




































Economy 
ISSN: 2313-8181 
Vol. 1, No. 2, 54-60, 2014 

www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/Economy  

 
 

 

 

 

54 

 

Assessment of Risks Associated with the Usage of Quantity 

Surveying Softwares in Nigeria: The Case Lagos State 
 

Akinnagbe, Femi Peter
1
 --- Adelakun, O. Johnson

2 
 

 
1
Department of Quantity Surveying Federal University of Technology, Akure Ondo State, Nigeria.  

2
Department of Economics, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Osun State, Nigeria 

 

Abstract 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License 

Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 

1. Introduction 
The explosive growth of the software application has had unquantifiable impact on business systems and 

processes. The global acceptance and widespread adoption of Quantity surveying software has accelerated the 

dimensions of competition not only among organizations globally but among professions locally. The Quantity 

Surveyor‟s ability to avail themselves with the emerging opportunities provided by the advent of ICT depends on the 

adoption of new technologies (Castle, 2002). Computer software has promised to be a reliable tool in all spheres of 

human endeavour. Rivard et al. (2004) predicts that the evolution of Information Technology will have a profound 

impact on how organizations in the architectural, engineering and construction (AEC) industry operate. This is 

already coming to pass. With information technology playing an increasing role in the economy, quantity surveying 

firms have grown more heavily in Nigeria dependent on the successful delivery of information systems. Yet, many 

estimating and tender analysis software results in systems that do not function as intended, are not used, or are never 

delivered. 

Oluwole (2010) asserts that to achieve appropriate business objectives, estimating practices have to make a lot of 

risky decisions in choosing what applications will be appropriate for the firm in the short, medium and long term 

scenarios. Apart from these, they also have to decide on choosing appropriate combination of applications for 

specific tasks as well as decision on their maintenance, technical support and allied supplementation. Regrettably, 

most estimators are not first-hand software expert. At best, they rely on marketing impulses and persuasions to make 

decisions on what software package to go for, when and how. This portends a lot of risks for any firm even in 

Several researchers have acknowledged the impact of software in Quantity Surveying 

Practice. However, it is suspected that not all the consulting firms in Lagos State are 

making use of all the Quantity Surveying Softwares. Hence, this study identified a set of 

risk factors associated with the usage of these softwares. The research adopted 

convenient method of sampling. Twenty nine (29) consulting firms were selected out of 

which twenty six (26) responded appropriately. Data collection was through a structured 

questionnaire that was administered by the researchers using set predetermined 

questions. The result of the study reveals that all the quantity surveying firms in Lagos 

State work with Microsoft Excel and Microsoft word packages. Thirty percent (30%) of 

the consulting firms work with Master bill, Qs Cad, Qs Elite, Ripac, Computer Aided 

taking off (CATO) and Building information model software etc. It also reveals that 

changing trends in technology is the major factor that necessitates the usage of 

softwares in quantity surveying firms in Lagos State. Furthermore, Incompatibility in 

software packages is the major risk associated with the usage of quantity surveying 

softwares. This study recommends that Quantity surveying firms must ensure that the 

choice of software packages should be compatible with the existing model in Nigeria in 

terms of interoperability, portability and flexibility. Also, most estimators should be 

trained and given technical support so that they can become first-hand software expert. 
 
Keywords: Risk, Softwares usage, Quantity surveying, Professional practice, Relative Importance Index, Severity 

Index, Nigeria. 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/


Economy, 2014, 1(2): 54-60 

 

 

 

 

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purchasing a less productive software package. Paradoxically, there is inadequate knowledge in available resources 

on how decisions are made on software selection in construction and quantity surveying firms. 

Oyediran and Akintola (2011) states that most patronized software packages used for estimating and tender 

analysis still rely on manual data input in an age when designs are robustly imbedded with metadata. This is not only 

counter-productive; it increases the risks for errors which will eventually give wrong budget estimate. Another 

problem in the choice of this software packages is the fact that existing models for selecting appropriate software 

packages are not based on objective frameworks as recommended in ISO/IEC 25051:2006 and 20282-1: 2006. Some 

of the peculiar challenges in this direction are interoperability, portability and flexibility. At the moment, it is 

difficult to customize how estimating applications are used, exchange file formats (e.g. quantification to planning and 

planning to pricing) and enable remote access. 

