







































 
 

 

104 
© 2020 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Economy 
Vol. 7, No. 2, 104-109, 2020 

ISSN(E) 2313-8181/ ISSN(P) 2518-0118 
DOI: 10.20448/journal.502.2020.72.104.109 

© 2020 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

    

 
 
 
Effect of Load Shedding on Small Scale Entrepreneurs: A Case of Kitwe District of 
Zambia 

 
Banda Gerald1 
Simukoko Garry2 
Tailoka Frank Patson3 

  
( Corresponding Author)  

1,2Mukuba University, Itimpi Campus, Kitwe, Zambia. 

 
3Copperbelt University, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kitwe, Zambia. 

 
Abstract 

Electricity is one of the key factors that are critical for accelerating the growth of the economy of 
the country. Without electricity, a number of sectors are affected. From 2014, Zambia has been 
facing serious load shedding which has an effect on the lives of people from academia to industry. 
The study was designed to determine the effect of load shedding on small scale entrepreneurs in 
Zambia. The approach for the study was mixed research. The sample for the study consisted of 
200 people working in bars, salons, barbershops and in cafes. Simple random sampling was used to 
come up with 200 participants. Data for the study were collected through questionnaire and face 
to face interviews. Data for the study were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance. The null 
hypothesis was tested at 5% significance level. The findings of the study revealed that load 
shedding has negative effect on small scale entrepreneurs in Zambia. 

 
Keywords: Load shedding, Small scale entrepreneurs, Electricity, Economy, Analysis of Covariance, Zambia. 

 
Citation | Banda Gerald; Simukoko Garry; Tailoka Frank Patson 
(2020). Effect of Load Shedding on Small Scale Entrepreneurs: A 
Case of Kitwe District of Zambia. Economy, 7(2): 104-109. 
History:  
Received: 11 September 2020 
Revised: 5 October 2020 
Accepted: 16 October 2020 
Published: 29 October 2020 
Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons 

Attribution 3.0 License  
Publisher:  Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 
 

Acknowledgement: Author greatly acknowledge the help from the lectures 
from Mukuba University who helped in validating of the instrument.  Authors 
further thank all the participants from Ndeke Masuzyo market in Kitwe 
Zambia who took part in the study. 
Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of 
interests. 
Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, 
accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital 
features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the 
study as planned have been explained. 
Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.   

 

 

Contents 

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 105 
2. Literature Review .......................................................................................................................................................................... 106 
3. Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................................... 106 
4. Data Presentation Analysis and Interpretation ....................................................................................................................... 107 
5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 109 
References ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 109 
 

 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Contribution of this paper to the literature 
This study contributes to existing literature by determining the effect of load shedding on small 
scale entrepreneurs in Zambia. 

 
1. Introduction 

Zambia is a landlocked country situated in Southern-Central part of Africa. The major economic activities in 
Zambia are Mining, Agriculture, Tourism and Energy. Zambia has five large power stations. Four of the power 
stations are hydroelectric and one is thermal. Zambia has Ten Provinces and two provinces are dominated by 
mining activities. Copperbelt Province and North Western Province have been the backbone of Zambian economy 
as they produce minerals.  The motivation for this study stems from the researchers’ observation that load 
shedding has been and is still posing a number of challenges to citizens of Zambia. Since 2015, Zambia has been 
experiencing the worst electricity crisis. According to Zulu (2015) the major source of energy in Zambia is wood 
fuel (i.e. firewood and charcoal), with the largest consumer group being households in both rural and urban areas. 
According to Mwila (2017) the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) in Zambia is dominated by hydro generation. 
According to Zulu (2015) hydro generation accounted for 96% of national installed capacity 2.1% is from 
alternative sources such as Diesel, Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) and 1.7% renewable comprising solar and small hydros. 
According to Mwila (2017) Zambia has experienced reduction in electricity supply which is as a result of the 
reduced generation by Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation (ZESCO) due to the low water levels in the reserves 
caused by poor rainfall. ZESCO was founded in 1970 and its headquarters is in Lusaka Zambia. ZESCO is a state-
owned power company in Zambia. It is Zambia’s largest power company producing about eighty percent of the 
electricity consumed in the country. These are the power stations under ZESCO: Kafue Gorge Upper produces 990 
MW, Kariba North Bank produces 720 MW, Kariba North Bank Extension produces 360 MW, Victoria Falls 
produces 108 MW and Itezhi-Tezhi Dam produces 120 MW. The power deficit since 2015 range from 560 to 1000 
MW. Because of the power deficit, ZESCO increased the extent of load shedding to at least eight (8) hours a day 
for the majority of its household, commercial and industrial consumers. According to Phiri (2017) load shedding 
has negative effect on business growth and entrepreneurship. In most cases, load shedding affect business 
operations and financial viability; Small enterprises are the most likely to be adversely affected. Given the 
importance of electricity in Zambia especially small-scale entrepreneurs, it is important that the impact of load 
shedding is studied and understood. Therefore, the study investigated the impact of load shedding on small scale 
entrepreneurs.  
 

