: economy-4104.txt item: #30 of 97 id: economy-4517 author: Edet, INIM Victor ; Abdulrazak, MOHAMMED; FRANK, Bassey Ime title: Fundamental factors and stock price volatility of listed banking firms in Nigeria date: 2023 words: 7649 flesch: 56 summary: This coefficient expresses how much of the entire fluctuation in bank share prices can be accounted for by the explanatory factors used. It becomes expedient to consider the interdependence between stock market prices and company fundamentals. keywords: banks; interest; market; nigeria; prices; return; roa; roe; share; stock; stock prices; study; variables cache: economy-4517.pdf plain text: economy-4517.txt item: #31 of 97 id: economy-4703 author: Sylvanus, Udoh Francis ; Edet, Inim Victor ; Lynda, Ityav, Doofan title: Foreign exchange fluctuations on the performance of agricultural export in Nigeria date: 2023 words: 6772 flesch: 49 summary: The F-statistic value of 3.793283, which is greater than the lower (I(0)) and upper bound (I(1)) critical values of 2.39 and 3.38, respectively, and also at the 5% significant level, revealed the existence of a co-integrating connection between foreign exchange rates and AGCU. Finally, the F-statistic value of 15.31406 is greater than the lower (I(0)) and upper bound (I(1)) critical values of 2.39 and 3.38 respectively at the 5% significant level, providing evidence of a co-integrating relationship between foreign exchange rates and AGVA. keywords: effect; exchange; exchange fluctuation; exchange rate; export; fluctuation; model; nigeria; performance; rate; study; test; value cache: economy-4703.pdf plain text: economy-4703.txt item: #32 of 97 id: economy-4983 author: Bari, Ahmed Ait ; Amzil, Mustapha ; Mazzaourou, Abdeljalil; Agouram, Jamal title: The structural transformation of territories and the climate governance of an urban area: The mediating role of human capital in adaptation processes date: 2023 words: 5699 flesch: 34 summary: This study addresses the question: Can territorial climate governance contribute to the structural transformation of Agadir city? Through our research, we have contributed to understanding the role of territorial climate governance and human capital in driving transformative processes in Agadir City. keywords: actors; agadir; capital; climate; climate governance; governance; model; research; study; territory; transformation cache: economy-4983.pdf plain text: economy-4983.txt item: #33 of 97 id: economy-5118 author: Agouram, Jamal ; Anoualigh, Jamaa; Bari, Ahmed Ait ; Amzil, Mustapha title: The fiscal theory of the price level: The case of Morocco date: 2023 words: 8398 flesch: 56 summary: When monetary policy determines fiscal policy, regardless of what the fiscal authority requests, the monetary authority sets its aim for money supply expansion for the current and future periods. In numerous countries, fiscal policy has taken precedence over monetary policy, leading central banks to frequently finance public sector deficits, including those arising from quasi-fiscal activities. keywords: authority; authors; debt; economic; economy; government; granger; inflation; journal; level; money; policy; price; price level; study; theory cache: economy-5118.pdf plain text: economy-5118.txt item: #34 of 97 id: economy-5274 author: Duru, Innocent Uchechukwu; Fortunatus, Okorontah Chikeziem ; Danjuma, Iyaji ; Nwamuo, Chukwuemeka; Promise, Uzoma Kelechi ; Favour, Ojo Toluwalashe title: Does public debt disrupt economic growth in Nigeria? A two-stage least squares approach date: 2023 words: 10745 flesch: 53 summary: 39 © 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Economy Vol. 10, No. 1, 39-49, 2023 ISSN(E) 2313-8181/ ISSN(P) 2518-0118 DOI: 10.20448/economy.v10i1.5274 © 2023 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Does public debt disrupt economic growth in Nigeria? The findings contradicted the debt overhang effect hypothesis by showing that public debt had a positive and significant influence on economic growth. keywords: countries; data; debt; economic; economy; effect; findings; gdp; government; government debt; growth; impact; investment; journal; model; nigeria; results; study cache: economy-5274.pdf plain text: economy-5274.txt item: #35 of 97 id: economy-545 author: Kim, Idoma; Isma’il, Muhammad title: Growing Demand for Biofuel and its Impact on Sustainable Rural Development in Nigeria date: 2014 words: 2652 flesch: 43 summary: Furthermore, bioenergy is regarded by some to be a potentially important contributor towards the economic development of rural areas, and a means of poverty alleviation via the generation of employment and incomes i.e. linking biofuel development directly or indirectly with multiple Millennium Development Goals (FAO, 2005b; Kammen, 2006). Ensuring environmentally, economically and socially sustainable biofuel production requires policy action in the following broad areas: • protecting the poor and food-insecurity; • taking advantage of opportunities for agricultural and rural development; • ensuring environmental sustainability; • reviewing existing biofuel policies; • making the international system supportive of sustainable biofuel development. keywords: bioenergy; biofuel; countries; development; energy; fao; food; production cache: economy-545.pdf plain text: economy-545.txt item: #36 of 97 id: economy-546 author: Mishra, P. K.; Mishra, S. K. title: Interest Rate Derivatives in India: Challenges and Opportunities date: 2014 words: 2181 flesch: 52 summary: The most important problem in Indian interest rate derivatives market is the predominance of homogeneous opinion of the participants that hold back liquidity particularly in the futures market. Thus, derivatives market now plays an important role in giving a proper shape and position to the risk management system while addressing different types of risk such as credit risk, operational risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, price risk, and foreign exchange risk, etc (Srivastava and Srivastava, 2010). keywords: derivatives; india; interest; market; rate; risk cache: economy-546.pdf plain text: economy-546.txt item: #37 of 97 id: economy-548 author: Isma’il, Muhammad; Idoma, Kim; Ibrahim, Idris Dabo; Muhammed, Zainab Dalhatu; Ahmed, Hadiza Tanimu; Maiwada, Amina; Musa, Inusa title: Economic Impact of Galma Irrigation Scheme on the Farming Community in Dakaci, Zaria Area of Nigeria date: 2014 words: 4611 flesch: 55 summary: Irrigation scheme is introduced for socioeconomic development of the community where it is based. While section ‘B’ had to do with the activities of the farmers in the irrigation scheme e.g. average crop yield before and after adoption of irrigation farming practices and other activities of farmers before and after adoption of irrigation scheme. keywords: area; farmers; farming; irrigation; irrigation scheme; respondents; scheme; study; water cache: economy-548.pdf plain text: economy-548.txt item: #38 of 97 id: economy-549 author: Aslam, Muhammad; Saeed, Arslan; Altaf, Saima title: Median Regression Analysis of Gender-wise Income Gap in Punjab, Pakistan date: 2014 words: 3499 flesch: 66 summary: The median of monthly income is found to be Rs. 6,000. In other words, 50% of the male workers with the above stated characteristics will