The following are the research questions; 

i. What  are the factors that necessitate the usage of Quantity Surveying software? 

ii. What are the risks associated with the usage of Quantity Surveying softwares? 

iii. What are the perceived impacts of risks associated with the usage of softwares on Quantity Surveying 

Practice? 

This study is aimed at assessment of risk associated with the usage of quantity surveying softwares in Lagos 

State. The following objectives are proposed in achieving this aim, they are to; 

i. Assess the factors that necessitate the use of Quantity Surveying software. 

ii. Assess the risks associated with the use of Quantity Surveying softwares. 

iii. Identify and assess the perceived impact of risks associated with the usage of softwares on Quantity 

Surveying Practice. 

 

2. Literature Review 
The basic concept behind the information age (computer age) is to create a platform for individuals to transfer 

and process information with ease and to have instant access to information that would have been difficult or 

impossible to assess using the traditional methods. This was able to come to fruition through the introduction of 

computers and the internet.  These inventions, over the years have brought about an immeasurable transformation in 

the affairs of individuals, increasing efficiency and performance right from their business transactions and processes 

down to their domestic activities. The introduction of computer software application has brought about a stronger 

sense of will to achieve success, thereby making people more intellectually engaged than ever before. The 

application of Information Communication Technology techniques in various sectors of a nation‟s economy is by no 

way exhaustive.  

The construction industry is so hierarchical and fragmented in nature that some of the major participants do not 

consider themselves to be part of the same industry (Hindle, 2000). According to Toole (2003), this requires close 

coordination among a large number of specialized but interdependent organizations and individuals to achieve the 

cost, time and quality goals of a construction project. Maqsood et al. (2004) state that a major construction process 

demands heavy exchange of data and information between project participants on daily basis. 

The construction industry is not left behind in this trend towards computerization. The introduction of software 

application has improved the efficiency and capability of various aspects involved in project delivery in the 

construction industry. Quantity surveyors are information managers and tend to be concerned about the facilities 

available to them. This pivotal role requires that they must not lag behind in the adoption of tools that would improve 

their service delivery (Oyediran and Odusami, 2005). The impact of Information Communication Technology can be 

seen in several areas such as in estimating, bill preparation, tender analysis, life cycle costing, value analysis, and 

valuation. 

The use of Information Communication Technology in construction has been sporadic and piecemeal (Hore, 

2006). In an economic environment that is constantly changing, the need and ability to adapt and innovate becomes 

increasingly important (Van Der and Jeune, 2009). According to Musa et al. (2010), Quantity surveying in Nigeria is 

experiencing dramatic but significant changes in scope and service delivery. These changes were as a result of the 

introduction of the usage of softwares and online portals into their service delivery. This became necessary due to the 

increasing demand for quantity surveying services and complexity in modern constructions. Software application can 

be viewed in two major areas. The first was the use of softwares in creating drawings, making structural analysis, 

carrying out cost and time calculations. The second was concerned with the use of computers to classify, store and 

manage the construction information (Isikdag, 2006) cited in (Isikdag et al., 2009). The connection of these 

computers to the internet creates a platform for readily exchange of information among firms and professionals 

across the globe. As a result of application of these Information Communication Technology tools, there tend to be 

changes in organizational processes, work methods and culture (Rukair (2005)) cited in (Oladapo, 2006). This brings 

about a new work order that leads to optimization of resources (Musa et al., 2010).There are various adaptable 

software packages available in the practice of the quantity surveying profession today, and these packages have 

introduced ways for carrying out the various quantity surveying tasks. 

According to Onyegiri et al. (2011), the construction industry is faced with the on-going challenge of changing 

and improving current work practices in order to become more client-orientated; more competitive as well as 

productive through adoption of ICT as an integral part of the construction process Weippert et al. (2003). Much 

effort has been directed toward improving construction productivity and the use of software in construction and this 

is an area worth concentrating upon because it can decrease the time for data processing, communicating information 

and increase overall productivity. Modern structural design software applications, such as 3D modelling and 

Building Information Modelling (BIM), provide an example where designing complex structures and organizing the 

electrical, mechanical, site, structural and quantifying of a project can be achieved in minimum time and increase the 

efficiency all in one data frame work, whereas in the past this was almost impossible Peansupap and Walker (2005). 