1.1. Statement of the Problem  
The key for economic growth for each and every country is the energy sector. Electricity is one of the key 

factors that are critical for accelerating the growth of the economy of the country. For example, the economy of 
Zambia has not been stable for the past five years. According to Economic Focus and Reports (2018) the Gross 
Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (USD) for Zambia in 2013 was 1,801 representing 5.1% of the Gross Domestic 
Product growth. In 2014, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (USD) reduced from 1,801 to 1,661 
representing 5% of the Gross Domestic Product growth. In 2015, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita 
(USD) further reduced from 1,661 to 1,046 representing 2.3% of the Gross Domestic Product growth. The 2016 
Gross Domestic Product results shows an improvement in the economy. In 2016, the Gross Domestic Product 
(GDP) per capita (USD) increased from 1,046 to 1,293 representing 3% of the Gross Domestic Product growth.  In 
2017, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (USD) increased from 1,293 to 1,563 representing 4% of the 
Gross Domestic Product growth. Gross Domestic Product per capita is a measure of a country’s economic output 
that accounts for its people. Gross Domestic Product per capita is the best measurement of the country’s standard 
living as it helps people to understand how prosperous a country feels to each of its citizen. It has been noted that a 
number of reasons could be attributed to the reduction of the Gross Domestic Product growth for the past five 
years and one of the reasons could be attributed to the continuous load shedding that the country has been 
experiencing from 2014. So, the study looked at the effect of load shedding on small scale entrepreneurs.   
 

1.2. The Purpose of the Study 
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of load shedding on small scale entrepreneurs with a 

special focus on Kitwe District on Copperbelt Province of Zambia. Small Scale entrepreneurs contribute a lot in the 
development of the economy of the country. If there is an interruption in the supply of electricity their business is 
disturbed. Salons, barbershops and other small-scale entrepreneurs depend on electricity for their businesses to run 
effectively. However, 2019-2020 load shedding has been worse. As a result of the power deficit, ZESCO increased 
the extent of load shedding in 2019-2020 to at least fifteen (15) hours a day for the majority of its household, 
commercial and industrial consumers. The study therefore aimed to establish to what extent small-scale 
entrepreneurs in Kitwe had been affected by electricity demand and ZESCO`s load shedding. 
 

1.3. Objectives 
In this study there are two objectives. 

i. To find out the effect of load shedding on small scale entrepreneurs in Kitwe. 
ii. To assess the measures taken by small-scale entrepreneurs if there is load shedding. 
 

1.4. Research Questions 
i. What are the effects of load shedding on small scale entrepreneurs in Kitwe? 

ii. What are the measures in place if there is load shedding? 
   

1.5. Hypothesis 
𝐻0: 𝜏1 = 𝜏2 = 𝜏3 = 𝜏4 = 0 (Load shedding has no effect on small scale entrepreneurs in Zambia). 



Economy, 2020, 7(2): 104-109 

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𝐻1: 𝐴𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜏𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (Load shedding has an effect on small scale entrepreneurs in Zambia). 
 

1.6. Significance of the Study 
This study will help in identifying the damage cause by load shedding on small scale entrepreneurs. Small scale 

entrepreneurs depend on electricity for their business to run smoothly. The findings of the study will be of great 
importance to policy makers on how they can help small-scale entrepreneurs. 
 

1.7. Limitation of the Study 
The study collected the opinions of small-scale entrepreneurs. Record keeping is a challenge for some small-

scale entrepreneurs and some wanted to be paid money for them to disclose the information. 
 

2. Literature Review 
The main objective of conducting a literature review in this study is to analyse what other researchers had 

found concerning the effect of load shedding. The literature review is an important tool in research as it provides 
theoretical background to the study. According to Tichapondwa (2013) a literature review is an account of what 
has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. A number of studies have been conducted on 
the effect of load shedding and some of the studies are highlighted below. 