have monthly income more than Rs. keywords: income; median; pakistan; person; punjab; quantile; regression cache: economy-549.pdf plain text: economy-549.txt item: #39 of 97 id: economy-550 author: Leightner, Jonathan E.; Inoue, Tomoo title: Political Instability and the Effectiveness of Economic Policies: The Case of Thailand from 1993-2013 date: 2014 words: 9454 flesch: 60 summary: Fortunately, Leightner (2015) has developed a regression procedure that produces unbiased estimates that capture the influence of omitted variables without having to identify, quantify, find proxies for, or model the influence of these important, but omitted variables. Keywords: Fiscal policy, Monetary policy, Trade policy, Thailand, Omitted variables. keywords: baht; data; dgdp; figure; leightner; quarter; reserves; slope; thailand; thaksin; variables cache: economy-550.pdf plain text: economy-550.txt item: #40 of 97 id: economy-551 author: DiPietro, William R. title: Basic Food and Health Security: A Cross Country Look date: 2014 words: 3731 flesch: 48 summary: The purpose of this paper is to consider some of the reasons that may account for differences in food security, health security, and general social security across countries. The fourth section presents, discusses, and analyzes the results of cross country regressions that look at food security, health security, and overall social security. keywords: democracy; development; food; index; level; needs; security; variables cache: economy-551.pdf plain text: economy-551.txt item: #41 of 97 id: economy-552 author: Ekor, Maxwell; Adeniyi, Oluwatosin; Saka, Jimoh title: The BRICS and Nigeria’s Economic Performance: A Trade Intensity Analysis date: 2014 words: 6821 flesch: 60 summary: The outcome of the vector autoregressive analysis indicated that Nigeria’s gross domestic product (GDP) reverts faster to equilibrium when there is a shock to exports to and imports from Brazil, as against Nigeria exports to and imports from the other BRICS countries. Economy ISSN: 2313-8181 Vol. 1, No. 2, 37-53, 2014 www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/Economy 37 The BRICS and Nigeria’s Economic Performance: A Trade Intensity Analysis Maxwell Ekor 1 --- Oluwatosin Adeniyi 2 --- Jimoh Saka 3 1 Preston Consults Limited, Abuja, Nigeria 2 Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 3 Department of Economics, Lagos State University, Nigeria keywords: exports; gdp; imports; nigeria; response; shock; south africa; trade cache: economy-552.pdf plain text: economy-552.txt item: #42 of 97 id: economy-553 author: Peter, Akinnagbe, Femi; Johnson, Adelakun, O. title: Assessment of Risks Associated with the Usage of Quantity Surveying Softwares in Nigeria: The Case Lagos State date: 2014 words: 5081 flesch: 50 summary: Despite the fact that quantity surveying softwares make professional job easier, facilitates decision making, improve public image of firms and increased productivity through automated quantities and cost calculations there are risks associated with the usage of software which would be explicitly explained and analysed below: i. Proliferation of Software Application. ii. The study focuses on the assessment of risks associated with the usage of quantity surveying softwares. keywords: construction; firms; information; quantity; quantity surveying; risk; software; surveying; technology; usage cache: economy-553.pdf plain text: economy-553.txt item: #43 of 97 id: economy-554 author: Sofija, Adzic; Dragan, Stojic title: Innovations in Serbian Agribusiness Management date: 2014 words: 6745 flesch: 26 summary: Third, the operationalization of the specific strategy of the structural adjustment of the innovation system as a function of agribusiness in the APV should be reduced to: projects of transformation of the institutes in high-tech enterprises, promotion of new models for innovation development planning at the university, independent institutes and production enterprises, and the promotion of more efficient models of regulating relations Keywords: Innovation system, Reindustrialization, Agribusiness, AP Vojvodina. In scientific terms, the structure of the innovation system consist of: (1) organizational and functional distribution of innovation potential, (2) the rules of defining the program for the development and valorization of innovation and the allocation of necessary resources, (3) the criteria used to determine the internal organization and conduct of Innovation system, and (4) a system of values and base rules for the evaluation of programs, policies and innovation results. keywords: agribusiness; apv; development; economy; european; food; industry; innovation system; market; process; production; structure cache: economy-554.pdf plain text: economy-554.txt item: #44 of 97 id: economy-555 author: Okon, Emmanuel Okokondem title: Economic Deprivation and Terrorism: Further Empirical Evidence from Nigeria date: 2014 words: 7630 flesch: 51 summary: Nigeria Economy at a Glance Categorically, Nigeria is as an emerging market. Specifically, the paper examine whether or not cointegrating relationship exists between economic variables such as GDP per capita, inflation rate, trade openness, government total expenditure, interest rate, macroeconomic policy index and terrorism. keywords: deprivation; economy; equation; government; level; nigeria; nil; oil; policy; rate; regression; results; source; statistic; table; terrorism; test; value; variables cache: economy-555.pdf plain text: economy-555.txt item: #45 of 97 id: economy-558 author: Achiv, Apesughur Dominic; Kim, Idoma; Masin, Ashiki Godwin; Abdullahi, Ibrahim Umaru title: Evaluation of Third National Fadama Development Programme (Fadama 111) on Poverty Reduction in Rural Communities of Buruku Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria date: 2014 words: 5873 flesch: 56 summary: Constraints from the Fadama III Programme Benefiting Communities On the constraints relating to fadama III programme benefiting communities in the study area, 100%(380) of the sampled respondents said difficulty to members of fadama communities to pay counterpart funds. Notably, in Buruku L.G.A., fadama III programme started disbursement of funds to beneficiaries in 2011.In view of the foregoing, the researchers intend to assess the impact of fadama III programme in improving benefiting rural community members in Buruku local government area, Benue State( 2011-2013 intervention period). keywords: area; authors; community; fadama; field; fug; production; programme; respondents; study; study area; table; work cache: economy-558.pdf plain text: economy-558.txt item: #46 of 97 id: economy-559 author: Boachie, Williams Kwasi title: Examining the Economic Impact of the Migration of Skilled Labour from the Northern Parts of Ghana into the Ashanti Region of Ghana date: 2014 words: 4490 flesch: 57 summary: This paper is focused on the socio-economic analysis on skilled labour migration from the northern parts of Ghana into the Ashanti Region of Ghana and its impact on the region. This is one of the main contributions of skilled labour migration on the source areas because when the migrants return to their areas of origin in the northern parts of Ghana, many of them could find jobs in factories and other companies