Economy, 2014, 1(2): 54-60 

 

 

 

 

56 

 

Therefore the understanding of Information Communication Technology and its role is important for the realization 

of improved communications between participating organizations in construction projects. 

Information Communication Technology in construction can be broken down into different segments for its 

better understanding and its role in construction. The word Information, 462 communication and technology can be 

understood from different perspectives as well as towards an ICT view, as a whole new meaning of its own. 

Adriaanse and Voordijk (2005) give explanation from the functionalist (positivistic, „scientific‟) perspective that 

“Information Communication Technology is a neutral provider of input for decision making”. In this point of view 

communication is no more than distribution of information. Information Communication Technology may be 

adopted by specific groups of users within an organization. For example, use of computer aided drafting (CAD) by 

Quantity surveyor, architects or estimating software used by engineers or project managers. Emmitt and Gorse 

(2006) identify the reality that communication between construction industry participants and organisations are 

concerned with information exchange, dealings with drawings, specifications; cost data, programmes plus other 

design and management information. 

 

2.1. Various Softwares Used in Quantity Surveying Practices 
There are various specialist softwares packages for performing the array of tasks involved in the practices. Below 

is an analysis of some selected softwares and their features; 

i. Autodesk Quantity Takeoff; WinQS; Vector; CostX; Develop; Feasibility Estimate; Cut and Fill; Digico; 

Ripac; QSPlus; Qs Cad; Masterbill; Building Information Model Software; Microsoft Excel. 

 

2.2. Factors That Necessitates the Use of Quantity Surveying Softwares in Nigeria 
Spread sheets databases and project management software are used frequently in construction organisations. 

Electronic document management systems and imagine systems are not widespread. Past surveys have found that 

software application are used in quantity surveying firms for functions such as word processing project management, 

data analysis etc. 

 

Five Factors that Necessitate the Use of Quantity Surveying Software Are:  

i. Increasingly sophisticated clients. 

ii. Increasing collaboration. 

iii. Level of Competition. 

iv. Economic policies and  

v. Changing Trends in Technology. 

 

2.3. Risks Associated with the Usage of Quantity Surveying Softwares 
Despite the fact that quantity surveying softwares make professional job easier, facilitates decision making, 

improve public image of firms and increased productivity through automated quantities and cost calculations there 

are risks associated with the usage of  software which would be explicitly explained and analysed below: 

i. Proliferation of Software Application. 

ii. Virus Attacks. 

iii. Project Information Discouragement. 

iv. Lack of First-Hand Software Expert. 

v. Health Risks. 

vi. Incompatibility in Software Packages. 

vii. Lack of Management Desire and Appreciation of Software. 

viii. High rate of Obsolescence of Software. 

 

3. Research Methodology 
Specifically, this section consider areas which include research design, study population, sampling frame, sample 

size, sample techniques, research instrument, data collection procedure and method of analysis. Research design 

addresses the planning of scientific inquiry or designing a strategy for finding out something. The essence of this 

study is to evaluate the assessment of risks associated with the usage of quantity surveying softwares in Lagos State. 

The study focuses on the assessment of risks associated with the usage of quantity surveying softwares. This study 

was limited to Registered Quantity Surveying firms (Consulting firms) whose Head Offices are located in Lagos 

State. 

The sample frame for this study is the Registered Consulting firm that uses quantity softwares in Lagos State. 

The total number of consulting firms gotten was ninety-five and this will serve as the frame of the study.  

The sample size for the data was analysed only for registered Quantity surveying firms whose head offices are 

located in Lagos State, Nigeria. 

Using Yamani Theory; 

                                    n =           N           ------------------------------------- Equation (1) 

                                              1 + N (e)
 2
 

e = 15%  

Where   e (level of precision) = 0.15 

N = Total population 

n = Sample size 

It is logistically, financially and technically impossible to collect from all the registered quantity surveying firms 

within the study area; it is therefore desirable to adopt a sampling process that will estimate bias in the choice of 

respondent for the target population. A simple convenient sampling method was used to obtain the necessary data. 



Economy, 2014, 1(2): 54-60 

 

 

 

 

57 

 

The instrument used for collecting data from the respondent was through a structured questionnaire that was 

administered by the researcher using set predetermined questions. The questionnaire designed for this research was 

such that first section dwelled on the background information of the respondents while other section focused on 

matters relating to the research study. 