The study that Mwila (2017) conducted shows that load shedding affects most business operations and 
financial viability. The study was conducted in Zambia and the aim of the study was to investigate the impact of 
load shedding on small scale enterprises. Findings of the study show that small enterprises were the most affected 
mainly due to their lack of resilience and limited capacity to invest in alternative energy sources. Most small 
enterprises resorted to reducing their work outputs resulting in reduced turnover whilst incurring additional costs 
such as idle labour and overtime. This study was conducted in Solwezi, North-Western Province while the current 
study was conducted in Kitwe District, Copperbelt Province. According to Phiri (2017) power rationing and load 
shedding has negative impact on both productivity and profitability. This study was conducted in Solwezi on the 
North-Western part of Zambia. The study looked at the impact of electricity demand and load shedding on 
Zambian business. A similar study was conducted in South Africa by Goldberg (2015). The findings of the study 
showed that load shedding has a negative effect on the retailers and on the economy of South Africa. 
Methodologies applied in the above studies are different from the current study.  

Retail markets provide wide range of goods for public, reliable electricity supply is considered to be vital for 
the operations of retail businesses (Muhammad & Nabi, 2017). The study was conducted in Hyderabad Pakistan 
and the title of the study is effects of load shedding on retail business: a glimpse from Hyderabad, Pakistan. 
Findings of the study show that problem in dealing customer and decrease in sales and waste of time were found to 
be the main factors that effect on business due to load shedding, while other factors like increase in cost, waste of 
time, product damage and health problems were also found to be effects of load shedding. The study is based on a 
quantitative survey using closed ended questionnaire. Sample consists of 262 was randomly selected from retail 
market of Hyderabad. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22.0 in terms of Bar Charts and multiple regression. The 
current study was conducted in Zambia and Analysis of Covariance was used to analyse the data.This was just the 
sample of the studies that have been conducted on the impact of load shedding. 
 

3. Methodology 
3.1. Research Design 

The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of load shedding on small scale entrepreneurs in Zambia. 
According to Ranjit (2011) a research design is a procedural plan that is adopted by the researcher to answer 
questions validly, objectively, accurately and economically. According to Kothari (2004) a research design is the 
conceptual structure within which the research is conducted. Kothari (2004) further, explains that research design 
includes an outline of what the researcher will do from writing the hypothesis and its operational implications to 
the final analysis of data. In a simpler way, research design can be defined as a plan that helps a researcher to find 
out alternative tools to solve the problem. The study used mix methods approach in order to observe the impact of 
load shedding on small scale entrepreneurs in Zambian. Mixed research approach is the type of approach that 
involves collection of both open-ended and closed-ended data. According to Daniel (2004) mixed methods research, 
qualitative or quantitative components can predominate or both can have equal status.  In this study, convergent 
parallel mixed approach was used. Qualitative data was gathered from the small-scale entrepreneurs about their 
views concerning load shedding whereas quantitative data was gathered from the statistics of the customers the 
small-scale entrepreneurs they have every day on average.  
 
3.2. Target Population 

The study was carried out on the Copperbelt Province of Zambia and Kitwe District in particular. Kitwe 
District was purposively chosen because of mine activities and load shedding in most cases is twelve to sixteen 
hours a day. The study investigated the effect of load shedding on small scale entrepreneurs. The target population 
of the study included all the people photocopying/printing, people selling beer in bars, people working in salons 
and people working in barbershops. According to Robert (2004) target population is the set of units to be studied. 
 

3.3. Sampling and Sampling Procedures 
The study used purposive sampling to come up with Kitwe District which is in Copperbelt Province of Zambia. 

According to Ranjit (2011) the primary consideration in purposive sampling is the judgement of the researcher as 
to who can provide the best information to achieve the objectives of the study. In purposive sampling the 
researcher only goes to those people who have the required information and are willing to share the information. 
Simple random sampling was also used when distributing questionnaires to 200 participants. 
 



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3.4. Data Collection Instrument 
In this study face-to-face interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data regarding the effect of load 

shedding on small scale entrepreneurs in Zambia. According to Nicholas (2011) face-to face interviews tend to 
concentrate in depth on a particular theme or topic with an element of interaction. 
 
3.5. Validity of Data Collection Instrument 

Validity of data collection instrument is an ability for the instrument to determining whether the findings are 
accurate from the standpoint of the researcher, the participant, or the readers (Creswell, 2014). The questionnaire 
was given to more than three lecturers. Corrections and suggestions made from the lecturers were used by the 
researchers to improve the questionnaire. 
 

3.6. Reliability of Data Collection Instrument  
The concept of reliability in relation to a research instrument means that a research tool is consistent and 

stable (Ranjit, 2011). According to Kothari (2004) reliability demonstrates that the operation of a study, such as the 
data collection procedures, can be repeated with the same outcome. The questionnaire on load shedding was 
developed by the researchers and was pre-tested through a pilot study to ascertain its reliability.  
 