where they could impact the experience gained on these areas. keywords: areas; economic; ghana; kumasi; labour; migrants; migration; respondents; study cache: economy-559.pdf plain text: economy-559.txt item: #47 of 97 id: economy-560 author: Ekor, Maxwell; Adeniyi, Oluwatosin; Saka, Jimoh title: Ethiopia and the BRICS: An Assessment of Trade and Investment Flows date: 2015 words: 2960 flesch: 55 summary: Main Brazil’s FDI Investment in Africa Source: World Bank (2012) 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 Brazil Russia India China South Africa 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 Brazil Russia India China South Africa 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Angola 265 18 22 24 17 20 73 58 124 South Africa 8 0 2 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 US $ m illi on Economy, 2015, 2(1): 1-9 6 Fig-11. First, given that Ethiopia is considered as one of the recent success stories in Africa, the BRICS in general and South Africa in particular may explore areas of potential benefits by improving bilateral economic relationship with the country. keywords: africa; brics; ethiopia; gdp; trade cache: economy-560.pdf plain text: economy-560.txt item: #48 of 97 id: economy-561 author: Kurihara, Yutaka title: The Demand for Money: Recent Japanese Case date: 2014 words: 3932 flesch: 63 summary: In Japan, low or almost interest rates has been prevailed and there has been a strong demand for Japanese government bond, so there is possibility that money demand has been changed and been apart from traditional one. In Japan, low or almost interest rates to combat deflationary pressure has been ongoing from the end of 1990s, also, exchange rates against main foreign currencies and stock prices have fluctuated largely, and there has been a strong demand for Japanese government bond, so there is possibility that money demand has been changed dramatically and has been a different one from a traditional one. keywords: boj; demand; exchange; interest; money; policy; rate cache: economy-561.pdf plain text: economy-561.txt item: #49 of 97 id: economy-562 author: James, Kugbee S.; Baba, Insah title: Fiscal Sustainability in the Ghanaian Economy: A Fiscal Reaction Function Approach date: 2015 words: 3108 flesch: 61 summary: Estimating a Fiscal Reaction Function for Greece, Stoica and Leonte (2011) asserted that business cycle and public debt affect fiscal policy variables in a Economy, 2015, 2(1): 16-20 18 statistically insignificant manner. Keywords: Primary balance, Debt, Fiscal sustainability, Intertemporal budget constraint, Deficits, Fiscal policy. keywords: balance; debt; economy; ghana; government; policy; study; sustainability cache: economy-562.pdf plain text: economy-562.txt item: #50 of 97 id: economy-563 author: Mahtab, Naheem title: The Effect of Macroeconomic Variables on the Inflow of Remittance in Bangladesh date: 2015 words: 7741 flesch: 54 summary: The major source of remittance inflow in Bangladesh is the from the Middle Eastern countries. El-Sakka and McNabb (1999) analyze the determinants of remittances inflows into Egypt between 1967 and 1991. keywords: country; exchange; exchange rate; home; income; inflation; inflow; interest; interest rate; rate; relationship; remittances; research; study cache: economy-563.pdf plain text: economy-563.txt item: #51 of 97 id: economy-564 author: Asuamah, Samuel Yeboah; Ohene-Manu, Joseph title: An Econometric Investigation of the Determinants of Fossil Fuel Consumption: A Multivariate Approach for Ghana date: 2015 words: 5910 flesch: 63 summary: Price asymmetry in energy demand models: A proxy for energy-saving technical change? In order to achieve the General objective, the researcher specifically: (b) Examine the unit root properties of the series variables (c) Estimate and analyse the determinants of fossil fuel energy consumption using Autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL). keywords: consumption; demand; energy; fossil; fuel; model; results; run; series; stationary; test; time; variables cache: economy-564.pdf plain text: economy-564.txt item: #52 of 97 id: economy-565 author: Hossain, Mohammad Imran title: An Empirical Investigation of the Impact of Foreign Remittances on Poverty in Developing Countries date: 2015 words: 3133 flesch: 56 summary: This is indicative of the fact that in developing countries remittances have a stronger impact on poverty reduction if they are above the threshold of 2% of GDP. It can be inferred here that countries with higher remittances in the initial year, possibly indicating a higher migrant stock, have higher remittances. keywords: countries; gap; gdp; impact; poverty; remittances; world cache: economy-565.pdf plain text: economy-565.txt item: #53 of 97 id: economy-566 author: Siyan, Peter; Adegoriola, Adewale Emmanuel title: The Relative Impact of Money Supply and Government Expenditure on Economic Growth in Nigeria date: 2015 words: 7361 flesch: 53 summary: The results suggested that fiscal policy significantly lead monetary policy in explaining changes in nominal income. They concluded that monetary policy is a more powerful tool than fiscal policy enhancing the economic growth in case of South Asian countries. keywords: data; economic; economy; effect; expenditure; government; government expenditure; growth; money; nigeria; policy; supply cache: economy-566.pdf plain text: economy-566.txt item: #54 of 97 id: economy-567 author: Chukwudi, Ugochukwu Stanley; Christopher, Mbakwe Chinwendu; Uche, Ajator title: Construction Externalities: A Theoretical Insight and the Nigerian Scenario date: 2015 words: 4344 flesch: 40 summary: Construction Externalities ........................................................................................................................................................ 61 7. Conclusion and Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................... 62 References ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 62 Very little is known about the subject of construction externalities, especially amongst stakeholders in the Nigerian construction industry and built environment, yet its existence and effects are palpable. Hence, the study, via relevant literature and personal observations sought to provide; first, a theoretical understanding of the nature of construction externalities; its constituents or composition as well as its effects, and secondly, to point out the level of awareness on the part of stakeholders and the manner or extent to which they have been addressed or considered in Nigeria. keywords: construction; economy; effects; externalities; externality; firm; industry; n.d; nigerian cache: economy-567.pdf plain text: economy-567.txt item: #55 of 97 id: economy-568 author: Mail, Dhakir Abbas Ali; Mail, Fuadah Johari; Mail, Mohammad Haji Alias title: On The J-Curve Theory: The Literature and Further Proposed Improvements date: 2015 words: 6031 flesch: 58 summary: Previous literature and studies on the exchange rate movements on the J-Curve theory to achieved understanding of the effects of exchange rate movements on trade balance substantially which undergone several stages of improvement was gathered within period of 1973 – 2013. The study highlights the need for comprehensive