Questions inherent in structured questionnaire were asked on a five (5) point linkert scale and it was chosen for 

ease and uniformity of response. Its application implies that most part of the data analysis was based on a scoring 

system. The schedule contains simple and straight forward questions in chronological order designed in such a way 

that response to it should not take more than 20minutes considering the busy schedules of the quantity surveyor.  

Tables were employed in this research for data presentations. The analysis of the collected data was carried out 

using the following descriptive and analytical scientific methods. 

 

3.1. The Mean Score 

The mean was employed to calculate the mean year of working experience of respondent and to determine the 

variance among different professionals response. Since a Linkert of 5-point scale will be employed for the collection 

of data, the formula for mean is written as; 

 Formulae: where          M = ∑   

                                                                  ∑   

Where  is the frequency of each class,  is the mid-point of each class interval 

Based on this assertion, Microsoft Excel, SPSS and also inferential statistics will be used to analyse the 

assessment of risk associated with the usage of quantity surveying softwares. 

Similarly, the summation of FX gotten from the multiplication of frequencies of the respondents and the ratio of 

the range of option between 1-5, FX is been divided by the total number of questionnaires analysed to get the mean 

factor which was then ranked from the highest to the lowest. 

Mean score equation used for the calculation 

                         M =      5(FX5) + 4(FX4) + 3(FX3) + 2(FX2) + (FX1) 

                     

                                            X5 + X4 + X3 + X2 + X1 

Where M = mean score 

X = range 1 – 5 with 5 being the highest and 1 being the lowest 

F = Frequency of respondent in each factor 

 

3.2. Relative Importance Index 

∑  

 

                                                                            A x N 

(0 < index ≤ 1) 

where w = weighting given to each factor by the respondents and ranges from 1 to 5 where '1' is 'not significant' 

and '5' is 'extremely significant',  

A = highest weight (i.e. 5 in this case), and 

N = total number of respondents. 

 

3.3. Severity Index 

∑  

                                                                                           A x N       X 100 

where w = weighting given to each factor by the respondents and ranges from 1 to 5 where '1' is 'not significant' 

and '5' is 'extremely significant',  

A = highest weight (i.e. 5 in this case), and 

N = total number of respondents 

 

4. Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion 
This chapter analyses and discusses the data collected through questionnaires in order to achieve the aim and 

objective of this study. The data is presented in a tabular form, relevant and necessary information collected through 

the questionnaires would help to achieve the aim and objective of this research work. 

 

4.1. Analyses of Data 

 
Table-4.1. Number of Questionnaire Distributed and Retrieved 

S/N Location No. Of Questionnaire Distributed No. Of Questionnaire Retrieved 

1 Ikeja 8 8 

2 Ikorodu Road 6 4 

3 Yaba 6 6 

4 Mushin 1 1 

5 Obalende 4 3 

6 Surulere 4 4 

  Total 29 26 
               Source: Field Survey 2013 



Economy, 2014, 1(2): 54-60 

 

 

 

 

58 

 

Table 4.2 indicates the number of years of firm‟s establishment obtained. The years range of 1996–2000 

predominate (33.3%), next is year range of 1985-1990 (26.7%), followed by year range of 1991-1995 (20%), and the 

year ranges of 1981-1985, 2001-2005 and 2006-2010 have the same percentage representation (6.7%). It can be 

deemed that most of the firms are well experienced and knowledgeable in construction and their responses to 

questions on the questionnaire can be relied on. About 11 firms did not thick their years of establishment. 
Table-4.2. Number of Year‟s of Firm Establishment 

Years of Firm Establishment Frequency (f) Percentage (%) 

1981 – 1985 1 6.67 

1986 – 1990 4 26.67 

1991 – 1995 3 20.00 

1996 – 2000 5 33.33 

2001 – 2005 1 6.67 

2006 – 2010 1 6.67 

Total 15 100 

             Source: Field Survey 2013 

 
Table-4.3. Years of Working Experience of the Respondent 

Years of working Experience Mid-point (x) Frequency (f) Percentage (%) 

1 – 5 3.0 16 61.54 

6 – 9 7.5 3 11.54 

10 – 15 12.5 3 11.54 

16 – 20 18.0 1 3.85 

ABOVE 20 22.5 3 11.54 

Total   26 100 

                       Source: Field Survey 2013 

 

Table 4.3reveals the respondents‟ years of working experience, 61.54% have 1-5 years of experience, 11.54% 

have between 6 – 9 years, 11.54% have between 10 - 15 years, 11.54% have above 20 years of experience, and 

3.85% has 16-20 years working experience. It was also discovered that the mean years of working experience is7.4.  