4. Data Presentation Analysis and Interpretation 
This section presents analysis and interprets the data collected from the respondents by means of 

questionnaire. 
 

4.1. Data Presentation 
In this study Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was applied. 

Model 

𝑦𝑖𝑗 = 𝜇 + 𝜏𝑖 + 𝛽(𝑋𝑖𝑗 − �̅�𝑖) + 𝜀𝑖𝑗 

Where 

𝑖 = 1,2,3,4 

𝑗 = 1,2,3,4 

• 𝑦𝑖𝑗 is the 𝑗𝑡ℎ observation under the 𝑖𝑡ℎ treatment. 

• 𝜇 is the grand mean. 

• 𝜏𝑖 is the effect in the 𝑖𝑡ℎ treatment. 

• 𝛽 is the linear regression coefficient indicating the dependency of 𝑦𝑖𝑗 on 𝑥𝑖𝑗 . 

• 𝑥𝑖𝑗 is the 𝑗𝑡ℎ observation of the covariate under the 𝑖𝑡ℎ group. 

• �̅�𝑖 is the 𝑖𝑡ℎ group mean. 

• 𝜀𝑖𝑗 is the random error and 𝜀𝑖𝑗~𝑁(0, 𝜎2) 

For ANCOVA to be used the following assumptions should be met; 

• Data should be drawn from the population by the means of random sampling.       

• The relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable must be linear.   

• Independent variables must be drawn from the normal population.  

• The regression coefficients in every group of the independent variable must be homogeneous.  
 Data on effect of load shedding on small scale entrepreneurs was collected and summarized in the table below; 
 

Table-1. Number of Customers when there is load shedding and when there is no load shedding. 

Barbershop Salon Bar Photocopying/ Printing 

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 

5 10 3 10 20 25 15 20 

4 10 4 12 25 30 30 50 

7 20 3 8 28 40 60 100 
4 8 10 20 40 50 30 50 

 

A: No load shedding. 

B: Load shedding . 
Scores represents the number of customers per day. 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐴 = ∑ ∑ 𝐴𝑖𝑗
2 −

𝐴…
2

𝑁

𝑛

𝑗=1

𝐾

𝑖=1

 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐴 = 52 + 42 + ⋯ 302 −
(5 + 4 + ⋯ + 30)2

16
= 4090 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑡𝐴 = ∑
𝐴.𝑖

2

𝑛

𝑘

𝑖=1

−
𝐴…

2

𝑁
 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑡𝐴 =
202

4
+

202

4
+

1132

4
+

1352

4
−

(5 + 4 + ⋯ + 30)2

16
= 2764.5 

𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐴 = 4090 −  2764.5 = 1325.5 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐵 = ∑ ∑ 𝐵𝑖𝑗
2 −

𝐵…
2

𝑁

𝑛

𝑗=1

𝐾

𝑖=1

 



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𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐵 = 102 + 102 + ⋯ 502 −
(10 + 10 + ⋯ + 50)2

16
= 8998.9375 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑡𝐵 = ∑
𝐵.𝑖

2

𝑛

𝑘

𝑖=1

−
𝐵…

2

𝑁
 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑡𝐵 =
482

4
+

502

4
+

1452

4
+

2202

4
−

(5 + 4 + ⋯ + 30)2

16
= 5159.1875 

𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐵 = 8998.9375 − 5159.1875 = 3839.75 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐴𝐵 = ∑ ∑(𝐴𝑖𝑗)(𝐵𝑖𝑗) −
(𝐴…)(𝐵…)

𝑁

𝑛𝑖

𝑗=1

𝐾

𝑖=1

 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 5(10) + 4(10) + ⋯ + 30(50) −
288(463)

16
= 5900 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑡𝐴𝐵 = ∑
(𝐴.𝑖)(𝐵.𝑗)

𝑛𝑗

𝑘

𝑖=1

− −
(𝐴…)(𝐵…)

𝑁
 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑡𝐴𝐵 =
106(664)

4
+

134(708)

4
+

3409(5625)

4
−

5625(15400)

16
= 3677.25 

𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 5900 − 3677.25 = 2222.75 

(a) 𝑆𝑆𝑇(𝑎𝑑𝑗) = 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐴 −
(𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐴𝐵)2

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐵
 

𝑆𝑆𝑇(𝑎𝑑𝑗) = 4090 −
(5900)2

8998.9375
= 221.77 

𝑆𝑆𝐸(𝑎𝑑𝑗) = 𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐴 −
(𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐴𝐵)2

𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐵
 

𝑆𝑆𝐸(𝑎𝑑𝑗) = 1325.5 −
(2222.75)2

3839.75
= 38.8 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑡(𝑎𝑑𝑗) = 𝑆𝑆𝑇(𝑎𝑑𝑗) − 𝑆𝑆𝐸(𝑎𝑑𝑗) 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑡(𝑎𝑑𝑗) =  221.77 − 38.8 = 182.97 

Or 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑡(𝑎𝑑𝑗) = 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐴 − 𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐴 +
(𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐴𝐵)2

𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐵
−

(𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐴𝐵)2

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝐵
 

𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑟𝑡(𝑎𝑑𝑗) = 4090 − 1325.5 +
(2222.75)2

3839.75
−

(5900)2

8998.9375
= 182.97 

 
Table-2. Descriptive statistics on effect of load shedding. 