studies assessing the overall effect of exchange rate depreciation on trade balance for one country and all of its major trade partners discretely on disaggregated level, i.e. the sector or commodity-level of trade. keywords: bahmani; balance; curve; data; exchange; rate; run; trade; trade balance cache: economy-568.pdf plain text: economy-568.txt item: #56 of 97 id: economy-569 author: Akpan, Sunday B.; Emmanuel, Glory E.; Patrick, Inimfon V. title: The Battle of Sugar Imports and Domestic Sugar Production in Nigeria: Roles of Political, Policies, and Economic Environments date: 2015 words: 7874 flesch: 51 summary: The study examined roles of political and economic environments on sugar import demand from 1965 to 2014 in Nigeria. The long-run and short-run elasticity of sugar import demand were determined using techniques of co-integration and error correction models. keywords: country; demand; import; import demand; nigeria; period; production; rate; relationship; result; run; sugar; sugar import; test; variables cache: economy-569.pdf plain text: economy-569.txt item: #57 of 97 id: economy-570 author: Joshua, Olusola Olalekan title: The Impact of Physical and Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Developing and Developed Countries: A Comparative Panel Data Approach date: 2016 words: 12811 flesch: 45 summary: The reverse is the case for developed countries with this had positive and significant effect on GDP in almost all the model specifications. Infrastructure and innovation technology prove positive and significant in developing countries while they were not significant in developed countries which may be due to catching up effect through technology externalities and knowledge spillover. keywords: capital; countries; data; development; economic; education; effects; formation; gdp; growth; health; human; index; infrastructure; investment; journal; model; panel; region; research; results; school cache: economy-570.pdf plain text: economy-570.txt item: #58 of 97 id: economy-571 author: Kurihara, Yutaka title: Term Structure of Interest Rates under Zero or Low Bound: The Recent Japanese Case date: 2016 words: 4151 flesch: 66 summary: Conclusions This study examined the term structure of interest rates in Japan during the era of zero or low interest rate policy and the era of quantitative easing policy. Abstract This article examines the recent term structure of interest rates in Japan. keywords: economic; interest; low; policy; rates; structure; term; yield cache: economy-571.pdf plain text: economy-571.txt item: #59 of 97 id: economy-572 author: Koirala, Niraj Prasad; Koirala, Dhiroj Prasad title: Poverty and Inequality across the Nations: How Can Governments be Effective in Coping? date: 2016 words: 6759 flesch: 49 summary: After lowering of tax rates world wide upon the recommendation of multilateral Economy, 2016, 3(1): 24-30 29 agencies, there has been significant decrease in the revenue of low income developing countries while revenue amount in developed nations being unaffected (Itriago, 2011). In case of developed nations, poverty doesn’t mean the absolute inability of the citizens to access the physiological requirements for life which may not be the similar in case of low income nations (Ackerman et al., 2010). keywords: corruption; countries; economy; governments; income; income countries; inequality; media; nations; people; policies; poverty; revenue; tax cache: economy-572.pdf plain text: economy-572.txt item: #60 of 97 id: economy-573 author: David, Okoroafor O.K; Mohammed, Yelwa title: The Perceived Relations between Development Reforms, Stock Market Performance and Economic Growth in Nigeria: 1984-2014 date: 2016 words: 7442 flesch: 48 summary: Reforms have been the widely acclaimed measures to stimulate capital market development. All these were made with the intent to promote capital market development. keywords: capital; capital market; development; economic; economy; financial; growth; investment; market; market development; nigeria; reforms; stock; stock market cache: economy-573.pdf plain text: economy-573.txt item: #61 of 97 id: economy-574 author: I., Ezeanyeji Clement; C., Onwuteaka Ifeoma. title: Determinants of Exchange Rate Sensitivity on the Nigerian Manufacturing Sector date: 2016 words: 8176 flesch: 53 summary: Also, it was found that interest rate and Gross Domestic Product are the main determinants of exchange rates in Nigeria but interest rateis insignificant in the determination of exchange rate in the country. Keywords: Exchange rate, Sensitivity, Manufacturing sector, Determinants, Error correction model, Nigeria. keywords: economy; exchange; exchange rate; fluctuations; level; manufacturing; market; model; nigeria; rate; rate fluctuations; sector; study; variables cache: economy-574.pdf plain text: economy-574.txt item: #62 of 97 id: economy-575 author: Bayham, Alan title: A Measurement of Annual GDP Performance of the 162 WTO Members between 1989-2001 and 2002-2014 date: 2016 words: 13564 flesch: 51 summary: Discussion regarding the data, WTO membership, and external trade networks is included, and the article incorporates an analysis effective austerity measures, lack of diversification, and membership in trade and political organizations, which have led to both positive and negative outcomes in relation to annual GDP mean economic performance for WTO member nations over the two time periods measured. Analysis regarding the annual GDP mean performance concludes that the WTO has promoted world trade throughout the world, and this has directly resulted in an increase of annual GDP mean performance by 29% over the two time periods studied for WTO member nations. keywords: countries; data; economic; gdp data; gdp mean; gdp performance; mean performance; member; member nations; nations; period; time; trade; world; wto; wto member cache: economy-575.pdf plain text: economy-575.txt item: #63 of 97 id: economy-576 author: C. G, Amaefula title: The Effects of Inflation and its Risk on Interest Rate: An Empirical Evidence from Nigeria date: 2016 words: 2965 flesch: 53 summary: And the variables are defined using first difference of natural logarithm of present and previous values of each variable multiplied by 100 and are presented as follows; Inflation rate is defined as 100log 1        t t t CPI CPI ifr , interest rate is defined as 100log 1        t t t DR DR itr . The negative effect of inflation rate on interest rate is an indication of indirect relationship between the two variables. keywords: inflation; interest; model; nigeria; rate; relationship; result; risk cache: economy-576.pdf plain text: economy-576.txt item: #64 of 97 id: economy-577 author: Bayham, Alan title: An Analysis of the Economic Performance between Nations that made up the 2004 Enlargement of the EU date: 2016 words: 11067 flesch: 51 summary: The percentage of change for the entire group of EU nations shown was 70%, which represents a dramatic annual GDP mean performance contraction in all longtime member nations, member nations who were accepted in the 80s, member nations who were accepted in the 90s. The goal of the EU in establishing the Eurozone in 1999 and the ECB in 2002 was to help bring down inflation within the union, increase the integration of EU member