Therefore, it is evident that the data retrieved from these questionnaires are reliable and good enough to form a 

basis for this project due to the fact that the respondents are experienced, truthful and honest. It is also obvious from 

the data that the respondents are experienced enough to give adequate data and correct information on the assessment 

of risk associated with the usage of quantity surveying softwares.   

 
Table-4.4. Level of Usage of Quantity Surveying Software 

S/N Softwares Mean Score Percentage (%) 

A Spread sheet (Microsoft Excel) 5.00 18.01 

B Word processor (Microsoft Word) 5.00 18.01 

C Ripac 1.46 5.26 

D Qs Cad 2.38 8.59 

E Qs Elite 1.62 5.82 

F Master bill 2.54 9.14 

G Win Qs 1.27 4.57 

H Computer Aided Estimating (CAE) 1.27 4.57 

I Computer Aided taking off (CATO) 1.42 5.12 

J Vector 1.15 5.12 

K Digico 0.92 3.32 

L Qs Plus 1.23 4.43 

M Building Information Model Software 1.38 4.99 

N Cost X 1.12 4.02 
          Source: Field Survey, 2013 

 

Table 4.4 present the level of usage of quantity surveying softwares. Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word (18%) 

have the highest level of usage among quantity surveying firms in Nigeria. The likely reason for the high usage of 

Microsoft Excel and Microsoft word is their availability and universal, low cost, and its application is simple to 

understand. Digico (3.3%) have the lowest level of usage. The likely reason for the low usage of Digico is the 

unawareness of its usage and has some restricted limitation in its usage. 

 
Table-4.5. Factors That Necessitate the Usage of Quantity Surveying Software 

S/N Factors Mean Score Percentage (%) 

1. Changing trends in technology 4.85 23.54 

2. Increasingly sophisticated clients 4.16 20.21 

3. Level of competition 4.12 20.02 

4. Increasing collaboration 3.79 18.42 

5. Economic policies 3.67 17.81 
             Source: Field Survey 2013 

 

Table 4.5 presents the factors necessitating the usage of Quantity surveying software. Changing trends in 

technology (23.5%) is rated as the highest factor with mean score of 4.85, increasingly sophisticated clients (20.2%) 

with mean score of 4.16 and Economic Policies (17.81%) is rated as the least factor with mean score of 3.67. 

  



Economy, 2014, 1(2): 54-60 

 

 

 

 

59 

 

Table-4.6. The Risk Associated With the Usage of Quantity Surveying Software 

              Source: Field Survey 2013 

 

Table 4.6 reveals the relative importance index (RII) calculated for each risk based on overall risk significance in 

the usage of Quantity Surveying softwares. The most significant risk is incompatibility in software packages with the 

relative importance index of 0.73, followed by Lack of first hand expert with relative importance index of 0.71, Virus 

attack has relative important index of 0.64 and health risk is of the lowest significance (RII - 0.42). 

 
Table-4.7. Perceived Impact of Risk Associated With the Usage of Softwares in Quantity Surveying Firms 

S/N Impact Mean Score Severity Index (S.I) (%) 

1. Capable of making Professionals Redundant 2.62 52.40 

2. Wrong Budget Estimate 2.42 48.46 

3. Project Failure 1.69 33.85 

4. Project Delay 1.65 33.08 
              Source: Field Survey 2013 

 

Table 4.7 reveals the perceived impact of risk associated with the usage of software in quantity surveying firms 

in Nigeria. The major impact of risk associated with the usage of software on Quantity surveying Practice is the 

capability of making Professionals Redundant(S.I - 52.40%).Wrong Budget Estimate has mean score of 2.42 and 

Project  delay (S.I - 33.1%) has mean score of 1.65. 

 

4.2. Discussion of Findings 

4.2.1. The Factors That Necessitate the Usage of Quantity Surveying Softwares. 
It was discovered that changing trends in technology (23.5%) with the mean score of 4.85 is the most important 

factor that necessitates the usage of quantity surveying softwares due to the fact that the introduction of theses 

softwares is being viewed as an important strategic tool towards making the firm more efficient, profitable and 

competitive. Software application reduces the time for data processing and communicating information, and 

improves communications for effective decision making and coordination among construction participants to 

enhance construction productivity. 