ANCOVA Table 

Source 𝑺𝑺 𝒅𝒇 𝑴𝑺 𝑭∗ 

Treatment 182.97 3 60.99 17.29 
Error 38.8 11 3.527 
Total 221.77 14  

 

4.2. Decision Rule 

Reject 𝐻0 if 𝐹∗ > 𝑓3,11
𝛼=0.05 = 3.5874 

 

4.3. Conclusion 

Since 𝐹∗ = 17.29 > 𝑓3,11
𝛼=0.05 = 3.5874, we reject 𝐻0 at 5% level of significance and conclude that load 

shedding has effect on small scale entrepreneurs. 
 

4.4. Discussion 

From the calculations above, where 𝐹∗ = 17.29 > 𝑓3,11
𝛼=0.05 = 3.5874, we reject 𝐻0 at 5% level of significance 

and conclude that load shedding has effect on small scale entrepreneurs. The findings in this study are in line with 
the study conducted by Mwila (2017). The study that Mwila (2017) conducted shows that load shedding affects 
most business operations and financial viability. The information from this study revealed that the majority of 
people agree that load shedding is a bad thing to people. There is need for the government of Zambia to find 

lasting solution for load shedding. For instance, most of the people selling beer in bars have minimum of 50 
customers a day if there is no load shedding. In 2019 load shedding was cutting for a minimum of twelve hours a 

day. If there is load shedding for example, power cuts at 18 00 hours, many customers can not be buying beer in 

darkness and most of the customers drink beer after 18 00 hours. Bar owners are spending extra money buying 
generators to keep the business moving. Most people interviewed who sells beer reviewed that if there is load 
shedding the number of customers reduced. The reduction in customers has a negative effect on the business and 
the income reduces.   The information gathered from people working in cafes revealed that load shedding destroys 
their business. Some have lost printing and photocopying machines because of load shedding. Some machines were 
burnt because of load shedding and in most cases if there is load shedding, they end up not having customers. The 
2019 load shedding was bad for business of printing and photocopying because of the number of hours power was 
taking to be restored. Some people who were interviewed complained bitterly about load shedding and said that 
load shedding has made their lives difficult because they can’t support their families adequately financially. 



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 Barbershops and salons have been affected negatively by load shedding. Not only barbershops and salons, but 
council workers are also a victim of load shedding. Some people working in barbershops and salons pay rentals to 
Kitwe City Council. Because of load shedding most of them fail to pay rentals to Kitwe City Council and Kitwe City 
Council workers sometimes go months without being paid their monthly salary. School fees for the children whose 
parents work in barbershops and solons was difficult to pay because their parents cannot raise enough money to 
feed children at home and pay school fees for their children. Some markets in Kitwe District have one prepaid 

meter for electricity to supply to all the shops in the market. If power cut at 18 00 hours, people who benefits are 
those working in bars selling beer because with them they can work until midnight. As a result, some people buy 
electricity units without benefiting from them. A number of people interviewed complained about load shedding as 
they cannot afford to buy generators. Reliable electricity supply is considered to be vital for the operations of 
business for small-scale entrepreneurs. This is in support of the study conducted by Muhammad and Nabi (2017). If 
there is load shedding business is disturbed and the income generation is reduced. To avoid making loses, people 
have resorted to be using generators if there is load shedding.  
 

5. Conclusion 
Small-scale entrepreneurs play an important role in the development of the country as they pay tax to the 

government. An increase in load shedding reduces revenue small-scale entrepreneurs generate every month.  
Results showed that load shedding has negative effect on small scale entrepreneurs in Zambia.  Based on the 
statistical calculations using Analysis of Covariance and a number of people who were interviewed, load shedding 
has negatively impacted small scale entrepreneurs and a number of families have been suffering financially. 
Therefore, the study found that load shedding affects the economy in Zambia negatively and people should find 
other sources of power rather than depending of ZESCO. It is important for both the government and public to 
take corrective actions because all are ultimate beneficiaries. 
 

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