nations, and to gain support by large corporations as a result of exchange-rate stability through the adoption of a single currency. keywords: crisis; economic; eu nations; eurozone; gdp mean; mean performance; member nations; nations; time cache: economy-577.pdf plain text: economy-577.txt item: #65 of 97 id: economy-578 author: A. A, Umoren,; B., Akpan, S.; E. J., Udoh, title: Analysis of Empirical Relationship among Agricultural Lending, Agricultural Growth and Non-Performing Loans in Nigerian Banking System date: 2016 words: 6502 flesch: 51 summary: Literature on NPLs definition is so varied, resulting to changes in NPLs levels within individual countries rather than a group. The empirical analyses revealed that, bilateral Granger causality existed between loans and advances granted to agricultural sector and non-performing loans in Nigeria. keywords: banking; economy; gdp; growth; loans; nigeria; npls; rate; run; sector; study; system; variables cache: economy-578.pdf plain text: economy-578.txt item: #66 of 97 id: economy-579 author: Bhat, Mohammad Younus; Sinha, Apra title: Willingness to Pay for Preserving National Park Biodiversity: A Case Study date: 2016 words: 4408 flesch: 47 summary: In addition to their ecological functions, national parks can be used as ecotourism sites for recreational gains which will positively contribute to national income, simultaneously society around the area of national park can obtain economic advantages. Publisher: Asian Online Journal Publishing Group http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.20448/journal.502/2016.3.2/502.2.102.107 https://orcid.org/orcid-search/quick-search?searchQuery=Mohammad Younus Bhat https://orcid.org/orcid-search/quick-search?searchQuery=Apra Sinha http://search.crossref.org/?q=10.20448/journal.502/2016.3.2/502.2.102.107 http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.20448/journal.502/2016.3.2/502.2.102.107 https://orcid.org/orcid-search/quick-search?searchQuery=Mohammad Younus Bhat https://orcid.org/orcid-search/quick-search?searchQuery=Apra Sinha http://search.crossref.org/?q=10.20448/journal.502/2016.3.2/502.2.102.107 http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.20448/journal.502/2016.3.2/502.2.102.107 https://orcid.org/orcid-search/quick-search?searchQuery=Mohammad Younus Bhat https://orcid.org/orcid-search/quick-search?searchQuery=Apra Sinha http://search.crossref.org/?q=10.20448/journal.502/2016.3.2/502.2.102.107 http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.20448/journal.502/2016.3.2/502.2.102.107 https://orcid.org/orcid-search/quick-search?searchQuery=Mohammad Younus Bhat https://orcid.org/orcid-search/quick-search?searchQuery=Apra Sinha http://search.crossref.org/?q=10.20448/journal.502/2016.3.2/502.2.102.107 Economy, 2016, 3(2): 102-107 103 1. Introduction International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) defines national park as ― a place where the ecosystem is not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation, where the park is protected by the highest competent authority of the country and where visitors are allowed for inspirational, educative, cultural and recreational purposes‖ (Dobson, 1996). keywords: benefits; conservation; contingent; dachigam; income; national; park; study; valuation; view; willingness; wtp cache: economy-579.pdf plain text: economy-579.txt item: #67 of 97 id: economy-580 author: Patnaik, Debasis; Pillai, Annie title: Responsiveness of the Indian Tax System: A Time Series Analysis from 1990 to 2010 date: 2017 words: 3341 flesch: 57 summary: Conceptually, the most appropriate measure of the responsiveness of tax revenues to changes in the base for most analytical applications is the ‘elasticity’, which seeks to relate the percentage change in tax revenue to a percentage change in the tax base with a given tax structure. Tax buoyancy is change in tax revenue due to a change in tax rates, bases, rules, administrative efficiency, etc. (discretionary changes). keywords: buoyancy; elasticity; income; reforms; revenue; tax; taxes cache: economy-580.pdf plain text: economy-580.txt item: #68 of 97 id: economy-581 author: Senathip, Tipakorn; Mujtaba, Bahaudin G.; Cavico, Frank J. title: Policy-Making Considerations for Ethical and Sustainable Economic Development date: 2017 words: 6688 flesch: 45 summary: According to Rissmiller (2000) many writers and researchers have analyzed the concept of public policy; and as such they have reflected upon and asked how we can understand the “incredibly complex” process of policy change. Easton's work has been influential in that systems analysis has been identified as one of a handful of primary approaches to the study of political science and public policy (Susser, 1992; Anderson, 1997; Dye, 1998; Rissmiller, 2000). keywords: action; cavico; development; ethics; leaders; making; mujtaba; policy; public; society; study; sustainability cache: economy-581.pdf plain text: economy-581.txt item: #69 of 97 id: economy-582 author: Qoqiauri, Lamara; Qoqiauri, Nino title: Determining Issues of the Economic Essence and Methodology of Foresight date: 2018 words: 5285 flesch: 38 summary: Three eras of technology foresight. The handbook of technology foresight. keywords: analysis; development; forecasting; foresight; future; methodology; methods; technologies; technology; trends cache: economy-582.pdf plain text: economy-582.txt item: #70 of 97 id: economy-583 author: Brown, Ewubare, Dennis; Vivian, Ozar, title: Effect of Poultry Production on Agricultural Production in Nigeria date: 2018 words: 7272 flesch: 49 summary: The functional specification of the relationship between agricultural output (APO) and the measures of poultry production such as stock of poultry birds (POB), eggs production (EPO) and poultry meat production (PMP) is as follows: APO = f (POB, EPO, PMP) (3.4) Abstract This study examined the effects of poultry production on agricultural output in Nigeria. keywords: agricultural; analysis; birds; farmers; meat; model; nigeria; output; poultry; poultry production; production; statistics; study; test; variables; view cache: economy-583.pdf plain text: economy-583.txt item: #71 of 97 id: economy-584 author: Cavico, Frank J.; Mujtaba, Bahaudin G.; Muffler, Stephen; Samuel, Marissa; Polito, Nicolas-Michel title: Manufacturer, Supermarket, and Grocer Liability for Contaminated Food and Beverages due to Negligence, Warranty, and Liability Laws date: 2018 words: 25585 flesch: 56 summary: One important provision of the FSMA grants the FDA the authority to recall food products if the agency determines that there is a “reasonable probability” that an article of food or beverage is adulterated or mislabeled and the use or exposure will cause adverse health consequences to humans or animals Benton (2012). To compare, Mortazavi (2016) points to a 2013 federal district court case, Lateef v. Pharmavite, where the plaintiff‟s breach of warranty and other state claims based on the alleged mislabeling of vitamins as vegetarian were deemed to be preempted by the federal law, specifically the National Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), because NELA contained an express preemption clause to ensure the uniform labeling of food products. keywords: beverage; case; causation; cavico; cheeseman; claim; clarkson; company; consumer; court; defendant; et al; evidence; example; failure; food; food product; goods; illness; inc; items; law; liability; meat; mujtaba; negligence; plaintiff; product; safety; state; warranty cache: economy-584.pdf plain text: economy-584.txt item: #72 of 97 id: economy-585 author: Mbogela, Cosmas S. title: Determinants of Africa - BRIC Countries Bilateral Trade Flows date: 2018 words: 12752 flesch: 55 summary: The paper highlights some important truths, African countries where most of this bilateral trade with BRIC is concentrated includes those countries which are rich in natural resources, and in most cases they are the same with higher GDP per capita among the African countries. This paper examines the determinants of trade flows of African countries with the emerging trading partners to Africa, namely Brazil, Russia, India and China (the BRIC ). keywords: african; bric; cent; countries; country; data; estimation; exports; flows; gravity; international; journal; land; model; rate; results; time; trade; trade flows; trading; variables cache: economy-585.pdf plain text: economy-585.txt item: #73 of 97 id: economy-586 author: Antara, Made; Sumarniash, Made Sri title: Behind the Volatility of Beef Price in Indonesia date: 2019 words: 4725 flesch: 55 summary: The development of beef production in the last five years has tended to decline, this has something to do with the increasing increase in beef prices. What's behind the turmoil of beef prices. keywords: beef; business; cartel; cattle; consumption; increase; indonesia; market; meat; population; price; production cache: economy-586.pdf plain text: economy-586.txt item: #74 of 97 id: economy-6270 author: Akhtar, Zarif Bin ; Rawol, Ahmed Tajbiul title: Economy and empirical research perspectives towards Artificial Intelligence: A deep dive investigative exploration analysis date: 2024 words: 13886 flesch: 28 summary: The focus on agent-based computational economics underscores the shift from single-agent models in traditional AI research to multi-agent interactions that reflect real-world economic systems. The methodology of economic research relies on both theoretical and empirical approaches, with significant sub-disciplines and techniques used to build and test economic theories. keywords: analysis; approach; artificial; data; economic; economies; economy; et al; growth; impact; insights; intelligence; journal; knowledge; labor; market; methods; models; policy; potential; research; studies; study; systems; theory cache: economy-6270.pdf plain text: economy-6270.txt item: #75 of 97 id: economy-6521 author: Ijoko, Abubakar Orlando; Mohammed, Salam S title: Revisiting the forecasting power of public health expenditure and climate change impact on life expectancy in Nigeria: A scenario analysis. date: 2025 words: 6130 flesch: 48 summary: 1 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Economy Vol. 12, No. 1, 1-7, 2025 ISSN(E) 2313-8181/ ISSN(P) 2518-0118 DOI: 10.20448/economy.v12i1.6521 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Revisiting the forecasting power of public health expenditure and climate change impact on life expectancy in Nigeria: A scenario analysis. In this study, we investigate the forecasting power of public health expenditure and the impact of climate change on life expectancy in Nigeria. keywords: change; climate; climate change; expectancy; expenditure; health; life; life expectancy; nigeria; phe; sample cache: economy-6521.pdf plain text: economy-6521.txt item: #76 of 97 id: economy-6524 author: Wen, Lei title: Analysis and empirical study on the influencing factors of the tourism economy in Hunan Province date: 2025 words: 8766 flesch: 49 summary: brand, brand figure, and the formation of a large-scale production of tourism products by actively cultivating a variety of special local products for the tourism industry, including handicrafts, food, books, audio and video products, and other consumer goods, in combination with the distinctive features of Hunan tourism. Implementation and evaluation of tourism industry: Evidentiary case study of night market development in Taiwan. keywords: analysis; china; data; development; economy; factor; growth; hunan; income; industry; journal; online; province; research; sector; study; table; tourism; tourism industry; variables cache: economy-6524.pdf plain text: economy-6524.txt item: #77 of 97 id: economy-6775 author: Hinnawi, Ahd ; Zarirah, Nurul title: Towards the development of the tourism sector in Palestine: Challenges and recommendations date: 2025 words: 10210 flesch: 37 summary: The axes of obstacles and challenges facing Palestinian tourism sector and the relationship between them. Palestinian tourism has strong potential but is hindered by political, economic, and marketing barriers. keywords: awareness; challenges; development; heritage; international; journal; lack; marketing; obstacles; occupation; palestine; palestinian; sites; study; tourism; tourism sector cache: economy-6775.pdf plain text: economy-6775.txt item: #78 of 97 id: economy-6776 author: Mwila, Chalenga Laskey ; Leza, Danny title: Assessing the effect of use of computerized accounting systems on organizational performance: A focus on selected (NGOs) on the Copperbelt of Zambia date: 2025 words: 4049 flesch: 37 summary: Assessing the effect of use of computerized accounting systems on organizational performance: A focus on selected (NGOs) on the Copperbelt of Zambia Chalenga Laskey Mwila1 Abstract The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of the use of computerized accounting systems on organizational performance and the effect it has on the performance of Non-governmental organization on the Copperbelt Province of Zambia. keywords: accounting; accounting systems; journal; ngos; non; organizations; performance; study; systems cache: economy-6776.pdf plain text: economy-6776.txt item: #79 of 97 id: economy-6777 author: Israel, ANTHONY Kolawole ; Taiwo, AKINOLA Emmanuel ; Joseph, OBAMOYEGUN Oluwaponmile ; Rufus, OZIEGBE Tope ; Akinrinola, AKINTUNDE Samuel title: Internal corporate social responsibility and employees’ performance of selected deposit money banks in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria date: 2025 words: 5798 flesch: 34 summary: Results showed that all ICSR variables significantly and positively influence employee performance, with empowerment having the strongest effect and employment stability the least. Keywords: Deposit money banks, Employee performance, Employment stability, Employment stability, Empowerment, Internal corporate social responsibility, Skill development. keywords: banks; csr; development; effect; employee; employee performance; journal; outcomes; performance; responsibility; skill; study cache: economy-6777.pdf plain text: economy-6777.txt item: #80 of 97 id: economy-6778 author: DAGUNDURO, Muyiwa Emmanuel ; FALANA, Gbenga Ayodele ; AKINADEWO, Israel S. ; OLUWAGBADE, Oluyinka Isaiah ; AKINBOBOYE, Gbenga Olanrewaju title: Role of digital tax platforms adoption in enhancing revenue generation and capital projects funding in emerging markets date: 2025 words: 10951 flesch: 35 summary: This paper contributes to the existing literature by assessing the effectiveness of digital tax platforms in enhancing tax compliance, increasing tax revenue, and improving capital project funding in Nigeria. This paper assessed the effectiveness of digital tax platforms, specifically electronic tax filing, automated tax payment systems, and blockchain-based tax solutions on revenue generation and capital projects funding in Nigeria. keywords: blockchain; capital; compliance; digital; funding; generation; government; journal; nigeria; projects; public; revenue; revenue generation; study; systems; tax; tax platforms; tax revenue; technology cache: economy-6778.pdf plain text: economy-6778.txt item: #81 of 97 id: economy-6779 author: Suwaid, Zainab Said ; Omotayo, Lawal Wasiu title: Modelling asymetric response of stock market volatility to monetary policy: Empirical evidence from Nigeria date: 2025 words: 8595 flesch: 52 summary: The evidence are in favour of their hypothesis that stock prices invariably increase following a change in monetary policy regime. 