The least of the factors is Economic policy (17.8%) with a mean score of 3.67 due to the fact that the 

Privatization policy is gradually increasing the burden of development on the private sector and the nature of 

construction procurement and management will evolve to meet this privatization trend. 

 

4.2.2. The Risks Associated With the Usage of Quantity Surveying Softwares in Lagos State. 
The analysis reveals that the most significant risk is incompatibility in software packages with the relative 

importance index of 0.73 due to the fact that the wide range of software used and the incompatibility between many 

of these systems severely limits the scope for the firms to take advantage of the rapid technological advances 

surrounding it and also some software components or systems may be compatible in one environment and 

incompatible in another. Lack of first hand expert has the second most significant risk with relative importance index 

of 0.71 due to the fact that most estimators are not first-hand software expert. At best, they rely on marketing 

impulses and persuasions to make decisions on what software package to go for, when and how and this portends a 

lot of risks for any firm even in purchasing a less productive software package. 

However, it is important to note that health risk is of low significance. It has the lowest risk with relative 

importance index of 0.42. 

 

4.2.3. The Perceived Impact of Risks Associated With the Usage of Softwares on Quantity Surveying 

Practice 
It was discovered that introduction of softwares has rendered professionals redundant due to the fact that 

Quantity surveying in Nigeria is experiencing dramatic and significant changes in scope and service delivery. These 

changes were as a result of the introduction of the usage of softwares and online portals into their service delivery. 

This became necessary due to the increasing demand for quantity surveying services and complexity in modern 

constructions Musa et al. (2010). Software application can be viewed in two major areas. The first was the use of 

softwares in creating drawings, making structural analysis, carrying out cost and time calculations. The second was 

concerned with the use of computers to classify, store and manage the construction information (Isikdag, 2006) cited 

in (Isikdag et al., 2009). However, availability of this software has caused so many professionals in the field 

redundant. 

S/N Risk Relative Importance Index Rank 

1. Incompatibility in software packages 0.73 1 

2. Lack of first hand expert 0.71 2 

3. Virus attack 0.64 3 

4. Proliferation of software application 0.59 4 

5. Lack of management desire and appreciation of software 0.59 4 

6. High rate of obsolescence of software 0.56 6 

7. Capable of making professional redundant 0.52 7 

8. Project information discouragement 0.50 8 

9. Low return on investment 0.48 9 

10. Health risks 0.42 10 



Economy, 2014, 1(2): 54-60 

 

 

 

 

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However, the impact of risk will have little or no effect on Project delay (S.I - 33.1%) and project failure (S.I - 

33.9%)due to the fact that poor risk management and supervision, work variations are one of the major factors that 

leads to project delay. 

 

5. Conclusion and Recommendation 
5.1. Conclusion 

This study focuses on the assessment of risk associated with the usage of quantity surveying softwares in 

Nigeria. The assessment of risk associated with the usage of quantity surveying softwares reveals the following 

conclusions; 

i. All the quantity surveying firms work with Microsoft Excel and Microsoft word packages. 

ii. Changing trends in technology is the major factor that necessitates the usage of softwares in quantity 

surveying firms in Lagos State. 

iii. Incompatibility in software packages is the major risk associated with the usage of quantity surveying 

software in Lagos State. 

iv. The major Perceived impact of risk associated with the usage of softwares on Quantity Surveying Practice is 

that it is capable of making professionals redundant.  

 

5.2. Recommendation 
Below are some vital recommendations for this research work; 

i. Quantity surveying firms must ensure that the choice of software packages should be compatible with the 

existing model in Nigeria in terms of interoperability, portability and flexibility. 

ii. Estimators should be trained and given technical and financial support so that they can become first hand 

software expert. 

iii. Original and updated antivirus (e.g. Microsoft Security Essentials) should be installed on computer system so 

as to avoid the risk of virus attacks. 

iv. The use of monitor screen guide on computer system will automatically reduce the effect of monitor glare 

which could cause headaches, a burning sensation in your eyes, temporarily blurred vision. Also, constant 

body exercise will alleviate pains in the spinal cord and pressure on the invertebral discs that cushion impact 

stress when sitting at your workstation for extended periods. 

 

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