40 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Economy Vol. 12, No. 2, 40-50, 2025 ISSN(E) 2313-8181: / ISSN(P) 2518-0118: DOI: 10.20448/economy.v12i2.6779 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Modelling asymetric response of stock market volatility to monetary policy: Empirical evidence from Nigeria Zainab Said Suwaid1 Lawal Wasiu Omotayo2 ( Corresponding Author) keywords: economic; economy; journal; market; market volatility; model; nigeria; policy; prices; rate; regime; state; stock; stock market; study; volatility cache: economy-6779.pdf plain text: economy-6779.txt item: #82 of 97 id: economy-6780 author: Sinaga, Poltak ; Marciano, Deddy ; Amelia, Amelia title: Bridging Finance and Marketing: The role of psychological traits and social factors in investment decisions and positive word-of-mouth date: 2025 words: 6131 flesch: 37 summary: 51 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Economy Vol. 12, No. 2, 51-59, 2025 ISSN(E) 2313-8181: / ISSN(P) 2518-0118: DOI: 10.20448/economy.v12i2.6780 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Bridging Finance and Marketing: The role of psychological traits and social factors in investment decisions and positive word-of-mouth Poltak Sinaga1 Deddy Marciano2 Amelia Amelia3 ( Corresponding Author) 1,3Pelita Harapan University, Indonesia. Abstract This study investigates the various factors that influence investment decision-making, specifically focusing on five key variables: Family Influence, Innovation, Need for Achievement, Risk-Taking, and the relationship between Investment Decisions and Positive Word of Mouth. keywords: achievement; behavior; decisions; family; influence; innovation; investment; investors; journal; making; mouth; risk; word cache: economy-6780.pdf plain text: economy-6780.txt item: #83 of 97 id: economy-6839 author: Mujtaba, Bahaudin G. ; Parrino, Rochelle title: Recession worries and management in America: Do’s and don’ts for workers, jobs, leaders, and organizations to go into economic downturns with open eyes date: 2025 words: 14218 flesch: 47 summary: What do we know about the impact of economic recessions on mortality inequalities? Recession vulnerable industries. keywords: authors; business; challenges; companies; demand; economic; economy; employees; focus; group; impact; industries; industry; jobs; journal; managers; mujtaba; online; opportunities; organizations; people; publishing; recession; skills; workers cache: economy-6839.pdf plain text: economy-6839.txt item: #84 of 97 id: economy-6840 author: Umoru, David ; Aliu, Timothy Igbafe ; Umar, Shehu S. ; Igbinovia, Beauty title: Multivariate GARCH estimations of volatility spillover amongst oil prices, exchange rates and news-based uncertainty in the CEE - 3 countries date: 2025 words: 7439 flesch: 56 summary: Does uncertainty promote exchange rate volatility? Exchange rate volatility and trade flows: The Nigerian experience. keywords: authors; coefficient; countries; eur; exchange; garch; news; oil; price; rate; uncertainty; value; variables; volatility cache: economy-6840.pdf plain text: economy-6840.txt item: #85 of 97 id: economy-6849 author: Trang, Nguyen Minh ; Dat, Wu Tuan title: Cultural diplomacy and soft power of China: Theory, strategy and application in South East Asia date: 2025 words: 9253 flesch: 43 summary: Kurlantzick characterized Chinese soft power as conditional because it is rarely applicable simply as a result of admiration. In some cases, Chinese soft power also carries with an economic or financial motivation from Beijing's side. keywords: asia; bri; china; chinese; confucius; culture; diplomacy; education; global; influence; institutes; media; nye; power; southeast; state cache: economy-6849.pdf plain text: economy-6849.txt item: #86 of 97 id: economy-6904 author: Faisal , Syed Mohammad title: A study of role of trust in blockchain technology on influence of decentralized finance application on financial springiness date: 2025 words: 6184 flesch: 30 summary: Through quantitative research, the study investigates the positive role that DeFi adoption plays in improving financial resilience via superior liquidity management, asset diversification, and enhanced absorption of adverse economic shocks. Keywords: Blockchain, Decentralized finance, Financial literacy, Financial resilience, Risk. keywords: adoption; blockchain; blockchain technology; defi; defi adoption; finance; journal; literacy; perception; resilience; risk; study; technology; trust cache: economy-6904.pdf plain text: economy-6904.txt item: #87 of 97 id: economy-7390 author: Florence, Anibuko, Chinenye; Otto, Godly title: Industrialization and economic growth in Nigeria, 1990 – 2024 date: 2025 words: 9910 flesch: 43 summary: The conceptual clarifications revolve around the meaning of industrialization, the drivers of industrial sector growth, which include the manufacturing sector, the agricultural sector, energy supply, the labour market, and a sustained exchange rate. b. Mining sub-sector output should have a positive relationship with RGDP growth rate, i.e., β2 > 0. keywords: development; economy; effect; electricity; growth; industrialization; journal; manufacturing; mining; model; nigeria; output; rate; sector; study; sub; supply cache: economy-7390.pdf plain text: economy-7390.txt item: #88 of 97 id: economy-7421 author: Trang, Nguyen Minh; Ha, Nguyen Thi Thu title: Evaluating Vietnam-Germany trade in the context of the EVFTA: A trade indicator approach date: 2025 words: 7449 flesch: 38 summary: Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Economics, 34(2), 70–83. 120 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Economy Vol. 12, No. 2, 120-129, 2025 ISSN(E) 2313-8181/ ISSN(P) 2518-0118 DOI: 10.20448/economy.v12i2.7421 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Evaluating Vietnam-Germany trade in the context of the EVFTA: A trade indicator approach Nguyen Minh Trang1 Nguyen Thi Thu Ha2 (Corresponding Author) 1,2Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam. keywords: agreement; brca; evfta; export; germany; germany trade; group; index; journal; market; products; sectors; trade; vietnam cache: economy-7421.pdf plain text: economy-7421.txt item: #89 of 97 id: economy-7422 author: EZE, Afamefuna Angus; ANYAMADU, Stephen Okechukwu; CHINANUIFE, Emmanuel; ESOMNOFU, Chiedozie; Anakwue, Esther Chioma title: Moderating role of population growth rate on remittance-growth nexus in Nigeria date: 2025 words: 6471 flesch: 48 summary: Abstract There has been debate about whether the population growth rate and remittance impacts are beneficial or detrimental to economic growth and whether population growth has any moderating role in the remittance-growth nexus. Keywords: ARDL technique, economic growth, population growth, remittances, ECM, Granger causality. keywords: analysis; development; growth; growth rate; impact; journal; nigeria; population growth; rate; remittances; run; study; test; variables cache: economy-7422.pdf plain text: economy-7422.txt item: #90 of 97 id: economy-7458 author: Çelik, Büşra Ağan title: Revisiting the growth–environment nexus in China: The role of institutions, energy use, and ecological stress date: 2025 words: 5046 flesch: 39 summary: Enhancing enforcement mechanisms, increasing institutional transparency, and ensuring uniform application of environmental laws across provinces will be critical for achieving policy credibility. In the long run, the absence of significant relationships between energy consumption, ecological footprint, trade openness, rule of law, and income level diverges from several studies that reported persistent environmental effects on GDP. keywords: ardl; china; consumption; energy; footprint; growth; institutional; openness; run; study; term; trade; variables cache: economy-7458.pdf plain text: economy-7458.txt item: #91 of 97 id: economy-7632 author: Anyango, Penina; Ombok, Maurice; Troon, Benedict; Maokomba, Christopher title: Effects of macroeconomic variables on unemployment in Kenya date: 2025 words: 6911 flesch: 47 summary: Unemployment rates were obtained from the World Bank Development Indicators database, while data on economic growth, lending rates and government expenditure were sourced from the annual Economic Survey reports published by the Kenya Economy, 2025, 12(2): 146-155 151 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). Economic growth rate Lending rate Development expenditure VAT Unemployment rate Minimum -0.200 -3.000 9076 14.00 2.650 Maximum 7.600 31.500 133655 18.00 5.707 Mean 3.847 10.380 239682 16.35 3.352 Median 4.650 8.720 625780 16.00 2.855 Standard deviation 2.208 7.799 1.460 1.041 1.054 The analyzed variables displayed a wide range of volatility, with VAT and unemployment rates remaining relatively stable while commercial lending rates were highly volatile. keywords: data; effect; expenditure; growth; journal; kenya; model; period; rate; regime; study; unemployment; unemployment rate; vat cache: economy-7632.pdf plain text: economy-7632.txt item: #92 of 97 id: economy-7649 author: Ezeanyanwu, Benedict Okeke; Maduka, Anne Chinonye; Ogwu, Stephen Obinozie; Ugwunna, Ogochukwu Theresa title: Entrepreneurship, inclusive growth and poverty reduction in Nigeria date: 2025 words: 7424 flesch: 41 summary: Conversely, however, inclusive growth (LIG) has a strong negative impact on poverty, with a value of -4.9047, and each unit increase in inclusive growth lowers poverty by roughly 5%. The findings will provide policymakers with concrete data for formulating effective policies to promote inclusive economic growth and reduce poverty in Nigeria. keywords: alleviation; development; economic; economy; entrepreneurship; government; growth; inequality; journal; nigeria; poverty; poverty reduction; study; variables cache: economy-7649.pdf plain text: economy-7649.txt item: #93 of 97 id: economy-7725 author: Ojonta, Obed Ifeanyichukwu; Ogbuabor, Jonathan Emenike title: Economic complexity in Africa: The role of trade and governance institutions date: 2025 words: 7741 flesch: 38 summary: Abstract It is evident that the role of trade and governance institutions in enhancing economic complexity in Africa is still under serious debate regarding whether it is detrimental or beneficial to economic growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate how trade and governance institutions influence economic complexity in Africa using a system Generalized Method of Moments (system GMM) and 31 African economies for the period 2011-2020. keywords: africa; capital; complexity; development; economic; economies; governance; human; institutions; international; journal; quality; study; tourism; trade; world cache: economy-7725.pdf plain text: economy-7725.txt item: #94 of 97 id: economy-7726 author: Bhunia, Amalendu; Das, Amit title: Safe haven or risky bet? A study of gold prices during Indian stock market volatility date: 2025 words: 5241 flesch: 46 summary: Given India’s cultural and economic attachment to gold, this study explored the dynamic relationship between gold prices and stock market fluctuations, particularly during times of financial uncertainty. Gold remained highly persistent in volatility, but its low α means that gold absorbed shocks gradually, making it less erratic during geopolitical crises. keywords: correlation; crisis; garch; gold; haven; hedge; india; market; periods; stock; volatility cache: economy-7726.pdf plain text: economy-7726.txt item: #95 of 97 id: economy-7774 author: Huang, Wenwei title: The analysis of the economic relationship between China and Australia date: 2025 words: 6557 flesch: 40 summary: Australia–China economic relations: A lesson for the U.S., not a threat. Economic and emission impact of Australia–China trade disruption: Implication for regional economic integration. keywords: albanese; australia; china; economic; economy; energy; exports; government; investment; journal; nations; relationship; tensions; trade cache: economy-7774.pdf plain text: economy-7774.txt item: #96 of 97 id: economy-935 author: Motunrayo, Omoare, Ayodeji; Oyeleke, Oyediran, Wasiu; Chinna, Ogbonna title: Rural Women Entrepreneurial Skills in Maize Value Addition in Abeokuta Metropolis, Nigeria date: 2019 words: 3921 flesch: 52 summary: Distribution based on respondents entrepreneurial skills in maize value addition (n = 210). Meanwhile, social organizations (38.6%), apprenticeship training (35.7%), and religious organizations (17.1%) constituted least avenue of getting skills on maize value addition in the study area. keywords: addition; maize; nigeria; processing; skills; study; value; women cache: economy-935.pdf plain text: economy-935.txt item: #97 of 97 id: economy-971 author: Agbanike, Tobechi F.; Osigwe, Augustine C.; Yuni, Denis N.; Onoja, Thank-God C.; Okwor, Sunday A. title: Cluster Development in a Transforming Economy: The Case of Motorcycle Spare Parts Firms in Nnewi, Anambra State of Nigeria date: 2019 words: 9637 flesch: 50 summary: Industrial cluster development and its contribution to economic growth in Taiwan - Hsinchu Science and Industrial Park. Previous studies have examined the effects of industrial clusters on the Nigerian economy (see for example, (Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, 2001; Uzor, 2004; Abiola, 2006; Amakom, 2006; Iwuagwu, 2011)). keywords: capital; cluster; cluster development; development; dummy; economic; economy; firms; growth; industrial; motorcycle; nigeria; nnewi; parts; parts cluster; profit; sales; state; study cache: economy-971.pdf plain text: economy-971.txt